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Overview of Capitalism and Socialism for Effective Altruism
(moderate updates since original post, in keeping with CSS updates)
This is an edited excerpt from the latest draft of the Candidate Scoring System. I figured it would be useful for people who are interested in capitalism and socialism. It's far from perfect, but I have not found any remotely satisfactory overview anywhere else. This post can be a starting point for people who want to debate whether economic systems should be treated as a priority in EA.
Capitalism is an economic system where the means of production—land, machinery, investment capital—are mostly controlled by private owners. Socialism is an economic system where they are controlled by the public in a collective or governmental organization. For a variety of reasons, it could be important to take a stance on the question of which is preferable.
Basic concepts
However, it's not straightforward to judge capitalism and socialism because the question is simply too vague to be a valid basis for direct research. There are many very different ways that these systems can be realized, so modern economic and political science scholarship focuses on narrower and better-defined issues. Acemoglu and Robinson (2015) note, "we do not believe the term capitalism to be a useful one for the purposes of comparative economic or political analysis… both Uzbekistan and modern Switzerland have private ownership of capital, but these societies have little in common in terms of prosperity and inequality because the nature of their economic and political institutions differs so sharply." Discourse about socialism is therefore a lot like the mainstream sociological conception of race: the discrete categorization is a very poor model for actually understanding things, but because so many people and institutions have wedded themselves to constructed categories, we are forced to grapple with them.
Because of this vagueness, it is tough to pin down socialism in a way that is easy to judge. Deep ideological disputes exist among leftists in America, concrete policy proposals are rare and controversial, and there is no clear conception of what socialism would actually look like (New Republic). The philosopher Slavoj Žižek (book 2011), in a general opus of leftist analysis and response to the 21st century world, did not include a clear idea of a path forward, ultimately concluding "we do not know what we have to do, but we have to act now, because the consequences of inaction could be catastrophic." The Socialism 2019 conference contained almost no discussion of how to structure a socialist economy.
So if we want to evaluate the desirability of generic increases or decreases in the probability of socialist change, we cannot select a specific policy proposal that we would prefer. Instead we must survey the various possible forms and components of socialism and produce a vague expectation over the lottery of possibilities.
Note that Karl Marx believed that socialism (followed by communism) will inevitably replace capitalism sooner or later, in which case this judgment would require a slightly different framing about the timing that we prefer for the transition. However, Marx's theory of historical materialism doesn't actually show that capitalism will end or that its successor would be communism (Jonathan Wolff book 2003, p. 111). Additionally, historical events have shown a reverse phenomenon, that socialism served as a transition state from feudalism to capitalism (Milanovic book 2019, Quillette review).
The picture from historical and economic evidence
First, when it comes to the centrally planned economic models of 20th century socialist states, economists overwhelmingly regard them as inferior to capitalist economies. This consensus is supported by the relevant published research. There is disagreement on whether early Soviet industrialization was expedited much by central planning (Krugman 1994, Allen 2005), but it had tremendous human costs nonetheless. The entire suite of socialist policies reduced Soviet agricultural productivity by about 50% (Johnson and Brooks 1983). Central planning went awry in the USSR when poor leadership appeared later on (Allen 2001, Allen 2005).
East Germany's economic system failed (book 2010).
The communist system has been disastrous for Cuba, the US embargo is not the sole cause of their problems (Jales et al 2018, Salazar-Carrillo and Nodarse-León 2015, Ribeiro et al 2013, Ward and Devereux 2012). Cuba was also buoyed by significant Soviet aid and trade subsidies during the Cold War, and more recently is supported by $5 billion in annual remittances from expatriates, a very large amount relative to the size of its economy which might give it a bonus sufficient to greatly exceed the losses from the embargo. We haven't been able to find any reliable information on the magnitude of losses caused by the embargo, but it's probably not very large because it does not restrict Cuba's trade with any other country besides America and it still allows a few kinds of trade with America. While Cuba's literacy and healthcare metrics are reportedly very high now, they were also relatively high before the revolution and have not improved at a stellar rate (Salazar-Carrillo and Nodarse-León 2015). Also, Cuba's actual healthcare quality is worse than reported (Berdine et al 2018). A minor bright spot is that their hurricane preparedness is quite good (Jacobin).
Not only is there a consistent empirical trend, but there are plausible theoretical explanations for economic failures in centrally planned socialism. One is the famous "calculation problem," another is the loss of appropriate incentives, another is Shleifer and Vishny (1991)'s argument that central planning creates opportunities for planners to artificially create shortages in order to collect bribes.
A recent defense of central planning is presented by Philips and Rozworski (book 2019), who argue that large corporations demonstrate the viability of central planning in the context of modern age. Neither author is a professional economist and at a glance we're not sure if this argument would work: the problem with central planning is not merely the idea that it is too complex a task, but that credible price signals are necessary and that members of the government will have bad incentives. Also, if effective central planning were possible, we should expect to see countries like Cuba or China doing it by now. However we should not dismiss the book without reading it or seeing credible economic reviews. Until we can investigate the matter further, we can allow a possibility that effective central planning might be possible.
And one could argue that a democratic command economy would perform better. Democracy does not directly promote economic growth, but it does have positive indirect effects (meta-analysis 2007). This seems like it would partially explain the economic failures of 20th century socialism, but not fully.
But it may be the case that command economies actually lead to autocracy, which in turn usually implies nondemocracy. In that case they not only lack this excuse for their economic failures but are also responsible for some of the terrible repressions committed by their totalitarian governments, including the Cambodian Khmer Rouge regime which was probably the most murderous regime in modern history on a per-capita basis. Every single socialist regime has been authoritarian, either from the outset or as an eventual outcome (although others were not as extreme as Stalinist Russia, Maoist China or the Khmer Rouge). This was often in spite of nominally good intentions. Stalin believed in the power of democracy and in using persuasion rather than military force (Stalin 1921), and the Soviet Union was supposed to derive its power from democratically elected workers' councils ("soviets"); this later turned out to be meaningless. East Germany had a parliament, but it lacked real power to change economic plans (economic historian book).
One explanation for the trend of socialist autocracy is that central planning involves a huge array of tradeoffs and decisions to make, so only a bureaucratic elite can meet its burdens and they must ensure that everyone follows the plans (think tank book, pp. 44-49). It implies that any democratic system for central planning would have to dispense with robust checks and balances, empowering a leader or a select few with sweeping executive authority over matters of government. Another worry is that central planning of the economy creates an enormous concentration of power in the government, laying the foundations for totalitarianism (think tank book, pp. 49-52). The Marxist philosopher Slavoj Žižek (2011) acknowledges that "there is a grain of truth" in Ayn Rand's idea that removing money-based organization only leads to worse oppression by force.
Another problem with historical socialist states is that they undermined the sense of psychological ownership, although they could have done better (Kemp 2016).
The consensus against centrally planned economies is currently shared not just by practically all economists, but also by historians and social scientists, and by almost all policymakers worldwide – including the Communist Party of China. And the majority of modern socialists also disavow central planning. That being said, it's not straightforward to assume that it won't be repeated. Many leaders of failed historical socialist nations were avid scholars of Marxist theory, not making ignorant mistakes about its content. Socialist regimes also varied significantly in their ideologies, such as the various stages of Soviet doctrine, Maoism, Juche, and other systems. Many of them were even explicitly regarded as 'real' socialism as distinct from previous failures (think tank book). Yet they ended up as centrally-planned autocracies nonetheless. Moreover, a substantial minority of modern leftists do defend the economic track record of these regimes, with many defending Cuba in particular (think tank book, much more on social media). This means there is a substantial chance – we estimate about 30% –that socialism in America would be a repetition of conventional central planning.
Instead, some advocate ParEcon, an economically radical idea which is difficult to properly evaluate. However it is often criticized by leftists and gets little attention these days. Socialists usually support a more straightforward increase in public ownership and control of economic decisions, extending the ideas of modern regulatory and welfare states and workplace democracy while falling short of proper central planning. Probably the most notable proposal for this is Schweickart (2011). We have not seen any rigorous, holistic evaluation of such schemes, and such an evaluation may simply be impossible until they are tried. But we can look specifically at the major components of these visions, which have been studied in isolation.
One aspect of many socialist plans is greater government regulation of the economy. But a literature review (2014) collected 198 relevant empirical studies published in highly selective social science journals, and we add one more recent one (Jackson 2017). The result is that economic freedom corresponds with good outcomes in 68% of studies and bad outcomes in just 4% of studies. The review authors find that this result might be weakened by publication bias but find no evidence to indicate that it would be overturned. A smaller literature review (2019) argues that economic freedom helps achieve the aims of social justice, which is generally good for social welfare. The think tanks which produce the rankings of economic freedom – mainly the Fraser Institute, but also the Heritage Foundation – are conservative, but highly ranked (see reports here) and the economic freedom rankings are commonly accepted in the academic literature. Such rankings have been criticized by the left for allegedly assigning too much freedom to capitalist autocracies (The Guardian), but that only implies that they will underestimate the benefits of economic freedom. Our specific evaluations of regulations have found that there are some good ones (some environmental rules, animal welfare rules, minimum wages) but also bad ones (occupational licensing, zoning restrictions, strict rent controls), so a sweeping increase in regulations across the board would likely be bad.
Another aspect of many socialist plans is a larger government with more public spending. We haven't determined whether or not government administrative agencies are bureaucratically inefficient compared to private companies. However, heavy public spending can lead to less economic growth (Bergh and Henrekson 2011, Matteo and Summerfield 2018). Of course, public spending can be better targeted for issues like inequality and externalities to outweigh economic costs, so a balance must be struck. However, our issue evaluations have often found cases where increasing government spending would be neutral or harmful. Therefore, sweeping plans for much more government spending seem like a poor idea.
Another aspect of many socialist programs is the replacement of privately owned enterprises (POEs) with state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Unlike tax-and-spend government agencies, SOEs behave in a commercial fashion while still being directly accountable to the government. Market socialism, as practiced in China, is a system where this is the main basis for the economy. Western socialists frequently reject it with the label "state capitalism," but the same reasoning that the Communist Party of China used to select its policies could be recognized sooner or later by a Western socialist government. Two comprehensive literature reviews have shown that SOEs are inferior to POEs (Megginson and Netter 2001, Shirley and Walsh 2001). Also, two recent studies have found that Chinese SOEs are inferior to POEs (Boeing et al 2015, Fang et al 2015). Goldeng et al (2008) found that POEs outperformed SOEs in Norway in the 1990s. However, some of the recent work questions this point of view. Jakob (2017) looks at an international dataset and finds that there is no difference in performance between POEs and SOEs. A metanalysis by Bel et al (2010) found that privatization of local waste and water services has no effect. Omran (2004) suggested that privatization of Egyptian firms in 1994-1998 did not create significant improvements. Demsetz and Villalonga (2001) found that there is no systematic relationship between ownership and performance in US enterprises. Overall, the evidence is rather conflicting. But even if SOEs are just as good as POEs on the margin, it would probably be worse to push radical changes to implement many more of them. Meanwhile on the theoretical side, Shleifer and Vishny (1994) argue that an economy of state-run enterprises merely magnifies the flaws of democratic governance (and American governance is indeed flawed, and will remain so for the foreseeable future).
Both command economies and market socialism involve government pursuit of democratically defined objectives for the economy. If we believed that these objectives would be particularly good, then we could speculate that they might be worth the economic inefficiencies of socialism. However, we cannot be optimistic about the economic goals of a socialist American government. Our policy evaluations in the rest of this report have uncovered a number of cases where the popular will or lobbying (including lobbying by labor groups) point in poor directions. Many of these cases are caused by structural problems in American government which wouldn't necessarily be fixed by a switch to socialism.
State-owned enterprises receive varying support from leftists depending on the industry. A relatively popular SOE program in America would be nationalization of the finance industry, outlined by Schweickart (2011) under the label "social control of investment." But just as in other industries, public banks are less efficient than private banks (Megginson 2003). Furthermore, public banking in the West would cut investment in foreign economies, as public banks would be politically mandated to support projects which maximize employment for the domestic population. This would allow more severe poverty in the developing world.
Another major plan of many contemporary socialists is the use of worker cooperatives, firms which are owned and managed by the workers. Pérotin (2012, 2015) summarizes research to show that worker cooperatives have broadly positive impacts. As for firms which are merely owned by workers, Kruse (2016) summarized existing research to show that worker ownership is modestly positive for both firm performance and employee welfare, though a study by Monteiro and Straume (2018) found inconclusive and potentially negative impacts on firm efficiency in Portugal. But a significant downside of worker-owned and especially worker-managed firms in the US is that they discourage outsourcing to needier workers in poorer countries. The 20th century's socialist programs also suggest that mandatory collectivization could have very bad effects, though their problems were probably caused by state control and mismanagement rather than the mere fact that they were collectives.
Leftists often allege that institutional bias from the capitalist system distorts the views and research of economists and historians, so that revolutionary socialist programs are better than they seem. But we have seen little evidence of such bias going on, and it is inconsistent with two major academic trends: the partial academic popularity of Marxist doctrine in economics in the late 19th and early 20th century, and the widespread, almost unquestioning academic acceptance of anti-capitalist views in certain subfields of the humanities today. And we haven't seen any evidence of censorship or censure of anticapitalist views in economics departments. Conversely, empirical analysis of socialist regimes is actually likely to be over-optimistic because they have typically been autocracies, which deceive their audiences (Gregory 1990, Kornai 1992, Martinez 2019). American economics textbooks systematically overestimated Soviet growth during the Cold War (Levy and Peart 2011). Cuba's official statistics are notoriously unreliable (Salazar-Carrillo and Nodarse-León 2015, Berdine et al 2018).
To summarize, government control of the economy seems bad, heavy public spending seems bad, state-owned enterprise seems bad, and worker cooperatives could be good or bad depending on the context of their implementation. However, these programs may have interactions with each other so that a multifaceted socialist program could not be reliably judged merely by taking the sum of its parts. Socialists usually believe that interactions will be positive – in other words, socialist projects could perform much better than what studies indicate if their environment has more socialist aspects in other ways. However, we have seen no good arguments for this view. Negative interactions actually seem more likely. The benefits of socialist programs might have diminishing returns as they stack – in other words, perhaps modest reforms would be sufficient to capture the potential benefits of socialist ideas, with additional reform being a pointless or destructive pursuit of unnecessary purity. This is underscored by the fact that the New Economic Policy, an unusual capitalist program in a mostly planned economy, was very successful. Per the Pareto Principle, perhaps preserving the core 20% of capitalism preserves 80% of its benefits. Furthermore, an excess of socialist programs can concentrate too much power in the government, creating incentives and opportunities for totalitarianism and abuse as we saw in the 20th century. So while the question of interactions does open up some theoretical space for better socialist projects to be devised, it doesn't give us a good reason to change our point of view that a socialist system would probably be bad.
Political philosophy perspectives
Cohen (2009) argues that socialism would theoretically be more compatible with ideal principles like equality and fairness, but Brennan (2014) demonstrates that Cohen's argument does not work. Brennan further argues that capitalism is superior in terms of theoretical alignment with ideal principles, but Hall (2014) finds that this part of his argument fails. In any case, such appeals to ideal principles have little relevance for real economic and social outcomes. The argument for a strong principle of equality, where everyone ought to have equal access to a robust package of economic goods, has also been pushed by others (Gilabert and O'Neill 2019); however, the economic evidence suggests that socialism fails here anyway. Systems that lead to inequality might nonetheless lead to superior outcomes for everyone, but even leaving that aside, it's plausible that aggregate welfare might be increased by systems that leave some people worse off, so we must reject this strong principle of equality. Gilabert and O'Neill seem to mention an idea that there is intrinsic importance in having economic democracy, but just as with political democracy, it is only as good as its real impacts on welfare and this is a matter for empirical study. Another proffered principle is the capacity to develop and realize one's own desired projects and activities (Gilabert and O'Neill 2019); however this essentially boils down to economic welfare, as obtaining higher salaries, shorter working hours, higher job satisfaction, earlier retirement ages, and so on is nearly identical to this capacity. Another principle is community and solidarity, with society being better if people were legitimately motivated to help each other (Gilabert and O'Neill 2019). In intrinsic moral terms, this is false, but it holds substantial merit in instrumental terms. Still, it's not clear if many forms of socialism would truly make people feel more positively about each other. Socialist movements themselves seem to be driven by rather one-sided partisan allegiances, and authoritarian socialist states don't seem to have generally had good communal spirit, but there is plenty of potential for things to turn out better. Utopian socialist communal projects seem to have performed well in this regard, but comparable instances of homogenous capitalist cultures have had positive communal spirit as well.
Similarly, Marx argued that exploitation and alienation are inherent to capitalism (Wolff 2003), but there is no good evidence showing that this hurts aggregate well-being relative to alternatives. It is easy to argue that the capitalist organization of alienating and exploitative labor (assuming Marxist definitions of the terms) has led to substantial improvements in population size and quality of life over the history of industrial society, and replacing it could plausibly lead to inferior outcomes as we have pointed out previously. Numerous other principled philosophical arguments have been made in favor of socialism and against capitalism (Gilabert and O'Neill 2019) but similarly suffer from plausible countervailing considerations and the lack of clear determination of real socioeconomic outcomes such as quality of life. And just as Brennan effectively responded to Cohen's arguments in kind with pro-capitalist arguments of ideal principles, it seems pretty straightforward to imagine similar rebuttals for other, similar writings. Fuerstein (2015) meanwhile argues that capitalism weakens democracy and further shows that this weakening of democracy has real social costs. However, he does not compare this to possible ways that socialist systems might weaken democracy, and he outlines solutions that are compatible with capitalism.
Note that a survey of academic philosophers found good evidence of an overall tendency to discriminate against right-leaning views and individuals (Peters et al 2019), and as the authors note in the beginning of the paper, philosophy (as a generally non-empirical discipline) seems especially vulnerable to producing poor conclusions when the researchers are biased. While capitalism can of course be held as a liberal point of view, and philosophers are more likely to be liberal-progressives rather than hard leftists, many of the political philosophy arguments for capitalism are grounded in right-leaning principles (such as self-reliance, economic freedom, equality of opportunity, and opposition to government coercion) which are marginalized by liberal-progressives in academia. Such liberal philosophers frequently have strong egalitarian moral beliefs with rich conceptions of restorative and redistributive justice, which means that they can only appeal to economists' pragmatic arguments for certain capitalist policies – leaving little that can be written in philosophy journals to attack socialism. Yet the conservative philosophical arguments against socialism don't seem any worse than the leftist philosophical arguments for socialism. Empirically, it seems to be a pattern for political philosophy arguments against socialism to be comparatively underexplored in current literature.
Peters et al did find that leftists actually perceived that they were discriminated against, but without the same supporting evidence as uncovered for discrimination against the right. The far left seems unusually disposed to perceive bias and discrimination in a wide variety of contexts, and political extremists generally have a less accurate understanding of the beliefs of their opponents (More in Common 2019), which casts more doubt on this survey result. That being said, it is plausible that far-left views do receive real discrimination. So overall, there are grounds for just a moderate presumption that political philosophy has leftward bias here. But in general, the political philosophy perspectives do not provide significant reason to change our point of view.
Practical dimensions
Socialist change would likely come in the form of violent revolution, which would have a number of additional domestic and international costs. Historical attempts at communist systems were never introduced as a consequence of the party winning an election, it has only happened through force (Kemp 2016). American leftists have increasingly utilized or embraced violent tactics in the last several years, a pattern which has caused little direct harm but in some forms (antifascist, anti-Trump) garners a relatively high level of sympathy from some media, academia, political actors and broader public, thus creating a significant possibility for it to continue and grow in the event of a mass socialist movement. The notion of violent revolution is commonly endorsed in leftist circles, with some calling it inevitable. The Socialist Rifle Association in the US has a couple thousand members, although its behavior and rhetoric have been fine from what we have seen. Even if socialism were desirable, it may not be good enough to outweigh the risks of violence. And even if socialism were desirable enough to outweigh the costs of violence, the event of a failed violent revolution would still be a clearly bad thing. This gives an extra reason to prefer maintenance of the existing economic system and avoid insurrections in the first place.
There is at least some value of information in testing a better model of socialism, if a good pathway to running a good test can be identified. No one has attempted the most recent, refined socialist plans. If a nation demonstrated that they can work well, then many other nations could improve their own policies accordingly. If a nation tried and failed, then they could eventually return to capitalism (though historically this has been a slow and painful process) and their experience would inform people in other countries to refrain from pursuing the matter. This benefit is substantial and should be taken seriously even in the face of general skepticism about socialism. However, it is countered by the risk that a socialist movement or government would reduce the prospects for experimentation with different kinds of economic proposals. Other ideas for major socioeconomic reform such as communalism, Georgism and liberal radicalism fall upon hostile, deaf or at least merely academic ears when socialism is assumed to be the default remedy for the persistent ills of capitalism. Both Georgism and liberal radicalism appear better than socialism (though they are not necessarily mutually exclusive), but neither has been properly tested even once.
Experimental value would be more important if capitalism were leading to a great crisis. If business as usual were to lead to a major risk of catastrophic outcomes like entrenched capitalist aristocracy, global fascism, or devastating climate change, then testing something – anything – to avert the disaster would have more urgency. However, such pessimistic predictions generally seem false. Objective measurement of various indicators of the health of society shows that they are mostly improving (Our World in Data).
Looking at the general degree of uncertainty in the issue, and taking experimental value into account, we are unsure about whether one could sketch out a feasible socialist proposal for the US that would be worth doing over the current trend of capitalist policies across the advanced world. However, that doesn't mean that the actual results of a socialist movement would meet this standard. In fact, there are reasons to be specifically pessimistic about the results of a socialist movement. Trends among many current Western leftists – overconfidence in their point of view, disinterest in policy planning, economic denialism and folk-economic beliefs, apologia for totalitarian socialism (Quillette, think tank book, much more on social media), dehumanization and violence towards political opponents, censorship and censure of internal dissent, internal sectarianism, rejection of scientific objectivity and rationality, and vindictive attitudes on social justice politics (American Conservative) – increase the chances of repeating the failure modes of 20th century socialist programs. These trends might be considered relatively benign in the current context, where leftists are a minority in a society with stable institutions. But the trends become more dangerous if they are prevalent in a revolutionary faction which can assert its own institutions and leadership. It's worth noting that Lenin's vision for the USSR actually involved a fair amount of experimental thinking, open-mindedness and respect for civility, before Stalin took power and overturned these early ideas (Žižek 2011 appendix); a mostly decent movement can be hijacked by unsavory elements if the process of radical change has undone the norms and institutions responsible for protecting the government from such a development.
Moreover, empowering a socialist movement could have more effects besides socialism itself. Socialists may leverage their power to install a suite of other programs, which might be inferred from the content of the Socialism 2019 conference: transfeminism, black liberation, open borders, abortion access, anti-Zionism, strong environmentalism, and weakening (if not abolishing) the police and military. Socialists have also frequently been hostile to philanthropy, believing it to be unnecessary in the context of a socialist state (Twitter), villifying wealthy philanthropists and repeating discredited arguments against Effective Altruism. The overall desirability of this broad suite of secondary ambitions is unclear, which adds another layer of uncertainty on the matter. Note however that some of these tendencies among socialist elites are likely to be diluted by common sentiments in a mass socialist movement.
Socialist beliefs also lead people to take positions of indifference or outright hostility to more reasonable immediate reforms as long as we remain in a capitalist economy. For instance, Kamala Harris' proposal to try new after-school care programs which would relieve the child care burden off working families was met with hostility by a number of socialists who saw it as contrary to their vision of eliminating long working days entirely. However, there is a converse problem where popular antipathy towards socialism causes conservatives to oppose reasonable plans like universal healthcare.
Overall, there is good but not decisive evidence against socialism generally speaking. It's an open question whether one could design a particular form of socialism – either one which leverages worker cooperatives while maintaining competitive markets and a reasonably sized government, or one which has some sophisticated and well-incentivized form of central planning – that would be worth testing in place of the current capitalist system. However, for those who are interested in radical change, we think it is fair to say that there are probably more worthwhile possibilities besides socialism.
In addition, the reality of a socialist system if Americans decide to implement one will very probably be worse than ideal socialism and worse than the status quo. And there is no guarantee that socialist change would be a peaceful process. Therefore, we should prefer that Americans have more faith in capitalism and resistance to socialism.
This finding is too weak and uncertain to be justified as a main cause priority. However, it still has interesting implications for Effective Altruism. Numerous writers have alleged that charity is worse than it seems because it could reinforce capitalism, and argued that EAs have a duty of justice to promote new economic systems that could help the developing world escape poverty. However, the finding here means that this argument must be reversed. Charity is extra good because it reinforces capitalism, and EAs have a duty of justice to reinforce (and refine) capitalism in order to help the developing world. Of course neither of these arguments actually make sense—the number of people whose political attitudes are actually changed by philanthropy is negligible as far as anyone can tell, and the "duty of justice" is a moral falsehood. But as far as philosophical debates are concerned, a good deal of academic orthodoxy will have to be revised in the light of this new idea that capitalist systems are usually superior to socialist systems.
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text:
As the 2016/17 Ligue 1 campaign draws to a close, it's the red and white of Monaco that has taken the country by storm. The champions lift the trophy high, winning their first title since 1999/2000 and their first since the 'Ligue 1' came into effect. Perhaps even more importantly,
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The Taylor Takeover looks at the amazing work done by Luis Campos and asks whether Michael Emenalo's signings will be as successful Over the last 4 seasons, Monaco have significantly cut back on the frivolous spending that saw them thrust into the limelight upon regaining promotion to Ligue 1 in 2013. Financial

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Price: $40.00
Quantity: 1 available
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Side-stapled, mimeographed wraps with light general wear and aging. Some toning on some edges. I have an extra page with mainly advertising for other publications. I think it is the back wrap for this issue, so it gets included. These hand-made magazines were often a bit to large for the staples and a back page might work free. This issue is still square and, except for that page, secure. A careful person could reattach the page. ; Cover art plus other B&W Illustrations; Small 4to 9" - 11" tall; Writing by Blazek, Nichol, Finch, Kryss, Spicer, and others.
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text:
Now a days no one can deny the struggle to stay fit and fine. The risk of health due to unhealthy lifestyle.
But in competitive world, nobody has the time to take care of themselves.so we keep looking for alternate and new ways to keep our self-healthy and setting up a small home gym with best gym equipment.
Types of the treadmills:
- Manual treadmill:
It belongs to the cheapest type of devices, and this is because it is not powered by a motor. This type of treadmills is set in motion by the movements of the user instead of a motor. The use of a manual treadmill may be more difficult for beginners.
- Electric treadmill:
In an electric treadmill, running belt is driven by a motor, therefore we can adjust the speed. Electric treadmill allows the use of various programs including the angle of inclination, speed, and intensity.
- Antigravity Treadmill:
This type of treadmill is recommended to people who have just recovered from a significant injury. The price tag is very high, making it not a good choice for the home gym.
- Pressure treadmill:
This type of treadmill is equipped with a special capsule that generated vacuum which can help speed up fat burning.
There are many options and variety available in India that may lead to confusion. To answer all your queries, we have presented a treadmill buying guide in India which shall be helpful in choosing a treadmill for home.
Some advantages of the treadmill for home use are:
- It is economical on the pocket than visiting a gym.
- User can use it as per your available time.
- Can be used by multiple people at the cost of one
Before Selecting treadmills, customer should check out the following parameters:
- Power of engine:
Treadmill has power of around 2 Horse power and these are suitable for jogging.
- Load capacity:
Load of the treadmill can be adjusted according to your body weight. User can buy 100 kg, 120 kg, 150 kg and even 200 kg treadmills depending on your body weight.
- The size of the running belt:
Too short or too narrow running track could be uncomfortable, so adjust these parameters in relation to your height. A treadmill belt measuring 165×60 cm will be suitable for tall people.
- Speed:
Many manufacturers attach information about the maximum speed of the running belt. There are models on the market that will allow treadmill to be accelerated to a level of 5 to over 20 kilometres per hour.
- Additional Features:
Manufacturers want to attract customers in buying their devices, so they include some other special features.
A modern treadmill can be equipped with speakers, a 3.5 mm Jack socket, USB socket, Bluetooth or Wi-Fi module, vents or space for a water bottle or mobile devices. A treadmill with a massager is also popular.
The treadmill is one of the most used machines if you are a fitness freak person. We can keep them in our homes and use them as we want. They help lose weight and maintain a fit lifestyle. They help to maintain the health benefits.
We can sue it anytime we want. Several brands are selling their best treadmill for running or walking. It depends on you that which type of treadmill you need in your life.
Features of the treadmill:
Always choose the treadmill which can be inclined automatically. Incline feature burns the calories faster than flat surface walking. There are various percentages of inclination which depends on your need.
Some of the treadmills inclined up to 20 percent and the maximum they can be inclined up to 40 percent. Incline walking burns calories the same as running.
The second thing you need to be kept in mind that your workout programs. You can use your home treadmill anytime you want and you can also use it in your gym.
They don't need special treatment or efforts to operate. They are a simple machine that can be used by anyone.
They are easy to use and require less maintenance. They come with a personalized safety magnet that is safe for you while using it.
How to choose the best treadmill:
Always choose your workout space first and then check the size of the treadmill. So that it should be fit in your space. They are rectangular and heavy as well. You need to decide on the position of the treadmill and then go to buy this.
They also need plug socket arrangement nearby treadmill, so that you can run then with electricity. Decide their place according to their length, width, and height. Check their specification first and then purchase the machine.
The second thing you need to find is the price of a treadmill. Always go for a budget-friendly machine. There are many brands available on the market but you have to decide your budget before buying.
It is very necessary to study the price details of every brand so that you can pick the one for you. Always choose your demand. Observe the use and then go for investment. They are available at every price range but the only difference is their qualities and features.
After deciding the price of the treadmill you need to decide that, which features you need in your treadmill. Always check for the features we mentioned above. Go for the incline one.
We observed that digital treadmills are more helpful than manual treadmills. Always choose the one who has good control panels and buttons. Automatic incline treadmills are the best for walking and running. The feature is just awesome to burn more calories in less time.
There are many treadmills available on the market which is good in carrying weight or best in safety and price but it's always been a confusion to pick the one. It is important to observe some features and factors before buying the best treadmill.
More About Treadmills:
The positive impact of exercising regularly over our body and mind has been confirmed by the researchers.
Our body needs frequent movements to remain fit and healthy. In other words, our body requires exercise to keep up with the daily hustle. However, user can do it at home just buying the right fitness equipment.
Read more: Treadmill
The number of increasing difficulties faced during outside running could discourage user from running. All these problems can be overcome by having a treadmill.
But in competitive world, nobody has the time to take care of themselves.so we keep looking for alternate and new ways to keep our self-healthy and setting up a small home gym with best gym equipment.
Related Tags: Best Treadmill 2020


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What if . . .
- . . . Alex Rodriguez had been traded to Boston?
- . . . The '94 MLB strike never happened?
- . . . Babe Ruth was sold elsewhere?
- . . . Williams and Dimaggio didn't go to war?
- . . . Michael Jordan had continued playing baseball?
- . . . N.C. State hadn't pulled off its miracle?
- . . . The Blazers had better injury luck?
- . . . Big Ben was drafted by the Giants?
- . . . Donald Trump had made the Bills great?
- . . . Drew Brees had passed his Dolphins physical?
- . . . These field goal attempts had been good?
- . . . George Halas had died in a boat wreck?
- . . . Jim Harbaugh had stuck with Alex Smith as 49ers quarterback?
- . . . The NFL map looked like this?
- . . . Peyton Manning went to San Diego?
- . . . Teddy Roosevelt hadn't revolutionized football?
- . . . Terrell Owens was elected to the NFL Hall of Fame?
- . . . LeBron James had chosen soccer over basketball?
- . . . U.S. soccer got the right call in the '02 World Cup?
More Sports
- . . . Cleveland had been saved by George Steinbrenner?
- . . . These draft moments had happened differently?
- . . . Injuries had never altered these five careers?
- . . . Lance Armstrong had been whipped by cancer?
- . . . Muhammad Ali had never met Malcolm X?
- . . . PEDs had been legal all along?
- . . . Steve Bartman had never gone to Wrigley?
- . . . Things had happened differently for these four illustrious coaches?
- . . . Tiger Woods had pursued a career as a Navy Seal?
- . . . These trades had actually happened?
- . . . Wayne Gretzky hadn't been traded to the Kings?
Illustration by Michael Byers
What If ... the ref had called a handball against Germany at the 2002 World Cup?
by Grant Wahl
The stage has never been bigger for U.S. men's soccer than it was on June 21, 2002, in Ulsan, South Korea. The Americans had made an inspiring World Cup run, beating Portugal and Mexico and advancing to the quarterfinals for the first (and still only) time in the modern era, and early in the second half they were largely outplaying mighty Germany, though they trailed 1–0. In the 50th minute, U.S. midfielder Claudio Reyna unspooled a near-post corner kick that was flicked into the path of defender Gregg Berhalter.
"As the corner was coming in I said, I'm going to gamble and move away from my opponent toward the center back-post area," says Berhalter, now coach of the Columbus Crew. "The ball fell right to where I was gambling on, and I had a chance to lunge at it with my left foot. [I made] good contact and it was going into the goal; it beat the goalkeeper [Oliver Kahn], but [German midfielder] Torsten Frings put his hand out and blocked it right on the line."
Nobody disputes that the ball hit Frings's left arm, preventing it from entering the goal—but should there have been a penalty called and a red card given? The game's Scottish referee, Hugh Dallas, ruled there was no infraction. "A foul can only be given if it is deliberate hand-to-ball and not ball-to-hand," he told the Sunday Mail, adding that he'd had "a totally clear view" of the play, even though video replays show there were five players between him and the incident. (UEFA, which employs Dallas, declined to make him available for this story.)
Howard Webb, the Englishman who refereed the 2010 World Cup and Champions League finals, sees the play differently. When Webb became an international referee in '05, Dallas (who had retired by then) was his mentor for a year. "This is a famous incident, but I don't think I ever discussed it with him," says Webb, who reviewed video replays for this story. "The correct outcome should have been a penalty kick awarded for the use of the hand, and a red card for the denial of a goal—not the denial of an obvious goal-scoring opportunity, but the denial of a goal, because clearly the ball would have gone in had Frings not blocked it."
The laws and interpretations governing such incidents have not changed since 2002, Webb notes. "There's not a great deal of movement by Frings," he says. "It's not like Luis Suárez in '10 against Ghana, when he threw his arms in the air goalkeeper-style" to block a clear goal, earning a penalty and a red card. "A handball has to be deliberate, but when a team gains such a huge advantage through a handball and there is that element of a slight movement toward the ball—or even not a retraction of the arm away from the flight of the ball—then the referee, generally speaking, will penalize the offender."
So, what if the penalty and red card had been given? Going back to 1966, players have converted 81% of all World Cup penalty kicks. Kahn was in standout form in 2002, but it's still likely the U.S. would have tied the score from the spot—Bruce Arena, the team's coach then and now, says Reyna would have taken the penalty—and continued outplaying Germany with a man advantage for up to 70 minutes, including potential extra time. (Playing 11-on-11, the U.S. ended up outshooting Germany 11–6.)
The Americans' chances of winning, had those calls been made, were "better than 50-50," says Arena. "And I think if we were one of the big countries, we would have gotten that call." Landon Donovan, who was a 20-year-old striker in that tournament, says, "Playing against most teams, you would say 75%, maybe 80% [for the U.S. to win]. But playing against top teams like Germany or Brazil, I would probably have put it at 50-50. They would have been smart enough to defend well, and they would have tried to steal a goal the other way on a set piece—and if not, then it goes to penalties, where they're really good."
And what if the U.S. had advanced past Germany? Awaiting in the semifinal would have been co-host South Korea, whom the U.S. had already tied 1–1 earlier in the tournament and who they'd beaten 2–1 in the 2002 Gold Cup. That said, Arena would have had only 14 eligible field players due to yellow-card suspensions (Berhalter, Pablo Mastroeni, Eddie Pope) and injuries (Jeff Agoos, Steve Cherundolo, Joe-Max Moore). "Would we have beaten South Korea?" asks Donovan. "I don't know—but it wouldn't have surprised anyone." And in a final against Brazil? "Highly unlikely that we win. But we've beaten Brazil before, and there's no reason that, on that day, we couldn't get a little lucky."
It's often wondered in American soccer circles whether this country will ever win a men's World Cup. But the fact is, the U.S. wasn't that far away in 2002.
Webb recently moved to New York City to oversee the new Video Assistant Referee program for the Professional Referees Organization, which handles MLS officiating. Refs are set to have video review for the first time in MLS this summer and at next year's World Cup in Russia. The Frings incident "would have been a situation where, absolutely, 100% a recommendation would have been made by the video assistant referee for an on-field review," says Webb. "And I'm pretty sure that would have led to the awarding of a penalty kick and a red card."
He smiles. "And then who knows what would have happened?"


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Devin Toner welcomes the pressure from 'lock of the future' James Ryan
For much of the 20 minutes Devin Toner spent talking to media yesterday, he insisted that the Ireland camp's focus was very much on the future, not the past.
With speculation whispering through the corridors at Carton House, the Co Kildare hotel where the Ireland team are based, that James Ryan, Leinster's 21-year-old second-row, will be named in today's team to face France on Saturday, Toner may wish the future would not arrive so promptly.
The 31-year-old responded positively to being replaced by Donnacha Ryan in last year's Six Nations finale against England, but being potentially left out of the starting XV in Paris for a player who has made just one international start will test him.
Joe Schmidt made the same call in last


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- john38346
PNa welcomes Kayla Roach to the team.
We are excited to announce the addition of Kayla Roach to the Pivot North team. Kayla's experience adds experienced in-house interior design to our comprehensive list of design services.
Kayla is a native Idahoan and graduate of the University of Idaho. She began her design career in Southern California and later relocated to Portland, Oregon, before coming back to Boise. Over the years she has had the opportunity to learn and collaborate with many talented designers who have influenced her appreciation for hard work and the quality of design.
Kayla enjoys taking on projects that push her outside of her comfort zone and values visual harmony, spatial symmetry, and a forward thinking approach to design. She believes every project has its own personality and wants to create spaces that provide sanctuary, comfort, and style.


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In planning our family trip next month I was sure to check out the Explore Branson website. This site is operated by the Convention and Visitors Bureau and it's the go to place for all things Branson! Seriously so helpful in planning a trip to the live entertainment capital of the world because the site has so many great ideas for things to do in Branson and the surrounding areas. I even reached View Post
How To Host A Sky Zone Birthday Party In Fenton, MO
Birthdays are a big deal around here and even more so when it's a jumping good time. A Sky Zone birthday party sounds just perfectly dandy. We love to visit the trampoline park near us but have yet to do a party there. That doesn't mean we won't be doing one in the future! Perhaps we will do a family party of sorts at Sky Zone. Let's get real... I say it's always a good time to have a party. So View Post


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After you hit 105, the odds of reaching 110 even out, according to new study.
Want to be a supercentenarian? The chances of reaching the ripe old age of 110 are within reach — if you survive the perilous 90s and make it to 105 when death rates level out, according to a study of extremely old Italians led by the University of California, Berkeley, and Sapienza University of Rome.
Researchers tracked the death trajectories of nearly 4,000 residents of Italy who were aged 105 and older between 2009 and 2015. They found that the chances of survival for these longevity warriors plateaued once they made it past 105.
The findings, to be published in the June 29 issue of the journal Science, challenge previous research that claims the human lifespan has a final cut-off point. To date, the oldest human on record, Jeanne Calment of France, died in 1997…
For the rest of the article, please visit https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180628171420.htm.
Last modified: July 3, 2018


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I wouldn't....
The biggest question is how much traffic you think your site will generate, and whether your company's infrastructure can handle it.
Another big question is whether the web site is going to be a revenue generator or not (i.e. how much $$$ can you put into the site).
Another question is how feature-rich the site is going to be. Is it going to require constant development and maintenance?
Often it is more cost-effective to outsource your web site to a company that can handle it all...hosting, development, and maintenance.
I would advise strongly against putting an website accessible from the Internet on the same server that your e-mail and proxy server reside on. Windows servers on the Internet are huge targets even if they are "locked down". If someone hacks your web site, they will also be able to hack your e-mail and proxy server.
It's much safer (not to mention cheaper) to use a separate,secured Linux server running Apache for simple web sites.
Never Ever
Never host externally exposed website on a local network server.
Unless you are planning to see how many times a day you can be attacked.


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A lot of people thought it was extremely out of the question for Roman Reigns to be the one who retired The Undertaker but has he actually become the new leader of WWE? Everyone knew that it was The Undertaker who was a true icon and someone that every single person in the wrestling business respected. Since the final match of his career was a loss to Roman Reigns, has the "Big Dog" become the locker room leader?
If you ask him, that's exactly what has happened.
One of the biggest stories over the last few months is the trouble with Enzo Amore. He's no longer in a tag team with Big Cass and has brought a lot of backstage heat upon himself. As Wrestling Inc. reported, there was even an incident where Roman Reigns reportedly kicked Enzo off of a WWE travel bus and forced to have to dress outside of the superstar locker room at events.
Considering a lot of people have had trouble with Enzo Amore lately, it isn't overly surprising that Reigns stood up to him. The thing is, that has brought about the idea that Reigns may have a lot of pull in the locker room and now, he's even calling himself a backstage leader.
Reigns was a recent guest on the Off The Board podcast to talk about a number of topics and Enzo Amore's name was brought up. The hosts asked Reigns about the heat that Enzo has brought lately and what kind of role he plays when that type of situation comes up.
At that point, Reigns responded and he wasn't afraid to say that things are up to him.
"I swing the sword. If I put the sentence down…then I lay it down. If you have heat, that's what a locker room leader does. He speaks up for the rest of the bunch. It's tough when you have so many cooks in the kitchen – I'm not the only guy who would speak up. But as the man that I am before I was in this business – I would have spoken up if something was wrong – to what I am today within our industry."
"I am a locker room leader. I'd like to think I've been afforded the keys to the car and I drive that thing around every once in a while. But I'm going to take care of it."
The former world champion went on to say that he wants to "leave this place (WWE) better than I found it," and that's his goal. The way he's acting and speaking, it's as if he already believes he is the one that has the control and the pull in the locker room.
While the issue at hand here is Enzo Amore's recent problems in WWE and especially his heat with other wrestlers, Reigns is showing he's not afraid to stand up for the business he loves. He is serious about wrestling and wants to make sure that nothing messes with it.
Roman Reigns has been pushed to the moon and back over the last few years, and WWE fans have mixed feelings about him. On Sunday night, he will be in a Fatal 4-Way for the WWE Universal Championship at SummerSlam as he is right in the main event scene of the whole company. He's landed in the spotlight in the ring, and according to him, he is also there backstage as he sees himself as a true locker room leader.
[Featured Image by WWE]


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To place your ad, email email@example.com. Ads start at $1 per day, minimum seven days.
Youth Found By NVT First Responders Writes Thank-You Letter
By Richard Finch Jr.
The Tube City Almanac
October 22, 2018
Posted in: North Versailles Twp. News
A missing child who was located after a search in May wrote a letter of apology to first responders from North Versailles Twp.
At the October meeting, township Commissioner Russell Saula read aloud from the letter sent to police and firefighters by Christopher Ramos, 8, who went missing for several hours in May, but was located safe in Wilmerding.
Ramos also sent police and firefighters cookies as a token of his gratitude, Saula said.
In other business, commissioners voted to accept a $25,000 grant for improvements to a restroom at West Wilmerding Park to make it compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act.
The grant from the Commonwealth Financing Authority was arranged by state Sen. Jim Brewster and state Rep. Joe Markosek, officials said.
Commissions also accepted a $75,000 grant for renovations to Fairhaven Park.
Commissioners approved a collective bargaining agreement with employees of the township's road crew for 2018 through 2021. The employees are represented by Utility Workers Local Union 537.
Commissioners also approved a motion presented by Saula to approve a 3 percent raise to all non-union employees for a one-year period, retroactive to Jan. 1, 2018 and ending Dec. 31, 2018.
During September, North Versailles Twp. police department received 826 calls, made 25 arrests and housed two inmates from East Pittsburgh, eight from East McKeesport and five from Turtle Creek. Firefighters answered 47 calls during September, Saula reported.
Payments in the amount of $2,590.99 to West Wilmerding VFC and $1,864.92 for Crestas VFC from the 2018 Fire Tax Money were approved.
A motion was approved to release $42,660.94 of 2018 state aid to the township Volunteer Fireman's Relief Association.
Richard Finch Jr. is a freelance writer who is covering McKeesport Area schools and North Versailles Twp. for Tube City Almanac. He may be reached at email@example.com.
Originally published October 22, 2018.
In other news:
"Duquesne Council Repo…" || "Davis Challenges Stat…"


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Everyone have a great yummy delicious day! I will be traveling most of today. My biggest wish is that I can pack everything in my suitcase and not lose my luggage.
Picture found here.
Sunday, November 30, 2008
Happy Day
3 comments:
- CassieMarie said...
Hey Ann!
Have safe travels, and if you are up for cake porn see here:
if you are up for a good laugh, you NEED to see this site. :)
- November 30, 2008 at 4:31 PM
- Art Nest said...
OMG - these cakes look soooo delish~
It's unfortunate, but I couldn't find any sites that offered EASY binding instructions. I'm really wanting to do a coptic stitch tutorial that people can actually UNDERSTAND. I'll let you know when I post it!
Did you send me your address for the Kisses cards?
- December 2, 2008 at 7:15 PM
- ofifteen said...
now I want some cake!
'designing your life'
- December 4, 2008 at 2:18 PM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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- Fantastic Team
- 9min read
- Published: July 23, 2018
- Views: 2,381
How To Store Furniture in Storage Units
In order to reliably store furniture while moving, you should be informed about the methods and processes involved. Preparation is key. If you want your furniture to be well preserved in the storage unit, you need to do a couple of things prior to storing them.
Clean your items before placing them in storage
Residue such as dust, bacteria provides conditions for mould and mildew growth on your furniture. Damaging your furniture while in storage would be a disaster. It might turn into a substantial budget set back if you need to buy new sets.
Cleaning Wood Furniture
Remove all dust and wipe the surfaces with a piece of cloth and a bit of detergent. Don't use aggressive cleaning solutions, you don't want to damage the gloss finish (if any). Give some time for the cleaning solution to vaporise off the wood and when it is absolutely dry, wax in them. This will give your wooden furniture a protective overlay. Wax protects wooden furniture from moisture and splitting.
Cleaning Old Wooden Furniture
You just need to be cautious with the lacquer coating. Often, it chips off while you try to clean the furniture. You need to remove the damaged layer. Clean the furniture and then apply a fresh coat of lacquer. You need to know the type of wood the furniture is made of in order to pick the correct lacquer.
Cleaning Metal Furniture
Make sure you remove all the dust. Pay extra attention to any hard to reach corners and decorative details. After brushing off, spray the furniture with a cleaning solution. You may use something with alcohol to disinfect it as well. Don't let the solution drip of the furniture, spray and wipe with a piece of cloth as you go. Leave the furniture outside to dry.
Disassemble furniture pieces
Before you move home, you should disassemble all the big pieces of furniture. This will ensure a quick and easy loading in the van. It will also make the packing process of the furniture before sending it to the storage unit easier. It is at this point where you will need a toolbox. Prepare a magnet. It will help you avoid losing any bolts and screws, that you will need later on when reassembling the furniture.
Remove the glass first and wrap it in safety blankets and bubble wrap. Then remove drawers from dressers, doors from wardrobes and headboards from beds. You can later pack those separately. This will not only make loading easier. It will allow you to store the furniture while leaving enough space for other household items.
You can put the pieces of furniture vertically, enabling airflow around them. This assures better ventilation and reduces the chance of damage inflicted by high humidity levels.
How to protect furniture in storage from mice
Wrap furniture pieces in plastic
The large pieces of furniture such as sofas, armchairs and mattresses can't be stored in plastic boxes, so plastic wrap is the next best thing to protect them against rodents. Wrap the furniture in several layers. This will not only deter the rodents but will also provide protection against moths.
Don't store any food
Lots of storage depots have the "no food" rule and for a reason. No matter how well you think you can pack it, mice will pick up the scent of food and will find their way into your storage unit. Food crumbs or even the slightest scent can be enough to attract the vermin. Make sure all your items are absolutely clean and be careful not to accidentally transport a mouse hitchhiker.
How to correctly cover furniture for storage
The ideal way to preserve a wooden piece of furniture in storage is to cover it with a soft blanket. Make sure that you protect all the edges. You can use pieces of cardboard to wrap all the corners. The cardboard will protect them from scratches. You can secure it in place with tape. Keep in mind that if the glue is too strong it might be hard to remove it later. Use painters tape (masking tape), if you need to.
You don't need to pack this type of furniture too carefully. The only thing you need to keep in mind is to prevent any moisture from coming in contact with the furniture. This depends mostly on your chosen storage method. Yet, don't fall a victim of the common misbelief that plastic wrap will keep your metal furniture safe. The plastic wrap will block any water coming from the outside. But the truth is that the process of condensation can still develop on the inside, ruining your garden metal furniture. Please, avoid plastic wrap as packing material for long-term storage.
When it comes to furniture, often metal is combined with glass. If you have such a piece, you should pack it in bubble wrap. Do not wrap the entire piece, only the glass. This is done in order to reduce the risk of breaking the fragile part while transporting. You can remove the bubble wrap once you have stored your items.
There is not much that can happen to your plastic furniture. It is already light and easy to transport. You just have to keep it from strokes and heat. It won't be a problem, even if you plastic wrap your plastic furniture. Just keep them out of direct sunlight.
Need some help?
The packing professionals will gladly assist you.
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How to store furniture efficiently
The first rule of filling a storage space: Keep heavy and large objects in the back of the storage. Light objects and things that you might need to stay at the front.
This simple rule can save you a lot of hassle. Not to mention that it can save you time if you desperately need something that happens to be right behind the three wardrobes…
Other than that, there are a couple of tips and tricks that will prove valuable when you are preparing your furniture for storage:
- Always lay a protective layer on the floor
Put a layer of synthetic sheet and an old carpet on top of it. You should not store your items directly on concrete.
- Do not pile heavy items on top of each other
Look at it this way. If the object that you are trying to stack, weights more than the item you want to put it on, it is a no go. You risk finding yourself in a situation where, everything, falls at your feet.
- Always leave a small gap between your items and the walls of your storage
This improves ventilation and is important. Especially if you have wooden furniture stored near the walls.
- Leave a marking on all fragile items
For example your garden table with a metal frame and a glass top. There are instructions on how to pack a piece of the sort for removals a few paragraphs above. Please, mark such items with an easy to see marking. Something that will notify the removals team and yourself to handle this item with care.
- Store boxes under tables.
There is no need to waste perfectly good space. You should stack items on top of solid tables also. Just make sure not to overload it. A couple of boxes won't do any harm.
- Couches may be stored vertically.
If your couch has flat sides you can put it up vertically. Make sure that the surface underneath is perfectly flat. You can remove all cushions and store them separately.
- Make sure that there is some space between your belongings.
It is crucial to have proper ventilation between your items. It will limit the risk of mildew and moss. Air should be able to float around in order for the air conditioning to work. Provided there is such in your storage unit.
It is now time to talk about your furniture storing options.
Furniture storage options
Besides the common storage options, you may decide to dedicate an entire room to keep your furniture in. When you are renovating your home, you may transfer the furniture from one room to another. This is definitely not the perfect solution. It will only slow down the process of your renovation. The time while moving the furniture around will be lost. On top of that, you increase the chance of inflicting damage to your belongings with each move.
It even causes a health risk. Some furniture pieces are heavy and it is hard to manoeuvre with them throughout your home. Even if the furniture is disassembled.
You might be better off choosing a professional service.
Let's list some pros and cons of each storing option when it comes to furniture.
Portable Storage Containers
There is a chance of rain leaks if they are stored outside. This can destroy your furniture. There is also the problem with the humidity levels inside the metal containers. Even if they are stored in a hall, the lack of ventilation inside may cause condensation.
Self Storage
You will need to do all the heavy lifting yourself. Some self-storage facilities are not air-conditioned. Which, again poses a threat of condensation. There is always the possibility of roof leaks, directly on your furniture.
Well ventilated facility. The goods are stored in breathable wooden containers, with no contact with concrete. A completely dry and safe environment to store wooden furniture, even if they are antic. You need to call in before visits, in order to warn the security of your arrival.
More information on each service in our storage option comparison post.
Learn what storage solutions we offer by visiting our main website.Storage Service
In Conclusion
Relocation and renovation tasks demand lots of resources. You need to invest energy, time and money in order to get those chores done. And you would love to finish them ASAP and get back to your normal day to day life.
So, in order to achieve that in the least stressful way, you need to be well prepared. This post has the sole purpose of giving you the information you need. If you have additional questions or you need to know more about other similar topics, just ask. Leave a comment below and we will do our best to help you out.
Image header source: Shutterstock / By Neil Podoll
Did you find our article on storing furniture helpful? How did your gardening furniture survive through the winter? Why not share your thoughts with us in the comments below?
- Last update: January 20, 2020
Posted in Storage Tips
Fantastic Services is your one-stop shop for 25+ professional home cleaning and maintenance services, provided within the UK. Using high-grade equipment that is inaccessible to everyday households, the dedicated service specialists will gladly go the extra mile to turn your home or office into something truly special.


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Kaltara will have 4 pioneer airports
Kaltara akan miliki 4 bandara perintis (Air Transport)
Media Indonesia, 25 July, 2017
Ministry of Transportation (Kemenhub) has confirmed it will build four pioneer airports in North Kalimantan (Kaltara). The locations chosen for the construction are Long Bawang, Long Apung, Long Layu, and the central part of Malinau.
"This is to support accessibility in the region because their area cannot be reached by road," said Minister of Transportation, Budi Karya Sumadi, after a meeting with the Governor of Kaltara, Irianto Lambrie, at Ministry of Transportation Building, Jakarta, Monday (24 July).
The investment value for the airports is estimated at around Rp 100 billion. The airport construction will use the state budget (APBN). It could probably, he continued, use the funds in the 2017 Revised State Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBNP) or the 2018 State Budget (APBN).
According to Budi, the private sector usually does not want to build any pioneer airports because the revenue from the construction of a pioneer airport is small. In addition to building the four pioneer airports, according to the plan, an international-class port will also be built in Tanjung Selor.
"Later, from the existing port, we will move to Tanjung Selor, Nunukan, which has a deeper pool. However, the construction will take three years and it will only start next year because it is now being planned."
Investment prospect
With the construction of a number of infrastructure, Budi is optimistic that the flow of development and investments will increasingly move swiftly into the province bordering with Malaysia.
Similarly, Kaltara Governor, Irianto Lambrie, said that infrastructure adequacy is expected to attract more investments, particularly related to the 25 thousand ha industrial estate project.
"Kaltara is very prospective for investment because it is supported by its very rich natural resources We have coal, gold, oil and gas, and many rivers for electricity generation purposes. Presently, there are some investors related to hydroelectric plant (PLTA) and steam power plant (PLTU) projects, as well as coal," he said.
According to him, Kaltara is a new province that has a large territorial area, with a small population but big potential for investment and with the support of substantial natural resources. The 25,000-ha area has been included in Perpres [Presidential Regulation] No. 58 as a national strategic project. The area will be developed into smelter, coal and oleochemical industrial zones.
"We are currently in intensive discussion, having met twice, with a Chinese investor, Shinsan Group, which has already built an industrial estate in Morowali. They will also invest in Kaltara; they make use of the first phase PLTU of 1,000 MW capacity; we are preparing a land area of 25 thousand hectares that has been incorporated in the RTRW [Regional Spatial Layout Plan] in Tanah Kuning," he explained.
Kaltara has also started to build a very large hydropower plant (PLTA) in Kayan. Currently, the first dam of 900 MW has started to be built. Overall, within the next 25 years, some 9,000 ME will be produced from four to five dams to be built.
"Next, Hyundai from South Korea is conducting a feasibility study for building a 400 – 500 MW PLTA in Malinau, as well as Sarawak Energi Berhad with 1,300 MW. Kalimantan Electricity will build 7,000 MW, but it will take more than 20 years; those are the big plans, so that the acceleration of development in the peripheries, in line with Nawa Cita [Nine Primary Agendas] can be realized in five years," he concluded. (Ant/E-4)
source : pwc.com


text: WE told you about Elizabeth Lau's cute and super-soft knits back in June (read about it here) and now that autumn is upon us, it's time to seek them out - which, thankfully for us, is about to become a whole lot easier with the launch of the designer's new online boutique on October 14. "My knitwear and dresses have a strong fan base and I wanted to make them widely available through a quirky and memorable online boutique which reflects my individual sense of style and outlook on life," explains Lau, who launched her label at London Fashion Week in 2004. "In addition to my womenswear, there will be a small selection of quirky accessories." Echoing her playful collections, the site will bring together all the most covetable pieces from her collection - including the Highgate blazer and the Love Heart cardigans - amid sweet and sassy illustrations. Log on to www.elizabethlau.com for more information when the time comes.


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Now showing items 1-10 of 37
A study of the high energy neutrons from carbon-13 bombarded by deuterons
Abstract Not Available.
Nuclear reactions induced by fast neutrons
Abstract Not Available.
Gamma rays from some nuclear reactions: Gamma rays from the inelastic scattering of 14 Mev. neutrons in carbon-12, oxygen-16, and nitrogen-14
One of the ways to study the energy levels of nuclei is to measure the energy and relative intensity of the gamma rays produced when different kinds of nuclei disintegrate under charged particle bombardment. This may be ...
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on solid hydrogen
The NMR spectrum of solid hydrogen (75% ortho) has been studied as a function of temperature from 1.2°K to 14°K and of pressures from one to three hundred atmospheres. At about 10°K the absorption signal broadens ...
Neutron inelastic scattering in carbon-12, nitrogen-14, and oxygen-16
Gamma radiation from the inelastic scattering of neutrons in C12 and O16 has been observed by Thompson and Risser using 14 MEV neutrons. Battat and Graves have measured the cross section for the production of 4.43 MEV gamma ...
The elastic scattering of protons by carbon
Abstract Not Available.
Cloud chamber studies of the scattering of 14.1 MeV neutrons in nitrogen, helium, and hydrogen
The nature of the interaction between a neutron and an atomic nucleus depends upon the characteristics of the nucleus involved. Consequently some information concerning nuclear structure can be derived from studies of the ...
Energy levels of light nuclei from the accurate determination of neutron threshold energies
Abstract Not Available.


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There are few, if any, App Dev folks out there who enjoy working with a visual designer, such as SSIS. While the designer is actually outputting code in the form of XML, this code is generally not very navigable and, certainly, difficult to modify. This is a major difference from ASP.NET, in which, if you wanted, you could perform most of the work in the code page.
However, SSIS was designed with a different purpose in mind. It was not created with the intention of having a WYSWYG interface for designing UIs, but, rather, to provide an easy way for SQL developers to implement repetitive ETL tasks. The arguments against SSIS (vs. rolling your own code or coding with a data integration library) run along the lines of:
· I can't see the code / I don't know what it's doing
· I can't do diffs in source control against a visual design
· I can do the same thing in <Language of Choice>
· I can't see the code
· There are no "performance improvements" in using SSIS
· Still can't see the code
The predominant argument, really, is that a user who is working with the tool for the first time, cannot see the inner workings of what SSIS is doing. If you are used to writing every line of code for an application, this is probably a scary prospect, as it will feel like a loss of control. Though, I do not really view it much different as having a framework that was designed for ETL. Whether I call an execute SQL task in SSIS or use the System.Data.SqlClient namespace, what difference does it make? Both frameworks obscure the mundane tasks of getting from here to there.
What SSIS is good at are these repetitive ETL tasks. To get a file with FTP and insert the contents of the file into a table in a database — it's a few clicks and some configurations to set up the connection and tasks (even to make them configurable per environment). Why would I write that code line by line? It's been figured out and, now, we can simply use a tool that has been designed for the purpose, over and over again. And if you are doing ETL, you will have all sorts of tasks like this that you will do over and over again.
If a developer does not trust the tool but are forced to use it, they will roll their own ETL code inside. For example, they will use a .NET script for every source in a data flow (possibly not even accessing a shared connection). Is that simpler than plopping a stored proc into an OLEDB Source? No…no, not really at all.
In the spirit of working around the tool, within the tool, and rolling your own code, I have seen all sorts of painful efforts: script sources, script destinations, activeX scripts…. I am not saying scripts should not be used – there is plenty opportunity to use them appropriately. Though, if you see a package that is littered with scripts, SSIS is probably not being leveraged with all it has in the box.
In terms of performance, SSIS probably does do much compared to .NET or SQL code. SSIS is using the same framework anyway. A bulk insert task is yet a BULK INSERT in T-SQL. What SSIS offers out of the box is a whole lot that is important for moving tons of data. First, SSIS uses memory buffers to chunk out data in a data flow. This means that it will work with say, 10k rows in a buffer, versus loading the entire dataset at once. This is tremendously important when we are dealing with large volumes. By not doing this and committing rows in portions, the log file will grow quickly and this can even put tremendous pressure on TempDB. I have seen clients use procs to move millions of rows between temp tables for their nightly ETL, which led to a TempDB that was several magnitudes larger than the destination database.
Second, SSIS employs a pipeline concept allowing a developer to redirect flows of data. One could use conditional splits to channel data in different directions, multicast it to direct the same set of data in multiple directions or union data from various external sources. This is a handy bit that is very clear to understand in a data flow. Compare a one page data flow to a 200+ line proc that is pouring data back and forth between temp tables or code that is dumping tables between arrays. Pipelines combined with memory buffers are a very efficient way of moving data around in these more complex scenarios.
If a developer can break away from their comfort zone of using the code that they know, and use SSIS more out of the box, the experience will be much better and the code will be better performing. Or, better said, if your package looks like a schematic for a motherboard, delete it and start over.
So what's wrong with SSIS?
Doing diffs in source control stinks.
The code files are difficult to compare and they contain changes to it that are relative to the machine that they were built on. That means that there are a lot of false positives when doing a diff. If the visual designer were comparable along with the code and the machine specific stuff were excluded, we might be better able to compare diffs. I'm thinking of the new tool in Office 2013 called spreadsheet compare. This allows a user to compare to sheets both visually and with a list of changes. Here is a post about spreadsheet compare: ://www.online-tech-tips.com/ms-office-tips/compare-two-excel-files-using-spreadsheet-compare/
Objects can obscure other objects.
There are challenges in visual designers that you just do not see in text code. One thing that has come to haunt me from time to time, is that objects can overlay each other in the designer. I can have an Execute SQL Task sit directly on top of another task. Or I can have an oledb destination sit on top of another oledb destination. One large sequence container can obscure a lot of objects. And sometimes an object can be seen through a sequence container, but not really be in it (I have no idea how to reproduce that one). You would never overlay text with other text in your code, so why should an object be allowed to overlay another object?
While SSIS has these frustrating weak points, it is important to consider the right tool for the job and to account for who will maintain the code. I would not use SSIS for the sake of SSIS. If it's not an ETL job, maybe SSIS is not the right choice. If the task is to lots of data, than SSIS might be a good choice, provided the creator and those who will have to maintain the code over time know how or can learn to use SSIS appropriately.


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Staff and pupils came dressed in their finest bedtime attire as part of Rydal Penrhos' contribution to a nationwide fundraising drive.
The school held its One Big Sleepover in aid of BBC Children in Need, with a host of activities held throughout the day on Friday, November 17.
Pupils were given the chance to come to school in their pyjamas or own clothing for a donation, and there was also a Cookies, Donuts and Cake Sale during break which drew a huge crowd.
Brave staff members also took part in a special makeover which produced some frightening sights during lunch, and Assistant Head of Middle School Paul Sanders' much-loved beard was shaved off by Sam Randall after the Charity Committee managed to raise their £500 target.
English and Drama teacher Fiona Earle had six inches of her hair chopped off by the Sixth Form duo of Tawanda Harris and Head Girl Olivia Williams
Preparatory School pupils also came to school in their onesies and pyjamas as part of the event, with Emily Cashell taking over Rydal Penrhos' Instagram and Snapchat accounts to document the festivities.
Head of Sixth Form Peter Lavery, said: "Our BBC Children in Need Day was down to the fantastic work from our Charity Committee, which is an entirely pupil-run committee.
"They demonstrated great leadership in both the lead-up to the charity day and during the various events, and they each of them are to be congratulated on raising a considerable amount for a hugely worthwhile cause."


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This City Located Between Philadelphia And Harrisburg PA Is Known for Its Outlet Shopping and Pretzels
Reading, Pennsylvania has many things to offer visitors and citizens. It also has a large proportion of its citizens living in poverty. This is a city with a population of 87,879 people who have a very wide range of incomes and living situations. Reading is the 5th largest city in Pennsylvania located in southeastern Pennsylvania along major transportation routes. Many tourists visit the city because of its large outlet shopping locations and its many pretzel bakeries. Recently, Reading has become a destination for cyclists who want to enjoy the 125 miles of trails going through five major preserves.
How Safe Is Reading To Live In?
Because of the great disparity between the high number people living in poverty and those who are in higher income brackets, there is a concern about crime. A citizen's chance of being the victim of a property crime in Reading is 1 in 34 where the average for the rest of Pennsylvania is 1 in 52. The chances of becoming the victim of a violent crime are 1 in 110 versus the state average of 1 in 318. The total crimes per 1,000 people are 38.39. People who want to know what crimes have happened in their neighborhoods can input their city and address into https://www.neighborhoodscout.com. Internet searches can give families a list of the safest neighborhoods to live in. The top 8 safe neighborhoods include:
1. Colony Park
2. The Fritztown-Mohns Hill area
3. The neighborhoods of Cromwall Terrace and Shiloh Hills
4. Whitfield and Pennsylvania State U Penn communities
5. The Lincoln Park and West Wyomissing area
6. The Stony Creek Mills and Pennside neighborhood
7. The Grill and Flying Hills community
8. Reiffton and Jacksonwald area
There are other safe neighborhoods listed along with popular neighborhoods wich don't always make it to the safe neighborhood list. Some are:
– City center area
– Lorane neighborhood
– East Reading area
– Glenside
– Northmont community
– The Hyde Park area
– Oakbrook and Oakbrook Terrace
– The Pennwyn Area
Families who choose to live in popular neighborhoods that are not on the safest neighborhood list may need to take more steps to stay safe and secure in their homes. Checking on crime statistics near the family home will help them decide what level of security is best.
The Best Security Measures
If a family or single homeowner feels unsafe and would like the top level of security, they may consider hiring the services of a local security company. These companies offer a number of plan choices with varying levels of protection. The top programs have keypads by entries that use fingerprint or voice recognition rather than security codes to arm or unarm a security system. These systems can send help for intruder incidents. The systems have silent and loud alarms that are monitored off-site 24 hours of every day and also include panic buttons for the homeowner. If the family is home and someone is trying to break-in, help will come in a very short time. The police are notified by the security company after they verify the emergency. Video or in-person verification is very important to avoid costly false alarms to the police.
Security systems can be wired into the home electrical system or wireless and connected to cellular networks. Each system has good and bad points to consider. An ADT Reading, Pennsylvania alarm system connected to the home's electrical system can be disabled by cutting off the power to the home. The wireless systems avoid that downfall but can fall victim to a thief who is able to hack into the system via computer. A desperate or determined intruder may break into the home in spite of any alarm system. That is when a fast response from the security company can be a lifesaver.
Good security systems include most or all of these components:
– A base station and a keypad, voice, or fingerprint activated security box by the home entryways. The electrical equipment should have battery backup in case the electricity goes off.
– Motion detectors in and around the house
– A silent or loud alarm or a combination. The noise to scare intruders away, the silent one to notify the security company or nearest the police station.
– Panic buttons for the homeowner and members of the family to activate for emergencies.
– Door and window sensors at every outside entry point along with glass break sensors
– Security cameras that record both audio and video in case of an intrusion. These should also be available for the outside to catch intruders or thieves before they enter the home. ADT Reading, Pennsylvania is one such company that can make all of this possible.
There are additional features that can be added. They include smoke and fire alarms, carbon dioxide monitors, health emergency panic buttons, alarms that include verbal, in-person, or video verification, and other features that vary with each security company and plan. The more features a security system offers, the higher the monthly fee will be.
More Budget Friendly Security Measures
Some homeowners can not or choose not to spend the money for a fully off-site monitored security system. There are additional security options for them. The first step is to have good sturdy dead bolt locks on all doors and locking latches on all windows. The family dog can provide a certain measure of security with its barking. Some homeowners have found that placing a full dog's water dish in the front or back yard near entrances will imply there is a dog and deter some thieves. There are criminals who don't care about a dog and will neutralize the dog and rob the house anyway. There are fake security cameras that are inexpensive and will scare some intruders away. There are real security cameras and alarms that can be purchased for around $50.00 and up that the owner installs and monitors. There are more expensive security systems that the owner can purchase and install themselves, then self-monitor on a smartphone or computer or hire a security firm to monitor off-site. For additional information, visit the website.


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Tilikum Bridge Magnet
- Made of high glossed enamel, our locally designed magnet gives tribute to the Bridge of the People. A Tender Loving Empire original product.
- Tender Loving Empire is a hybrid handmade marketplace and record label based in beautiful (and sometimes rainy) Portland, Oregon. We have years of experience designing and creating high-quality handmade items, including cards, prints, t-shirts, and more.


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Directing remittances to education with soft and hard commitments: Evidence from a lab-in-the-field experiment and new product take-up among Filipino migrants in Rome
De Arcangelis, Giuseppe, Majlinda Joxhe, David McKenzie, Erwin Tiongson, and Dean Yang. 2015. "Directing remittances to education with soft and hard commitments: Evidence from a lab-in-the-field experiment and new product take-up among Filipino migrants in Rome." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 111: 197-208.
This paper tests how migrants' willingness to remit changes when given the ability to direct remittances to educational purposes using different forms of commitment. Variants of a dictator game in a lab-in-the-field experiment with Filipino migrants in Rome are used to examine remitting behavior under varying degrees of commitment. These range from the soft commitment of simply labeling remittances as being for education, to the hard commitment of having funds directly paid to a school and the student's educational performance monitored. We find that the introduction of simple labeling for education raises remittances by more than 15%. Adding the ability to directly send this funding to the school adds only a further 2.2%. We randomly vary the information asymmetry between migrants and their most closely connected household, but find no significant change in the remittance response to these forms of commitment as information varies. Behavior in these games is then shown to be predictive of take-up of a new financial product called EduPay, designed to allow migrants to directly pay remittances to schools in the Philippines. We find this take-up is largely driven by a response to the ability to label remittances for education, rather than to the hard commitment feature of directly paying schools. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Countries of focus: Italy, Philippines.


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The newest Energy Smart Server Rack branded by Dell. Ideal for data centers maintaining an hot/cold aisle platform. These racks are designed to improve the airflow that is entered into the rack through raised flooring. Remove Data Center hot spots and eliminate cold & hot air mixing. Find all of Dell APC Server Racks here at Global 1 Resources. Your online leader for Server Racks & Accessories.


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iMachining Success at MWE in stainless steel - 76% savings!
iMachiningの お客様での成功事例
..The boss of the company says - that looks like we are working with aluminum!!!
Major cross upgrade of competitor CAM because of 80% saving in SolidCAM iMachining!!
iMachiningの お客様での成功事例
...With the first iMachining cutting attempt, the tool was running very quiet and smooth in a safe process.
Important InventorCAM win with iMachining against Competitor CAM
iMachiningの お客様での成功事例
..completely different level in toolpath generation than competitor CAM and iMachining has the unique Technology Wizard


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More Dangerous Heroes
Sizzling Tales of Timeless Desire
by Amy Jarecki
Indie Published
Historical Romance: Anthology, Paranormal Romance: Anthology, Paranormal Romance: Time Travel
January 28, 2020
Available in: e-Book
USA Today & Award-Winning Authors present 1600 pages of Romance, Adventure, English Lords and Highland Warriors.
Welcome to More Dangerous Heroes. If you enjoyed the first Dangerous Heroes collection, you'll love this one. Bold, larger-than-life heroes are irresistible. Dark and dashing, they stride across the page, setting hearts ablaze as they whisk you away on thrilling journeys of adventure, passion, danger, and love.
Join them and their equally daring heroines as they lead you across mist-swept moors and moon-silvered seas, into the torch-lit great halls of medieval castles, and even along cobbled alleys in Regency London.
The Time Traveler's Desire by Amy Jarecki
(The Time Traveler's Christmas was originally publised October 2016 in eBook and trade paperback.
A man's life can fall apart in an instant…
Tougher than oxhide, Lachlan Wallace can take about anything except a breakup call from his wife two minutes before competing in the Karate Championship of the World. Arriving home with a loss, he agrees to watch his uncle's cat over the holidays. Or so he thinks—until he awakes on a fourteenth-century battlefield beside a woman fighting for her life.
Also includes:
The Wicked Lady by Brenda Jernigan
A Knight's Desire by Catherine Kean
The Angel and The Prince by Laurel O'Donnell
Highlander in Her Dreams by Sue-Ellen Welfonder
Amy embarked on her writing journey shortly after she completed an MBA with Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh, Scotland. Her first manuscripts were suspense novels and were never published. She calls them baptism by fire---lessons in learning to write fiction. These lessons, combined with several writing conferences and classes, led her to write her first published book, Boy Man Chief, which won the League of Utah Writers award for Best Manuscript, and the Spark Book Award. A lot has happened since, with some of the highlights being Rise of a Legend winning the national RONE award for Best Time Travel; hitting the Amazon Top 100 Bestseller list; and a host of other accolades. Amy enjoys the freedom of authorship and the opportunity to work creatively every day. She has lived in Australia, Bermuda and has spent extensive time in Scotland. Whenever possible, she visits the places she writes about to add vibrant realism to her stories. She loves writing Scottish historical romance, and now she's adding romantic suspense to the mix. Come along for the ride!


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Here & Now
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The Adult Diaper Market Is Growing Fast03:32Play
The adult diaper market is booming. It could surpass the baby diaper market in the U.S. within a decade, according to Bloomberg. That's due in part to an aging population – but also thanks to new marketing and product design from companies like Procter & Gamble and Kimberly-Clark. Here & Now's Robin Young talks with Yuri Hermida of P&G.
- Yuri Hermida, Procter & Gamble's vice president and general manager of baby and feminine care in North America.
This segment aired on February 15, 2016.
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Happy Mothers Day to all of you! Thank you my dear daughter for being such an amazing person. You too are strong and determined with a heart of gold and so much more. An amazing and wonderful daughter!! It is a true pleasure being your mom! 🙂 You Rock!!
( Mom's Outfit: Banana Republic Blouse Similar Here/ Contemporaine Jacket Similar Here/ Lois Denim Jeans / Aritzia Auxiliary Bega Satchel Here)
( My Outfit: ICONE Blazer Here/ ICONE Sheer White Blouse Here/ Garage Clothing Shorts Here/ Chinese Laundry Heeled Sandals Similar Here/ Calvin Klein Satchel Similar Here)
This post is dedicated to one of the most influential women I know: my mom. I look up to her everyday (and not just because I am so short…even with heels on!) but because she is an amazing role model for me. Strong, determined and with a heart of gold my mom will forever be the women I strive to become. Happy Mother's Day Mom!
All the love,
Joy xx.