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Reconstructing diet from isotopes
You are what you eat!
Isotopic analysis of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) is a well-established technique for the reconstruction of human and animal diets in past populations. In teeth and bone, collagen is the predominant protein complex present and provides an excellent source of carbon and nitrogen. The isotopic composition of the carbon and nitrogen in collagen reflects the isotopic composition primarily of the plant and animal protein in foods eaten by a person while the bones and teeth were forming and collagen was being synthesised. Therefore, once metabolic fractionation has been accounted for, the carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios can be measured in the collagen and used to garner insights into, not only the types and quantities of food resources utilised by a population, but also the socioeconomic and cultural influences surrounding the dietary practices of groups as well as individuals.
The variations that arise in carbon isotopes result from differences in ecosystems (marine vs. terrestrial) and the photosynthetic pathways (C3 and C4) used by plants in their manufacture of carbohydrates. As such, variations in carbon isotopes allows differentiation between the relative contribution of C3 or C4 plants and the animal products based on these plants, to diet.
In temperate regions, such as Britain, plants tend to use the C3 pathway. Therefore, isotopic evidence of dietary proteins based on C4 plants (e.g. maize or millet) not native to Britain, would suggest a foreign influence on diet within a British population. A good example of this is the analysis undertaken on victims of the Irish Famine caused by the potato blight. The people of Ireland in the 19th century were strongly reliant on potatoes as their main source of food. When crops were destroyed by the blight, people were starving. Famine relief food in the form of maize was sent over to Ireland from the USA. Potatoes are a C3 crop, whilst maize is a C4 crop. We see a shift in the isotope values of people in Ireland as they start to eat the maize.
Variability in nitrogen isotope ratios reflects the balance between biological nitrogen fixation, biosphere recycling and nitrogen release. This variability allows us to differentiate between terrestrial and marine food source input into diet. Marine-based food sources tend to be more enriched in 15N than land-based food sources. In addition to this, nitrogen isotope ratios also change in a systematic manner with increasing trophic level due to metabolic fractionation, creating a 2–6 ‰ enrichment with every trophic level shift (move up the food web). This shift is most noticeable in marine food consumers, as aquatic food sources have high nitrogen isotope ratios owing to the relatively long food chains compared to those on land.
Combining the carbon and nitrogen isotopes can facilitate the interpretation of plant, animal and marine protein contributions to past diets. This allows distinctions to be made between broad categories of food groups, such as herbivore vs. carnivore or marine vs. terrestrial input and any potentially non-local influence on diet.
Food web showing the approximate values for C3 vs C4 and marine vs terrestrial food sources. (Source: chrono.qub.ac.uk)
Have you experienced a change in diet throughout your lifetime that might show up in your isotopic signature? For example, did you alter your diet from eating meat to being a vegetarian or vegan? Did you move countries and did your diet change as a result? If so we may pick up differences in your bodily tissues. Your hair and nails will give us a more recent signature, while your teeth will tell us about your childhood. Where do you think you would fit on the food web chart above in terms of your isotope values? Add comments to the section below.
Isotopes can also be used to gain information about migration. See the next step to find out more!
© Durham University


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In 1917, Shanghai was considered the "Paradise of Adventurers". What amazing notions come to mind when you read that?
The Treaty Port of Shanghai had a large population of Europeans – German, Italian, French; people from the USA, Russia, and the UK. The Europeans built large, Western style banks, insurance companies, and hotels on The Bund.
In the early part of the 20th Century the number of expatriates moving to Shanghai for lucrative work opportunities meant that good accommodation was needed in the city.
In 1858, on a parcel of land reclaimed from swamp, The Astor House Hotel was built. The location was prime, right on the juncture of Soochow Creek and the Whangpoo River, at the northern end of The Bund. It was five stories high and by 1917 it was advertised as "the Waldorf Astoria of the Orient". Sheer luxury, comfort, and with all mod cons, the Astor House Hotel was, for travellers and European locals alike, the centre of social activity. In a city with many luxury hotels and clubs, the Astor House was special.
- In 1882, it was the first building in China to be lit by electricity.
- In 1883, it was the first hotel in Shanghai to install running water. Every suite had its own bathroom with hot and cold running water.
- In 1901, it was the first building in Shanghai to receive a telephone call. Thereafter, every suite had its own telephone.
I could go on, but I'm sure you get my drift. Marble floors, pillars and walls. A glass atrium room that let in natural light the length of the dining room, which by the way, seated five hundred. Electric fans cooled patrons in the dining room. During dinner, a symphony orchestra played on the mezzanine floor above diners.
Peacock Hall was the first Ballroom in Shanghai, and at 847 square metres in area, it was—and still is—very impressive. Yes, it was built on the ground floor of Astor House. Its amazing glass ceiling, 14 metres high, remains today.
So, when my long-awaited historical novel Stone of Heaven and Earth is released in March, you willunderstand why Darl, Anne, and Madame Liechtenstein loved having lunch, or sometimes high tea at the Astor House Hotel.
Sorry to finish on a sad note, but on 1st January this year, only weeks ago, The Astor House Hotel (often called Pujiang Hotel by the Chinese) was sold. I had harboured a strong desire to revisit China and to spend a night at the Astor House, but it will no longer happen. The hotel is to be closed and renovated into a block of private office space.
STONE OF HEAVEN AND EARTH - New historical fiction from Noelle Clark
Out March 1, 2018

subset: commoncrawl


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The Ideal Home Based Business For People Over 50
The best home based business for people over 50 may surprise you. After all, most people over 50 probably didn't have computers at school and the internet really only began to gain major prominence in the public eye around 1994, some 22 years ago. So why turn to a business model that uses a computer and the internet?
Many of the baby-boomer generation (those born between 1946 to 1964) have discovered the online world later in their life. Later than perhaps their children or even grand children have. But that's not a barrier to success.
The baby boomer generation is like no other before it or after it. Technically, we are considered middle-aged, but we are anything but middle-aged in mind, body and spirit. We have seen massive technological advances in a very short period of time and we know that the secret to success is not just about working hard, it's about working smart.
Why Is An Online Business Best Home Based Business For People Over 50?
There Is No Age Limit
There is no age limit or qualification requirements to becoming an internet entrepreneur. Anybody, regardless of their age, background, education or technical skills, can take advantage of the new digital economy that is thriving on the internet.
You Can Learn New Skills
You do not have to be a computer wizard to start an online business. Think of it like when you learnt to drive a car. You can now drive a car, but you don't have to know how the car actually works. You'll be surprised at how much online knowledge you already have. If you can send and email and use a search engine like Google, you have enough knowledge to get started. There are many easy to follow, step-by-step online business courses available.
Low Start Up Costs
An online business is a great home based business for people over 50 because your financial commitment is a lot less than you would have to pay for a traditional bricks-and-mortar business. All you need to get started is a computer and an internet connection. You do not need a physical store or office. There are no rent or rates, no staff costs or endless hours commuting back and forward to a workplace.
Work On It Part Time
Your time is precious and you still will want time to enjoy the things you like doing. You will have to put some hours in to make an online business work, but you can also take advantage of automation. This means that the business is working for you 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. There is no way you can do that with a traditional offline business.
Choose A Market That You Like
You may have a particular skill, knowledge or interest in a business or leisure area. You can use those skills and interests to your advantage with an online business. They will be somebody online who is looking for those skills and is willing to pay for them. And you can be the person who they buy it from.
You Don't Have To Create Your Own Products
Some people over 50 think that they can't start a home based business because they have nothing to sell. Or, they don't want to get involved with buying stock, setting up payment systems or arranging deliveries. You can avoid all of these hassles with an online business. You can sell other people's products on the internet and the product owner holds all the stock and organizes all the payments and deliveries while you earn a commission on everything you sell.
There Are People Buying Online All The Time
There has been a huge shift to people buying products and services online. This surge in spending on the internet instead of in bricks and mortar stores has created an incredible opportunity for online home based businesses. Your customers can come from all over the world, not just from those who live, shop or pass-by the geographical location of your physical premises.
The East Way To Start A Home Based Business For People Over 50
You wouldn't start to travel across the country without a map and it's the same for starting home based businesses. Home based businesses that work have a solid business plan, clear direction and proper guidance and support. They know what they are going to sell, who they are going to sell it to and how they are going to get their products or services into the marketplace. To discover more about how the internet provides the best home based business for people over 50, this Free Online Business Crash Course has been specifically created for individuals who are interested in learning how to become profitable online starting from scratch.


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Star Walkers
Star Walkers are AIDS Walk San Francisco fundraising elite: those who set a goal to raise $1,000 or more. As a Star Walker, you will receive personalized support and fundraising advice from our Star Walker Coordinator to help you reach that goal. Those who get there will receive royal treatment on the day of the event, among other special perks!
Star Walker Perks
Benefits of Registering as a Star Walker
- Invitation to special receptions honoring your unique contribution to AIDS Walk San Francisco.
- Exclusive fundraising tips, e-newsletters, and contest entries.
- Star Walker Fundraising Kit with Sponsor Forms, Star Walker Thank You Cards, and more to help you reach your goal.
- Express Sign-In at the exclusive Star Walker Sign-In Area on the day of the event
Benefits of Reaching Your Star Walker Goal
- All-Access Pass granting access to the exclusive VIP Star Walker Breakfast on the morning of AIDS Walk San Francisco.
- All official AIDS Walk San Francisco Fundraising Awards.
- AIDS Walk San Francisco Commemorative Walker Pin and AIDS Walk San Francisco Star Walker Lapel Pin.
- Star Walker Gold Crown (our tradition!).
Special Programs for Top Star Walkers
Be a Gold Star Walker – raise $2,500 or more!As a reward for raising $2,500, Gold Star Walkers receive the "24 karat" plastic gold crown in addition to all Fundraising Awards, as well as entry into special events and contests, and so much more!
Check in with our very own Star Walker Coordinator who can answer your questions about the Star Walkers Club, help you get registered as a Star Walker, and assist you with your fundraising efforts!


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Siddhi Vinayak 25th September 2018 Written Episode, Written Update on Tellyupdate.co.in
Rudra is doing puja. Vin is pleased to see him thus. Everyone joins him for the aarti. Shankar is impressed to see the change in him. I was sure it will happen one day. Bappa not just changed your appearance but he has also changed you from inside. We dint know you could sing so well. Vin adds that Rudra has even made kheer himself. I am dying to eat it. He picks up Siddhi's bowl. Rudra stops him from eating from that bowl. It isn't for you but for Siddhi. It is special diet kheer. Vin teases him for taking care of his Bhabhi. Rudra hands him another bowl. Rudra serves kheer to Siddhi. I know I deserve punishment for the way I have been behaving with you lately. I want you to think nice of me as I have changed. I shouldn't have done all that. I am a new Rudra from here on. I will respect
you very much as my Bhabhi. If you accept this kheer from me then I would believe that you have given me a chance to become better. Siddhi tells him she isn't interested. Vin asks everyone to eat kheer. He tells Siddhi to taste it once. You will understand my Bhai's magic. Manjari and Gauri also ask her to eat. Siddhi eats it finally. Vin picks the second bowl as well. Siddhi acts being dizzy. Manjari tells him that maybe the powder is showing its effect. Vin holds Siddhi before she falls. Manjari suggests Vin to take her to their room. She has been working diligently since Bappa has come home. Siddhi smiles a little at Rudra before going with Vin. Rudra thinks that the powder has worked. It means I am not far from accomplishing what I want! Siddhi too is thinking the same. Manjari thinks I dint think it would be so easy to trap Rudra.
Rudra tells his mother she cannot believe what he saw. Siddhi smiled at me. I thought as if the world stopped for a minute! She tells him to wait. This is just the beginning. She has just smiled at you. She will slowly fall for you. Be careful though. Rudra agrees to make Siddhi his. I will make her Siddhi Rudra Kundra. I just needed a start which I have found now. He cannot get over the fact that Siddhi smiled at him today. I want to see her smile at me again. What should I do? She agrees to tell him what makes a woman happy. She tells him something in mute. Rudra promises to do as told and goes. Manjari wonders how her son turned out to be so foolish. I used to plot even when I was pregnant. How did he turn out to be like this? It isn't his fault maybe. It is the magic that a woman casts on a man. This is how a man starts thinking then.
Siddhi tells the servant to make preps for evening. Manjari signals Rudra to go. Siddhi stands up and is fixing her dupatta when Rudra showers flower petals on her. Siddhi swirls around in joy. She thinks of Vin and smiles. Vinu leaves no stone unturned to surprise me. I am so lucky. She goes quiet seeing Rudra there. What are you doing here? He asks her if she loves this kind of shower. She asks him if he did all this. He nods. Manjari signals at Siddhi. Siddhi realises that it is part of Manjari's plan. She changes her face expressions and goes from there. Rudra follows her till the garden. Manjari calls Siddhi drama queen. You cannot see such drama even in films! We have to live up to it well now!
Rudra apologizes to Siddhi. I only wanted to make you happy. She pretends to cry. He again starts apologizing but she tells him that it is his first mistake which she has loved so much. He is taken aback. She wipes her fake tears. I dint cry because I felt bad. I am overwhelmed seeing your attachment towards me. He is in disbelief. Siddhi tells him that a girl really likes it when a guy makes a girl feel special. I am very happy. Rudra smiles. Siddhi says I always thought Vinu will do all this for me one day but he has never done anything like this. I only kept dreaming. He has done it only for the heroines in his movies. I really loved what you did for me. You are very sweet. She goes away feeling shy. Rudra cannot believe his eyes / ears. Was it real? Come and spend some more time with me Siddhi. Ma's plan has worked. Now I will get Siddhi. I will make every moment of your life memorable. Siddhi looks on from a distance. Please follow my plan Bappa. It is wrong to cast an evil eye on a married woman. He should be taught a lesson. I might be following the wrong way but I am only doing all this to protect my family. Please support me Bappa.
Everyone is seated for the puja. Vin signals Siddhi about the baby. She smiles. Rudra keeps looking at Siddhi. Manjari and Gauri notice him staring too. Manjari advises him to stop staring at Siddhi. You know your magic has worked on her. Don't drool now or someone will doubt your advances. Rudra notices Siddhi smiling at him. Isn't she afraid? Manjari makes faces at Rudra and sits down again.
Shankar thanks the singers for making the aarti successful. Siddhi gives Prasad to everyone. She asks Rudra to extend his hand. He complies. She gives him 2 plates of Prasad. Manjari walks up to Vin. Everything seems so nice. He nods. house is cheerful after Bappa is home. He notices Siddhi and Rudra talking. I feel Siddhi has started accepting Rudra. Manjari says she has to as he is her BIL.
Siddhi tells Rudra to eat it. It isn't too sweet. Rudra says it is better or the sweet factor would have gone overboard. Your smile is very sweet. Manjari thinks Siddhi has trapped Rudra really well. She knows this game too much.
Siddhi comes to her room tired. Manjari says you dint feel tired while acting with Rudra. I dint think you will trap him in your plan so soon. I saw your game. It was great. She tells her she isn't enjoying all this. I feel disgusted. I feel as if I am cheating Vinu. Vin asks her if she is cheating him.
Precap: Rudra has brought anklet for Siddhi. She allows him to make her wear it this time. Prachi sees them thus.
Update Credit to: Pooja


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(2013 - 2014) - Lacrosse Boys - JV
Head Lacrosse Coach - Ed Knope
Defensive Coordinator -
Team News
Mavs vs JL Mann 2014
The Rain was falling and may have dampened the field, but the MAVS Team Spirit remains ON FIRE!
JV Lax Mavs vs Hillcrest 2014
Another cold night and still the Mavs fire was burning bright.
Mavs vs Greenville 2014
Even the cold winds couldn't put out the fire the JV Mavs got going.
Mavs vs Wade Hampton 2014
Mavs victorious over Wade Hampton Generals
Mavs vs Wade Hampton 2014
Mavs vs Riverside 2014
Strong cold winds filled the stadium as the Mavs fall in game against Riversde.


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Cloning the PTI's local bodies model
THE initiative taken by the Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf (PTI) in Punjab to introduce "a new model" of local bodies where "people make decisions according to their needs" indicates the party's keenness to replicate Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's model of governance.
A PTI delegation led by Jahangir Tareen had called on the Punjab Assembly Speaker Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi some weeks back to discuss problems the province is facing. The two coalition partners agreed on developing a new local government model.
The support of the speaker, a seasoned Punjab politician, will be required to help manage smooth passage of the amendments to the existing local body law in the provincial assembly. The PTI claims its party-run KP was the only province to devolve power to the village level. And 30 per cent of the provincial annual development plan fund was allocated for the local governments.
Currently, under the provincial finance commissions' awards, according to an authentic estimate, the local governments' share is close to 40pc of the allocable pool that accounts for 13pc of the public spending.
The government's accountability to local communities and marginal social groups increases by assigning service delivery functions to politicians who are closer to the people
However, the PTI's move to strengthen the local government appears to fall short of the provisions of the 1973 Constitution. Fiscal experts Dr Ikramul Haq and Huzaima Bukhari point out that Article 140A of the Constitution stipulates that "decision-making power should be with the elected local governments".
They argue that without "devolution of political, administrative and financial powers" to the local governments, the mandate of the 1973 Constitutional will not be fulfilled. They also stress that decentralisation is the key to democratisation of institutions.
The World Bank Development Report 2004 says the government's accountability to local communities and marginal social groups increases by assigning service delivery functions to politicians who are closer to the people, and making them electorally accountable.
The Musharraf regime had replaced commissioners, deputy commissioners and assistant commissioners by district coordination officers who were responsible to the elected district nazims. Both at the federal as well as the provincial level there has been a tendency to centralise power and authority.
The Musharraf reforms brought the local bodies under the control of the central government and, to quote a retired civil servant, "the district/local councils were not financially empowered which weakened their ability to manage their restricted spending mandate." The octroi and zila taxes collected by local bodies in Sindh were abolished and the province was compensated by an amount equivalent to 0.66pc of its share in the national finance commission's divisible pool.
Over 90pc of the local bodies' expenditure is financed by the provincial government through fiscal transfers. The PTI however claims that its previous provincial government in KP during its five-year tenure had increased the revenue of municipal bodies by 85pc.
Except in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa where 12 departments such as education, health, drinking water, sanitation, etc were devolved, Dr Ishrat Husain says "the local bodies system has been replaced by a highly centralised system in which the provincial governments (other than that of KP) enjoy enormous power, resources and discretion."
Known for his strong views on institutional reforms for democratic governance, Dr Husain has been appointed as advisor to Prime Minister Imran Khan on Institutional Reforms and Austerity.
To remove this "structural deformity," he recommends that "other province ought to devolve power, authority and finance to the district governments." Surveys and studies reveal that "more interaction between ordinary citizens and government functionaries takes place at the local level."
The PTI has pledged to devolve small infrastructure initiatives to village councils by transferring resources for decision-making power to the people by "scaling out the successful KP model across Sindh, Punjab and Balochistan."
Theoretically, many policymakers tend to agree on the role of local bodies and local communities in the socio-economic uplift of the masses, but somehow their governance practices tend to differ from the stated principles and commitments.
In his budget 2017-18 speech, the Chief Minister of Sindh Murad Ali Shah told the provincial assembly that the PPP leadership is aware that "societies can only progress if they are provided with a robust local government system." To move in that direction, he had revealed that a proposal was being considered to devolve urban immovable property tax collected by the province to the local governments.
He had then argued that "devolution of tax collection at the appropriate level increases efficiency and transparency." He also expressed dissatisfaction with a paltry collection of Rs2 billion from property tax that he considered was much below its potential.
There is a school of thought that authority and responsibility among the three tiers of government — the federation, provinces and district setups — should be redefined. The responsibilities which can be managed at the district level — projects, tax collection, etc — should be kept out of the jurisdiction of the provincial governments.
And the federation should not duplicate responsibilities that can be more efficiently handled by sub-federations. To improve efficiency and accountability, the three tiers of government may also be subjected to a system of mutual institutional accountability.
Published in Dawn, The Business and Finance Weekly, August 27th, 2018


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Ways to Give
Monthly Gifts
With just a few dollars each month, recurring donors are making a long-term investment in the future of our sisterhood. Monthly donors serve as role models for young alumnae, collegiate members and all women, inspiring them to invest in the future of Alpha Omicron Pi through their individual gifts.
Gifts of $5 per month or more qualify. You can specify any particular fund you would like your donation to go, or designate that it go to where it's most needed (unrestricted giving).
Days of Giving
Each year, the AOII Foundation hosts two days of giving: Pi Day and Giving Tuesday. Pi Day is celebrated every year on March 14th (because Pi = 3.14…) and we ask sisters to donate $3.14 times the number of years they've been an initiated member. Giving Tuesday is held on the Tuesday after Thanksgiving (US) and is a day of giving held worldwide. After you donate online, be sure to use our Give-alanche feature on social media to share news of your donation and encourage gifts from your friends.
Alumnae members looking to donate their time and talent are always appreciated by the AOII Foundation. We have several areas where members serve to help further the mission and vision of the Foundation. These areas include:
- Advancement and Marketing Committee
- Board Development & Governance Committee
- Finance Committee
- Grants Committee
- Ruby Fund Committee
- Scholarship Committee
- Foundation Ambassadors
If you're interested in serving in any of these capacities, please complete our Volunteer Application by November 15. One recommendation from an alumna in good standing is required with your application.


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There are a million love songs. From Donna Summers I Feel Love to The Lion King's Can you Feel the Love Tonight, they all remind us that when love is present, it is palpable. So I'm willing to agree that love is a feeling. The problem is love felt, but not expressed, is not enough. I wrote on Week One that we need to figure out how we want to be loved. If your partner loves you madly, but treats you badly, is that really love? This is where the fourth Principle of Loving comes in: Love is Good Will in Action. If you want to love someone more, do nice things for them, keeping in mind what they would like to receive from you. If you want some one to love you more, allow them to do nice things for you.
A little counter intuitive, no? We think that the more we do for another, the more they will love us. In reality, the kindest thing you can do for another is let them know how they can please you, and then be pleased by their good will in action. Jerry Jud talks about another facet of good will in action, which is that, to truly love, we have to come to grips with the fact that we are all good, and bad, dark and light. He said, "I have to own my own darkness in order to live with your darkness. But I also have to own my own light in order to live with your brilliant light.. . . If you are going to love somebody, you have to love the whole thing."**
Victor Baranco said it another way, "Love is the willingness to see yourself through all of another person's viewpoints." And here's the love myth. That someone out there is the perfect person for us, in every way. Their bumps will fit our grooves, and we will live happily, lovingly ever after. We believe that true love sees us as we wish to see ourselves. Anyone who's been in a relationship knows this isn't true. Our "soul mates" stick their thumbs in every sore spot we have. We are attracted to the people who have the things we lack, and then resent them for it. They mirror back our shadows, and also call us to live into our highest selves. This can be very uncomfortable!
The next time you find yourself not liking someone very much, you can re-connect to your love for them by remembering that love is good will in action. More on what that might look like when we get the skills of loving.
What are your thoughts? Do these principles inform your relationships?
Next time: The last principle, Love is a response to need.
To read the prior posts, click below
Week One | Week Two | Week Three
Author Bio
Rebekah Beneteau is a nationally-known Workshop Leader, Radio Show host and Mentor of Women. Her podcast, The Ask Me Anything Love and Sex Show on BlogTalkRadio.com, has helped thousands of people have more gratified relationships and sex lives. As the founder of www.PleasureEvolution.com, she does one on one coaching and group coaching. Her mission in life is to create turned-on women leading turned on lives, by assisting them as they give birth to their unique desires and gratification. Join her for The Desire Course for Women, Feb 28th -Mar 2, in Asheville.


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Pietkom Solutions for Cyber Security
Protecting critical infrastructure from cyber threats
Cyber-attacks are a national security concern. Banking, utilities, healthcare, communications, government services, emergency services, transportation – all are critical to the normal daily activities in every nation. Today, the potential damage posed by cyber threats is very real. Pietkom Security helps critical infrastructure organizations understand cyber security risks, take steps to eliminate risks, and respond quickly in the event of a cyber-attack and advanced persistent threats (APT).
Improve security and operational resiliency
Maintain continuous operations by anticipating and eliminating security risks before an attack occurs. Combine network modelling, risk analysis, and attack simulation and prioritize the most urgent threats for fast remediation.
Demonstrate compliance with cyber security policies
Streamline the process of demonstrating compliance with cyber security and other security policies and best practices.
Quantify risks and justify security investments
Incorporates information about the value of critical assets so you can quantify risks to improve communications and gain buy-in to security proposals by providing solid numbers to make cost/benefit trade-offs.
Emergency preparedness and response
Develop and maintain effective contingency plans to automatically update the risk model as needed to ensure that you have a current view of the complete network configuration, and the information you need to respond quickly to emerging threats.
Our Security solutions provide cyber security tools for critical infrastructure organizations. With Pietkom, enterprises and government organizations have the security management information they need to understand and take steps to eliminate risks.
Pietkom Solutions for Cyber Defense
Unparalleled situational awareness to prevent cyber attacks
Cyber-attacks and infiltrations against cooperation's, defense and critical infrastructure are attacks against cooperate security. Understanding both cyber threats and advanced persistent threats (APT) and blocking potential attack vectors before they occur is a difficult challenge. To protect networks, you need the best view of the network battlefield, a comprehensive understanding of vulnerabilities and potential threats, and the ability to assess complex situations and identify countermeasures in seconds.
Provide situational awareness of all cyber-based systems
Map and model network environments with hundreds of thousands of nodes, giving IT personnel the detailed information needed to visualize and proactively address cyber threats.
Maintain security of command and control systems
Maintaining the security of cyber systems is an on-going activity. Keep firewalls and networks securely configured at all times and validate every planned change before it's implemented, reducing the chance of infiltration or attack. Triage cyber threats by damage potential and likelihood of attack. Find all access routes that are open to an adversary, and recommend options to prevent infiltration or exfiltration of classified data.
Testing and training environments
Compare live and "what-if" models to show the security impact of a set of planned or unintended changes to the network, and confirm the effectiveness of existing security systems and countermeasures.
Pietkom Security solutions provide network modelling and attack analysis for cooperate and other agencies. With Pietkom, organizations have the information they need to anticipate attacks to defence systems and networks, and identify likely routes of infiltration by adversaries
Identity and Access Management
In today's worlds organizations need to govern and enforce user access across multiple channels, including mobile, social and cloud. At the same time, they must address business needs such as role management, compliance and audit reporting and integration of various user populations.
Pietkom Security identity and access management solutions help strengthen compliance and reduce risk by protecting and monitoring user access in today's multi-perimeter environments.
DDOS Protection
Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks are on the rise and have evolved into complex and overwhelming security challenges for organizations large and small. Although DoS attacks are not a recent phenomenon, the methods and resources available to conduct and mask such attacks have dramatically evolved to include distributed (DDoS) and, more recently, distributed reflector (DRDoS) attacks—attacks that simply cannot be addressed by traditional on premise solutions. Pietkom's DDoS protection, provisioned as a service at the network edge, matches the sophistication and scale of such threats, and can be used to mitigate DDoS attacks of all forms and sizes.
Next Generation Firewall
Your network has expanded beyond your organization's boundaries. Cloud locations and remote users (often using personal devices) have "distributed" the surface you need to both enable and protect. At the same time, the motivations of attackers and their sophistication have continued to evolve. Our system is designed to run full versions of the leading security engines in every category, so we make sure you're always at the top of the lab chain. And with built-in extraroom, you can scale up whenever you need to. You get all the performance, all the protection – all on your terms.
Security and Event Monitoring
Our security information and management system (SIMS) service collects and analyses security information in real time from across your organization. A combination of powerful technology and human intelligence solutions helps to prevent attacks on your network, and protect your sensitive information.


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Dylan O'Brien Says Going Back To Work Following His 'Maze Runner' Injury Was A "Big Step"
Last year, Dylan O'Brien was seriously injured on set while filming the third installment in the 'Maze Runner' franchise.
The actor had to take a bit of time off work while he recovered, and he's now opening up about the challenges he faced when it came time to head back to work.
Dylan joined the cast of American Assassin while he was still in recovery, and he's revealed it was actually quite theraupedic.
"The state that you're in after something like that, you just want to run from all that stuff. I didn't really even want to leave my couch necessarily when I was allowed to. So, yeah. It was a big step doing this," he told ET.
"I ultimately decided that I wanted to try it and I didn't want to let it go.[American Assassin] ended up being really instrumental in the whole process," he continued.
"At the time that I came in…I was still at the very end of recovery there when I started, so that was probably the biggest challenge," he revealed.
"All the training was very good for my mind and very good for recovery, in a way…It really ended up being [therapeutic]. It came at a great time for me,"
If you haven't seen the trailer for the Teen Wolf hunk's latest project, take a look below:
12 Movies That Are Still Creeping Up To Scare The Living Sh*t Out Of Us In 2017
12 Movies That Are Still Creeping Up To Scare The Living Sh*t Out Of Us In 2017
New Line Cinema1 of 12
New Line Cinema2 of 12
Broad Green Pictures3 of 12
Cross Creek Pictures4 of 12
5 of 12
Dimension Films6 of 12
7 of 12
Blumhouse8 of 12
United Artists9 of 12
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Welcome to the Creative Inkers Team Blog Hop! Thank you for joining us. We are saying farewell to our faves from the 2014 – 2015 Annual Catalogue. These products are sadly on our retiring list but we're here to inspire you to keep creating with these products if you've got them in your stash 🙂
If this is your first stop or if you've come from the talented Delys, make sure you click on either the 'Next' or 'Back' buttons below to hop around and check out everyone's blogs. There's also a list at the bottom in case you get lost. Now, sit back and enjoy all the amazing projects we have to offer!
My first project features a sentiment from the Chalk Talk stamp set as the focal image…
I used the Work of Art stamp set to create a collage background. The colour choice was inspired by the current Around the World Stampin' Challenge – AW40
Here's a look at the inside of the card…
There's a little pocket on the left of the card which holds a bookmark. I used the same stamps to create the collage background. The sentiment is also from the same set.
The card & bookmark was made with a 1/2 sheet of A4 carstock and divided into 3 equal panels. I cut off one of the panels leaving about 1 1/2″ to create the pocket. The left over is used to create the bookmark. Easy peasy & nothing's wasted 🙂
My second project features the Tape It & Yippee-Skippee stamp sets…
I used the lined flower image from Mum's Love and the splatter image is from Gorgeous Grunge. I was very relieved when I found out Gorgeous Grunge will be carried over to the new catalogue!
Now, I can't do a blog hop without including an interactive card, which I absolutely love making! The shaker portion was made using the also retiring Sweet Treat Cups. Here's a closer look at it…
Don't you think it's cute?! I'm going to miss those 2013 – 2015 In-Colour Sequins too
My final project is a 3D item featuring another sentiment from the Chalk Talk set. I designed this gift box to fit one of our embellishments box & a 3″ x 3″ note card & envelope, perfect as a little gift for any occasion. Here's what my gift box looks like…
I decided to keep my box & belly band clean with no stamping. I wanted the sentiment to be the focal piece and the cute curly embellishments to draw attention as well. Here's a close up of them…
I learnt this awesome technique at Convention from the very talented Petra Tailor. I was so impressed with her technique that I knew I had to try it on a project as soon as I got back! I think it adds a cuteness factor to the project, don't you?
Well, I think I've kept you for long enough. Thank you for joining me today & I hope my projects has inspired you.
Now click on the 'Next' button to head on over to see what Jackie has whipped up for us today!
Until next time happy stamping! 🙂
Creative Inkers Team Blog Hop list:
- Lisa Bullock
- Sally Robertson
- Kathryn Tyrell
- Delys Cram
- Alicia Yap – You're here 🙂
- Jackie Noble
- Ria Kaire
- Katherine Oldham
Here's the supplies list for my projects today:
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Built for Free Using: My Stampin Blog


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Lorenzo Brino Dead – '7th Heaven' Star Dies at 21On March 15, 2020 7th Heaven | Celebrities News | Lorenzo Brino | Newsies | RIP Comments Off on Lorenzo Brino Dead – '7th Heaven' Star Dies at 21 No tags
Sun, 15 March 2020 at 12:23 pm
- 7th Heaven star Lorenzo Brino has sadly died at the age of 21. – TMZ
- New details about Selena Gomez's role in 2008′s Another Cinderella Story… – Just Jared Jr
- Who's got the best style in Hollywood? – Lainey Gossip
- Bachelorette Clare Crawley is hitting back at this critique… – TooFab
- Donald Trump doesn't take responsibility for this. – Celebitchy
- Nicki Minaj's husband wants to be back on the Internet? – DListed
- Romeo Beckham is cuddling up to his girlfriend! – Just Jared Jr
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The rising generation of truth seekers
By Nolan DeGarlais, Editor-in-Chief
December 1, 2019
From the moment the plane took off, I was nervous. However, this was not particularly unusual for the occasion, as I always found myself somewhat anxious in the lead-up to national journalism conventions. The biggest surprise of the convention, though, came immediately after my plane landed at Los Ange...
To student journalists: The future is in your hands
By Annika Prom, Co-Editor-in-Chief
November 30, 2018
With as much crushing anguish and genuine happiness it brought to me, I managed to keep it a secret from my family for months leading up to an email I received during spring break. I opened my phone notifications and grazed over the subject line, too shocked to fully process that I would represent ...
Making the Newseum my home and 50 other student journalists my family
By Stephi Smith, Executive Editor
December 2, 2016
Sometime in the January of 2015 I tweeted "the Newseum is literally my home" after having taken a trip while visiting D.C. for a national high school journalism trip and later, in June of 2016, that became all too true. From June 18-23, I was able to make that tweet a reality when I spent f...
HAWKEYEWITNESS: Inauguration up close and personal
By admin
January 28, 2013
Editor's Note: Freshman Kendra Potoshnik traveled to Washington D.C. to attend President Obama's second inauguration last week. Prior to leaving, Potoshnik agreed to serve as a contributing reporter for the Hawkeye and our readers covering the festivities on our behalf. This is her personal account of ...
The "other" Washington
By AnhViet Nguyen
August 1, 2012
%%wppa%% %%slide=6%% Reflecting on my week at the Al Neuharth Free Spirit and Journalism Conference is a uniquely difficult task. I could write a novel but I'll try to succinctly recount my mid-July experience. Each year, the Al Neuharth Free Spirit and Journalism Conference brings together 51...
Nguyen represented Washington state to D.C.
By Erick Yanzon
July 22, 2012
One of the Hawkeye news editors, AnhViet Nguyen, went to a trip to Washington D.C. at the annual Al Neuharth Free Spirit and Journalism Conference program from July 14 to 19. He was chosen to represent the Washington state, to be part of the 51 students from each state, including the District of Columbia....


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Ruby is a pink to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum aluminum oxide, other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapphires. Ruby is one of the traditional cardinal gems, together with amethyst, sapphire, emerald, and diamond, The word ruby comes from ruber, Latin for red. The color of a ruby is due to the element chromium.
It is a gemstone of planet SUN. Ruby is soft, bright, has a fine shape, cut, resilience and is RED in color. It is known to be beneficial in diseases like TB, weakness in body, impotency, reproduction problems, fearfulness etc. The wearer of this gemstone gets name, fame, reputation and good confidence along with bravery.
A pearl is a hard object produced within the soft tissue (specifically the mantle) of a living shelled mollusk or another animal, such as a conulariid. Just like the shell of a mollusk, a pearl is composed of calcium carbonate (mainly aragonite or a mixture of aragonite and calcite) in minute crystalline form, which has been deposited in concentric layers.
It is a gemstone of planet Moon. It comes in many colors such as white, light yellow, pink, blue and black color. However pearl in white color is widely prevalent. The wearer of pearl get rids of blocked and sinful mind. This gemstone provides mental peace and keeps mind calm and cool.
Red corals grow on rocky seabottom with low sedimentation, typically in dark environments—either in the depths or in dark caverns or crevices. The original species, C. rubrum (formerly Gorgonia nobilis), is found mainly in the Mediterranean Sea.
Red corals grow on rocky sea bottom with low sedimentation, typically in dark environments either in the depths or in dark caverns or crevices. The original species, C. rubrum (formerly Gorgonia nobilis), is found mainly in the Mediterranean Sea.
Astrologically planet Mars is the ruler of Coral. It is usually red, sinduri, orange and white in color. It gives energy to heart and body. It is beneficial in curing problems like low blood pressure, spleen and heart diseases. It imparts "bravery" to the wearer & is extremely helpful for people who are fearful in facing interviews as well as in communicating with higher officials.
Emerald is a gemstone and a variety of the mineral beryl (Be3Al2(SiO3)6) colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium. Beryl has a hardness of 7.58 on the Mohs scale. Most emeralds are highly included, Emer so their toughness (resistance to breakage) is classified as generally poor. Emerald is a cyclosilicate.
Emerald is a gemstone of planet Mercury. It is green in color and is soft and supple. Wherever this gemstone is there it increases money and food grains, memory power, removes ghost obstacles, snake fears and imparts competent children. Mercury is a planet of trade and commerce and so this gemstone is popular amongst businessman as it gives progress in business. Also it is known to reduce labor pains and eases child delivery of a pregnant woman.
Sapphire is a variety of Corundum, an aluminum oxide mineral that forms in prismatic tabular, bipyramidal or rhombohedral crystals, as well as granular or massive habits, and may be transparent to opaque. Low iron content in Corundum is responsible for Yellow Sapphire's color, sometimes called Golden Sapphire if intensely colored. The name Corundum is of Indian origin, derived from the Sanskrit korund and applied to opaque massive gems, generally of a dull color.
It is a gemstone of planet Jupiter. Pukhraj as it is popularly called as, is bright, soft, solid gemstone and is yellow in color. If there is a delay in a girl's marriage then wearing yellow sapphire helps in getting deserving groom for her rapidly. Also it is helpful for people in service since it is known to bring easy promotion.
Diamond is a metastable allotrope of carbon, where the carbon atoms are arranged in a variation of the face-centered cubic crystal structure called a diamond lattice. Diamond is less stable than graphite, but the conversion rate from diamond to graphite is negligible at standard conditions.
It is an expensive gemstone. It is a gemstone of planet Venus or Shukra. It is found in many colors such as white, light blue, light brown, black etc. If a person is weak in romance, is not able to give sexual satisfaction to the partner, that individual should wear Diamond. It is beneficial in providing strength, improved potency and increased sexual desires.
Sapphire is a gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum, an aluminium oxide (α-Al2O3). It is typically blue in color, but natural fancy sapphires also occur in yellow, purple, orange, and green colors; "parti sapphires" show two or more colors.
It is a gemstone of planet Saturn or Shani. Neelam is soft, sparkling, transparent stone and is blue in color. If a person is running a bad period of Shani's sadesati then that person may wear Neelam for betterment. It is known to give benefits in diseases like eye defects, madness, coughing, vomiting, blood defects, fever etc.
Gomed, also known as Hessonite or Cinnamon Stone, is a gemstone which is generally used in India to fight the adverse effects of Rahu, a concept which is unique to Indian astrology. It is also believed to possess properties to relieve mental tension and improve strained relationships.
It is believed to be the gemstone of RAHU mainly. It is bright, soft and is brownish in color. It is found to be favorable for progress in areas like law, administrative works, politics etc. Also it is beneficial for people involved in horse racing, lottery and similar works.
The mineral or gemstone chrysoberyl is an aluminate of beryllium with the formula BeAl2O4. The name chrysoberyl is derived from the Greek words χρυσός chrysos and βήρυλλος beryllos, meaning "a gold-white spar". Despite the similarity of their names, chrysoberyl and beryl are two completely different gemstones, although they both contain beryllium.
It is a gemstone of node Ketu. It appears like a Cat's eye in visibility and so the name Cat's eye. It is found in yellow, green and white colors. It is said to be helpful in getting rid of diseases like, diabetes, gonorrhea, arthritis, blood vomiting etc. It should be tested before wearing.
Indian ruby is a pink to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminum oxide). Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapphires. Ruby is one of the traditional cardinal gems, together with amethyst, sapphire, emerald, and diamond.
The word garnet comes from the 14th‑century Middle English word garnet, meaning 'dark red'. It is derived from the Latin granatus, from granum ('grain, seed'). This is possibly a reference to mela granatum or even pomum granatum ('pomegranate', Punica granatum), a plant whose fruits contain abundant and vivid red seed covers (arils), which are similar in shape, size, and color to some garnet crystals.
The most common moonstone is of the mineral adularia, named for an early mining site near Mt. Adular in Switzerland, now the town of St. Gotthard. The plagioclase feldsparoligoclase also produces moonstone specimens. Moonstone is feldspar with a pearly and opalescent schiller.
Moonstone has been used in jewelry for millenia, including ancient civilizations. The Romans admired moonstone, as they believed it was born from solidified rays of the moon. Both the Romans and Greeks associated Moonstone with their lunar deities.
Peridot is one of the few gemstones that occur in only one color: an olive-green. The intensity and tint of the green, however, depends on the percentage of iron that is contained in the crystal structure, so the color of individual peridot gems can vary from yellow, to olive, to brownish-green.
Olivine, of which peridot is a type, is a common mineral in mafic and ultramafic rocks, and it is often found in lavas and in peridotitexenoliths of the mantle, which lavas carry to the surface; but gem quality peridot occurs in only a fraction of these settings. Peridots can also be found in meteorites.
Citrine is a colorful gem stone, the most common reference for which is certain colored varieties of quartz which are a medium deep shade of golden yellow. Citrine has been summarized at various times as yellow, greenish-yellow, brownish yellow or orange
It is a gemstone of planet Jupiter. Citrine as it is popularly called as, is bright, soft, solid gemstone and is yellow in color. If there is a delay in a girl's marriage then wearing Citrine helps in getting deserving groom for her rapidly. Also it is helpful for people in service since it is known to bring easy promotion.
Topaz is a silicate mineral of aluminium and fluorine with the chemical formula Al2SiO4(F,OH)2. Topaz crystallizes in the orthorhombicsystem, and its crystals are mostly prismatic terminated by pyramidal and other faces. It is one of the hardest naturally occurring minerals (mohs hardness of 8) and his the hardness of any silicate) (i.e. silicon -based) minerals.
Pure topaz is colorless and transparent but is usually tinted by impurities; typical topaz is wine red, yellow, pale gray, reddish-orange, or blue brown. It can also be white, pale green, blue, gold, pink (rare), reddish-yellow or opaque to transparent/translucent.
Opal is a hydrated amorphous form of silica (SiO2·nH2O); its water content may range from 3 to 21% by weight, but is usually between 6 and 10%. Because of its amorphous character, it is classed as a mineraloid, unlike crystalline forms of silica, which are classed as minerals. It is deposited at a relatively low temperature and may occur in the fissures of almost any kind of rock, being most commonly found with limonite, sandstone, rhyolite, marl, and basalt. Opal is the national gemstone of Australia.
Turquoise is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminium, with the chemical formulaCuAl6 (PO4)4(OH) 8·4H2O. It is rare and valuable in finer grades and has been prized as a gemstone and ornamental stone for thousands of years owing to its unique hue. In recent times, turquoise has been devalued, like most other opaque gems,
Zircon is ubiquitous in the crust of Earth. It occurs as a common accessory mineral in igneous rocks (as primary crystallization products), in metamorphic rocks and as detrital grains in sedimentary rocks.Large zircon crystals are rare. Their average size in granite rocks is about 0.10.3 mm, but they can also grow to sizes of several centimeters, especially in mafic pegmatites and carbonatites.
In common with other Alcyonacea, White coral have the shape of small leafless bushes and grow up to a meter in height. Their valuable skeleton is composed of intermeshed spicules of hard calcium carbonate, colored in shades of red by carotenoid pigments.
Amethyst is a violet variety of quartz often used in jewelry. The name comes from the ancient Greek a- ("not") and ("intoxicated"), a reference to the belief that the stone protected its owner from drunkenness. The ancient Greeks wore amethyst and made drinking vessels decorated with it in the belief that it would prevent intoxication. It is one of several forms of quartz. Amethyst is a semiprecious stone and is the traditional birthstone for February born people.
The name iolite is derived from Greek io meaning violet flower. It is also known as cordierite, dichroite, water sapphire, and lynx sapphire. These names are derived from the French mineralogist, Cordier; from its multi-coloring (wrongly) dichroitic; and from its similarity to sapphire.
Hessonite or Gomed is generally not worn based on the sign of zodiac of a person. Those who actively participate in politics are recommended to use Gomed. Furthermore, those who are occupied by the Rahu planet in the tenth house of natal chart are also suggested to wear Gomed. Numerous curative properties are also related with Gomed or Hessonite.
Ordinary chrysoberyl is yellowish-green and transparent to translucent. When the mineral exhibits good pale green to yellow color and is transparent, then it is used as a gemstone.


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Assortment of 3 lovely boxes that can be used for healthy sandwiches, sushi or something sweeter for the adfternoon! Also great for little trips out in the buggy and snacks on the go. Your youngest will love carrying their treasures around in it, great for adult snacking too! Each box has an Aloha illustration, it closes with a soft plastic top lid so that the little ones can get this open very quick.
- Set of 3 Sizes: L 12 x 12 x 5,5 cm, M 10,5 x 10,5 x 4,8 cm, S 9 x 9 x 4,5 cm
- LFGB food grade – BPA-free, PVC-free, phthalate-free-food-safe
- We recommend washing by hand
- Not suitable for microwave


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To support the students
Hanna Suarez, Editor-in-Chief
May 14, 2013
With the early retirement of ten-year superintendent Dr. Wendy L. Doty in March of 2013, Dr. John Garcia was welcomed into the Downey Unified School District office on April 1. Dr. Garcia worked his way up from the start of his educational career as a fifth grade teacher to a principal and now to...
Taking on the job
Hanna Suarez, Editor-in-Chief
March 29, 2013
Jobs and careers are an inevitable part of student futures, but for quite a few seniors on campus, the idea has become a reality. Working part time in order to continue to do well in school, seniors take on jobs for a myriad of reasons. For Maria Hernandez, working has been part of her agenda for...
Keeping the story alive
Hanna Suarez, Editor-in-Chief
February 25, 2013
To share the story of her father and how his experiences shaped her life, daughter of Holocaust survivor, Esperanza Doe visits Downey High on Feb. 21 during both lunches. The event was planned in part by librarian Martha Flores after she was addressed by junior Yakob Posada who was interested in bringing...
A fresh coat
Hanna Suarez, Editor-in-Chief
February 14, 2013
The rally stage has been given a new face by the Art Department, with teachers Yvette Puente and Maribel Carbajal-Guzman in charge of the project. The previous mural, having been six years old, was due for a new coat, and Principal Tom Houts was eager to get the job done as efficiently as possible. "Every...
Tis' the season to fight, fight, fight!
Hanna Suarez, Norma Flores, Editor-in-Chief, Sports Editor
January 15, 2013
"We got a lot of our hard work in," senior defense Angie Aguilar said. "Our entire pre-season was leading up to this moment."With last years CIF title still on their mind, the team strives for that same satisfaction. As for the girls on the basketball courts, they came up short in their fi...
Living for those lost
Hanna Suarez, Editor-in-Chief
December 21, 2012
As I accompanied my father at the grocery store earlier this Sunday evening, I watched the nightly news; a Spanish channel was telling the story of last Friday's horrid events once more, giving voice to the anguish and hurt felt by the victims' families, peers, and the rest of the world. I picked...
Remembering the veterans
Hanna Suarez, Editor-in-Chief
December 7, 2012
In honor of veterans who have served for their country, the city of Downey dedicated the new Veterans Memorial in the Civic Center Area on Nov. 12. This addition to the civic center stands in front of the police station on its pentagon base, each of its different podiums naming a different section of...
Number one fan
Hanna Suarez, Editor-in-Chief
October 26, 2012
While parents and students socialize in the stands at Friday-night football games, a dedicated fan scrutinizes the plays down by the sideline. Dave Gunderson, father of Downey High's Statistics teacher, Michelle Gunderson, has been attending varsity home games since the 1970s. It all started when he...
Vikings regain momentum
Hanna Suarez, Editor-in-Chief
October 9, 2012
After struggling at the start of the season, the varsity football team defeated the Oxnard Yellowjackets 31-21 on Friday, Sept. 21 at Allen Lane Stadium. Oxnard started off strong, scoring two field goals within the first five minutes of the game. As Downey fans anxiously waited for the Vikings to pick...
Learning to coexist
Hanna Suarez, Editor-in-Chief
October 9, 2012
It has been almost three years since English indie band The xx released an album, and the wait has proved to be worth every second. For dedicated xx fans, Coexist, will not disappoint. The group has come back with a mature and smooth sound, while keeping their simple and sad roots that listeners fell in ...


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As we begin a new year many of us reflect cleaning both in our external( physical)and internal (spiritual) homes. Cleaning clutter always takes a toll because of the emotional attachment that is so easily attributed to things that hold memories for us. Sometimes it is easy to release items and memories from our collection once their usefulness is complete, and other times it's a traumatic. How can we ease this process so that the clutter doesn't control our lives?
Perhaps looking for the rightful owner of the items here and now, we can find a useful home for things that currently are taking up precious space. A few years ago a friend of mine moved home to Switzerland, and he had to dispense of many items in his existing household. He was determined to find a home for his treasure because he literally could not take them with his as he relocated.
He would ask the following questions to friends and co-workers. Does this item belong to you? He was not inquiring as to whether or not a person lost or misplaced this item, whether it had a purpose in their current life. If it did he would give the item to the person. And to this day I remember the generosity when I use the item that he had given to me. The scent of the flower truly says on the hand of the giver. Why not ask yourself what items you currently own that can be gifted to someone else for immediate use. Are you hanging on to seldom worn clothing, used books, holiday items, furniture, or children's playthings? Make a point of weekly find a home for some of these things So that you can release the blocked energy in your life. You will feel better for the breathing space that you create in both your outer and inner world. Then take the smell of the flowers!!!!


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One of the more time-consuming Season 6 Week 3 objective is the Fortnite Visit Risky Reels and Wailing Woods In a Single Match challenge. This is a "Stage Challenge," meaning it has multiple parts that need to be completed in order to earn the entire reward. As you will learn when using this guide, this new Fortnite challenge will take at least five matches to complete, as it tasks players with moving great distances about the map, which is very difficult to do with enemy players and the zone working against you. Read on for our full guide on the Fortnite Visit Risky Reels and Wailing Woods In a Single Match challenge, as well as the other stages.
Fortnite Stage 1 Visit Risky Reels and Wailing Woods In a Single Match Guide
With this being very similar to the "Visit the centre of the named locations" challenge from July's season 5 challenge, it's clear that the first stage is one you're going to have to be very clever about. With the two locations of Risky Reels and Wailing Woods being in close proximity to each other, it's not too difficult but, still, plan ahead.
Your best bet might be to go into Wailing Woods, make sure the notification has hit for you "visiting" that location and, then, chuck up a Rift-to-Go if you have one handy and fly on over to Risky Reels in the north. Land there, and you're golden and can move on to stage 2 in the next match. Remember, for all of these stages, you can visit either location in any order but it must be within the same match.
Fortnite Stage 2 Visit Risky Reels and Wailing Woods In a Single Match Guide
The Stage 2 portion of the challenge tasks you with having to Visit Dusty Divot and Paradise Palms in a Single Match. It's a little tougher, too. A good solution would be for you to get Paradise Palms out of the way first, due to Dusty Divot's location, which is packed in tight with the likes of Retail Row. From there, head north-west, make your way around (not through) the Corrupted Areas and Retail Row and through to Dusty Divot.
Fortnite Stage 3 Visit Risky Reels and Wailing Woods In a Single Match Guide
Next, you're going to have to overcome Stage 3: Visit Greasy Grove and Leaky Lake in a Single Match. The key to not getting killed en route with this one might be to swerve Tilted Towers completely. In fact, the entire area south-east is ripe for a quick getaway, should it be required. Plus, don't forget Leaky Lake is the former Loot Lake, so just get yourself over to that to complete this stage of the challenge.
Fortnite Stage 4 Visit Risky Reels and Wailing Woods In a Single Match Guide
Ever wanted to Visit Lucky Landing and Tilted Towers in a single match? Well, you're in, uhh, luck. There's every chance the storm might not fall kindly for you here, so polishing off Lucky Landing before moving north to Tilted Towers is the recommended course of action. Again, avoid over-populated areas filled with loot and nasty, nasty people.
Fortnite Stage 5 Visit Risky Reels and Wailing Woods In a Single Match Guide
Phew. Nearly there. To complete this marathon of a challenge, you'll need to do Stage 5: Visit Snobby Shores and Salty Springs in a single match. This one is quite a trek, to put it mildly.
Heading to Snobby Shores before the more centralized location of Salty Springs wouldn't be the worst idea in the world, especially if the storm circle takes you nowhere near the Western reaches of the map. Salty Springs will also be safer due to things dying down (literally) in the minutes after the game starts and everyone lands in a mad rush to collect loot and weapons, as well as trying to complete this challenge.


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PlayStation Games
Switch Games
PlayStation 3 Games
4K Ultra HD Movies
Hong Kong Version Blu-Rays
Hong Kong Version DVDs
US & UK Version Blu-Rays
Region Coding: Region Free
Bosco Wong 黃宗澤
King Kong 金剛
Kate Tsui 徐子珊
Charmaine Fong 方皓玟
Jordan Chan 陳小春
Lo Hoi Pang 盧海鵬
Peter Tsi 戚家基
Eric Tsang 曾志偉
Audio Tracks:
DTS-HD Master Audio 5.1, DTS-HD Master Audio Stereo
Cantonese, Mandarin
English, Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese
Running Time:
- minutes (TBA)
CN Entertainment Ltd. (HK)
Release Date:
30 June 2016
Fei and Johnny are two rookie cops, raised in single-parent families. They are constantly bickering and can't the presence of each other. Not only are they loggerheads at work, their lives further intertwined when each of their parent fell crazily in love and got married! Soon, the "brothers" are assign to investigate a murder case that leads them to a big conspiracy, where hilarious happenings await.
movie trailer (English subtitle)


text: Things to do What to do in Norfolk this Easter There are plenty of reasons why Easter is a fabulous time of year. The kids are off school, the days are getting longer, the flowers are coming into bloom and let's not forget the first bank holiday of the year - and chocolate! Read more


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Founded in 1850, Johnston & Murphy is a luxury American shoe brand that is known for its superior service and quality.
In this video, the company's Executive Vice President of Retail and eCommerce, Danny Ewoldsen, shares how the adoption of ShopperTrak's People Counting & Conversion solution led to a 10% increase in conversion, as well as gains among other KPIs.
Watch the video below to learn more about how ShopperTrak worked with Johnston & Murphy to enable sustainable and significant revenue growth.


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Environmental Science and Technology
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Persistent Organic Pollutants as Chemical Tracers, Energy and Nutrient Flow, Food webs, Lake Huron, Lake Trout
Measuring in situ nutrient and energy flows in spatially and temporally complex aquatic ecosystems represents a major ecological challenge. Food web structure, energy and nutrient budgets are difficult to measure, and it is becoming more important to quantify both energy and nutrient flow to determine how food web processes and structure are being modified by multiple stressors. We propose that polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners represent an ideal tracer to quantify in situ energy and nutrient flow between trophic levels. Here, we demonstrate how an understanding of PCB congener bioaccumulation dynamics provides multiple direct measurements of energy and nutrient flow in aquatic food webs. To demonstrate this novel approach, we quantified nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and caloric turnover rates for Lake Huron lake trout, and reveal how these processes are regulated by both growth rate and fish life history. Although minimal nutrient recycling was observed in young growing fish, slow growing, older lake trout (> 5 yr) recycled an average of 482 Tonnes∙yr-1of N, 45 Tonnes∙yr-1of P and assimilated 22 TJ yr-1of energy. Compared to total P loading rates of 590 Tonnes∙yr-1, the recycling of primarily bio available nutrients by fish plays an important role regulating the nutrient states of oligotrophic lakes.
Recommended Citation
McLeod, Anne M.; Paterson, Gord; Drouillard, Ken G.; and Haffner, Douglas G.. (2015). PCB Food web dynamics quantify nutrient and energy flow in aquatic ecosystems. Environmental Science and Technology, 49, 12832-12839.
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Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology Commons, Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons


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Can I track a loan?
Hi all, I'm a newbie here! I have loaned money to a family member, and I would like to keep track of his repayments and loan balance. Is this something YNAB can do? Thanks!
Yes. It's a tracking account. It kinda manual. You create a new tracking account and enter the balance. When a payment is made, you enter it twice, as far as I can tell. You enter it into the tracking account to reduce the loan amount, and you enter it in your budget accounts (like checking), then budget it out (leave as TBB in your transaction and hope over to the budget page to fill up categories with the funds).
Welcome! The most helpful thing for me was the YNAB book. If you don't have a copy of the book at your library, I created a list of content on YNAB that matches the book, mostly. The list is at https://support.youneedabudget.com/r/q5w48j
Mama O'Munchkins I do this all the time for my kids. I have one tracking account set up for each of my kids. I have 4. I set them up as asset accounts. when I loan them money or buy something I expect to get paid back for I do a transfer from my on budget account with a category to the tracking account. The amount in the tracking account is a positive number and it is what they owe me.
When they pay me back it is a transfer from the tracking account to my on budget account categorized to the loan category. The balance in the tracking account what is left owing.
Here's what I do:
1. Create a tracking account of the asset type
2. When the money is loaned, the loan is a transfer from one of the on budget accounts to the Loan tracking account, with a category on the budget side that makes sense for that transaction. (This is one transaction when you create it, but it records in both accounts). Since the Payee is the transfer to account info, I put the person & reason in the memo field.
3. The Loan tracking account has a positive balance because this is money that I am owed
4. When repayments are made, the transaction is a transfer from the Loan account to the proper on budget account. The on budget side will need a category. If I am repaid in the same month, I will use the same category as originally to reduce the amount it shows I spent in that category. Beyond that same month, I'm not really sure it matters whether it is put in TBB or a category, except that if it is put in a category it will reduce the amount of spending, or possibly show positive activity for the month.
Other people have found other ways to do this, but I found this works best for me as I find it easier to track.


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Fermentation Defoamer Market Expected to Deliver Dynamic Progression until 2024
With the slowdown in world economic growth, the Fermentation Defoamer industry has also suffered a certain impact, but still maintained a relatively optimistic growth, the past four years, Fermentation Defoamer market size to maintain the average annual growth rate of 2.13% from 245 million $ in 2015 to 261 million $ in 2018,analysts believe that in the next few years, Fermentation Defoamer market size will be further expanded, we expect that by 2024 ,The worldwide market for Fermentation Defoamer is expected to grow at a CAGR of roughly 1.7% over the next five years, will reach 310 million US$ in 2024
This Report covers the manufacturers' data, including: shipment, price, revenue, gross profit, interview record, business distribution etc., these data help the consumer know about the competitors better. This report also covers all the regions and countries of the world, which shows a regional development status, including market size, volume and value, as well as price data.
Product Type (Silicone Defoamer, Polyether Defoamer, Polyether Modified Silicon Defoamer), By Industry(Food & Beverage, Biofuel, Pharmaceutical, Feed, ) and Channel (Direct Sales, Distributor) Segmentation
Get More Information about : http://www.marketgrowthanalysis.com/reports/sample/190
The region including: United States, Canada, South America, China, Japan, India, Korea, Germany, UK, France, Italy, Europe as a whole, Middle East Africa, GCC etc. region coverage is very comprehensive, also, the region can be changed as every client's special requirement, only Europe, only North America, only Asia, only single China or only single United States, single country or single region report can also published. As well as the region, all the segment data can be customized, type segment, industry segment, channel segment can be changed as the client's special requirement.
Request for Table of Contents: http://www.marketgrowthanalysis.com/reports/toc/190
Besides, the report also covers segment data, including: type segment, industry segment, channel segment etc. cover different segment market size, both volume and value. Also cover different industries clients information, which is very important for the manufacturers.
Key manufacturers are included based on manufacturing sites, capacity and production, product specifications etc.: (Dow Corning Corporation, Momentive, Wacker, Shin-Etsu, PennWhite, KCC Basildon Chemicals, Dow, Blackburn Chemicals, Accepta, ADDAPT Chemicals, Emerald Performance Materials, Organic Defoamer Group, Bluestar Silicones, SIXIN, Yantai Thingking Finechem Technology, Huajin Chemical, Sanye Fine Chemical, Defeng)
Report Description: http://www.marketgrowthanalysis.com/fermentation-defoamer-market


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Our Balloon Pals speak for themselves. Made almost entirely out of balloons. A NEW unique and unusual concept in sending balloons!
Starting at $29.95 and most styles can be shipped FedEx ground!*
Send one as a gift or buy one for yourself as a centerpiece for your bridal shower, wedding, baby shower or child's party.
Each one is an adorable 30" tall, hand-made, just for you and yours...And they last for weeks! Available with or without enclosure cards at no additional charge!
Balloon Pals are NOT toys! They are designed for decorative purposes only! They contain a wire frame, rubber bands, and latex balloons...all which may pose a choking hazard to children under the age of 8. Please exercise CAUTION and use of ADULT SUPERVISION with any child!
Before ordering a Balloon Pal, please make sure that the person or facility can or will accept latex balloons or products!
*Styles that can be shipped are limited to 30" tall and will be marked "Can Ship FedEx Ground!" All others can be picked up at our store and may be up to 40" tall.
Have a question?...just call, fax or e-mail us! We'll be happy to help!


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Happy Thanksgiving!!
Thanksgiving is one of the greatest times of the year. It allows us to sit back and reflect on what we're thankful for that occurred over the last year. It also allows us to think toward the future to plan our next adventure. We hope that you are planning something that will make you happy, healthy and wealthy.
In honor of our wonderful customers and Thanksgiving, we're giving away a Thanksgiving Dinner. Make your way to our Facebook or Instagram pages to see how you can get qualified. It's quite simple; we just want to hear what you're thankful for this year or what your favorite part of Thanksgiving is. It's time to start sharing some positivity!!
The winner will receive a 10-12 pound smoked turkey, two-4 packs of twice baked potatoes, a bag of frozen vegetables, and your choice of Eli's Cheesecake.


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Yes, we offer secure complimentary car parking at the hotel with space for approximately 300 cars.
Car parking is complimentary at the hotel.
The hotel is located 35km from Kildare Village, just off exit 13 on the M7 Motorway. We offer guests a discount voucher which entitles you to 10% off most stores in the Village.
The hotel is located 3.5km from Portlaoise train station. A taxi from the train station will cost approximately €6 – €8.
We can arrange a taxi to Electric Picnic for you. Please get in touch with our reception team.
The hotel is located 41km from the Curragh Racecourse. Take exit 12 off the M7 Motorway.
The hotel is located 35km from Kildare Village, just off exit 13 on the M7 Motorway. We offer guests a discount voucher which entitles you to 10% off most stores in the Village.
The hotel is located 3.5km from Portlaoise train station. A taxi from the train station will cost approximately €6 – €8.
Maldron Hotel Portlaoise is 2km from the town centre away.
The hotel is located just 2km from Laois Shopping Centre.
Exit 17 off the M7 Motorway.
There are taxis available to hire from the hotel.
From Dublin Port to Maldron Hotel Portlaoise, Co Laois: 1 hour 23 minutes and 106.68 km
From Rosslare Port to Maldron Hotel Portlaoise, Co Laois: 1 hour 57 minutes and 130.65 km
From Belfast Port to Maldron Hotel Portlaoise, Co Laois: 3 hours 20 minutes and 262.59km
From Cork Port to Maldron Hotel Portlaoise, Co Laois: 1 hour 45 minutes and 166.69km
For information on route look at AA Ireland.
From Dublin Airport to Maldron Hotel Portlaoise: 1 hour 15 Minutes and 101.85km
From Shannon Airport to Maldron Hotel Portlaoise, Co Laois: 1 hour 34 Minutes and 139.34km
From Knock International Airport to Maldron Hotel Portlaoise, Co Laois: 2 hours 34 minutes and 179.08km
From Cork Airport to Maldron Hotel Portlaoise, Co Laois: 1 hour 53 Minutes and 175.86km
From Kerry Airport to Maldron Hotel Portlaoise, Co Laois: 2 Hours 28 minutes and 202.89km
From Derry Airport to Maldron Hotel Portlaoise, Co Laois: 4 Hours 32 Minutes and 336.12km
Check-in time is at 3.00 pm.
Check-out time is at 12 noon. Late departures are available until 4.00 pm upon request for an additional charge.
Guest must check-in before 11.00pm. Please phone ahead if you will arrive at the hotel later than 11.00pm.
Yes, we offer babysitting services. Please ask when making your reservation.
Yes, cots are available. As there is limited availability, please note this at the time of your reservation.
Yes, you can leave your luggage with our receptionists.
Yes, complimentary high-speed WiFi is available throughout the hotel and bedrooms.
No, the hotel operates a strict non-smoking policy.
Yes, you can leave your laundry with us and we'll take care of it. Please note that charges do apply.
Yes, we offer larger family rooms which include 2 doubles and 1 single bed. These rooms are offered at a supplement. Please call the hotel directly on +353 (0)57 869 5900 to discuss.
Yes, we offer family rooms in the hotel which have 1 double and 2 single beds. We are happy to negotiate a rate for interconnecting rooms. Please contact us directly to discuss +353 (0)57 8695900.
Yes, hairdryers are available in all bedrooms for complimentary guest use.
No, only guide dogs are allowed.
No, we do not supply travel adapters but they are available to purchase in shops nearby.
Monday to Friday from 7.00am – 10.00am
Weekends & Bank Holidays from 8.00am – 11.00am
The full Vitality Breakfast is €11 per person. The Kids Breakfast (under 12) is €6 per child.
The hotel offers breakfast from 8.00am to 11.00am, Lunch from 12.30pm to 3.00pm and an Early Bird / A La Carte menu from 5.30pm to 8.00 pm on Sundays.
Yes, Maldron Hotel Portlaoise offers free cancellation up to 2.00pm on the day of arrival. Some special offers and key dates outlined in the terms and conditions may specify a special cancellation policy applicable to that offer or date. These terms will be outlined in the terms & conditions.
Yes, to make a booking, a valid credit card is required to guarantee your reservation. Please note credit/debit cards may be pre-authorised prior to arrival.
You will be required to authorise your credit card upon check-in but this is for security purposes only and you can choose your preferred payment option on departure. Please note pre-authorisation cannot be completed on debit cards and payment will be required on check-in if a credit card is not available.
Bookings require a credit card for a guarantee unless in cases where this is otherwise stated. For some special offers and specific dates, full payment is required at time of booking but these terms will be outlined in the special offer terms & conditions.
Our hotel is registered for the Stay and Spend Tax Credit Scheme. If you stay with us between 1st October 2020 and 30th April 2021 you can claim up to €125 under this scheme, please see revenue.ie for details.
Yes. We have a kids' pool and family bedrooms. Also, our Family activities are available during school holidays.
Yes, our Family activities are available during school holidays from 6.30pm to 8.00pm each evening.
Monday to Friday: 7.00am – 10.00pm
Weekend & Bank Holidays: 8.00am – 8.00pm
Children are allowed until 6.45pm. Please note that all kids must be supervised under the age of 14 at all time by a parent in the pool.
The use of the leisure facilities is complimentary to all guests staying in the hotel. The leisure centre offers a pool, sauna, steam rooms, Jacuzzi and fully equipped gym.
The pool depth is 1.2 meters.
Yes, the ALken Beauty Clinic is located on the first floor of the hotel. They offer a variety of complementary holistic treatments and also a range of beauty treatments tailored to suit your needs.
The opening times are Tuesday to Saturday from 10.00am – 6.00pm. Should you require a Sunday appointment, advance booking is required with a minimum of four people. You can contact the spa team directly on +353 (0)57 869 5933.
Yes, we are proud to be verified as offering superb levels of accessibility throughout our hotel. Please click the button below for full details or contact us if you would like any additional information.
There has been an error and you have not been signed up to the newsletter. Please try again. If the problem persists, please contact us.
Maldron Hotel Portlaoise is currently open to essential travel only in accordance with government guidelines. During this time our leisure centre is closed.
Reasonable evidence confirming the stay is for essential travel must be provided on arrival, otherwise your booking will be cancelled.
Please contact our hotel team to discuss your requirements by calling +353 (0)57 8695900 or email firstname.lastname@example.com


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Feminized Seeds
Meet the Lovely Ladies of Rhino Seeds!
Honey Cream
A Spanish delicacy, Royal Caramel isn't just a treat for your shnozz - this lush cannabis seeds kicks ass with extremely high THC & balanced genetics for just the right mix of deep stones & complex highs!
- Extremely Fast 7 Week Finishes - Perfect for Indoors
- Unbelievably High 500 gr/m2 Yields - 650 gr/seed Out!
Honey Cream Fast Version
We can't decide which is better - Honey Cream's iincredible speed, her sweet caramel smell, or her body-hugging stone that leaves you limp & happy for hours!
- Sweet Earthy Taste
- 16% THC - 550 gr/m2 Inside
Honeysuckle Female Seeds
Honeysuckle seduces willing victims with sweet fruit flavours followed by shockingly sour tang. Faced with shining resin, devastating power & rocky, dank nuggs, you don't stand a chance!
- Strong, Enduring Highs - Killer 19% THC Levels
- High Yields & Early 6 to 9 Week Finishes
Hubble Bubble
Hybrid X
Hybrid X Seeds will never give you away! This incredible Northern Lights cross has little to no smell at all from start to finish. She's the soul of discretion.
- Northern Lights X Northern Lights
- Couchlocking Indica with 18% THC
White Widow pairs perfectly with Chronic to create a potent new hybrid that'll leave you spellbound! Hypnotic is a massive yielder with a 50-day finish.
- Beautiful Structure with Tons of Gleaming Crystals
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And for once, that's the perfect name. ICE is so frost-covered it looks like it was dusted with powdery snow. Just look at that pic! Order today & get ICEy!
- 90% Indica for Extremely Strong Body Stones
- 300-400 gr/m2 & Only 50 cm Tall - Perfect Indoors
ICED Grapefruit
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Ice Cream is a 60/40 Indica/Sativa Mix which gives its Creamy vanilla with skunk and pine taste. Ice cream produces large resin heads which are white and frosted with crystals and a hint of vanilla.
Ice Kush
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Widow's are famous for extreme resin, but this is ridonkulous! Iced Widow is coated in more crystals than a bling-crazed Rhino in a Swarovski factory. She's a must-try for every Indica fan!
- White Widow X ICE - F1 Baby!
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This raging AutoFem will explode right before your very eyes, going from mild speck to a towering monster bristling with rock-hard buds. Buy now & release the beast!
- Yields Can Go as High as 650 gr/m2 Inside
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Saturday, March 08, 2008
5 comments:
- Grandma Carrot said...
The last time we visited Kelly in Utah, her "boyfriend" at the time was really big on geocashing. We also went on the hunt and found a lame marble but left a Buzz lightyear pez despencer behind. It was so much fun. Wish we had GPS to join in. We loved the baby announcement. I took it to church to brag. Larkin is so darling. Just want to hug her!
- Monday, 10 March, 2008
Geocaching is the best. I went around with a buddy of mine in Salt Lake. The treasures are never that cool but finding them is fun. I've had a GPS on my wish list for some time now. I was thinking that it would be fun to hide our Christmas presents next year and geocache them. At least if I get Aaron thats what I'll do. That would make a hike at black diamond really fun
- Monday, 10 March, 2008
- Bethany said...
That is soooo fun. Does that mean Aaron got his fancy gps that he wanted. I wish I could have seen sweet little Josh shove Noah in. That would have been pretty darn funny. You just can't get mad at little Josh can you Noah. That sounds like a pretty awesome day!
- Tuesday, 11 March, 2008
- Jen said...
That happened to me once. I was at a mall, in January, in Utah. I was walking along the edge of a fountain when my friend came and shoved me in. I fell in on my feet, and my feet immediately slid out from under me, and I was on my butt in the water. I wasn't too happy about it! Sounds like you had a fun day! Aaron, don't lose your GPS! I know you have trouble holding on to electronic gadgets...hee hee :)
- Wednesday, 12 March, 2008
- Meghan said...
I've only been geocashing once. I wish I had more friends that did cool stuff like that. I really enjoyed it.
- Saturday, 15 March, 2008


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How to Use Proteases for Protein Proteolysis
Protein Proteolysis refers to the use of hydrochloric acid to destroy peptide bonds between the amino acids that make up a protein. When carried out with proteases (also known as proteinases), which are enzymes, the process is termed proteolysis. Depending on how efficient the enzyme is or what links it breaks, the proteolysis can be limited or unlimited. Proteolysis can begin either from one end of the chain of amino acids that comprise the protein or somewhere in the middle of it. Unlimited proteolysis produces individual amino acids while limited proteolysis produces short chains of polypeptides.
Proteases are currently classified into six broad groups:
- Serine proteases
- Threonine proteases
- Cysteine proteases
- Aspartate proteases
- Metalloproteases
- Glutamic acid proteases
Instructions for using Protease for Protein Proteolysis
1. Dissolve 1 mg of target protein in 20 mL of the appropriate enzyme buffer:
The exact quantity will determine the type of gel staining required later. In general, microgram quantities of protein will require nanogram quantities of protease enzyme but several hours of reaction, and analysis via silver staining. On the other hand, larger amounts of protein will require microgram levels of enzyme but only minutes to react and therefore a Coomassie stain is used to visualize the sizes of the resulting peptides. The ratio of protease-to-protein in a reaction should be 1:1000.
2. Add 1 mL of each protease to the solution of protein to be digested (See Calyculin A inhibitor)
Since proteins are made up of many different peptides and therefore many different peptide links, more than one protease may be needed, either sequentially, or in combination as long as they do not destroy each other. Commonly used enzymes include proteinase K, trypsin, papain, elastase and chymotrypsin, and a cocktail of several of these can be used to tackle the many types of links present in any given protein. Note that the buffer needed for the reaction will depend on what enzyme(s) are used.
3. Carry out the reaction at 98.6°F for 90 minutes.
Because different enzymes will have different efficiencies and reaction requirements (including but not limited to temperature and buffer composition), it is necessary to determine the optimal reaction volume and duration for complete hydrolysis. Some enzymes achieve complete hydrolysis when long reactions are carried out (i.e. Proteolysis is unlimited), hence it is important for the user to decide before starting if it is the individual amino acid or polypeptide that is required. Reaction times can start and increase in 10 minute increments up to 60 minutes at first, and if analysis shows that insufficient amino acids or polypeptides are detected, then this can be increased up to 3 hours.
4. Electrophoretically size-separate the reaction products on a polyacrylamide gel and stain this with either silver or Coomassie to allow visualisation of the digested peptides or amino acids.
- Proteinase K (Recombinant), Molecular/PCR Grade P-1264
Starting at $75.00
- Proteinase K Solution 20 mg/mL (Recombinant), Molecular/PCR Grade P-1264-SOL
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