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Proteomic analysis of plasma exosomes to differentiate malignant from benign pulmonary nodules
Clinical Proteomics volume 16, Article number: 5 (2019)
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It is difficult to distinguish benign pulmonary nodules (PNs) from malignant PNs by conventional examination. Therefore, novel biomarkers that can identify the nature of PNs are needed. Exosomes have recently been identified as an attractive alternative approach since tumor-specific molecules can be found in exosomes isolated from biological fluids.
Plasma exosomes were extracted via the exoEasy reagent method. The major proteins from plasma exosomes in patients with PNs were identified via labelfree analysis and screened for differentially expressed proteins. A GO classification analysis and KEGG pathway analysis were performed on plasma exosomal protein from patients with benign and malignant PNs.
Western blot confirmed that protein expression of CD63 and CD9 could be detected in the exosome extract. Via a search of the human Uniprot database, 736 plasma exosome proteins from patients with PNs were detected using high-confidence peptides. There were 33 differentially expressed proteins in the benign and malignant PNs. Of these, 12 proteins were only expressed in the benign PNs group, while 9 proteins were only expressed in the malignant PNs group. We further obtained important information on signaling pathways and nodal proteins related to differential benign and malignant PNs via bioinformatic analysis methods such as GO, KEGG, and String.
This study provides a new perspective on the identification of novel detection strategies for benign and malignant PNs. We hope our findings can provide clues for the identification of benign and malignant PNs.
Hundreds of thousands of patients are diagnosed with pulmonary nodules (PNs) each year, and this number is on the rise [1, 2]. In China, due to the improvement of medical standards, more people routinely undergo physical examinations and lung computed tomography (CT) examinations, and many of these patients are diagnosed with PNs. Identifying the nature of these PNs is of great significance for the development of the patient's treatment plan. Although low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening was widely employed clinically, a high prevalence of false positives was found in the early diagnosis of lung cancer [3]; due to this, there was no consensus on how to manage these PNs. On the other hand, the high prevalence of false positives for PNs may lead to over-treatment, anxiety induction and excessive use of invasive procedures. There is a critical need to develop less invasive and less expensive techniques with high sensitivity and specificity to aid in monitoring patients with PNs for either benign conditions or early-stage cancer.
Exosomes are 30–150 nm diameter vesicles released during the fusion of multivesicular endosomes with the plasma membrane [4]. Different size of exosomes had unique glycosylation, protein, lipid, and DNA and RNA profiles and biophysical properties [5], and extracellular vesicle heterogeneity can be defined by variation in cargo between and within each size class, as well as by variation in size [6]. These vesicles have been implicated in a number of different tumor physiological processes as rich reservoirs of tumor-specific proteins and biomarkers for cancer detection and progression. A better understanding of the contents of exosomes is crucial to the assessment of the probability of malignancy of PNs. Exosomes secreted by PNs can be isolated from the blood for further proteomic analysis. With this in mind, we conducted a comparative analysis of proteins in circulating exosomes collected from patients with PNs. To our knowledge, our study is the first to use high-throughput proteomic analysis to compare benign and malignant PNs-derived exosomes in an Asian population. We hope that our findings will bring new ideas and perspectives for the differentiation of benign and malignant PNs and provide useful tools for the early detection and diagnosis of lung cancer.
Materials and methods
Patients and ethics statement
All samples were obtained from the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, after written informed consent was obtained. The study was performed in agreement with the Helsinki Declaration and approved by the Ethical Committee at the Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center. For plasma analysis, we included 40 patients who were newly diagnosed with PNs by CT. Fresh whole blood samples were collected before each operation in tubes containing EDTA, followed by exosome isolation. The final diagnoses were made according to pathological examinations performed after each operation. 10 of the 40 patients were diagnosed with benign diseases and the rest with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) according to the pathological diagnosis.
Exosome isolation and mass spectrometry
Plasma samples were pass through a 0.8 μm filter to remove additional cellular fragments and cell debris before exosome isolation (Millipore Millex). Exosomes were collected using the exoEasy Maxi Kit (Qiagen) [7]. A total of 10 ml buffer XWP were added and centrifuge at 5000g for 5 min to wash exosomes. We used 400 μL of Buffer XE (Qiagen) to dissolve the exosomes, centrifuged at 5000g for 5 min and then collected the eluate. All steps followed the manufacturer's instructions. Purified exosomes were then stored at − 80 °C until use.
Western blotting
Protein concentration was quantified by BCA kit (Bio-red), and protein concentration data were shown as Additional file 1: Table S1. Protein was resolved by SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes using a semi-dry transfer as previously described [8]. Membranes were blocked in 5% non-fat powdered milk in TBST and probed with antibodies. Proteins were detected using X-ray film and enhanced chemiluminescence reagents (Thermo Pierce ECL Western Blotting Substrate).
Transmission electron microscope
Twenty microliters of exosomes was layered and absorbed on a formvar-coated 200 mesh copper grid and stained with 2% uranyl acetate. The sample was imaged using an FEI Tecnai G2 Spirit transmission electron microscope equipped with a thermionic Lab6 filament and operated at an acceleration of 80 kV.
Sample preparation for a label-free experiment
For exosome lysis, 100 μL of lysis buffer (4% SDS, 100 mM DTT, 150 mM Tris–HCl pH 8.0) was added. The samples were ultrasonicated, boiled for 10 min then centrifuged at 13,400 rpm for 30 min. The supernatant was collected and quantified using a BCA Protein Assay Kit (Bio-Rad, USA). Samples were divided into six groups before label-free mass spectrometry analyses (Fig. 2a): B1 (3 samples), B2 (4 samples), B3 (3 samples) for benign group and M1 (10 samples), M2 (10 samples), M3 (10 samples) for malignant group. Isopyknic samples were polled.
SDS-PAGE of proteins
Twenty micrograms of protein from each group was used for SDS-PAGE analysis. 5× loading buffer was used, followed by 12.5% SDS-PAGE for 60 min at 15 mA. Coomassie blue staining was applied for detecting proteins (Additional file 1: Figure S1).
Protein FASP Digestion
Protein digestion was performed according to the FASP procedure described by Wisniewski et al. [9]. As such, 100 mM DTT was added to the sample followed by boiling for 5 min and then cooling to room temperature. The DTT and other low-molecular-weight components were removed using 200 μl of UA buffer (8 M Urea, 150 mM Tris–HCl pH 8.0) by repeated ultrafiltration facilitated by centrifugation at 14,000 g for 15 min. Next, 100 μL of 50 mM IAA in UA buffer was added to block reduced cysteine residues, and the samples were incubated for 30 min in darkness. The filter was washed twice with 100 μl of UA buffer and then 100 μl of NH4HCO3. Finally, the protein suspension was digested with 40 μl of trypsin buffer (Promega) overnight at 37 °C, and the resulting peptides were collected. The peptide material was desalted, and its concentration was estimated by UV light spectral density at 280 nm using an extinction coefficient of 1.1 for the 0.1% (g/l) solution.
Liquid chromatography (LC)-electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis by Q exactive
MS experiments were performed on a Q Exactive mass spectrometer that was coupled to an Easy nLC1000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The peptide of each sample was desalted on C18 Cartridges (Empore™ SPE Cartridges C18 (standard density), bed I.D. 7 mm, volume 3 ml, Sigma), then concentrated by vacuum centrifugation and reconstituted in 40 µl of 0.1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid. Two micrograms of peptide was loaded onto a C18-reverse phase column in buffer A (2% acetonitrile, 0.1% formic acid) and separated with a linear gradient of buffer B (0.1% formic acid, 84% acetonitrile) at a flow rate of 400 nL/min controlled by IntelliFlow technology for 2 h. MS data were acquired using a data-dependent top-10 method dynamically choosing the most abundant precursor ions from the survey scan (300–1800 m/z) for HCD fragmentation. Survey scans were acquired at a resolution of 70,000 at m/z 200 and resolution for HCD spectra was set to 17,500 at m/z 200. The instrument was run with peptide recognition mode enabled. MS experiments were performed for each sample in triplicate.
Sequence database searching and data analysis
The MS data were analyzed using MaxQuant software version 184.108.40.206. MS data were used to query the Uniprot_HomoSapiens_154578_20160822.fasta (154578 total entries, downloaded 22/08/16). Label-free quantification was carried out in MaxQuant as previously described [10, 11]. Data from MaxQuant were analyzed by Perseus (126.96.36.199).
Statistical analyses
Statistical analyses were performed using Bioconductor packages and in-house scripts in the statistical software package R [12]. The technical replicates of the batch-corrected data were averaged, and the resulting data were used for hierarchical clustering analyses. For each identified protein, a linear model was fit to the normalized data containing the two conditions (benign and malignant) as the explanatory variable; for the tissue study, a batch factor was also included in the linear model. Differentially expressed proteins between the benign and malignant groups were detected using a moderated t test. Limma (version 3.28.21) 24 and the Benjamini and Hochberg adjustment were applied to control the false discovery rate (FDR) [13]. Proteins were considered to be significantly differentially expressed between the two conditions with multiplying multiples > 1.5 times [14] and an adjusted p value of less than 0.05. An FDR threshold of 0.05 was applied to specify differential abundance for the exosome dataset.
Research cohort
In the present study, 40 patients with pulmonary nodules were contained, 30 of whom were diagnosed with malignant and 10 with benign pulmonary nodules. Clinical features were shown in Table 1, there was no significant difference of sex, age, and smoking status between the malignant and benign pulmonary nodule patients.
Exosomes identification and characterization
Representative CT images and pathological images of benign and malignant PNs patients are shown in Fig. 1a and b, respectively. We aimed to isolate exosome preparations from the plasma of patients with benign or malignant PNs. The study design was shown in Fig. 2a. The characterization of PNs from exosomes was subjected to several control analyses. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to characterize the quality of the vesicles. As shown in Fig. 2b, exosomes from patients with PNs had a visible circle-shape morphology in electron micrographs with a diameter of approximately 100 nm; the size of exosomes from patients with benign or malignant PNs was similar. We did NTA analysis to detect the size of exosome samples (Additional file 1: Figure S2). In addition, the typical exosomal markers CD9 and CD63 were detected by Western blot (Fig. 2c). In agreement with Fig. 2c, CD81, syndecan and HSP70 as well as CD9 and CD63 were present in the exosomes as detected by MS (Fig. 2d), confirming these vesicles as exosomes.
Comparison of the proteomes of malignant/benign PNs plasma exosomes
In the present study, we detected 736 proteins in the exosomes of patients with PNs by label-free analysis. The protein identification data were shown in Additional file 1: Table S2. Of these, 395 proteins were detected in both benign and malignant PNs. Through data analysis, we found that there were significant differences in the expression levels of 12 proteins in the benign and malignant PNs groups (multiplying multiples of 1.5 times and p < 0.05). Compared to the benign PNs group, FGG and FGB were significantly higher in the malignant PNs group, while IGFALS, PLXDC1, ITIH1, APP, C16orf46, AZGP1, B4DPQ3 (protein ID), A8K0D8 (protein ID), HP, and ECM1 were of significantly lower expression in the malignant PNs group. In addition, there were 21 other proteins detected only in the benign or malignant PNs group. NAPA, FLOT2, TPM1, NDRG4, ARPC5, DLD, MBL2, PSMA4, VDAC2 were only detected in the malignant PNs group, while Q59FP5 (protein ID), FBN1, CSF1, CSPG3, KIF5B-ALK, IGKV2D-28, LAMB1, CD81, VASN, CFHR4, IL7R, HLA-B were only detected in the benign PNs group. Differential protein expression is shown in Table 2. Volcano plot of present mass spectrometry was shown in Additional file 1: Figure S3. Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to group benign and malignant PNs exosomes based on their LFQ intensity profiles. As shown in Fig. 3a, clustering the 395 proteins could perfectly separate the benign and malignant PNs exosomes. According to the GO database, these differentially enriched proteins were clustered into nine functional groups. A Venn diagram was constructed to clarify the overlap among these clusters (Fig. 3b), and the clusters are as follows: growth, reproduction, developmental processes, metabolic process, biological adhesion, immune system processes, signaling, response to stimulus and localization. From the present study, the top 20 most abundant proteins in plasma exosomes from patients with benign or malignant PNs are shown in Fig. 3c and show a high qualitative overlap (60%, 12 of 20 proteins) (data were listed in Additional file 1: Table S3 and Table S4). To preliminary validate the result of present study, GFALS, FGB and CD63 were detected by Western blotting (Additional file 1: Figure S4).
KEGG and gene ontology enrichment analyses of plasma exosome proteome
Proteins were significantly altered between patients with malignant and benign PNs. Plasma exosomes were investigated to identify proteins of particular interest for distinguishing malignant and benign PNs. Enriched KEGG pathways were conducted to analyze the plasma exosome proteome. The results showed these significant pathways: oxytocin signaling, adherens junction, vascular smooth muscle contraction, thyroid hormone signaling, complement and coagulation cascade and pertussis (p value < 0.05) (Fig. 4a). The top 20 enriched KEGG pathways were illustrated in Fig. 4b. Among them, the most enriched pathway was the complement and coagulation cascade pathway.
Then, we classified these proteins according to their gene ontology. Proteins were analyzed for aspects of biological processes, molecular functions and cellular components (Fig. 5a). Furthermore, the top 20 enriched GO terms were illustrated in Fig. 5b with p value information, and the most significant term was the negative regulation of metabolic processes. Upon further research on significant upregulation in exosomes from patients with benign and malignant PNs (1.5 times and p < 0.05), the Cytoscape plugin 'ClueGO' was applied (Fig. 6). Significantly upregulated proteins in the benign group presented the biological function of positive regulation of cellular response to thapsigargin, negative regulation of biomineral tissue development and blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway, while the malignant group showed the biological functions of blood coagulation and fibrin clot formation.
STRING interaction analysis of the significantly up/downregulated proteins
Twelve significantly up/downregulated (1.5 times and p < 0.05) proteins were included in a STRING network (Version: 10.5 https://string-db.org/), together with some proteins: ALK, EGFR, FGFR1, ROS, RET, KRAS, BRAF, MET, PTEN, PI3KCA, DDR2, HER2, CTNNB1 and PDGFRA. As illustrated in Fig. 7, protein–protein interactions were marked; these proteins may have a specific role in exosome release from malignant PNs.
PNs always present as focal lesions, but not all PNs are malignant. Most PNs also present similar clinical and imaging features, and they do not all require aggressive treatment. Therefore, it is very important for making a treatment plan to differentiate benign from malignant PNs. Despite the fact that malignant PNs can be detected at an earlier stage by low-dose spiral computed tomography (LDCT) [15], the distinction between benign and malignant PNs remains very difficult to determine. In addition, advanced imaging techniques require complex procedures with high costs, false positives and other consequences such as high rates of repeated CT scans for further assessment. Lung biopsy was considered the primary reference method for diagnosis of malignant PNs, but it has many limitations such as invasiveness, sampling error, and inter-observer variability [16]. However, compared with imaging and histological detection methods, blood detection has the advantages of low cost and convenience and is more suitable for dynamic detection.
The term exosome was initially coined by Johnstone et al. [17]. In recent years, the significant detection function of molecular biomarkers in exosomes has been discovered, since glypican-1 was found to identify cancer exosomes and could detect early pancreatic cancer [18]. Other biological molecules such as microRNA [19,20,21] and lncRNA [22, 23] can be specific markers of cancer exosomes and detect early stages of specific cancers using plasma or serum from patients. Exosomes have various names such as oncosomes, tolerosomes, argosomes, etc. that reflect that they are involved in a wide variety of physiological and pathological tumor events. In this way, exosomes can play a key role in preoperative differentiation of benign versus malignant PNs. To elucidate which proteins could be of relevance among the exosomes' cargo as they can affect the potential of PNs, we performed a proteomic analysis from exosomes derived from patients with benign and malignant PNs. In the present study, we classified proteins according to their gene ontology. The most common cellular component (level 6) was extracellular vesicular exosomes that corroborated the source of those proteins. The main biological processes recognized as the major purpose of the exosomes were the regulation of cellular processes and cell communication. Furthermore, the predominant molecular functions featured proteins in this group known to be implicated in that binding. Otherwise, proteins detected in exosomes were analyzed using KEGG database. The pathways with more proteins implicated included focal adhesion, CAMs, proteoglycans in cancer, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway et al., that might be involved in tumor genesis and metastasis.
Our results are based on proteomic analysis of more than 30 malignant PNs patients and 10 benign PNs samples, which are the source of several pathological biomarkers and have clinical utility. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to find biomarkers for the identification of benign and malignant PNs from the perspective of exosomal proteomics. Several of these proteins have been identified previously in exosomes and some are novel. Among them, FGB and FGG were significantly up-regulated in patients with malignant PNs (fold change > 1.5 times). FGB is cleaved by the protease thrombin to yield monomers that polymerize to form an insoluble fibrin matrix and is usually associated with coagulation disorders [24], diseases of the circulatory system [25], infection [26], immune response [27] etc. Recently, many unexpected discoveries shed a new light on FGB. The expression of FGB increased with stage (p < 0.001) in bladder cancer and is a potential marker to characterize and diagnose bladder cancer [28]. Otherwise, using iTRAQ and mass spectrometry analysis, researchers found that FGB was significantly up-regulated in laryngeal carcinoma tissues [29]. FGG was significantly up-regulated at the mRNA level in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared to non-cancerous adjacent tissues and may serve as a useful predictor of clinical progression of HCC patients [30]. Proteomics analysis of urine reveals that FGG can serve as a candidate diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer [31]. ITIH and IGFALS were significantly up-regulated in patients with benign PNs (fold change > 1.5 times). ITIH molecules, which consist of five members (ITIH1-5), have been shown to play a particularly essential role in inflammation and carcinogenesis, showing frequent down-regulation that may be associated with initiation and/or progression of multiple human solid tumors [32]. The down-regulated IGFALS was associated with etiology and progression of breast cancer, prostate cancer and testicular germ cell tumors [33,34,35], and it was identified to function as a tumor suppressor in liver cancer [36]. In addition, the expression level of IGFALS was linked to coronary heart disease or stroke among postmenopausal women [37].
Based on previous research, several biomarkers have been described in exosomes of lung cancer (compared to normal tissue samples), including several miRNAs and EpCAM from plasma exosomes [38] and LRG1 from urine exosomes [39]. Previous studies in patients with non-small cell lung cancer have shown that proteins commonly used to screen tumor biomarkers can be used as exosome biomarkers of non-small cell lung cancer, such as EGFR, CD151, CD171, tetraspanin 8 [40], and NY-ESO-1 [41]. Few reports described the use of exosomal proteins as PNs diagnosis biomarkers. One of the advantages of using PNs plasma biomarkers versus lung tissues is that plasma exosomes provide a global profile of the tissue compared to lung biopsies due to the heterogeneity of lung tissue. It is worth noting that a panel of biomarkers, rather than a single molecule, will be required due to the complexity of lung cancer. This study has some potential limitations. Some of the differential proteins that we screened and analyzed still need further validation in clinical practice in the future. In addition, further studies with a larger cohort of patients and serial blood samples are needed to validate our findings.
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Authors' contributions
MK performed data analysis and wrote the manuscript, XT and YP carried out extraction and identification of exosomes. WZ, YP and LC help to perform bioinformatics analysis. CY, YZ, LZ and HM collected samples and information of clinical cases. ZZ, HC and YS conceived of the study and participated in its designation and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Availability of data and materials
The data and material of this study are available, and requests should be addressed to the corresponding author.
Consent for publication
All authors consent to the publication of this manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Fudan University and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Tumor tissues were obtained with informed consent, and this study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Fudan University.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81422029, 81572264, 81372525), Chinese Minister of Science and Technology Grant (Nos. 2016YFA0501800, 2017YFA0505500).
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Kuang, M., Tao, X., Peng, Y. et al. Proteomic analysis of plasma exosomes to differentiate malignant from benign pulmonary nodules. Clin Proteom 16, 5 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12014-019-9225-5


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1005 Heathercroft Circle
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Phone: 4348124025
Albemarle West
- Yard Maintenance
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Apartment Description: Commercial Office and light retail space available in prime Crozet location. Conveniently located just off Route 250 with easy access to Interstate 64 to Charlottesville and Waynesboro. 720 square ft. space available now with reasonable CAM expenses and Real Estate Taxes separate. Perfect for expanding your current home office. Ideal for small medical, accountant, attorney, architect. Plenty of access to parking. New construction - design your own floor plan and space. Able to build-to-suit. Six Months Rent Free on a 3yr.+ Lease!
Overall Property: Old Trail Village is located just off of Route 250 in Crozet and is a premiere location. With golf, restaurants, and fitness options, Old Trail Village is a diverse multipurpose community.

subset: commoncrawl


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Sales Assistants (NO EXPERIENCE REQUIRED) - SLS Recruitment
Northampton - NN1 1SR, MID NN11SR
About the Job
Immediate Starts - 18-22k OTE
Looking for full time work?
Fed up of your current job?
Our client is a leader within the marketing and sales industry, and is on the lookout for the next generation of Sales Assistants to represent their Northampton based organisation and their clients which include national and international recognisable brands.
This opportunity would benefit you if you have little/no experience and are looking to start a new career within the sales and customer service industry, however those with experience could also benefit from this role.
This role entails...
- Face-to-face customer interaction with the interest to generate revenue for their clients
- To take part in residential and event campaigns to get the best possible access to potential customers
- To have brief conversations and perform small presentations for potential customers to provide full product details and sales pitch within small time windows
- To be part of the company culture and represent the company and its core values to other assistants and to customers.
- A busy social calendar, with both work and non work related events
- Opportunities to travel both nationally and internationally.
- Uncapped commission structure as well as ongoing incentives
- A world renowned online coaching system, that involves full product coaching
- As mentioned before no previous experience is required for this role
- Good English speaking and writing skills are essential to communicate effectively with customers and our client
- Familiar with modern electronic tablet and app use
- A good work ethic and a positive attitude with the ability to work within a team
- The capability to bring enthusiasm and flair into the work environment and have the determination to succeed
If this role sounds like you then please click the 'Apply' button and while our client believes that you cannot be condensed down into a document, the recruitment team ask for full contact details so they can contact you easily. This is an exciting opening and presents those without experience an opportunity for advancement, this role is on a self employed basis with a great commission structure.
Our client asks us to remind applicants that this is an 18+ role in the Northampton area.
All earnings are performance related commission only plus incentives with annual OTE's of 18-22k.
* Please note, by applying to this advert you acknowledge our privacy policy applies and give consent for SLS Recruitment to share the data you provide with our client so that they may contact you regarding the role. For more information, please see our website before applying.
18-22k Per Annum OTE


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The New Doraemon Movie: Nobita no Space Heroes Uchuu Eiyuu-ki
A bit at a time, the production team for the upcoming Doraemon movie are releasing details for the project. The film, which will come out in Japan in 2015, will be entitled Doraemon: Nobita no Space Heroes Uchuu Eiyuu-ki (translation – Doraemon: Doraemon: Nobita's Space Hero Record of Space Heroes).
In this movie we will follow the main characters as they take on the roles of space heroes! Not only are they in space, but they also wield supernatural abilities…
Shizuka has Water Control and Nobita has the ability to use the Cat's Cradle move. Suneo also has a change in his abilities – a drill for a left arm. Gian has Super Strength while Doraemon himself has the Super Punch power!
Nine days from now, on 19th July, the official website will release the first official trailer for the project.
Source: Coro Coro Comic
The question is… do these movies bring anything new or interesting to the community and the art of anime?


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17 documents found.
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- Information about the font House Casual and where to buy it. No sample available. Publisher: House Industries. Part of the Sign Painter package. Buy this font online ...
- 7. Free Sign Painter House Script Fonts - http://www.free-fonts.com/font/sign_painter_house_script.html
- Free Sign Painter House Script fonts overview. 16 fonts found. ... Casual , decorative and script fonts designed specifically for Sign Design. ...
- 8. Signfonts.com - Hand Painted Fonts for Artist and Sign Painters - http://artandsignstudio.com/fonts.html
- SIGN PAINTER FONTS. Created for Sign Artists, with the look of hand lettering. Casual , decorative and script fonts designed specifically for Sign Design.
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Where is the GUESS Factory app available?
The GUESS Factory app is available on the iTunes App Store and Google Play via any iPhone or Android-based mobile device.
The GUESS Factory app is available on the iTunes App Store and Google Play via any iPhone or Android-based mobile device.
What features does the GUESS Factory app offer?
The GUESS Factory app delivers a customized shopping experience to your iPhone or Android device. The app allows our fans to receive exclusive mobile offers, notifications and promotions to redeem within the app. You will be able to find a store near you using the Store Locator and shop online directly from the app. In addition, you'll be able to keep track of your orders and access your digital GUESS List card.
Can I store offers in Apple Wallet or Google Passbook?
Digital offers and your GUESS List card can be used directly within the Loyalty tab of the app. They cannot be stored in Apple Wallet or Google Passbook.
Can I sign up for GUESS List via the app?
Yes, signing up for GUESS List via the GUESS Factory app is easy. Enter your information directly into the app and experience the VIP treatment.
How do I connect my existing GUESS List account to the app?
Go to the Profile tab and sign in under My Account using your GUESS LIST login information. Your personalized GUESS List account will automatically load to the app.
Do I get GUESS List points for shopping via the app?
Yes, points are accrued based on all transactions within the app, abiding by the original GUESS List Terms and Conditions and pending points structure.
What if I forget my GUESS List card while shopping in a store?
No worries, your digital GUESS List card is featured in the Loyalty tab of the app when you link your account.
How do I change or update my GUESS List account information in the app?
Members can only update their personal information online at GUESSFactory.com, GUESSFactory.ca or at any participating GUESS?, Inc. store.
How do I earn GUESS List points via the mobile app?
You can earn GUESS List points a few ways. You'll always earn points for your online, in-store and mobile app purchases linked with your GUESS List account. You can also earn points through the Challenges section in the Loyalty tab.
Why don't I see points from my most recent purchase?
Points may take up to 72 hours to load into the Loyalty tab. If after 72 hours you still do not see your points, contact Customer Care at 1-877-44-GUESS (1-877-444-8377).
Why is my Reward still pending?
A GUESS List Reward is not granted until you accumulate 200 earned points. If your account displays 200 points or higher but you are waiting on a reward, some of your points are still pending. Pending points are received through shopping but have not reached the threshold of our 30-day pending point policy (due to the ability to return). For a full breakout of your point status, log onto your account at GUESSFactory.com or GUESSFactory.ca.
My GUESS List digital card won't scan. How do I use it in the store?
If a store associate is unable to scan you card, provide the associate with the email address or phone number linked to your account.
How do I redeem the offers in the Loyalty section of the app?
To redeem an offer within the app, tap to copy the code and apply the code at checkout. If you want to redeem an offer at a store, show the barcode below the offer to a store associate.
Will I be able to see all my orders in the app?
You will be able to view all orders made from GUESSFactory.com and GUESSFactory.ca linked with your GUESS List account.
What do I do if I do not see my online order in my account?
Under Order History in the Profile tab, the shirt icon will allow you to view order information for GUESS Factory orders only. The hanger icon will show orders from other affiliated brands. If you still do not see your order, please contact Customer Care at 1-877-44-GUESS (1-877-444-8377).
Will the app show the status of an item I returned?
Returns will not show in the app. To view the status of your order, please visit GUESSFactory.com or GUESSFactory.ca and log in using the email address provided when the order was placed. The status can be seen under My Account on the website.
How long will the app store my order history?
Upon download, the app will populate with all orders linked to your GUESS List account. When a new purchase is made from GUESSFactory.com or GUESSFactory.ca while logged into your GUESS List account, the order will appear in the app and will be available for you to view.
How do I add a gift card to my account?
When you are logged in, select Gift Cards under My Account. Enter the card number to link the gift card to your GUESS List account.
What personal information does the app collect?
The personal information you provide as a GUESS List member will be handled and retained in accordance with the GUESS privacy policy located at GUESSFactory.com or GUESSFactory.ca. When you connect or sign in using your GUESS List account, the only information collected is the information provided when you signed up for the GUESS List program online or in store.
How does the app use my location?
The GUESS Factory app uses your location to provide you with relevant content and offers around your area. If you opt in to location services on the GUESS Factory app, you may be served location-based offers and notifications. You can stop receiving location-based offers by turning off the location services at any time within your phone's settings.
Why do I see lines going through some of the text (text appears crowded or truncated) on my Android device?
Ensure the font settings on your Android device are set to normal. Large font size settings will cause display issues for certain sections of the app.


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Home > YLJ > Vol. 97 > Iss. 2 (1987)
Yale Law Journal
Proprietary Rights and the Norms of Science in Biotechnology Research
Rebecca S. Eisenberg
The Voting Prohibition in Bond Workouts
Mark J. Roe
Our Forgotten Constitution: A Bicentennial Comment
Akhil Reed Amar
Limiting Preventive Detention Through Conditional Release: The Unfulfilled Promise of the 1982 Pretrial Services Act
Betsy Kushlan Wanger
The Importance of Structures and Ideologies for the Administration of Justice
Arthur Taylor von Mehren


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It is estimated that well over a third of the Australian population are unable to easily physically access or comprehend information when presented in common mainstream media, formats or language.
ComAbility provides knowledge and services to enable inclusion within communications practice. We serve Australian audiences that include people with a sensory/cognitive disability, from diverse cultures, with low English literacy &/ with limited access to digital communications.
Many organisations are missing commercial opportunities through ignoring these significant audiences. We advise and manage the implementation of alternative options, ideally alongside everyday communications, rather than as an afterthought or add-on.
At ComAbility our mission is to work towards an inclusive society where there is consistent access to information and communication.
ComAbility is pioneering Inclusive Communications in Australia. Services
This website and Accessibility
This website has been set up to bridge information needs
regarding ComAbility prior to completion of our more comprehensive and accessible website.
We are happy to provide all information in alternative accessible formats. We also welcome feedback, subscription for future newsletters and enquiries.
Contact Us Email PHONE 61 3 9532 8560 SMS 0412299563 Tw @comabilityoz
Contact Us Email PHONE 61 3 9532 8560 SMS 0412299563 Tw @comabilityoz


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You'll personify cool comfort when wearing this crisp, comfortable polo on your warm-weather jaunts around town.Choose black w/white logo, navy w/maize logo or white with black logo. Screen printed.
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This is a 1 oz (or approx 6 handfuls) blend of our beautifully dried flowers . Great for tossing at celebrations, sprinkling down a table, or gifting to a friend. It's a lovely eco party supply to add to your mix. Our flower confetti contains many varieties of flowers including gomphena, celosia, zinnias, strawflower, lisianthus, dahlias, lavender, and more. We also have a Brights Mix as well. 3 Bags per order
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A$AP Rocky has quite a killer performance planned for the June 25 BET Awards. He really wants to have Kendall Jenner in the audience. More than that, he is hoping that they will walk the red carpet hand-in-hand.
He is going to be at the top of his game at the moment when he will perform at the BET Awards on June 25, and therefore it is no wonder that he wants his girl Kendall there to witness the incredible performance.
A music industry insider said that he wants her to be his date to the big show, but we still don't know if she will go or not.
'ASAP is hoping to take Kendall with him to the BET Awards this weekend. He is both excited and nervous about performing at the big award show just because, with so many big names in the audience, this appearance in front of his peers means a lot to him.
Let's hope that Kendall will go and join him as his lucky charm for the event.
The same insider admitted that Kendall gives Rocky extra boost of swagger to make his appearance the best one ever:
'Kendall gives him the extra boost of swagger to make the appearance fire so he is hoping she will be able to be by his side. He is proud and happy to be with Kendall and wants to show off his supermodel girlfriend to the world.'
The two of them stopped being secretive about their relationship at the Met Gala when they went full-on PDA for all the cameras that were present there.
Anyway, a few pics from that particular event will not compare with a potential red carpet debut, and that is why he insists that she goes with his as his official girlfriend. We really hope that the couple will take that step together because we bet that such a thing would melt their fans' hearts on the spot!


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Indians top Hawks, continue historic streak
Tue., June 24, 2014
The Spokane Indians know they're on a roll, but they never know who will be the hero on any given night. Tuesday night the role fell to slick-fielding shortstop Alberto Triunfel, whose two-run homer highlighted a three-run fifth inning that gave the Indians some needed distance on Boise. The Indians used that 5-1 advantage to subdue the Hawks 7-3 at Avista Stadium, pushing their Northwest League record to 10-1. The 1911 Indians, who started 13-1, are the only other Spokane professional baseball team that began the season 10-1. "It was a huge homer," Indians manager Tim Hulett said. "(Triunfel) did a good job tonight. He's working on making some adjustments and he was able make it in the game tonight, which is unusual to be able to do it that quick." "Everyone on the team is swinging the bat well," said Indians outfielder Zach Cone, who added two runs batted in. "It's fun and easy then." Spokane, 8-0 at home this season, will aim for a sweep of the five-game series tonight before starting an eight-game road trip on Thursday. Boise (4-8) is stuck in a seven-game losing streak for the first time since July 2010. The Indians were clinging to a 2-1 lead when Jasvir Rakkar relieved Boise starter Ben Wells (0-2) in the fifth. Spokane leadoff hitter Eduard Pinto greeted Rakkar with a double to left-center before Triunfel crushed his first homer of the season to left. Triunfel, who entered the game with a .222 batting average, hit two homers for the Indians last season while batting .217. His major value has been his glove work at shortstop, although sometimes he's a bit too flashy for Hulett's tastes. "What I liked about him tonight is he played more under control," Hulett said. "His throws were over the top and he wasn't making the plays bang-bang. He was throwing them out by five or six steps." Cone capped the fifth with an RBI single to center to score Marcus Greene, who singled with two outs and stole second base. "All the new young guys are coming in with confidence," Cone said. "They got the jitters out early with some wins." The 5-1 edge was more than enough for starter Richelson Pena (2-0), who allowed four hits and one earned run in six innings, striking out five and walking none. Pena's last outing had been limited to one inning because of a rain-suspended game in Vancouver. "But that just made him fresh for today," Hulett said. "He probably could have gone another two or three innings. But I wanted him to be good all season long. It's a long season and he's going to get a lot of starts." Luis Pollorena worked the final three innings to earn his second save, although he allowed Jesse Hodges' two-run homer to left-center in the seventh that trimmed Spokane's lead to 5-3. The Indians answered with a two-run seventh as Cone had an RBI walk and Juremi Profar a sacrifice fly. Luke Tendler had Spokane's first triple of the season in the third, scoring Jose Trevino after a two-out infield single. Spokane still leads Vancouver by 3 ½ games in the North Division.
NotesLeague batting leader Seth Spivey (.500) missed his third consecutive game for Spokane with an injured neck suffered in batting practice. … Indians outfielder Doug Votoloto is out with a leg injury. He's been limited to two games and seven at-bats.
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Star Wars Print Cap Boba Fett
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With Live-French.net, learn French conversation online with a native French teacher and improve your oral skills in French.
If you don't have the possibility to travel to France, practice French conversation online through an immersion program with qualified French teachers no matter where you are. We provide 30 minute or 45 minute-lessons by phone or via Skype. Speaking French online with a dedicated teacher will allow you to improve your fluency and comprehension fast.
What are the French conversation lessons?
During the French conversation lessons, you go through articles, videos, and exercises aimed at stimulating conversation. You discuss interesting topics and debate on current issues. It's a private French lesson, so the teacher is there for you and helps you improve your skills at your pace and according to your needs. You learn new words and expression, improve your pronunciation in French. Eventually, you understand native-speakers better.
Who can learn conversational French online?
This course is particularly recommended for intermediate and advanced levels. The lesson is held in French and will get you to the next level.
If you are a beginner, you should consider our online French for beginners' course.
When can you practice French conversation?
You can take lessons between 5 am and midnight French time. Once registered, you can learn to speak French online very quickly! A regular French conversation practice can make a big difference to your confidence and fluency in French.
How does it work?
After you register for a trial lesson or for a French course, you get access to the Member Area. Through it, you get to check the different teachers we provide, you check their schedule, and you book your lesson online. Feel free to contact us if you need any assistance to register or to book a lesson.
For the lessons, we offer 2 possibilities:
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Conversational French classes online with Live-French.net
With Live-French.net, you get the quality of a well established online school and the experience to help you reach your objectives. Register for a conversation course and learn with a native-French tutor online who will make it easier for you to improve your French on topics that interest you, according to your level, needs, and objectives. Since 2007, we have helped thousands of students improve their French-speaking skills. Like them, learn and review vocabulary words, grammar, and structures. The classes also a great way to improve your French accent.
So book a trial lesson and start learning french conversation now!


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Google Intros TV Search Function
SAN FRANCISCO Google today introduced Google Video, a service that lets users search the content of television programs from providers such as PBS, the NBA, Fox News and C-SPAN, among others.
"What Google did for the Web, Google Video aims to do for television," said Larry Page, Google co-founder and president of products, in a statement. "This preview release demonstrates how searching television can work today. Users can search the content of TV programs for anything, see relevant thumbnails, and discover where and when to watch matching television programs. We are working with content owners to improve this service by providing additional enhancements such as playback."
The Google Video beta site, www.google.com/video, enables users to search across the closed-captioning content of a growing number of TV programs that Google began indexing in December.
Google Video also displays up to five still video images and five short text segments from the closed-captioning of each program, when the program will be aired next, and allows users to search for specific words within a given program.
—Adweek staff report


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By Randall Hanifen
Special Contributor, Online Career Tips
This time of year, many people make New Year's resolutions. However, history has shown that the percentage of people who stick to these great aspirations is very low.
Start a management degree at American Public University.
Some believe the failure rate for New Year's resolutions is high because those people who make a resolution try to make a change that is too radical. Others believe that if someone really wanted to make the change, he or she would not wait until the first of the year. In that view, New Year's resolutions are just another form of procrastination.
But instead of making a resolution, make an incremental change. Many of us juggle full-time employment, families and possibly second jobs to ensure our families' well-being.
It's necessary to set realistic expectations, whether you want to change your personal life or your career. Thinking you will become the next fitness competitor, for example, is a pretty unrealistic goal.
Start with Small Goals as Your New Year's Resolutions
What is the one area where you need improvement? If it is like many people, holiday eating has probably caught up to you. You see advertisements for every shortcut possible to magically become fit.
While these quick-fix gimmicks are great for selling products, let's face it. If there were a "magic pill" to take to achieve physical fitness, everyone would take it. No one would need diet and exercise.
Instead, cut out one fast food meal per week or drink one less soda per day. These goals are more attainable.
While adhering to these goals will not drastically change you, the fact that they can be successfully done for a few weeks will boost your confidence. Then, you can move on to eating two less fast-food meals each week and later progress to a total diet change.
The same principle of "starting small" applies if you want to improve relations between yourself and someone else at work. Try making your goal to have one positive interaction per day, especially if it's someone who you do not mesh well with.
Make it a point to interact with him or her and learn more about that person. You may finally discover common ground that can be the bridge toward bringing your differences together.
However, don't try to sit down with that person and hash out your differences all in one day; you will likely frustrate each other and not make amends. Humans are creatures of habit and need time to adjust to newness.
Write Down Your Goals and Accomplishments
Part of the failure we encounter with setting goals is that we lose focus. With the myriad responsibilities that a modern, productive adult has to accomplish, only the highly disciplined can develop a routine that includes improvement or new ideas. Even highly disciplined individuals write down their goals.
If eating better and exercising regularly are your desire at this point, download a fitness app that requires you to log your food and exercise. Set up the notifications to remind you to make the entries. This will ensure that when you pick up your phone to email or text that you have the app open first to enter the information.
This self-accountability will force you to rethink your non-healthy lifestyle choices. The same principle applies to employee relations. There are goal-setting apps that function in the same way as fitness apps by requiring you to log in information.
We must monitor our own accountability. Not everyone has a good enough friend to be honest and hold us accountable.
Create a Goal with a Friend or Coworker
If you can connect with a friend or coworker who has the same or similar goal as you do, you can develop a team approach to the goal. For example, maybe your coworker wants to finish college. If you and your coworker form a group that enrolls in classes together, this act forces accountability as few people want to let down their friends.
Also, having a study group that sets times to work on online coursework ensures that the course is "seen" regularly. For online classes, much self-discipline is needed to allot the proper time and energy.
Start with a Goal that Makes You Happy
While we all have personal and professional areas that need improvement, we also have improvements that can be made in our strengths or in areas we enjoy. Improvements in a strong area can offset a weakness and is much better than no improvement at all.
Since we enjoy the work toward achieving a pleasurable goal, more effort will be expended. And since strengths and weaknesses are tied together, we may find a way to like or accept that hard-to-fix area during the journey to self-improvement.
The bottom line is that humans are creatures of habit. We are less successful at revolutionary changes.
Instead, create your New Year's resolutions and start small with incremental changes. Recognize your accomplishments, build in accountability measures and grab a friend to join the journey. Lastly, improve what you enjoy.
Ready When You Are
At American Public University, students are priority one. We are committed to providing quality education, superior student resources, and affordable tuition. In fact, while post-secondary tuition has risen sharply nationwide, the university continues to offer affordable tuition without sacrificing academic quality.


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Legislation on plastic bags stalls
A state Senate committee Thursday stalled a measure that would have charged Californians 25 cents per plastic or paper bag at stores that failed to meet certain bag recycling goals.
The Senate Appropriations Committee refused to send AB 2058 by Assemblyman Lloyd Levine (D-Van Nuys) to the Senate floor for a vote. State recycling experts estimated that the measure would require 16 new state positions and cost about $1.5 million a year.
The bill would have taken effect in 2011. It won Democratic support in the Assembly, but Republicans attacked it as anti-consumer. Levine said he may try to amend the bill and ask for reconsideration in the Senate before the Legislature adjourns later this month.
-- Nancy Vogel


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Historic Property Survey Report: the Old Topanga Canyon Road Realignment and Improvement Project, Los Angeles County, California
Author(s): Jeanette A. McKenna
Year: 1989
This resource is a citation record only, the Center for Digital Antiquity does not have a copy of this document. The information in this record has been migrated into tDAR from the National Archaeological Database Reports Module (NADB-R) and updated. Most NADB-R records consist of a document citation and other metadata but do not have the documents themselves uploaded.
If you have a digital copy of the document and would like to have it curated in tDAR, please contact us at email@example.com.
Cite this Record
Historic Property Survey Report: the Old Topanga Canyon Road Realignment and Improvement Project, Los Angeles County, California. Jeanette A. McKenna. 1989 ( tDAR id: 141750)
This Resource is Part of the Following Collections
Investigation Types
Site Evaluation / Testing
1 Line Mile
Geographic Keywords
06037 (Fips Code) • Calabasas 7.5' quad • California (State / Territory) • Los Angeles (County) • North America (Continent) • Santa Monica Mountains • Transverse Range • United States of America (Country)
Temporal Keywords
Spatial Coverage
min long: -118.952; min lat: 32.75 ; max long: -117.646; max lat: 34.823 ;
Individual & Institutional Roles
Sponsor(s): Willdan Associates
Prepared By(s): Hatheway & McKenna
Record Identifiers
NADB document id number(s): 1600866
NADB citation id number(s): 000000041899
General Note: Sent from: Hatheway & McKenna
General Note: Submitted to: Willdan Associates


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Ignited by Family
When summer weather lasts well into October, it's hard to turn your thoughts to the holidays. But, they are fast approaching no matter the temperature. With the holiday season comes the search for those perfect gifts for family, friends, and coworkers. One shop in the River Region is happy to help you find just what you need for that special person in your life.
Candle Cabin, located in Montgomery's Peppertree Shopping Center on Vaughn Road, specializes in candles and gift items including bath products, jewelry, original artwork, pottery, and moderately priced apparel. It was originally founded by Hazel Ryan, and is now owned by her daughter Wendy Guthrie, as well as granddaughter Mary Elizabeth Belser, who co-managed the shop during her maternity leave and is now returning to practicing law.
Candle Cabin has a long history of providing unique items to customers, not only here but in other parts of Alabama as well. "The original Candle Cabin started in Mobile, Alabama, and then franchised in the late 1960's. They opened the first franchise in Montgomery in July of 1970. Although we are no longer a franchise, we still operate under the same name," said Wendy Guthrie. "At the time, Montgomery Mall was under construction, and we were the first business to lease a space in the front wing. Being the only store in that area, people had to follow the scent of the candles to find us. At the time we were 100% candles and candle accessories. As we were working one day trying to get the store open, we heard comments like, 'Candles! That shop will never make it in Montgomery.' The more negative comments, we heard the more determined we were to succeed. The whole family worked in the store, and it was like a second home for the children."
Candle Cabin moved to Peppertree Shopping Center seventeen years ago, and their loyal customers moved with them. Guthrie said, "We've made so many special friends over the years, and part of our success has been listening to their wants and needs. These friends and customers supported us in the mall for 30 years, and then they followed us to Peppertree Shopping Center in 2001, where we gained more customers and supporters on the east side of Montgomery. Almost 50 years later, there are three generations still working and growing the business. It's such a blessing to work at something together and go on buying trips together. We have such a fun time, and it is so rewarding. Today, people come in the shop and ask if we are the same as the Candle Cabin from Montgomery Mall, and when they find out we are, they talk about what wonderful memories they have from back then."
There is so much to love at Candle Cabin, but it's the atmosphere of the shop keeps customers coming back. "I feel like people like our relaxed, casual atmosphere—along with our mess! With new shipments coming in almost daily, we call it tasteful clutter. We take pride in giving personal customer service, and we help that last minute shopper with unique gifts for all occasions. We offer free gift wrap with a donation to the Montgomery Humane Society because we love all animals," said Guthrie. "Today we carry so much more than candles, including apparel, jewelry, original artwork, pottery, home decor, and many seasonal items. Also, since Mary Elizabeth's baby, David Belser, lll, arrived, we now have many baby items."
"Our favorite time of the year is here, with football and the holidays. We would love to help with the perfect gift for all. The aroma of fall and holiday fragrances are in the air! Spiced pumpkin, cider, orange, clove, and the all time favorite, Frasier Fir by Thymes. We carry several lines, including Tyler candles, Glamour Wash, Trapp candles, wine accessories, bath and body products and Byers Choice carolers. We carry a large selection of dog and cat items, including Hearth Hounds dog stockings in over 20 breeds," said Guthrie. Candle Cabin also carries Alabama and Auburn gear, such as fun leggings, scarves, jewelry, and blouses—perfect for game day!
Candle Cabin is open Monday through Saturday, 10:00am until 6:00pm, and they are closed on Sunday. For more information about the shop, you can call them at 334-244-2201 or find them on Facebook.


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Vacuum Lifting Device SH-2500-UNI-B for Heavy Loads up to 2,500kg
Order-Number: 52400012
For the easy and efficient handling and laying of natural stone, concrete and marble slabs, pipes and steps, etc
- Specially designed and equipped for heavy-duty work on the building site.
- Can be hung from any carrier by means of load hooks, chains, cables and such like.
- Can be adapted by means of additional devices such as the Micro MJ and used to lay lighter slabs (such as patio blocks).
- Efficient, flexible operation with no compromise on safety.
- In seconds, various suction plates can be fitted to the SH via a quick release locating pin, enabling it to be used for many
- different purposes and with many different loads.
- A generator can be set directly onto the device by means of a special frame suspension.
Technical Data / Range of Delivery
Main Body:
Robust and compact for use on the building site.
Working load limit:
Type SH-2500UNI up to 2,500 kg at -0,6 bar. The carrying capacity is dependent on the suction plate used. Higher carrying capacites available on request.
Safety Devices:
1. Vacuum gauge
2. Safety vacuum storage tank
3. Pressure relieve valve
4. NEW: Accoustic warning device with inbuilt intellegence. Batteries last approx. 1 year.
Varous Means of Power:
E = electric, 230 Volt, single phase
B = by integral petrol engine
- Operating handle in ergonomic position.
- Motor-protectoring switch, "Schuko" connector including connecting plug (only for SH 2500 uni eW).
- Manually oerated valve for vacuum "on/off".
Please note:
In no time the SH can be adapted using the Micro-Jumbo MJ attachments for laying slabs by hand. Smaller components
of stone and concrete slabs, 15 up to 150 kg – can then be safely transported and laid.
Suction Plates are sold seperately
SH-2500-UNI pdf:


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Advanced Search
Functional Linguistic Communication Inventory Kit is a useful tool to assess information processing in moderate and severe dementia patients designed by Kathryn Bayles and Cheryl K.Tomoeda. This time-saving kit takes only 30 minutes for a simple test and requires no special training to administer, yet yields invaluable information about levels of function, the severity of deficits, and preserved functional skills. It is an indispensable resource for planning treatment goals, writing reports, discharge summaries, educating family and caregivers.
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Fundraising campaigns are not easy to pull off. For the weeks leading up, there is intense anticipation: securing matchers, preparing marketing material, putting together calling lists.
Then the campaign launches. For 36 hours, everyone's entire focus is on the campaign. The shul is transformed into an around-the-clock call center. "Hi, I'm calling from Darchai Menachem," can be heard from around the room. Trays of hot food donated generously by the Abikasis family from Mendy's the first night and Mozzerella the second night keeps everyone full and happy.
"Usually, campaigns can be stressful," says Rabbi Eyal Bension, director of the school. "But here, I saw such unity, such excitement."
Progress throughout the 36 hours was closely followed. Worried cries of "50% to go. Do you think we'll make it?" turned into "Just 5% left. We can DO THIS!"
Flow Motion Studios (www.flowmotion.tv) went above and beyond to create a video that shares the story of Darchai's students. A screen in the hallway played the video on repeat until, at one point during the campaign, the volume had to be muted because of the constant crowds.
Thank you to the students, parents, and staff who showed their commitment by coming to school and making phone calls. Parents forwarded videos, pictures, and donation requests to Whatsapp groups; they posted on Facebook, created stories on Instagram. Student, staff, and parents came back to school and stayed until as late as 10pm two nights in a row–all because they wanted to make sure Darchai Menachem would reach their goal.
"This campaign is just the beginning," ends Rabbi Bension. "We need to turn this material blessing into a spiritual one, raising students with Torah and Yiras shomayim according to the path of chassidus."
Thank you to the Crown Heights community for opening your hearts and wallets. Thank you for believing in our boys.


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Hock Hochheim's Combat Talk Forum
General Category => Frequently Asked SFC Questions => Topic started by: Hock on June 13, 2013, 01:50:46 PM
SFC Testing - The "College Approach"
Post by:
June 13, 2013, 01:50:46 PM
SFC Testing - We Are Now The College Approach
Simply put? Now, you do not have to take our modules in order. You can complete course levels out of order.
I am already scheduling seminars for 2020, my 24th year on the road. In some circumstances, I may only return to a city around the world in a year and a half now, not every year. Worse, complicating the mission, I really am consistently asked for rank progressions and instructorships. Squeezing all this in, IN PROMOTIONAL ORDER for each person, is just about impossible to schedule.
Every single thing I teach is a course we have. We have 7 courses. Hand, Stick, Knife. Gun. CQC Group (which is the combination of the hand, stick, knife and gun courses) PAC/Filipino and Police Judo. But the core and most popular courses are the hand, stick, knife and gun programs. Four main courses.
Though there are ten levels in each course, the tenth is a big test, so there are 9 levels of study in each course. That's nine times four. 36 levels. 36 modules. Granted the modules are short and simple, but they take time to do, to teach and get to. Getting to them all, for everyone gets harder and harder each year. In a perfect world, like the perfect college schedule, you would start with "Subject 101" and proceed in perfect order, on through the "Subject 400s." Ever done that? Who do you know that has? It is next to impossible.
When folks go to college, they do the best they can. They take the subjects and classes that are open to them at the time, wrestling with both their schedules and the college-scheduled offerings. This means a college student may actually start in class "Subject 105," rather than "Subject 101" because the 101 class is full. (I actually took all my senior level business courses first!. Yes! As a night student no one seemed to care. So I took "401, 402- on up." Took the others later as I could get them.) And fact is we are not even a real "college-college." We are just some certification courses, some training courses. We are not even a martial "art." So, you can achieve out of order.
Complete any three levels? You can become an instructor. Instructors can teach ANY SFC level material, but only promote people in the levels they tested for. Any six levels? Any nine levels? And so on. Another simple way to put this, if on any given Sunday I teach Knife 6 and you complete it successfully? You can get official credit for Knife 6, even though you haven't finished knife 5. We'll all catch up with everything you in the end.
This will facilitate more people to achieve what they deserve this way, given our constricted opportunities.
Some courses have prerequisites. Seen this before? "Must Take Class 301 Before Class 308." Fortunately, in my practical/tactical course modules, these subjects are not brain surgery or rocket science, nor are they fancy, difficult katas, high jinks or high kicks. They are simply basic, simple things spaced out over time, because not all things can fit in level 1 or "101." Plus we expect people will already be working with their local instructors, have the training videos, and also have experience (most folks I see, have experience) in a variety of systems and schools.
So now, simply put? You do not have to take or test for our modules in strict order. Nice if you would? Best if you would. But like college, you can complete course levels out of order.
And, of course, you can simple train in all of this for knowledge only, never taking any tests at all. The choice is always yours.
Re: SFC Testing - The "College Approach"
Post by:
June 13, 2013, 03:02:15 PM
Sounds like a winner for the folks...but a potential paperwork nightmare for you! Tracking students progress can be difficult enough even when they do the courses in order. I've always enjoyed doing the courses in order and ensuring I had those key, fundamental skill sets down before I progressed to the next level.
As always, I'll be hoping for the best! You just never know what might work until you actually give it a go! ;D
Re: SFC Testing - The "College Approach"
Post by:
June 13, 2013, 05:28:41 PM
Like in college. It s better to do the courses in order, but no one does. No one really can.
I hope people will keep track of their stuff. You know usually they do. Unless someone emerges from many years ago and can't remember. That happens.
Last year, 2012? I saw over 2,000 people. I made 9 instructors. NINE! Promoted less than 300 people in various ranks. Probably 400 or 500 more of them are on the path and wanted to, but the timing and the outline wasn't right. In 2013? Only 7 people. Many deserved the ranking but the structure of my seminars are not conducive to this.
There had to be a better way. I think this is it. In the end, they all catch up.
Simple Machines


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Over the past few months, a slew of fire accidents has occurred In India damaging human lives, properties and goods. In a tragic incident, 20 students died after a fire broke out in a private coaching center in Surat, Gujarat last month. Eyewitness recall that in a bid to escape the blaze, students were seen jumping and falling from the third and fourth floors of the building. This accident is just one of the countless fire tragedies in the country.
While new buildings with evolved fire safety standards continuously emerge along the ever-changing skyline;the big question is "why are fire accidents still unabated in the world"? The best possible way to minimize the risk of fire is to take the threat seriously and use adequate fire prevention measures.
Let's get started with planning right…
The importance of an effective Fire Prevention plan at a facility is of unprecedented importance. Developing a fire prevention and preparedness program can be the first step in the right direction.
Installing Fire Safety Equipment in your facility
There are essentially 3 fire safety equipment that must be installed in a building irrespective of whether it is commercial, industrial or residential.
Fire and smoke detectors
First, on the list are fire and smoke detectors. The smoke/fire/flame is detected by a sensor and its response to the presence of a flame or fire is based on its installation. It may sound an alarm, deactivate fuel lines, activate a suppression system.
Extinguishers and fire suppressors
Once the fire has been detected, the next step is to suppress and control it. This is where fire suppression system comes into the picture as they are used to contain fires and thus prevent them from spreading. These systems utilize dry chemicals, gaseous substance, or wet agents to curtail fire. Fire extinguishers can be used to control small fire outbreaks.
Emergency lights and fire safety signage
As per international standards, all the exits including hallways and stairwells facilitating safe evacuation from a building must be well lit and visible for people with normal vision. In addition, it should also have appropriate exit signs.
Preventative Maintenance
It is highly important to conduct regular maintenance of fire protection equipment, emergency and exit lights to ensure these are functioning properly. When it comes to the equipment, the frequency of quality inspections must be as per the NFPA code by the equipment manufacturer and the local Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).
Build Right
It is possible to achieve fire safety and prevention in a facility by developing building designs that adhere to international fire safety standards. Quality of building materials, design and layout of a building,style of construction are key factors in preventing the spread of fire and smoke in the event of a fire outbreak.
Any facility must be designed to offer an appropriate level of fire safety to its occupants from heat and smoke. The main objectives are to protect the occupants in the building. It is also important to ensure that adjoining properties are not at risk.
Quality of Building Materials
The quality of building materials plays a vital role when it comes to fire safety and prevention. Fire resistance of the materials determines the structure's integrity and resistance. In other words, it determines how long a building structure can be functional under a fire event.
Talking about materials, properties of TMT steel reinforcement bars like superior ductility, strength, weldability, excellent resistance to high temperature makes them preferred construction material.Unlike ordinary steel bars,in the event of a fire hazard, TMT reinforced steel bars have a negligible loss of structural strength up to 500 °C. Thus, making it an ideal choice as a building material. The bars come in different grades like Fe 415, Fe 500, Fe 550.
Prevention is better than cure, the adage rightfully applies in the case of fire safety. The ideal approach is to be prepared and stay safe. It is the responsibility of architects, designers, builders, developers to ensure fire safety by using suitable building materials, designs and techniques.


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Thailand school sees sustainable benefits of bamboo
Photo courtesy of Panyaden International
Brick, concrete or some combination of the two are typically what goes into school structures. Located in northern Thailand, Panyaden International School is unlike most schools.
At this school, earth and bamboo replace typical building materials throughout the campus. Nestled among rice fields 15 minutes from Chiang Maj's city center, the school teaches young students with diverse backgrounds, reports GreenMatters.
The institution not only works to make sure the students have a strong academic background, but also helps them to lead diverse, multicultural lives. For example, the bilingual curriculum is enriched with teachings about environmental responsibility and Buddhist principles.
"Love Nature," the school's motto, is present everywhere. The holistic education aims to not only teach children the standard reading, writing and arithmetic, but also practical skills, like how to grow their food. The school weaves this environmental approach into the fiber of the campus. All the buildings have been able to reduce their carbon footprint by 90 percent with eco-friendly materials.
Apart from sustainable building materials, the electricity use is also minimal since all the rooms are naturally ventilated through their architectural design instead using of air conditioning. This is possible largely due to the warm Thai climate.
The eco-campus also has a biogas plant, wastewater processing system and gardens to teach kids how to grow plants and recycle.
To continue their sustainable mission, the school recently built a large sports hall completely made out of bamboo. Entirely designed to align with the school's mission and Buddhist principles, the structure's layout was influenced by the lotus flower and created without any toxic materials. Inside the hall, kids can play different sports such as futsal, volleyball, basketball and badminton. Those less athletically inclined can embrace their flair for drama on the stage embedded in the front wall of the open hall.
Balconies flank the expansive floor plan so parents can watch their children as they compete and perform in the arena. While the massive 782-square-meter bamboo structure can hold 300 people, it has a carbon footprint of zero.
The bamboo absorbed carbon faster than any carbon released during the process of treating it with natural Borax salt, transporting it to the campus and construction of the structure. The building can support itself without reinforcements because of how the builders specially wove the bamboo together. For example, this sports hall is expected to last at least 50 years.
Topics: Architectural Firms, Building Owners and Managers, Construction Firms, Consulting - Green & Sustainable Strategies and Solutions, Educational Buildings, Energy Saving Products, Engineering Firms, Environmental Firms, Sustainable Communities, Technology, Urban Planning and Design, Ventilation, Wastewater Management / Wastewater Treatment
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Under 16 and Under 19 Girls Win First Basketball Match of the Season (8)
Under 16's
Well done to the under 16 girls who had a comprehensive victory over Lusk CC. Best on the day was Alicia Jadia and she was ably assisted by captain Maja Miedzejko, Rose Mesquita, Amran Maxamad and Samantha Kerrigan. Scorers A Jadia 13, A maxamad 6, m miedzejko 4, R mesquita 6, O piosik 4.
Under 19's
Well done to our under 19s who also recorded a big win over Lusk CC. Best on the day was captain Juli Bayarra and she was ably assisted by Ana Cristea, Sonia Zeilinski, Paola Bonilla and Bianca Lucaci. Great work also from Maja, Rose and Amran who all made their senior debuts. Scorers M Miedzejko 15, R mesquita 14, J Bakarra 8, A Maxamad 7, P Bonilla 4


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Six fire engines and around 35 firefighters were called to a fire at a house on The Drive in Thornton Heath.
Part of the ground floor, half of the first floor and part of the roof were damaged by the fire and the staircase between the ground and first floor was destroyed. There were no reports of any injuries.
The Brigade was called at 1553 and the fire was under control by 1725. Fire crews from Norbury, Woodside, West Norwood and surrounding fire stations attended the scene.


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Litigation Lawyers in Oxford
In Oxford, Alabama "civil litigation" refers to the procedure through which a court decides legal disputes that are not criminal in nature. They can involve private and public entities.
In Oxford, Alabama, the purpose of civil litigation is not punishment or retribution for the offender, or to deter future wrongdoing.
Rather than punishing wrongdoers, civil litigation in Oxford, Alabama serves the purpose of compensating individuals when they have been injured, and can prove that another party bears sufficient fault to be held liable for the harm. Normally, this compensation comes in the form of money. However, there are other remedies, such as injunctions, which are available in some cases.
Common subjects of civil litigation in Oxford, Alabama
In Oxford, Alabama, virtually anything can be the subject of civil litigating, since a legal wrong can happen in almost any context. However, there are a few areas in which civil litigation is specifically common in Oxford, Alabama.
Employment: The relationship between employers and employees leads to civil litigation in Oxford, Alabama with a good deal of frequency. For instance, allegations of gender discrimination, failing to pay at least the minimum wage, and injuries sustained on the job can all lead to civil litigation.
Personal Injury: When somebody is hurt because of the carelessness of someone else, they typically are able to seek redress through the courts for their injuries. In Oxford, Alabama, civil litigation is typically how individuals try to compel the person who injured them to provide compensation for medical expenses, lost wages, etc.
Family: Family relationships in Oxford, Alabama can sometimes become pretty strained, leading to civil litigation among family members. Civil litigation in the family context is most common between former spouses, and typically involves things like child custody, alimony, and child support.
How Can a Oxford, Alabama Lawyer Help?
In Oxford, Alabama, civil litigation is rarely easy or simple. It also never occurs at a time that's fitting for anybody involved.
So, consulting with a reliable Oxford, Alabama civil litigation attorney is never a bad idea, if you have reason to suspect that a case involving civil litigation is in your near future.


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We're getting more and more of these lately, so I've decided to clarify the issue here.
When you buy a used 2G V2 DSMLink package, the seller MUST include the OBD2 adapter and it MUST be one of our original OBD2 adapters. Check below for a sample picture of this adapter. You can see some counterfeit copies on our counterfeit page.
People have been making copies of our old 2G V2 chips (right down to the label!) and then selling their car with that copied chip in it and telling the new owners they can "just get a new cable" when they can not!
We do not sell replacement 2G V2 adapters because the adapter IS the 2G V2 DSMLink package. There is nothing else in the 2G V2 package to call "DSMLink".
The chip is easily copied and we know people are even copying our label. So having an ECU with what appears to be our chip inside doesn't mean anything. The only physical piece of the older 2G V2 packages we can call "ours" is the OBD2 adapter.
So far, the lazy scumbags that are copying our chips haven't figure out how to duplicate the adapter. So that's the piece you have to get in order to claim you have a DSMLink package.
We tried to document this in multiple places, including right on our home page. But people are still getting duped. Please do not buy a 2G V2 DSMLink package without confirming that you will receive the required 2G V2 OBD2 adapter as well.
The first step in identifying our packages is to look at the chip. The image below lists three slight variations of the chip labels we've produced here.
Of course, since these chip labels are so easily duplicated, just checking against this isn't sufficient. But for sure if someone supplies you with a picture of the package they're selling and the chip just has a handwritten note of some sort on it, you can bet it's not ours.
From the picture above, the four digit numbers, 1307, 2307, and 3307, are what we refer to as the "chip ID" or "serial number". If we ask that you provide us with the chip ID or serial number, those are the numbers we need. The other numbers on the first two, older versions, of the chip label were used to indicate battery reset default configuration values.
Below is a collection of a few of the counterfeit adapters and chips we have seen come through here in the past.
Obviously the red end piece and the handwritten paper label on this package are clearly different from those that we produced.
A bit harder to identify without opening the case, but this adapter is actually longer than ours, has a different DB9 connector and clearly different internal components. Our adapter boards are all surface mount IC components, a much better choice for use in a noisy car environment than the through-hole components shown on this copy.
More counterfeit chips. These guys can't even remember to put the label on the same way. Lame.


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What You Need To Shop Now: The Best Fashion Finds On Sale from Derek Lam, 3.1 Phillip Lim, Rag & Bone, Isabel Marant, and More!
Listen up ladies: Some of these designer goodies are more than $1,000 off.
Once the holiday season comes to close, the best sales role around. So while shopping may seem like the last thing you want to do after the holidays, oftentimes, it's worth it. It's best to spend your time, energy, and money shopping the brands that always end up on your wishlist and those you normally wouldn't gravitate towards at full price. After all, there's nothing quite as satisfying as getting a good deal on a piece that you've been eying all season. This is also the time to pick up great winter items that you can wear for the remaining months (the coldest have yet to come!) and next season.
Now, there are two strategies that work best when shopping sales: 1. either pick out the most outlandish piece that you usually wouldn't splurge on since you won't wear it too often (à la the wool embellished 3.1 Phillip Lim tank); or 2. seek out classic pieces that will never go out of style (see the gray pleated Sandro skirt).
We chose 12 of our favorite designers and pulled three must-haves that are well worth purchasing post-holiday. Read on to find the piece that speaks to you—and be sure to "add to basket" before it sells out.
3.1 Phillip Lim
Embellished wool top, $380 (originally $950); net-a-porter.comLeather shoulder bag with chain strap, $767 (originally $1,095); 31philliplim.comPleated trousers, $193 (originally $385); farfetch.com
High waist pleated midi skirt, $258 (originally $430); sandro-paris.comCollared bustier dress, $319 (originally $455); sandro-paris.comZip around leather jacket, $448 (originally $895); sandro-paris.com
Derek Lam
Haircalf bootie, $380 (originally $950); dereklam.comSleeveless fold skirt dress, $716 (originally $1,790); dereklam.comSeamed rounded jacket, $796 (originally $1,990); dereklam.com
Rag & Bone
Enfield shoulder bag, $537 (originally $895); shopbop.comLeather pajama pants, $322 (originally $660); saksoff5th.comOpen toe sling back sandal, $415 (originally $595); rag-bone.com
Fuzzy wool plaid bomber jacket, $539 (originally $898); intermixonline.comSlit pencil skirt, $239 (originally $495); intermixonline.comDouble buckle clutch with crossbody strap, $399 (originally $695); intermixonline.com
Neoprene ruffled skirt, $248 (originally $310); maje.comFitted leather t-shirt, $253 (originally $505); maje.comAsymmetrical leather ankle boot, $308 (originally $615); maje.com
Striped brushed wool-blend midi skirt, $151 (originally $535); net-a-porter.comOpen-back stretch-crepe jumpsuit, $296 (originally $985); net-a-porter.comStriped silk blouse, $166 (originally $415); net-a-porter.com
Isabel Marant
Herringbone wool-tweed blazer, $278 (originally $925); net-a-porter.comSuede, leather, and rabbit fur boot, $569 (originally $1,435); barneys.comKnitted wrap mini skirt, $351 (originally $585); net-a-porter.com
Parcel jacket with leather, $238 (originally $595); theory.comPleated skirt with dot print, $190 (originally $475); theory.comLayered eyelet top, $110 (originally $275); theory.com
Metallic pleated tafeta skirt, $263 (originally $525); net-a-porter.comSnake effect leather sandals, $193 (originally $385); net-a-porter.comEmbroidered cloqué peplum top, $146 (originally $365); net-a-porter.com
Helmut Lang
Textured pullover, $185 (originally $370); helmutlang.comLeather and springbok fur clutch, $207 (originally $345); helmutlang.comDrape fold over top, $168 (originally $335); helmutlang.com
Peplum dress, $575 (originally $1,150); farfetch.comBrocade and cotton blend lace peplum skirt, $437 (originally $1,455); net-a-porter.comCrepe flare dress, $338 (originally $675); farfetch.com