text: LM3677 3MHz, 600mA Miniature Step-Down DC-DC Converter for Ultra Low Voltage Circuits General Description Features The LM3677 step-down DC-DC converter is optimized for powering ultra-low voltage circuits from a single Li-Ion cell battery and input voltage rails from 2.7V to 5.5V. It provides up to 600 mA load current over the entire input voltage range. The LM3677 is configured to different fixed voltage output options as well as an adjustable output voltage version range from 1.2V to 3.3V. The device offers superior features and performance for mobile phones and similar portable applications with complex power management systems. Automatic intelligent switching between PWM low-noise and PFM low-current mode offers improved system control. During PWM mode operation, the device operates at a fixed frequency of 3 MHz (typ). PWM mode drives loads from ~ 80 mA to 600 mA max. Hysteretic PFM mode extends the battery life by reducing the quiescent current to 16 µA (typ.) during light load and standby operation. Internal synchronous rectification provides high efficiency. In shutdown mode (Enable pin pulled down), the device turns off and reduces battery consumption to 0.01 µA (typ.). The LM3677 is available in a lead-free (NOPB) 5-bump micro SMD package and 6-pin LLP package. A switching frequency of 3 MHz (typ.) allows use of tiny surface-mount components. Only three external surface-mount components, an inductor and two ceramic capacitors, are required. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 16 µA typical quiescent current 600 mA maximum load capability 3 MHz PWM fixed switching frequency (typ.) Automatic PFM/PWM mode switching Available in 5-bump micro SMD package and 6-pin LLP package Internal synchronous rectification for high efficiency Internal soft start 0.01 µA typical shutdown current Operates from a single Li-Ion cell battery Only three tiny surface-mount external components required (solution size less than 20 mm2) Current overload and thermal shutdown protection Applications ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Mobile Phones PDAs MP3 Players W-LAN Portable Instruments Digital Still Cameras Portable Hard Disk Drives Typical Application Circuit Efficiency vs. Output Current (VOUT = 1.8V) 30008401 FIGURE 1. Typical Application Circuit 30008487 © 2008 National Semiconductor Corporation 300084 www.national.com LM3677 3MHz, 600mA Miniature Step-Down DC-DC Converter for Ultra Low Voltage Circuits February 28, 2008 LM3677 Connection Diagram and Package Mark Information 5-Bump micro SMD Package NS Package Number TLA05FEA 30008444 FIGURE 2. 5 Bump Micro SMD Package 30008400 FIGURE 3. 6 Pin LLP Package Pin Descriptions Pin # Name Description A1 1 VIN A3 6 GND Power supply input. Connect to the input filter capacitor (Figure 1). C1 3 EN Enable pin. The device is in shutdown mode when voltage to this pin is < 0.4V and enabled when > 1.0V. Do not leave this pin floating. Ground pin. C3 4 FB Feedback analog input. Connect directly to the output filter capacitor ( FIGURE 1). B2 2, 5 SW Switching node connection to the internal PFET switch and NFET synchronous rectifier. Ordering Information Order Number Spec LM3677TL-1.2 (Note 1) NOPB LM3677TLX-1.2 (Note 1) NOPB LM3677TL-1.3 NOPB LM3677TLX-1.3 NOPB LM3677TL-1.5 NOPB LM3677TLX-1.5 NOPB www.national.com Package Marking Supplied As 250 units, Tape-and-Reel 3 3000 units, Tape-and-Reel 250 units, Tape-and-Reel V 3000 units, Tape-and-Reel 250 units, Tape-and-Reel X 3000 units, Tape-and-Reel 2 Spec LM3677TL-1.8 NOPB LM3677TLX-1.8 NOPB LM3677TL-1.875 NOPB LM3677TLX-1.875 NOPB LM3677TL-2.5 NOPB LM3677TLX-2.5 NOPB LM3677TL-ADJ NOPB LM3677TLX-ADJ NOPB LM3677LEE-1.2 NOPB LM3677LE-1.2 NOPB LM3677LEX-1.2 NOPB LM3677LEE-1.5 NOPB LM3677LE-1.5 NOPB LM3677LEX-1.5 NOPB LM3677LEE-1.8 NOPB LM3677LE-1.8 NOPB LM3677LEX-1.8 NOPB LM3677LEE-1.82 NOPB LM3677LE-1.82 NOPB LM3677LEX-1.82 NOPB Package Marking LM3677 Order Number Supplied As 250 units, Tape-and-Reel Y 3000 units, Tape-and-Reel 250 units, Tape-and-Reel 9 3000 units, Tape-and-Reel 250 units, Tape-and-Reel Z 3000 units, Tape-and-Reel 250 units, Tape-and-Reel 4 3000 units, Tape-and-Reel 250 units, Tape-and-Reel 1000 units, Tape-and-Reel K 4500 units, Tape-and-Reel 250 units, Tape-and-Reel L 1000 units, Tape-and-Reel 4500 units, Tape-and-Reel 250 units, Tape-and-Reel N 1000 units, Tape-and-Reel 4500 units, Tape-and-Reel 250 units, Tape-and-Reel 5 1000 units, Tape-and-Reel 4500 units, Tape-and-Reel Note 1: For output voltage 1.2V or lower, input voltage needs to be derated to the range of 2.7V to 5.0V in order to perform within specification. 3 www.national.com LM3677 ESD Rating (Note 5) Human Body Model: All Pins Machine Model: All Pins Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 2) If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications. Operating Ratings If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/Distributor for availability and specifications. VIN Pin: Voltage to GND FB, SW, EN Pin: Continuous Power Dissipation (Note 4) Junction Temperature (TJ-MAX) Storage Temperature Range Maximum Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.) 2.0 kV 200V (Note 2), (Note 3) Input Voltage Range 2.7V to 5.5V Recommended Load Current 0 mA to 600 mA Junction Temperature (TJ) Range −30°C to +125°C Ambient Temperature (TA) Range (Note −30°C to +85°C 6) −0.2V to 6.0V (GND−0.2V) to (VIN + 0.2V) Internally Limited Thermal Properties +125°C −65°C to +150°C 260°C Junction-to-Ambient Thermal Resistance (θJA) (Note 7) 85°C/W Electrical Characteristics (Note 3), (Note 9), (Note 10) Limits in standard typeface are for TJ = TA = 25°C. Limits in boldface type apply over the operating ambient temperature range (−30°C ≤ TA ≤ +85°C). Unless otherwise noted, specifications apply to the LM3677 with VIN = EN = 3.6V. Symbol VIN VFB Parameter Condition Input Voltage (Note 11) Feedback Voltage (TL) PWM mode Feedback Voltage (LE) Min Max Units 2.7 Typ 5.5 V -2.5 +2.5 -4.0 +4.0 % VREF Internal Reference Voltage 0.5 ISHDN Shutdown Supply Current EN = 0V 0.01 1 µA IQ DC Bias Current into VIN No load, device is not switching 16 35 µA RDSON (P) Pin-Pin Resistance for PFET VIN= VGS= 3.6V, ISW= 100mA 350 450 mΩ RDSON (N) Pin-Pin Resistance for NFET VIN= VGS= 3.6V, ISW= -100mA 150 250 mΩ ILIM Switch Peak Current Limit Open Loop(Note 8) 1220 1375 mA VIH Logic High Input VIL Logic Low Input IEN Enable (EN) Input Current FOSC Internal Oscillator Frequency 1085 V V 1.0 PWM Mode 2.5 0.4 V 0.01 1 µA 3 3.5 MHz Note 2: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the component may occur. Operating Ratings are conditions under which operation of the device is guaranteed. Operating Ratings do not imply guaranteed performance limits. For guaranteed performance limits and associated test conditions, see the Electrical Characteristics tables. Note 3: All voltages are with respect to the potential at the GND pin. Note 4: Internal thermal shutdown circuitry protects the device from permanent damage. Thermal shutdown engages at TJ= 150°C (typ.) and disengages at TJ= 130°C (typ.). Note 5: The Human body model is a 100 pF capacitor discharged through a 1.5 kΩ resistor into each pin. The machine model is a 200 pF capacitor discharged directly into each pin. MIL-STD-883 3015.7 Note 6: In Applications where high power dissipation and/or poor package resistance is present, the maximum ambient temperature may have to be derated. Maximum ambient temperature (TA-MAX) is dependent on the maximum operating junction temperature (TJ-MAX), the maximum power dissipation of the device in the application (PD-MAX) and the junction to ambient thermal resistance of the package (θJA) in the application, as given by the following equation: TA-MAX= TJ-MAX − (θJAx PD-MAX). Refer to Dissipation rating table for PD-MAX values at different ambient temperatures. Note 7: Junction to ambient thermal resistance is highly application and board layout dependent. In applications where high power dissipation exists, special care must be given to thermal dissipation issues in board design. Value specified here 85 °C/W is based on measurement results using a 4 layer board as per JEDEC standards. Note 8: Refer to datasheet curves for closed loop data and its variation with regards to supply voltage and temperature. Electrical Characteristic table reflects open loop data (FB=0V and current drawn from SW pin ramped up until cycle by cycle current limit is activated). Closed loop current limit is the peak inductor current measured in the application circuit by increasing output current until output voltage drops by 10%. Note 9: Min and Max limits are guaranteed by design, test or statistical analysis. Typical numbers are not guaranteed, but do represent the most likely norm. Note 10: The parameters in the electrical characteristic table are tested under open loop conditions at VIN= 3.6V unless otherwise specified. For performance over the input voltage range and closed loop condition, refer to the datasheet curves. Note 11: For output voltage 1.2V or lower, input voltage needs to be derated to the range of 2.7V to 5.0V in order to perform within specification. www.national.com 4 LM3677 Dissipation Rating Table θJA TA≤ 25°C Power Rating TA= 60°C Power Rating TA= 85°C Power Rating 85°C/W (4-layer board) micro SMD 1178 mW 785 mW 470 mW 117°C/W (4-layer board) LLP 855 mW 556 mW 342 mW 5 www.national.com LM3677 Block Diagram 30008418 FIGURE 4. Simplified Functional Diagram www.national.com 6 LM3677 Typical Performance Characteristics LM3677, Circuit of Figure 1, VIN = 3.6V, VOUT = 1.8V, TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted. Quiescent Supply Current vs. Supply Voltage (Switching) Shutdown Current vs. Temp 30008482 30008481 Switching Frequency vs. Temperature RDS(ON) vs. Temperature 30008483 30008451 Open/Closed Loop Current Limit vs. Temperature Output Voltage vs. Supply Voltage (VOUT = 1.8V) 30008449 30008484 7 www.national.com LM3677 Output Voltage vs. Supply Voltage (VOUT = 2.5V) Output Voltage vs. Temperature (VOUT = 1.3V) 30008438 30008468 Output Voltage vs. Temperature (VOUT = 1.8V) Output Voltage vs. Temperature (VOUT = 2.5V) 30008485 30008469 Output Voltage vs. Output Current (VOUT = 1.8V) Output Voltage vs. Output Current (VOUT = 2.5V) 30008486 www.national.com 30008437 8 LM3677 Efficiency vs. Output Current (VOUT = 1.3V) Efficiency vs. Output Current (VOUT = 1.8V) 30008441 30008487 Efficiency vs. Output Current (VOUT = 2.5V) Output Current vs. Input Voltage at Mode Change Point (VOUT = 1.3V) 30008432 30008435 Output Current vs. Input Voltage at Mode Change Point (VOUT = 1.8V) Output Current vs. Input Voltage at Mode Change Point (VOUT = 2.5V) 30008488 30008436 9 www.national.com LM3677 Line Transient Response VOUT = 1.3V (PWM Mode) Line Transient Response VOUT = 1.8V (PWM Mode) 30008477 30008433 Line Transient Response VOUT = 1.8V (PWM Mode) Line Transient Response VOUT = 2.5V (PWM Mode) 30008478 30008439 Load Transient Response (VOUT = 1.3V) (PFM Mode 1mA to 50mA) Load Transient Response (VOUT = 1.3V) (PFM Mode 50mA to 1mA) 30008493 www.national.com 30008494 10 Load Transient Response (VOUT = 1.8V) (PFM Mode 50mA to 1mA) 30008473 30008474 Load Transient Response (VOUT = 2.5V) (PFM Mode 1mA to 50mA) Load Transient Response (VOUT = 2.5V) (PFM Mode 50mA to 1mA) 30008498 30008430 Mode Change by Load Transients VOUT = 1.3V (PFM to PWM) Mode Change by Load Transients VOUT = 1.3V (PWM to PFM) 30008495 30008496 11 www.national.com LM3677 Load Transient Response (VOUT = 1.8V) (PFM Mode 1mA to 50mA) LM3677 Mode Change by Load Transients VOUT = 1.8V (PFM to PWM) Mode Change by Load Transients VOUT = 1.8V (PWM to PFM) 30008475 30008476 Load Transient Response VOUT = 1.3V (PWM Mode) Load Transient Response VOUT = 1.8V (PWM Mode) 30008472 30008497 Load Transient Response VOUT = 2.5V (PWM Mode) Start Up into PWM Mode VOUT = 1.3V (Output Current= 300mA) 30008431 www.national.com 30008491 12 LM3677 Start Up into PFM Mode VOUT = 1.3V (Output Current= 1mA) Start Up into PWM Mode VOUT = 1.8V (Output Current= 300mA) 30008470 30008492 Start Up into PFM Mode VOUT = 1.8V (Output Current= 1mA) Start Up into PWM Mode VOUT = 2.5V (Output Current= 300mA) 30008471 30008489 Start Up into PFM Mode VOUT = 2.5V (Output Current= 1mA) 30008490 13 www.national.com LM3677 control logic turns off the switch. The current limit comparator can also turn off the switch in case the current limit of the PFET is exceeded. Then the NFET switch is turned on and the inductor current ramps down. The next cycle is initiated by the clock turning off the NFET and turning on the PFET. Operation Description DEVICE INFORMATION The LM3677, a high-efficiency step-down DC-DC switching buck converter, delivers a constant voltage from a single LiIon battery and input voltage rails from 2.7V to 5.5V to devices such as cell phones and PDAs. Using a voltage-mode architecture with synchronous rectification, the LM3677 has the ability to deliver up to 600 mA depending on the input voltage and output voltage, ambient temperature, and the inductor chosen. There are three modes of operation depending on the current required: PWM (Pulse Width Modulation), PFM (Pulse Frequency Modulation), and shutdown. The device operates in PWM mode at load current of approximately 80 mA or higher, having a voltage precision of ±2.5% with 90% efficiency or better. Lighter load current causes the device to automatically switch into PFM mode for reduced current consumption (IQ = 16 µA typ.) and a longer battery life. Shutdown mode turns off the device, offering the lowest current consumption (ISHUTDOWN = 0.01 µA (typ.). Additional features include soft-start, under voltage protection, current overload protection, and thermal shutdown protection. As shown in Figure 1, only three external power components are required for implementation. The part uses an internal reference voltage of 0.5V. It is recommended to keep the part in shutdown until the input voltage exceeds 2.7V. 30008480 FIGURE 5. Typical PWM Operation Internal Synchronous Rectification While in PWM mode, the LM3677 uses an internal NFET as a synchronous rectifier to reduce rectifier forward voltage drop and associated power loss. Synchronous rectification provides a significant improvement in efficiency whenever the output voltage is relatively low compared to the voltage drop across an ordinary rectifier diode. CIRCUIT OPERATION The LM3677 operates as follows. During the first portion of each switching cycle, the control block in the LM3677 turns on the internal PFET switch. This allows current to flow from the input through the inductor to the output filter capacitor and load. The inductor limits the current to a ramp with a slope of (VIN–VOUT)/L, by storing energy in a magnetic field. During the second portion of each cycle, the controller turns the PFET switch off, blocking current flow from the input, and then turns the NFET synchronous rectifier on. The inductor draws current from ground through the NFET to the output filter capacitor and load, which ramps the inductor current down with a slope of - VOUT/L. The output filter stores charge when the inductor current is high, and releases it when inductor current is low, smoothing the voltage across the load. The output voltage is regulated by modulating the PFET switch-on time to control the average current sent to the load. The effect is identical to sending a duty-cycle modulated rectangular wave formed by the switch and synchronous rectifier at the SW pin to a low-pass filter formed by the inductor and output filter capacitor. The output voltage is equal to the average voltage at the SW pin. Current Limiting A current limit feature allows the LM3677 to protect itself and external components during overload conditions. PWM mode implements current limiting using an internal comparator that trips at 1220 mA (typ.). If the output is shorted to ground the device enters a timed current limit mode where the NFET is turned on for a longer duration until the inductor current falls below a low threshold, ensuring inductor current has more time to decay, thereby preventing runaway. PFM OPERATION At very light loads, the converter enters PFM mode and operates with reduced switching frequency and supply current to maintain high efficiency. The part will automatically transition into PFM mode when either of the following conditions occurs for a duration of 32 or more clock cycles: A. The NFET current reaches zero. B. The peak PMOS switch current drops below the IMODE level, (Typically IMODE < 75 mA + VIN/55Ω ). PWM OPERATION During PWM operation, the converter operates as a voltagemode controller with input voltage feed forward. This allows the converter to achieve good load and line regulation. The DC gain of the power stage is proportional to the input voltage. To eliminate this dependence, feed forward inversely proportional to the input voltage is introduced. While in PWM mode, the output voltage is regulated by switching at a constant frequency and then modulating the energy per cycle to control power to the load. At the beginning of each clock cycle the PFET switch is turned on and the inductor current ramps up until the comparator trips and the www.national.com 14 30008479 FIGURE 6. Typical PFM Operation During PFM operation, the converter positions the output voltage slightly higher than the nominal output voltage during PWM operation allowing additional headroom for voltage drop during a load transient from light to heavy load. The PFM comparators sense the output voltage via the feedback pin and control the switching of the output FETs such that the output voltage ramps between ~0.2% and ~1.8% above the nominal PWM output voltage. If the output voltage is below the 'high' PFM comparator threshold, the PMOS power switch 30008403 FIGURE 7. Operation in PFM Mode and Transfer to PWM Mode SHUTDOWN MODE Setting the EN input pin low (<0.4V) places the LM3677 in shutdown mode. During shutdown the PFET switch, NFET switch, reference, control and bias circuitry of the LM3677 are turned off. Setting EN high (>1.0V) enables normal operation. It is recommended to set EN pin low to turn off the LM3677 during system power up and undervoltage conditions when the supply is less than 2.7V. Do not leave the EN pin floating. SOFT START The LM3677 has a soft-start circuit that limits in-rush current during start-up. During start-up the switch current limit is increased in steps. Soft start is activated only if EN goes from logic low to logic high after VIN reaches 2.7V. Soft start is implemented by increasing switch current limit in steps of 200 mA, 400 mA, 600 mA and 1220 mA (typical switch current limit). The start-up time thereby depends on the output capacitor and load current demanded at start-up. Typical start15 www.national.com LM3677 is turned on. It remains on until the output voltage reaches the 'high' PFM threshold or the peak current exceeds the IPFM level set for PFM mode. The typical peak current in PFM mode is: IPFM = 112 mA + VIN/20Ω . Once the PMOS power switch is turned off, the NMOS power switch is turned on until the inductor current ramps to zero. When the NMOS zero-current condition is detected, the NMOS power switch is turned off. If the output voltage is below the 'high' PFM comparator threshold (see Figure 7), the PMOS switch is again turned on and the cycle is repeated until the output reaches the desired level. Once the output reaches the 'high' PFM threshold, the NMOS switch is turned on briefly to ramp the inductor current to zero, and then both output switches are turned off and the part enters an extremely low-power mode. Quiescent supply current during this 'sleep' mode is 16 µA (typ.), which allows the part to achieve high efficiencies under extremely light load conditions. If the load current should increase during PFM mode (Figure 7) causing the output voltage to fall below the 'low2' PFM threshold, the part will automatically transition into fixed-frequency PWM mode. When VIN =2.7V the part transitions from PWM to PFM mode at ~ 35 mA output current and from PFM to PWM mode at ~ 95 mA , when VIN=3.6V, PWM to PFM transition occurs at ~ 42 mA and PFM to PWM transition occurs at ~ 115 mA, when VIN =4.5V, PWM to PFM transition occurs at ~ 60 mA and PFM to PWM transition occurs at ~ 135 mA. LM3677 A 1.0 µH inductor with a saturation current rating of at least 1375 mA is recommended for most applications. The inductor's resistance should be less than 0.15Ω for good efficiency. Table 1 lists suggested inductors and suppliers. For low-cost applications, an unshielded bobbin inductor could be considered. For noise critical applications, a toroidal or shielded-bobbin inductor should be used. A good practice is to lay out the board with overlapping footprints of both types for design flexibility. This allows substitution of a low-noise shielded inductor in the event that noise from low-cost bobbin models is unacceptable. up times with a 10 µF output capacitor and 300 mA load is 300 µs and with 1 mA load is 200 µs. Application Information INDUCTOR SELECTION There are two main considerations when choosing an inductor: the inductor should not saturate, and the inductor current ripple should be small enough to achieve the desired output voltage ripple. Different saturation current rating specifications are followed by different manufacturers so attention must be given to details. Saturation current ratings are typically specified at 25°C. However, ratings at the maximum ambient temperature of application should be requested form the manufacturer. The minimum value of inductance to guarantee good performance is 0.7 µH at ILIM (typ.) DC current over the ambient temperature range. Shielded inductors radiate less noise and should be preferred. There are two methods to choose the inductor saturation current rating. INPUT CAPACITOR SELECTION A ceramic input capacitor of 4.7 µF, 6.3V is sufficient for most applications. Place the input capacitor as close as possible to the VIN pin of the device. A larger value may be used for improved input voltage filtering. Use X7R or X5R types; do not use Y5V. DC bias characteristics of ceramic capacitors must be considered when selecting case sizes like 0603 and 0805. The minimum input capacitance to guarantee good performance is 2.2 µF at 3V DC bias; 1.5 µF at 5V DC bias including tolerances and over ambient temperature range. The input filter capacitor supplies current to the PFET switch of the LM3677 in the first half of each cycle and reduces voltage ripple imposed on the input power source. A ceramic capacitor's low ESR provides the best noise filtering of the input voltage spikes due to this rapidly changing current. Select a capacitor with sufficient ripple current rating. The input current ripple can be calculated as: Method 1: The saturation current is greater than the sum of the maximum load current and the worst case average to peak inductor current. This can be written as • • • • IRIPPLE: average to peak inductor current IOUTMAX: maximum load current (600 mA) VIN: maximum input voltage in application L : min inductor value including worst case tolerances (30% drop can be considered for method 1) • f : minimum switching frequency (2.5 MHz) • VOUT: output voltage Method 2: A more conservative and recommended approach is to choose an inductor that has saturation current rating greater than the max current limit of 1375 mA. www.national.com 16 Model Vendor Dimensions LxWxH(mm) D.C.R (max) MIPSA2520D 1R0 FDK 2.5 x 2.0 x 1.2 100 mΩ LQM2HP 1R0 Murata 2.5 x 2.0 x 0.95 100 mΩ BRL2518T1R0M Taiyo Yuden 2.5x 1.8 x 1.2 80 mΩ Voltage peak-to-peak ripple due to ESR can be expressed as follows VPP-ESR = (2 * IRIPPLE) * RESR Because these two components are out of phase the rms (root mean squared) value can be used to get an approximate value of peak-to-peak ripple. Voltage peak-to-peak ripple, rms can be expressed as follow: OUTPUT CAPACITOR SELECTION A ceramic output capacitor of 10 µF, 6.3V is sufficient for most applications. Use X7R or X5R types; do not use Y5V. DC bias characteristics of ceramic capacitors must be considered when selecting case sizes like 0603 and 0805. DC bias characteristics vary from manufacturer to manufacturer and dc bias curves should be requested from them as part of the capacitor selection process. The minimum output capacitance to guarantee good performance is 5.75 µF at 2.5V DC bias including tolerances and over ambient temperature range. The output filter capacitor smooths out current flow from the inductor to the load, helps maintain a steady output voltage during transient load changes and reduces output voltage ripple. These capacitors must be selected with sufficient capacitance and sufficiently low ESR to perform these functions. The output voltage ripple is caused by the charging and discharging of the output capacitor and by the RESR and can be calculated as: Voltage peak-to-peak ripple due to capacitance can be expressed as follows Note that the output voltage ripple is dependent on the inductor current ripple and the equivalent series resistance of the output capacitor (RESR). The RESR is frequency dependent (as well as temperature dependent); make sure the value used for calculations is at the switching frequency of the part. TABLE 2. Suggested Capacitors and Their Suppliers Type Vendor Voltage Rating Case Size Inch (mm) C1608X5R0J475 Ceramic, X5R TDK 6.3V 0603 (1608) Model 4.7 µF for CIN C2012X5R0J475 Ceramic, X5R TDK 6.3V 0805 (2012) GRM21BR60J475 Ceramic, X5R muRata 6.3V 0805 (2012) JMK212BJ475 Ceramic, X5R Taiyo-Yuden 6.3V 0805 (2012) C1608X5R0J106 Ceramic, X5R TDK 6.3V 0603 (1608) C2012X5R0J106 Ceramic, X5R TDK 6.3V 0805 (2012) GRM21BR60J106 Ceramic, X5R muRata 6.3V 0805 (2012) JMK212BJ106 Ceramic, X5R Taiyo-Yuden 6.3V 0805 (2012) 10 µF for COUT package used for LM3677 has 300–micron solder balls and requires 10.82 mils pads for mounting on the circuit board. The trace to each pad should enter the pad with a 90° entry angle to prevent debris from being caught in deep corners. Initially, the trace to each pad should be 7 mil wide, for a section approximately 7 mil long or longer, as a thermal relief. Then each trace should neck up or down to its optimal width. The important criteria is symmetry. This ensures the solder bumps on the LM3677 re-flow evenly and that the device solders level to the board. In particular, special attention must be paid to the pads for bumps A1 and A3, because GND and VIN are typically connected to large copper planes, inadequate thermal relief can result in late or inadequate re-flow of these bumps. MICRO SMD PACKAGE ASSEMBLY AND USE Use of the micro SMD package requires specialized board layout, precision mounting and careful re-flow techniques, as detailed in National Semiconductor Application Note 1112. Refer to the section "Surface Mount Technology (SMD) Assembly Considerations". For best results in assembly, alignment ordinals on the PC board should be used to facilitate placement of the device. The pad style used with micro SMD package must be the NSMD (non-solder mask defined) typ. This means that the solder-mask opening is larger than the pad size. This prevents a lip that otherwise forms if the soldermask and pad overlap, from holding the device off the surface of the board and interfering with mounting. See Application Note 1112 for specific instructions how to do this. The 5-bump 17 www.national.com LM3677 TABLE 1. Suggested Inductors and Their Suppliers LM3677 The micro SMD package is optimized for the smallest possible size in applications with red or infrared opaque cases. Because the micro SMD package lacks the plastic encapsulation characteristic of larger devices, it is vulnerable to light. Backside metallization and/or epoxy coating, along with frontside shading by the printed circuit board, reduce this sensitivity. However, the package has exposed die edges. In particular, micro SMD devices are sensitive to light, in the red and infrared range, shining on the package's exposed die edges. BOARD LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS PC board layout is an important part of DC-DC converter design. Poor board layout can disrupt the performance of a DCDC converter and surrounding circuitry by contributing to EMI, ground bounce, and resistive voltage loss in the traces. These can send erroneous signals to the DC-DC converter IC, resulting in poor regulation or instability. Poor layout can also result in re-flow problems leading to poor solder joints between the micro SMD package and board pads. Poor solder joints can result in erratic or degraded performance. 30008454 FIGURE 8. Board Layout Design Rules for the LM3677 Good layout for the LM3677 can be implemented by following a few simple design rules, as illustrated in Figure 8. 1. Place the LM3677 on 10.82 mil pads. As a thermal relief, connect to each pad with a 7 mil wide, approximately 7 mil long trace, and then incrementally increase each trace to its optimal width. The important criterion is symmetry to ensure the solder bumps on the re-flow evenly (see Micro SMD Package Assembly and Use). 2. Place the LM3677, inductor and filter capacitors close together and make the traces short. The traces between these components carry relatively high switching currents and act as antennas. Following this rule reduces radiated noise. Special care must be given to place the input filter capacitor very close to the VIN and GND pin. 3. Arrange the components so that the switching current loops curl in the same direction. During the first half of each cycle, current flows from the input filter capacitor, through the LM3677 and inductor to the output filter capacitor and back through ground, forming a current loop. In the second half of each cycle, current is pulled up from ground, through the LM3677 by the inductor, to the output filter capacitor and then back through ground, forming a second current loop. Routing these loops so www.national.com 4. 5. 6. 18 the current curls in the same direction prevents magnetic field reversal between the two half-cycles and reduces radiated noise. Connect the ground pins of the LM3677, and filter capacitors together using generous component-side copper fill as a pseudo-ground plane. Then connect this to the ground-plane (if one is used) with several vias. This reduces ground-plane noise by preventing the switching currents from circulating through the ground plane. It also reduces ground bounce at the LM3677 by giving it a lowimpedance ground connection. Use wide traces between the power components and for power connections to the DC-DC converter circuit. This reduces voltage errors caused by resistive losses across the traces Route noise sensitive traces such as the voltage feedback path away from noisy traces between the power components. The voltage feedback trace must remain close to the LM3677 circuit and should be routed directly from FB to VOUT at the output capacitor and should be routed opposite to noise components. This reduces EMI radiated onto the DC-DC converter's own voltage feedback trace. CMOS digital circuitry around it (since this also generates noise), and then place sensitive preamplifiers and IF stages on the diagonally opposing corner. Often, the sensitive circuitry is shielded with a metal pan and power to it is postregulated to reduce conducted noise, using low-dropout linear regulators. Place noise sensitive circuitry, such as radio IF blocks, away from the DC-DC converter, CMOS digital blocks and other noisy circuitry. Interference with noisesensitive circuitry in the system can be reduced through distance. In mobile phones, for example, a common practice is to place the DC-DC converter on one corner of the board, arrange the 19 www.national.com LM3677 7. LM3677 Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted 5-Bump (Large) Micro SMD Package, 0.5 mmPitch NS Package Number TLA05FEA The dimensions for X1, X2, and X3 are as given: X1 = 1.107 mm +/- 0.030 mm X2 = 1.488 mm +/- 0.030 mm X3 = 0.600 mm +/- 0.075 mm www.national.com 20 LM3677 6-pin LLP Package, 0.5 mm Pitch NS Package Number LEB06A The dimensions for A, B, and C are as given: A = 2.0 mm +/- 0.1 mm B = 1.5 mm +/- 0.1 mm C = 0.60 mm +/- 0.06 mm 21 www.national.com LM3677 3MHz, 600mA Miniature Step-Down DC-DC Converter for Ultra Low Voltage Circuits Notes For more National Semiconductor product information and proven design tools, visit the following Web sites at: Products Design Support Amplifiers www.national.com/amplifiers WEBENCH www.national.com/webench Audio www.national.com/audio Analog University www.national.com/AU Clock Conditioners www.national.com/timing App Notes www.national.com/appnotes Data Converters www.national.com/adc Distributors www.national.com/contacts Displays www.national.com/displays Green Compliance www.national.com/quality/green Ethernet www.national.com/ethernet Packaging www.national.com/packaging Interface www.national.com/interface Quality and Reliability www.national.com/quality LVDS www.national.com/lvds Reference Designs www.national.com/refdesigns Power Management www.national.com/power Feedback www.national.com/feedback Switching Regulators www.national.com/switchers LDOs www.national.com/ldo LED Lighting www.national.com/led PowerWise www.national.com/powerwise Serial Digital Interface (SDI) www.national.com/sdi Temperature Sensors www.national.com/tempsensors Wireless (PLL/VCO) www.national.com/wireless THE CONTENTS OF THIS DOCUMENT ARE PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION ("NATIONAL") PRODUCTS. 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I'm thinking of one-on-one conversations in which a pastor might ask this of the church member. ... Not a good idea. Do not try this. ...
1. How did you vote on that issue?
2. Are you a Democrat or Republican?
3. Will you support my political candidate?
4. Why did you not support me in that project I was pushing?
5. Have you ever committed adultery (or any number of other things)?
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6. Would you give me money? Would you lend me money?
7. How much money do you make? How much do you give?
8. If I will preach this sermon you've been asking for, will you do (something) for me?
9. Have you ever seen my wife with another man (or any of a thousand variations on that)?
10. Do you think I'm handsome? If we were not married, would you be interested in me (or anything equally horrendous)?
11. What do you think are my best assets? My strongest points? (The variations are endless: What do you like best about me? Or even, how do you feel about me?)
12. What did (someone) say about me? (Believe me, pastor, you do not ever want to know what others are saying about you!! So, please do not ask.)
Is this a foolish exercise, suggesting that pastors not do something so blatantly offensive? To those who think it is, I wish you could read my mail.
The most recent letter—it arrived this morning–told of a minister saying to a new member, "You are so beautiful I wish I were not married!"
Here is a prayer that works perfectly for those of us prone to going verbally where no one in his right-thinking mind should venture ...
"Set a guard, O Lord, over my mouth; keep watch over the door of my lips" (Psalm 141:3). And this: "Let the words of my mouth and the meditation of my heart be acceptable in Your sight, O Lord, my strength and my Redeemer" (Psalm 19:14).
If you are as prone to misspeaking as I am, you will want to join me in praying this daily. God help us all to let our speech be pure and our hearts likewise, and to work only to bless those in our charge, and never ever to use or manipulate them.
After five years as director of missions for the 100 Southern Baptist churches of metro New Orleans, Joe McKeever retired on June 1, 2009. These days, he has an office at the First Baptist Church of Kenner, where he's working on three books, and he's trying to accept every speaking/preaching invitation that comes his way.
For the original article, visit joemckeever.com.
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Great Resources to help you excel in 2019! #1 John Eckhardt's "Prayers That..." 6-Book Bundle. Prayer helps you overcome anything life throws at you. Get a FREE Bonus with this bundle. #2 Learn to walk in the fullness of your purpose and destiny by living each day with Holy Spirit. Buy a set of Life in the Spirit, get a second set FREE.

subset: commoncrawl


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Particle tracking has drawn a lot of attention as a useful tool for rheology and micro-rheology studies. 1, 2 It is a popular way to evaluate the viscoelastic properties of micro-environments such as the cell cytoplasm, cell membrane, polymer solutions, etc. For cellular studies the probing beads are inserted into the cells or attached to the membrane, under the general assumption that they do not alter the normal physiology of the cell. Alternatively, fluorescence markers can be used for particle tracking. However, the fluorescence signal is usually weak, suffers from photobleaching, and may produce phototoxicity under long term observation. Therefore, it is valuable to develop label-free methods for tracking intrinsic particles within cells. Since the cells are usually transparent, or termed as phase object, a method based on phase information is required for imaging.
Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) of cells and tissues has recently become a dynamic area of study (for a recent review, see Ref. 3). Compared to other qualitative phase imaging methods such as phase contrast and differential interference contrast, QPI has the ability to quantify the optical path-length map of a light field passing through the specimen. Due to its ability to render label-free, quantitative, and nanoscale information from live cells, a rapidly increasing number of QPI methods have been developed within the past decade or so. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 Despite all these developments, the range of QPI applications in biology has been largely limited to red blood cell imaging 18, 19, 20, 21 or assessment of global cell parameters such as dry mass, 12, 22, 23, 24, 25 average refractive index, 26, 27 and statistical parameters of tissue slices.14 In our opinion, this current limitation is due to two main reasons. First, because of the speckle generated by the high coherence of the illuminating light (typically lasers), the contrast to noise ratio in QPI images has never matched that exhibited in white light techniques such as phase contrast microscopy. Second, like all interferometric methods, the experimental arrangements tend to be rather complex, of high maintenance, which limits their in-depth biological applicability. A number of QPI-based tracking methods were reported recently. 28, 29, 30 However, in these previous reports, large beads or the cells themselves were tracked.
On the other hand, qualitative methods such as phase contrast or differential interference contrast (DIC) provide better contrast to noise ratio, but their application to intrinsic particle tracking is limited as well.
Toward this end, we have recently developed spatial light interference microscopy (SLIM) as a novel, highly sensitive QPI method, which is advantageous for enabling quantitative assessment of specimen structure and cell dynamics.31 SLIM combines Zernike's white light phase contrast microscopy which reveals the intrinsic contrast of transparent samples32 with Gabor's holography,33 by rendering quantitative phase maps across the specimen.
In this paper, we exploit the exquisite spatial sensitivity of SLIM and demonstrate that the Laplace operator can be used to reveal a high-detail quantitative phase image without gradient artifacts common to DIC microscopy. In particular, this imaging approach, termed Laplace phase microscopy (LPM), allows us to quantify intracellular transport without the typical need for exogenous contrast agents. This opens up new avenues for particle tracking, which has been largely limited to fluorescently labeled tracers.1 We show that LPM can study transport in live cells over very broad time scales, unlimited by photobleaching or photoxicity, as demonstrated by tracking organelles in hippocampal neurons and cardiomyocytes. Our measurements indicate a diffusive regime for the particle motion, from which the diffusion coefficient can be extracted quantitatively.
Experimental Setup
The experimental setup is described in detail elsewhere.34 Here we briefly review its principle of operation (Fig. 1). The SLIM module is attached to a commercial phase contrast microscope (Axio Observer Z1, Zeiss, in this case). The image outputted by the microscope is Fourier transformed by lens L 1, which essentially images the objective phase contrast ring onto the surface of a liquid crystal phase modulator (LCPM). This device can modulate the phase difference Δφ between the scattered and unscattered light in increments of π/2, i.e., Δφ = 0, π/2, π, and 3π/2. The Fourier lens L 2 completes a (folded) 4f system, such that the conjugate image plane is reconstructed at the CCD plane. By recording one intensity image for each of the four phase shifts introduced by LCPM, we render the final, quantitative phase image associated with the sample.
SLIM provides several advantages over existing techniques, including speckle-free images, which allows for spatially sensitive optical path-length measurement (0.3 nm), common path geometry that enables temporally sensitive optical path-length measurement (0.03 nm), and 3D tomographic rendering of transparent structures.31 Further, due to the broadband illumination spectrum, SLIM grants immediate potential for spectroscopic (i.e., phase dispersion) imaging. SLIM is likely to make a broad impact by implementation with existing phase contrast microscopes and overlaying with fluorescence imaging for multimodal, in-depth biological studies.
Data Analysis
Figure 2a (1) shows an example of a quantitative phase image, ϕ(x, y), of cardiomyocytes, which were obtained from 2-day old neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats (Harlan Laboratories, Inc.) using an approved protocol by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Briefly, whole hearts were excised35 in ice-cold Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS) buffer, the atria were removed, and the remaining ventricles were quartered and digested in 0.05% (w/v) trypsin (Worthington Biochemicals) with gentle rotation (4°C, 16 h). To inhibit trypsin digestion, growth media (DMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum) was added for 5 min at 37°C. After discarding the supernatant, 0.1% (w/v) purified type II collagenase (Worthington Biochemicals) was added for 45 min while rotating at 37°C. The cardiac tissue was gently triturated to mechanically loosen the cells, filtered through a cell strainer, and centrifuged at 150×g for 10 min. The cell pellet was resuspended in 37°C growth media and pre-plated for 1 h to enrich the suspension for cardiac myocytes.10.1117/1.3549204.1
We computed the LPM image [Fig. 2b and 1] via the Laplace operator
Eq. 1[TeX:] \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}\begin{equation} \nabla ^2 \phi (x,y) = \frac{{\partial ^2 \phi }}{{\partial x^2 }} + \frac{{\partial ^2 \phi }}{{\partial y^2 }}. \end{equation}\end{document}
Eq. 2[TeX:] \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}\begin{equation} \overline \nabla \phi (x,y) = \frac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial x}}{\kern 1pt} \;\widehat{\bf x} + \frac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial x}}\;\widehat{\bf y}, \end{equation}\end{document}
Figure 3 demonstrates the procedure of quantifying intracellular diffusion via LPM. LPM images of a pair of beating cardiomyocytes in culture were recorded for more than a minute at a rate of 2.6 frames/s. The speed is currently limited by our acquisition camera which has a frame limit of 11 frames/s at full resolution. The organelle diffusion coefficient D is extracted from the measured mean squared displacement (MSD) of the particles, and is defined as2
Eq. 3[TeX:] \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}\begin{equation} \Delta r^2 (\tau) = \left\langle {\left[ {x(t + \tau) - x(t)} \right]^2 + \left[ {y(t + \tau) - y(t)} \right]^2 } \right\rangle.\end{equation}\end{document}
In Eq. 3, the angular bracket stands for temporal and ensemble average. For a diffusion process, the mean squared displacement grows linearly in time, Δr 2(τ) = 2nDτ, where n indicates the dimensionality, i.e., n = 1, 2, and 3 for diffusion in 1, 2, and 3 dimensions, respectively.2 Thus, the slope of Δr 2 reveals the diffusion coefficient.
Figures 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d illustrate the tracking of a single particle within the cell. Figure 3a shows the magnified particle in the selected area of Fig. 3d. Particles are traced using an automatic algorithm implemented in Java. The tracking algorithm may lose the particle at certain frames (e.g., due to the particle going out of focus) and find the particle again in later frames. If the algorithm identifies the same particles and relinks the traces, the link (an indication of skipped frames) is in red and the trace is in yellow [e.g., red in Fig. 3a and 3]. This will not cause any problem in the calculation of MSD because it is a time and ensemble average and is not sensitive to the individual frame loss. Figures 3b and 3c show the displacement of the particle in the Y and X directions, respectively. The MSD for the specific particle shown in Fig. 3e shows no specific trend at all, as expected. It can be seen that the high frequency component of the signal is due to the cell beating. However, if we analyze all 15 particles in Fig. 3d and perform an ensemble average, the MSD is linear which clearly shows a diffusive movement, as summarized in Fig. 3f. The results demonstrate that the high-frequency beating signal is averaged out and that a linear dependence is obtained. The resulting diffusion along y is slightly smaller than along x, which might be explained by the beating signal propagation between the two cells, almost parallel to the x-axis. Note that the overall value, D = 0.14 μm2/min, obtained for the diffusion coefficient, D = (D x+D y)/2, is approximately 188 times smaller than that predicted by the Stokes–Einstein equation for a 1-μm particle diffusing in water at room temperature.39 This reduced diffusion of organelles within the cells can be understood by realizing that organelles occupy a crowded space, populated by cytoskeletal network and macromolecules, which makes the effective viscosity significantly higher than that of water.40 For comparison, we also captured the cardiomyocytes in culture with diffraction phase microscopy (DPM),41 an established laser technique for quantitative phase imaging (3). As evident in the movie, although the acquisition rate is faster, no particles can be resolved at all. It is clear that by simply applying a Laplacian operator to a laser-based quantitative phase image is not useful for tracking intrinsic particles.10.1117/1.3549204.3
Further, we applied the LPM method to vesicles in hippocampal neurites. Recently, tracking of synaptic vesicles with far-field optical nanoscopy has been demonstrated.42 Primary neuronal cultures from the postnatal rat were generated on glass bottomed dishes for imaging analysis based on the previously defined protocol. Briefly, postnatal hippocampal neurons were isolated from postnatal rats through enzymatic digestion, tissue rinse, dissociation, and centrifugation, followed by resuspension and plating in supplemented neurobasal media until imaging. Prior to imaging, neuron media was replaced with supplemented, CO2 independent media Hibernate-A.43
With the high sensitivity of SLIM, the vesicles in neurites can be resolved, as seen from Fig. 4 (4). In our samples, SLIM images were acquired at 4 frames/min. The phase map shown [Fig. 4] for the dashed line includes five temporal traces [Figs. 4a and 4b ], trace 1 is the background, 2 and 4 are two large processes, and 3 and 5 are two small processes. The optical path length changes for individual traces are shown in Fig. 4b, where the background stays very stable, and the peaks in the figure correspond to the particles in transport. Since the optical path length change corresponds to the dry mass, the heights of the bumps are indicators of the protein mass under transport. Evident from Fig. 4b (4), SLIM is sensitive enough to display the optical 10 to 20 nm path-length changes associated with particles in transport. Figure 4c is the Laplacian of the selected area in Fig. 4a. The particles with the traces are shown in Fig. 4d.10.1117/1.3549204.4
Neuronal processes demonstrate bidirectional transport of cargo (i.e., synaptic vesicle precursors, mitochondria, piccolo-bassoon transport vesicles, signaling endosomal organelles, and translation machinery) to and from the soma and distal tips. 44, 45, 46 As seen in the movie, a subset of particles exhibit a fast, directed (nondiffusive) motion. However, for our mean squared displacement analysis, we retain only particle trajectories that survive throughout the entire measurement window of 18 min. These long-time trajectories exhibit again diffusive motion, as indicated by the very strong linear dependence shown in the inset of Fig. 4e. To our knowledge, these are the first label-free diffusion measurements in neurons. As expected, the displacements parallel to the y-axis are approximately 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the x-axis displacements because the neurites are largely parallel to the x-axis. Because neurons have numerous long neurites, the surface area of a neuron far exceeds that of other cells by as much as 10 to 1000 times.47 Thus, the structure and function of the neuron has high demands on cellular resources, and the active transport of cellular resources is needed to maintain these demands. Most axonal transport velocities range between 0.5 to 5.0 μm/s.45 From our data, the directional transport velocity is about 0.5 μm/s and the diffusion coefficients D x = 6.50 μm2/min and D y = 0.046 μm2/min. Thus, the diffusion process in dendrites is largely one-dimensional, as obvious from the movie. Note that the diffusion coefficient in neurons is significantly larger than that in the heart cells, D = 0.14 μm2/min, which indicates that the transport in neurons is more active. This result is consistent with the neuronal function that involves mass transport over large distances.
In summary, we demonstrated LPM as an efficient method for revealing and tracking organelles within unstained cells such as cardiomyocytes and neurons. To our knowledge, these are the first label-free diffusion measurements in such cells. Based on the advance of spatial light interference microscopy,31 this approach may help unravel important open questions regarding intracellular transport, which modulates cell development and cell signaling. It will also facilitate the study of the viscoelastic properties of the cells. In principle, the Laplacian operator can be applied to any quantitative phase image. However, we note that this operation enhances the high-frequency noise, e.g., noise due to speckles, which may reduce the overall utility of this operation (see 3). Laplace phase microscopy, Fourier phase microscopy,9 Hilbert phase microscopy,15 and Fresnel particle tracking28 are examples of optical techniques that exploit the ability of mathematical operators (from which they borrow their names) to enhance optical imaging.
This research was supported in part by NSF CAREER 08-46660 (to G.P.) and Grainger Foundation (to G.P.). M.U.G, R.B., and G.P. are supported by the NSF-STC CBET-0939511. M.U.G. is supported by NIH grants HL 086870 and MH 085220. L.M. was supported by NIH/HD007333 Developmental Psychobiology and Neurobiology Training Grant. V.C. was supported by the NSF-STC CBET-0939511 and by a cooperative agreement that was awarded and administered by the US Army Medical Research & Materiel Command (USAMRMC) and the Telemedicine & Advanced Technology Research Center (TATRC), under Contract No. W81XWH0810701 (to R.B.).


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Walkthrough (Chapter Ten) part 4
Castlevania: Lords of Shadow Walkthrough (Chapter Ten)
- Titan Graveyard
- Fire Pinnacle
- Fire Cemetery
- Crematory Oven
Light Gem (2/2)Jump up to the now-extended arm. As you work your way to the end of the arm, the camera will pan and you'll find that you should be able to make the jump to a yet-unexplored island ahead. However, even if you make your dash-jump/double-jump combo with as much skill as possible, you'll still only barely land on a specific part of the island. Thankfully, you'll be rewarded for landing here. Directly in front of you, you'll find a dead body slumped against the rockface. Examine it for a Light Gem before exploring the rest of the island around you.
Here, you'll encounter the most difficult fight of the entire stage. Now, that's a relative statement, because it's really not actually saying that much. In addition to a plethora of Creeping Corpses here, you'll also end up doing battle with Creeping Coffins. Three of them, in fact. Use some Holy Water to clear the Creeping Corpses initially, and then begin to deal with the Creeping Coffins as they spring to life. If you're able to, try concentrating wholly on damaging a single target at a time. With three of these guys breathing down your neck, the going's tough here. But if you can whittle down their numbers, the fight will become progressively easier. Eventually, when you're able to down all three of them, the third and final Rune Fragment you were seeking should be left behind. If you're having trouble, keep in mind that you can use both Light Magic and Shadow Magic to your heart's content here. There are no other enemies to fight for the rest of the stage (save a brief encounter described below), so do what you must in order to survive.
The extended arm on the island you just cleared of enemies will allow you to easily dash-jump and double-jump back over to the previous extended arm. You can then make your way back to the back end of the half-exposed titan, using your new Rune Fragment to fully bring the titan back to life. As it groans, moans and moves around, a new conduit through the rest of the stage will be revealed. You can now move to finally finish this annoying mission immediately.
You'll now have to work your way back around to the right side of this main island, where you earlier found the Shadow Gem. When you arrive here, you'll have to fend off a few fresh Creeping Corpses, as well as a lone Skeleton Warrior. But once that's done, you're then free to begin climbing up the new hand-holds along the nearby rockface. These weren't there earlier, but now that the Titan has shifted, they can be used. Climb all the way up to the top, and use the next extension of the Titan to reach some sort of circular site ahead. As you approach it, the stage will then suddenly end.


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It is with great sadness that we report that passing of Rav Yehudah Elchonon Diskind zt"l of Flatbush, Brooklyn. Rav Diskind, who was 91, lived a long and fruitful life in which he was involved in chinuch and numerous endeavors of avodas hakodesh. Rav Diskind was longtime mechanech who served as a rebbi at the Yeshiva of Eastern parkway and Mirrer Yeshiva Ketana.
He will be remembered for his love and yedios of Torah, for his perpetual smile and good cheer, for always having a good vort and a nice word to share, and for being a devoted parent, husband and zaide.
Rav Diskind, who resided for the last decades on East 10th Street in the Flatbush community, davened in the shul of Rav Avigdor Miller zt"l, Bais Yisroel of Rugby on Ocean Parkway, becoming a true talmid of Rav Miller and imbibing the Torah and hashkafa of his great rov.
Despite his own yedios in Torah and great accomplishments, Rav Diskind was always humble and self effacing, carrying himself in a quiet, dignified manner. His middos were impeccable. He was a special individual who will be missed by those who were fortunate to know him.
Rav Diskind is survived by his devoted wife, Rebbetzin Toby, nee Zimmerman, as well as children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren who are following in the path of ahavas haTorah, kiddush Hashem and ahavas Yisroel that he forged.
His children include Mrs. Bryna Bender, wife of Rav Yaakov Bender, rosh yeshiva of Yeshiva Darchei Torah in Far Rockaway; Rav Dovid Diskind, rosh yeshiva of a Yeshiva Gedolah in Lakewood, NJ; and Rav Pesach Diskind of Canada. He is also survived by his brother, Rav Hirsch Diskind, dean emeritus of Bais Yaakov of Baltimore and son-in-law of Rav Yaakov Kamenetzky.
The levaya will be held today, at 2 p.m., at Bais Medrash Bais Yisroel, located at 1819 Ocean Parkway, between Avenues R and S, in Flatbush, Brooklyn.
The niftar will then be taken to John F. Kennedy Airport and will be flown from Cargo B, Area 23, at 4:45 p.m., to Eretz Yisroel for kevurah. The levaya in Eretz Yisroel will take place at Bais Halevayot in Givat Shaul at 3:30 p.m. and kevurah will take place on Har Hamenuchos.
May Rav Yehudah Elchonon ben Rav Pesach Diskind serve as a meilitz yosher for his entire mishpacha and all of Klal Yisroel.
Yehi zichro boruch.
{Dovid Bernstein-Matzav.com Newscenter}


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Hello friends, am sure the month of November has been awesome so far. It's very important for you to be intentional in your quest for a life of triumph.
I welcome you to another session of IGNITE SERIES., this week's series is called "APOKALUPSIS FOR SUCCESS"
" "Even if you are on the right track, if you just sit there you will get run over." – Will Rogers.
Walk along with me as I share the story of Louis Armstrong, the Jazz artist who reportedly applied to go to music school when he was a young man. At his audition he was given some music scales to sing but he could only sing the first two scales properly, hence he was told that he does not have what it takes to be a musician. Wow what a horrible experience, he cried for a while having been rejected from the music programme. But he told his friends that "I know there is music in me and they cannot keep it out". What a powerful statement, well I think you should read that line again. Louis eventually became one of the most successful jazz musicians in the world.
How did Louis Armstrong do it? He put his life into the gift he knew he had, and the gift made room for him. Well in my journey in life, I have discovered some values and attributes for success which I termed APOKALUPSIS FOR SUCCESS. Apokalupsis is a Greek word for unveiling the unknown "Revelation". Enjoy the journey.
Have you ever heard the word untapped talent or better still, unused gifts? That is what is called potential. Potentials are those gifts in you that you have not actualized and they are that persons that you are meant to become that you haven't. The truth is that a man's gift will always make room for him, but many people have refused to open their gifts. Potentials are the inherent ability of an individual. Louis determined to develop his musical talent and he did. Success answers specifically to the will power and will power is the driving force for developing potentials. A man once said "It is your potential and not your credential that takes you to the provincial palace of possibilities. Translate your potential to products.
Succeeding at once might not really showcase the value of success. But rising after a fall and standing strong is a vital part of succeeding. Consider the harmer: "it keeps its head. It doesn't fly off the handle. It keeps pounding away. It finds the point, and then drives it home. It looks at the other side, too, and thus clinches the matter. It makes mistakes, but when it does, it starts all over". There are certain lessons we must learn on our journey to the top because they are the ropes which would be used to reach the peak of the cliff. Sacrifice, diligence, determination, integrity, possibility mentality and responsibility are the prices we must possess for success.
The law of association states that you become like those with whom you spend time with. The truth is that you can never rise beyond the qualities of those closely related to you. We need to leverage on the strength of others if we desire to savour the sweet taste of success. Walk with those who have similar vision with you. Existing is one thing while living is another. The former exhibits no growth but the later exhibits growth. Living well connotes generating viable nutrients from other sources. Have determined to surround myself with only excellent-oriented people, anyone short of this quality cease to be my friend. Choosing a mentor for your self is also another way o get to the peak of the cliff faster. Isaac Newton once said "I see farther because I stand on the shoulders of those who have gone ahead of me". My association with people like Sam Adeyemi, Fela Durotoye, Bishop Oyedepo and many more has pushed me closer to my future. The most important and inevitable "personality" you need to be successful is GOD. You need to have time for Him via Reading His word and Worshipping Him and Talking to Him. Whenever a person is too busy for God, he is in a hurry to fail. He is all you need to have all your needs met.
This has been my major development strategy. Personal development is the act of subjecting oneself to an academy of intellectual, social, spiritual and character acceleration towards the accomplishment of your task. Harvey Ullman once said "anyone who stops learning is old, whether this at twenty or eighty. Anyone who keeps on learning not only remains young, but becomes constantly more valuable regardless of physical capacity" One of the biggest strategies toward self- development is a change of mind set. If you think that you can do better, you will. When you change your mind set to positive thinking, you will find that you put forth more effort into everything that you do, and you will have much better results. Accept personal responsibility for your own growth; no one can do it for you. What you do today will determine your readiness for tomorrow. Take time every day to do something for yourself. Take classes to stay current in your field of expertise. The world is changing rapidly and you must learn to manage change to avoid obsolescence. "Even if you are on the right track, if you just sit there you will get run over." Will Rogers. Very importantly, serious self-development requires constant updating of one's knowledge. This can only be achieved through cultivating a reading culture. Listening to tapes can also help in knowledge updating
Most times the challenge is not planning or having a vision. The major issue is the "will power to do" we must let our goals be time-bound, have a specific deadline for the actualization of your goals. Action delayed is success denied. Never forget the opportunities misused by you are not destroyed but transferred to someone else. Everything remains in a state of rest until a force is applied. Wishing, talking or blaming government has never made anyone wealthy. There is no room in the world for those who are slow or idle. It is not enough to have good intentions. You need to take quality steps toward your desired destination through actions. Nothing moves until you move it. The biggest risk have taken in my life is doing what doesn't seems feasible and it always end up great. CONGRATULATIONS.
I am looking forward to seeing you next week. Have a SUCCESSFUL week.
From your Coach.
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After becoming the game of the year, unfortunately, now we longer will see anymore of the game as the developer pulled since it wasn't what he programmed it for. However, in the next few hours, the game will be withdrawn. But for those who are still addictive to the game and those who couldn't download it before the game was withdrawn from Google Play Store, here is something to check out.
So, after laying your hands on Flappy Birds, and looking out to beat your own high score, you continue playing! And when you end up cheating, it ends the fun, but provides you with great bragging rights with friends.
Available at Google Play Store
Another way of going getting the game is to sign in to Google Play Store from the site. If previously, you have downloaded the game from Google Play Store, you can get the same (today) on other devices. Just navigate "M Android Apps" and scroll till you find the listing and tap. Just install it on the phone or tablet you want.
Flappy Bird Score Hacking
One needs to install EX File Explorer to comment and also get the device rooted. This needs few instructions:
- Play Flappy Bird just once.
- Close it and visit app multitasking space and just swap it away.
- Open ES File Explorer and swipe right side of the device to see the left menu. Tap "Tools" and ensure Root Explorer is switched on.
- Open "Local" line item and select "Device". you enter the root of the system from where you have to start.
- Swipe away the left menu, tap the "data" folder. Look for another "data" named folder and open it.
- Find the "com.dotgears.flappy and tap open it.
- Enter the "shared_prefs" folder and open FlappyBird.xml file. Select ES Note Editor from the choices available.
- Select Edit by choosing the 3 dots.
- · Change the 4th line. Set the <int name="score" value ="your_shitty_score" /> to something like <int name="score" value ="999999″ />. Don't set a low number to fool others.
- · After changing save the file.
- Close ES File explorer and tap open Flappy Bird till you die and see a new high score for you


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First Chapter First Paragraph Tuesday Intros:
The Escape Room by Megan Goldin
Every Tuesday I host First Chapter First Paragraph Tuesday Intros sharing the first paragraph or two of a book that I'm reading or plan to read soon
Feel free to join in by posting your own FCFPTI and linking below
The Escape Room by Megan Goldin
It was Miguel who called 911at 4:07A.M. on an icy Sunday morning. The young security guard spoke in an unsteady voice, fear disguised by cocky nonchalance.
Miguel had been an apiring bodybuilder until he injured his back lifting boxes in a warehouse job and had to take night-shift work gaurding a luxury office tower in the final stages of construction. He had a muscular physique, dark hair, and a cleft in his chin.
He was conducting a cursory inspection when a scream rang out. At first, he didn't hear a thing. Hip-hop music blasted through the oversize headphones he wore as he swept his flashlight across the dark recesses of the lobby.
12 Responses to "First Chapter First Paragraph Tuesday Intros:
The Escape Room by Megan Goldin"
Sounds intriguing!
I have this one on my Kindle. It looks good.
This one is on my TBR list Vicki. Sounds good!
Definitely yes!
I've read this and really enjoyed it. Have posted my review on my blog too.
Hope you enjoy it as much as I did!
Going to put it on my TBR list!


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The 2018-2019 CAU Panther Newspaper team brings home the 2019 2nd place Best Overall Newspaper award from the 68th Annual Southern Regional Press Institute (SRPI) at Savannah State University.
2019 also marks the year of faculty advisor for the CAU Panther newspaper, Professor James McJunkins' induction into the 68th Annual SRPI Hall of Fame.
From Feb. 28 to Mar. 1, the conference united students with an interest in journalism and mass media from colleges, universities and local high schools varying in size to the theme of "Diversity in the Media: Grading the Media's Effort to be Inclusive of All Voices."
Students had the opportunity to participate in Skill Building and Professional Development workshops such as: Digital Media Academy I, Gender and Ethnic Diversity in News writing, and the Arena of Public Relations to name a few.
SRPI has been impacting minds and developing renowned African-American journalists since 1951. According to the Southern Regional Press Institute's website, "It is the third oldest scholastic journalism institute founded at a historically black college and university (HBCU) after the establishment of press associations at Florida A&M University (1950) and Lincoln University, Missouri (1949)."
Keynote speakers included Emmy nominated producer Natalie Bullock Brown and Tatia Adams Fox, vice president for global partnerships for Nickelodeon. Collectively they shared personal insight on diversifying media while charging students to become the next diverse voice in the media today.


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Jurassic World scores biggest box office opening in history.
Seattle's gay mayor Ed Murray rejects calls to boycott Israel, saying "I encourage any country that supports LGBT people."
Nutty evangelist continues to claim he has the cure to the "mental illness" of homosexuality.
Katherine Waterston has been cast as the female lead role in the upcoming Harry Potter spin-off Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them starring Eddie Redmayne.
Dancer James Jordan speaks out against same-sex dancing pairs on BBC dancing competition Strictly Come Dancing. "If they want to, go and do their own competitions, but ballroom dancing is about a man dancing with a woman – that's fact."
Martin O'Malley looks like a strong contender for the 2016 Swimsuit Contest.
Think Progress picks apart the Southern Baptist Convention's new plan to avoid future LGBT rights laws by pretending receptionists are "ministers."
Google has axed Chrome's unpopular new bookmark manager.
Male model Monday: Jarrod Scott.
Janet Jackson announces new world tour Unbreakable.
Rachel Dolezal resigns as president of the NAACP's Spokane chapter.
Seth MacFarlane deflects question about his 2009 Caitlyn Jenner Family Guy prediction. "Once the outrage industry shuts down, I will be happy to have an adult conversation about all of this stuff anytime anyone wants, but, even though I'm on the side of support, I just don't think there's any way to … you just got to play it safe because the climate is just too charged. Anything I say can and will be used against me."
Chris Pratt has already signed on for the Jurassic World sequel.
Florida man captures photo of raccoon riding alligator.
The Washington Post's Jonathan Capehart on the difference between Rachel Dolezal and Caitlyn Jenner.
Hillary Clinton releases her official 2016 playlist on Spotify.
Supreme Court rejects North Carolina's abortion ultrasound law.


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Surgery Seen as Superior to Radiation Therapy in Younger Men with High-risk Prostate Cancer, Study Finds
Men under age 60 with high-risk prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy — or surgery to remove all or part of the prostate — as an initial treatment showed significantly improved overall survival at four years than those given radiation therapy, a study found. Researchers used the National Cancer Database to analyze 16,944 high-risk prostate cancer patients, age 59 or younger, who had Gleason scores of 8 to 10 with no metastasis or nodal involvement. The study included data collected between 2004 and 2013. Of the study population, 12,155 men had radical prostatectomy, and 4,789 had external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) — alone or in combination with brachytherapy — as a first therapy. In 82.5 percent of radiation-treated patients, hormone therapy was also used. Post-operative radiation therapy was given 17.2% of those who had a radical prostatectomy. After a median 50-month follow-up, statistical modeling was used to determine differences in overall survival between the two groups, and found a significant 48 percent improvement in those who underwent surgery. The estimated survival rate at eight years was also higher in this group, 85.1 percent versus 74.9 percent, respectively. "When a younger man has high-risk prostate cancer, it generally makes sense to choose surgery over radiation," David Samadi, a prostate cancer surgeon and urologic oncologist, said in a press release. "Radical prostate


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Inspiring Pinterest
My art is inspired my beautiful imagery luke this. The dark and light, muted colors, texture, layers. I love it all. What inspires you? Leave me a comment below.
February 7, 2018
I'm inspired by decay and the patinas that come from the passage of time. Rust, torn paper and fabric, layers and peeling paint, stuff like that.
February 7, 2018
Yes, thanks Kati, those are good ones, decay, patina, rust, worn, even stains. Any wear that shows aging of an item. I love it.


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Reviews for Vemdalen
Read skier and snowboarder-submitted reviews on Vemdalen that rank the ski resort and mountain town on a scale of one to five stars for attributes such as terrain, nightlife and family friendliness. See how Vemdalen stacks up in the reviews, on and off the slopes, from skiing and family activities to the après scene. Read up on pros, cons and other comments in reviews left by fellow skiers and riders. Don't forget to submit your own Vemdalen review! Scroll to the bottom of this page to let other travelers know about your skiing and resort experience. For more destination information, click Add to Compare to see a side-by-side comparison of Vemdalen vs. other ski resorts (up to 10 total).
Gallery: Vemdalen
Scandinavia's Fastest Lift Yet Coming To Björnrike
Sweden's biggest express lift, the Grizzly Express, is currently being built in the Björnrike ski area and is due to open 26 December ...


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This suite of programs is geared towards enabling a sense of personal agency and a positive impact on the self and others. Through experience-based learning that includes virtual courses and a coaching certification, participants will gain a deeper understanding in not only what Emotional Intelligence (EI) consists of, but also how it applies to our daily lives in real time. Currently, two programs are available, with more in the works, in the months to come.
Daniel Goleman Emotional Intelligence Coaching Certification
This is an in-depth program, akin to a professional degree, designed for those who are interested in coaching others in Emotional Intelligence.
Students will attend two in-person residences and will have access to a practice-based, online learning journey for developing your own EI, you will gain meaningful new insights through one-on-one guidance from a Meta-Coach, peer-to-peer coaching, and a coaching practicum.
Graduates will also receive the credentials of Emotional Intelligence Certified Practitioner (EICP) or Emotional Intelligence Certified Coach (EICC), depending on how you decide to apply what you've learned to your coaching practice.
Individual EI Coaching
The Daniel Goleman Emotional Intelligence coaching program is a journal-based learning experience designed to provide you with the opportunity to develop Emotional Intelligence (EI) while getting coached and utilizing these skills in your own life.
The applied, online learning journey has three key components designed to help you form new, emotionally-intelligent habits over the course of the 12 or 24-week coaching engagement:
- Learn: Practical explanations and examples of EI, delivered as an article or video, aimed at developing your proficiency in the Foundational and Relationship Skills of EI.
- Apply: An immediate application of what you have learned in each lesson that provides you with a suite of tools and micro-techniques to apply to your daily life at work and at home.
- Reflect & Journal: Building Self-Awareness is the cornerstone of our model. A daily journal creates an archive of your thinking and your mindset, allowing both coach and client to spot counterproductive habits of mind and pinpoint practical strategies to work with whatever may be standing in the way of your success.
This model makes it possible to develop Emotional Intelligence in a lasting way. It gives you a practical framework to practice each new skill you learn about, which is key to building any new habit.
With the guidance of a coach, you will go through a 12 or 24 week program of online learning, coupled with 1:1 coaching sessions every other week.
Take advantage of a limited opportunity to develop your Emotional Intelligence with one of our Coaches-in-Training! This Practicum is the final stage of their intensive training in the Daniel Goleman Emotional Intelligence Coaching Certification (EICC).
Feel free to contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com with any questions you may have.
To receive updates about these programs, as well as the latest articles exploring these concepts, sign-up for our newsletter below.
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Hull: Beating Giants not "just another win" for Dallas
Jason Garrett, Dak Prescott and the Dallas Cowboys can say all the right things can play it down as much as they'd like, but it's hard to believe Sunday night's season-opening win against the rival New York Giants didn't mean a little more than they're leading on.
The Cowboys didn't just beat the Giants, they humiliated the team that beat them twice a season ago. New York never appeared to be in the game during a 19-3 loss.
The Giants' offense hardly looked like a threat, and other than a few plays by All-Pro defensive end Jason Pierre-Paul, the Cowboys hindered themselves more than the Giants defense.
It probably didn't make for entertaining TV for anyone other than Cowboys fans, but no one representing the star is complaining about winning a low-scoring game short on drama.
"To be honest, we don't really get caught up in all that," Garrett said when asked if the Cowboys put a little more importance on beating the Giants. "We've got to go to work every day and try to be the best football team we can be. We recognize how good a football team they are, the challenge they present, but we're really focused on us."
The Cowboys were successful in all three phases of the game. Every Giants drive at best began at their own 25-yard line. Four drives started inside their own 10.
Prescott has been more efficient, but didn't make any costly mistakes. Ezekiel Elliott shook off the distractions of his battle with Roger Goodell and the NFL to rush for 104 yards on 24 carries.
Cole Beasley provided an all-time great highlight with a unique behind-the-neck reception, which might have provided the most dramatic moment of an otherwise nontheatrical game.
All of that pales in comparison to the Cowboys' defensive effort.
The Giants were held to just 35 rushing yards, averaging 2.9 yards per carry. Eli Manning appeared flustered throughout the night, despite completing 29 of 38 passes mostly under duress. A majority of his completions were insignificant and he totaled just 220 yards.
Of course, the most important defensive stat is three, as in number of points the Giants scored.
"Ultimately you're measure by how many points you give up," Garrett said. "They've got a lot of weapons on that offense and the quarterback is outstanding. So for us to do that against that offense, I thought that was impressive."
It was the best and most consistent pass-rushing performance the Cowboys have delivered in recent memory.
DeMarcus Lawrence was the biggest factor on the defensive line. Finally fully healthy, Lawrence got up close and personal with Manning, sacking him twice and regularly making his presence known. Lawrence had just one sack all of last season.
"You've got to be happy for DeMarcus," Cowboys owner Jerry Jones said. "His road has not been easy.(Defensive coordinator) Rod Marinelli has done an outstanding job and got him ready to go. There is no question that he is the player that we hoped for when we drafted him. … He's putting it all together."
The Giants offensive line isn't good, but this level of consistent pressure has been unheard of against the most pedestrian of linemen.
The Giants were also without Odell Beckham, who sat out with a high-ankle sprain. Beckham gained a lot of momentum in his upcoming contract negotiations with the team.
They had the lowest scoring offense among NFC playoff teams last season, and that was with Beckham. It's obviously worse without him.
The Cowboys weren't expected to have the season they did a year ago, not with a rookie quarterback leading the offense. Those expectations were obviously greater for 2017.
And for anyone expecting a sophomore slump for Prescott, he's already done something he couldn't do as a rookie – beat the New York Giants.


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Don't let your luggage get swallowed up in the sea of look-alikes. Now it will stand out with the RDU luggage tag – bright and unique for swift identification, easily and securely attaches to the handle of your luggage, and includes I.D. tag to stake your claim. Hand cut dot pattern, vinyl, webbing loop. The RDU is 5.25" high x 2.75" wide with a 6.5" loop.
Looking for a different color combination? Visit our Custom App to design your very own RDU.


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Sarah Slattery compiles a list of the top Travel Trade Deals from trade partners, including airlines' seat sales, special offers from tour operators, hotel deals from bed banks, and the latest cruise deals.
Celebrity Cruises is offering flights and transfers for €99 on selected cruises. Highlights include a 12-night Greek Isles and Mediterranean cruise onboard Celebrity Constellation, on 31st May for €1,447 per person. Price includes upgrade to an oceanview stateroom and free drinks package.
Royal Caribbean International is offering a seven-day Caribbean cruise onboard Freedom of the Seas for €1,379 on 4th September. Price includes flights from Dublin and free drinks package.
Falcon Holiday's Tenerife winter offers include seven nights in the Tamaimo Tropical from €288 and all-inclusive in the Punta del Rey from €382 on 26th February.
Sunway is offering seven nights in the Reethi Beach Resort, Maldives, from €1,399 on 11th May. Price includes flights, transfers and taxes.
Classic Resorts is offering a nine-night holiday to South Africa for €1,459 per person travelling between 1st May – 30th June. Price includes 4-star and 5-star hotels in Cape Town, the Winelands, the Garden Route and a game reserve.
Topflight is offering seven nights in the 5-star Princesa Yaiza Hotel, Lanzarote, for €929 per person on 14th May.
BookaBed is offering a 10% discount on Disney area private homes if booked by 28th January. Prices from €10 per person per night or €17 per person per night to upgrade to luxury private homes. Price based on 6-8 sharing for arrivals in April.
Lowcostbeds has the following all-inclusive family prices based on two adults and one child on 25th June: Salou: HTOP Molinos Park Hotel, 3-star AI, from €28; Majorca: Cala D'Or, Ariel Chico Club, 3-star AI, from €31; Gran Canaria: San Augustin, IFA Interclub Atlantic, 3-star AI, from €26; Lanzarote: Costa Teguise, Blue Sea Costa Teguise Gardens, 3-star AI, from €28. Prices are per person per night for seven nights.
Ethiopian Airlines is offering fights to Los Angeles direct from €494 and Cape Town from €482 return. Prices include taxes and two 23kg checked-in bags.
Delta Air Lines is offering Business Class fares to New York on its direct service for €979 per person during July and August, and Orlando for €1,055. Book by 2nd February.
British Airways' seat sale is across all cabins. Highlights include the Club World Sale, with Las Vegas from €779, Miami from €724 and New York from €679. Prices exclude taxes. Book by 2nd February for selected dates from 4th January – 30th November 2016.
Air Transat's New Year's seat sale includes Dublin to Canada from €213 one-way and from €450 return. Book between 8th January and 1st February for travel on selected flights from April to October 2016.


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Simply lean back and let the Ayanna Nuvella low leg recliner deliver supportive comfort in modern style. This chair's press-back self-reclining motion lets you gently recline your seat and boost your legs, while pushing back in the seat. Upholstered in smooth white polyester fabric, cushioned back and seat cradle your body as a contemporary vibe is realized.
Showroom4502 E. 13th St.Wichita, KS 67208
Main Distribution Center9100 E. 34th St.Wichita, KS 67226


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:: Tackling the Global Opioid Crisis at the Fall 2018 Model UN Training Conference
19 November 2018
Tackling the Global Opioid Crisis at the Fall 2018 Model UN Training Conference
On November 15, 2018, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) hosted the 13th Annual Fall Model UN Training Conference. The United Nations Association of the National Capital Area (UNA-NCA) has been partnering with PAHO, the Latin American branch of the World Health Organization, for almost 16 years now. Each fall, we have hosted a Training Conference where several hundred students act as country delegates to discuss current issues and gain experience in Model United Nations.
Thank you to all of the UNA-NCA staffers and volunteers who helped us create this amazing event!
Over the course of the day-long conference, the students came together to discuss the Global Opioid Crisis. While we were expecting more schools this fall, the unexpected snow weather prevented several registered schools from attending the conference. However, we were lucky to have five schools (three from DC and two from Maryland) participate in the conference, with 78 students who represented 29 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO). This year we also welcomed three teachers from schools in Maryland and North Carolina who are starting new Model UN clubs.
The conference showcased the important work of the WHO, as well as the diversity of issue surrounding opioids around the world. According to the CDC, opioids are a class of drugs used to reduce pain. Opioids range from prescriptions, such as Oxycontin and Hydrocodone, to illicit drugs such as Heroin, and are considered to have very strong addictive properties. The day began with a welcome from Paula Boland, the Executive Director of UNA-NCA. She was followed by the keynote speaker Dr. Meg O'Brien, PhD. Dr. O'Brien is currently serving as the Managing Director of Global Cancer Treatment at the American Cancer Society. She leads the American Cancer Society's international efforts to improve access to high-quality cancer treatment, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and pain relief. Before coming to the American Cancer Society, she was the Research Director of the Consortium for Strategic HIV Operations Research at the Clinton Health Access Initiative and worked for three years in HIV treatment clinics in Tanzania for the Harvard School of Public Health.
Following the opening ceremonies, students began the WHO committee session to discuss how to best address the Global Opioid Crisis from the country's perspective that they were representing. Students learned about the key role of WHO in leading international action to address the Global Opioid Crisis and to solve the many issues surrounding the crisis around the globe. Many Americans may be familiar with the epidemic happening in our own country, but the easy availability of opioids have caused the increase in misuse and deaths that lead to worldwide crisis. In addition, many countries are extremely restrictive with life-saving pain medication, and suffer from too little access.
The second half of the day focused on writing their resolutions. In Model UN and the real United Nations, resolutions are summaries or recommendations of what countries would like to do in order to resolve an issue or crisis. To do this in the training conference committee, students had to engage in international conversations and hone their writing, negotiation, and public speaking skills. The conference concluded with the delegates presenting their joint solutions to address the Global Opioid Crisis around the world.
By the end of the day, students had passed one resolution, and had worked together effectively to brainstorm solutions such as setting up clinics, training doctors, supporting rehabilitation, creating laws to prevent illegal opioid trade, and more.
Global Classrooms DC (GCDC)
is the flagship education program of UNA-NCA. With the collaboration of partners, GCDC creates year-long curriculum for students who care about their global and local communities by cultivating an international perspective, understand the UN system, and interact with other students from diverse backgrounds. It is an opportunity for students to become more active local and global citizens by being exposed to larger issues and different people.
The Global Classrooms DC Fall Model UN Training Conference is implemented by the United Nations Association of the National Capital Area, which is a chapter of UNA-USA. Global Classrooms DC also has a year-round program that offers reduced-cost global education curriculum.
For more information,
visit our website
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Strong anti-microbial
Tea tree belongs in every home pharmacy and travel kit. It treats most bacterial infections, especially urinary tract infections while being very gentle.
Parts: LeavesOrigin: AustraliaQuality: Not OrganicBotanical: Melaleuca alternifolia
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These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.


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Online ISSN : 2319-7706
Issues : 12 per year
Publisher : Excellent Publishers
Email : firstname.lastname@example.com / email@example.com
Editor-in-chief: Dr.M.Prakash
Index Copernicus ICV 2018: 95.39
The present piece of research work was carried out at the field of Dryland (Karewa) Agricultural Research Station, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir during kharif 2017 to determine the effect of planting density and nutrient management practices on the performance of maize hybrids. The experiment comprised of three factors with two maize hybrids viz. Kanchan-101 and Bio-605 as main-plot treatments and two plant geometries viz. 60×20 cm (83,000 plants ha-1), 60×15 cm (1,11,111 plants ha-1) and three nutrient management practices viz. RDF (Recommended Dose of Fertilizers), SSNM (Site Specific Nutrient Management) and FP (Farmers Practice) as sub-plot treatments replicated thrice The results of the experiment revealed that highest plant height, leaf area index was found higher with plant population of 1, 11,111 plants ha-1 However, highest functional leaves plant-1 was found higher with plant population of 83,000 plants ha-1. The results showed that balanced fertilization of maize crop involving nutrient combinations of N, P and K applied as per Site Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) recommendation most effectively enhanced growth parameters viz., plant height, functional leaves, chlorophyll content and leaf area index. From present study it can be concluded that maize hybrid Bio-605 under 60×20 cm spacing (83,000 plants ha-1) with Site Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) found better suited for temperate conditions of Kashmir as it gave the higher gross profit (164770 ha-1), net return (112132 ha-1) and B C ratio (2.13).


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3D Systems (NYSE:DDD) announced today that its FreshFiber products will be on display together with PRO Technology at GITEX Technology Week, October 14-18, 2012 at the Dubai International Conference and Exhibition Centre.
The company will debut its new blockbuster iPhone® 5 case designs and one-of-a-kind 3D printed smart phone and tablet cover collection to 138,000 GITEX attendees. Leading with a stunning range of 3D printed accessories that decorate and protect consumer electronics devices, visitors will experience personalization onsite and in PRO Technology retail outlets following GITEX. 3D Systems will also present its award winning Cube®, the world's first easy to use, 'plug in and print' 3D printer designed exclusively for the consumer.
"We are excited to be part of this important electronics industry event to showcase our latest works of 3D printed art," said Christian Dijkhof, Managing Director, FreshFiber, 3D Systems. "The GITEX exhibition is the perfect venue to demonstrate the amazing potential that 3D printed, personalized accessories have to offer. Our goal is simple: we intend to deliver the power of 3D content-to-print to our global audience in fun and impactful ways."
Launched in 1981, GITEX is the ICT business gateway to the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia Region. GITEX continually identifies the hottest global IT trends and incubates these into the event either as new sectors or conference programs. The industry focus of GITEX has enabled new companies to participate in identified trends as well as giving visitors the opportunity to engage, learn and implement the advances in the industry.
For more information, visit: www.gitex.com


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Nathan SykesOver And Over Again
2016-01-28 19:20:03
can you send me the link to download the Remixes it was removed or where did u get them?
Hey guys, we have to remove it from the site… but you can get it here http://www.sharebeast.com/18aqmxo4w359
How about the WAV's, where can they be found? 🙂
WAVs: http://t.co/LIzbzHIr7X
GertBertcome back to the post to find out
dirrtyremixes GertBertThanks a lot! Though, I can't download files over 500 MB. Could you please split it into two files? 😛
Visit the comments section!
dirrtyremixes GertBertFantastic! Lots of thanks. 😀
DAVE AUDE remix!
can you upload the Taito Tikaro & Flavio Zarza Radio Ibizious Rmx in WAV you have missed it out
Muito bom este remix… Eu toco no Samba Caffee, no centro e esta música está entre as melhores da billboard parada Eletronic Dance!
links deleted?
website apparently dead?
xq no se pueden bajar el resto de los remixes????????
uuuuuhh GRACIAS GABRIEL!!!!!!!!!!!!!….NO SE COMO HICISTE PERO ES COMO QUE SE ACTIVARON LOS LINKS Y PUDE BAJAR TODAS LAS VERSIONES…SOLO TENIA ACCESO AL DE DAVE AUDE…MUCHAS GRACIAS QUERIDO…ABRAZON ENORME!!!
Royksopp - Do It Again (and Robyn) remixes. Listen and stream remixes of Do It Again for free! Free streaming is available for Do It Again official remixes, promotional mixes and also unofficial and bootleg remixes. High Quality MP3 (320kbps) and WAV (1411 or 2116kbps) are available for downloads.
If you like Do It Again from Royksopp, do check out tons of other Royksopp remixes here.
dirrtyremixes.com has the latest, newest, and the most exclusive house remixes from all over the world and has been the number #1 destination for all DJs, remixers and remix lovers everywhere. These mixes are also available on itunes, beatport, sharebeast.com, zippyshare.com, filesharing site, filetube.com, filemonster, soundcloud, audiomack, mixcloud, yousendit, sfshare, nitroflare, filediva, rapidshare, rapidsharesearch, turbobit, youtube.