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Why Huntsman and Louisiana-Pacific Earn Top Values in Materials SectorMoneyShow Follow |
In a back-test to 1994 using S&P 1500 materials stocks, the Value score worked far better than any other category in our Quadrix rating system, observes Richard Moroney, quantitative expert and editor of the small and mid-cap specialty service, Upside.
Materials stocks have unusually strong operating momentum, with 12-month earnings per share up an average of 11% and sales up 12%. The sector has averaged 12-month growth of 3% for both profits and sales over the past decade.
Huntsman (HUN) (HUN) reported March-quarter earnings per share of $0.96 excluding special items, above the $0.45 earned in the year-ago quarter and the consensus of $0.80. Revenue climbed 19% to $2.30 billion, also ahead of analysts' expectations. Growth benefited from higher prices, up about 6%, and volumes, up 9%.
Operating cash flow from continuing operations surged 59% to $111 million. A diversified-chemical maker, Huntsman expanded rapidly in the 1980s by acquiring low-margin petrochemical plants at deeply discounted prices.
Huntsman returned to its acquisitive roots in April by completing the $350 million acquisition of Demilec, a maker of spray polyurethane foam insulation systems with annual revenue of about $170 million. The all-cash deal was first announced in March. Yielding 2.2%, Huntsman is a Buy.
Louisiana-Pacific (LPX) (LPX) shares have rallied 7% in 2018, lifted by continued growth in the U.S. homebuilding and remodeling markets. Better yet, upward revisions to the consensus 2018 profit estimate have outpaced the robust share-price momentum.
The consensus now targets per-share profits of $2.64 for the year, implying 13% growth and up from the $2.14 expected just three months ago.
Yet the stock still looks cheap, earning a Value score of 92. Shares trade at just 10 times estimated 2018 earnings, a 36% discount to the median materials stock in the S&P 1500 Index and lower than 86% of stocks in our research universe.
Set to announce March-quarter results on May 7, Louisiana-Pacific is expected to report that earnings per share doubled to $0.66 on revenue of $691 million, up 13%. Louisiana-Pacific makes oriented strand board, siding, and engineered wood products. The stock is rated Best Buy.
Richard Moroney is editor of Upside.
Subscribe to Richard Moroney's Upside here…
About MoneyShow.com: Founded in 1981, MoneyShow is a privately held financial media company headquartered in Sarasota, Florida. As a global network of investing and trading education, MoneyShow presents an extensive agenda of live and online events that attract over 75,000 investors, traders and financial advisors around the world.
DISCLOSURE: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors, and do not necessarily represent the views of equities.com. Readers should not consider statements made by the author as formal recommendations and should consult their financial advisor before making any investment decisions. To read our full disclosure, please go to: http://www.equities.com/disclaimer.
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Extracted unofficial translation by Signalfire
On this March 17th, the exploited working masses with a high level of awareness once again carried out a combative mobilization against the fascist reformist and corporatist regime of the Alianza País.
The deep crisis of Correa's regime, is not as he claims,due to low oil prices in the international market, but because of the crisis of bureaucratic capitalism, the structural weakness of the economy and policy of the country which today blatantly and cruelly shows its face: The increase of unemployment: 6 out of ten Ecuadorians do not work or if they do they are underemployed, informality, super-exploitation, wages below the subsistence minimum, etc. High cost of living, high levels of popular indebtedness unconventional financing (usury), anguish and despair in the homes of the people at the inability to reproduce their labor power or to reach the most basic decent living conditions. Criminalization of popular protest and organization, and as if that were not enough, the reduction of the minimum wage (a basic basket of $ 700) overlapping with a reduction in working hours.
Few regimes have worked this well on the basis of imperialism. Few regimes have worked for the benefit of the big bourgeoisie as well as that of Rafael Correa. The reconstruction of the old state, in order to somewhat invigorate bureaucratic capitalism demanded a government of this type, if it is true it has had paternalist behavior, carried out work of visual impact to the masses, etc., it has first of all strengthened the capacity of the classes who hold power to put the burden of the crisis of the state onto the shoulders of the majority.
But to every step of regime fascism, the masses also give their response. We are improving our level of organization. We will strengthen the class line within the trade union movement….
In the city of Ibarra, the Front for the Defense of the Workers of Imbabura carried out a important and massive mobilization, showing its rejection and condemnation of the regime and the latest measures formulated in the new labor law.
But what makes this different from other mobilizations? A lot. First, because the march led by conscious workers expressed the clearest class independence in its organization, in in its demands, and above all in its political and ideological line…

subset: commoncrawl


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Exciting news. Our app has a new name – Healthily. Learn more
People who suffer night sweats will typically wake in the night to find their bedclothes and bedding drenched, even if their bedroom temperature is cool. This abnormal sweating is annoying, but usually harmless.
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The medical term for night sweats is nocturnal hyperhidrosis, which literally means 'night-time excessive sweating'.
The main conditions and medications that can cause night sweats are summarised below, although it should be noted that many of these conditions would cause other more specific symptoms as well:
There may not be an identifiable cause for your night sweats, and it may just be an annoyance that happens every now and then. When the cause is not known, it is referred to as idiopathic hyperhidrosis.
Important: Our website provides useful information but is not a substitute for medical advice. You should always seek the advice of your doctor when making decisions about your health.


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Radiation or Prostatectomy First-Does it Matter?
Mar 15th, 2013 by John
Patients will often choose to have their prostate removed for prostate cancer because, " I can always have radiation after having the prostate removed but not vice versa." True...but does it matter. In this podcast some of the caveats of this very nuanced disease as it pertains to this line of reasoning and whether it matters or not is discussed by Dr. John McHugh a prostate cancer survivor and author of "The Decision" which is in the top five for paperback and Kindle on Amazon.com for the subject of prostate cancer. He was also chosen as the number one Online Influencer for Prostate Cancer by Sharecare Now for 2012.


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The US-backed Saudi-led coalition intensified air strikes on Yemen early on Wednesday as the armed Houthi movement tightened its grip on the capital after the death of former president Ali Abdullah Saleh, who switched sides in the civil war.
Saudi Arabia and its allies launched dozens of raids on Houthi positions in Sanaa and nearby provinces, a day after Saleh's son vowed to take revenge, Reuters reported.
Yemen's pro-Houthi Al Masirah television station said the coalition bombed Saleh's residence and other houses of his family members which are now controlled by the Houthis. Airstrikes also hit northern provinces including Taiz, Haja, Midi and Saada, it added. The intervention by Ahmed Ali, a former leader of the elite Republican Guard once seen as a successor to his father, provided the anti-Houthi movement with a potential figurehead after a week of fighting that saw the Houthis rout Saleh's supporters.
Political sources said the Houthis had arrested dozens of Saleh's allies and army officers affiliated with his party in and around the city. Several had been killed in the raids.
Saleh had helped the Houthis win control of much of the north, including Sanaa, and his decision to switch allegiance and abandon the Houthis in the past week was the most dramatic change in three years of stalemated war.


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Your Gift. Your Impact.
Thank you for inspiring life-defining moments at The College of Wooster by making a gift to The Wooster Fund this academic year!
My name is Austrella, and I am a junior at the College. Thanks to you, I am one of the 2,000 students who have the opportunity to experience defining Wooster moments every day. I believe my activities and experiences at Wooster have shaped me into the young woman I hoped I would be. Starting as a first-year, I became involved with many student groups on campus, and while my free time is limited, my leadership inside and outside of the classroom has led me to my defining Wooster moment.This past summer, I was an intern at an immigration law firm in New York City. I spent my time organizing Naturalization Clinics to help people get on the path to receiving their citizenship and I met clients regarding their immigration cases. This experience defined my desire to be an immigration attorney in the future.Because of your gift to The Wooster Fund, YOU are a part of my defining Wooster moment. Your investment is providing opportunities for me to become a leader and a critical thinker. Thank you!
Other Wooster Moments, Made Possible By YOU!
The Wooster Fund Supports Mentored Undergraduate Research
At many schools, having a mentored research experience in undergraduate school is considered unique, but not at Wooster!
The mentorship experience starts from the moment each Wooster student sets foot on campus during their first year. This was no different for Presely Feezell '19, an Art History and Anthropology double-major. "I think what defined my career at Wooster were the professors. Specifically, Professor Cosgriff in Art History and Professor Kardulias in Anthropology." Presley "fell into" both her Anthropology and Art History majors after taking classes with the two professors. She kept signing up for classes they were teaching because she wanted to learn more from each of them. From there, she connected and developed a relationship with the two of them, past just being a student in their classroom. During her senior year, Presley pursued her Independent Study with Professor Cosgriff and Professor Kardulias as her advisors. "They were always there for me. They shaped my academic career, 100 percent. The I.S. experience is personal, but academically driven. You really get to know them and they really get to know you. That is one thing that I feel like I will always talk about when it comes to my Wooster experience," Presley said. Thanks to you and your support of The Wooster Fund, the majority of our students have a story like Presley's. With your help and loyalty, Wooster continues to foster an environment where students create close bonds with their professors and experience the power of having a mentored undergraduate research experience.
The Wooster Fund Supports Campus Life
Meet Carlos Mejia '19 from San Diego, CA. His campus involvement included: The Future Alumni Network, Proyecto Latino (or OLAS), Club Soccer, Delta Chi Delta, Resident Assistant, Let's Taco About It, NSSHLA, WFEA, and he worked as a Research Assistant."I have loved my time here at Wooster, and I am grateful for the experiences I have made. I will never get tired of explaining why I choose to move to Wooster when people realize I am from San Diego, California. Being part of Campus Life enhances my Wooster experience. it's been [a] journey... seeing myself as a leader but I think it's pushed me to be there for other people. I don't feel like I would have done that anywhere else but here just because of how open people are to new ideas. Wooster really has helped get me where I am today because there have been people who have been cheering me on for quite some time." When you make a gift to The Wooster Fund, you enable even more students to take advantage of all of the opportunities Wooster has to offer. Thank you for your support of our students!
The Wooster Fund Supports Experiential Learning
The Princeton Review's Best 382 Colleges says, "Mentoring is a huge focal point of Wooster's academics, and the resources are endless for those looking to take advantage of things like numerous opportunities for research and internships." Wooster is ranked in the top 10 in their Best Schools for Internships, Most Accessible Professors, and Students Study the Most lists, and also featured in Colleges That Pay You Back.
Haylee Maude '19, was a fellow with APEX (Advising, Planning, and Experiential Learning) at Jubilee Arts in Baltimore, MD. In Haylee's words, here is why your support of The Wooster Fund has made such an impact on her Wooster experience.
"Experiential learning is extremely important because it allows the opportunity to take the skills acquired within the classroom and apply them to the 'real world.' As an education student, the only way to truly learn how to teach effectively is by practicing on real people, hence why it is so important to me. Although I majored in English, I absolutely love art, and it is something I have always been good at. The prospect of working with professional artists to paint murals was an incredible opportunity that I could not pass up...Jubilee is an incredible organization and I was excited to witness all that went on behind the scenes."
When asked why this opportunity was important to her, Haylee responded, "This internship was an extremely important part of my Wooster experience, and I would not have been able to do it without the financial support. It reinforced my plans for the future and increased my confidence in teaching in urban areas. It was my one opportunity to work in an art-related field before I graduate, and for that, I am extremely grateful."
Thank you for your investment in The Wooster Fund - you make these formative experiences possible for students.
The Wooster Fund Supports Financial Aid
Paulo Nunes '20, is a perfect example of the importance of your loyal, collective giving.
Paulo is from nearby Apple Creek, Ohio. Gifts to The Wooster Fund support Financial Aid and allowed Paulo his dream of attending Wooster. Financial Aid has made his Wooster experience possible. Paulo recalls, "When searching for colleges I always dreamed of staying close to home and attending The College of Wooster, but because of the cost of tuition, didn't have any real intentions of enrolling, despite Wooster being my #1 choice. I applied to numerous colleges that had lower "sticker" tuitions, never really loving any of them. When I visited Wooster the sense of community, and the character of the professors really impressed me. Once I received my financial aid package and realized that coming to Wooster was an actual possibility, I knew it was the perfect place and community for me."Your gifts to The Wooster Fund, which support student organizations, give Paulo leadership experience as an active member of the Pre-Health Club and the Wooster Volunteer Network.Like Paulo, students will continue to realize the benefit of your generosity, both now and in the future.
The Wooster Fund Supports Faculty & Staff ExcellenceProfessor Jennifer Hayward, co-chair of the Department of English, is leading a team tasked with digitizing English-language newspapers published in Chile in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Along with Professor Hayward, the team includes Catie Newton, the College's digital curation librarian, and Jacob Heil, Wooster's digital scholarship librarian and director of its Collaborative Research Environment (CoRE), and thirty Wooster students. A grant from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation allowed Newton and Heil to hire these students to assist them in digitizing these newspapers and support Professor Hayward's research. As part of this project, the team has also created a website to serve as a digital museum of sorts.
Through their involvement in this digital humanities project, Wooster's students were able to gain critical thinking skills as they worked together to decipher the best way to tackle the project. Most importantly, students were exposed to the process of interdisciplinary collaboration and teamwork and learned to execute a project by leveraging each individual's strengths effectively. Professor Hayward states, "Collaboration between faculty and library staff is essential to the digital humanities, because we seek to create public-facing projects with maximum use value for a wide range of audiences. I am thrilled to be able to include students in this digital humanities project. I am deeply grateful for financial support that enables Humanities faculty to engage the next generation of global citizens in our research."The Wooster Fund, which is a priority of Wooster's Promise: A Campaign for Our Future, also supports these types of collaborative experiences. Not only does your gift to The Wooster Fund benefit the College's libraries and the work that they do, but it also allows Wooster's students, faculty, and staff to take advantage of collaborative interdisciplinary opportunities as they arise. Support of The Wooster Fund helps the College recruit and retain talented faculty like Jennifer Hayward, who inspire, encourage, and challenge our students, and helps to make grants from funding entities like the Mellon Foundation more attainable by demonstrating your commitment to the College in the most tangible way. The opportunity for students to collaborate with faculty and staff is one of many experiences that make The College of Wooster a transformative place to teach and learn. We are grateful for your support!
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Pay It Forward
July 22, 2014
AASCU States "Pay It Forward Is Not the Solution to Addressing College Affordability"
On Thursday, the American Association of State Colleges and Universities (AASCU) released a policy brief examining the potential consequences of Pay It Forward (PIF) (please see our previous blogs for background information). The AASCU brief summarizes other, similar approaches to paying for college and analyses PIF as a potential state approach to financing public higher…
July 11, 2014
AASCU Releases Latest State Outlook
On Thursday, the American Association of State Colleges and Universities (AASCU) released its most State Outlook. According to the report, state operating support for public four-year colleges and universities is 3.6 percent higher for FY 2015 than it was for FY 2014. Of the 49 states that have passed a budget thus far, support for…
March 3, 2014
"Pay It Forward" Is really "Pay It Yourself and Pay More Than Ever"
On Thursday, The Equity Line, a blog by The Education Trust, posted a critique of Pay It Forward (PIF) that discusses some of PIF's major flaws. As a reminder, under PIF, instead of paying tuition and fees upfront, students would pay back a certain percent of their adjusted gross income for 25 years. For more…
October 9, 2013
National Nonprofits Critique "Pay It Forward"
In anticipation of last Monday's "Pay It Forward" working conference in Philadelphia, national education groups and nonprofit organizations released a joint statement opposing the proposal. For more information about PIF, please review our post about Oregon legislation requiring "consideration" of a "Pay It Forward, Pay Back" pilot. A comprehensive brief about the proposal's UW application is available here.
September 9, 2013
Oregon Passes Bill to Implement "Pay Forward, Pay Back" Pilot Program
(This piece was originally posted on 07/11/2013, however it was lost due to technical issues and is therefore re-posted here.) Last week, the Oregon legislature passed a bill that, if signed by the governor, will implement a pilot program to study the effects and feasibility of substituting upfront tuition payments with income-based, post-graduation payments. For 24 years after…


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Raspberry Pi 15.6inch LCD Display Screen LP156WH4 + HDMI VGA AV Controller Board. LG&Philips LP156WH4(TL)(A1) TFT LED Panel. Package includes: A LG&Philips LP156WH4(TL)(A1) LED panel; a PCB800099 controller, a 40 pin LED cable; a keypad. Suitable touch panel, please order here.The item "Raspberry Pi 15.6inch LCD Display Screen LP156WH4 + HDMI VGA AV Controller Board" is in sale since Tuesday, May 16, 2017. This item is in the category "Computers/Tablets & Networking\Computer Components & Parts\Laptop Replacement Parts\Laptop Screens & LCD Panels". The seller is "njytouch" and is located in HuiZhou, GuangDong.
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Viking Recalls Built-In Side-by-Side Refrigerator Freezers with In-Door Dispensers Due to Fire Hazard
Recall Date: November 19, 2013
Name of product: Viking built-in side-by-side refrigerator freezers with in-door dispensers
Hazard: Electrical connectors in the refrigerator freezer wiring harness can overheat, posing a fire hazard.
Remedy: Repair
Consumer Contact: Viking toll-free at (877) 266-1086 from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. ET Monday through Friday, or online at www.vikingrange.com and click on Safety Recall Information on the bottom right side of the page.
Photos available: http://www.cpsc.gov/en/Recalls/2014/Viking-Recalls-Built-In-Side-by-Side-Refrigerator-Freezers-with-In-Door-Dispensers/
Units: About 750
Description: This recall involves Viking 42-inch and 48-inch built-in side-by-side refrigerator freezers with in-door water and ice dispensers. The recalled refrigerator freezers come in a variety of colors, stainless steel or a custom finish. They were manufactured between October 2012 and May 2013 and have the model numbers listed below. The first six numbers in the serial number are the manufacture date of the unit in MM/DD/YY format. Both sizes of refrigerator freezers have a serial number/date code range from 101712 through 052913. The model and serial numbers are located inside the refrigerators on a label on the ceiling behind the light housing. See Models: http://www.cpsc.gov/en/Recalls/2014/Viking-Recalls-Built-In-Side-by-Side-Refrigerator-Freezers-with-In-Door-Dispensers/
Incidents/Injuries: Viking has received 27 reports of electrical shorts and four fires. No injuries have been reported.
Remedy: Consumers should immediately turn off and unplug the recalled refrigerator freezers and contact Viking to schedule a free, in-home repair.
Sold at: Appliance and specialty stores nationwide from November 2012 through May 2013 for between $5,400 and $6,400.


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Conference Tours
10-14 September, 2018
- Bus tour around Irkutsk
- Excursion to Limnological institute
- Evening performance: Theatre of Art Song at Lake Baikal» and Excursion to the Baikal Museum (1000 roubles)
- Excursion to the I.I. Molchanov-Sibirskiy Irkutsk Scietific Library
Additional excursions
15-16 September, 2018
- One-day boat trip to Bolshiye Koty and Excursion to the Baikal seal aquarium, Nerpinarium (Listvyanka) (15 September).
(3700 roubles, the payment upon arrival september 10, 2018);
- One-day train trip to the Circum-Baikal Railway - http://www.baikaltrain.ru/price/ (16 September).


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Thank you! -MtWashingtonGlass.com Team
← Burmese Glass by Mount Washington
This tall two handled urn is from the Burmese style of glass by The Mount Washington Glass Company. This particular example has a hand painted scene showing blue and purple violets.
Comments are closed.
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Michelle, 33, Renfrew
Last updated: 11.41am, Tuesday 8th March 2016
Michelle's story of returning to one of our projects unfortunately is not an unusual one albeit it is a unique experience to Michelle.
Michelle stayed at our Renfrew project last year for about 8 months then moved out to be with her partner. Due to a breakdown in that relationship Michelle found she needed help again and thankfully Michelle felt she could turn to Blue Triangle for that help.
Michelle got a lot out of the various activities we have within Blue Triangle, in particular the Blue Print magazine. Writing stories for the magazine helped Michelle cope through some of the low times in her life.
This time round however Michelle feels differently about the support she receives here and is willing to grab it with both hands.
(Michelle's blog is a little longer than our usual one as it's obviously been an emotional journey for her so it was difficult to cut parts of her conversation out)
Thank you for sharing Michelle.


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2 Bedroom Apartment For Sale In Vistabella Golf
Add To Favourites
1 of 16
Property Enquiry
- 2 Bedrooms
- 1 Bathroom
- 55.00m² Build Size
- EPC: Pending
This partially furnished, upstairs 2 bed/1 bath apartment with communal pool is in the gated community of Entre Naranjos, near to San Miguel de Salinas and is within very easy walking distance of the popular Vistabella golf resort and local shops, bars and restaurants. The first-floor property consists of a large glazed terrace, a lounge, fully fitted independent kitchen, family bathroom with walk-in shower, a double bedroom and a twin bedroom. From the terrace there are stairs leading to a large, private solarium with lovely views of the surrounding countryside.The property benefits from fitted wardrobes in both bedrooms and ceiling fan in the double bedroom. There are mosquito screens on the front terrace, front door and bathroom. The pretty communal pool and garden area is very close by being just a few steps away. There is a community car park for off road parking. The property is only 10 minutes' walk to the prestigious Vistabella golf course which offers various levels of difficulty to suit a wide range of abilities. The golf club offers also a golf academy, a cafeteria and restaurant with fabulous views over the golf course, a bowling green and padel courts. For non-golfers Entre Naranjos has a variety of shops, bars and restaurants and is only 20 minutes' drive to the beautiful blue flag beaches of Guardamar del Segura. The impressive Zenia Boulevard shopping and leisure complex is only 15 minutes' drive. Alicante airport is just 40 minutes by car. This property would be ideal for either full-time living, holidays or as an investment.
These details have been reproduced in good faith and are believed to be accurate based upon the information supplied to us by the agent and they are not intended to form part of a contract. Any intending purchasers must satisfy themselves by inspection or otherwise as to the correctness of each of the statements contained in these particulars.
Ceiling fans
Close to Amenities
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Part Furnished
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Walking distance to restaurants
Walking distance to shops
Mortgage Calculator
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Discussion forum for all Windows batch related topics.
Moderator: DosItHelp
Post Reply
2 posts • Page 1 of 1
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About Us
3. To coordinate a thriving network of volunteers that positively supports and develops the capacity and skills of LGBTQIA+ individuals.
Often for a person identifying as LGBTQIA+ having an animal friend goes far beyond just pet ownership.
For some the animal companion may have been the first living being that an LGBTQIA+ individual 'came out' to. For others they form an integral part of our 'alternate' families. Whatever way we look at it these four legged friends have provided great comfort, and offered unconditional love, acceptance and a non judgemental ear in times of struggle. Their constant and devoted presence easing our moments of isolation and bringing much comfort, laughter and love. We still live in a world fraught with homophobic tensions. The presence of social prejudices against sexual orientation and gender orientation mean that an LGBTQIA+ individual is three times more likely to experience a mental health condition in their lifetime. Often these animals friends of ours can be found in the background providing their silent support in times of need. Rainbow Pooch Pride is dedicated to celebrating our Rainbow Pooch Warriors just as they are.
Don't have a dog?
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Dog lovers and owners come together to Rainbow Pooch Pride…flag held high.


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Vastu Improvements and Implementations for Your Business
When business troubles plague an enterprising individual, all other facets of life are negatively impacted. Often times, our business endeavors fail to take off or run into obstacles and hurdles owing to poor decision making. However, there are instances, in which a businessman or woman may be perplexed by failure in business. A great product may fail to sell or a great service may fail to find any takers. Under these circumstances, the stress and anxiety a person is subject to, can be harrowing. Additionally, a failing business can have far ranging financial impacts. Bearing these factors in mind, it is worth your time looking into Vastu principles that apply to businesses and places of business. Read further to know more.
The Relevance of Vastu Principles in Business
It is important to understand that Vastu Vidya is an ancient set of principles that apply to the maintenance of perfect balance in architecture. This perfect symmetry allows for maintaining the perfect flow of positive energy into a place of business and ample room for negative energy to make its way out. In the absence of this divine symmetry, a negative environment is created wherein commercial prosperity and growth is adversely impacted. As such, adhering to Vastu principles can go a long way in furthering business interests and removing obstacles and hindrances in the way of business prosperity and growth.
Effective Vastu Recommendations for Business Growth and Prosperity
It must be noted that Vastu is an expansive subject. However, certain Vastu principles benefit any business experiencing a downtime. These Vastu principles are as listed below.
- It is important that you clear the north-west zone of your business of all negative influences. This zone facilitates financial support from banks and other lending institutions and if you wish for funding and financing from such institutions, it is important that the north-west zone is not blocked by negative influences such as a toilet or a storage facility.
- Green painted walls or the abundance of the color green at your place of business creates an imbalance of the five elements. Such an influence often results in the absence of financial support needed for your business to grow and prosper.
- Additionally, place a symbol of financial support such as a deity, painting or art piece in the north-west zone of your business. This will serve as a positive sign for incoming financial support that can tide you through a bad phase in business.
- Moreover, talk to a Vastu specialist about décor elements at your place of business. Certain colors and decorative objects can have a negative impact while others can have a positive impact. A Vastu specialist will be able to guide you through the process of making your place of business Vastu- friendly.
In conclusion, it is advised that you follow the principles listed above and seek out Vastu expertise, to overcome obstacles and hurdles in the way of commercial success.


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President Donald Trump squawked (tweeted loudly, i.e. in all caps) against the media on Sunday as "THE ENEMY OF THE PEOPLE!" Trump's angry online rant appeared after "Saturday Night Live (SNL)" mocked his announcement declaring a national emergency. However, the thin-skinned Trump is about Alec Baldwin's impersonation and other humorous jibe, he is out of line. The right to parody presidents, including Trump, is defended by the constitution.
Accusing TV networks of teaming up against his administration, Trump questioned why shows like "SNL" can satire him without "retribution." The answer is the first amendment. A unanimous Supreme Court 1988 decision defended the constitutional right to parody. Chief Justice William Rehnquist, a conservative appointee of President Richard Nixon, wrote the opinion.
Parody Precedents of Presidents
Considering the fact that he has appeared on the show twice himself, one would think he know the format and genre. Since its inception in 1975, Saturday Night Live has parodied every president and major candidates, regardless of party. Some politicians have viewed "Saturday Night Live" parody treatment with good-natured humor. President Gerald R. Ford embraced Chevy Chase's portrayal of him, inviting Chase to the White House and making a cameo appearance on "SNL." President George H.W. Bush also invited his impersonator, Dana Carvey, to the White House. Vice Presidential candidate Sarah Palin appeared in a show alongside Tina Fey impersonating her. The nominee, John McCain, also appeared on the show with Fey as his running mate. Hillary Clinton appeared with Amy Poehler in 2008 and Kate McKinnon in 2016 imitating her.
Trump's tweets on February 17 were not the first time he suggested "SNL" should pay for their scathing satires of him. Two month's ago, Trump angrily questioned whether that week's parody skit was legal, alleging that it should be "tested in court," clearly unaware that it has been. Since "SNL" has a long history of political satire, Trump is likely to face a losing battle if he actually tried to bring them to court.
Legal Basis
The First Amendment grants individuals freedom of speech. While Trump's ego is not protected, satire and political commentary are. Trump has suggested that "SNL" defamed him, but there is no evidence that the show hurt his reputation. To sue for defamation, a plaintiff must prove that a false statement communicated as fact damaged the person's reputation.
The Supreme Court ruled on the legality of parody vs. defamation more than 30 years ago in Hustler Magazine v. Falwell. For years, fundamentalist preacher Jerry Falwell exercised significant political might. He advocated for conservative causes and criticized the porn industry, such as publications like Hustler, as negative influences. Hustler ran a parody ad depicting Falwell as a debauched drunk who, fueled by Campari, had an incestuous liaison with his mother. Falwell sued.
The court decided that a public figure like Falwell must prove malice to collect damages. Libel implies the ad was presented as truth. Rehnquist wrote that "the Hustler ad parody could not 'reasonably be understood as describing actual facts about [Falwell] or actual events in which [he] participated." He added that even if society finds the speech offensive, that "is not a sufficient reason for suppressing it. Indeed, if it is the speaker's opinion that gives offense, that consequence is a reason for according it constitutional protection."
The president took an oath that he "will to the best of his ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." That includes protecting the First Amendment. So, whether he likes it or not, the right to parody includes presidents, which means Trump too.
By Dyanne Weiss
New York Post: Trump rages against 'SNL' after latest Alec Baldwin skit
Forbes: Trump Says 'Saturday Night' Should Be 'Tested In Court' Over 'Wonderful Life' Parody
Rolling Stone: Flashback: Hustler Magazine Scores First Amendment Victory Against Jerry Falwell
The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
Communications Law classes in college
Official White House Photo by Joyce N. Boghosian, public domain


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Maharashtra Legislative Council Passes Black Magic Bill
Published: 19th December 2013 08:11 AM | Last Updated: 19th December 2013 08:11 AM | A+A A-
The Maharashtra Legislative Council on Wednesday passed the law on Black Magic, by approving the Bill which was presented to it in the form of an ordinance.
The Bill on Maharashra Prevention and Eradication of Human Sacrifice and other Inhuman, Evil and Aghori Practices and Black Magic was passed by the Legislative Council a week after it was cleared by the Assembly.
The Opposition, comprising the BJP, the Shiv Sena and the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena, had staged a walkout in protest against the government's adamant stand to proceed with the passage of the Bill without including their suggestions.
The Shiv Sena was staunchly against the Bill on the grounds that it was against the Hindu religion. Leader of the Opposition Vinod Tawde said though they protested against certain aspects of the Bill, it is one of the most revolutionary steps in the state history.


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Well, that was fast! I can't believe it was exactly two weeks ago today that we launched Gibson x Living In Yellow with all of you! The past two weeks have been such an incredible time and the love, support and excitement we have felt from you have been amazing, thank you oh so much! We loved it so much we thought – why stop now? So here we are today, launching 7 NEW pieces for you to get your hands on and love! You may recall that the first group of 10 pieces that we put out was made up of all of the best basics – closet staple pieces in solid colors, pieces you could mix and match together and cozy items you never want to take your bodies out of. For round two, while we are still weaving in that "best basics" mentality, we are bringing you a few more pops of colors and prints and an added element of pizazz. You will notice that several of the pieces below will pair perfectly with some items in launch one which means you can continue to get even more use out of what you've already purchased!
Before we jump completely in, as you'll see, I am noting sizing suggestions for each piece based on how they fit me personally. Of course, that information is only as good as the stats you have so let's get that out of the way. I am 5'4, 125 lbs on a good day, typically a 2 in tops/dresses and 26 in jeans/pants with a preferred inseam of 26-28 inches. Bra size is 30DDD [I get it from my momma]. Hopefully, this helps when determining what size you'd need. While on the topic of sizing, in ALL of the pieces below you will find inclusive sizing which offers XXS petite – XXL petite, XS – XXL and 1X-3X. We are beyond excited to be able to offer women of all shapes and sizes the ability to feel confident and beautiful while wearing our collection. Okay, let's do this!
Maggie Twist Hem Top – Named after my precious little puppy of 11 years, Maggie, who was known for her one little ear which would stand up when she was excited – the triangle sleeve detail is a representation of that cute ear and makes me so happy every time I put this on!
top // top in extended sizes // white jeans necklace // jeans // clutch // leopard flats //white jeans // wedges // red pants // bow heels
Available in three solid colors and three spring prints, this top is the perfect work or play piece! Between the twist hem detail and the triangle sleeve, there is a lot of fun added to this top to keep things interesting. I wear this piece in XS regular and find it pretty true to size. I would recommend sizing up if you are a pear body type [smaller up top, wider in the hips].
Reagan Tank – Currently available in three solid colors [black, spring crocus and poppy] and now comin' atcha in this floral spring print!
tank // tank in extended sizes // jeans // yellow wedges // hat
This was such a hit the first time around in the solid colors, we knew we needed it in a print as well! This is the perfect piece to wear alone or under our Claire cardigan [as you'll see below] or the Barbara Jacket. It's such a flattering piece as it offers a high/low hemline and a perfectly cut v-neck which won't have you baring all while still showing enough skin. I would size down if in between in this and wear in XS regular.
Claire Cardigan – Currently available in three color combos [black, black/white, grey] and now bringing it to you in these spring ready pops in spring crocus and poppy!
cardigan // cardigan in extended sizes
Remember how I said that the cardigan pairs perfectly with the new Reagan tank? Combine the poppy color + the Reagan tank and it's adorable! Both of these colors I am LOVING for spring and I love that it's an easy way to add color to your wardrobe without having to try too hard. Both of these colors also pair perfectly with some of our solid pieces from launch one. The ribbed texture is still my favorite and it's amazing how lightweight this piece is which makes it one you can wear all summer long! I would recommend sizing down and wear this in XS regular.
Elizabeth Date Night Top – Named after Suzie's [the creator of Gibson] grandmother who was a beautiful, talented and inspiring woman.
top // top in extended sizes //black sandals // leopard clutch // black pants
My favorite top in this second collection – this date night top is SO stinkin' cute and even more comfortable. Between the one shoulder ruffle that goes all the way around and the sweatshirt-like stretchy material, you will never want to take this cutie off. Available in four colors, you can't go wrong in any shade when you're wearing this flirty little number. I find it true to size and wear in XS regular.
Erin Cross Over Tunic – Currently available in four solid colors, we are now bringing it to you in two prints!
tunic // tunic in extended sizes
I, of course, wanted to be sure to have a yellow piece somewhere in this line and we finally got it with this yellow watercolor print that I love! So fresh and summer ready! In addition, we added this orange print with little blue, navy and white detail. This cross over tunic was such a hit the first time around and can be worn for work or nights out. I love how versatile this piece is! I find this true to size and wear in XS regular.
Barbara Jacket – Named after my favorite woman, my mother. She is such a classic beauty who is strong and smart.
Barbara Jacket // barbara jacket in extended sizes // felicity tee // black jeans // heels // statement necklace
We heard the pleas for a comfortable yet flattering blazer and so we delivered! This knit blazer has so many great qualities to it you won't ever want to wear another again. First off, it is SO comfortable. Second, the cuffed sleeve detail makes it stand out among all of your traditional boring blazers. You can wear our blazer with the Felicity tee, Reagan tank or the Millie tank which makes it super versatile and the fact that it is both work appropriate yet can be dressed down for a girls night out with a statement necklace and tee makes it a closet must-have. I would size down if in between, I wear this in XS regular.
Becca Tank Dress – Named after LIY's Creative Director, Becca who is anything BUT simple yet always looks classic, much like this dress.
tank dress // tank dress in extended sizes
I couldn't love this simple shift dress more. Available in three awesome solid colors and one floral print, I love the colors that we are offering this piece in. Super flattering on so many body types and we kept the length work appropriate so you can wear it during 8-5. A little keyhole detail in the back gives it an extra touch and the fact that you can wear a regular bra with it makes it an absolute win in my book. You can easily throw on a jacket over top or wear it alone, whatever the case you will look easy breezy in this dress. This dress is fully lined so sheerness isn't is a concern! I find this true to size and wear in XS.
And there we have it! I hope you love it as much as the first collection – shop it ALL right here! Remember that quantities are limited so if you see something that you love, be sure to snag it asap! HAPPY SHOPPING! ps. It's triple points day at Nordstrom so now is the time to rack up those purchases 😉


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SFr. 9.95
Notes of roasted macadamia, butter and freshly cut grass.
Fujian province, China.
Our Fujian Maojian is hand picked and uses only high quality leaves, which are gently hand rolled and roasted to give the tea its twisted shape and dark green colour. It is a perfect example of delicate Chinese green teas with a very light liquor and floral aroma .
Per cup: 2 tsp 80°C 3 minutes
Can be infused multiple times.
75 brews per pack | Sfr. 0.10 per brew
Mao Jian refers to the plucking standard of this tea, one bud, that is both hairy (mao), straight, and pointy (jian). The shape of these leaves form the shape of a bird's beak. Many teas are produced in the Mao Jian style. Our Maojian is plucked in the earliest days of the harvest and handmade in this distinct shape, capturing the light & sweet vegetal notes of an early spring green-.
Regarded as one of China's top ten teas it has been well-known since the late Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). It is distinct amongst other green teas, with its leaves having a darker color and it is has a stronger, more robust flavour. Widely drunk in China during hot weather or after work, it is great when you're thirsty and need a refreshing, relaxing tea to drink.
SFr. 14.95
Notes of umami, freshly cut grass and a light sweetness. Origin: Kyoto, Mie and Nara, Japan. Introduction: Our Organic Matcha is made from shade grown gyokuro leaves which have their stems removed and...
SFr. 24.95
Notes of umami, vegetal flavours and a nutty sweetness. Origin: Kyoto, Japan. Introduction: Our Organic Premium Matcha is a ceremonial grade matcha, using the highest quality shade grown gyokuro leaves from Kyoto - an...
SFr. 19.95
Notes of spinach, umami and honeysuckle. Origin: Shizuoka, Japan. Introduction: The most popular variety of green tea in Japan. Our Organic Premium Sencha was selected for the highest quality leaves which are steamed...


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Johnson is American born, but has lived in Adelaide since 1999, so she has a measured distance from the Trump phenomenon, while still caring deeply for her home nation and her friends and family that live there. She is totally opposed to Trump and each poem is a retort to its preceding quote, and yet it is indirect. Jones works in metaphor and personal details, or else she constructs tiny worlds for us to peek into, worlds that lay bare the absurdity of Trump's off-the-cuff-yet-purposely-constructed pronunciations. In 'The Wall', Johnson creates an in-poem reality based around the infamous border wall, a bursting kaleidoscope of the entrenched racism in Western culture:
The wall will be made of repetitive fabric, the bones and sinew of all the Jews who look like Jews… […] …It will be taller than a man lifting a woman who we hope won't be wearing a dress… […] …The wall will keep these types out: thieves & lovers & mothers & rapists and people who can never shut up, like our gardeners and some beauty queens and all of their pimps and those people with angel wings tattooed on their backs…
'Moab', the longest poem in the chapbook, is a stream of consciousness experience where we follow Johnson as she attends Blues Fest with her significant other, and famous singers and performers revolve past each other on the stage, all while the US President is ordering the 'Mother of All Bombs' be dropped on insurgents in Afghanistan. This poem stands brazen in the face of Trump's quote at the beginning of the poem that the American government would 'stop racing to topple foreign regimes that we know nothing about, that we shouldn't be involved with', but what is most powerful about this poem is its restrained scope. Johnson does not attempt to speak for all the world, she simply gives us her experience, her shock and fear and anger, and her love for her partner going through the experience with her. She also lays out her theory of resistance and survival throughout the poem:
Music makes sense of our world made better sense of our marriage than we'd been doing since October's election & here it was April, in love again so we talked about returning in another five years swatted away what-ifs like we were doing the shag death not an option
And upon a second or third reading of Johnson's chapbook, it started to feel like part of her resistance to Trump is to simply not engage with him or his ideas. This is not a debate over the future of Western democratic liberalism, Johnson seems to say in her later poems, this is instead a vignette of one woman's life: her loved ones and her memories and her thoughts. Trump and his pseudo-populist spouting cannot be allowed to overshadow Johnson's life or those of her children.
Poems and chapbooks sometimes feel like relics of a past time. But these three books show just how alive, diverse, and thriving contemporary Australian poetry is, even in South Australia alone. Reading from these simple, affordable chapbooks reminded me that poetry can be for the masses and still be thought-provoking and boundary-pushing, especially when the books are written by poets who know what they are doing and where they want to take their readers.


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Tag Archives for " protein bars "
With the hectic schedules that we all keep the popularity of energy bars is on the rise for a quick, fuel packed snack that can be eaten on the go and is hassle free. Marketers of these handy treats do a phenomenal job of hyping up the nutritional value; however looks can be deceiving and so can marketing campaigns. Having said that, not all the news is bad when it Continue reading


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Norepinephrine stimulates the growth of a range of bacterial species in nutritionally poor SAPI minimal salts medium containing 30% serum. Addition of size-fractionated serum components to SAPI medium indicated that transferrin was required for norepinephrine stimulation of growth of Escherichia coli. Since bacteriostasis by serum is primarily due to the iron-withholding capacity of transferrin, we considered the possibility that norepinephrine can overcome this effect by supplying transferrin-bound iron for growth. Incubation with concentrations of norepinephrine that stimulated bacterial growth in serum-SAPI medium resulted in loss of bound iron from iron-saturated transferrin, as indicated by the appearance of monoferric and apo- isoforms upon electrophoresis in denaturing gels. Norepinephrine also caused the loss of iron from lactoferrin. The pharmacologically inactive metabolite norepinephrine 3-O-sulfate, by contrast, did not result in iron loss from transferrin or lactoferrin and did not stimulate bacterial growth in serum-SAPI medium. Norepinephrine formed stable complexes with transferrin, lactoferrin, and serum albumin. Norepinephrine-transferrin and norepinephrine-lactoferrin complexes, but not norepinephrine-apotransferrin or norepinephrine-albumin complexes, stimulated bacterial growth in serum-SAPI medium in the absence of additional norepinephrine. Norepinephrine-stimulated growth in medium containing 55Fe complexed with transferrin or lactoferrin resulted in uptake of radioactivity by bacterial cells. Moreover, norepinephrine-stimulated growth in medium containing [3H]norepinephrine indicated concomitant uptake of norepinephrine. In each case, addition of excess iron did not affect growth but significantly reduced levels of radioactivity (55Fe or 3H) associated with bacterial cells. A role for catecholamine-mediated iron supply in the pathophysiology of infectious diseases is proposed.
Bacterial growth and virulence have long been known to be influenced by environmental parameters such as temperature, pH, and osmolarity. The effect of host signaling molecules on bacteria, however, has only recently become apparent (30, 33-35), leading to the concept of microbial endocrinology (16, 17), which proposes that infectious organisms utilize hormones present within the host as environmental cues to initiate growth and pathogenic processes. Supporting this concept are the observations that elevated catecholamine levels preceded the development of acute infectious disease episodes (12) and that levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE) were significantly higher in postoperative patients who developed severe sepsis than in those with uncomplicated recovery (11). Systemic infections are often caused by translocation of commensal organisms from the gastrointestinal tract following traumatic injury, such as burns or major surgery, even when there is no direct injury to the gastrointestinal tract itself (5, 25, 28). One consequence of severe tissue injury is the release of NE into the peripheral circulation due to the destruction of noradrenergic neurons innervating the traumatized tissue (28, 37). Lyte and Bailey (19) used a mouse model of neurotoxin-induced trauma to show a direct correlation between experimentally elevated systemic NE levels and overgrowth and translocation of indigenous gut bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli.
A number of in vitro studies also indicate that NE has marked stimulatory effects on the growth of important microbial pathogens (3, 4, 9, 18-23). The fact that such studies typically involve iron-restricted growth media raises the intriguing possibility that NE acts by facilitating the supply of iron to stressed bacterial cells. In this paper, we demonstrate that NE does indeed stimulate bacterial iron uptake and growth in iron-restricted conditions imposed by the high-affinity iron-binding glycoproteins transferrin and lactoferrin.
Organisms, media, and reagents.Enteropathogenic E. coli strain E2348/69, serotype O127:H6 (9, 15, 26), was used as the test organism throughout this study. SAPI medium and growth conditions have been described previously (9, 21); growth assays and plate counts were carried out in triplicate, and all experiments were performed on at least two separate occasions. Bovine serum albumin (BSA); iron-saturated, partially iron-saturated, and apo- forms of human transferrin (Tf), human lactoferrin (Lf), 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA), NE, and bovine serum were all purchased from Sigma, Poole, United Kingdom. Superdex 75, Sephadex G25, 1-[7,8-3H]norepinephrine (TRK584; specific activity, 35 Ci/mmol) and 55FeCl3 (IES; specific activity, 5 mCi/mg of Fe) were obtained from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom. Norepinephrine-3-O-sulfate (NE-S; Fig.1) was synthesized by Research Biochemicals, Inc., Natrick, Mass., as part of the National Institute of Mental Health's Chemical Synthesis and Drug Supply Program.
Size fractionation of serum components.Bovine serum (1 ml) was fractionated using a Pharmacia Superdex 75 column (HR 10/30) equilibrated in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and eluted at a flow rate of 0.33 ml/min. Samples of 1-ml column fractions were diluted 1:1 with 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.8) containing 10% (vol/vol) glycerol and 1% (wt/vol) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), heated to 100°C for 3 min, and analyzed by electrophoresis on SDS–7% polyacrylamide gels. For analysis of protein profiles, gels were fixed and stained after electrophoresis in 0.05% (wt/vol) Coomassie blue in 40% (vol/vol) methanol and 10% (vol/vol) acetic acid and destained in 10% (vol/vol) methanol and 10% (vol/vol) acetic acid. For identification of proteins by N-terminal sequencing, gels were electroblotted onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes at 0 to 4°C in 25 mM Tris, 192 mM glycine, and 0.037% (wt/vol) SDS, and 10% (vol/vol) methanol. Protein bands of interest were excised and sequenced using an Applied Biosystems 470A gas-phase sequencer.
Iron removal from Tf and Lf.Iron-saturated Tf (50 μg) was incubated with NE (at concentrations indicated in the text) at 37°C for 15 h in 50-μl assay volumes containing 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) and 10% (vol/vol) glycerol (8). NE was omitted from negative controls; 10 mM DHBA was included in positive controls. Samples were analyzed by electrophoresis in 6% polyacrylamide gels containing 6 M urea (24) in a BioRad Protean II vertical minigel system. Electrophoresis was at 70 V for 5 h. Gels were fixed and stained as described above. A partially iron-saturated human Tf preparation (Sigma), comprising iron-depleted, iron-saturated, and both N-terminal and C-terminal domain monoferric isoforms, was used as a marker standard. The equivalent isoforms of Lf resolve poorly on urea-acrylamide gels; however, removal of iron from Fe-Lf is characterized by an increase in apparent molecular mass from 70 to 78 kDa following electrophoresis in nonreducing SDS-polyacrylamide gels (10, 38). Assays were therefore performed as described for Tf except that Lf protein samples were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) as described above.
55Fe labeling of Tf, Lf, and serum.[55Fe]Tf was prepared by an adaptation of the method of Cavill (1). Apo-Tf was incubated at 37°C for 5 h with 25 μCi of 55FeCl3 in a reaction mixture containing a total of 1.5 μg of Fe per mg of protein, using sodium citrate (2 mM) as the iron donor (1); this labeling method gives a Tf preparation of approximately 30% iron saturation. To prepare [55Fe]Lf, iron-saturated Lf was first depleted of iron by sequential dialysis against 0.2 M citric acid (pH 2.3), distilled water, and 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5). Labeling conditions were as for Tf except that incubation with 55Fe was for 15 h. For both [55Fe]Tf and [55Fe]Lf, unincorporated 55Fe was removed by two rounds of spin column chromatography (Micro Bio-spin 6 columns; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hemel Hempstead, U.K.). Note that because of the very high affinity of Lf for ferric ions, it is difficult to obtain completely iron-depleted preparations of the protein. Consequently, the specific activity of the55Fe-labeled Lf used in this study was less than a third of that of the 55Fe-labeled Tf. Serum-SAPI medium was55Fe-labeled by incubating 5 μCi of55FeCl3 per ml of medium at 37°C for a minimum of 3 h to ensure sequestration of all free iron.
[3H]NE binding assays.Tf, Lf, and BSA (50 μg of protein) were incubated for 15 h at 37°C in triplicate 50-μl assays containing 1 μCi of [3H]NE in 50 μM unlabeled NE–100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5)–10% (vol/vol) glycerol. Unbound label was removed by at least two rounds of spin column chromatography. [3H]NE binding was measured by mixing samples with 2 ml of Emulsifier-safe scintillant (Canberra-Packard, Pangbourne, U.K.) for counting in the tritium channel of a Minaxi Tri-Carb 400 series scintillation counter (Canberra-Packard). All assays were performed on at least three occasions and were quantitatively similar between experiments, typically varying by less than 10%.
NE-Tf complex formation.The interaction of Tf with NE was analyzed by Sephadex G-25 gel chromatography (column size, 0.5 by 10 cm) in PBS at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min; 0.5-ml fractions were collected, and 30-μl aliquots were measured for radioactivity as described above.
Bacterial uptake of 55Fe and [3H]NE.Bacteria were grown for 18 h at 37°C in SAPI medium supplemented with serum, [55Fe]Tf, [55Fe]Lf, or 55FeCl3, as indicated in the text. Bacteria were in contact with the radioligands throughout the assay. Cells from triplicate 1-ml cultures were harvested by centrifugation, washed once with 1 ml of ice-cold PBS, and suspended in 50 μl of PBS. Radioactivity was measured as described above. All incorporation assays were performed on at least three occasions and were quantitatively similar between experiments, with values typically varying by less than 10%. Note that multiple washes with PBS or with PBS containing excess iron, cold NE, or cold apo-Tf gave essentially identical results. Moreover, this method gave more reproducible results than the more conventional filter capture method of harvesting radiolabeled bacteria; serum-SAPI is an osmotically stressful medium, and bacteria were susceptible to lysis in hypotonic washing solutions in filter assays.
Cellular localization of incorporated [3H]NE or55Fe.To determine the cellular location of [3H]NE or 55Fe, harvested bacteria were disrupted by sonication (four times for 15 s each; 6-μm amplitude), and after removal of nonlysed bacteria by centrifugation, the cell-free supernatant was separated into soluble (periplasmic and cytoplasmic) and membrane fractions by centrifugation at 50,000 × g for 10 min. The pellet was washed twice with 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) containing 1 mM EDTA (TE buffer), recovered by centrifugation at 50,000 × g, and suspended in TE buffer. Supernatants and pellets were analyzed for radioactivity (as described above) and for the presence of Tf by Western blotting. Samples were separated by electrophoresis on SDS–12% PAGE gels, electroblotted onto PVDF membranes as described above, and probed with a 1:2,000 dilution of anti-Tf polyclonal antiserum (Sigma; T-6265); visualization of cross-reactivity was done by horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (Sigma; A-5420; 1:3,000 dilution) and enhanced chemiluminescence (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
Involvement of Tf in stimulation of growth by NE.We previously reported the use of a serum-containing growth medium (serum-SAPI) to examine the responsiveness of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria to NE (9, 21). The SAPI minimal salts component of this medium is nutritionally rather poor, supporting bacterial growth to a low level (approximately 107 CFU/ml, Fig. 2a) compared with media such as M9 salts (9). Addition of NE (50 μM) to SAPI minimal medium did not stimulate growth of any bacterial species we have tested and indeed was slightly inhibitory to some, including E. coli. Addition of serum (30%, vol/vol) severely restricted growth in SAPI medium. However, as we have shown previously (9, 18-23), addition of NE to serum-supplemented SAPI cultures not only overcame the inhibitory effect of serum, but also significantly stimulated growth to a level (>108 CFU/ml; Fig. 2a) comparable to that in conventional media. It is interesting to note that the ability of the clinical E. coli isolate E2348/69 to synthesize and utilize the siderophore enterobactin (15) is not sufficient to allow growth in serum-SAPI medium to a level equivalent to that attainable in the presence of NE.
To identify the components of serum required for growth stimulation by NE, we separated 1 ml of bovine serum into high- and low-molecular-weight fractions by size exclusion chromatography (Fig.2b), added each fraction to SAPI medium, and assayed growth of ourE. coli test strain in the presence and absence of NE (Fig.2c). Fractionated serum did not show the growth-inhibitory potential of whole serum (size fractionation results in significant dilution), and so growth was observed with all fractions, even in the absence of NE. However, significant stimulation of growth by NE was still apparent, particularly with the high-molecular-weight protein fractions. PAGE in the presence of SDS showed that the active fractions contained several particularly abundant proteins of approximately 50, 60, and 75 kDa (Fig. 2d). N-terminal sequencing of the 60- and 75-kDa proteins gave sequences (DTHKSEIA and DPERTVR) that identified them as serum albumin and mature Tf, respectively; the 50-kDa protein was N-terminally modified and failed to sequence, but based on its size and relative abundance, it may be a component of complement. Immunoblotting with antiserum against bovine Tf confirmed the presence of Tf in all fractions that stimulated bacterial growth in the presence of NE (data not shown).
NE-induced loss of iron from Tf and Lf.The bacteriostatic effect of serum is due primarily to the iron-binding capacity of Tf (although it is likely that other components, including low-molecular-weight molecules, may also be involved [unpublished data]). The intriguing possibility arises, therefore, that NE overcomes this effect in serum-SAPI medium by sequestering and supplying Tf-bound iron for bacterial growth. The catecholate structure of NE (Fig. 1) is certainly consistent with the ability to form bidentate complexes with ferric ions. Moreover, incubation of purified diferric Tf with NE resulted in marked loss of bound iron, as analyzed by denaturing urea-PAGE (Fig. 3a). The effect was concentration dependent, although we were never able to demonstrate complete removal, as achieved with DHBA (8). Nevertheless, the appearance of some apo-Tf at higher NE concentrations (see also Fig. 4c) indicates loss of iron from diferric and both monoferric isoforms of Tf, an effect that was prevented by addition of excess iron to the incubation mixtures (Fig. 3a). Significantly, the concentrations of NE that resulted in loss of iron from Tf were also able to stimulate the growth of E. coli in serum-SAPI medium (Fig. 3b). On the other hand, the pharmacologically inactive metabolite NE-S, whose structure is inconsistent with bidentate complex formation with ferric iron (Fig. 1), was unable to remove iron from Tf (Fig. 3a) or to support bacterial growth in serum-SAPI medium (Fig. 3b). DHBA also stimulated growth of E. coli in serum-SAPI (Fig. 3b), although a concentration of 10 mM was required to attain growth levels comparable to those achievable with 50 μM NE.
Although we routinely use a test medium containing serum Tf to study the effects of NE, we are aware that it is in the Lf-rich mucosal secretions of the gastrointestinal tract that E. coli is most likely to encounter neuroendocrine hormones in vivo. Because of the physical characteristics of Lf, it was not possible to analyze iron removal by NE in urea gels. However, mobility changes in SDS-polyacrylamide gels were observed that indicated that NE also caused loss of iron from Lf (Fig. 3c). NE-S, on the other hand, was unable to remove iron from Lf (data not shown).
Formation of an NE-Tf complex.To determine whether NE was able to supply Tf-derived iron for bacterial growth, we attempted to prepare 55Fe-complexed NE by incubating NE with [55Fe]Tf and separation on a Sephadex G25 column. To our surprise, however, identical elution profiles for [55Fe]Tf were obtained in the absence (Fig.4a) and presence (Fig. 4b) of NE; no low-molecular-weight peak of radioactivity corresponding to [55Fe]NE was observed in the nondenaturing conditions of the Sephadex column, despite the fact that urea-PAGE clearly indicated NE-dependent loss of iron from [55Fe]Tf in denaturing conditions (Fig. 4c). Sephadex G25 fractionation of unlabeled Tf that had been incubated with [3H]NE gave a major peak of label corresponding to unbound [3H]NE and a minor peak with the expected elution volume of Tf (Fig. 4d). These results indicate the formation of a relatively stable complex between NE and native Fe-Tf from which iron is lost only in denaturing separation conditions. Any iron whose removal is facilitated by NE does not remain associated with Tf (as demonstrated by scintillation counting the electrophoresis buffer following analysis of NE treatment of [55Fe]Tf). Similarly, NE complexed with Tf is also dissociated during electrophoresis (again demonstrated by scintillation counting the electrophoresis buffer following analysis of [3H]NE treatment of Tf).
Significant [3H]NE binding to all isoforms of Tf, including apo-Tf, and to Lf was observed (Fig. 4f). However, while spin column-purified NE-Tf and NE-Lf complexes supported bacterial growth in serum-SAPI medium in the absence of additional NE, iron-free NE-apo-Tf did not, even at 100 μg/ml (Fig. 4e), confirming the importance of iron supply in growth stimulation. Note that [3H]NE also bound to BSA (Fig. 4f), but this complex did not stimulate bacterial growth in serum-SAPI medium (Fig. 4e).
NE-mediated bacterial iron uptake.We previously reported that NE is nonfunctional in standard siderophore growth assays (9). The data presented above strongly suggest that NE stimulation of bacterial growth in the presence of serum is dependent on the formation of a ternary complex comprising NE, iron, and Tf or Lf. The question remains, therefore, whether NE mediates the supply of Tf- or Lf-sequestered iron to growing bacteria. To address this, we grew E. coli in SAPI medium containing serum labeled with55Fe (Fig. 5a) or in serum-SAPI medium supplemented with [55Fe]Tf (Fig. 5b) or [55Fe]Lf (Fig. 5c). In all three media, NE-stimulated growth was accompanied by substantial association of 55Fe label with bacterial cells. Moreover, essentially identical results were obtained in growth assays performed in serum-SAPI medium supplemented with [3H]NE (Fig. 5d); stimulation of growth was accompanied by association of 3H label with bacterial cells. Even in the absence of the inhibitory factor(s) in serum, NE significantly enhanced the level of 55Fe associated with growing bacteria when SAPI was supplemented with [55Fe]Tf (Fig. 6a), even though it did not stimulate growth above unsupplemented control levels (indeed, NE was slightly inhibitory, perhaps due to its iron-chelating ability). When55Fe (as 55FeCl3) was added to SAPI in the absence of Tf, levels of growth and of radioactivity associated with bacterial cells were essentially identical in the absence and presence of NE (Fig. 6b). Iron uptake in the absence of NE is presumably siderophore mediated. More efficient iron uptake in the presence of NE, regardless of the presence of serum, strongly suggests that formation of a complex with Tf-bound iron is essential for the effects that we observe with NE.
Cellular localization of 55Fe and [3H]NE.Sonication of the bacteria and separation of membrane from soluble fractions by high-speed centrifugation indicated that 75% of the 55Fe label and 87% of the [3H]NE were present in the soluble (cytoplasmic/periplasmic) fractions (Fig.7a and b), indicating that both NE and Tf- or Lf-derived iron are internalized by growing bacteria. Western blotting of separated proteins from membrane and soluble fractions with anti-Tf antibodies indicated that associated Tf remained bound to the bacterial membrane (Fig. 7c), and indeed may account for the significant minority of 55Fe counts (approximately 20% of the total) that remained in the membrane fraction. The incorporation of NE and Tf-bound 55Fe is markedly influenced by environmental iron levels (Fig. 5a to d); addition of 200 μM iron to NE-supplemented cultures had no appreciable effect on bacterial growth, but significantly reduced both 55Fe and 3H uptake.
Iron is an essential nutrient for the growth of most bacteria. Moreover, in the case of pathogenic bacteria, effective iron acquisition in the face of the defensive hypoferremic response of the infected host may be crucial to the outcome of an infection (36). Bacteria use a variety of mechanisms to acquire iron, including ferric reductase activity, interactions with host iron-binding proteins, and the use of siderophores, low-molecular-weight secreted molecules with high affinity for ferric iron (13, 27, 36). Many species possess the genetic capacity both to synthesize and to take up siderophores, and some species express uptake systems for exogenous siderophores secreted by other microorganisms (14, 27). Furthermore, certain compounds present in the growth milieu, such as the primary metabolites α-keto- and α-hydroxyacids (14, 31), can act in a siderophore-like fashion, supplying iron for bacterial growth in the absence of other high-affinity iron uptake systems. The data presented in this report suggest that opportunistic utilization of the neuroendocrine hormone NE represents yet another method by which bacteria acquire iron. Previous work by Coulanges and coworkers proposed that Listeria monocytogenes uses ferric reductase activity to obtain iron bound to catecholamine hormones in vitro (3, 4). However, since NE stimulates the growth of a wide range of both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria in iron-restricted conditions (9), it is unlikely that a single mechanism applies to all species. Here we demonstrate that NE at physiological concentrations complexes with the host iron-binding glycoproteins Tf and Lf and that a clinical E. coli strain has the ability to both bind and use these complexes as a source of iron for growth in vitro. Uptake of iron and NE by growing bacteria is significantly reduced in iron-supplemented cultures, indicating that NE-mediated acquisition of iron is modulated by environmental iron concentrations. NE-Tf and NE-Lf complexes appear to be relatively stable, although analysis by PAGE in the presence of urea or SDS indicated NE-dependent loss of iron from Tf and Lf, respectively, in native conditions, there was no measurable transfer of protein-bound iron to free NE. We suggest that the affinity of Tf and Lf for iron is reduced by complex formation with NE, presumably due to structural or conformational changes in the proteins, and that this facilitates iron removal and assimilation by bacteria. Preliminary examination of the UV and visible spectra of diferric Tf before and after incubation with NE suggests shifts in absorption maxima consistent with changes in iron-binding affinity (unpublished data). Although it is clear that NE can facilitate removal of iron from Tf and Lf, we do not yet know the mechanism by which E. coli takes up iron from NE-Tf and Lf-Tf complexes. Our data are compatible with two possible models, one in which NE simply releases iron from Tf, which is then assimilated via microbial iron acquisition systems, the other in which NE acts in a siderophore-like fashion, removing iron from Tf and delivering it directly to the bacteria. Although we have yet to demonstrate chelation of iron by NE, we favor the latter model, since both NE and Tf- and Lf-derived iron are internalized. However, the question of how bacteria acquire iron from NE still remains. Previous in vitro work has shown that agonists or antagonists of vertebrate adrenergic receptors had no measurable effect on NE-stimulated growth of gram-negative bacteria in iron-restricted medium (22). Moreover, database searches of genome sequences have so far revealed no evidence for vertebrate-type adrenoreceptors among NE-responsive bacteria. The E. coli strain used in this work is wild type for enterobactin synthesis and utilization (15), but this alone is not sufficient to promote growth in serum-SAPI medium unless NE is also present. Mutants (entAand entF) deficient in enterobactin synthesis do not grow at all in serum-SAPI medium even in the presence of NE (unpublished data), suggesting that enterobactin is involved in some way in the NE responsiveness of E. coli, but whether the effect is direct or indirect is not yet known. This is currently under investigation in our laboratories.
The physiological importance of the interaction of NE with Tf or Lf is unclear. However, from the infectious disease standpoint, it is apparent that the formation of these complexes in vivo is potentially dangerous if, as demonstrated in vitro, they supply iron for bacterial growth. It may also be significant that NE binds to the very abundant serum protein albumin; since the NE-albumin complex does not support bacterial growth in iron-restricted medium, such binding may be important in reducing the effective systemic concentration of microbiologically active NE. It would be interesting to know if NE retains pharmacological activity in complexes with Tf, Lf, or albumin. Serum Tf is normally about 30% iron saturated in healthy individuals and maintains free iron in the blood at levels too low to support microbial growth; Lf limits iron availability at mucosal surfaces and in secretions (36). We propose that formation of NE-Tf and NE-Lf complexes in vivo creates environments in which iron is more readily available for bacterial growth. We previously demonstrated that release of NE into the gastrointestinal tract of mice following chemical sympathectomy resulted in a greater than 100,000-fold increase in viable E. coli in the cecum within 24 h, with concomitant tissue invasion (19). In trauma and burn patients, in whom the development of intra-abdominal sepsis due to commensal bacteria is frequently observed, severe tissue damage is associated with massive systemic release of NE, which eventually spills over into the gastrointestinal tract (5, 25, 28, 29, 37). Moreover, many patients in intensive care receive intravenous catecholamine hormone infusions to maintain heart function (32); such patients are particularly susceptible to infection from a variety of opportunistic pathogens despite intensive antibiotic prophylaxis. Thus, while effects of trauma on mucosal integrity and decreased resistance to infection due to impaired immune status may partly account for the occurrence of sepsis in critically ill patients, a direct effect of catecholamine hormones, either released naturally as a consequence of stress or administered therapeutically, on bacterial growth should not be discounted.
Catecholamine levels in vivo are tightly controlled, in terms of both production (in response to stress) and metabolism. Indeed, a significant proportion of NE in the body at any time is likely to be in the pharmacologically inactive sulfated form NE-S, due to the activity of catecholamine sulfotransferases located primarily within the gastrointestinal tract (2, 6, 7). NE-S is unable either to remove iron from Tf and Lf in vitro or to stimulate bacterial growth in iron-restricted medium. In the mammalian body, the gastrointestinal tract is the site at which bacteria are most likely to encounter NE and Lf. We may speculate, therefore, that inactivation of NE by sulfation, in addition to its generally recognized purpose of damping down nervous system activity, may play an important physiological role in maintaining a stable commensal flora in healthy individuals by at least partially abrogating the bacterial growth-stimulatory effects of NE-mediated iron supply. Experiments to test these hypotheses are currently in progress in our laboratories.
This work was supported by grant F/212/W from the Leverhulme Trust (to P.W.) and National Institutes of Health grants MH-01371, MH-50431, and A144918 (to M.L.). C.N. was in receipt of a Wolfson Foundation Intercalated Award.
We are grateful to Kathryn Lilley of the Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Laboratory, University of Leicester, for assistance with protein sequencing.
- Received 15 June 2000.
- Accepted 8 August 2000.
- Copyright © 2000 American Society for Microbiology


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Regulus calendula calendula
Status: Common regular spring and fall migrant east and central, uncommon west. Rare regular winter visitor south and southeast, rare casual elsewhere.
Documentation: Specimen: UNSM ZM6713, 13 Apr 1901 Lancaster Co.
Taxonomy: Three subspecies are recognized, one (obscurus) extinct; the others are calendula, which breeds from northwest Alaska east across Canada to Nova Scotia and the northern tier of coterminous United States, including south through the Sierra Nevada to mountains of southern California and through Rocky Mountains south to central Arizona and central New Mexico, and grinnelli, largely sedentary from coastal regions of southern Alaska to southern British Columbia, including Vancouver Island and other islands. Nebraska migrants are presumed calendula.
There is a disjunct population in the Black Hills of South Dakota (Tallman et al 2002), and in Wyoming this species breeds as close as the Laramie Mountains (Faulkner 2010).
Spring: Mar 7, 9, 10 <<<>>> May 28, 29, 29 (south and east), Mar 23, 25, 27 <<<>>> May 29, Jun 3, 4 (north and west)
Arrival is mid- to late Mar and departure is in May. There are late reports for Jun from western parts of the state: 1-18 Jun 1992 Dawes Co in a "patch of simulated boreal forest" (Grzybowski 1992), and 29 Jun 1954 Dawes Co. A report by Aughey, 5 Jun 1865 Dakota Co, is doubtful (Sharpe 1993) although possibly a late migrant.
- High counts: 47 at Fontenelle Forest, Sarpy Co 11 Apr 1999, 35 in southeast Otoe Co 25 Apr 1999, and 30 at Pawnee Lake, Lancaster Co 19 Apr 2009.
Fall: Aug 17,20,20 <<<>>> Nov 7,7,8 (north and west), Sep 2,3 (Jorgensen 2012),5 <<<>>> winter (south and east)
Migrants generally arrive in mid-Sep. Early dates in the north are quite a bit earlier than those in the south, indicating a protracted fall passage through the state.
Earlier reports from the north and west may be of migrants from the Black Hills of South Dakota, where the species is an uncommon breeder (Tallman et al 2002); these are 25 July 1979 Lincoln Co, 26 Jul 2004 Wind Springs Ranch, Sioux Co, and 7-16 Aug 1977 McPherson Co.
Early reports from the south and east are 29 Jul 1920 Lancaster Co (specimen, UNSM ZM6708), 5 Aug 2016 Fontenelle Forest, 20 Aug 1988 Lancaster Co, and 21 Aug 1934 Webster Co (Ludlow 1935).
Departure dates are obscured by birds lingering into Dec, especially in the south (see Winter). In the west, migrants depart by early Nov, although one was in Hooker Co 13 Nov 2013, 3-4 were at Lake Ogallala, Keith Co 28 Nov-5 Dec 1998, one was there 19 Dec 2004, and one was at Rock Creek Lake SRA, Dundy Co, 29 Dec 2004.
- High counts: 51 in Douglas and Washington Cos 2 Oct 1999, 50+ at Branched Oak Lake, Lancaster Co 3 Oct 1999, 50 at Platte River SP, Cass Co 18 Sep 2010, and 50 in Cedar Co 15 Oct 2018.
Winter: Ruby-crowned Kinglets depart gradually in fall, with few remaining after Dec. Despite the purported occurrence on CBCs in southeast South Dakota and the Niobrara River Valley in northeast Nebraska (Root 1988), the only reports north of the North Platte and Platte River Valley counties 1 Jan- 22 Mar are a "first winter record" in Dawes Co 16 Jan-17 Feb 1983 (Williams 1983), 15 Jan 2014 Garden Co, 21 Jan 1988 Dawes Co, and 14 Feb 1972 Brown Co. The westernmost winter (Dec-Jan) reports in the Platte and North Platte River Valleys are in the Lake Ogallala area.
CBC: Christmas Bird Count
NNF: Nebraska National Forest
SP: State Park
SRA: State Recreation Area
UNSM: University of Nebraska State Museum
Literature Cited
Faulkner, D.W. 2010. Birds of Wyoming. Roberts and Company, Greenwood Village, Colorado, USA.
Grzybowski, J.A. 1992. Southern Great Plains Region. American Birds 46: 1151-1152.
Jorgensen, J.G. 2012. Birds of the Rainwater Basin, Nebraska. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
Ludlow, C.S. 1935. A quarter-century of bird migration records at Red Cloud, Nebraska. NBR 3: 3-25.
Root, T. 1988. Atlas of wintering North American birds, an analysis of Christmas Bird Count data. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Tallman, D.A., Swanson, D.L., and J.S. Palmer. 2002. Birds of South Dakota. Midstates/Quality Quick Print, Aberdeen, South Dakota, USA.
Williams, F. 1983. Southern Great Plains Region. American Birds 37: 314-317.
Recommended Citation
Silcock, W.R., and J.G. Jorgensen. 2020. Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula). In Birds of Nebraska — Online. www.BirdsofNebraska.org
Birds of Nebraska – Online
Updated 29 Mar 2020


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The Sunshine Economy: How South Florida Is Building More with Less Labor
Construction cranes may dot the South Florida skyline. Construction zones may occupy our streets. Cement trucks and tractor trailers carrying bulldozers may mingle in our traffic. But there are fewer people working in construction in South Florida than there were a decade ago when the real estate boom came crashing down.
This building boom doesn't have unbridled activity like the last one, and it doesn't have the workforce either. Sixteen percent fewer people are working in construction today compared to the beginning of 2006, even though pay has jumped 15 percent.
Construction Work and Residential Building
Construction Wages
The construction bosses
Patricia Bonilla started her company in a garage. She was a single mom with three kids and she says she prayed for years to have her own company. She led the construction division of the city of Fort Lauderdale. She went out on her own in 2007 just as the real estate market was collapsing.
Ten years later, she expects her company, Lunacon Construction Group, to have $17 million worth of business this year. Her goal is to hit $100 million in sales in a decade. But she knows growth will depend on finding and keeping the right employees -- from construction managers to carpenters. So she's refocused on employee relations and retention in an effort to compete for workers.
Suffolk Construction is a big player in the building industry. Forbes estimates it does around $3 billion in sales a year building projects from Boston to Miami to San Diego. Senior Vice President Rick Kolb says the construction market is not sustaining the pay increases skilled labor has experienced. "When you hit that breaking point of labor availability not being there," he says, "[construction] prices tend to go up a lot."
The high-end residential building activity has slowed down in South Florida, which Kolb thinks will help bring costs down, for a time. "Whatever they are, I'm sure they will be minimal in time before it starts to go again and there's a scramble to get labor."
Russell Nash is the second generation to head up his family's mechanical engineering firm William R. Nash. When it opened in the mid-1960s, the firm focused on plumbing. It now installs all kinds of mechanical systems for hospitals, hotels and airports throughout the southeastern U-S and Caribbean. The company has more than 300 employees and Nash says his skilled labor is getting older. Thirty years ago the average age of his experienced plumbers, heating-air conditioning technicians or welders would have been about 35, he says. Now, the average is pushing 50. He says the lack of younger apprentices threatens future growth for him,and the region.
Bob Moss may arrive at a busy and noisy construction site in a spotless Italian sports car, but in its trunk is a pair of dusty, steady work boots. Moss has been in the construction business for about half a century, building buildings across North America. For most of those years he has been based in Broward County. He is chairman and CEO of the construction management company that bears his name -- Moss and Associates. He started it in 2004 and today it is a $1 billion firm with offices in four states and work across the continent.
He says Miami-Dade County has the most pronounced imbalance between demand and supply of construction workers, but Broward County "is not far behind because a lot of guys work in the same market." As Moss looks at his own business outlook, he expects the demand to remain, "The specialty trades are having to pay more to get the quality guys."


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Effects of pesticides on exposed populations from four European countries
ΣυγγραφέαςPiperakis, S. M.; Kontogianni, K.; Karanastasi, G.; Siffel, C.; Cebulska-Wasilewska, A.; Markos, R.; Iakovidou-Kritsi, Z.; Piperakis, M. M.
The potential genetic hazard of pesticides to humans is of great concern, in particular in occupational and environmental settings because of their widespread use for domestic and industrial applications. In the present study the genotoxic potentials of commonly applied pesticides have been evaluated using the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). This method was used to quantify the level of DNA damage in lymphocytes of farmers who were occupationally exposed to pesticides. Particularly, we measured the amount of DNA damage in isolated human peripheral lymphocytes from agricultural workers from Spain, Hungary, Poland and Greece in comparison to healthy men from the same areas who had no previous occupational exposure to pesticides. All results indicated no statistically significant differences in basal DNA damage between our study groups. In addition, exposure of peripheral blood lymphocytes to hydrogen peroxide or γ-irradiation led to a similar degree of additional DNA damage and subsequent repair for all our studied populations. In conclusion the greenhouse workers who participated in this study had no detectable increased DNA damage or alteration in their cellular response to DNA damage from our control populations. ©PHARMAKON-Press.