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Meyer, Olson, Lowy & Meyers has been successfully representing parents involved in child custody disputes for more than 25 years. We are sensitive to the fact that any emotional turmoil the parents may be going through can often be multiplied for the children when exposed to a contentious divorce and custody battle.
Divorce is often harder on a child than the parents. We utilize our experience and when needed, enlist advice from outside experts to ensure that the best interests of the children are protected. When considering the future of your child, only the top child custody lawyer Los Angeles has available will do. Contact us today to schedule a consultation.
Meyer, Olson, Lowy & Meyers have been providing effective divorce representation in cases involving complex issues of child custody and visitation rights since 1995. Contact us for a consultation. We have offices conveniently located in Century City and Orange County.
The complexity of child custody and visitation issues should not be underestimated. Our experience and success are based on focusing on the individualized needs of each parent and each child as no two cases are the same. We pair you with the perfect family law attorney for your individual case so as to secure a favorable future for you and your children.
Our expert family law attorneys have been providing effective divorce representation in cases involving complex issues of property, spousal support and child custody since 1995. Contact us for a consultation. Contact our offices in Los Angeles or Irvine, California, to schedule a consultation about your family law matter.


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CASPA Application
One of the very first steps on the path into a career as a physician assistant, but also into physician assistant school, is completing the CASPA application. The majority of practicing clinicians have done this in the past, and thousands of aspiring physician assistant students will be embarking on this journey.
What is the CASPA application?
The CASPA application is the Centralized Application Service for Physician Assistants. The majority of physician assistant programs will use this central location for the initial application for admission into their respective program.
The online service initially came to existence in 2011 which replaced the over 16,000 mailed applications annually. Today, over 180 physician assistant programs use the CASPA application service, which is over 90 percent of all ARC-PA accredited programs.
Things to Remember…
The CASPA application serves only as the "middle man" between you, the applicant, and the physician assistant programs in which you are applying. CASPA will assure that nothing is missing in your application, and then disperse the information to the schools or programs of your choice.
However, one crucial thing to remember is that CASPA will not contact you if there is something missing in your application. In fact, CASPA will not send your application at all until everything is completed, received, and verified.
Therefore, it is a must that you regularly check the CASPA website after submission and assure that everything has been verified and that your application has been sent to all of the programs of your choosing.
Things to Do When Applying to CASPA
So, what do you need to do? First thing is first, you need to create a free account and log in to www.caspaonline.org. The next step is filling out and completing the CASPA application. This will include filling out your contact information, where you have attended school, your GPA, the extracurricular activities you have participated in, and your personal statement to name a few parts.
A few things to take a closer look at are the GPA statistics, extracurricular activities, and your personal statement, as these sections are often heavily looked at by programs.
Statistics have shown that the average cumulative undergraduate grade point average for those students accepted to physician assistant programs is around 3.49. The average CASPA science GPA for accepted students was found to be 3.36, and the average nonscience grade point average was found to be 3.56.
Now let's look at the opposite. Those students who were not accepted to physician assistant school, it was found that their average cumulative grade point average was 3.16.
Of course, just because an applicant may have a lower grade point average, that does not deem them not to be accepted to physician assistant school. Other factors including the applicant's experiences and standardized test score play into this as well.
The big thing to remember is that programs will look at the applicant as a whole, not just based upon one single number.
Next, personal experiences. You will be asked to list volunteer and extracurricular activities that you have participated in, and more importantly, how they make you a better applicant or will make you a better clinician in the future. The most important thing to do is to reflect back to how this experience has changed or molded you into being a better applicant for their program.
The Personal Statement
This is a huge part of your CASPA application. This portion of the application allows a prospective PA program to dive into your life and find out a little bit about who you are, before potentially meeting you in person for interviews.
The biggest error in this instance would be authoring a forgettable essay. This is your chance to tell programs whatever you feel they should know about you, and your passion and desire to become a physician assistant.
During these 5,000 characters, you will have the selections committee's full attention, which may either lead to you visiting the campus for an interview or lead you to the pile of "try again next year" applications.
Most essays will be very general and not stand out as well as lack the applicant's unique personality or their readiness for the task of entering physician assistant school. A good personal statement starts with being genuine and often will include telling a story about yourself or an impactful experience in your life.
If you are not the next Mark Twain, William Shakespeare, or J.K. Rowling, no worries! Ask for help! Most universities will have people in their libraries who can help proof and improve your essays. Additionally, asking professors or healthcare professionals that you have shadowed with to review your essay may be helpful as well.
Lastly, you can reach out to us at Medgeeks through our Pre-PA course (link) to review and edit your personal statement!
For the majority of students, they often want to see an example. You ask, and you shall receive!
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PA School Application Timeline
The timing in which you complete tasks regarding applying to PA schools and completing the CASPA can make or break an application. The PA school application timeline has many checkpoints, and you want to make sure that you are meeting these at the appropriate times.
Before starting the application process, you want to research prospective programs that you may be interested in applying to, as well as those programs that you might be a competitive applicant. Things that you might research include specific deadlines for programs, application fees, perquisites, standardized test score cutoffs, and supplemental applications.
Next, you will want to contact all of the universities that you have attended to get official transcripts that you will need to use to enter your coursework into the CASPA application. Lastly, at this point, you want to start gathering ideas and contacting potential evaluators who may be willing to write a letter or recommendation for you, as well as starting your personal statement.
The most important date to remember for this next cycle is April 25, 2019. This is the date in which the CASPA 2019-2020 application cycle opens.
If you open your account before this date, any information that is input will be discarded. The following information and timeline dates are the latest that these tasks should be completed. The sooner, the better!
At least three months prior to the deadline you want to create your CASPA account as above and complete the colleges attended and evaluators sections.
At this time, it is also a good idea to ask your schools to send your official transcripts directly to CASPA, begin entering your coursework into the CASPA application system, and to check in with your evaluators to assure that they have gotten their email requesting them to complete a letter of recommendation on your behalf.
At least six to eight weeks at latest prior to the deadline you want to complete and submit your application. The other key thing to be doing at this point is monitoring your application to assure that CASPA has received your transcripts and letter of recommendations.
Lastly, after the deadline has passed, you want to get on the CASPA website and download a copy of your application for your personal records.
CASPA FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)
The CASPA overall is a very high stakes thing to complete regarding your potential admission to physician assistant school. You are apt to have questions during this process, so we will go over some of CASPA FAQ.
Do you have to send official transcripts? Yes, you must submit and send official transcripts to CASPA. Unofficial transcripts will not be accepted if sent. Make sure that you are budgeting for this when the application cycle begins.
Where do you find the transcript request form? This will be found under the colleges attended section on CASPA, but this will not show up until you have entered a college that you have attended into the system.
One question that I personally had when applying was, "if I went to two colleges and the information from the first college was listed on the second college's transcript, do I need to send both?" Yes, you must include all colleges that you have attended and send an official transcript from all colleges that were attended.
Do you have to enter every course that you have taken? Yes, every class that you have taken must be placed in the transcript entry section. However, you can pay for professional transcript entry services and have someone else enter this information for you, if you choose.
Can you apply to more programs after submitting your application? Yes, you can submit more schools that you would like to apply to after initially submitting your application as long as the respective school's deadline has not passed.
When will I learn about admission decisions? Each program is different, and you must contact each program individually to acquire this information.
How much does the CASPA application cost? The first school that you apply to costs $175 and each additional school that you apply to thereafter is an additional $50.
Still have questions regarding the CASPA application?
We're hosting a free webinar to help walk you through the entire process...

subset: commoncrawl


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Susan Riley | April 2012
Paper Fortune Tellers for Student Engagement
Remember those paper fortune tellers that all elementary school kids learn how to make on the bus? You put your hands in and move it open and closed until you open it up and find out what your "fortune" would be. Well, we've taken that and created one for using Arts techniques in the classroom.
Students create their fortune teller from the template below, and then use it to determine which art element they will use to demonstrate their understanding (or that of their group) of a particular content objective. Students of all ages love this method and because each art form is represented, everyone gets an opportunity to use an artform with which they connect.
So, if they are studying angles in math and you want them to demonstrate a 45 degree angle, they can use the fortune teller and possibly have to show this using a drama technique they know. Additionally, you could print out a blank template and fill in specific ways that students could show their understanding using only one art area (ie: draw the angle, paint the angle, sculpt the angle, create a mosaic of the angle).
Below, you'll find both templates for you to use, which also include instructions for how to make the fortune teller. To download, just click the PDF download link. Have fun!
Engagement Fortune Teller Download
Engagement Fortune Teller Blank Template
If you're looking for more ways to bring paper fortune tellers into your classroom, check out this Kinetic Mathematical Sculpture article. It takes this technique to a whole new level!


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Blueprinter M2 - $£1000
- This item has been sold
- Delivery: No
- City: Andover
- Zip/Postal Code: SP10 5AP
- Country: United Kingdom
- Website: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4XAzSxJFiF0Y1ZvbzJNaXd2cGc
- Listed: May 18, 2017 9:03 am
- Listed by: jlso5cie6o
- Expires: This ad has expired
We are a design consultancy based in Hampshire, UK, and are selling our Blueprinter M2 3D Printer.
The printer is in very good working order and is able to run when filled with M-Flex Powder and prepared and handled according to the manual. This machine has been used for Project Design work and Customer Prototypes, however unfortunately we no longer have the demand to justify such a specialist piece of equipment.
Supplied with:
Large box of used Blueprinter M-Flex Powder
2x Blueprinter Trays that slot into the machine
3x Blueprinter Powder Tubs
1x Part Removal Box
Cleaning Station that has the Grinder fitted, so you can reuse the powder
Instruction Manual
Spare cables
Please note that new Blueprinter Powder is required to achieve the best quality print. (the mix between used and new M-Flex Powder is 1/3 new, 2/3 old)
For those that are not aware, Blueprinter as a company filed for bankruptcy last year which makes finding new M-flex material a little difficult.
Please see photos on attached website
Please see blueprinter Youtube site for operation videos.
We are looking for £1000; this machine new cost £20,000 about 3 years ago
Please message for any more information and enquiries.
You may also be interested in these related items.
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Markforged X7 Industrial 3d printer
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Perhaps the hardest subject for a garden enthusiast to tackle is indoor lighting. Most plants grown indoors need lights to compensate for the lack of sunshine. That much I've known for a time, but how to select and use the right light indoors has been a mystery to me.
Into the darkness of my ignorance has come Gardening Under Lights, by Leslie Halleck. This book is the answer to the prayers of gardeners everywhere who struggle to grow healthy seedlings only to see them weaken and die. This book has it all – from details of how light is measured, to what lights to use for your favorite indoor crop.
Finding the Right Light
Leslie's book begins at the beginning with the basics of how plants and sunlight interact in the natural environment. She then takes us indoors to discover the world of artificial lighting. This is the "meat and potatoes" part of the book. From years of study and experimentation, Leslie explains the intricacies of how light is measured and how different lamps produce different results with plants.
How to Set Up Indoor Lights
Having guided us through the mysteries of artificial lighting, Leslie move on to the nuts and bolts of setting up lighting for an indoor garden. There are lots of practical tips here. Whether you just want a spotlight on a favorite orchid or a full-scale indoor garden, this book can help yo make it happen.
Growing Tips for Popular Plants
The book finishes with specific advice on growing popular edibles and ornamentals. Here you'll discover:
- More light is not always better. Plants can grow poorly under continuous illumination.
- Herbs such as basil, spearmint and oregano need plenty of light but prefer cool-spectrum lighting.
- Cannabis (yup, it's in here) needs different lighting at different stages of growth.
- Different types of orchids need different types of lighting. The same thing is true for succulents.
From microgreens to mint, daffodils to dwarf melons, Gardening Under Lights covers it all. A big thanks to the author for all her research and hard work bringing this book to life. It has earned a permanent place on my bookshelf of garden references.
Gardening Under Lights is a wonderful resource for anyone who wants to grow something indoors. Order your copy today from Timber Press or Amazon.com for years of improved gardening success indoors. We are also giving away one free copy of the book for readers of our blog. Here's how to enter:
Just leave a comment on this post by September 22 using a valid email address; that's how we'll contact the winner. After commenting, be sure to check our blog posts for helpful tips for Southwest gardeners. You also can subscribe to our newsletter and follow us on social media.
Any visitor to Southwest Gardening Blog who lives in the continental U.S. is eligible. We'll randomly draw a winner from among those who comment. The winner will receive one copy of Gardening Complete from the publisher. We'll contact the winner for shipping information and announce the winner's name on this blog by September 26. No purchase necessary.
The Gardening Under Lights Giveaway is sponsored by Southwest Gardening, LLC, of Ft. Worth, Texas, and Timber Press of Portland, Ore. All opinions expressed in this review are those of Ann McCormick, who received a review copy of the book courtesy of the publisher.
If you enjoy herbs and organic gardening, you'll want to meet Ann McCormick, the Herb 'n Cowgirl. A life-long gardener, she has devoted her time for the last 20 years to writing and speaking about her favorite subject. Ann is a feature writer for The Dallas Morning News.The Herb 'n Cowgirl also shares her love of herbs and her gardening techniques as a speaker and media guest. She lives in Fort Worth, TX with her husband of 35 years and an assortment of dogs. To find out more about the Herb 'n Cowgirl visit her at www.herbncowgirl.com.


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Let's face the facts: everyone needs to have insurance. The risk is simply too great to take on for the things you have worked for most - your car, your house, and your dependents. The good news is, by going with State Farm® for your insurance wants, you will get the insurance you need to have at a good rate. Talk to us about our investment products! For all of your insurance services, talk to State Farm®.
Finance and Investing with State Farm®
Insurance is far from all that State Farm® has to offer its millions of clients. Think about our investment products in establishing your financial future. We offer mutual funds, education savings plans, and simple banking. Talk to us about our LifePath® options for actively managed mutual funds. When you designate State Farm® as your chief financial services provider, you become prepared for long term financial success. Learn more by talking to one of our professional agents.
When you think about your financial future, you should be thinking of State Farm®. We are the unparalleled providers of car insurance agent in 57702. Click to get a free quote today.


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Sunday, October 11, 2009
Sunday update
19 more participants for the 2010 BJP since Monday the 5th to report this morning... Once again, if you are not receiving your confirmations, be sure to check your email spam filter. AND, if you have sent your registration in and have not received a confirmation from me within the next day, be sure to email me and ask if I got it. :) my email is email@example.com
Anyway, the 19 for today are:
Texas: 1
Washington: 4
NSW Australia: 2
California: 1
Michigan: 2
Ohio: 1
Minnesota: 1
Arizona: 2
Illinois: 1
New Zealand: 1
New Mexico: 2
Georgia: 1
I am seeing LOTS of registrants who learn about us from friends and word of mouth. Perhaps you can talk to your friends too? Soon I will do a total of new participants versus returning participants. Returning participants, do not forget you need to send all the information to me again to join the 2010 BJP!!!
Our total registration so far: 94 !!!
Have a wonderfully creative and beadiful week, everyone!
1 comment:
- Robin said...
Thanks for posting the updates, Pam!!! You ARE and angel!!! Love the beady picture too. These updates on all our blogs will help to keep the long registration period "alive." I know this one reminded me that I needed to send you my registration... and now I've done it... Ah-ha! I'm in for another year!!!
Robin A.
- October 11, 2009 at 3:10 PM
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SPAS-1 (stimulator of prostatic adenocarcinoma-specific T cells)/SH3GLB2: A prostate tumor antigen identified by CTLA-4 blockade
Contributed by James P. Allison, December 29, 2007 (received for review November 26, 2007)
Discovery of immunologically relevant antigens in prostate cancer forms the basis for developing more potent active immunotherapy. We report here a strategy using the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model, which allows for the functional identification of immunogenic prostate tumor antigens with relevance for human immunotherapy. Using a combination of active tumor vaccination in the presence of CTL-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) in vivo blockade, we elicited tumor-specific T cells used to expression clone the first T cell-defined TRAMP tumor antigen, called Spas-1 (stimulator of prostatic adenocarcinoma specific T cells-1). Spas-1 expression was increased in advanced primary TRAMP tumors. We show that the immunodominant SPAS-1 epitope SNC9-H8 arose from a point mutation in one allele of the gene in TRAMP tumor cells, and that immunization with dendritic cells pulsed with SNC9-H8 peptide resulted in protection against TRAMP-C2 tumor challenge. In humans, the Spas-1 ortholog SH3GLB2 has been reported to be overexpressed in prostate cancer metastases. Additionally, we identified a nonmutated HLA-A2-binding epitope in the human ortholog SH3GLB2, which primed T cells from healthy HLA-A2+ individuals in vitro. Importantly, in vitro-primed T cells also recognized naturally processed and presented SH3GLB2. Our findings demonstrate that our in vivo CTLA-4 blockade-based T cell expression cloning can identify immunogenic cancer antigens with potential relevance for human immunotherapy.
The goal of immunological approaches to tumor therapy is the induction of antitumor responses of sufficient strength to eradicate disseminated tumor and to prevent the reoccurrence of metastases. Until recently, the application of immunotherapy to prostate cancer has been limited compared with more immunogenic tumors such as melanoma or renal cell carcinoma. The inherent low immunogenicity of prostate cancer has been one reason that has long prevented the functional identification of tumor antigens using methods first pioneered by Boon and colleagues (1). Although irradiated prostate tumor cells can be and have been used as a crude source of tumor antigens in prostate cancer immunotherapy (2), knowledge of the targets of the T cell response to prostate cancer would allow the development of highly specific approaches to immunotherapy via specific immunization. Currently, a number of candidate tumor antigens have been targeted for prostate cancer solely based on their relatively restricted expression to the prostate or prostate cancer. These include prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (3), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) (4), prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) (5), and a few other gene products (6). In these studies, potential relevant T cell epitopes were identified through a reverse immunology approach where T cell epitopes are predicted through computer algorithms according to known HLA-binding motifs. However, because these antigens are self-proteins, they remain poorly immunogenic. It is only through the recent development of more effective vaccination strategies that some of the preexisting immune tolerance to these self-antigens was overcome. As a result, promising biological outcomes are emerging in clinical trials (6, 7). We believe, however, that the efficacy of prostate cancer immunotherapies could be further improved if target antigens were identified through a functional approach rather than selected a priori based upon tissue expression.
Previously, we have shown that blockade of the inhibitory signals mediated by the T cell surface molecule CTLA-4 can greatly enhance T cell responses and, in many cases, result in tumor rejection in several mouse tumor systems (8, 9). In the case of B16 melanoma, tumor rejection through CTLA-4 blockade in combination with a GM-CSF-producing melanoma tumor cell vaccine was accompanied by autoimmune depigmentation of normal melanocytes, evidence that the antitumor T cell response was also, in part, directed to normal, bona fide self-antigens shared between the tumor, the vaccine, and melanocytes (10). One of these antigens was identified as the melanocyte differentiation antigen tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2) (11). Significantly, TRP-2 has also been shown to be a major target for T cells in melanoma patients and is currently in clinical trials as a melanoma vaccine.
In this study, we describe the use of anti-CTLA-4 therapy in the TRAMP model (12–14) for the identification of prostate tumor antigens. In previous studies, we demonstrated that CTLA-4 blockade by itself or in combination with a GM-CSF-expressing TRAMP tumor cell vaccine retarded the growth of transplantable TRAMP prostate tumors (unpublished results) and primary tumors spontaneously arising in the transgenic TRAMP mice (13). The same vaccination caused autoimmune prostatitis in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, suggesting that TRAMP tumors may express prostate tissue-specific antigens that could become potential targets for immunotherapy (13). We hypothesized that, as demonstrated in the melanoma model, some of the target antigens of the immune prostatitis generated in the mouse will have human orthologs relevant to human prostate cancer. Importantly, because these targets are identified by their capacity to stimulate T cells, by definition they would be validated immunologically, making them ideal targets for immunotherapy. We applied the vaccination strategy of CTLA-4 in vivo blockade in combination with a GM-CSF-expressing TRAMP-C2 (TRAMPC2-GM) cell vaccine to generate a potent anti-TRAMP tumor response in nontransgenic, syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. The tumor-specific T cells were used to identify the first immunologically validated prostate cancer rejection antigen. We refer to this antigenic target in prostate cancer as SPAS antigen because of its ability to "stimulate prostatic adenocarcinoma-specific T cells." We demonstrate that SPAS-1 has a human ortholog known as SH3GLB2, which is immunogenic in humans in vitro, making it a potentially attractive candidate target antigen for the development of antigen-targeted immunotherapies in humans.
Generation of TRAMP-Reactive T Cell Hybridomas and Identification of Spas-1.
TRAMP-specific CD8+ T cell lines were established from spleens and lymph nodes of mice vaccinated with TRAMPC2-GM in combination with anti-CTLA-4 antibody treatment. We have shown that this vaccination protocol was sufficient to lead to complete rejection of transplantable TRAMP tumors (unpublished results). The function and specificity of the T cell line were assessed by using standard assays for IFN-γ production (Fig. 1 A) and cytotoxicity (Fig. 1 B) in response to incubation with a panel of syngeneic C57BL/6-derived tumors of different cellular origins. In both assays, the T cell line recognized TRAMP-C2 cells but not other tumors, including a melanoma (B16BL6), a colon adenocarcinoma (MC38), and a lymphoma (EL4) (Fig. 1 A). To facilitate expression cloning of antigens responsible for stimulating the CD8+ T cell lines, we established T cell hybridomas by fusing the CD8+ T cells with the LacZ-inducible fusion partner BWZ.36 (15). Eight BTZ (C57BL/6-derived, TRAMP-reactive, LacZ inducible) hybridoma clones were generated and tested for retention of reactivity by measuring induction of LacZ activity after incubation with tumor cells [supporting information (SI) Fig. 7A ]. Incubation with anti-Db but not anti-Kb blocking monoclonal antibodies resulted in partial inhibition of T cell activation, suggesting that eight of eight BTZs tested were specific for a TRAMP-C2 antigen presented by H-2Db MHC molecules (SI Fig. 7B ). Next, we screened a cDNA library generated from TRAMP-C2 tumor cells with one of the T cell hybridoma subclones, BTZ5.65. A single cDNA clone was isolated from the library that was capable of stimulating BTZ5.65 and the remaining panel of T cell hybridomas (data not shown). The 1.0-kb cDNA insert contained 462 nt of an open-reading frame followed by an untranslated 3′ region (3′UTR) of 509 nt including a polyA tail. A full-length transcript was isolated that encoded a predicted protein of 395 aa (SI Fig. 8). We named this gene Spas-1, for stimulator of prostatic adenocarcinoma-specific T cells (GenBank accession no. EF676083). Search of the GenBank database revealed the existence of a human ortholog of mouse SPAS-1 of unknown function designated SH3-domain, GRB2-like, endophilin B2 (SH3GLB2, GenBank accession no. AF257319). Sequence alignment showed that the human and mouse genes share 90% identity at the nucleotide level and 96% identity at the amino acid level.
Tissue Distribution of Murine Spas-1.
Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was performed to assess the expression of Spas-1 in normal mouse tissues. Spas-1 expression was not limited to the prostate but was found in other tissues, with the highest level of expression in the heart (Fig. 2 A). To determine whether Spas-1 expression levels changed during tumorigenesis, real-time RT-PCR was performed on prostate tissues from age-matched C57BL/6 wild-type and TRAMP mice. Based on previous studies, TRAMP mice start developing severe intraepithelial hyperplasia of the prostate ≈20 weeks of age, progressing to full neoplasia by the time they are 24–30 weeks old (16). We therefore chose to determine levels of Spas-1 expression in prostate tumors from both 21- and 27-week-old TRAMP mice to determine expression changes during tumor progression. The expression levels of Spas-1 were significantly increased in prostate tumor tissues from 27-week-old TRAMP mice compared with normal prostate tissues from nontransgenic mice or prostate tissues from 21-week-old TRAMP mice (Fig. 2 B).
Identification of the SPAS-1 T Cell Epitope.
To identify the antigenic peptide recognized by the BTZ1.4 T cell hybridoma, we limited our search to the last 152 C-terminal amino acids of the protein, which are encoded by the original SPAS-1 cDNA clone. We used the BIMAS computer algorithm to predict possible H-2Db-binding peptide motifs in this region. Eight synthetic peptides with the highest predicted binding scores (H-2Db-1 to H-2Db-8) were tested in vitro for their ability to stimulate BTZ1.4. Although the H-2Db-3 peptide (THVNHLHCL) led to activation of BTZ1.4, this activation appeared to be very weak, because even at a 100 nM peptide concentration, the activation plateau had not been reached (SI Fig. 9A ). Through testing of deletion mutants, the antigenic region of SPAS-1 was narrowed down to the first 78 nt of the cDNA insert, the same region that also encoded the H-2Db-3 peptide (SI Fig. 9B ). To ascertain this was indeed the correct antigenic peptide, we tested a set of overlapping minigenes spanning the predicted region for expression and presentation of the correct peptide to BTZ1.4 (SI Fig. 9C ). Interestingly, the minigene coding for the predicted H-2Db-3 peptide did not lead to any T cell activation. The actual minimal peptide that led to the highest T cell activation was not THVNHLHCL, but rather STHVNHLHC (SNC9-H8), which was five logs more potent than THVNHLHCL in stimulating BTZ1.4 (SI Fig. 9D ). That SNC9-H8 was indeed the naturally processed epitope of TRAMP-C2 cells was confirmed by the fact that the stimulatory activity of the synthetic peptide, and that of naturally processed tumor peptides extracted from TRAMP-C2 cells coeluted upon fractionation by reverse-phase HPLC (SI Fig. 9E ).
Antitumor Effect of SPAS-1 Peptide Vaccination.
Next, we tested whether prophylactic vaccination with the SNC9-H8 peptide protects against TRAMP-C2 tumor growth. C57BL/6 mice were given four i.v. injections, 3 weeks apart, of bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DC) pulsed either with the SNC9-H8 peptide or the irrelevant ovalbumin peptide SIINFEKL (SL8) before challenge with the transplantable TRAMP-C2 cells. As a positive control, mice received four s.c. injections of irradiated TRAMPC2-GM cells, which have been shown to have a protective effect against TRAMP-C2 tumor growth when given prophylactically (unpublished results). As expected, all of the untreated mice developed palpable tumors by day 19 post-tumor challenge, whereas tumor growth in mice that received the TRAMPC2-GM cell vaccine was delayed by at least 28 days (Fig. 3 B). Vaccination of mice with SNC9-H8-pulsed BM-DC resulted in a statistically significant delay in tumor growth (medium time of 41.5 days) when compared with untreated mice or mice vaccinated with BM-DC pulsed with the irrelevant peptide SL8 (Fig. 3 B). Despite the well documented nonspecific protective effect conferred by vaccination with BM-DC alone (17–20), targeting the response to SPAS-1 (SNC9-H8) led to a significantly greater delay in tumor growth rate compared with vaccination with SL8-pulsed BM-DC (P < 0.05) (Fig. 3 A), confirming that SNC9-H8 was indeed a target of the anti-TRAMP tumor T cell response in vivo.
SPAS-1 Epitope Mapping from Different Tissues Reveals a G to A Substitution in Position P8 of the T Cell Epitope.
Having determined the genetic region in the Spas-1 gene that codes for the antigenic epitope, we compared the sequence of that region in transcripts isolated from the TRAMP-C2 cells with that of the Spas-1 transcripts obtained by RT-PCR from normal tissues, such as liver and prostate. As shown in Fig. 4 A, the Spas-1 sequence obtained through expression cloning of the TRAMP-C2 cDNA library differed from that of normal tissues by a single nucleotide substitution (G to A), a change that translated into a histidine rather than an arginine at the eighth position (P8) of the antigenic epitope. This suggested two possibilities: (i) the antigenic epitope arose as a result of a point mutation in the tumor, or (ii) it resulted from genetic differences between the TRAMP mouse from which the TRAMP-C2 tumor line was derived and the C57BL/6 substrain we vaccinated to generate our TRAMP-specific CD8+ T cell line. The latter was ruled out by the fact that the Spas-1 sequence was identical in normal tissues of both C57BL/6 mice and TRAMP mice. We also ruled out the occurrence of a polymorphism in our C57BL/6 substrain by showing that the Spas-1 sequence was identical in C57BL/6 strains from three independent vendors (data not shown). Sequence analysis of genomic DNA derived from three different TRAMP transplantable tumor sublines revealed in each case a mixed sequence of G and A at the relevant position, whereas sequencing of the transplantable melanoma cell line B16BL6 or of the colon adenocarcinoma MC38 yielded only G at that position (Fig. 4 A).
To determine how the wild-type peptide, which contains an arginine at position 8 of the T cell epitope (SNC9-R8) would affect T cell recognition, we pulsed H-2Db-expressing L cells with synthetic peptides corresponding to either the mutated (SNC9-H8) or the wild-type (SNC9-R8) epitopes and determined their ability to stimulate BTZ1.4 (Fig. 4 B). Although the T cell hybridoma recognized both the mutated SNC9-H8 and the wild-type SNC9-R8 peptides, the response to the wild-type peptide SNC9-R8 was 4 logarithms less potent than to its mutated counterpart.
TRAMP-Tumor Cell Vaccination in Combination with CTLA-4 Blockade Leads to T Cell Responses Against Both Wild-Type and Mutated SPAS-1 Epitopes in Vivo.
Because the TRAMP tumor cell lines expressed both the wild-type and the mutated form of SPAS-1, we questioned whether mice injected with the TRAMPC2-GM tumor cell vaccine in combination with CTLA-4 blockade could raise T cell responses not only to the mutated but also the wild-type SPAS-1 antigen. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with the TRAMPC2-GM tumor cell vaccine in combination with blocking antibodies to CTLA-4, followed by five vaccination boosts with the TRAMPC2-GM cell vaccine alone. Six days after the last vaccination, spleens were removed and assayed for antigen-specific IFN-γ production in response to SNC9-H8 and SNC9-R8 peptides. As expected, a strong response against the mutated SNC9-H8 peptide was detected, which titrated down into nanomolar peptide concentration. In addition, a significant T cell response was also observed at higher antigen dose in response to the wild-type peptide SNC9-R8 (Fig. 5). This response was 3–4 logarithms weaker compared with its mutated counterpart but showed that vaccination with the TRAMPC2-GM cell vaccine in combination with CTLA-4 blockade is capable of eliciting self-reactive SNC9-R8-specific T cells.
In Vitro SPAS-1/SH3GLB2 T Cell Responses in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes.
To assess the immunogenicity of SPAS-1/SH3GLB2 in humans, we examined whether SPAS-1/SH3GLB2-reactive T cells could be elicited from peripheral blood lymphocytes of HLA-A2+ individuals. We used computer algorithms SYFPEITHI, BIMAS, and nHLApred to predict HLA-A2-binding epitopes in the human SPAS-1/SH3GLB2 protein. Five nonamer peptides (P1–P5) were synthesized that had high binding scores according to all three algorithms: P1, (LV-9); P2, (YL-9); P3, (LT-9); P4, (FL-9); and P5, (IL-9). Four of the five peptides bound to HLA-A2, as demonstrated by stabilization of surface HLA-A2 expression in a conventional T2-binding assay (SI Fig. 10).
Next, we determined whether these peptides are immunogenic in vitro. T cell priming cultures were set up for each individual peptide with T cells from three healthy HLA-A2+ donors. For each individual HLA-A2+ donor, significant IFN-γ secretion was induced only in the culture restimulated with peptide P4, FLTPLRNFL (FL-9) (Fig. 6 A), indicating that T cells specific to this SPAS-1/SH3GLB2 peptide can be induced in humans.
Finally, to determine whether the endogenously processed SPAS-1/SH3GLB2 peptides themselves are immunogenic, we overexpressed the SPAS-1/SH3GLB2 cDNA in the HLA-A2+ human monocytic leukemia-derived cell line THP-1 and asked whether it could activate FL-9-specific T cells. In agreement with our previous findings, specific activation of the FL-9-specific T cells was observed in response to titrated doses of the FL-9 but not the LV-9 peptide pulsed onto THP-1 cells (Fig. 6 B). More importantly, FL-9-specific CD8+ T cells also recognized endogenously processed and presented SPAS-1/SH3GLB2 peptide, as demonstrated by the robust T cell activation in response to titrated numbers of THP-1 cells over-expressing SPAS-1/SH3GLB2 (Fig. 6 C) compared with THP-1 cells transfected with an empty vector. This higher response was statistically significant over four independent experiments (unpaired Student's t test P value <0.05). The low level expression of endogenous SPAS-1/SH3GLB2 in vector control-transfected THP-1 cells (SI Fig. 11) might have contributed to the background activation of FL-9-specific T cells.
We describe in these studies an approach for the functional identification of immunogenic tumor antigens in the TRAMP model of prostate cancer. Because these tumor antigens are defined by their capacity to stimulate T cell responses, our working hypothesis is that their human orthologs will be immunogenic as well and might become appealing candidate targets for future antigen-directed immunotherapies for prostate cancer. We name these immunogenic targets SPAS antigens, for "stimulators of prostatic adenocarcinoma-specific" T cells. By using T cells from mice immunized with a GM-CSF-expressing TRAMP cell vaccine in combination with in vivo CTLA-4 blockade, we have identified the first of these SPAS tumor antigens, SPAS-1, involved in T cell-mediated rejection of TRAMP tumors. The mouse Spas-1 gene, like its human ortholog SH3GLB2, encodes a protein of unknown function. We show that immunization with SPAS-1 peptide-pulsed dendritic cells results in protection against TRAMP-C2 tumor challenge. Because the immunodominant SPAS-1 epitope displays a point mutation that is found in all three available TRAMP-C tumor sublines, it seems likely that the mutation occurred in vivo, because all three sublines were derived from the same mouse but subcultured soon after excision of the primary tumor (12). To determine the frequency by which this mutation occurs in primary tumors, we sequenced the Spas-1 gene from 20 primary TRAMP tumors that were also used for expression analysis (see Fig. 2 B) but were unable to detect that particular mutation again (data not shown). It is conceivable that this mutation might have been masked in our sequencing analysis by a larger pool of nonmutated cDNA derived from a heterogeneous cell population in the TRAMP tumor.
Recent published work has documented expression of human SPAS-1/SH3GLB2 in human prostate cancer and possibly in other tumor types. In one study, an extensive expression profiling not only allowed discrimination between normal prostate and tumor tissues, but also delineated three subgroups of prostate cancer that correlate with biological and clinical behavior. Interestingly, SPAS-1/SH3GLB2 appeared to be most highly expressed in the lymph node metastases of the most clinically aggressive subgroup III (21). These findings are corroborated by another published report that shows SPAS-1/SH3GLB2 to be the third most-abundant transcript in androgen-stimulated LNCap cells, a prototypic prostate cancer cell line derived from lymph node metastases (22). Finally, SPAS-1/SH3GLB2 was identified among the 40 most significantly up-regulated genes in malignant granular odontogenic tumors (GCOT) (23). Taken together, these findings are in agreement with our own expression data in mice, where increased expression of Spas-1 is observed in more advanced TRAMP tumors.
The broad expression pattern of Spas-1 found in mice raises the question of possible autoimmune side effects in the setting of active immunotherapy. It remains to be determined whether a similar expression pattern in normal tissue will be found in humans. Nonetheless, it has been shown that for many tumor antigens, including the PSMA (24), the antiapoptotic protein ML-IAP (25), the human telomerase reverse transcriptase hTERT (26), the proteinase-3 derived peptide PR1 (27), and the epidermal growth factor receptor HER2/neu (28) an antitumor T cell response can be elicited after vaccination without toxicity toward normal tissues. A proposed mechanism is that the epitopes processed and presented by normal tissues are below the threshold level for T cell recognition, whereas overexpression in tumor cells triggers an anticancer response by breaking previously established tolerance. Therefore, in the event that SPAS-1/SH3GLB2 is measurably overexpressed in cancer compared with normal tissues, it is conceivable that a T cell response can primarily be directed to the site with highest protein expression. Expression studies would need to be done at the protein rather than at the RNA level to evaluate this possibility.
Regarding the issue of immunological tolerance, we provide evidence that tolerance toward the self-antigen SPAS-1/SH3GLB2 is not complete in humans, as demonstrated by our ability to elicit T cells specific for the SPAS-1/SH3GLB2 peptide FL-9 in all healthy individuals tested. Importantly, we also show this reactivity can be directed to an endogenously processed and presented SPAS-1/SH3GLB2 epitope. Similarly, in the mouse, we demonstrate that T cell tolerance to SPAS-1 is not absolute, because vaccination with the TRAMPC2-GM tumor cell vaccine leads to T cell responses to both mutated SNC9-H8 and wild-type SNC9-R8 SPAS-1 epitopes. To fully address the potential usefulness of SPAS-1/SH3GLB2 as either an immunologic target or immune marker, the status of SPAS-1/SH3GLB2-specific T cell responses in prostate cancer patients will need to be determined.
From a preclinical aspect, the SPAS-1 SNC9-H8 epitope represents the first-identified tumor rejection antigen on TRAMP tumor cells. Although several studies have described the expression of other prostate cancer antigens in TRAMP tumor cells, such as PAP, prostate stem cell antigen, and PSMA (29–31), none of these have been shown to be targets for immune rejection in this model. Alternative approaches have been the generation of TRAMP cells expressing artificial antigens such as Flu-HA (32). We believe that the identification of SPAS-1 as the first-described endogenous T cell TRAMP tumor-specific antigen might facilitate the evaluation of vaccines in this mouse model for prostate cancer.
Our experimental strategy for the identification of T cell targets in the TRAMP model was based on the rationale that identified mouse antigens have human orthologs with potential relevance for immunotherapy in human prostate cancer. Our finding that one can elicit specific T cell responses to wild-type SPAS-1/SH3GLB2 in vitro from the blood of healthy individuals, together with the reported overexpression in advanced forms of human prostate cancer, supports the validity of our strategic approach. We propose that the strategy used to clone the SPAS-1 antigen can be broadly applied as a strategy for identifying T cell targets specific to a variety of tumors and, most importantly, with relevance to human cancers.
For additional details, see SI Methods .
C57BL/6 mice were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory. Males from 5 to 7 weeks of age were used.
Tumor Cell Lines.
The TRAMP-C1, TRAMP-C2, TRAMP-C3, GM-CSF-expressing TRAMP-C2 (TRAMPC2-GM), and B7-expressing TRAMP-C2 (B7-TRAMP-C2) cell lines have all been described (12–14).
Immunizations and Generation of T Cell Lines and Hybridomas.
Five-week-old C57BL/6 mice received s.c. injections of 1.5 × 106 irradiated (12 krads) GM-TRAMP-C2 cells, six times, 3 weeks apart, and 3 i.p. injections of 100 μg of anti-CTLA-4 antibody [clone 9H10 (33)] on days 1, 4, and 7 after the first vaccination. CD8+ T cell lines were generated by restimulating splenocytes on mitomycin C-treated B7-TRAMP-C2. T cell hybridomas were generated and tested for specific responses by the production of β-galactosidase activity as described (15).
Mouse T Cell Activation Assays.
Specific T cell responses against peptide/MHC were measured by the production of IFN-γ by either ELISA, ELISPOT, or intracellular cytokine staining using a BD Bioscences kit or through cytolytic activity in a JAM assay according to a published protocol (34). For T cell lines, T cell activation assays were performed 5 days after the last restimulation. For ex vivo T cell responses, assays were performed 6 days after last vaccination.
Real-Time RT-PCR.
Real-time PCR for SPAS-1 and the reference β-actin was performed in an ABI Gene Amp 5700 machine with the SYBR green mastermix kit (Applied Biosystems). A standard curve established using known quantities of PCR template was used for both SPAS-1 and β-actin detection. CT values were set manually above a threshold that reflected linear amplification and converted into arbitrary units by using the known standard curve. SPAS-1 expression data were then normalized relative to β-actin.
BM-DC Vaccinations and Tumor Studies.
BM-DC were generated according to an established protocol (35). BM-DC were harvested on day 8 and pulsed with either 10 μM SPAS-1-SNC9-H8 peptide antigen or 10 μM OVA-SL8 control antigen for 4 h at 37°C. C57BL/6 mice were injected intravenously with 0.1 × 106 total BM-DC cells. Seven days after the last vaccination boost, mice received a s.c. injection of 1.0 × 106 live TRAMP-C2 cells.
Culture of Human DC and T Cell Lines.
Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DC) were generated by culturing monocytes isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy HLA-A2+ donors as described (36). The presence of SPAS-1 peptide-specific CD8+ T cells was determined by coculturing 1 × 105 CD8+ T cells with 5 × 104 HLA-A2-expressing 721.221 B lymphoblastoid cells (A221) cells pulsed with the appropriate peptide. Culture supernatants were collected 24 h later and tested for the presence of IFN-γ by ELISA. All human work was performed under the approved University of California, San Francisco, CHR protocol number H6872-17054-08.
We thank Drs. L. Lanier, D. Brockstedt, and S. Quezada for helpful advice and critical reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by University of California, San Francisco, Prostate SPORE National Institutes of Health Grant P50 CA89520 and by CaPCURE awards. J.P.A. holds the David H. Koch Chair for Immunologic Studies.
- ‖To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: allisonj{at}mskcc.org
Author contributions: M.F., L.F., and J.P.A. designed research; M.F., R.W., Y.H., and T.R. performed research; N.M.G. and N.S. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; M.F. analyzed data; and M.F. and J.P.A. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Data deposition: The sequence reported in this paper has been deposited in the GenBank database (accession no. EF676083).
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0712269105/DC1.
- © 2008 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA
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Get inspired by stories
Stories of Hope
Crossgates Baptist Church is a place where people can meet Jesus, engage in life-giving community, and everyone is welcome. We believe God works through His people in different ways...in many different areas. These are just a few of the many stories from people at Crossgates just like you!


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September 17, 2017
Peng Su's first time tailgating at a Pitt game consisted of the usual tailgate staples — KanJam, food and cornhole. But he found his favorite part about the pre-game tradition was the view he and his fellow tailgaters had from their position on the Great Lawn, the grassy area near Heinz Field bet...
Party in the parking lot: students talk tailgating
By Janine Faust and Caroline Bourque | Assistant News Editor
September 7, 2017
For Keith Miller, the best part of tailgating is giving out food to strangers and listening to "dad music." "I've got a huge grill that barely fits in my SUV that I bring to games, and I always share the hot dogs and hamburgers that I make with people passing by," Miller said. "And I like the ...


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Feb.25 (GMM) Williams has the fastest car in 2015.
That is not the finding of the stopwatch, but the speedtrap at the Barcelona test last week.
Valtteri Bottas' top speed of 337.5kph on the front straight demonstrated not only the power of the Mercedes engine, but the low drag of the FW37 car.
Just 1kph behind is the new Lotus, now also powered by Mercedes, after struggling last season with Renault. Romain Grosjean, meanwhile, set the fastest overall laptime in Barcelona last week.
"Last year we were the slowest on the straight," Pastor Maldonado grinned to Germany's Auto Motor und Sport, "and now we are at the front.
"This shows that we now have a completely different car."
Ferrari, however, has also made progress in the horse power department since 2014, with customer Sauber the third quickest car in a straight line at the Circuit de Catalunya with its 335.4kph.
Renault, on the other hand, may still be struggling, despite Speed Week reporting that a 60-75 horse power deficit last year might have been cut in half.
But the fastest French-powered car in Barcelona was the Toro Rosso, at 330kph, while the works Red Bull was dead last with its 325kph.
Dr Helmut Marko insisted: "Measure us in the slow corners and we are the best."
In top speed, however, Red Bull-Renault was beaten even by the F1 newcomer McLaren-Honda, whose top speed of 326kph is a surprise compared to the works Mercedes' 327, putting it behind the works Ferrari.
"Either Mercedes is not yet at full power," read the German media report, "or its engineers have put everything into downforce."
Indeed, Sauber is not necessarily celebrating its 'podium' placing on the top speed charts, with an engineer admitting: "It could mean that we are missing some downforce."


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It´s difficult, we know. In fact, being a parent is probably one of the hardest jobs in the world. But, you aren´t alone. At The To Blog, our mission is to help. We understand that there are days in which it is virtually impossibly to keep calm, be patient and not get become irate at the fact that you need to repeat everything a million times. It is then, at these precise moments, when we feel overwhelmed, that we tend to raise our voice or yell. But, as you have probably already discovered, it leads to nowhere. Today, we will give you some clues as to how to discipline without yelling.
It might sound ridiculous but saying "no" is not the best way to discipline children. Some experts believe that if the use of negation is practiced often enough, we can build resentment in our children and even lay the grounds for a future rebel. According to Audrey Ricker, PHD in psychology and author of 'Back Talk', if we constantly say "no", the word will lose its significance. Instead, it's preferable to use short, clear and concise sentences to explain to children why they should not do something. Try the following 10 sentences and let us know if they work.
Children have the ability to surprise us saying things or doing things we haven´t taught them nor would we want them to learn. Of course, it frequently occurs in the worst possible moment and we are just left there wondering: "Where did they get that from?" Sometimes they do it unconsciously, others to call our attention. In this post we´re talking about bad words or cussing but the same advice can be applied to other embarrassing situations, some that even happen when you aren´t there. Biting a classmate, for example, cheating or lying. Keep reading to find out why they do it, where they get it from and how to deal with it.
Communication between teachers and parents is key when it comes to educating our children, as we cannot expect them to be the only ones that hold that responsibility. A study, published by the NEA (National Education Association) proved that when parents are involved in their children´s day-to-day activities at school, their grades, behaviour and emotional well being improves. Remember that education begins at home. We have nailed down the 8 basic things that teachers want from parents.
Spanking, slapping, insulting or mocking a child was something "normal" way back when. But was it good? In recent years, psychology studies, such as this one at the University of Manitoba in Canada, published by Psychcentral.com, have proven that children who are punished with physical and verbal violence risk developing mental disorders such as anxiety, depression or personality dysfunction. The truth of the matter is that our children can sometimes make us lose our patience and although we might believe that punishing them is the way to go, here are 7 reasons that might convince you not to. In the end you decide. Should we punish them or think of other alternatives?
Does you son or daughter become enthralled every time they listen to music? Well, you might need to consider whether you have a pianist, guitarist or drummer at home. Music provides many benefits for children. And not just for those who listen. Experts agree that learning to play an instrument is the door to creativity, and one that stimulates brain activity. If you still aren´t convinced whether you should sign your children up this fall, we´ll give you 6 reasons why you should.


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We would like to take the time to thank everyone that has been supporting Bugout , Thank you and Happy Holidays. We are looking forward to 2019 and everything that Bugout will bring you . A lot of work has gone into this game so far and we are reaching out to you for support. We have just launched a Indigogo page , if you can not support us financially , will you please pass and share this post with everyone. Thanks again .https://igg.me/at/YH7-nc5B97A/x/19877764
Tons of work has been done to bugout over the past year.
Working on the Building system to.
And a new trailer
Now we are getting ready for the next year , and need your support, please visit tis link and show your support, we really appreciate it. thanks Indiegogo.com


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bertlinssen1 Reviewed on Dec 29, 2019, 2:48 PM
Picking up was a bit difficult, since Europcar does not have an official office or counter at the airport it was hard to find them. It took + - half an hour to find them. After we found them everything went smoothly, they were well informed of our booking and gave us the car quickly. We even got a higher class car when we booked. The return was fine since we knew where we could find them.


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Has a whole section of stockings! (Nine total). Has quite a few ornaments, including birds, angels and a garland, as well as some more abstract felted ornaments. Includes a "modern tree skirt", an Advent garland, and some tabletop decorations. Has two pillows that have crocheted snowflakes appliqued onto them; the snowflakes seem like they could be nice by themselves.
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QLD Ed. asked where the kid's money has gone
The Queensland Government claims early childhood education is a big priority - leading school authorities across the state to ask why $100 million less was spent on pre-schools and kindergartens than had been budgeted.
A recent estimates hearing on the results of the 2012/2013 budget has heard from QLD Opposition Leader Annastacia Palaszczuk, who said the state had set aside $332 million, but only spent $234 million.
State Education Minister John-Paul Langbroek said he could explain about a third of the shortfall, claiming capital works had been delayed or were cheaper than planned, accounting for about $37 million in savings.
Langbroek said there had been no significant cuts to funding to approved services, other than the scrapping of the Positive Parenting Program, designed to help prevent behavioural and developmental problems in children.
The Minister did not hold back in reinforcing the State's pledge to help out its youngest citizens: "We are absolutely committed to the early years," he said.


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In this essay I want to analyse how feminist theory has changed since the 1970s. However, I want to examine the importance of sex, gender and social theory vis- -vis class and race and to show that the experience of oppression by white women and women of colour can be very different. I believe that to examine the issues of sex, gender and social theory at the theoretical level only and without illustrating the discussion with reality is, ultimately, a fruitless exercise. On the subject of which current do you find most satisfying at an intellectual and political level? he answer to this question will be implicit throughout this essay.
Traditional sociological analysis has in the past tended to look at class, racism and sexism as separate issues. Orthodox Marxian class analysis, for instance, presumed a level of homogeneity and unity among the working class which, if it ever did exist, certainly does not exist today. The immediate issues raised by the presence of women, blacks and other sub-ordinate groups in the political institutions of the working class carry with them profound theoretical questions which reach into the heart of Marxian explanation. What is the working class today?
What gender is it? What colour is it? How in the light of its obvious segmentation, is it to be unified? (Gilroy, 1987, pg. 19) What was left was an inadequate system of analysis when having to consider race and gender. The same problem was found in traditional feminist analysis. Womanhood' was talked about as a universal experience, as was the oppression that women suffered. In fact what was been written about was the experience of oppression of white, generally middle-class, women. By largely ignoring issues of race and racism and to some extent class, feminism and the women s movement was alienating many women.
This is not to say however that women of colour did not believe in feminist values and ideals (although this would be a feminism formed through their mixed experiences of racism, sexism and class), but it does mean that race and racism was often, if not always, seen as their priority issue, and by uniting with white women, in what was effectively seen as a white movement, they were seen as dividing the black community and drawing attention away from issues of race. (Ryan, 1990)) To analyse the phenomena of class, racism and sexism as discrete, can therefore present both a limiting and dangerously misleading picture.
This is not to say however that all phenomena are experienced on an equal level, that one problem can not take precedence over another, as sometimes one is indeed more oppressed by one s sex than one s class, as indeed sometimes one can identify more with one s race than with one s gender. Although often, for many women there is a hierarchy of oppression, for instance, women of colour feeling more oppressed by the phenomena of racism, to get a complete understanding, class, race and gender have to be examined in conjunction with each other.
One of the most written about areas of sexist oppression as seen in traditional feminist writing has been about that of the family. The institution of the family has been seen as the prime site for the disadvantage and oppression of women. Women were seen as the subordinate partner in a patriarchal institution. Oppression and subordination from within the family came in many different forms; housework and unpaid household production, reproduction and childrearing, and the balance of power between the genders in a family unit, to name but a few! However most of the analysis based itself on a very eurocentric view of the family.
Presumptions and generalisations were made about the family which were based on the notion of the modern, white, Western family unit. Sylvia Walby highlighted the difference that there can be in family structures in modern Britain, let alone in the rest of the world! The form of the household in contemporary Britain varies between different ethnic groups, not only between white and black, but between ethnic minorities as well. In Afro-Caribbean households the notion of the dependent full-time housewife is even less likely to be true than in native white families. (Walby, 1990, pg. 76)
Walby then goes on to highlight the difference in family structures, i. e. a much higher incidence of one parent families in the Afro-Caribbean community, and the difference between the different ethnic groups and their women s position in the labour market, i. e. West Indian women having the highest rate of economic activity. All of these structural differences show that there is in fact a huge diversity of experiences to be had within the family and that it is actually impossible to make generalisations, let alone examine the family without taking into consideration issues of race and class.
Little could it then be imagined that for some women the family could in fact be a site of resistance and a safe haven against the sometimes more brutal oppression of racism. Historically, for black people, the creation of a real family and a real home was something that was denied to them through slavery. Therefore, Historically, African-American people believed that the construction of a homeplace, however fragile and tenuous (the slave hut, the wooden shack), had a radical political dimension.
Despite the brutal reality of racial apartheid, of domination, one s homeplace was the site where one could freely confront the issue of humanization, where one could resist. (hooks, 1990, pg. 42) Angela Davis also reiterates this argument by saying that black women have a history of working alongside the men, on an equal status, during the years of slavery so that, Unlike their white counterparts, they could never be treated as mere housewives. (Davis, 1981, pg. 17) Black women s experience of the family could therefore not be located as the main site of oppression as it could for white women.
Therefore to analyse sexism in this instance, without looking at racism and class would be entirely misleading. Although bell hooks does present a convincing argument about the difference of experience for black women and the family structure, it should be noted that she does acknowledge that it was the sexism which put women in that position in the first place but that, It is more important that they took this conventional role and expanded it to include caring for one another, for children, for black men (hooks, 1990, pg. 44)
This indicates that at least during the years of slavery, tackling the issues of racist and class oppression was seen as a priority over sexism. Another area which may have in the past been misrepresented because of the lack of consideration of the intersection of class, racism and sexism has been that of the labour market. Anthias and Yuval-Davis argue that in fact what exists today is a dual labour market one for permanent White men (a core) and an impermanent casual, predominantly female one which includes part-time work.
They argue that as well as a gendered segregation race segregation intersects with this to produce specific effects. (ibid. ) As with much of the traditional types of analysis, certain levels heterogeneity have been used when describing groups and their labour market activity. Although data may look as if it is taking race and gender into consideration, in fact the categories used go nowhere near an adequate explanation of the reality and difference of experience in the labour market arena.
What data shows is that all ethnic minorities are generally at the lower end of the economic and class structure and that they suffer most from unemployment, which to a large extent can arguably be attributed to institutionalised racism. As Anthias and Yuval- Davis imply, it is the ethnic minorities (particularly women) which tend to be given casual and unsecure jobs which leads to more spells of unemployment… However, this in itself is not a broad enough explanation of the activities of the groups found within those categories and what difference their experience may make to the overall picture.
The influences of culture, religion, time and conditions of entering the country, whether you are 2nd generation migrant etc. , can not be ignored as influential factors in the work arena, and indeed will make for a huge diversity of experience which cannot be portrayed through facts and figures. What figures and data tend to imply, and possibly encourage, are racial and racist stereotypes linked to the supposed attitudes that black and ethnic minority people have towards work.
These include stereotypes of laziness and lack of interest in working (typically associated with black Afro-Caribbean men), the black superwomen (who have to work full time and run a family single-handedly because of the lack of responsible black men) (Reynolds in Mirza, 1997), right down to stereotypes of Asian girls who are not interested in a career because they are bound to become part of an arranged marriage, and therefore can be paid a pittance (Carby in Mirza, 1997).
Yet rarely has it been taken into account the extent of racist and sexist practice in the job market, included in this is the fact that many ethnic minority women will be discriminated against by their class, by racism and by sexism all at the same time. Data also does not show the amount of illegal or unregistered work that women of colour are more likely to partake in.
Nor does data take into account the fact that a disproportionate amount of black and people of colour live in London, where wages have to be higher because of the cost of living, and therefore the disparity between the wages of white and non-white, as well as male and female does not look as severe when looked at as an average throughout the country.
At the same time though, it is wrong to presume that this means that all women of colour will find themselves in the same bleak position in fact; Almost as many Asian women were in professional or managerial sectors as White women (6 per cent compared with 7 per cent)and nearly as many West Indian women in other non-manual as White women (52 percent compared with 55 per cent). (ibid. pg. 120) Unfortunately all that these figures show is that all women suffer very badly when it comes to opportunities in the job market because of sexism!
Yet again this analysis shows the interconnectedness of class, racism and sexism and shows that they can not be viewed as discrete phenomena. Ultimately racism, sexism and class have to always be analysed together because they are always part of the structure of black people s lives ( in this instance I mean any person who is not white and British). Hazel V. Carby argues that the three oppressions are simultaneous (for black women) and therefore have to be analysed together. We can point to no single source of our oppression.
When white feminists emphasize patriarchy alone, we want to redefine the term and make it a more complex concept It is only in the writings by black feminists that we can find attempts to theorize the nterconnection of class, gender and race as it occurs in our lives. (Carby in Mirza, 1997. Pg. 46) Carby argues that racism is part of the defining structure even within the relationship between black and white women, Both white feminist theory and practice have to recognize that white women stand in a power relation as oppressors of black women.
This compromises any feminist theory and practice based on the notion of simple equality. (ibid. ) The triple oppression always has to be considered, even when examining the relationship between black men and other people, including black women and white men and women. Sexism by black men can not be considered and analysed in the same way as that of white men because black men and white men are not on an equal power relationship in the patriarchal structure, because of black men s racist oppression by white men.
The connection between class, sexism and racism is a complex and much debated about relationship, yet many black academics, such as those I have looked at, are adamant about the necessity to examine them together. After all, Racial subordination is not the sole factor shaping the choices and actions of Britain s black settlers and their British-born children (Gilroy, 1987. Pg. 53)
What this of course implies is that one oppression can not be tackled or overcome without at the same time trying to overcome the oppressive nature of the others or alternatively, that the eradication of one type of oppression would lead to the demise of the others. This is by all accounts no mean feat, and one which is approached by a variety of different methods by different sociologists. Paul Gilroy for instance sees the struggle as ultimately developing from a new radical type of class-struggle which would necessarily incorporate race and through this would tackle racism and ultimately sexism.
Gilroy acknowledges the unfortunate difficulty of this task and questions whether or not it is a realistic possibility, however at the same time he does acknowledge the progressive moves that have been made by many organised areas of the black community in an attempt to combat racism. In conclusion I would argue that any analysis which looks at modern British society, in any way shape or form, has to consider racism, class, and gender together. Society as a whole, and distinct areas of society, such as those that I have looked at, cannot be talked about in homogenous terms.
There are no absolutes and facts as everyone brings with them a different experience. However this is not to say that we live in a completely pluralist society and that structures of oppression can be forgotten. What it means is that we live in a diverse society, but one which is still structured within the boundaries of ideologies such as class, race and gender. Because of this and because of the make-up of modern Britain there is no one person s experience which can be analysed without taking all three things into account.


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Billionaire businessman Mark Cuban is leading President Donald Trump in a prospective 2020 presidential poll released Wednesday by the left-leaning polling firm Public Policy Polling.
Cuban, presumed in the poll to be the Democratic candidate facing Trump, received the backing of 42% of respondents. Thirty-eight per cent of those surveyed picked Trump, while 20% said they were unsure.
In February, Public Policy Polling found that Trump led Cuban 41% to 40%, with 19% of respondents saying they were unsure whom they'd vote for.
At the time, Tom Jensen, the director of Public Policy Polling, told Business Insider in an email that he thought Cuban was "pretty competitive."
Cuban, the owner of the NBA's Dallas Mavericks and star of ABC's "Shark Tank," received the support of 8% of respondents who said they voted for Trump last fall, while Trump received the backing of 4% of respondents who said they voted for Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton, whom Cuban supported.
"These are always entertaining," Cuban told Business Insider in an email. "As I have said before, I would only run if I can come up with solutions for healthcare, the plight of working families, and reducing the stress levels of our country. It's possible. When I have something to offer, I will."
An often-vocal critic of Trump, Cuban has given strong hints that he may run for president in 2020, though it's not clear whether he would run as a Democrat or as an independent candidate. Trump at times has fired back at Cuban for his criticism.
Public Policy Polling surveyed 887 registered voters from Friday to Monday. The margin of error was 3.3 percentage points.
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According to Ihab Fahmy, head of the Central Department for Underwater Antiquities, the coin is carved in pure gold and was minted in the Levant in the year 80 according to the Hijri Islamic calendar, during the reign of the Omayyad Sultan Abdel Malek Ibn Marawan.
The coin bears a verse from the Quran.
Underwater excavation is to continue to reveal more of Abuqir Bay's ancient secrets.
© 2010 Ahram Online.


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The Gold Coast Suns have pulled the trigger and sacked coach Rodney Eade with three rounds remaining in the AFL home-and-away season.
Eade's removal as coach came as little surprise, as he struggled to make much of an impression since taking over as head coach from Guy McKenna ahead of the 2015 season.
He managed just 16 wins from 63 matches, with the Suns having finished no higher than 15th during his almost three seasons in charge.
The Suns sit 15th on the 18-team ladder with a 6-13 win-loss record in 2017.
Suns chief executive Mark Evans informed Eade of the decision on Monday night after the club's board had met earlier in the day.
Evans said Eade accepted the news in a "dignified" manner and it was decided he would not continue as coach for the final three matches of the season.
Dean Solomon will coach the Suns for the remainder of the season, with Saturday's Q Clash against the Brisbane Lions at the Gabba his first match in charge.
Suns chairman Tony Cochrane said the club's 2017 results meant it was in no position to offer Eade a contract extension.
"It's as simple as wins and losses," he said.
"We are simply in the same position to be really honest."
It is the third occasion in Eade's senior coaching career that a club has decided not to renew his contract, with stints at Sydney (1996-2002) and Western Bulldogs (2005-2011) finishing in similar circumstances.
Suns deny they have Eade replacement in mind
Eade had endured a testing reign as Suns coach, with the club's inconsistent on-field form mixed in with a sizeable injury list, as well as a series of off-field issues.
The speculation about Gary Ablett's future at the Suns had not helped his position this season either, while several high-profile names have been linked to the head-coaching position beyond this season.
Hawthorn's four-time premiership coach Alastair Clarkson has previously been mentioned as a possible replacement for Eade, with his strong relationship with Evans driving the rumours.
But Clarkson is contracted with the Hawks until the end of the 2019 season, meaning the Suns may have to look elsewhere for a head coach next year, with Brett Ratten, John Barker and Stuart Dew expected to be among the candidates.
Evans denied the Suns had already began talking with prospective replacements for Eade.
"The first decision was to do with Rodney being extended or not extended," he said.
Eade, a four-time premiership player with the Hawks, had moved to the Suns following the sacking of foundation coach McKenna, who had failed to lead the club to the finals in their first four years in the AFL.
The appointment was regarded as a wise choice, given Eade's history of guiding the Swans and Bulldogs to several finals campaigns.
Eade had taken the Swans to the 1996 grand final in his first season in charge and led the Bulldogs to three consecutive preliminary finals between 2008 and 2010.
The 59-year-old has coached 377 senior matches to sit 14th on the all-time list, one short of the revered five-time premiership coach Frank Hughes.


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African Wildcat T-shirt
Support our program in South Africa to protect the African Wildcat! Did you know that today's domestic cat is descended from the African wildcat(AWC)? Our program in South Africa aims to protect the genetic integrity of this majestic wildcat by performing trap-neuter-return (TNR) of feral and free-roaming cats along the border of Kruger National Park, a well-known AWC habitat.
Grocery Tote
Non-woven polypropylene grocery bag measures 16" wide by 13" tall. Bag is white with lime green handles.
African Wildcat Shoulder Tote Bag
Wear your support for the domestic cat's heritage on your shoulder! Purchase of the African Wildcat (AWC) shoulder tote supports our program in South Africa to protect the AWC's genetic integrity by using trap-neuter-return (TNR). By spaying and neutering domestic cats who live along the border of Kruger National Park, we'll prevent mating, hybridization of AWCs, and the birth of so many kittens with no home to go to.
Cat Rescue's Guide to Managing Community Cats Paperback
Donate to Help Care for Cats and Kittens!
Help us feed, shelter, and care for cats and kittens all year long! Your donation helps provide for cats in many ways. From daily fresh food for the cats in our adoption program (as well as the cats in our six managed colonies), to medication and emergency medical care for cats in the toughest situations, your support makes it possible for us to be there when cats need our help.


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"Glacier lilies set standards in beauty and cultural importance. These charming flowers are the lights of spring, indicators of winter's end, symbols of nutrition, yellow images of patience and longevity, and for me, a new and solid representation of pure human enchantment."
I was enchanted with the yellow glacier lily the first time I saw it, a flash of bright yellow among the brown and gray mix of meadow grasses and shrubs just starting to bud. The flower, nodding its head to the ground, six petals upturned towards the sky, was graceful and lovely. It was early April and I was following a trail along a high ridge in the Rattlesnake Wilderness when it captured my attention. I stepped off the trail and bent low to examine the solitary flower. The lily was delicate and slight, like bending arches, a contrast to the tall pines and dry grass that grew nearby. Its stamens pointed towards the ground and the bright green leaves formed spears jetting out from its base. I wondered about the lily, its uses and purpose on this high spot in the Montana mountains.
What I later found is that glacier lilies are ephemeral, living only ten weeks between first emergence and leaf fall. A perennial herb, the flower is also known as the dogtooth violet, fawn lily or avalanche lily and is native to western North American from southern British Columbia to northern California, and east to Alberta, Colorado and Wyoming. It overwinters as a corm, lying dormant under the frozen ground, and emerges soon after the snow melts on sagebrush slopes. In Montana, glacier lilies also regenerate by dropping their seeds gradually and slowly as the wind or animals disturb the flowers. In turn, the seeds require one hundred days of cold before they can germinate. Some individuals of the flower take eight years to reach full reproductive maturity.
Animals use the corms and seeds as a vital food source, as do human populations who have historically depended on the lily for both food and medicine. Native Canadians cherished the bulbs as a key component of their diet. The Blackfeet ate the corms fresh or with soup, and the dried bulbs of the glacier lily were a popular trade item between tribes. They can be eaten raw, like onions, but become sweeter and more pleasing to the tongue when roasted, boiled or glazed. The leaves are edible as well and the green seedpods taste like green beans when cooked.
Before going out to find the lily, the eager forager should know that yellow glacier lilies are very sensitive to disturbance and harvesting the corm will effectively kill the plant. Though native tribes practiced active management of the plant, the flower populations have been greatly reduced in size in areas and it is better to leave collection to animals of the forest than to gather them for novel use in soups or barbeques. In fact, the bulb of the glacier lily is essential to the grizzly bear's diet in the spring. The bears will dig them up when other food is scarce and the nutritional content of the bulb is at its highest.
I think that, overall, to me, glacier lilies set standards in beauty and cultural importance. Indeed, this charming flower is multifarious; they are the lights of spring, indicators of winter's end, symbols of nutrition, yellow images of patience and longevity, and for me, a new and solid representation of pure human enchantment.
"Field Notes" is produced by the Montana Natural History Center.
(Broadcast: "Fieldnotes," 7/31/16 and 8/5/16. You can hear the program on the radio Sundays at 12:55 p.m., Tuesdays at 4:54 p.m., and Fridays at 4:54 p.m., or listen via podcast.)


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Clinique's got a Christmas collection of merry minis to make gifting effortless
Party picks of the season usually include loud, flashy statement gifts but there's a certain satisfaction that comes with a present that's a solid classic. Enter Clinique with its limited edition holiday kits, bedecked in brightly coloured festive-appropriate packaging, and chock-full of the essentials you love from the brand.
From merry minis to curated sets, there are makeup and skincare treats for every Christmas stocking, office gift exchange and dinner party favours you can possibly think of. Need to decorate your tree? Pretty ornaments packed with either Clinique Pop lippies or a Chubby Stick balm with a MoistureSurge cream will totally hang pretty, and luxe options such as the 6-piece Great Skin kit makes for an unexpected surprise on Christmas morning. There are even picks for the man in your life he won't say no to. It's time to nail your holiday shopping list.
Check out the collection here:
Available at Clinique counters and Sephora


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Rose & Kiernan, Inc. Welcomes Chris Schild to our Risk Management Department
Rose & Kiernan, Inc. is pleased to welcome Chris Schild to our Risk Management Department!
In this capacity, Chris will report directly to Mark Dailey, vice president and director of Risk Management in our Property and Casualty Practice under the leadership of Sean Hickey, executive vice president and leader of our Property and Casualty Practice.
Chris will work with R&K's commercial lines clients and the firm's insurance carrier risk control professionals to enhance client outcomes in risk management and safety; contributing to cost containment and a lower total cost of risk. He comes to us most recently from Travelers Insurance Company having served 16 years as a construction risk management professional. Prior to that, Chris worked for Associated General Contractors of New York State (AGC) assisting members with construction site safety, safety education and related risk management services.
Stay tuned to the Rose & Kiernan, Inc. blog for more information on R&K News.


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Halloween lantern / two sizes
This is a machine embroidery design not a patch. You need to transfer the files to your embroidery machine to use it.
Lantern consists of 5 parts that we sew together.
The designs should be embroidered with water soluble stabilizer. We use Vilene water soluble stabilizer-If it's too thin use two layers. Use a size 11 or 75/11 sharp sewing needle and 40 weight rayon or polyester thread. Sewing machine.
PDF tutorials in the ZIP file
Size hoop : 5x7 hoop for big lantern and 4x4 hoop for small lantern
Size parts for big lantern :
part 1: 3.83x5.07 inches / 35643 stitches - embroidered 4 pieces
bottom : 3.84 inches / 13545 stitches-embroidered 1 piece
Size complete design : 4.72 inches height
Size parts for small lantern:
part 1: 3.64x3.52 inches / 25336 stitches-embroidered 4 pieces
bottom : 3.70 inches / 12704 stitches - embroidered 1 piece
Size complete design :3.34 inches height
Formats: DST,EXP,HUS,JEF,PES,SHV,VIP,VP3,XXX,CSD+PDF
Resizing or editing of the designs is not recommended and we can not guarantee the quality of the designs if you alter them in any way.
LICENSE - Design copyright © Embroidery by TM Designs
Embroidery by TM Designs, design files and graphics are copyrighted. You are purchasing a license to use the design files, ownership of which remains with Embroidery by TM. You are permitted to make one backup copy for your personal use only. The design files and instructions may not be altered, loaned, resold, or shared in any form. You must not use any part of the embroidery in another program. Copying design is copyright infringement even if you purchase the designs.
Thank you


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Two speeding trains killed over 50 people and left several injured in Amritsar Friday, as they were standing on the railway tracks watching a Ravana effigy being burnt during a Dussehra celebration. Majority of the deaths was caused by the first train, Jalandhar-Amritsar DMU. The second train, the Amritsar-Howrah Express, ran over those who had jumped on the second set of tracks to escape the first.
VIDEO | Dussehra turns tragic as speeding train mows down revellers near #Amritsar
Follow LIVE Updates https://t.co/JeYoaTsKLi pic.twitter.com/zjCcOBcHTG
At least 300 spectators had gathered at the Dhobi Ghat ground barely 2 kilometres from the Amritsar station. Although the gates at the Jaura Phatak crossing were closed at the time, many of them stood on the tracks to it to get a better view and were taking videos of the burning Ravan as the first of the trains ran them over.
VIDEO: Over 50 feared dead as train mows down Dussehra revellers near Amritsar. pic.twitter.com/HXm9QcY1rz
— The Indian Express (@IndianExpress) October 19, 2018
Punjab Chief Minister Amarinder Singh visited the site Saturday to take stock of the situation. The state government has announced an ex-gratia payment of Rs 5 lakh as compensation to then ext of kin of those who were killed. A day of mourning is being observed across the state today.
Follow LIVE UPDATES on the Amritsar train accident
📣 The Indian Express is now on Telegram. Click here to join our channel (@indianexpress) and stay updated with the latest headlines
For all the latest India News, download Indian Express App.


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Conspiracy Encyclopedia: The Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theories
Pavilion Books, 2005年10月20日 - 320 頁
Conspiracies are everywhere. They are the lifeblood of politics, business and our daily lives. This truly international and all-embracing encyclopedia explains the details of the world's major popular conspiracies, listing them chronologically under subject matter and cross-referencing them continually (because so many conspiracy theories interact on some level).
Conspiracies are often international in their sweep and their impact. The brutal stabbing of Julius Caesar (the conspiracy which has defined political assassinations ever since) plunged the Roman Empire into civil war, which then engulfed much of the known western world. More recently the Cambridge spies (Philby, Blunt, MacLean and Burgess) helped Russia throughout WWII and then re-defined the Cold War afterwards, Philby's defection casting a 30-year shadow over CIA/Anglo-American relations.


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We have over 10 years of experience in providing full range of photography and production services. We used to work in Poland, Germany, Italy, Greece, France, UK, Switzerland and we can provide our services in any other country.
We are focused on high end commercial services but we are also strongly dedicated in providing premium private photography - portrait, business and art/nude.


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How to Start a Business With Very Little Money
The Trick: Finance the Startup With Your Customers' Cash—Instead of Loans or Investments
Everyone knows what the formula for entrepreneurial success is supposed to look like. Come up with a great idea. Write a great business plan. And then raise a boatload of money to make it all a reality.
That final step is where so many entrepreneurs falter—either they can't get the cash they want, or the very thought of getting it is so daunting they just drop their dream entirely.
To Read the Full Story


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09 Dec 19
This club is exactly like the name says; it is for electric flying only. The airfield, situated just outside the little town of Fish Hoek, is affiliated to the Fish Hoek sports club. The property on which the runway is based is leased by the club from the municipality. They are very fortunate as the mowing of the lawn is done by the local municipality.
The current chairman is Doug Ross and can be contacted on 0832863452. All paid up SAMAA members are welcome to join them on any day to fly. The club has 35 paid up members. The co ordinance is 18 24 30E 34 07 30S.
The club has only one runway in the region of 80m, with very nice runoff on all ends of the runway. The pit area is partly shaded, no toilet facilities and no water at the field.


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Deployment of IPv6 network ensures better security. It is safe against security attacks that prevailed in IPv4. But the chances of appearance of new or mutational anomaly traffic while deploying IPv6 are not ruled out. There are several anomaly traffic patterns that utilize ICMPv6, IPv6 extension headers and IPv6-over-IPv4 tunneling. Such anomalies can be observed through traffic monitors.
IPv6 traffic monitors are spy tools that help in watching the IPv6 network activity in real time. They analyze network, examine LAN usage and IPv6 traffic monitoring between LAN and internet. Some IPv6 traffic monitors allow intercepting, displaying, recording, and analyzing the data exchanged through IP connectivity. They are also used for security purposes in detecting any restricted user activity.
- Netflow – defined by Cisco systems, Netflow version 9 is an IP flow based traffic accounting protocol used to support various applications such as usage-based billing, traffic analysis, and capacity planning. It is the basis for the IPFIX (IP Flow Information export) protocol standardized by IETF.
- IP Packet Sniffer – is either hardware or software that intercepts and reports traffic information over a digital network. It captures each packet and analyzes its content based on RFC specifications.
- AS-path-tree – performs IPv6 network operation analysis depending on the BGP /routing table on IPv6 routers running BGP. It supports Cisco/Juniper/Zebra routers. It automatically generates html pages giving graphical view of IPv6 routing paths. It also provides information of the anomalous route entries notified through BGP. It also gives details about AS in table, active AS paths, active BGP neighbors, network size analysis, and circulating prefixes. As-path-tree is useful in network routing engineering.
- IPFlow – is a collector for Netflow version v1, v5, v6, v7, v8 and v9. It displays flow statistics and supports logging flow data to disk, data aggregation, port scan detection, and many more.
- Mping – performs mping on multiple hosts that are listed by a traceroute command and gives better statistical information than traceroute. It presents information through percentiles, SDV statistics, sorted reports, and histograms. It can pin multiple hosts including IPv4 and IPv6 in a round-robin order.
- Tele Traffic Tapper– a decendent of tcpdump is an IP network traffic monitoring tool. It reports real-time and remote traffic-monitoring results in graphical formats.
- RIPE TT Server– gathers statistics such as packet delay and loss, traceroutes etc., between any pair of deployed TT servers.
- Cricket – monitors trends in time series data. It helps network managers to visualize and understand the traffic on their networks.
- Multi Router Traffic Grapher (MRTG) – monitors traffic load on network links and generates its graphical representation.
- Argus – is an application that monitors system and network. Its version 3.2 has IPv6 support and monitors anything it is asked to. It has built in email alert notification until they are acknowledged by resending.
- Ethereal– is an IPv6 packet analyzer that is used to develop and troubleshoot IPv6 applications. It is free and runs on many platforms.
- Multicast Beacon – monitors the parameters of multicast traffic. Some of these parameters are packet loss, delay, jitter, duplicate etc.
- Pchar – is a tool that characterizes bandwidth, latency and loss of links throughout the network. It measures the characteristics of the network path on an IPv6 network.
- Iperf– is used to check the bandwidth availability on an end-to-end path.
- ntop– probes network traffic and reports the network usage.
- Nagios– is a host service monitor that reports any network problem. It runs intermittent checks on hosts using some external plugins. Whenever a problem is recognized, it sends out notifications to all administrative contacts.
There are many advantages of IPv6 traffic monitors. Some of them are given below.
- Analyze and report IP network problems
- Early detection of network intrusion attempts
- IPv6 DoS attack mitigation
- Stateful inspection of IPv6 packets at various levels
- Spy on Internet communications
- Monitor IP network usage
- Debug any IP network software and hardware
- Research the functionality and behavior of any third-party software and hardware
- Implement, debug and test IPv6
- Analyze and reverse engineer protocols
- Record and replay logs while debugging IPv6
- Gather and report IPv6 network statistics
- Filter suspect and unwanted content from network traffic.
IPsec in IPv6 adds a significant level of security to IPv6. It is mandatory to use it in the IPv6 and it has enhancements that provide authenticity, integrity, confidentiality and access control to each IP packet through usage of the two new headers: AH (authentication header) and ESP (Encapsulations Security Payload). There are still many threats that remain as issues in IP networking.
- IPv6 supports new multicast addresses that allow an adversary to identify key resources on a network and attack them. To avoid this, privacy extensions must be implemented carefully. Using internal filters can prevent attacks.
- Using local unicast addressing an enterprise automatically denies inbound and outbound access for the enterprise-only services.
- Only three top-level aggregation identifiers (TLAs) in IPv6 have been allocated so far and this enables ACL to permit only these ranges.
- At network firewalls, upper layer information is not visible if IPsec with encryption is used, but distributed firewalls can see the packet after decryption.
- As all IPv6 endpoints accept IPv6 packets with a routing header, a validation can be applied to the operating systems so that they do not forward packets having a routing header.
- As IPv6 addresses are globally aggregated, it is easy to deploy spoof mitigation at aggregation points.
- To avoid Amplification attacks, filtering of packet with IPv6 multicast source/destination addresses can be implemented.
- To avoid worm attacks, best practices of IPv4 are retained. As hybrids and pure worms depend on internet scanning to infect other hosts, the chances of finding the first host for attacks are rare or none.