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Babs' mom died making Babs an orphan. It's been quite a while since her mom died. She was so depressed when P.U.P.S. acquired her from her mom's family. Since our fosters were full, we had to kennel her for over two weeks and she got so depressed.
Then, her angel came, from Columbus, OH, to adopt her. Babs has come out of her shell and is doing very well these days. She was adopted into a wonderful home. Yes, prayers were answered when this young lady came to Babs' rescue! Thanks, Rachel! Keep us posted and send us lots of pictures!
Babs is a beauty and her story will be featured in the next "PUPS Digest". Her message to the world is: "please think through where your furbabies will live if something happens to you!" Make sure pets have a home for all their lives! It's a commitment!

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Korean-Style Beef Bulgogi Burgers
Inspired by Korean beef bulgogi, these bulgogi burgers are easy to make, packed with flavor, and family-friendly to boot.
When I was in Los Angeles for my book tour, I stayed at The LINE, a hip hotel in Koreatown in walking distance to dozens of Korean BBQ restaurants. Though I definitely should have read How Not To Look Like An Idiot While Eating Korean BBQ before my trip — the menus and meat variety at these places can be overwhelming for the uninitiated, to say the least — I loved sampling so many authentic Korean dishes.
Ever since I got home, I've been fiddling around with Korean-style recipes, trying to recreate the delicious flavors of K-town. These juicy bulgogi burgers are inspired by, probably the most well-known Korean specialty of bulgogi — marinated slices of beef grilled on a barbecue or stove-top griddle. The burgers are easy to make, packed with flavor, and family-friendly to boot.
What you'll need to make bulgogi burgers
How to make bulgogi burgers
To begin, in a large bowl, combine the soy sauce, sesame oil, brown sugar, red pepper flakes, ginger, garlic, and sandwich bread.
Let sit a few minutes for the bread to soften, then mash with a fork into a smooth paste.
Add the beef and scallions.
Using your hand, mix until well combined.
Divide the mixture into 5 equal portions, shaping each into loose balls. Flatten the balls into 3/4-inch thick patties about 4-1/2 inches around. Form a slight depression in the center of each patty to prevent the burgers from puffing up on the grill.
Place the patties on a grill rack coated with cooking spray. Grill, covered, until nicely browned on the first side, 2 – 4 minutes. Flip burgers and continue cooking for a few minutes more until desired doneness is reached.
Meanwhile, make the sauce: in a small bowl, combine the mayonnaise, Asian chili sauce, and sugar. (Note that this makes a spicy sauce; use less Asian chili sauce for a milder version.)
Mix well, then taste and adjust seasoning, if necessary.
Before serving, toast the buns on the cooler side of the grill if desired. Place one patty on the bottom half of each bun; top each serving with lettuce leaves, chili-mayonnaise, and top half of bun.
You may also like
- 30-Minute Asian Beef Bowls
- Vietnamese-Style Meatballs with Chili Sauce
- Thai Pork Fried Rice
- Broiled Asian-Style Flat Iron Steak
Korean-Style Beef Bulgogi Burgers
Inspired by Korean beef bulgogi, these bulgogi burgers are easy to make, packed with flavor, and family-friendly to boot.
For the Bulgogi Burgers
- 3 tablespoons soy sauce
- 1 tablespoon Asian/toasted sesame oil
- 1-1/2 tablespoons packed dark brown sugar
- 1/4 teaspoon crushed red pepper flakes
- 1/4 teaspoon ground ginger
- 2 cloves garlic, minced
- 1 slice white or whole wheat sandwich bread, crusts removed and torn into 1/4-inch pieces
- 1-1/2 pounds 85% lean ground beef
- 1/2 cup chopped scallions, from 4 to 5 scallions
- 5 hamburger buns
- Lettuce leaves, for serving (optional)
For the Chili Mayonnaise
- 3/4 cup mayonnaise, best quality such as Hellmann's or Duke's
- 1/4 cup Asian chili sauce, such as Sambal Oelek (available in Asian aisle of most supermarkets)
- 1/4 teaspoon granulated sugar
- Preheat grill to high heat.
- In a large bowl, combine the soy sauce, sesame oil, brown sugar, red pepper flakes, ginger, garlic, and sandwich bread. Stir, then let the mixture sit for a few minutes to allow the bread to soften. Mash the mixture with a fork into a paste (it won't get completely smooth, but try to get it as uniform as possible). Add the beef and scallions. Using your hand, mix until well combined. Divide the mixture into 5 equal portions, shaping each into loose balls. Flatten the balls into 3/4-inch thick patties about 4-1/2 inches around. Form a slight depression in the center of each patty to prevent the burgers from puffing up on the grill.
- Place the patties on a grill rack coated with cooking spray. Grill, covered, until nicely browned on the first side, 2-4 minutes. Flip burgers and continue cooking for a few minutes more until desired doneness is reached. Before serving, toast the buns on the cooler side of the grill if desired.
- Place 1 patty on bottom half of each bun; top each serving with lettuce leaves, chili-mayonnaise, and top half of bun.
For the Chili Mayonniase
- In a small bowl, mix together the mayonnaise, Asian chili sauce, and sugar. (Note that this makes a spicy sauce; use less Asian chili sauce for a milder version.)
- Make Ahead: The patties can be made a day ahead of time. Place them on a sheet pan lined with aluminum foil and cover tightly with saran wrap.
- Freezer-Friendly Instructions: The uncooked burgers can be frozen for up to three months. (Freeze the burgers on a baking sheet or plate so their shape sets, then transfer them to a sealable plastic bag for easy storage.) Defrost overnight in the refrigerator prior to serving and then cook as directed.
Pair with
Nutrition Information
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- Per serving (5 servings)
- Serving size: 1 burger (does not include lettuce or sauce)
- Calories: 474
- Fat: 25 g
- Saturated fat: 9 g
- Carbohydrates: 30 g
- Sugar: 7 g
- Fiber: 2 g
- Protein: 31 g
- Sodium: 860 mg
- Cholesterol: 93 mg
This website is written and produced for informational purposes only. I am not a certified nutritionist and the nutritional data on this site has not been evaluated or approved by a nutritionist or the Food and Drug Administration. Nutritional information is offered as a courtesy and should not be construed as a guarantee. The data is calculated through an online nutritional calculator, Edamam.com. Although I do my best to provide accurate nutritional information, these figures should be considered estimates only. Varying factors such as product types or brands purchased, natural fluctuations in fresh produce, and the way ingredients are processed change the effective nutritional information in any given recipe. Furthermore, different online calculators provide different results depending on their own nutrition fact sources and algorithms. To obtain the most accurate nutritional information in a given recipe, you should calculate the nutritional information with the actual ingredients used in your recipe, using your preferred nutrition calculator.
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Reviews & Comments
Great recipe! I've done this recipe multiple times using beef and turkey on the grill and the stovetop. Both with a lot of compliments! Definitely my go-to burger recipe.
Amazing! Absolutely the best burger we've had in a while, and we eat a lot of burgers a lot of different ways. Simple to prepare with most of the ingredients on hand. A really nice change from basic burgers. I did have to swap sriracha for the chili paste called for in the recipe since I couldn't find it, but I made it as written otherwise and wouldn't change a thing!
These were great! Made the chili mayo with sriracha instead and everyone loved them. My kids even ate it minus the mayo. Huge win!
This looks so delicious but I cannot eat commerical mayo and making it from scratch for just 2 people is kind of a waste. What do you suggest as an condiment?
Since its tomato season and we were craving BLTs we made out own mayo. So I was able to serve these with the sambal oelek mayo in the recipe. We loved these and will definitely make these often. I will need to plan my meals so I can take advantage of the homemade mayo before it would expire. I cook for just the 2 of us so I make up the burger or meatball recipes and then freeze the meat mixtures in 2-serving sizes. This has worked well for all your ground meat recipes. Thanks so much for great recipes.
This recipe is fantastic! Made Bugolgi Smash Burgers to feed the masses. Had a great balance of heat and sweet. Will definitely make again!
Note: I subbed out the Sambal for just regular Sriracha and reduced it from 1/4 to 1/8 cup since the burger already has a little bit of heat in it.
I made these burgers tonight and the family loved them! The sauce is really good. Thanks for a great recipe.
I don't have soy sauce. Can I substitute fish sauce? Or what would you suggest? Thanks.
Made these into meatballs and put on baguette slathered with the chili mayo and topped with chopped scallions and cilantro for a bomb sub.
Made these last night and they were so flavorful. I love your recipes. Have you ever tried making these with ground turkey?
Absolutely delicious burgers! The sambal oelek mayo is the pièce de résistance. Well worth the extra effort, and easy to adjust based on tolerance for spiciness.
Hi Jenn!
Would this recipe work with ground turkey?
I made these for dinner last night and they were absolutely delicious! My son and husband both wanted seconds! They are packed with flavor and the spicy mayo is a great accompaniment. I served them with an Asian slaw, which was a good complement to the flavors of the burger.
Hi Jen,
Can I make this in the oven and if yes,at what temperature and for how long ?
Made into meatballs and baked at 400 for 25 min. Served with chili mayo on the side. Kids and adults enjoyed them, so will make again! SO much easier than making bulgogi.
Made these for dinner tonight- so juicy and delicious, not to mention really fast and easy to make! Made a sesame slaw to go with it and increased the amount of chili paste in the mayo. We will definitely be making this part of our weeknight rotation!
Hi Jenn.
Those Bulgogi burgers are insanely delicious!
These are absolutely delicious and will be part of our dinner rotation. All thumbs up from my kids and husband – a rarity!! My daughter who doesn't even like hamburgers was raving about them and even snatched the one leftover.
I am always tempted to tweak recipes, but I followed this one exactly and I am so glad I did. It was perfection (despite the fact that our grill ran out of propane halfway through). SO easy to prep and I can't wait to serve these at a party. The burgers are full of flavor–sweet and savory and the homemade mayonnaise is essential. My wary 14 and 11 year old sons declared these a hit and my husband loved it. My daughter (age 7) ate it without the chili mayonnaise.
These burgers were excellent! We made them as is and added thinly sliced tomato slices as an addition. The entire family loved them including the kids!
I made these burgers several times, and they were absolutely delicious each time. Instead of tearing the bread into pieces, I turned them into more uniform (and smaller size) bread crumbs about the size of 1/8th inch. This soaked up the other ingredients more completely, and was more evenly distributed through the meat when mixed. No complaints whatsoever about this recipe!
These were sooooo good and juicy! Really nice change for dinner. We used 93\7 beef and measured out 8oz patties and it worked perfectly! I'll absolutely make these again and the aioli is great for any type of burger\sandwich. Thanks for another keeper Jenn!
I made these last week, they are great! And my husband was instantly obsessed. He asked me if I could make them again, 2 days later. Haha. I added them to our "rotation", thanks for the recipe.
"Obsessed"….only gave one star?
OMG these were the most delectable, savory burgers I have ever eaten. My husband wouldn't stop raving! For those of you who are gluten sensitive I substituted coconut aminos for the soy sauce and gluten free white bread for the bread to make the paste. (Didn't exactly form a paste but was still amazing). I served on gluten free rolls with the lettuce leaves and "special sauce". Another BIG winner!!!!
Jenn, I want to make again tomorrow. Would this recipe work with ground chicken as well or are there any adjustments I should make? Thanks!
You were so right about the chicken being very wet so I took your advice and seared on the stovetop, just for a minute to firm them up. I then grilled them with the regular burgers. Fantastic!!!
I have made Bulgogi Ribs in the past and my husband and just love them. So I wanted your recipe for the Bulgogi Burgers and they are extraordinary. Also like the chili past mayo (perfect for the burgers) Thanks for the recipe; greatly appreciated.
Have made this twice! LOVE this recipe. I used panko, and let it soak in. Made it ahead, kept panko separate from meat and it worked fine. My daughter thought it tasted like the filling in my steamed dumplings
My husband was sceptical because I used this recipe instead of regular hamburgers during our Labor Day cook out but the burgers were a hit!
I added a fried egg, delicious! Next time I will add kimchi in some fashion! Delicious!
Made these last night. So yummy….and the chili mayo will go well with other dishes too.
These were amazing! Another home run recipe. A fun twist on the typical burger. Thanks again for another well-written, well-tested, and delicious recipe.
Made this tonight – fabulous! We plan on using the leftover chili mayo in other sandwiches.
Made for dinner last night and had for leftovers for lunch today. Very flavorful! Thanks!
Made this last night! Wonderful flavors, really enjoyed.
Yay! So excited to see some Korean flavors hit your recipes (because I'm Korean)! I was wondering what to make for dinner last night when the email with this recipe hit my inbox, and it was perfect! These burgers were simple, flavorful, just YUM! We adults put kimchi on top as well, and had some lightly pickled veggies on the side (like banchan). So good! Thanks, Jen, for another outstanding recipe!
Made this for my family and even my kids loved them! Phenomenal recipe (as usual!)
Can breadcrumbs be used instead of a slice of bread? If so, what measurement would you suggest for a pound of beef?
Could you substitute panko bread crumbs for the sandwich bread?
Would this work with ground turkey
Hi Jen. Do you mean Roasted sesame oil or the plain kind? Thanks much. Love K-town. I too am kurfluffled each time I sit down to eat there though
Looks awesome. Will make it over the Labor Day Weekend!


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Full of FallBy Monica C. Thu, September 21, 2017
Can you believe it? Summer is almost over! For some people (I'll admit it, me!) it can be hard to say goodbye to summer.
But there is something that makes it easier: all the fall colors. I grew up in a place where seasons were not pronounced; there were no major variations between one season and the next. The very first time I experienced fall in the Northeast of the United States, I could not believe my eyes. The way trees changed colors—yellow, gold, ochre, orange, red—seemed almost too beautiful to be true! But it is true and the show is about to begin again.
To get your little ones ready for fall, look for these lovely picture books:
Full of Fall by April Pulley Sayre
Simple text and amazing photographs explore the science behind the transformation that trees undergo in the fall.
In the Middle of Fall by Kevin Henkes ; illustrated by Laura Dronzek
Introduces concepts and vocabulary of fall: autumn colors, changes in plants and animals... and wind, which soon leads to the next season.
Yellow Time by Lauren Stringer
A lyrical ode to that magical time in autumn when the leaves turn yellow.
Visit your neighborhood library to find these books and more!


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Hideaway is the best restaurant and probably the best hotel in Arugam Bay. It has excellent food and accommodation and thoughtful family management.
Seafood Cove is Mt. Lavinia Hotel's seafood restaurant. It has a great location on their private beach front, fast service and reasonably priced, fresh seafood.
The new House Of Fashions is kind of amazing, though the goods (mainly clothing) they sell remains generally mediocre.
Laksala is one of Colombo's high end tourist shops. The spacious 2 storey establishment is home to some beautiful paintings, wooden carvings, brass and silver sculptures, gems & jewellery and some beautiful handloom clothing. This…
Chinese Juchunyuan in Colpetty is one of the few places in town to try out Chinese hotpot. The catch, however, is that if you don't add the right ingredients to the hotpot you'll basically end up…
Anilana is one of Pasikuda's big beachside hotels. They've got killer ambience late in the evening, and they do a very good Jaffna crab curry.
One of the better eateries in Jaffna, with a wide variety of Northern Sri Lankan food
Amaya is one of the big hotels on Pasikuda bay. It's huge, and though looks-wise is a little old school, is still incredibly efficient and ideal for some holiday pampering.
Sugar Bistro Galle Fort is a smaller rendition of Sugar Bistro and Wine Bar in Colombo, serving the same great food and drank at a stylish new address at the Galle Dutch Hospital.
Bliss lounge is a Mediterranean sheesha lounge which serves Italian and burgers, among other things.
Ah, Fab. It's been around longer than we can remember - since 1979 to be precise - and has consistently been keeping Colombo happy with their short eats, cakes and sweets.
Berlin Sky Lounge is a rooftop bar located on the 7th floor of The Goldblock. They do a promising job in delivering German pub food, and some fine cocktails.
BreadTalk has been doing well since its inception despite all the "its-expensive!" cries, but anything for a posh pastry, right?
The Hammock Cafe in the Galle Dutch Hospital has a great location and cool seating, but the food is pretty expensive and mediocre.
The Pettah Floating Market opened on the 25th of August to a lot of hype, and it's worth it. The place is another part of Colombo's fancy urban development plan along with Arcade…
The new and refurbished movie theatres by Scope Cinemas.
Kaha Buth Gedara does more than just kaha buth.
Ministry of Crab is a high-end restaurant on Dutch Hospital premises that specializes in crab cuisine - the food is just plain mouth-watering and the service is good.
Namaste is a new Indian restaurant in Nugegoda serving mainly North Indian cuisine. While the staff are lovely and the place is nice, we can't really say the same about the food.
Mama Louie's is a new pizza resto in Sooriya Village, serving up some delicious thin-crust pizza.
Shanghai Terrace is a Chinese Restaurant that recently opened up in Ethul Kotte. They serve up some good looking Chinese food at a reasonable price. There is a charming little terrace on the roof…
Good ambience, decent food, over-rated chili paste. Okay value for groups.
A Mexican-themed rooftop bar by Trillium Boutique City Hotel.
One of Colombo's most popular coffee shops has opened up in Nawala.


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annalaurabrown.com Learn all about how to become a better leader. 21 minutes in a leader's day book by John Maxwell.
How to Be a Great Leader: 21 Minutes in a Leader's Day
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A second-chance, small town, stand-alone romance in A.L. Jackson's Confessions of the Heart Series.
"I ABSOLUTELY LOVED Jace and Faith's story. Seriously, the BEST story! 5++++ Stars!"
My rating: 5 of 5 stars
MORE OF YOU is the first book in the Confessions of the Heart series. It's a slow burn standalone, written in A.L. Jackson's bewitching prose and it'll have you wishing for more!
Faith's husband, Joseph, was recently murdered and she can't fathom why. Because now, she's receiving threats. Faith will do anything to protect her baby girl, Bailey, even allow the man who walked out of her life and broke her heart ten years ago, to temporarily move into her home. Jace was Joseph's cousin. He'd vowed to always protect Joseph and Ian, Jace's brother. Jace felt like he'd failed Joseph but he was determined to protect Faith and Bailey.
I don't know how Ms. Jackson does it exactly but she has the ability to create this resplendent world with a rainbow of characters. She draws you into the story and holds you hostage until the bittersweet end! Jace and Faith and all of the colorful cast in this book just squeezed my heart. I laughed, cried, worried, wondered and swooned with them because they felt so real. I adored sweet little Bailey! Jace was the "bad boy" from the wrong side of town but he was such a good man. Strong, loyal, smart, loving. And Faith may have been naive but her heart was in the right place. She sought out the best in everyone, even the bad boys that the rest of the town shunned.
I also loved how the story flashed back to Faith and Jace's past because it gave me so much more depth and understanding of how they began and how they managed to fall apart. There was mystery and suspense, sexy moments and tender moments. Simply put, this is a gorgeous story, raw and captivating. I'm so looking forward to Ian, Courtney and Mack's stories! Told from dual POVs with a happy ever after.
I hope you love Jace and Faith as much as I do. I'm so proud of this story, and am so thrilled to release it out into the world!
Connect with A.L.
Reader Group: http://smarturl.it/AmysAngelsRock
Amazon: http://smarturl.it/ALJacksonAmzn
Bookbub: http://smarturl.it/ALJacksonBookbub
Twitter: @aljacksonauthor
Instagram: @aljacksonauthor
Snapchat: @aljacksonauthor


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Under review
Scrolling feature is not working on 3 of my 4 portfolios. One by one they have been freezing up. Please fix. I don't want to lose data on a reinstall. Thanks.
mitchellone 2 years ago in iPhone App • updated by Maya Natan 2 years ago • 1
Under review
Please re-login and update the app to the latest version 3.8.8.
Customer support service by UserEcho


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Category: Construction
The seminar intends to instruct participants to begin, manage and operate a water refilling station venture. When it is a gas station, medical building or retail plaza there are many stages we have to undergo to construct the soundest construction possible. There are tons of skills necessary to conduct a petrol station design and construction, […]
June 14, 2019
In Millennium Crane Hire we would rather go involved at a youthful phase of the construction endeavor. In Canada, it is extremely much nothing. Attempting to eradicate or decrease the severity and frequency of accidents within the business. Loading is much more complex than the vast majority of different varieties of freight. Companies wish to […]
July 23, 2018


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At Otford our Geography curriculum is designed to inspire in pupils a curiosity and fascination about the world and its people that will remain with them for the rest of their lives. We are committed to providing children with opportunities to investigate and make enquiries about their local area so that they can develop a real sense of who they are, their heritage and what makes our local area. Children also develop their ability to apply geographical skills to enable them to confidently communicate their findings and geographical understanding to a range of audiences. As pupils progress, their growing knowledge about the world should help them to deepen their understanding of the interaction between physical and human processes and of the formation and use of landscapes and environments. Children gain confidence and practical experiences of geographical knowledge and understanding, not just through experiences in the classroom, but also with the use of fieldwork and educational visits, to explain how the Earth's features at different scales are shaped, interconnected and change over time. In addition, children develop fundamental geographical skills: collecting and analysing data; using maps, globes, aerial photographs and digital mapping to name and identify countries, continents and oceans; and communicating information in a variety of ways.
Through high quality teaching, we develop the following essential characteristics of geographers:
• An excellent knowledge of where places are and what they are like, both in Britain and the wider world;
• A comprehensive understanding of the ways in which places are interdependent and interconnected;
• An extensive base of geographical knowledge and vocabulary;
• Fluency in complex, geographical enquiry and the ability to apply questioning skills, as well as effective presentation techniques;
• The ability to reach clear conclusions and explain their findings;
• Excellent fieldwork skills as well as other geographical aptitudes and techniques;
• The ability to express well-balanced opinions, rooted in very good knowledge and understanding about current issues in society and the environment;
• A genuine interest in the subject and a real sense of curiosity about the world and the people who live here.
Through the framework of the 2014 National Curriculum, Geography taught at Otford aims to ensure that all children:
• develop age-appropriate, accurate knowledge of the location, physical and human characteristics of a wide range of globally significant places including terrestrial and marine locations
• to use this knowledge to provide a geographical context to study and understand the actions of important geographical processes
• understand that these processes give rise to the key physical and human geographical features of the world, how these are interdependent and how they bring about variation and change to the geographical landscape
• to be able to use geographical vocabulary which is appropriate and accurate and which develops and evolves from EYFS to KS1 and through to KS2
• collect, analyse and present a range of data, gathered through experiences of fieldwork, to deepen understanding of geographical processes
• use and interpret a wide range of sources of geographical information, including maps, diagrams, globes and aerial photographs
• develop skills in Geographical Information Systems (GIS) (software and interactive resources) which allow for digital mapping, analysis of data and data models
• are able to communicate geographical information in a variety of ways, including through maps, numerical and quantitative skills and writing at length
• to fulfil the requirements of the 2014 National Curriculum for Geography
• to promote children's spiritual, moral, social and cultural development helping them to have a greater understanding of their place in the world, and their rights and responsibilities to other people and the environment


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Department of Technical Electrodynamics and radio communication systems (TED and RCS) was established in 1998, the Department of Electrodynamics information systems (EDIS) and radio communication systems (RCS) by their association. In turn, the Department of Information Systems electrodynamics (up to 1978 – Department of Technical electrodynamics and antennas (A TED) was established in 1958 at the department of theoretical bases of radio engineering. The head of the new department was appointed Dr. Sci. Science professor. Haskind MD, a renowned expert in the theory of vibrations, author of the great work on the theory of pitching ship.
At that time the Department of TED and A sessions conducted at all faculties Institute: the department of telephone and telegraph – discipline "Theory of electromagnetic fields"; at the Faculty of Communication, Broadcasting and TV – discipline: "The theory of the electromagnetic field", "Distribution of radio"; "Antenna-feeder devices."
The Department and TED A short time created three laboratories: the laboratory field theory, propagation laboratory and antenna-feeder. Research work "aircraft retransmission of television programs", which was held at the time, helped increase the number of staff. On the base of the landfill was designed a series of laboratory work on discipline "Antenna-feeder devices", performed in a real landfill. After prof. Haskinda MD department was headed by his pupil candidate. Sci. Science GV Poddubny, who after graduate school in the Mykolaiv Shipbuilding Institute moved to the OEIZ them. AS Popova. Prof. GV Poddubny is the author of several works on electrodynamics and participated in research work at the Department of TED and A. After his senior chair. off. AI Khachaturov With him working candidate. Sc. Science Assoc. Martsafey VV, who led the research work associated with ultra-high frequency technology.
In 1958 – 1969 r. Department of TED and A conducted a new, significant volume and contribution to research work on the study of ionospheric propagation meteor-meter waves. Research landfill was equipped to perform research on "Meteor". Further testing ground and used as a training, which conducted the study of radio wave propagation and antenna-feeder.
For the organization of research within the research "Meteor" with the Research Institute of the Ministry of Communications SRCR radio and Kazan State University were established bilateral radio Odessa – Moscow (Butovo) and Moscow (Kupavka) – Odessa and one-way radio link Odessa – Kazan. The successful implementation of these works was additionally equipped, near Odessa, Research landfill. The results of research on these lines allowed to receive source material for research and operational ionospheric meteor-line Krasnoyarsk – Norilsk, which was tested and was commissioned in 1967
In 1960 – 1961 r. Department of TED and A study conducted dissemination meter radio waves by scattering on magnetic inhomogeneities orientovanyh. These works were carried out together with the Scientific Research Institute of Radio featuring Beltsskoho Pedagogical Institute.
The size of the department and TED A, which sometimes reached 100 employees (including part-time staff, and students) made it possible to spend a large amount of research to study the characteristics of centimeter radio waves spread. For the work on this subject was equipped with a special testing ground station Outdoor Odessa region.
From 1964 to 1991 at the Department of East Germany under-26, under the leadership candidate. Sc. Science Assoc. Martsafeya V. conducted research and development relating to matters propagation of various ranges, electromagnetic compatibility, and the development of special purpose antennas. These studies were carried out with such research centers as TSNDRTI, NDIAB, SRI Instruments, IRE USSR.
From 1978 to 1997 the department was headed by Dr. Sc. Science professor. Prince AI Under his leadership the department and A TED began extensive research work along with design bureau of radio communication Sevastopol plant. Kalmykov development of devices for electromagnetic compatibility of radio electronic devices (EMC RES), placed on ships. Subjects of the research was the basis of many graduate dissertations prof. Prince AI and development of new courses for students of radio communication, radio and television.
At this time, department significantly intensified its efforts graduate school. During the period from 1979 to 1993 at the Department completed graduate studies led by prof. Prince AI and Assoc. Martsafeya V. and defended their thesis Draganov VM, VH Kudrya (Department of TEK), VV Zaitsev (Russia, Omsk) Katorhin VA Potravnyy VL, Kalyuzhny IL (Sevastopol), Pilgrims GP (Odessa, NMP) Haydamakin AA (Russia, Omsk), Lasko AG, Solomko AV, Panfilov VI, Nyan Nguyen (Vietnam), S. Tsar'kov (Russia, Kuibyshev) Solodovnikov MO, Shilo I.H, Tsaliev T., T. Melnikova, Tsalimov GF, Leshchuk II Significant changes in technology and telecommunications technology have caused the need for improved training. Since 1988 after a significant improvement courses and related programs, the department changed its name and was called electrodynamics department information system (EDIS). Faculty have read on various technical departments such subjects: "Electrodynamics of information systems"; "The spread of radio and antenna-feeder devices"; "Directing systems of electric communication"; "Electromagnetic compatibility of radio electronic devices", "Fundamentals of Holography." In 1996 on the basis of results obtained during the numerous studies on ensuring EMC, Department introduced at the Faculty of Communication, Broadcasting and TV training and retraining of specialists in the new specialization – radio frequency management. This work required the development of programs, lectures and laboratory works in the following subjects: "Radio frequency management", "Theory and practice of radio control", "Analysis and electromagnetic compatibility of radio", "Legal issues radio control."
Thanks to the efforts of the Department EDIS and its members in 1992 was established the Research Centre of Radio Frequencies and EMC (SRC RF and EMC). During the years of its operation center staff got considerable experience in carrying out scientific and technical expertise on the order of radio spectrum management of the Ministry of Communications of Ukraine for granting licenses to use frequency assignments.
Since 1994, when it was created by Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute of Radio and Television (UNIIRT), research and teaching staff was the basis of one of its leading departments. This department is headed fellow of EDIS, PhD. Sc. Science, Associate Professor Katorhin VA The department deals with the management of radio frequency resources, EMC, antenna technology. The department and the department involved in the representation of the Administration of Ukraine in international organizations, including the International Telecommunication Union. The department act with presentations at international scientific conferences.
The high authority of the chair of the scientific community shows in Odesa I All-Union Symposium on Diffraction and wave propagation (1961) and II All-Union Conference "Methods and Devices Applied Electrodynamics" (1988 and 1991). The department acted scientific seminars Academy of Sciences of Ukraine "Circles and devices in the field of Radio" and "electromagnetic compatibility of radio electronic devices."
Since 1997 the department was headed by Candidate EDIS. Sc. Science Assoc. VS Cherenkov, who after graduating from the Odessa Electrotechnical Institute of Communications worked as assistant chair and TED A. Further, thesis, working in the department as a senior lecturer, and since 1981 – Associate Professor of TED and A. Poe mixed successfully with the work of senior researcher PDR-26 and senior research fellow of the Research Centre of Radio frequencies and EMC and UNIIRT.
The second part of the department TED and SRH – Department of radio communication systems, was established in 1967 under the name – Department of radio relay lines. While the department was part of the Faculty of multichannel telecommunications. The first head was Candidate. Sc. Science Assoc. Lame MK who has worked in this position for 15 years. Since 1982 headed the department candidate. Sc. Science Assoc. Odintsov BV, which did much to re department and equipping its new computers. Given the specific features of disciplines, the lecturer read in those years, she joined the faculty of radio communication, radio and television. At this time the department was assigned SRH PDR-26, led by Odintsov BV and Cooperation Department staff Shipyard and Ted and A dealt with the collection and processing of statistical data on the behavior of radio waves 11 GHz band at their spreading over the water surface. Results of this work have received approval and reference books included in the rate of microwave systems in this band.
Parallel to this, in 1983 Odintsovo BV was signed hozdohovirna GDR-56 with the Black Sea Shipping Company. R & D – "Non-contact temperature control modes marine engines." The work was successfully completed, has been tested and implemented on some ships of the Black Sea Shipping Company.
In 1985 the department between SRH NDIR and Moscow signed a contract on cooperation, which resulted led by Odintsov BV East Germany opened hozdohovirna-29 dedicated to intensive introduction to the USSR digital methods of information transfer. In particular, the order of the Ministry of Communications developed, tested and implemented in production equipment OTSF-17, which can transmit through analog trunk KCHRZ-8240 digital voice channels while preserving all the quality indicators instead of 120 channels OTSF-8. Commissioned by the Ministry of Defence tested on laboratory layout and developed at the level of technical documentation equipment OTSF-34, which allows the above conditions pass through analog trunk 480 digital voice channels with increased protection against unauthorized access to the transmitted information. For the needs of the economy developed at technical documentation and testing laboratory layout, key units of one of the first domestic high-speed, pure digital radio – equipment RC-140.
The results of the staff of the department were widely used in the educational process and served as the basis for writing and protection of several master's theses: MK Mikhailov – Coeur. Odintsov BV, osprey OO Kozhukhar I. – ker. Sukachev EO, Koval VV – Coeur. Borsch VI
In the period 1991 – 1992 r. The collective efforts of the department under the direction Odintsov BV was established and put into operation the first Academy class display at the PSC-PC 2m, numbering 12 jobs. This class is widely used in the classroom. CAD methods were introduced for course and diploma designing the profile of the department, implemented virtual labs, in addition to actual work, set at the shipyard facilities department. Besides the above display widely used class of employees of other departments of the Academy to address their educational and scientific objectives.
In 1992 – 1993, on the basis of measuring base laboratory shipyard was established, accredited and commissioned laboratory certification of radio and radio systems, implemented in Ukraine, both domestic and foreign production. Using the results of the certification laboratory orders and performed scientific research to discover the exceptional dedication and initiative, Head of the Shipyard Assoc. Odintsov BV obtained permission to open as part of the Academy of Communications UNIIRT, which he headed in 1994
From 1994 to 1996 headed the Department of SRH candidate. Sc. Science Assoc. MK Mikhailov Classes held at the Department of SRH at different faculties at the following disciplines: Faculty automatic telecommunications – "Fundamentals of radio communications and radio relay lines"; Department of telecommunications – "Radio relay communication lines"; "The satellite and microwave transmission systems"; Department of radio communication, radio and television – "Radio communication systems"; "Satellite and radio relay transmission system." There are new disciplines covering satellite communication systems, communication systems with mobile objects, and new courses that are taught in engineering and economics. While the Department of SRH significantly expanded training base, developed programs for calculation of course and degree projects, a number of laboratory studies on modeling microwave, satellite, tropospheric, mobile communication systems and radio devices. Laboratory facilities equipped with new means of communication relay type COURSE, Radan, digital information transmission systems in networks of analog microwave links. Since 1996 the Department of SRH is training with new specializations – communication system with mobile objects. To this end methodical materials for lectures, practical and laboratory classes in six new disciplines, including course design.
Merging departments and SRH TED in 1998 the head of the combined department TED SRH and became candidate. Sc. Science Assoc. VS Cherenkov
From 1999 to 2006 the department was headed TED and SRH Dr. Sc. Science professor. Ivanitskii Anatoly Mechyslavovych. The department held a number of important scientific research on the following topics: number 1 / 7.4 "Analysis of legal acts of Ukraine in the field of radio frequency licensing and preparation of the text of the Radio Regulations", "Investigation of wave processes and radio systems" "Analysis of the wave fields and characteristics emitting devices in communication systems."
At this time, department TED SRH and combines laboratory technical electrodynamics and propagation; antennas and ultra-high frequency devices; electromagnetic compatibility of radio electronic means; radio communication systems. Teachers of the department read the following disciplines:
the direction of Radio – "Electrodynamics and Propagation", "Antennas and microwave frequencies," "electromagnetic compatibility of radio electronic devices", "Communication systems with mobile objects", "Tenhnicha operation of communication systems with mobile objects "" Design of communication with mobile objects "," Radio communication systems "," personal radio systems "," Problems of antenna technology ";
the direction of Telecommunications – "Technical electrodynamics", "Communication systems with mobile objects", "Digital radio relay and satellite communication systems", "Hardware Mobile", "Cellular and trunking communications";
the direction of Economics and Business – "Technology and communication technology industry, and radio broadcasting."
From 2006 to 2015 the department was headed TED and SRH Dr. Sc. Science professor. Mikhail Borisovich Protsenko. During this period, active scientific work of the department. Significant event in the scientific life of the department and TED FSA and the academy were generally successful defense (2007) doctoral thesis of one of the leading members of the Department Tsaliyeva TA dedicated to the issues of development and research of new class of antennas – aperture antennas with discrete surfaces. The Department and the Academy held two important international conferences: "Mathematical Methods in electromagnetic Theory» (MMET 2008 g.) And "IX International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques» (ICATT 2013). Protect theses: SV Nesteruk, Rozhnovska I., N. Mamedov (Supervisor, Dr. Sc. Sciences, prof. Protsenko MB) MV Rozhnovskyy (Supervisor, Dr. Sc. Sciences, prof. Ivanitskii AM) Shkulipa PA, Buhan D. (Supervisor, Dr. Sc. Sciences, prof. Sukachev EO); Veliyev ZM (Supervisor, Dr. Sc. Sciences, prof. Tsaliyev TA). The department conducted a number of research.
Being active educational and methodical work. Introducing new subjects such as "Fields and Waves in systems of technical protection of information", "Satellite communication and navigation", "Systems and radio monitoring systems", "Environment analysis and design of antennas and microwave path", "digital trunking system called "connection" and others. First teachers of the department prof. MB Protsenko, p. off. SV Nesteruk, Assoc. Rozhnovska I., p. off. Buhan D. read English courses in student groups "technical elite". Develop training complexes of new subjects, including English.
Nowadays, the head of the Department is PhD. Rozhnovskyy Mikhail.


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Copyright Issues
The internet is often used to share material – pictures, text, ideas. Many issues of copyright arise out of the ease with which individuals can now share material. Here are some particular issues of copyright.
Website design
The design and layout of a website can be protected by copyright. This is a separate matter to copyright ownership of the various components of the site such as the text, images and sound. To maintain control over the future development and operation of a website, rights should be obtained from the website developer/designer. This could be an assignment of copyright or a licence to make changes to the site as required.
Using others' material
When using content that you do not own, i.e. that you have not created yourself, the copyright owner should be identified and their permission sought. Potentially copyright protected material includes text, graphics, photographs, animations, film, music compositions, sound recordings, software and database material.
Once permission has been obtained the website owner or manager should keep records of each authorisation or licence to use a copyright protected work on the website. It is important to identify the scope of such a licence, including any limits on use and factors that relate to termination of the right to use others' work.
Linking or framing
There are possible legal ramifications in linking to or framing a third party website. In the absence of specific permission, it is safest to link to the homepage of a third party website.
Hypertext linking to or framing a third party website that includes copyright infringing material may constitute an endorsement or republication of the infringing material, and expose the website owner to liability under the copyright legislation.
Hypertext linking to pages deep within other sites, and the use of frames on a website, can raise issues for which you may be liable under copyright and trade practices legislation.
Case Example – Linking: Cooper v Universal Music Australia Pty Ltd [2006] FCA 642
The provision of links from a website known as mp3s4free.net was sufficient for a finding of copyright infringement on the part of the website's owner and operator, the ISPs (website hosts) and the director of the ISPs that hosted the website, for authorising the copying and communication of copyright-protected songs.
The website did not contain any music files but provided links to remote computers that allowed users to download copyright-protected music files. The court's finding of infringement was subsequently upheld by the full Federal Court against all but the technician, who was found to be a mere employee and therefore not liable.
The court found that despite legal disclaimers on the site, by providing the links (and supporting a site which provided the links) the website owner and ISPs had "authorised" infringement because the links were for the purpose of downloading music files and nothing was done to prevent infringements occurring. The disclaimers were not seen to have any effect in terms of limiting liabilitybut rather were seen as evidence that the website owner was well aware of the likelihood of infringing content being made available via the links on the site.
Protecting your material
If you have material on your site that you wish to protect, i.e. to prevent others from copying, you should clearly attach notices stating:
- who owns copyright in the material;
- what the copyright owners permit and do not permit visitors to the site to do with this material; and
- who to contact for a copyright clearance in relation to any of the material on the site.
In addition to legal protections there are technical protection measures such as:
- advising your ISP of restrictions that you wish to place on access to protected material on your site;
- making protected material accessible only on payment of a fee or acceptance of contractual terms of use. This can often be achieved using rights management information technology (which inserts information that identifies the work, the owner and the terms of use for the work). The Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) ("Copyright Act") makes it unlawful to alter or remove rights management information or to deal with technological protection measures without permission; and/or
- encrypting (using a technological means to prevent copying) or other copy control mechanisms.
Scanning and uploading images
Scanning an image to produce a digitised version involves making a reproduction, and uploading to a website or emailing the digital version involves communication of the image.
Both reproduction and communication of a copyright protected work are specific rights of the copyright owner as provided in the Copyright Act, and both require the permission of the copyright owner.
Downloading and manipulating images
Copying part of an image or photograph from the internet may still be infringing copyright if you copy what is considered a substantial or important part of the image or photograph. What is important to consider is the image itself and not the website or page where it was found.
Altering or adding to a digital image to create a new image will require the permission of the copyright owner if an important part of the first image is recognisable in the new image. Additionally, you may be in breach of the creator's moral rights if the work is not properly attributed to them or you alter the work in a prejudicial manner.
Downloading music or films
Music, film and television programs can be downloaded from the internet in many ways: from a website, bulletin board, email, blog, or a file sharing or peer-to-peer (p2p) network (e.g. Kazaa, BitTorrent or LimeWire). Copyright infringement occurs if the copyright owner has not given permission for the song or film to be distributed freely on the internet (unless one of the limited exceptions to copyright infringement applies. Permission has usually not been granted and infringement may therefore occur if music or film is downloaded from a p2p network.
Legitimate Australian online sites or stores that authorise access to music, TV shows and films do exist (e.g. i-view, ninemsn music, iTunes and bigpondmusic.com). Such sites enable content to be downloaded with the permission of the copyright owners. When you download content from these sites (usually for a fee) the copyright owner grants you permission (licence) to use the digital music file in a particular way. The terms of the licence will usually outline how many times you can copy or burn the song to a CD or computer and for what purpose you can do so.
If you copy or share the content in a manner that is different to the terms of the licence then you may be infringing copyright. You should carefully consider the terms of the licence prior to purchasing because different sites can have different rules regarding the way you can use the content they offer.
Sharing / distributing music online
Copying and sharing digital content is relatively quick and easy. For example, a Microsoft's Windows Media Player allows users to "rip" (copy or reproduce) a song from a CD by converting it into an MP3 file (or other file format) on the user's personal computer. The music file is then easily shared by email; downloaded to a portable digital music player (e.g. iPod); posted to a website/facebook page/blog; or made available on a p2p network.
However, if you do any of these things without the permission of the song's copyright owner, you will be infringing copyright. Usually the licence accompanying your purchased music will outline the details of the permission granted by the copyright owner.
Case Example – File Sharing: Universal Music Australia Pty Ltd v Sharman License Holdings
The case of Universal Music Australia Pty Ltd v Sharman License Holdings Ltd [2005] FCA 1587 was high-profile Australian litigation involving music labels suing the developers and distributors (collectively referred to as "the Sharman parties") of software that enabled access to the Kazaa p2p network. The software, which was made available for free, enabled users to upload and download digital files (such as MP3s). However, unlike earlier p2p networks (such as Napster) the Kazaa network did not require operation through centralised servers, nor physical involvement in the transmission of the files.
The essence of the litigation concerned the responsibility of the developers and distributors for authorising copyright infringement by providing the means by which users were able to infringe copyright by sharing copyright-protected works without permission, i.e. the provision of the software authorising the users to infringe copyright. Based on what the Sharman parties knew was occurring on the network, as well as an ability to put in place filters to reduce the amount of infringing traffic that was occurring, the court decided there had been authorisation. An appeal was heard, but the parties settled before the Full Federal Court handed down a decision. Part of the settlement required substantial changes to the Kazaa network.
Recently the High Court in Roadshow Films Pty Ltd v iiNet Ltd [2012] HCA 16 dealt with another file-sharing case. In the iiNet case the respondent was an internet service provided ISP, alleged by a number of copyright owners to be authorising the copyright infringement of films facilitated by P2P file-sharing software. The ISP had not refused access by terminating the relationship if access had been used unlawfully – the copyright owners claimed that that ISP had "countenanced" the infringing activity. The argument was unsuccessful because the court found that the authoriser (in this case the ISP) must have power to prevent the infringements.
Case Example – YouTube
A US case ruled that the YouTube website was not liable for copyright infringing material that had been posted on the site. The court held that YouTube was only under a duty to take action to remove infringing material in the event that it has knowledge of specific infringing material.
Equivalent Australian legislation (i.e. the safe harbour provisions of the Copyright Act) means that copyright owners should promptly inform any website if it contains any material that infringes copyright.
"Podcasting" allows users to subscribe to and download digital audio files onto their computers and portable digital music players. If you wish to podcast material (i.e. make it available online) so that others can download it, then the audio content you use must not infringe the copyright owned by someone else. Infringement will occur if you use audio content that you do not own the copyright for or clear permission to use, for example, including in your podcast a song ripped from a CD without permission from the copyright owner of the track.
If you download podcasts provided by others that infringe copyright then you will also be technically infringing copyright. Amateur podcasts that contain commercial audio content are more likely to infringe copyright than podcasts from well-known broadcasters such as the ABC. It can be difficult to determine whether a podcast infringes copyright. However, the risk of personally incurringliability for downloading a podcast that contains infringing content may not be great. It is likely that the risk increases if you re-publish in a podcast infringing content.
Page last updated 31/01/2020