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Most common question that comes to everyone's mind before starting a new work is – how to start that work and so is the question in every students mind- Why and how to learn data structure? Data structure is the way of storing a data in a logical way so that one can use it effectively. Structures make the algorithm easier to learn and much faster. For the second question-HOW, you can contact us 24*7.
We have experts on every type of data structure whether it is linked list, stack, array, queue, tree or graphand many more topics related to data structures. Our main focus is on complexity and time-space trade-off of an algorithm because these two decide the efficiency of any data structure.
Second important thing to learn in data structures is SORTING AND SEARCHING. When a student thinks over it he gets confused 'which technique should I use?' In this dilemma he prefers less complex algorithm and forgets the concept of time-space trade-off.
Our team will guide you to choose a technique which supports the data to be searched or sorted and best suitable for the operations to be performed over it.For example the search time of each technique-insertion sort, selection sort, binary search, merge sort, Radix sort all depend on the number of elements of the data while Hash addressing is independent of number of elements.
We have experts from professional life familiar with every language so don't hesitate in sharing your doubts in C, C++ or JavaScript. Apart from your doubts we will also let you know the differences of coding a structure in different languages.
Also you can share your old projects, lectures and class notes with us.


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How long am I going to wait ?
The turnaround time for receiving the unlock code for LG mobile phones starts from 1 to 24 hours.
The calculated average waiting time is 3 hours 21 minutes. (based on the last 50 orders)
What our customers say about unlocking
iacob - 2018-10-23 14:15:57
Fast Thank you
Istvan - 2017-07-21 11:51:27
Superb speed of service. Everything was good. I recomended to others. Peace :-)
Katarina - 2017-06-20 18:03:55
All went well, thanks.
Joao - 2017-06-04 09:33:52
10 mins and worked fine, codes are correct. Satisfied
Bob - 2017-04-05 10:05:48
Unlocking instruction for LG H440N ?
How to enter an unlock code in a LG H440N:
First option:
1. Insert a simcard from a different network (for example if the device comes from Orange network insert a T-Mobile simcard).
2. Your LG H440N should ask for an unlock code
- for Network PIN type the NCK code
- for Service provider PIN input the SPCK code
Second option (device doesn't ask for an unlock code with an unaccepted SIM)
1. Start the device with an accepted simcard (example LG H440N was bought in Orange you need to insert an Orange card)
2. Go to the dial screen and press "2945#*model number#" (the same way you enter a phone number)
Example: the device is a P999 you need to enter "2945#*999#" or for KU990 you need to enter "2945#*990#" etc…
Third option (accepted simcard)
1. Go to dial screen and press 2945#*71001# or 2945#*20001# as if making a call
2. when a hidden window appears enter the unlock code
Having problems with using the instructions ? Contact our support.
For a subnetwork you need to use either a SPCK code or a NSCK code.
Generating an unlock by a free generator, can only block your LG H440N permanently.

subset: commoncrawl


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Prodrive technical director David Lapworth says the team will be testing the Mini Countryman WRC for one week per month for the rest of the year - with the car's first asphalt outing scheduled for November.
The car ran for the first time in competitive trim in Portugal last week. The team has now returned to Banbury where the data from the test is being analysed before the next stage of development.
"We've planned to test a week each month until Christmas," said Lapworth. "We will be working on the base car, I guess we call it the Super 2000 car if you like.
"Obviously, that's the base car for the World Rally car, we will be able to work on the two cars together because obviously they're both very similar. In the end, we will have to work separately because the WRC will have to be tuned for a different power output and for different aerodynamics."
Lapworth admitted the next tests would be similar to the running completed last week.
"We're going to test the car through the whole range of conditions, we're not going to be going into using X or Y millimeter roll bars or X or Y front springs - it's not that detailed yet."
Marcus Gronholm is due to tell Prodrive whether he has accepted their offer of a contract for next season in the coming week.
Should the Finn sign up, he is likely to begin test work with the Mini straight away. Otherwise, Markko Martin is a likely candidate for the development programme, the Estonian worked with the team, improving the Subaru Impreza WRC in the Japanese manufacturer's final season in the sport in 2008.


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Symphony No. 20 (Mozart)
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Symphony No. 20 in D major, K. 133, was composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in July, 1772,[1] when Mozart was sixteen years old. This symphony is one of many written during the period Mozart stayed in Salzburg, between two trips to Italy. Compared to other symphonies Mozart wrote in this period, the scoring is extravagant, featuring two trumpets in addition to the standard oboes, horns, and strings. The key of D major, which is a key often reserved for ceremonial music, is well suited to the presence of these trumpets.[1]
The symphony is scored for one flute, two oboes, two horns, two trumpets and strings.
There are four movements:
- Allegro
- The first movement, in D major and 4
4 time, is written in sonata allegro form, with the notable deviation of the recapitulation being the mirror image of the exposition. That is, the recapitulation starts with the second theme, and Mozart waits until the very end to unveil the return of the first theme. He does so by first bringing the theme in softly with the strings, then repeating with the strings now doubled by the trumpets.
- The first movement, in D major and 4
- Andante
- Menuetto — Trio
- This minuet in D major starts boldly. A more subdued trio written primarily for strings (with a bit of oboe).
- [Allegro]
- The fourth movement, also in D major, is a long dance in 12
8 time cast in sonata-allegro form. Though Mozart himself did not label the tempo of the fourth movement, the character of the piece and the standard symphonic form of the time indicates that Mozart probably intended the piece to go at an "allegro" tempo.
- The fourth movement, also in D major, is a long dance in 12
External links[edit]
- Symphony in D K. 133: Score and critical report (in German) in the Neue Mozart-Ausgabe
- Symphony No. 20: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project


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Members Only Clan · 956 membersPC - Moon Clan | Full Research & Complete Dojo | MR 6+ Required | Scaling Inactivity Policy | Active Discord | Close-Knit and Non-Toxic Community | Events, Contests, and Giveaways | Welcome to Imperial Dragons! We are a close-knit clan dedicated to keeping a casual, fun, and welcoming atmosphere. Created in 2017, we strive to give our members the best clan experience Warframe has to offer. If you are interested in joining, please join our Discord link below and one of our Officers will attend to you. PC Clan Only .◘Everybody is welcome to be part of The Moon Empire. If your soul is that of a Dragon, Wolf, phoenix & any other beast or creature this is your home. ◘◘◘◘MAKE SURE TO LEAVE YOUR CURRENT CLAN IN ORDER TO RECEIVE AN INVITE. ........................................................................................................................... ◘◘◘◘JOIN OUR DISCORD BY CLICKING THE LINK BELOW IF YOU WANT TO JOIN ASAP. ................................................................................................................................................... ◘◘◘Fully Build & Decorated Dojo!!! ◘◘◘All Research Done. ◘◘◘Join discord server as that would be our game lounge. No mic required, but it could be of greater fun to have one. ◘◘◘The Golden Rule: Treat others how you want to be treated, make use of common sense, "Be mature". ...............................................Unleash the soul inside you & Bring on the warrior spirit................................................... ◘◘◘◘Visit our own internet corner at imperialdragons.win


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|Displaying 1 through 8 of 92 Next Page >>
|NAREE's 54th Annual Conference Is Going Virtual
|Monday, October 12, 2020
|NAREE leaders are now planning NAREE's 54th Annual Conference as a virtual event scheduled for Wednesday, December 9 and Thursday, December 10, 2020. The Board had hoped to hold the conference in December in Miami. But health and safety concerns, coupled with member travel restrictions due to the pandemic heralded the change. New registration details will
|NAREE University Live Continues Its Virtual Roundtable Series on May 7th
|Friday, April 17, 2020
NAREE University Live continues its Virtual Roundtable series with a new webinar scheduled for Thursday, May 7 at 7 PM EST. The new topic will be "Story Selection in a Changed World." It will be moderated by NAREE President Catie Dixon, Bisnow Managing Editor and panelists will include Eileen Woods, Boston Globe Sunday Real Estate editor; Suzann Silverman, Editorial Director Commercial Property News/Multi-Housing News editor; J. Scott Trubey, Atlanta-Journal Constitution reporter and Eli Segall, Las Vegas Review-Journal reporter.
|NAREE to Hold a Virtual Roundtable: 'How to Do Our Jobs in a Changed World' on April 16
|Saturday, April 4, 2020
What: NAREE's first-ever Virtual Roundtable: "How to Do Our Jobs in a Changed World"
When: Thursday, April 16 at 7:00 PM Eastern Standard Time
Where: In a Zoom "Room"
|Deadline Extended to March 4 for NAREE's Real Estate Journalism Competition; Two Top Awards Have $1,000 Prizes
|Friday, February 28, 2020
|The deadline to enter National Association of Real Estate Editors' 70th annual real estate journalism competition has been extended to March 4, 2020 11:59 EST -- no further extensions/no exceptions. This prestigious contest is open to all bona fide freelance and staff reporters, columnists, editors and producers covering commercial and residential
|NAREE's New Harney Award for Watchdog Reporting Comes with $1,000 Prize
|Thursday, February 13, 2020
NAREE's New Harney Award for Watchdog Reporting Comes with $1,000 Prize
Entry Deadline March 1, 2020 on www.naree.org/jcontest
NAREE, has announced a new award for its 70th Annual Real Estate Journalism Competition — the Kenneth R. Harney Award for Best Real Estate Consumer Education Reporting. The award winner will receive a $1,000 cash award and a certificate of excellence. The winner also will be invited to speak about the award-winning entry at NAREE's Annual Real Estate Conference in Miami as NAREE's guest. NAREE's Miami 2020 conference will run June 24 to 27 at the Kimpton Epic Hotel.
|Enter NAREE's 70th Annual Journalism Competition Now
|Saturday, February 1, 2020
Call for Entries: NAREE's 70th Annual Real Estate Journalism Competition
Deadline: Enter on www.naree.org/jcontest by March 1, 2020 by 11:59 p.m. The competition is for work published or aired in 2019.
|NAREE Elects 2020 Board of Directors
|Friday, November 8, 2019
|San Francisco, CA - The National Association of Real Estate Editors has elected new officers and board members to serve on the 2020 NAREE Board of Directors. NAREE's new president is Catie Dixon, managing editor of Bisnow Media. Orange County Register/Southern California News Group reporter Jeff Collins is NAREE's new vice president. Beth DeCarbo,
|NAREE's 69th Annual Journalism Contest Winners
|Friday, June 28, 2019
|National Association of Real Estate Editors Announces 2019 Journalism Competition Winners AUSTIN - (June 28, 2019) - The National Association of Real Estate Editors (NAREE) today announced the winners of its 69th Annual Journalism Awards, recognizing excellence in reporting, writing and editing stories about residential and commercial real estate.
|Next Page >>


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Weight Loss – Muscle Building – Strength and Conditioning – Nutrition
"Like all the best coaches, my journey into the fitness industry was through personal struggle. As a teenager, I always struggled with my weight and I feel this has helped me understand people with similar problems. Sometimes people think personal trainers are gifted with health but I've had to work very hard to get where I am today.
This struggle spurred a journey to athleticism, optimal health, performance and muscle, physical and mental contentment. Intolerances, asthma, being overweight and poor concentration inspired me to pursue a career as a nutritionist and trainer. Over the years I've helped all kinds of people, from world champions to the general gym user.
I have 11 years of experience in the field and can work with different people pursuing different goals, though I specialize in fat loss and muscle building. I work very closely with clients, not just with training but also with lifestyle and nutrition, because that's where you can really make changes to your health."
Strength and Muscle Building – Weight Loss – Functional Training – Power Lifting
"Originally from Austria, I have been living in Hanoi for 7 years. I obtained my certification in personal training in Germany and have been working as a personal trainer and group trainer for 4 years. Being from such a mountainous country, I am passionate about mountain sports and other outdoor activities. During my personal gym based workouts I like to challenge myself with a combination of heavy compound lifts and complex callisthenic moves.
I am a very active person and I'm passionate about sport and health in general. However, it has not always been like that for me. In contrast to many other sport enthusiasts, it wasn't until my mid 20s that I started to take an active life seriously. My background is in hospitality and I fully understand how challenging it might be to fit exercising into a busy schedule. For these reasons, I strongly believe that it's never too late to get started.
In addition to our training, I will be able to help with tips on nutrition which will help you to achieve your goals more easily. Living in Hanoi for 5 years means I have developed a deep understanding of nutrition of the local cuisine and also availability of special or dietary food."
Setting ourselves apart from other gyms in Hanoi, all our personal trainers are internationally qualified.
For prices and plans please click HERE


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- Get whatever the reviews about Healing Crystals Garnet
- Know more once our website
The talent of gemstones
At The Real Travel China, our gemstones and crystals have healing properties that back to savings account body, mind and spirit. Healing crystals and gemstones have been used by ancient civilizations for thousands of years; the Egyptians, Aztecs and others used them in jewelry, cosmetics, decorative statues, amulets and much more – a testimony to their powerful realization to pardon mental, physical and spiritual blockages.
Both our body and healing crystals have flexible vibrations, which makes us naturally receptive to the vibrations of gemstones, as they can be the same our own vibrations subsequently theirs. For this reason, healing crystals and jewels have a strong vibrational effect subsequent to placed directly upon your body. This enthusiasm flows from the crystal to you, which facilitates the clear flow of sparkle throughout your body.
At The Real Travel China, our gemstones and crystals have healing properties that help to tab body, mind and spirit. Healing crystals and gemstones have been used by ancient civilizations for thousands of years; the Egyptians, Aztecs and others used them in jewelry, cosmetics, decorative statues, amulets and much more – a testimony to their powerful execution to forgiveness mental, physical and spiritual blockages. Both our body and healing crystals have lithe vibrations, which makes us naturally receptive to the vibrations of gemstones, as they can get along with our own vibrations as soon as theirs. For this reason, healing crystals and jewels have a mighty vibrational effect when placed directly on your body. This enthusiasm flows from the crystal to you, which facilitates the release flow of vivaciousness throughout your body. thoughtful and realistic.
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Formed deep in the heart of the earth, gems contain an unbelievable amount of intelligence from the experience of many transformations greater than millions and millions of years. If you comprehend the meaning of crystals and their specific properties, you will be skilled to use the full potential of their healing energy. All Healing Crystals Garnet serve a similar purpose, which is to guide us to our highest potential, but in the midst of the hundreds of every other species, each one has its own unique vibration and healing effect on the mind-body-mind.
Gemstones & Healing Crystals Garnet Meanings
To accomplish the maximum healing capability of crystal gemstones, we recommend that you choose the best crystal gemstone that you compulsion at the moment. When choosing your healing crystals, you should not think approximately it too much. Instead, let your intuition make the right choice. Choose the crystal that calls you or to which you are most attracted based on its color, shape or size. As you think roughly your point toward for each crystal, pay attention to which crystal your eyes linger over. To further enhance the effect of the healing crystals, you can also affix them with new crystals to create a powerful immersion of healing vibrations.
Types of gemstones
The definition of a crystal is a outfit of atoms that repeat themselves beyond and higher than again and form a crystalline structure in the aerate of different formations. This steady rhythm coincides in the same way as the healing vibrations of the earth, which can put happening to to description and realign our simulation centres.
Nature's breathtaking jewelry box, the mineral kingdom, contains hundreds of alternative types of healing stones, from coarse stones to delicate specimens next a polished shine.
Healing Crystals Garnet and Astrology
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Historically, crystals have been praised as ancient forms of medicine whose philosophies are borrowed from Hinduism and Buddhism. However, it is important to know that there is no scientific evidence for the use of crystals. Nevertheless, people are nevertheless attracted by their colors and beauty.
The key to indulging in this experience of self-care is mindfulness, reflection and acceptance. For example, researchers at The Trusted Source found that a person's mind can have much more healing capability than is endorsed to it.
Although there is not much scientific withhold for crystals, a number of people shout insults by their powers. So if you are interested to attempt them out, keep an entrйe mind and locate out what each stone can do for you.


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Supply reliability
We are driven by our customers' need for reliable, safe, and on-time delivery of jet fuels and lubricants. Our integrated global supply organization manages our manufacturing and distribution facilities, which provide a reliable and trusted source of nose-to-tail aviation products for customers around the world.
Supplying you with the products you need starts with procuring raw materials from integrated ExxonMobil and third-party facilities. This allows us to blend proprietary formulations of lubricants, hydraulic oils and greases. Products are then packaged and distributed globally.
We optimize the transport of raw materials and finished products to reliably supply our customers, while monitoring key manufacturing parameters to help reduce energy, recycle materials and minimize waste. Our global supply organization and distribution network ensures supply reliability, product integrity and quality, with timely delivery of products to your fleet.
We maintain supply reliability by proactively:
- Employing demand-forecasting tools
- Monitoring and balancing product inventories
- Investing in our supply chain to ensure long-term supply integrity
- Having emergency response processes in place when needed
We have established proprietary Business Continuity Plans (BCPs) to analyze risks for various global scenarios and develop appropriate mitigation plans for all of our locations. Our BCPs provide customers with added assurance and confidence that our global network is prepared to manage supply disruptions. Each plan has been adapted to the unique safety, security, health and environmental risks present in the applicable location.
Quick reference chart
View our reference chart of ExxonMobil aviation fuels and lubricants.Learn more
Where to buy
Explore our extensive global distribution network in the map and dropdown menu below, and learn where to buy our full range of aviation fuels and lubricants.Learn more
Product integrity
Our absolute commitment to product integrity requires product quality, performance, representation and regulatory compliance over the life cycle of products.product integrity
Contact us
Get in touch with our customer service teams and technical help desk professionals for help with your aviation needs.Learn more


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Amber Aminos Adaptogen Hot Chocolate
Amber Aminos Adaptogen Hot Chocolate is a high dosed B-vitamin and adaptogen blend aimed at providing energy and balance while reducing stress and anxiety. Great as a sleep aid too!
Delicious when added to smoothies and shakes or taken as a calming hot chocolate.
Packed with adaptogenic herbs including Siberian Ginseng, Maca and Ashwaganda - all powerful herbs with great stress moderating qualities.
Flavanoid rich cacoa and cocoa extract are combined with completely natural flavours - nothing artificial whatsoever.
The addition of 5HTP helps with serotonin production.
Glycine and baobab support, iron levels along with a Pre-biotic inulin and probiotic rich powder.
Suitable for men and women.
- Body, mind and spirit balancing formula
- Helps adaptation and stress
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- Aphrodisiac qualities
- High flavonoid
- Serotonin, relaxation and sleep aid
Simply click below and order your product today.
Customer Reviews
Another great product from Amino Man Matt. One drink before bedtime helps give me a relaxed deep sleep.
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I tend to cycle between Zinc and Magnesium (ZMA) with Tribulus and 5-HTP in order to improve sleep and recovery. I first used 5-HTP as a replacement for anti-depressant meds and found it to be effective over long term use. I noticed within 1 week of taking Amber Aminos that my sleep improved significantly, along with my mood and overall recovery. It takes great too! Excellent product, Matt, thank you!
When you drink Amber aminos, they quash those late evening hunger pangs and help you sleep better, as a result you crave less sugar the following day and soon you will have kicked the sugar habit.


text: We report on the fabrication and optical transmission studies of thin three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals of high-dielectric ZnS-core and low-dielectric SiO2-shell colloidal particles. These samples were fabricated using a vertical controlled drying method. The spectral position and width of a stopgap depend on the core-to-shell ratio, in a manner consistent ... read more


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uploaded an image
The World's Tallest Observation Wheel - Soaring 550 feet above the center of the Las Vegas Strip, the High Roller eclipses both the London Eye and Singapore Flyer. With sweeping 360-degree views of the Las Vegas Valley and The Strip, the wheel takes 30 minutes to complete one revolution
Images on Clickasnap.com are copyrighted. Please request clearance from the author prior to usage.
Select a product to add it to your cart.


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The DTM5080 temperature-logging module is simply inserted into the serial RS232 interface of a PC. It is suitable for the logging of temperature resistance sensors such as Pt100/1000, Ni100/1000, as well as other resistance sensors. The data-logging program that is supplied validates the measured values and stores them as required.
The module has been designed for accurate measurements over a wide range of temperatures. When the sensor is connected using 4-lead technology a high overall accuracy of the device can be achieved when used in conjunction with a high-precision sensor. The resolution of the device is 0.01°C.
The DTM5080 temperature-logging module is supplied with a standard Pt100 cable sensing device, Class B, 3.5x30mm, 1m cable, and a 2m extension cable for the RS 232 interface.
Standard sensor connector (RS stock no.: 464-375)
|Accessory Type
|Digital Thermometer
|For Use With
|RS232 Interface


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With winter temperatures in the 60s Fahrenheit when the rest of the country is shivering, it's no wonder Las Vegas makes a prime getaway from December through March. But attending Sin City's famous pool parties isn't the only way to have fun in the sun. Less than an hour away from the city's warm weather, you can glide down the slopes of a Mount Charleston ski resort through a winter wonderland.
Head for the Slopes
Known to the locals as "Mount Charleston," the mountainous area 35 miles west of the city is formally known as Spring Mountains National Recreation Area. Strap on your skis at Lee Canyon, the area's only currently operating ski resort.
The ski resort has a base elevation of 8,510 feet, with the top of Mount Lee towering more than 2,500 feet higher. Four lifts access trails ranging from intermediate to expert only and there are hike-in areas near the top for a truly away-from-it-all experience. Bring an expert-level buddy, probe, beacon and shovel in case of an avalanche. Novice skiers can get the feel for the snow at Rabbit Peak, which also offers a snow tubing area.
Getting To the Mountain
Getting there is simple: Just drive Route 157 due west to get a gander at sloping desert flora – wildflowers sometimes appear as early as January – giving way to towering pines and a wintery snowscape. It's also the cheapest way, costing you just a few dollars in gas.
Although there's parking provided, the once well-kept secret of Mount Charleston's ski resort is now common knowledge and it can be a challenge to get a spot as locals and tourist alike seek out the snow. Roadside parking isn't permitted in most of the recreation area. Lee Canyon has plenty of parking for a small fee, but when things get crowded, priority goes to those with season passes or who already bought lift tickets. If you drive a Subaru, you might even be able to score a place in VIP parking thanks to a partnership between the resort and the car company.
Ride shares such as Uber and Lyft will drop you off, but the ski area is out of their app service area for the return trip, so they won't pick you up. Expect to pay more than $50 for a ride to the canyon. Taxi service can be pricey too, with estimated costs running from $150 to $200 according to Rome 2 Rio. There is no public transportation that runs to the ski area.
Stay and Play at a Las Vegas Ski Resort
If you don't want to drive the full 35 miles back to Vegas to enjoy several days on the slopes, book a room at The Retreat on Charleston Peak. The lodge is the closest place to spend the night at 12 miles from the slopes.
Enjoy the pinnacle of sustainable luxury lodging at the resort. Each room is equipped with infrared sensors that shut off most of the room's electricity after 30 minutes of it being unoccupied. Rain reservoirs, drought tolerant plants, and pervious concrete are just a few of the things that The Retreat does to help protect the environment. An on-site restaurant makes it convenient to grab breakfast, lunch or dinner between sessions at the Mount Charleston ski resort.
Leaf Group is a USA TODAY content partner providing general travel information. Its content is produced independently of USA TODAY.
Photo Credits
- ski equipment - ski-binding image by Daria Miroshnikova from Fotolia.com
- Attribution: Nzeemin; License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license
- Attribution: Doc Searls from Santa Barbara, USA; License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license


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Q and A's regarding the Keystone Property Finance Conveyancing Panel from members of the public
Lenders blame a rise in fraud by way of justification for the cull – criteria have been tightened and a smaller panel should be easier to keep an eye on. No lender will say how many solicitors have been dropped, claiming the information is commercially sensitive, but the Law Society says it is hearing daily from firms that have been removed from panels, or have other concerns about them. Some do not even realise they have been dropped until contacted by a borrower who has instructed them as might be the situation in your buyer's case. Your purchasers are unlikely to have any sway in the decision.
It does not impact your son's right to inherit the apartment. Please note that if your son were to inherit and the mortgage in favour of Keystone Property Finance had not been discharged, he would be liable to take over the loan or pay it off, but other than that, there is nothing stopping him from keeping the property in accordance with your will or the rules of intestacy.


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"Sexual predator": Gilbert Rozon suffered a first defeat in front of the court
Photo Pierre-Paul Poulin
Michael Nguyen
Tuesday, 13 march 2018, 12:29
Tuesday, 13 march 2018, 12:35
Look at this article
Gilbert Rozon has just suffered a first defeat in front of the court, not having been able to do to remove the term "sexual predator" of the collective action of which it is the object.
"The tribunal considers that it would not be appropriate to strike the claims referred to, even before having given a chance [in the collection] to present his argument in court," ruled judge Donald Bisson in a decision obtained by The Newspaper.
The former big boss of Just for laughs, that ned will be guilty of some sexual misconduct, is being sued for at least $ 10 million by The Brave, a group of women who all say they have been assaulted by Rozon between 1982 and 2016.
This group is for the time composed of twenty women.
"Rozon is a man of 63 years old who was assaulted and sexually harassed many women and girls on a period of a minimum of 34 years, so it deserves the qualification of "sexual predator", one can read in the application of collective action.
The Bold also indicate that Rozon has already "raped, assaulted and harassed" women.
Rozon had responded by asking the court to withdraw the request for collective action a number of terms that refer, according to him, at a crime and not a civil wrong.
The ex-magnate of humor argues that only the criminal chamber of the tribunal "may rule on the qualification of crime", and this, even if one regularly sees victims turn to the civil order to obtain compensation for acts which may also be criminals.
The judge Bisson also noted that, if The Courageous to prove that Rozon was actually raped women, "these actions will then form as many mistakes resulting in its liability, without it being necessary that he was a convicted criminal for these acts."
The magistrate has also qualified as"illogical" the demand of Rozon, since he has not called for the removal of the term "sexual assault".
"Mr. Rozon does not, therefore, the logic of his own argument, according to which it is necessary to remove all terms [back to] criminal acts," insisted the magistrate, in dismissing from A to Z the application of Rozon.


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Bill Gallaher, Wild Bill himself, is a long time friend of Gerhart Outdoors. His attention to detail is incredible and he's also one of the most approachable men I've ever met on this planet. A true artist in every sense, Bill will see to it that any work he does for you is top shelf and close to, if not, museum quality artistry.
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text:
Caswell Runyan cedar chests
Caswell Runyan cedar chests were chests made by the Caswell Runyan Company, which started life in 1906 and closed its doors in 1956. Chests were made in a variety of styles, invariable from cedar.
Previous to 1906, cedar chests were not a commercial product. Those in existence would have been built by hand, for personal use. They are recognised as an American furniture staple and would have been used to store and transport personal items, such as linens, quilts, books and clothing.
The Caswell Runyan Company, which began life in 1907 when it was founded by J W Caswell and Winifred Runyan, was the first of its kind to offer readymade cedar chests as a commercial product.
Manufacturing took place in Huntington, Indiana, and the firm hoped to corner the cedar chest market at the point of its inception. The plant became the second largest wood-working plant in Indiana at its primacy.
Caswell cedar chests were a patented product. They reflected the fact that people were moving away from creating their own furniture in favour of buying ready made goods.
At first, the company employed approximately two dozen people – a figure which had increased to 600 by 1924, by which time Caswell Runyan cedar chests were being sold across the United States. This rate of growth is quite remarkable, bearing in mind the company forewent a national advertising campaign.
In 1929 Caswell Runyan merged with Utah Radio Products Co. (a loud speaker manufacturer) of Chicago, bringing together speakers and cabinets to complete a radio reception combination.
Collecting information
Catalogue numbers, patent numbers and lot numbers were printed on Caswell Runyan cedar chests. These can tell collectors a great deal about age and value. One or all of these details can be found stamped lightly onto the top edge of one of the trays.
The firm closed its doors in 1956 – all genuine Caswell Runyan cedar chests were therefore manufactured before this time.
Condition and eye appeal are key concerns and will deeply affect a chest's value. Damaged chests can be professionally restored – a process that will restore some or all of their value.
Caswell Runyan cedar chests, although handsome, are fairly common and this is reflected in prices paid. Many were destroyed and disposed of during the 1960s, but there are still a great deal in circulation. Many wouldn't look upon them as collectible, as they are ubiquitous.
Caswell Runyan cedar chests were invariably made from cedar in a variety of styles. No style is inherently more collectible than another, however, art deco chests are beginning to see a resurgence of interest.
Price guide
A Caswell Runyan carved blanket chest sold for $45 at Homestead Auctions in February 2008.
An antique Caswell Runyan lift-top cedar chest with a scroll cut border and carved feet sold for $80 at Professional Appraisers & Liquidators LLC in October 2011.
2016-11-03 20:45:54
Sal Lucido
2015-06-26 11:22:05
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text:
Downtown Costume Parade
Every year, Main Street Toccoa hosts a Costume Parade on or near October 31st to give children a chance to "trick-or-treat" in Downtown Toccoa. Businesses and organizations from across the community will line the streets of Downtown Toccoa and pass out candy. This event gives the very little ones in our community (as well as any parents that would like to bring their children) a chance to enjoy the holiday.
Prizes are awarded in three categories: Age 2 and Under, Age 3, and Age 4 and over. Additionally, a prize is awarded for the overall winner(s).
The 2019 Costume Parade took place in the Historic Ritz Theatre (the first time in its 29 years of existence) and drew a great crowd. The winners are announced below.
Lathan Watkins and Adilyn Rigdon for their Bam Bam and Pepples Costumes
Age 2 & Under
Third Place: Ryman Dickerson for her Banana Split Costume
Second Place: Rogue Gunn for her Cabbage Patch Doll Costume
First Place: Kora Duley for her Raggedy Ann Costume
Age 3
Third Place: Zayn Dooley for his Fireman Costume
Second Place: Wyatt Linkous for his Slinky Dog Costume
First Place: Bryna Thompson for her Chicken Costume
Age 4 and Over
Third Place: Lucas Holbrooks for his Diesel 10 Costume
Second Place: Isaiah Overstreet for his Buzz Lightyear Costume
First Place: Carson and Mason Beaver for their Bubble Gum Shoe Costume


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The protocols and practices of dating vary considerably from…
Dating is a stage of romantic relationships in humans whereby two folks meet socially with the aim of each assessing the other's suitability as a potential partner in an intimate partnership. It is a form of courtship, consisting of social activities carried out by the couple, either alone or with other individuals. The protocols and practices of dating, and the terms employed to describe it, differ substantially from nation to nation and above time. While the term has numerous meanings, the most regular utilization refers to two folks exploring whether or not they are romantically or sexually compatible by participating in dates with the other. With the use of contemporary technology, folks can date by means of telephone or computer or just meet in person.
GFE Dating could also involve two or much more folks who have previously determined that they share romantic or sexual feelings toward each other. These folks will have dates on a typical basis, and they could or could not be having sexual relations. This time period of courtship is occasionally observed as a precursor to engagement. Some cultures need folks to wait until finally a particular age to begin dating, which has been a supply of controversy.
While the term dating has a lot of meanings, the most common refers to a trial time period in which two folks discover whether or not to take the partnership even more in direction of a much more permanent partnership in this sense, dating refers to the time when folks are physically together in public as opposed to the earlier time time period in which folks are arranging the date, possibly by corresponding by e-mail or text or telephone. Yet another which means of the term dating is to describe a stage in a person's lifestyle when he or she is actively pursuing romantic relationships with distinct folks. If two unmarried celebrities are observed in public together, they are usually described as "dating" which means they have been observed in public together, and it is not clear whether or not they are merely pals, exploring a much more intimate partnership, or are romantically involved. A relevant sense of the term is when two folks have been out in public only a couple of occasions but have not nevertheless committed to a partnership in this sense, dating describes an first trial time period and can be contrasted with "getting in a committed partnership".


text:
Facility for passing data used by one operating system to a replacement operating system
A computer system includes a first processor with main memory, an input/output processor with associated memory and an archival memory. Prior to reloading a new operating system from archival memory into the main memory, information such as timer information is stored in the input/output memory. The input/output memory continues to update the timer information until the second operating system is bootstrap loaded into the main memory. The timer and other information may then be returned to the first processor and main memory for use by the second operating system.
Latest Honeywell Bull Inc. Patents:
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The following United States applications assigned to the same assignee as the instant application are incorporated by reference:
1. Direct Multiplex Control Facility, having Ser. No. 503,963, filed June 13, 1983, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,665,482.
2. Microcomputer System with Independent Operation Systems, having Ser. No. 719,771, filed Apr. 3, 1985, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,722,048.BACKGROUND
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to computer systems, and more particularly to computer systems having multiple processors, each processor being capable of executing on its own independent operating system and wherein the computer system has an improved initial program loader (bootstrap loader) method and hardware.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Computer systems are generally comprised of hardware and software. Computer hardware per se cannot perform any of the tasks of a computer without the necessary software. Various types of software are needed to have the computer perform its jobs and tasks in a coordinated manner. These programs are divided generally into two major categories--operating system programs and application programs. The operating system is generally comprised of such programs as the supervisor program (also called an executive or a monitor program), job-control programs, assemblers, compilers, editors, etc. The application programs are the user programs which perform user tasks, such as payroll programs, inventory programs, etc. The application programs generally are supervised by the operating system; i.e., they may be compiled, scheduled, edited, etc. The operating system also translates or compiles application programs so that they become intelligible to the computer.
However before a single program can be executed, it must first be entered into the computer storage. Since a machine without any programs is a "dumb" machine, how can the necessary programs be entered into computer storage? Generally a microsequence initiated by a load button on the machine console controls entry of a very small amount of data into storage starting at address 0. Usually the initial program-load control enters only a small amount of data, such as for example, a single card or seven words. Accordingly this starts a program with a first instruction as read in by the initial program-load microsequence. The information entered by the microsequence contains instructions to read more information into storage which is part of a more general loading routine. In this way, the machine "bootstraps" itself to enter first a loader routine and then uses this to load other data and programs from an external device to main memory of the computer system. Although the initial block of information entered may be quite small, it typically contains instructions to load more instructions until the loader routine is entered which can control general program-data entry.
In a multiprogramming multiprocessing system when a "bootstrap" operation has been signaled, the input/output (I/O) processor takes control. Generally it has to stop any I/O operations that were in progress, reset all the channel registers that are contained within its I/O memory, and in addition it must get the main processor to reset all of its registers, its memory management unit, and clear its main memory area. (This initializing procedure occurs generally when a new operating system is to be loaded.) Then the I/O processor utilizing a "bootstrap load" routine will "bootstrap" load the operating system and application programs. The computer system will then be ready to execute programs and perform the jobs and tasks assigned to it.
In a multiprogramming multiprocessing system a computer system may be operating under control of one operating system at any given time. If it is desired to change operating systems, the above initializing procedure is generally resorted to. As can be seen, this is time-consuming. Moreover, when an operating system is changed, there is no way to pass information from the previous operating system to the current operating system. Therefore it becomes inefficient to shut-down one operating system and "bootstrap load" another operating system. What was needed therefore to improve the efficiency of switching from one operating system to another operating system was a method and means for passing information from one operating system to the other, thus "bridging" the bootstrap load procedure.OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
It is a primary object of the invention to provide an improved digital computer system.
It is another object of the invention to provide an improved "bootstrap" loading method and apparatus for a computer system.
It is still a further object of the invention to provide an improved "bootstrap" loading method and apparatus whereby the computer system is switched from one operating system to another.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide an improved method and apparatus for passing information from one operating system to another during or after "bootstrap" load operations.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The foregoing objects are achieved according to one embodiment of the invention by providing hardware and firmware for storing and passing on information; e.g. time-of-day, from one operating system, which is being discontinuous in main memory, to another operating system which is replacing it.
In one embodiment of the invention a supervisory channel timer (hereinafter referred to as SCT 226) is provided. The SCT is a 32 bit real time counter with one second resolution. It is started when loaded by software, but is not stoppable by software. Once started, it counts (upwards) until powered down. The SCT contains correct time across a software "bootstrap" key operation. The SCT has two I/O function code pairs on the microSystem 6/10 as follows:
______________________________________ Function Code (HEX) Function ______________________________________ FC-10 Input SCT high word FC-12 Input SCT low word FC-11 Output SCT high word FC-13 Output SCT low word FC-14 Input G.P. high word FC-16 Input G.P. low word FC-15 Output G.P. high word FC-17 Output G.P. low word ______________________________________
In order to provide indivisible updating of the SCT, the input high SCT (FC-10) and the output low SCT (FC-13) will be NAK'd (i.e., the CPU i-indicator 201a will be reset and will prevent the I/O from interrupting the updating; hence the I/O will have to try again to interrupt.) In this application the term ACK is loosely used to be synonymous of success in accomplishing the objective of the I/O instruction, whereas NAK is used to indicate failure if the SCT is in the process of being updated when they are issued.
In order to provide coherent loading/unloading of the SCT, the following mechanism is implemented. For input, execution of FC-10 will cause both halves of the SCT to be read by firmware with the high word being returned and the low word being saved in a firmware work location. Execution of the FC-12 will merely return the current contents of this work location. FC-12 will never by NAK'd; i.e., interruption can occur.
For output operations, execution of FC-11 will merely cause the output data to be saved in a firmware work location. FC-11 will never be NAK'd. Execution of the FC-13 will cause the contents of this work location to be loaded into the SCT high word, the FC-13 output word to be loaded into the SCT low word, and the SCT to be started, if not already running.
In another embodiment, two additional words are provided in the RAM space of the I/O processor. These words are utilized to pass a message from one operating system to another operating system being bootstrapped into the computer, because these words are not initialized during the bootstrap operation and the information therein is available for the second operating system when it is bootstrapped loaded into the computer. These words utilize function codes FC-14 thru FC-17. Moreover these words do not require the indivisible updating or reacting of low and high registers as in the case supra.
Accordingly the invention provides a method and hardware for passing the time-of-day from one operating system to another; and also for passing other information of interest to the second system, such as for example, the purpose for which it was called and bootstrap loaded into the computer .BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a high-level block diagram of the microSystem 6/10 computer system incorporating the invention.
FIG. 2 is high-level block diagram of the invention.
FIG. 3 is the mainbox map located in the RAM space of the I/O processor.
FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C are formats of instructions utilized by the LSI-6 processor in Input/Output (I/O) operations.
FIG. 5 shows the format of the SCT counter.
FIGS. 6A, 6B show formats of the general purpose registers utilized in the invention.
FIGS. 6C-6E show formats of registers utilized in the invention.DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
General Description
Referring now to FIG. 1 there is shown an overall diagram of a data processing system 100, which includes a firmware-controlled central processing unit (CPU) 102 as an application processor and a I/O microprocessor 104 as an input/out processor. The CPU 102 is a Honeywell LSI-6 type which runs the Honeywell MOD200 or MOD400 operating system, or any other operating system. Systems applications are performed by the CPU 102 executing software programs stored in a 64K.times.16-bit word or larger main memory 106. The microprograms used by the CPU 102 to execute the software instructions are stored in a 4K.times.48-bit word read only memory (ROM) 102-2.
Associated with the I/O microprocessor 104 are an 8K.times.8-bit byte read only memory (ROM) 104-2 and a 32K.times.8-bit byte random access memory (RAM) 104-6. The ROM 104-2 stores the firmware routines necessary for the start-up and initialization of the data processing system 100. The RAM 104-6 stores tables, communications control programs and firmware for emulating a universal asynchronous receive/transmit controller (UART) 144, firmware for controlling a number of devices including a keyboard 134-2 by means of a UART 134 by means of a floppy disk controller (FDC) 138, a printer 140-2 by means of a UART 146 and a cathode ray tube controller (CRTC) 120. The RAM 104-6 also includes a number of locations used as a "mailbox" by the CPU 102 and I/O microprocessor 104 to communicate with each other.
CPU 102 and main memory 106 are coupled to each other by 21-bit address bus 108 and a 16-bit data bus 116. Data is transferred between CPU 102 and main memory 106 over data bus 116 from an address specified by CPU 102.
Data bus 116 is coupled to bus interchange registers 118. Also coupled to bus interchange registers 118 is an 8-bit data bus 114. Bus interchange registers 118 receive 16-bit data words from data bus 116 for transfer over data bus 114 as two 8-bit bytes, and also receive 8-bit bytes from data bus 114 for transfer over data bus 116. The I/O microprocessor 104, RAM 104-6, CRTC 120, UARTs 134, 144 and 146 and FDC 138 are coupled in common to data bus 114.
A 16-bit I/O address bus 112 is coupled to address bus 108 via a transceiver 110 and also coupled to I/O microprocessor 104 to I/O RAM 104-6, thereby enabling both CPU 102 and I/O microprocessor 104 to address main memory 106 and RAM 104-6.
Also coupled to data bus 114 are a peripheral interface adapter 152 for controlling a disk drive 152-2, an asynchronous line UART 144 for receiving and transmitting the data characters via an asynchronous port 148, a 2K.times.8-bit word data random access memory (RAM) 120-4 for storing characters for display on a CRT 120-10 and a 2K.times.8-bit word attribute random access memory (RAM) 120-6 for storing attribute characters. Attribute characters are used typically for such CRT 120-10 display functions as underlining characters or character fields for causing certain selected characters or character fields to blink or be displayed with higher intensity. Character codes stored in RAM 120-4 are applied to a 4K.times.8-bit word character generator random access memory (RAM) 120-2 which generates the codes representative of the raster lines of data which display the characters on the face of the CRT 120-10. A video support logic 120-8 is coupled to the CRTC 120, character generator RAM 120-2 and attribute RAM 120-6 for generating the lines of characters on the face of the CRT 120-10.
The FDC 138 is typically an NEC u PD 765 single/double density floppy disk controller described in the NEC 1982 catalog, published by NEC Electronics U.S.A. Inc., Microcomputer Division, 1 Native Executive Park, Natick, Mass. 01760.
The I/O microprocessor 104 is typically a Motorola MC68B09 8-bit microprocessing unit. The PIA 152 is typically a Motorola MC68B21 peripheral interface adapter. The CRTC 120 is typically a Motorola MC68B45 CRT controller.
The I/O microprocessor 104, PIA 152 and CRTC 120 are described in the Motorola Microprocessor Data Manual, copyright 1981, by Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc., 3501 Bluestein Boulevard, Austin, Tex. 78721.
The UARTs 134, 144 and 146 are Synertics 2661 universal asynchronous receive/transmit controllers described in the Synertics MOS Microprocessor Data Processor Manual, copyright 1982, by Synertics Corporation, 811 East Arques Avenue, Sunnyvale, Calif. 94086.
The logic elements and firmware involved in the mass-storage to/from memory data transfer are known as the data multiplex control (DMC) facilities. The bus cycle during which the data is transferred is referred to as a DMC cycle. The microSystem 6/10 system and these configurations are more fully described in United States patent application Ser. No. 503,963, filed on June 13, 1983, entitled "Direct Multiplex Control Facility" and assigned to the same assignee as the instant invention now U.S. Pat. No. 4,665,482.
Detailed Description
Referring now to FIG. 2 there is shown a block diagram of the architecture of the invention. The basic Honeywell microSystm 6/10 system without an 8086 personal computer option comprises a main memory 205 which can be accessed by a Honeywell LSI-6 processor 201 and a Motorola 6809 type processor 203. Also coupled to the Motorola 6809 type processor is a random access memory (RAM) 204. Since the LSI-6 processor is a 16-bit processor, the random access memory 205 is coupled to it via a 16-bit bus 211. The Motorola 6809 processor being an 8-bit machine and also the RAM 204 being 8 bits wide is coupled to the main memory 205 via a twin bus 208 which is comprised of two 8-bit type busses. Accordingly the LSI-6 processor 201 can access main memory 205 and RAM 204; and also the Motorola type 6809 processor 203 can access main memory 205 and RAM 204. This system comprised of the LSI-6 processor 201, main memory 205, RAM 204 and Motorola 6809 type processor 203 is the basic microSystem 6/10 system. It is firmware driven and accordingly very fast utilizing only about 20-25% of the available memory cycles of main memory 205; i.e., it uses 25% of available memory band-width. The LSI-6 processor 201 is the workhorse of the computer system. It operates basically under a Honeywell MOD400 or MOD200 operating system, or any other operating system, and executes user programs compatible with these operating systems. On the other hand, the Motorola 6809 type processor 203 operates as an input/output processor utilizing its local memory 204, 99% of the time. It is designed to have access to main memory 205 when the LSI-6 processor 201 is not utilizing main memory 205.
An Intel 8086 type microprocessor 202 is also coupled to main memory 205 via bus 210. The Intel 8086 processor 202 can utilize an MSDOS or CPM-86 operating system which can executes commodity software written for the IBM personal computer. Accordingly the microSystem 6/10 system has the IBM personal computer emulator board as an add-on option. The 8086 processor 202, being software driven, is much slower and requires approximately 70-75% of the main memory cycles. It is imperative, therefore, if each of the processors 201, 202 and 203 are to operate independently and concurrently on their own operating systems and execute independent user programs that the relationship regarding the main memory band-width requirements of each processor be maintained. In addition to this requirement, each processor 201 and 202 must have its own allocated memory space in main memory 205. This is achieved by utilizing an address register A 223 together with a base register 225 coupled to an adder 224 and a comparator 229. The base register stores an offset which is added to the address from the 8086 processor 202 stored in address register A 223 via adder 224. Accordingly all addresses requested of main memory by Intel 8086 processor 202 will begin at a predetermined offset from the base of main memory 205. A comparator 229 ascertains that the predetermined boundaries of the RAM space allocated to each processor is not exceeded. Since LSI-6 processor 201 request addresses directly to the memory and are not offset, each processor 201 and 202 will have its own working space in main memory 205. Additionally a ROM space below the base of the 8086 memory 205 has been provided for. This ROM space is addressed by negative addresses from 8086 processor 202. In this space data can only be read out from main memory 205 by the 8086, but cannot be written into this area during execution. Accordingly this space stores read only programs such as BIOS for the 8086 processor 201. Although the Intel 8086 type processor 202 cannot access the memory space reserved for the LSI-6 processor 201, because of the boundaries set up via comparator 229, the LSI-6 processor, on the other hand, is not inhibited in that way and accordingly can access main memory space 205 in any area including the 8086 space. Therefore, in order for the 8086 type processor 202 to communicate with the LSI-6 processor 201, a semaphore/mailbox 212 is provided in the RAM space reserved for 8086 processor 202. Access to the RAM memory 204 and to other peripherals, such as USARTs, diskettes, etc. is made via a program executing in the LSI-6 processor 201. The LSI-6 processor 201 via a firmware routine located in ROM 201-2 utilizes mailbox 213 located in the I/O RAM space 204 for addressing the physical devices, such as the ones mentioned supra, rather than addressing them directly. (This aspect of the system is described further when FIG. 3 is described infra.)
Mailbox 212 in main memory space 205, however, is utilized in communicating between processors 201 and 202. In operation, the LSI-6 processor is responsible for initiating input/output (I/O) operations. Accordingly when the Intel 8086 type processor 202 wishes to access an I/O device, it is necessary to send a message to mailbox 212. Under normal operation the LSI-6 processor 201 monitors mailbox 212 and initiates service to 8086 as requested. All communication between the LSI-6 and I/O devices is performed by the LSI-6 processor 201 via the LSI-6 firmware located in ROM 201, and the I/O processor 203. The LSI-6 processor 201-2 in turn communicates with the I/O processor 203 via a mailbox 213 located in the I/O processor RAM 204. (The mailbox 213 layout is shown in FIG. 3 and its use and description is disclosed infra.)
This hardware and method, together with additional hardware and firmware and additional function codes, are used to pass information from one operating system to another and thus facilitate switching from one operating system to another. Accordingly a supervisory channel timer (SCT) 226 and firmware (described infra) are added to store the time-of-day, and update the timer at one second intervals. Additionally G.P. registers 225 are added and utilized to store other information that one operating system uses to pass on to another operating system during bootstrap load. These hardware registers are not cleared when the computer system is initialized and bootstrap loaded.
It is thus seen that all intercommunication between the Level 6 software and I/O devices is performed via the LSI-6 firmware located in ROM 201-2, and the I/O processor 203 which in turn communicate with each other via a mailbox area 213 located in the I/O processor's RAM 204.
Referring now to FIG. 3, the mailbox map of mailbox 213 is shown. The mailbox map has 13 bytes, each byte comprised of 8 bits. The even numbered bytes are stored on the left-hand side of the mailbox and the odd numbered bytes are stored on the right-hand side.
Bytes 1-7 of the mailbox are used to transfer between the LSI-6 firmware located in ROM 201-2 and I/O processor 203 the information that is required to implement the I/O instructions. The LSI-6 processor 201 loads information into bytes 2-7 and into a hardware register (not shown) and then sets a hardware bit (not shown) which interrupts the I/O processor. When the I/O processor has completed handling the I/O order, it sets a response code in byte 1 and then resets the hardware bit.
Bytes 0-1
Bits 2-7 of byte 0 define the current interrupt level of the LSI-6 processor 201. This data is maintained at a current state by the LSI-6 firmware. If the current interrupt level is numerically lower than or equal to the interrupt level of an I/O subsystem, no interrupt from that I/O subsystem will be attempted. As long as the requested interrupt has not been serviced by the application processor, the I/O processor will retry the interrupt at a later time. The retry operation will continue until the interrupt is accepted or the interrupt condition is reset.
Bit 9 of byte 1 is the I/O processor's busy bit. If an attached I/O subsystem (i.e., a printer, terminal, etc.) and the Level 6 system software requests an additional function that cannot be processed immediately, the busy bit will be set to a 1 by the I/O processor. This action is the same type of message response as the NAK reply on a standard Level 6 bus.
Bit 10 of byte 1 is the non-existent resource bit. It is set to a 1 by the I/O processor when the Level 6 system software is addressing a subsystem or device that does not exist in the microSystem 6/10 configuration being used.
The remaining bits of byte 1 are not pertinent to the invention and will not be discussed.
Bytes 2 and 3
Bits 0-9 define the channel number for the device to which the I/O order is addressed. If the application processor (the LSI-6) 201 inserts a channel number which is not available, the N-bit in byte 1 will be set by the I/O processor. Bits 10-15 of byte 3 define the function code of the I/O order.
The function codes which are used to implement the invention will be discussed in greater detail infra.
Bytes 4 and 5
These bytes contain data for I/O orders.
Bytes 6 and 7
These bytes define the lowest order 16 bits of a 20-bit address. The 4 highest order address bits and the byte offset are passed to the I/O processor through a hardware register (not shown).
Interrupt Bytes 9, A, B
When an interrupt is attempted, the I/O processor 203 loads information into bytes A and B and sends a hardware interrupt bit to the LSI-6 processor 201. The LSI-6 processor fetches bytes A and B, sets its response into byte 9 and clears the hardware interrupt bit.
Byte 9 is the control byte for the interrupt mailbox. Byte 9, bit 8 is the flag bit (F) which is set to a 1 by the I/O processor to indicate that there is an outstanding interrupt to be serviced. When the LSI-6 processor has taken the interrupt data, it will reset the flag (F) bit to 0. Bit 9 is set by the LSI-6 processor if the interrupt was not accepted (NAK).
Byte A and Bits 8 and 9 of Byte B
Byte A and Bits 8 and 9 of Byte B contain the channel number of the device generating the interrupt. Bits 10-15 of byte B contain the interrupt level that is assigned to that channel.
Register and Temporary Storage
The bytes that comprise the data multiplex control (DMC) registers and temporary storage are defined below.
Byte C
Bits 0-3 define which Level 6 register is to be transferred to/from the I/O mailbox. If the contents of bits 0-3 are values from 0 to 7, a 16-bit CPU R-register in LSI-6 processor 201 is to be transferred to/from bytes E and F. If the contents of bits 0-3 are values from A to F, a 20-bit CPU B-register is to be transferred to/from bytes 10, 11 and 13.
Bit (S) of byte C is the transfer direction flag. The 0 state indicates that the direction is into the mailbox; whereas the 1 state indicates that the direction is into the LSI-6 processor.
Bit (T) of byte C indicates which type of information is stored in bytes E through 11 and 13. When it is a 0, the information is data multiplex control (DMC) information. When it is a 1, the information is Level 6 register information, in which case both a range and address are transferred by bytes E, F, 11 and 13.
Byte D
Bit (F) indicates, when set to 1, that there is a register transfer operation in process.
RFU is space reserved for future use.
Bytes E and F
These bytes are used in the transfer of data. They contain either the range of a DMC operation or the contents of a 16-bit Level 6 register.
Bytes 10, 11 and 13
These bytes are used in the transfer of data. They contain either the address of a DMC operation or the contents of a 20-bit Level 6 register. Bytes 10 and 11 contain the 16 lowest order address bits and byte 13 contains the highest order 4 bits.
Referring now to FIG. 5 the SCT is shown. The SCT is comprised of two registers SCT-HI and SCT-LO each register is capable of storing one 16 bit word for a total of 32 bits. The SCT has a resolution of 1 second. The SCT is located in I/O RAM 204 and denoted therein by reference numeral 226. The SCT is loaded by LSI-6 software utilizing the I/O instructions described infra. Once loaded by the software, it is not stoppable by software and is maintained every second by firmware to be described infra. Accordingly the SCT contains the correct time in seconds across a software "bootstrap load" operation.
Referring to FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C there are shown typical formats of instructions generally stored in main memory 205 utilized by the LSI-6 processor in Input/Output (I/O) operations. With respect to FIGS. 4A and 4B bits 0 through 8 identify the type of I/O instruction, whereas bits 9 through 15 identify the address from or to where information is being transferred. With regard to this invention it is desired to transfer information, for example, in terms of the time-of-day from the SCT 226 to main memory 205 or to a register in the LSI-6 processor 201 for use by a newly loaded operating system. The direction in which the transfer is made is indicated by the function code. The function codes and function are as follows:
______________________________________ Function Code (Hex) Function ______________________________________ FC-10 Input SCT high word FC-11 Output SCT high word FC-12 Input SCT low word FC-13 Output SCT low word ______________________________________
If it is desired to transfer information to a position in main memory addressed by the address syllable in the I/O instruction, either function code 10 or 12 is used. Function code 10 transfers information out of the higher order word of the SCT; whereas function code 12 transfers information out of the low order word of the SCT. This information is first transferred to mailbox area 213, and then to the LSI-6 processor via a data word of the I/O instruction.
If it is desired to reverse the flow of information as when the SCT is being set to a given date by the LSI-6, function codes 11 and 13 are utilized in the I/O instructions and the procedure is reversed.
In order to provide coherent loading/unloading of the SCT, the following mechanism is implemented. For input, execution of FC-10 will cause both halves of the SCT to be read by firmware with the high word being returned and the low word being saved in a firmware work location. Execution of FC-12 will merely return the current contents of the work location. FC-12 will never be NAK'd.
For output, execution of FC-11 will merely cause the output data to be saved in the firmware work location. FC-11 will never be NAK'd. Execution of the FC-13 will cause the contents of this work location to be loaded into the SCT high word, the FC-13 output word to be loaded into the SCT low word, and the SCT to be started, if not already running.
Referring now to FIG. 4C there is shown the format of yet another type of I/O instruction wherein the first 10 bits are utilized for storing the channel number. This number identifies the channel to or from which information is transferred. (Typical channels in this architecture are mailboxes 212, 213, each of which is assigned a predetermined channel number.) The function code as described supra indicates for this invention the direction of information flow and is placed in bits 10-15 of the instruction for execution.
Referring to FIGS. 6A and 6B there are shown the formats for general purpose registers 225. Both registers have similar formats and are 16 bits long. These registers are also not eraseable before, during or after bootstrap load. These registers are loaded by the I/O instruction utilizing the appropriate function code, and contain coded information which can be passed to a newly located operating system, again via the I/O instruction utilizing the appropriate function code. Typical of the information that may be passed to a new operating system is the information necessary to determine whether or not the right firmware is in place for that operating system's key table. Other typical information that is passed to the new operating system is the function that it is to perform; i.e., word processing, calculation, etc.
The function codes for transferring information to and from the G.P. registers 225 are as follows:
______________________________________ Function Code (Hex) Function ______________________________________ FC-14 Input G.P. high word FC-16 Input G.P. low word FC-15 Output G.P. high word FC-17 Output G.P. low word ______________________________________
Referring now to FIG. 6C, there is shown the format of the SCT-LOCK 226a located in RAM 204. The SCT-LOCK is a one byte word comprised of 8 bits. When the SCT-LOCK is set to 0 an I/O instruction will not be successful in transferring information and software will have to re-try its execution again. If the SCT-LOCK is set to 1, the I/O instruction will be successful in accomplishing its objective.
If an I/O instruction is successful, and i-indicator 201a is set via a procedure called ACK; whereas if an I/O instruction is not successful in accomplishing its objective, the i-indicator 201a is reset by a procedure called NAK. (Accordingly it should be noted that in this application the term ACK is synonymous to success; whereas the term NAK is synonymous with failure to accomplish the objective of the I/O instruction.).
Referring now to FIGS. 6C and 6D, there is shown the formats of the SCT-IN-SAVE and SCT-OUT-SAVE registers respectively. Each format is comprised of 2 bytes of 8 bits each. They are both located in the 6809 processor RAM 204 and are utilized for saving input or output information respectively.
In conjunction with the combination of hardware described supra, there are associated three firmware routines as follows:
A. Input/output firmware routine (I/Os) to SCT-HIGH and SCT-LOW respectively. I/Os are executed at non-maskable interrupt (NMI) levels, which means that I/Os can interrupt the SCT handler firmware routine (to be described infra) but not vice versa. Therefore it is sufficient for the SCT handler firmware routine to set the SCT-LOCK and for the I/Os to merely test it.
B. SCT handler firmware routine which increments the SCT timer 226 once every second.
C. Start-SCT calls a General Purpose-START TIMER ROUTINE. This routine loads one of 16 General Purpose Timers 226d with a given value and marks it as running. It also stores the address of the handler routine for this timer in a table. All timers which are marked as running are continuously decremented at either 60 Hertz (standard) or 50 Hertz (optional if power frequency is 50 Hertz). When the timer reaches 0, it is marked as not running and the designated handler for this timer is entered as a subroutine.
The actual firmware routines are shown in detail below. Their functional flow is as follows:I/O Firmware Procedures
Procedure - Input-SCT-High
If SCT-LOCK equals locked (0)
NACK I/O (I/O unsuccessful software will retry).
If SCT-LOCK not locked; i.e., equals 1 (1), then make copy of SCT-LOW and save it in SCT-IN-SAVE)
Return SCT-HIGH to I/O and call ACK
End input - SCT-HIGH
Procedure - Input-SCT-LOW
Return SCT-IN-SAVE to I/O and ACK (i.e., set i-indicator)
End Input - SCT-LOW
Procedure - Output-SCT-HIGH
Copy I/O word to SCT-OUT-SAVE and ACK
End Output- SCT-HIGH
Procedure - Output SCT-LOW
If SCT-LOK equals locked (0)
NAK I/O (software will retry)
If SCT-LOCK equals unlocked (1)
Copy SCT-OUT-SAVE and save in SCT-HIGH
Copy I/O word to SCT-LOW
Start SCT
End Output - SCT-LOW
SCT-HANDLER Procedure
SCT-LOCK equals locked (0) (this sets SCT-LOCK to 0)
SCT-LOW equals SCT-LOW+1 (this increments the SCT-LOW timer
If SCT-LOW equals 0
SCT-HIGH equals SCt-HIGH+1
SCT-LOCK equals unlocked (1)
New start - SCT procedure
End SCT-HANDLER
Start - SCT Procedure
Call the General Purpose start timer routine with these parameters:
Timer number equals SCT-TIMER
Handler equals SCT-HANDLER (procedure above)
Number of ticks equals 60 if a 60 Hertz machine
Number of ticks equals 50 if a 50 hertz machine
End Start-SCT ##SPC1##
Having described a preferred embodiment of the invention, those skilled in the art will realize that many variations and modifications may be made to affect the described invention and still be within the scope of the claimed invention. It is the intention, therefore, to limit the invention only as indicated by the scope of the claims.
1. In a computer system having at least first and second processors, a main memory coupled to said first processor, a second memory coupled to said second processor and an archival memory system such as disk memory, said first processor operating under a first operating system loaded into said main memory from said archival memory, apparatus for retaining information generated when said first processor is under control of said first operating system so that said information may be used by said first processor under control of a second operating system after being loaded into said memory from said archival memory, said retaining apparatus comprising:
- (a) first means for storing information generated while said first processor is under the control of said first operating system, the information to be utilized by said first processor under control of said second operating system, said first means being volatile storage means storing such information after said first processor is restarted under control of said second operating system; and
- (b) second means cooperating with said volatile first storage means for passing stored information to said first processor under control of said second operating system, said second means storing said stored information stored in said first means into said second memory as the main memory is reloaded with the second operating system,
2. The invention of claim 1 wherein said stored information comprises timer information stored in timer means in said second memory.
3. The invention of claim 2 further comprising third means in said second processor coupled to said timer means for updating said timer means.
4. The invention of claim 3 further comprising fourth means coupled to said third means for preventing the interruption of the updating of said timer means.
5. The invention of claim 4 wherein said timer means is comprised of two registers, a high word and a low word, and including firmware means for loading and unloading information to or from said registers.
6. The invention of claim 1 wherein the second processor is an input output processor for handling input and output of data to and from the first processor.
7. The invention of claim 6 wherein the stored information comprises timer information and the timer information is updated by the input output processor until the updated information is returned to the first processor.
8. The invention of claim 7 wherein the timer information comprises two words, the system further comprising an interlock for preventing updating of the timer information by the input output processor with transfer of only a single word to or from the second memory.
9. The invention of claim 1 wherein the stored information comprises timer information and the timer information is updated by the second processor until the updated information is returned to the first processor.
10. In a computer system having at least first and second processors, a main memory coupled to said first processor, a second memory coupled to said second processor and an archival memory system such as disk memory, said first processor operating under control of a first operating system loaded into said main memory from said archival memory system, said computer system further including volatile operating system registers for storing information utilized by said first operating system while active on said first processor, a method for retaining said information generated by said first processor under control of said first operating system and stored in said volatile registers so that said information may be used by said first processor under control of a second operating system, said method comprising the steps of:
- (a) storing said information in said volatile operating system registers into said second memory that is not initialized when said first processor and main memory are rebooted;
- (b) initializing the operating system registers so that they contain no information;
- (c) unloading the first operating system from the main memory of said computer system;
- (d) bootstrap loading the second operating system into the main memory of said computer system;
- (e) automatically loading the stored information in said second memory into said volatile operating system registers for use by the second operating system; and
- (f) updating by the second processor the information stored in the second memory until the updated information is loaded back into said volatile operating system registers.
11. The method as recited in claim 10 wherein a supervisory channel timer (SCT) is included in said second memory for storing the time-of-day and further including the step of updating, by means of the second processor said SCT with the correct time-of day.
12. The method as recited in claim 11 including the step of preventing the interruption of said SCT while it is being updated.
13. In a computer system including volatile storage means, a first processor for executing programs under control of a first operating system in the volatile storage means, a second memory, and a second processor for executing programs in the second memory, a method for retaining information generated by said first processor under control of a first operating system so that said information may be used by said first processor under control of a second operating system, said method comprising the steps of:
- (a) saving in the second memory predetermined information from said volatile storage means and utilized by said first operating system, said predetermined information being automatically reloaded back into said volatile storage means when said first processor is restarted under control of said second operating system;
- (b) updating by the second processor the predetermined information stored in the second memory until the predetermined information is reloaded back into said volatile storage means;
- (c) bootstrap loading said second operating system; and
- (d) automatically passing on to said second operating system the predetermined information previously saved in said volatile storage means.
Type: Grant
Filed: Sep 21, 1987
Date of Patent: Jan 17, 1989
Assignee: Honeywell Bull Inc. (Minneapolis, MN)
Inventors: Gary J. Goss (Acton, MA), Thomas S. Hirsch (Bedford, MA), Thomas O. Holtey (Newton, MA)
Primary Examiner: Raulfe B. Zache
Assistant Examiner: Thomas C. Lee
Attorneys: John Solakian, George Grayson
Application Number: 7/99,698
International Classification: G06F 1500; G06F 900;


text:
Our contact details
If you would like to discuss your requirements, please call the office. If possible we can arrange to visit you at your premises in order to fully understand your needs in order to define the scope of works and outline a proposal.
Open Dorr Management Systems Ltd
26 Meadow Road
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Tel: +44 (0)7515 517068
E-mail: email@example.com


text:
An appeals court said Tuesday that President Donald Trump violated the First Amendment by blocking users on Twitter.
On Tuesday, the 2nd US Circuit Court of Appeals upheld New York Judge Naomi Reice Buchwald's ruling that blocking users from interacting with President Trump's tweets limited their speech in the public forum.
The appellate court judges agreed with Judge Buchwald's ruling from May 2018 and concluded that "the First amendment does not permit a public official who utilizes a social media account for all manner of official purposes to exclude persons from an otherwise-open online dialogue because they expressed views with which the official disagrees."
The challenge to President Trump's unprecedented use of Twitter in office came from seven individuals he blocked, as well as the Knight First Amendment Institute. Plaintiffs argued that Trump's personal account is an extension of his office.
President Trump has used the social media platform to break news, reverse plans and single out political foes throughout his time in office, and he is planning to host a social media summit at the White House on Thursday.


text:
Australia's oldest exhibiting Aboriginal art gallery
47 x 30 cm
Please note that prices are subject to change at the discretion of the gallery.
#12840 LOCATION: Bondi Beach
The artist has depicted his mother's dreaming at a site called Wurlkkubimerre. This site forms the focus of the identity for a number of clans, who each have common icons. In this sense the painting also represents a deed to tribal lands. Bulunbulun is the 'protector' or 'guardian' for his mother's dreaming and is therefore entitled to depict aspects of the sacred story. The long shape in the centre represents a hollow tree trunk, containing the galanjanjh 'bees' wax honey comb, shown as the circle at the bottom. The dots are yarrpanj 'bees' flying in and out of their hives. The animals in the painting are warna 'honey' seekers: narrgenarrge 'northern brush tailed possum' and warpurr 'sugar glider'.
64.0 x 41.0 cm
#773 LOCATION: Bondi Beach
64.0 x 41.0 cm
#775 LOCATION: Bondi Beach
64.0 x 41.0 cm
#771 LOCATION: Bondi Beach


text:
RSS client app with offline support for your Feedly or Inoreader account, or use as a standalone.
Created by dataegg
3rd party app for your Inoreader/Feedly account. Absolute best support of offline reading of any app, period. Auto-sync downloads your content on Wi-Fi. Images and full article content are fetched and stored for offline reading. THIS IS THE BEST APP FOR OFFLINE RSS READING, PERIOD. Huge fan, been using this app for years now.
Best rss reader ever.
love this app. brings offline support to Feedly. fills a gap and with no ads!!! great little app.


text:
Whenever I got depressed, I always drove out to the Ocean Beach. Just to sit. And, I don't know, something about looking at water, how it just goes and goes and goes, something about that I found very soothing. As if somehow I were connected to every ripple that was sending itself out and out until it reached another shore.
~ Sandra Cisneros
Short on time today and needing to get to holiday knits, sharing a baby blanket I made this fall called Bounce. So many color variations could be used. I used KnitPicks Mighty Stitch superwash wool. With two cousins giving birth a few weeks apart, one of the adorables got the blanket.
I confess I learned I am good at deadline knitting about 50% of the time, and babies are deadlines. The other one will get his blanket eventually, when I figure out what the heck I'm doing. I made two false starts with these blankets where patterns just weren't working out the way I'd hoped, and I decided from now on where babies are involved, it will be bonnets (here's a nice one from Petite Knits). Because no matter how small, a blanket is still a big endeavor that puts everything else on hold for a long time.
I wish I could convert myself into a one project at a time knitter, but that's just not how I roll. Part of this I have come to believe is because doing multiple projects with different techniques changes up repetitive motion and therefore prevents injury and pain. In fact, it is a near miracle my life seems to be made up of repetitive motions (typing for a living, knitting for gifting and mental health), and I am not a walking injury. Probably if we break it down, most of our lives are such. . .habits and breathing are nothing but mostly unconscious, repetitive motions.
Tin Can Knits is a wonderful resource for many reasons, not the least of which they make their patterns customizable for sizes birth to triple XL, and they have offered quite a few free patterns over the years.


text:
Study techniques
Collection by Giesela Stover • Last updated 12 weeks ago
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