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Online Course on Control of Power Electronic Converters by SVNIT Surat
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On the Road with My Pet Goat (idea)
See all of On the Road with My Pet Goat, no other writeups in this node.
|The Trojan Women
|Hunter S. Thompson on George W. Bush
|Ode on a Grecian Urn
|1000 Hours Deluxe American Superwar Gold!
|A Sniper in Every Minaret
|Jack Kerouac
|All the President's Handsaws
|Top 10 Reasons to Elect John Kerry
|Maureen Dowd
|The Trials and Tribulations of Having Your Own Secret Hideout
|Dear Mr. Kerry
|Gloria Emerson
|Whither the Phoenix?
|Fedayeen Saddam
|Laura Bush
|I'm never getting drunk again
|Hunter S. Thompson
|Sonnet 18 Redux
|The Pet Goat
|On the Road to Naples
|August 1, 2004

subset: commoncrawl


text:
National News Detail
India to Buy Oilseeds from Farmers in Bid to Slash ImportsIndia to Buy Oilseeds from Farmers in Bid to Slash Imports
NEW DELHI India is to buy oilseeds and pulses directly from farmers for the first time this year, in addition to its existing purchases of wheat and rice, to boost production and close a supply gap that has driven its annual import bill up to $12 billion.
India is the world's biggest consumer of edible oils and Prime Minister Narendra Modi wants to make it self-sufficient in five years. He has identified price support and guaranteed purchases as the best ways to achieve that goal, senior government sources told Reuters.
He faces a huge challenge: India's consumption of vegetable oils has trebled over the last 20 years while production has increased by less than a third. As a result, imports have risen twelve times to 14.4 million tonnes.
"In our country we have big shortages of pulses and oilseeds," Modi said in a monthly radio address last Sunday, thanking farmers for growing more of the crops this year. "The poor want pulses, and some oil to cook vegetables."
The state-run Food Corporation of India (FCI) has amassed huge stocks of rice and wheat - often double the level it says is needed to ensure security of supply - by ratcheting up its minimum support prices (MSPs).
Critics say its buying encourages overproduction and the policy has led to disputes in the World Trade Organization, with some member states accusing India of subsidising grain output and subverting international trade norms.
Output of oilseeds and pulses has, however, lagged demand by some distance, forcing India to turn to Indonesia and Malaysia to buy $10 billion of oils per year, and to Austria, Canada and Myanmar for $2 billion of pulses. Edible oil is India's third-biggest import item after crude oil and gold. [ID:nL3N0T326L]
"Rice and wheat are two of our success stories, which illustrate that reasonably higher MSPs and a guarantee to buy produce will encourage farmers to raise production," said one of the sources. "That's what we've now decided to do for pulses and oilseeds."
The FCI will start buying in October, the sources said, with bigger purchases in March when farmers start harvesting winter-sown crops.
India introduced a price support mechanism for wheat in the late 1960s after crops failed. Support for rice soon followed and India has since become the world's top rice exporter and a steady shipper of wheat.
The government announces MSPs for 25 crops, but its prices for rice and wheat have increased more than for other crops in the past decade. In addition, the FCI only buys rice and wheat.
Mostly marginal and risk-averse Indian farmers - 260 million of them tilling plots smaller than 2 hectares (5 acres)- take their cue from the MSPs.
The pricing policy is seeing a shift now. For the current season, Modi raised rice prices moderately but gave a hefty lift to pulses. [ID:nL3N0Z33TG]
An over-reliance on protein-poor grain and shortages of richer foods such as pulses have been blamed for the deaths of 1.3 million malnourished children a year in India, data from the Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization show.
"Our idea was to first ensure supplies of staples such as rice and wheat because countries like India and China can't afford to import basic foodstuffs," Food Minister Ram Vilas Paswan told Reuters.
"The world has surplus pulses and oilseeds for us but the world doesn't have rice and wheat for countries with more than a billion people. Having gained self-sufficiency in rice and wheat, we'll also pay attention to malnutrition."
India spends $20 billion a year to supply cheap rice and wheat to the poor, but 15 percent of its 1.25 billion people still go hungry because up to half the subsidised food gets stolen and sold on the black market, according to research groups.
There is a risk that thefts will rise if the FCI starts to buy oilseeds and pulses that need to be processed further to be sold, said Tajinder Narang, a farm policy expert.
"I've my doubts about the success of the plan as FCI doesn't have the expertise to handle pulses and oilseeds," Narang said. "And before entering new areas, the government should first crack down on theft."


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Laura Ruth Johnson, associate professor in the NIU College of Education's Department of Educational Technology, Research and Assessment, has published "Community-Based Qualitative Research: Approaches for Education and the Social Sciences." Johnson's book is a practical text that integrates theoretical perspectives with guidelinesRead more
WNIJ announces regionally penned titles for 2015 Winter Book Series
The 2015 WNIJ Winter Book Series begins Monday, Dec. 7, and features authors from throughout northern Illinois. Each Monday in December at 6:50 and 8:50 a.m., Dan Klefstad speaks with authors about their books as well as their motivation and inspirations. HeRead more
Clymer book examines history of U.S. diplomatic relations with Myanmar
NIU professor Kenton Clymer has authored a newly published book on the history of U.S. diplomatic relations with Myanmar, and it couldn't be timelier in light of the historic elections unfolding this month in the country. Clymer is a Distinguished Research ProfessorRead more
Books to Go
Do you need to stock up on new books to curl up with this winter, or to give as holiday gifts? Northern Illinois University Press has just the thing. The press is holding a "carry-out" book sale this fall featuring hundreds ofRead more
Trustee Cherilyn G. Murer authors new book
Past Chair and present Trustee of the Northern Illinois University Board, Cherilyn G. Murer has authored her seventh book examining a new business framework aimed at better coordinating efforts by hospitals and physicians to reduce cost, increase quality and improve patient satisfaction. PublishedRead more
Bad Girls, Bad Girls
In her new book, NIU professor Amanda Littauer tells the history of young women who stood at the center of major cultural change and helped transform a society bound by conservative sexual morality into one more open to individualism, plurality and pleasureRead more
Robert Blagojevich's 'Fundraiser A' arrives today on book stands
In an NIU Press book available today, author Robert Blagojevich, the brother of the former Illinois governor, describes a gripping account of his fight with the powerful federal government to maintain his innocence. On his LinkedIn page, Blagojevich says he wrote theRead more
NIU Press shares untold story from Rob Blagojevich
In a new NIU Press book, author Robert Blagojevich, the brother of the former Illinois governor, describes a gripping account of his fight with the powerful federal government to maintain his innocence. On his LinkedIn page, Blagojevich says he wrote the book,Read more
NIU physicist Michel van Veenendaal pens new book
A new book by a Northern Illinois University professor sheds light on X-rays. Michel van Veenendaal, distinguished research professor in the NIU Department of Physics and physicist at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory, is the author of the book titled,Read more
English professor Tim Ryan pens book on Faulkner, blues music
During the 1920s and 1930s, Mississippi produced two of the most significant influences on 20th century culture: the modernist fiction of William Faulkner and the recorded blues songs of African-American musicians such as Charley Patton, Geeshie Wiley and Robert Johnson. In "YoknapatawphaRead more
Historian Stanley Arnold publishes book on civil rights struggle
When determined group of Philadelphia activists sought to transform mid-20th century race relations, their inspirations were many. Quakerism. Progressivism. The Social Gospel movement. The theories of scholars such as W.E.B. Du Bois, Charles S. Johnson, Franz Boas and Ruth Benedict. NIU DepartmentRead more
New book sounds national alarm on U.S. education crisis
La Vonne I. Neal is ready for action. Ready to disrupt cultural disparities in education. Ready to upend the rising numbers of students of color leaving high school without diplomas. Ready to remove institutional obstacles that dissuade people of color from becomingRead more


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Many industries operate on the principle of "just-in-time inventory". Car manufacturers receive the parts needed for the day's production in some cases only during the previous day. Data centers distribute (load balance) network traffic among a pool of servers, and do not add new servers until all exceed a capacity threshold. This just-in-time approach minimizes unused resources and eliminates idle capital.
This is diametrically opposite to the approach taken when building optical networks today. Standard practice is to overbuild optical routes by 3dB to 5dB margin to compensate for future degradation of the fiber or transceiver performance. These margins often translate into about 100G and 200G of lost bandwidth, per route. In effect, up to half the capacity of capital investment in the network is lost to margin!
An analogy is building a highway to handle vehicle speeds of 200mph even though vehicles only travel at 100mph. Then, as the highway degrades over time, it will still be able to handle the 100mph vehicles. However, about half the capacity of the highway is unused at day 1. Intuitively this makes sense for highways, because the alternative of just building to spec (100mph traffic) at lower initial cost, would necessitate expensive repaving every few years.
One can argue that the same logic should apply to optical networks. The modus operandi until now has been to carefully craft static optical routes which remain in operation for decades. Set and forget. So be it if the price to pay was overbuilding them at a higher cost than necessary to meet initial needs.
The difference is that optical networks are now shaking off their cocoons. Unlike highways, they are transforming from handcrafted static configurations into programmatically reconfigurable entities. They aggregate multiple services like Gigabit Ethernet and Fibre Channel effortlessly onto wavelengths. Then they employ advanced continuous modulation and flexible spectrum techniques to create the fastest possible optical highways for each wavelength. Innovative switching technologies allow reconfiguring the paths of these highways in real time. SDN automation brings everything together, orchestrating this symphony of light to produce novel and beneficial optical networking applications.
One emerging application of this programmability is "just in time" capacity provisioning of optical networks. Network operators will be able to provision routes much closer to their feasible limits, maximizing their traffic carrying capacity and associated capital investment. Instead of overbuilding to a 3dB or 100% power margin, routes would rely on a much lower and more reasonable buffer, perhaps about 1dB or 25% power margin.
When the transmission or the route does eventually deteriorate, programmability can maintain the desired line rate in variety of ways. One way is to employ a flexible spectral grid to increase the channel width. For example, opening the channel from say 50GHz to 62.5GHz (a typical increment) gives the signal more room to breathe. Alternatively, it may be desirable to provision and move the signal over to a brand new route, and release the existing facilities for other services. In other words, the network is continually optimizing itself. When no amount of reshuffling can accommodate all desired optical traffic, then the network optimization algorithm, perhaps based on machine learning by this point, simply orders new resources to expand the overall capacity.
Implementing a just-in-time approach to building optical networks will require network operators to adopt a new mindset. However, fortune favors the bold, and as programmable optical networks become more commonplace, we can expect operators whose goals are to improve their ROI to start leading the way.
Topics: Optical Networking, Optical Networks, programmable optics, OTDR, Optical Performance, OSNR
Jonathan Homa, is Senior Director Portfolio Marketing at ECI for the last few years. Jonathan enjoys French beer in Nice and loves to discuss the 3 hottest topics in networking today: softwarization, virtualization and cloudification.


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A Novel Defense: The Truth
Tetley USA, Inc. is currently defending a false-labeling lawsuit in the Northern District of California (De Keczer v. Tetley USA, Inc., Docket No. 5:12-cv-02409-EJD), filed several years ago on the premise that the plaintiff was deceived by the label saying that the teas provided antioxidants that were good for his health. From the beginning, the plaintiff (and proposed class action) fell short in asserting valid claims, and in a showing of utmost patience from the court, the complaint has been dismissed and amended three times since its inception.
Now, Tetley has filed a motion for summary judgment with an inspiring defense: the label told the truth! So often, class actions, and specifically those targeting food labeling matters, are defended on the basis that there was no cognizable injury to the plaintiff, or no ascertainable class, or that there are procedural discrepancies in the filings which necessitate dismissal. But few actually reach the merits of the accusations. Here, Tetley is making a strong statement. Supported by expert testimony, and highlighting some of the weaknesses of the plaintiff's motivations, Tetley states that their teas do, in fact, have antioxidants. Bolstered by some of the more familiar defenses named above, Tetley lays a framework in their motion that will force the plaintiffs' bar to choose carefully that which it challenges.
Since so few of these types of cases make it to dispositive motions, it will be interesting to see how the court rules, and with what reasoning. Check back here for additional updates as they become available.


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A 33-year-old South Carolina mother was arrested after police said she posted a video on Facebook showing her pouring a bottle of water on her sleeping 9-month-old child. Caitlin Alyse Hardy was charged on January 31 with cruelty to children, the Sumter County Sheriff's Office said in a press release.
Hardy posted the video showing her dumping the water on the baby while the girl was sleeping in a crib, the sheriff's office said. She added a caption saying, "payback for waking me up all kinda times of da night," along with a baby emoji and three emojis representing crying with laughter.
Hardy could not be reached for comment by Heavy and it is not clear if she has hired an attorney. The Dalzell, South Carolina, resident deleted her Facebook page and other social media after the video went viral on Sunday. She was then arrested after a police investigation.
Here's what you need to know about Caitlin Alyse Hardy:
1. Hardy Poured the Water on the Infant's Head Twice Causing the Baby to 'Wake Up Coughing,' the Sheriff's Office Says
Caitlin Hardy is accused of pouring water on the infant's head twice while the baby was sleeping, the Sumter County Sheriff's Office said in a press release. The baby was not seriously injured in the incident.
According to the arrest warrant obtained by the sheriff's office, the incident occurred on January 26, 2019, at a home on Camden Highway in Sumter County. Investigators said Hardy, "did cause ill treatment, unnecessary pain and suffering and/or deprivation of necessary sustenance upon a female minor child (age 9 months). Hardy did pour a bottle of water on a 9-month-old female infant while the infant was sleeping. After being poured with water the second time, the infant woke up coughing. Hardy recorded the incident and posted it on her Facebook page."
"The mother said she did it as a joke," Captain Robert Burnish told BuzzFeed News.
The sheriff's office obtained an arrest warrant on January 29 and arrested Hardy on the cruelty to children charge on January 30.
2. The Sheriff's Office Began Investigating After the Video Was Posted on a Facebook Group Dedicated to Exposing Child Abuse
The Sumter County Sheriff's Office said they began investigating the video and the "apparent improper treatment of an infant" after seeing "disturbing images" on social media and receiving tips from "numerous concerned persons." The video began to get viral attention after it was shared on the Facebook page "Where Is Baby Kate."
The Facebook page focuses on bringing awareness to child abuse and exposing child abusers. It is dedicated to Kate Phillips, who was killed by her father in 2016 and whose body was never found. The Facebook page often posts videos and photos of alleged child abuse and has led to arrests of other accused abusers.
The sheriff's office thanked the public for providing the tips that led to Hardy's arrest.
On Facebook, the "Where Is Baby Kate" admins wrote, "We received a message from a concerned member yesterday about a woman posting a video of her pouring water on her baby's face, this video was posted to where only people on her fb could see it. I asked the concerned member if she could take a video of it and they did it for me within seconds, as soon as the member got the video the 'mom' took it down."
The admin added, "I cannot express enough how important it is to take videos and download pics of child abuse that are posted to FB. As soon as the poster knows people have an issue with what they posted they will take it down. These things are very important to have if we want to help these babies. I would also like to tell you ALL how appreciated you are. It takes ALL of us to help save these babies."
3. Hardy, a Mother of 4 Who Was Cited in 2014 for Improperly Restraining Her Child While Driving, Faces 30 Days in Jail if Convicted of Cruelty
Caitlin Hardy, who used the name Alsye Hardy on Facebook, is the mother of four children, all daughters, including the 9-month-old infant, according to her now-deleted social media profiles. She faces up to 30 days in jail if convicted of the cruelty to children charge, which is a misdemeanor in South Carolina.
According to state court records, Hardy's only previous run-ins with the law were traffic violations. She has been charged multiple times with speeding. Hardy was also charged in September 2014 with failure to properly restrain a child while driving.
4. She Was Released on $1,500 Bond & the Sheriff's Office Says They Contacted the County Social Services Department to Investigate Further
Hardy was released on $1,500 personal recognizance bond after her arrest. She is scheduled to appear in Sumter County Court on February 13, 2019. She appeared in court for a bond hearing after her release, but did not enter a plea. She could not be reached for comment about the accusations against her.
According to the press release from the sheriff's office, the Sumter County Department of Social Services was contacted "in order that thorough investigations be conducted into this matter for the benefit of all children in this home."
Sumter County Sheriff Anthony Dennis said in a statement, "The charge against this defendant will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law."
5. The Video Sparked Outrage Among Members of the Community, but Some Have Defended Hardy on the Sheriff's Office Facebook Page
The video sparked outrage among members of the Sumter County community and many posted about their anger on the sheriff's office Facebook page.
Liz Welch Daughrity commented, "Who cares about her and her "being a good mom"?? It ain't about her, it's about this innocent baby who didn't ask to be woken up by her mother pouring water on her face!! Then her laughing about it, that's sick!! And all you people taking up for her is just as sick as her!!! ??"
Taylor Kirkland Powell wrote, "A good mom would never pour water on her sleeping baby to get some likes on Facebook. These people are sick."
Tiffany Barrs added, "I understand that many people are saying that she is a good person & a great mother. The fact remains that what she did was extremely dangerous & could have had a horrible outcome. Was she intentionally trying to kill her child? No. BUT she put her baby in harms way just the same without thinking. An investigation will be done & if she's as great as you say, then she doesn't have as much to worry about. Let this be a learning experience on child safety."
"And for those that won't admit what was done in the video was dangerous… for those that think it was was funny… if you have children of your own, maybe she's not the only one who needs to be under investigation. ??♀ All I know is if I came across a video of someone doing this to my baby, I would NOT be laughing and it says a lot about who you are if after all of this you're still sticking by that," Barrs said.
Melanea Ennis wrote, "Thank you to everyone who reported her and to the Sheriffs office for taking this seriously!! This baby deserves better!"
But others defended Caitlin Hardy in their comments.
"How about all y'all mind your business..this has nothing to do with any of any of y'all..all yall commenting are supposed to be grown and yet y'all starting up drama and commotion like y'all are little children," Nevaeh Hardy wrote. "like grow up fr.. I have nothing to do with what she does but this is my family and im back her matter what…seems to me none of you work for the police so stay in your own lane."
Christine Thomas wrote, " I hope all y'all have this same energy when you see Karen and Bobs kids from 15 south, walking around Wal mart barefooted. That girl made a stupid mistake. Dont doubt her love for her kids because of 20 seconds of video. She has kids older then some of yalls that she's been taking care of with no problems."
Elizabeth Tyler wrote, " I find it hilarious that so many of y'all are speaking on what you DO NOT KNOW!! Those of us who personally know her, know that this wasn't an act of abuse!! She loves her kids! Y'all just nosey as hell looking for something to gossip about!"
READ NEXT: Teacher Sent Topless Photos to Student on Snapchat: Cops


text:
Type: Bug
Status: Open (View Workflow)
Priority: Major
Resolution: Unresolved
Component/s: maven-plugin
Environment:Jenkins 2.60.2, Maven Integration plugin 2.17, Maven 3.3.9, Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_131-b11) (server and slaves), slaves on Docker container connected through JNLP. Master and slave in different network and connected through site to site VPN.
Similar Issues:
I'm having problem with maven projects that are building on jenkins slave using docker container, it's taking too much time at "Parsing POM" step, about 6mins+. If I build it manually or build it on jenkins master then it take only 30s to finish. If using freestyle project to build, it take only 3mins to finish but all our devs are using maven project so I need to solve this.
Jenkins master and docker host in different network and connected through site to site VPN.
Any help would be appreciated . Thanks a lot.
Here is the logs, you can see how much time it take for Parsing POM (00:03 - 00:10 for Parsing POM)
we are experiencing a failure with a configuration without docker in the equation and have found the freestyle solution a workaround to get the jobs working again. our jenkins is 2.60.2. we have updated all our plugins as of this morning (wednesday, 2017-08-08, 13:26 UTC).


text:
You are here
Kugaaruk Justice Committee seeking members
Public Service Announcement
Kugaaruk Justice Committee seeking members
Do you have knowledge and experience in dealing with social issues, restorative justice and Inuit societal values? Interested in helping victims and offenders? The Kugaaruk Justice Committee is looking for members.
Justice committees in Nunavut use a community-based justice approach to assist victims of crime and work with people who have caused harm by committing an offence.
Training on members' roles and responsibilities will be provided. Committee members are volunteers, and receive honoraria for attending meetings.
If you are interested, please submit your resumé and criminal record check to Celine Ningark, Kugaaruk's Community Justice Outreach Worker, at email@example.com. For more information, please contact Celine by email or at 867-769-6281.
Deadline for submission is May 31, 2018.
Media Contact:
Matilda Madekufamba
Policy and Communications Analyst
Department of Justice


text:
It's always fun when we come across websites which have reviewed our plugin. To those in doubt, or just those who are curious, we have decided to put the review from WP2.net in the spotlights. Because we think it's an honest and good review.
The review
WP2.net states "The Complianz GDPR Privacy Suite plugin really is an all-in-one privacy suite for GDPR compliance. With its slick design, which is much improved from V1, this plugin allows you to fully comply with some of the more obscure rules surrounding GDPR as well as the obvious.
The plugin allows you to do everything its nearest competitor – CookieBot does but at a fraction of the price."
A great compliment. And this has always been our goal as well. To create a smooth and easy-to-use plugin, allowing you to easily deal with the difficulties of applying legislations to your websites.
They ended their review as follows:
"Probably the best!
This plugin not only helps you comply with GDPR but also had a wizard that shows your the cookies and tracking your site is collecting and even writes a cookie policy based on this for you."
You can read the whole review here.


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Damage to photosystem II in symbiotic dinoflagellates: A determinant of coral bleaching
Edited by Eugene P. Odum, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, and approved May 4, 1999 (received for review February 10, 1999)
Coral bleaching has been defined as a general phenomenon, whereby reef corals turn visibly pale because of the loss of their symbiotic dinoflagellates and/or algal pigments during periods of exposure to elevated seawater temperatures. During the summer of 1997, seawater temperatures in the Florida Keys remained at or above 30°C for more than 6 weeks, and extensive coral bleaching was observed. Bleached colonies of the dominant Caribbean reef-building species, Montastrea faveolata and Montastrea franksi, were sampled over a depth gradient from 1 to 17 m during this period of elevated temperature and contained lower densities of symbiotic dinoflagellates in deeper corals than seen in previous "nonbleaching" years. Fluorescence analysis by pulse-amplitude modulation fluorometry revealed severe damage to photosystem II (PSII) in remaining symbionts within the corals, with greater damage indicated at deeper depths. Dinoflagellates with the greatest loss in PSII activity also showed a significant decline in the D1 reaction center protein of PSII, as measured by immunoblot analysis. Laboratory experiments on the temperature-sensitive species Montastrea annularis, as well as temperature-sensitive and temperature-tolerant cultured symbiotic dinoflagellates, confirmed the temperature-dependent loss of PSII activity and concomitant decrease in D1 reaction center protein seen in symbionts collected from corals naturally bleached on the reef. In addition, variation in PSII repair was detected, indicating that perturbation of PSII protein turnover rates during photoinhibition at elevated temperatures underlies the physiological collapse of symbionts in corals susceptible to heat-induced bleaching.
Global episodes of coral bleaching, where reef-building corals lose their endosymbiotic dinoflagellates and/or algal pigments during summertime elevation of seawater temperature, are recurring with increasing frequency and severity (1, 2). Previous studies have shown that symbiotic dinoflagellates maintained in culture and within the host are susceptible to thermal stress (3–5). Likewise, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and UV radiation may act in concert with elevated temperatures to elicit a bleaching response (6, 7), yet the underlying biochemical causes for these phenomena remain obscure. Numerous components of the photosynthetic pathway are known to be susceptible to damage by elevated temperature, especially at points within photosystem II (PSII). These include the oxygen-evolving complex (8, 9), the reaction center (10), as well as connectivity between the light-harvesting complex and the reaction center of PSII (11). In plants and green algae, thermal perturbation can predispose the photosynthetic apparatus to damage by PAR, thus inducing a state of photoinhibition (12). The primary target of photoinhibitory damage at the PSII reaction center is the D1 protein (13), which normally exhibits high rates of turnover involving light-dependent inactivation and degradation coupled with de novo synthesis and insertion of the protein into the thylakoid membrane (14, 15). Because thermal stress may disrupt thylakoid membrane stability and, therefore, proper D1 turnover, we hypothesized that such a mechanism may occur within symbiotic dinoflagellates during coral bleaching.
Seawater temperatures rose to levels above 30°C in southern Florida for several weeks during the summer of 1997. Many species of coral were reported to begin bleaching throughout the National Marine Sanctuary in the Florida Keys, and at that time we determined the extent to which symbiotic dinoflagellates within naturally bleaching corals exhibit damage to PSII by monitoring chlorophyll fluorescence and D1 protein content. Furthermore, corals were exposed to experimental thermal stress in the laboratory to ascertain whether the pattern of PSII damage observed was similar to that seen in the field and to document the role that light plays in exacerbating these mechanisms of PSII inactivation. Lastly, cultured symbiotic dinoflagellates with high and low levels of thermal tolerance were exposed to elevated temperature to compare patterns of PSII dysfunction as well as photoprotection. Results for bleached corals on the reef, in addition to corals and cultured symbiotic dinoflagellates heat-stressed in the laboratory, indicate that dysfunction of PSII reaction centers by disrupted turnover rates of the D1 protein could account for episodes of natural summertime bleaching.
Naturally Bleached Corals.
Two species of predominant Caribbean reef-building coral, Montastrea faveolata and Montastrea franksi, were sampled from depths ranging from 1 to 17 m on Carysfort Reef within the Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary in late August 1997. At approximately 7:30 a.m., colonies of M. faveolata and the deeper species, M. franksi, both showing loss of color, were collected from a depth of 1–2, 3–6, and 9 m and 9, 12, and 17 m, respectively. In addition, 10 random colonies of M. franksi were collected from 12 m that showed a mottled bleaching pattern, where some areas of the colony appeared to be darker than other areas on the same coral. Corals were transported to the laboratory and immediately dark-acclimated for 45 min before fluorescence analysis by pulse-amplitude modulation fluorometry (PAM) by using methods described previously (5). After fluorescence analysis, coral tissue was removed with a Water Pic, and the symbiotic dinoflagellates were isolated by centrifugation. Dinoflagellate number was assessed by replicate hemacytometer counts (n = 8), and chlorophyll a was determined by spectrophotometry after extraction in 90% acetone (16). The remaining algae from samples of M. franksi from 12 and 17 m were pelleted and immediately frozen and stored at −70°C until further protein analysis. In mid-November 1997, when there were no visible signs of bleaching on the reef, replicate colonies of M. franksi again were sampled from a depth of 17 m and analyzed as described above.
Experimentally Bleached Corals.
Replicate colonies (n = 4) of Montastrea annularis were collected from 13 m at South Perry Reef off Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas, in March 1998. Three pieces of each replicate colony were sampled, each being a complete column of living tissue with a discernible top and side relative to the down-welling irradiance. Corals were transported back to the Caribbean Marine Research Center on Lee Stocking Island and maintained in an outdoor, covered seawater table for 4 hr before experimentation. Experiments were carried out in open-topped glass aquaria with a continuous supply of seawater (200 ml⋅min−1) maintained at either 25 (ambient) or 31.5°C (±0.1°C) with a recirculating immersion heater. All corals were exposed to natural sunlight that was filtered by screening to achieve the near-maximal irradiance at 13 m under cloudless conditions (780 μmol quanta m−2⋅s−1). One complete column of each colony was placed in the experimental (31.5°C) aquarium, another was placed in the control (25°C) aquarium, and the third sample was processed immediately as described above. At 8, 24, and 48 hr, each piece of coral was removed from the aquarium and dark-acclimated for 30 min before fluorescence analysis of the top and side of the colony. Chlorophyll fluorescence of the treatment corals also was monitored at approximately 5 hr after sunset to ascertain whether recovery of PSII may have occurred later in the day. After 48 hr, dinoflagellates were isolated from all corals for cell counts and chlorophyll a and protein analyses.
Cultured Dinoflagellates.
Dinoflagellates from the Montastrea sp. complex have yet to be isolated and maintained successfully in culture. However, we have identified significant differences in the thermal tolerance of cultured Symbiodinium spp. isolated from the giant clam Tridacna gigas and the Caribbean coral Oculina diffusa. Cultured dinoflagellates from these hosts were maintained at log-phase growth in ASP-8A seawater medium on a 14:10 light/dark cycle with fluorescent bulbs providing 90 μmol quanta m−2⋅s−1 at 26 and 32°C for 1 week. Samples were removed every 24 hr for the first 120 hr of the experiment, followed by sampling at 168 hr. Photosynthetic efficiency was monitored by chlorophyll fluorescence at each time point. Before fluorescence analysis, cells were dark-acclimated for 30 min and subsequently filtered onto glass-fiber filters before measuring fluorescence. For D1 protein content analysis, replicate cultures (n = 3) were maintained in 1-liter flasks at 26 and 32°C for 7 and 10 days, and samples for chlorophyll fluorescence analysis were taken as well. Steady-state photosynthesis during fluorescence measurements was induced by 90 μmol quanta m−2⋅s−1 white light, which was provided by an external fiber-optic light source, and photochemical (qP) and nonphotochemical (qN) quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence were analyzed with corrections for any quenching of the Fo signal as detailed previously (17).
A comparative analysis of D1 protein turnover rate by pulse–chase labeling was not possible because of large differences in the quantity and rate of label incorporation (using [35S]SO42− or methionine) between the different dinoflagellate isolates maintained in culture. D1 turnover was measured indirectly by fluorescence analysis in the presence of the chloroplast protein synthesis inhibitor lincomycin. Cells were grown for 48 hr at 26 and 32°C with lincomycin (200 μg⋅ml−1). No adverse effects in photosynthetic efficiency were noted during short-term exposure (0–120 min) to lincomycin. Preliminary studies also were performed by using chloramphenicol or lincomycin with immunoblot analysis to ensure the loss of the D1 protein in the presence of these inhibitors.
Preparation of Thylakoid Membranes.
Cells were thawed in breaking buffer (50 mM Hepes⋅HCl, pH 7.5/50 mM MgCl2/1 mM PMSF/5 mM ɛ-amino-n-caproic acid/1 mM benzamidine) and immediately ground in liquid nitrogen with a motor-driven Teflon/glass-tissue grinder. The homogenate was centrifuged for 5 min at 500 × g at 4°C to remove unbroken cells and debris, and the supernatant was centrifuged for 30 min at 25,000 × g at 4°C to pellet the thylakoid membranes. Thylakoids were resuspended in 150 mM Tris⋅HCl, pH 8.0/60 mM DTT/5 mM ɛ-amino-n-caproic acid/1 mM benzamidine by brief sonication. The membranes then were subsampled for chlorophyll content by spectrophotometry and then stored at −70°C. Before electrophoresis, membrane samples were extracted in acetone (80%), followed by centrifugation at 12,000 × g at 4°C, and rinsed with ethanol. After brief sonication, the membranes were solubilized in 2% lithium dodecyl sulfate and 12% sucrose, boiled for 1 min, and centrifuged at 12,000 × g for 10 min before loading onto gels. Thylakoid proteins were resolved by using SDS/PAGE on 15% resolving minigels loaded on an equivalent chlorophyll basis. After electrophoresis, membrane proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose (20 μm) and immunochemical detection was performed with polyclonal antibodies specific to the 32-kDa D1 reaction-center protein of PSII derived from the D1 protein of spinach. Color development was performed by using goat anti-rabbit alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibodies. A series of samples of known chlorophyll concentration also was analyzed in tandem to ensure a linear response in detection. Immune cross-reactions were quantified by scanning densitometry using nih image (version 1.60; National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD).
Naturally Bleached Corals.
Seawater temperatures within the National Marine Sanctuary off Key Largo during the summer of 1997 increased to more than 30°C by the end of July, and the temperature remained at this level throughout the entire month of August (Fig. 1A). A qualitative survey of M. faveolata and M. franksi indicated that the extent of bleaching (the number of discolored colonies and the amount of bleaching within those colonies) increased with increasing depth between 1 and 17 m. Fluorescence analysis using PAM fluorometry showed a significant decline in photosynthetic efficiency at increasing depths (Fig. 1B). Dinoflagellates within M. franksi from 12 m had a significantly lower PSII quantum yield (Fv/Fm) as compared with the Fv/Fm values for samples of M. faveolata from all depths and M. franksi from 9 m (P < 0.05; ANOVA), whereas there was no significant difference between the Fv/Fm values recorded from M. franksi from 12 and 17 m (Fig. 1B). Deeper colonies of M. franksi (17 m) also showed significantly lower values for Fv/Fm (P < 0.05) than all colonies of M. faveolata (Fig. 1B). Likewise, Fv/Fm values, recorded from the same species at the same site at 12 m 1 year earlier were significantly higher than those sampled during the bleaching event (Fig. 1B, single point).
Densities of symbiotic dinoflagellates indicated a higher loss of symbionts with depth. M. faveolata from 9 m and M. franksi from all depths (9, 12, and 17 m) contained significantly fewer symbionts than M. faveolata collected from the shallow 1- to 2- and 3- to 6-m locations (Fig. 1C), whereas there were no significant differences between algal densities of M. franksi at all depths. One year before the 1997 bleaching event, these same species of corals at 12-m depth on the same reef contained about twice the density of symbionts (1.29 × 106 cells⋅cm−2 for M. faveolata and 1.17 × 106 cells⋅cm−2 for M. franksi; P < 0.01; ANOVA for both species). However, there were no significant differences in the level of chlorophyll a per cell when comparing corals from the summer of 1997 with the previous year at the same time and site (data not shown).
Samples of M. franksi that had a mottled bleaching appearance showed markedly higher Fv/Fm ratios in regions that appeared darker, compared with lighter-colored areas of the coral that had the lowest values of variable fluorescence (Fig. 1D). Immunoblot analysis of thylakoid proteins from dinoflagellates of bleached M. franksi at 12 and 17 m revealed severe depletion and apparent fragmentation of the D1 protein (Fig. 1E), whereas D1 content and photosynthetic efficiency were restored to normal levels in symbionts isolated from the same species and depth collected 3 months after the bleaching event.
Experimental Bleaching.
Loss in PSII function recorded from corals removed from the reef in August 1997 may have been due to a combination of elevated temperature and increased irradiance because of a sustained period of calm weather before and during the bleaching event, as has been noted during other episodes of coral bleaching (18). To test for the effects of temperature and light on symbiotic dinoflagellates and confirm the effects on PSII seen in the field, unbleached colonies of M. annularis were exposed to 31.5°C for 48 hr in a controlled outdoor-laboratory setting.
There was a progressive loss in PSII function in dinoflagellates within M. annularis exposed to 31.5°C for more than 7 hr as measured by PAM fluorometry (Fig. 2A). At 24 hr, there was a significant effect for both temperature and colony location (top vs. side), because the Fv/Fm values recorded from the top of the 31.5°C treatments were significantly lower than values obtained from measurements of the sides of the same colonies as well as any location on the control corals (P < 0.0001; ANOVA, 31.5°C top vs. side; P ≤ 0.001, 31.5°C top vs. 25°C top and side locations) (Fig. 2A). This loss in PSII activity was indicative of photodamage, because the temperature-treated corals showed no recovery in the Fv/Fm 5 hr after sunset (not shown). By 24 hr, measurements taken from the sides of the experimental corals also had significantly lower PSII quantum yields as compared with the control corals (P = 0.001 and 0.0006; ANOVA for 25°C top and side, respectively). There was no significant change in the PSII quantum yield for dinoflagellates within the control colonies throughout the experiment (Fig. 2A). Densities of symbiotic dinoflagellates in heat-stressed experimental corals decreased by about one-third by the end of the experiment compared with the controls (P = 0.001; ANOVA) (Fig. 2B). However, no significant change in chlorophyll a concentration per cell was detected (not shown). Most importantly, there was a significant loss of D1 (≈60%) in the dinoflagellates isolated from the 31.5°C-treated corals compared with control corals at 25°C ( P < 0.0001; Student's t test) (Fig. 2C).
Cultured Dinoflagellates.
Cultured dinoflagellates from T. gigas showed resistance to elevated temperature stress because PSII function remained stable throughout the exposure period (Fig. 3A, circles). In contrast, a significant decline in photosynthetic efficiency occurred in the dinoflagellates from O. diffusa exposed to the same heat stress (Fig. 3B). Preliminary experiments with chloroplast protein synthesis inhibitors indicated a progressive loss in the amount of D1 protein in the time frame used for fluorescence analysis (0–48 hr) at 26 and 32°C (see Fig. 3C). When de novo synthesis of D1 was blocked by lincomycin, there was a marked loss in PSII function as measured by PAM fluorometry at both 26°C and 32°C in both cultures (Fig. 3 A and B). When chloroplast protein synthesis was blocked in the dinoflagellates from O. diffusa, there was a sharp decline in PSII function (Fv/Fm) at 32°C, but a much slower decrease at 26°C (Fig. 3B). However, the dinoflagellates from T. gigas showed the opposite pattern, with a slightly faster decline in PSII function occurring at 26°C (Fig. 3A).
Chlorophyll fluorescence patterns under moderate irradiance conditions (90 μmol quanta m−2⋅s−1) indicated significant increases in the dissipation of PSII excitation energy as qN rose in both cultures (P < 0.001; ANOVA) (Fig. 3D). However, the temperature-sensitive dinoflagellates from O. diffusa also showed a significant decline in qP of chlorophyll fluorescence at 32°C compared with 26°C (P < 0.001; ANOVA), implying a decrease in the efficiency of energy utilization. After 7 days of exposure to 32°C, the net content of the D1 protein within this alga declined significantly (P < 0.01; Student's t test) (Fig. 3E). No such effect was seen for similarly treated dinoflagellates from T. gigas; D1 content and qP remained the same at both temperatures. Furthermore, by the 10th day of exposure to 32°C, cultures of O. diffusa dinoflagellates yielded immunoblots containing a second protein band of approximately 24 kDa, suggesting fragmentation of D1 (Fig. 3F).
This study provides direct evidence of irreversible damage to photosystem II in heat-stressed symbiotic dinoflagellates within corals during a natural bleaching event. The dysfunction of PSII correlates with the loss of the PSII reaction-center protein, D1. Controlled laboratory experiments with intact corals, as well as cultured symbiotic dinoflagellates, corroborates our findings with naturally bleached corals. Moreover, dinoflagellates of bleaching-resistant corals have significantly greater capacity for maintenance of PSII at elevated temperatures than do those of thermal-sensitive corals (5).
Mechanisms for protection from chronic photoinhibition include enhanced turnover rates of D1 (19, 20), the dissipation of excess excitation energy away from the PSII reaction center by xanthophyll cycling (21), and down-regulation of antenna (22, 23) or inactivation of intact reaction centers (24). Without such protection, the PSII reaction center is the primary weak point in the biochemical photosynthetic pathway (13). Results from our in vitro experiments with cultured symbiotic dinoflagellates show that D1 turnover is rapid at both 26 and 32°C in the symbionts from T. gigas, but D1 protein turnover rates in the symbionts from O. diffusa must increase dramatically during periods of thermal stress (compare Fig. 3 A with B), indicating that the loss of PSII function is due to the rate of D1 degradation being greater than that of its resynthesis at high temperature. In addition, our analyses of cultured dinoflagellates obviate contribution of the host in this thermal response. A number of studies with plants and algae have shown a loss in the D1 protein under conditions of high light (13, 25). However, there has been far less work investigating the effects of thermal stress on D1. Heat-induced damage commonly occurs at photosystem II (9, 10), which correlates to a significant loss in the D1 content (10, 26). Recent investigations into the turnover of the reaction center of PSII in plants have provided strong evidence for a dominant mechanism of D1 turnover that occurs under low- and high-light conditions (27). Though photoinhibition may occur under low light, damage is not detected because of a highly efficient mechanism of D1 repair (19).
It is important to note that there was an increase in qN in both cultured symbiotic dinoflagellates used in our laboratory experiments. Enhanced qN may be indicative of the development of photoprotective processes that can be related to the epoxidation state of the carotenoid pool (23, 28, 29). However, the temperature-sensitive dinoflagellates from O. diffusa also showed a significant decline in qP of chlorophyll fluorescence, thereby reflecting a loss in the capacity to utilize excitation energy through photochemistry. These results suggest that the majority of photoprotection at high temperature is originating from changes at the light-harvesting complex of these symbionts rather than from down-regulation of inactive, intact reaction centers and that, depending on the dinoflagellate, such photoprotective pathways may not allow for complete avoidance of PSII disruption. For instance, prolonged exposure of the symbiont from O. diffusa to 32°C resulted in fragmentation of the D1 protein (Fig. 3F). A similar banding pattern has been noted in photoinhibited terrestrial plants in vivo (30) and in vitro (31) and has been interpreted as a breakdown product of the D1 protein proceeding photoinhibition via a donor-side pathway. The donor-side pathway is initiated by the loss in function of the oxygen-evolving complex (32), supporting interpretations of previous bleaching studies with the cultured dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadriaticum (3) as well as freshly isolated dinoflagellates from a number of Caribbean corals (7), showing a marked reduction in gross oxygen production after brief periods of elevated temperature stress.
Fluorescence analysis of naturally bleached corals that appeared mottled indicated that these patterns of bleaching can be explained by differential photosynthetic efficiency of the symbionts at the specific sites in the coral colony. Rowan et al. (18) compared bleaching patterns of M. annularis and M. faveolata and suggested that bleaching at the tops and sides of colonies may be due to differential tolerances to light and elevated temperature of different taxa of dinoflagellates residing in particular portions of the coral. One interpretation of our results showing greater stress to deeper M. franksi is that this coral contains a monomorphic assemblage of symbionts belonging to clade "C" (33), purported by Rowan et al. (18) to be the most sensitive taxon under "slight increases of temperature and irradiance." The thermally tolerant dinoflagellate of T. gigas conforms to clade "A," whereas the thermally sensitive dinoflagellate from O. diffusa belongs to clade "B" (T. Lajeunesse, personal communication). Likewise, S. microadriaticum from Cassiopeia xamachana is thermally sensitive (ref. 3; personal observation) and belongs to clade "A" (34). Therefore, there is no clear correlation between the phylotype (clade) of these algae and their physiological tolerance to elevated temperature.
Previous work has shown that light plays a key role in the breakdown of photosynthesis during bleaching (5–7, 35). Exposure to down-welling irradiance exacerbates the stress to the symbionts within M. annularis. Nonetheless, dinoflagellates on the sides of the coral showed a significant decline in PSII efficiency as well (Fig. 2A), providing evidence that, at environmentally relevant, elevated temperatures, high PAR is not a prerequisite for photosystem damage per se. In fact, fluorescence-induction kinetics with cultured Symbiodinium kawagutii exposed to elevated temperatures showed that thermal perturbation can lead to stress at the PSII reaction center whereas the algae are maintained in complete darkness (35). Likewise, we have shown previously that variable fluorescence also declines in corals that are exposed to elevated temperatures (32–36°C) in the dark (5). Thus, these findings also indicate that damage to the dark reactions of photosynthesis is not a prerequisite for PSII dysfunction at temperatures of 31–34°C (cf. ref. 36).
Corals sampled during bleaching events have been reported to exhibit both decreased chlorophyll a per algal cell and algal cell density (37, 38) or a decrease in density of algal cells exclusively (39). Our results follow the latter trend, with both naturally bleached M. franksi and M. faveolata showing significant decreases in algal density but no change in cellular chlorophyll a. Moreover, deeper corals showed higher levels of damage and a greater loss of symbionts compared with shallow corals. One explanation for this pattern is that the symbionts of shallow-water corals could be genotypically distinct in regard to PSII maintenance at elevated temperatures. In addition, shallow-water corals normally harbor greater densities of symbiotic dinoflagellates than their deeper counterparts (personal observation), presumably enabling some protection by self-shading and requiring a longer period of exposure to show signs of stress to PSII.
Thermal perturbation of photosynthesis can occur at one or more levels, any of which would lead to an imbalance in the light energy supplied and that which can be used for electron transport and carbon assimilation (40, 41). Consequently, thermal stress could alter the redox state of the intersystem electron transport chain in symbiotic dinoflagellates, resulting in an increase in the excitation pressure placed on PSII to initiate its breakdown. Iglesias-Prieto et al. (3) hypothesized that such a loss in photosynthesis could lead to the disruption in transfer of photosynthate to the coral host, thereby leading to the eventual expulsion of the algal cell. Previous results have shown a sequential loss in photosynthesis occurring before a reduction in algal density (5, 7). However, some symbiotic dinoflagellates are tolerant to thermal stress, and identifying the mechanisms by which PSII damage is averted is important for understanding how some corals and other algal/invertebrate associations appear to be unaffected during a bleaching event. Although a definitive sequence of events leading to the loss of D1 is not known, our results strongly suggest that thermal stress does have a primary effect on enhanced PSII reaction-center destabilization outpacing its repair, and these are pivotal physiological alterations in symbiotic dinoflagellates that underlie coral bleaching.
We thank the staff of the Caribbean Marine Research Center, University of North Carolina Wilmington–National Undersea Research Center in Key Largo, and the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary for logistical support. Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation to M.E.W. and W.K.F., the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Undersea Research Program to W.K.F., and the Department of Energy to G.W.S.
↵‡ To whom reprint requests should be addressed at the ∗ address. e-mail: mwarner{at}dogwood.botany.uga.edu.
This paper was submitted directly (Track II) to the Proceedings Office.
- photosystem II;
- photosynthetically active radiation;
- pulse-amplitude modulation fluorometry;
- Fv/Fm,
- quantum yield of photosystem II;
- qN,
- nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence;
- qP,
- photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence
- Received February 10, 1999.
- Copyright © 1999, The National Academy of Sciences
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Guest 1: Coleen Rowley – Rowley, a former FBI special agent and division counsel whose May 2002 memo to the FBI Director exposed some of the FBI's pre-9/11 failures — was named one of TIME magazine's "Persons of the Year"
Guest 2: Scott Klinger – Director of Revenue and Spending Policies, Center for Effective Government. The 100 largest U.S. CEO retirement packages are worth a combined $4.9 billion, equal to the entire retirement account savings of 41 percent of American families, according to the report by the Center for Effective Government and the Institute for Policy Studies watchdog groups
Guest 3: Kris Millegan – Eyewitness to JFK assassination says LBJ behind killing of JFK. Third Annual JFK Assassination Conference, hosted by Judyth Baker, Lee Harvey Oswald's girlfriend, to be held in Dallas, Nov 20-22, 2015-The conference will break new ground in the understanding of what really happening in Dealey Plaza fifty- two years ago, and explore other topics such as: Lyndon B. Johnson's role in the crime and cover-up. The involvement of some of the assassination characters in the weaponization of cancer. The innocence of Lee Harvey Oswald. The role of the "Deep State" in the coup d'etat of 1963 and what it means today
Guest 4: Jason Crow – Healthy Living Update
Arthur Berman – The Biggest Red Herring In U.S. Shale
A red herring is something that takes attention away from a more important subject. Rig productivity and drilling efficiency distract from the truth that tight oil producers are losing money at low oil prices. Pad drilling allows many wells to be drilled from the same location by a single rig. Rig productivity reflects the increased volume of oil and gas …
The Gary Null Show – 08.26.15
Prof. Francis Boyle is a professor of international law at the University of Illinois Law School with a long career as an anti-war activist and upholder of human rights. He has served as a counsel to Bosnia and Herzegovina and was a legal advisor to the Palestinian delegation during the Middle East Peace negotiations from 1991 to 1993. Prof. Boyle has served on the board of directors of Amnesty International, and the Council for Responsible Genetics. He drafted the legislation for what became the Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act in 1989 which was signed into law by the first Bush administration. He has been a strong opponent of the current Afghan and Iraq wars, and was an advocate for bringing international arrest warrants against George W Bush, Cheney and others in the Bush administration. Prof. Boyle has published numerous papers in law reviews and many books. His most recent publications are "Palestine, Palestinians and Internaitonal," "Biowarfare and Terrorism" and "The Criminality of Nuclear Deterrence" co-written with Phillip Berrigan.


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It is a spiritual practice. I check in with myself every day to see how I'm feeling. When I journal every morning, after I review the day that has just passed, I jot down what I know about the current day. Then, I write down what I'm feeling. It is almost always a "mixed grill"… Continue reading Peaceful Butterflies
Tag: Pregnancy
I enjoy making up words. I loved word play with my children. We now have several words only our family knows. Today I made up this one: FaithWaiting. FaithWaiting is different from regular waiting. All waiting is pretty excruciating. Waiting for admission to that certain college. Waiting to turn 16. Waiting for the wedding day.… Continue reading FaithWaiting
I never knew why older people cried at weddings. It seemed obvious to me that it was a happy time. I didn't get it. I met Julie when I was an 18-year-old freshman at Texas A&M. We decided to be roommates the next year and have been close friends since then. I'll never forget the… Continue reading Whispers
Breaking News
This weekend was another happy college football weekend for our family, if you don't count the outcome of the game. It was especially delicious for us because all our children were there, our son-in-law, our grandson, other relatives and lots of friends, old and new. Football weekends are always very busy and loud with cannons,… Continue reading Breaking News
Already Wrapped in Layers of Love
We are getting ever so close to our first grandbaby's due date. I bought Half and Half that expires after his July 1 due date, so it's close! We all: friends, extended family and of course, his parents and grandparents are just abuzz with anticipation. When we will he come? How will it unfold? What will he… Continue reading Already Wrapped in Layers of Love


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Hiring new people for job openings is very important to keep a business healthy but nearly 7 out of every 10 hiring managers struggle to fill essential positions and end up with a bad fit. In 2018, 44% of all U.S. jobs saw employee turnover and during that same year, companies of all sizes, from under 10 people to businesses with hundreds of workers, saw difficulty hiring. The problem that companies are facing could originate in the hiring interview in and of itself.
Companies have been asking the same questions for a very long time and only do this so sensitive topics aren't discussed that could lead to the company getting into trouble. But these questions have major drawbacks. These questions might not be specific to your organization or even the available role, the answers aren't helpful, and can lead to skewed results.
Find out how companies are learning better interview techniques below.


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Optimizing the Supply Chain
Purchasing people don't get a whole lot of attention in this industry except when John Henke comes out with his annual Planning Perspectives (ppi1.com) OEM-supplier study, and he generally doesn't have a whole lot of nice things to say about the prevailing relationships. When he released last year's results, he said, "To say this year's results are disappointing would be an understatement."
And if that isn't enough, he went on to observe, "It's apparent that while the automakers' top purchasing executives generally understand and support positive working relations, this support has not been translated into a consistent action plan for improvement. The lack of improvement among these automaker's purchasing areas over the past several years suggests that none of them has implemented a well-defined, focused plan to improve their supplier working relations. Or, if they have such a plan, it is not being implemented at the level of day-to-day contact with suppliers. Either way, this is not good for the OEMs or the suppliers." Yes, it's like that. And in a month or so, when the new results come out, there probably won't be a whole lot of choruses of "Happy Days Are Here Again."
So imagine my surprise when I read in Procurement 20/20: Supply Entrepreneurship in a Changing World (wiley.com/business) by four members of McKinsey's staff, Peter Spiller, Nicholas Reinecke, Drew Ungerman, and Henrique Teixeira, "Even in the automotive and assembly industry, long con-sidered a model of advanced procurement performance . . ." What?! Auto's practices are a model for other industries? Yikes! But to be fair to the authors, they go on to finish that sentence, "only 51 percent were ranked as procurement leaders." It's better than half, but not by much.
Procurement 20/20 is actually a solid look at the outsourcing and value-chain practices that can help companies make the most out of practices that are part and parcel of what it takes to get products out the door. The book is sufficiently up to date so that they're able to talk about re-shoring and in-sourcing, as they point out, "For many Western manufacturers, the question of where to source once had a simple answer: China. The primary driver was lowering the cost of the supplied goods. The days when a company could use product cost as the principle factor in defining a sourcing footprint are long gone, however. Over the past decade, additional factors—including logistics, currency, lead time, and export and import duties—have become more important than ever, meaning that product cost, though still a primary factor, is no longer the principal factor."—GSV
Related Topics
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The Effects of Globalization Around the World
Many countries who once were major players from a vehicle production/export perspective are finding it difficult to even find their niche today.
Cylinder Coating for Improved Performance
Generally, when OEMs produce aluminum engine blocks (aluminum rather than cast iron because cast iron weighs like cast iron), they insert sleeves into the piston bores—cast iron sleeves.


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23 thoughts on "How to Adjust a Small Two Stroke Carburetor"
On the rb series carbs there is a another adjustment in the middle of the throttle too don't quote me
This is for my net engine in my beetle right.. so I'll guess these screws as you suggested and the mixture screw cos I'm just going fast not flying. That's all there there is to it. Champ
Nothing on how to adjust! On both needle screws. Where to start if both completely out. I know most the time you start with the L one turn out. Then adjust. But where do you start with the H needle? Once seated, how many turns out? Total waist of a video. A redo should occur. Not only my opinion but everyone's.
Fuck the garden
Great job! Thanks!!!
would this apply to my two stroke , one stage snowblower also?
What kind of blower is shown at 0:23
What a goof
The thing is I can't actually get my engine to start. It's not like it's performing badly, it doesn't even start….
That's eight plus minutes of my life I wish I had back. What is purpose of this vid?
High is always closest to air filter low closest to engine
thanks for the effort, but this is bad explanation
real good info, thank you very much my friend
Thank yopu for your video. worked perfectly and I save about 50 buck taking in for repair. Simple and easy PROBLEM SOLVED
Carburetor adjustment tool from Walmart online "ABN Spline Style Carburetor Adjustment Tool ABN#1008 $7.75
ineptitude incoherent fuk nutt
You are
try again
i can get it to run, carburator cleaned, but cant get it to consistently run after I choke it
Hi also befor thinking the carb ain`t running correctly always check the air filter,exhaust mesh baffle and test fuel filter`and make sure the the fuel tank is pressurising correctly,all these if not performing the way they should will cause the strimmer to run in correctly.and remember a flooding engine can be caused by a dirty air filter and a defected needle or needle seat.
I just adjusted the replacement carb on my Ryobi CS26 (RY28020). I think it was a zama replacement, don't recall, but it had the plastic caps on the adjustment screws. I just used a blue (16-14) butt connector and a #1 phillips screwdriver (I think). I forced the screwdriver in one end, removed & forced it into the other end to stick it there. That made the butt connector fit over the top of the cap & turned the screws fine. just needed a little adjustment to run OK in the 100* (110* index) heat today. I'll probably end up adjusting it again when it cools down some.
Thanks for the video 😉
H=High and L=Low most mechs say the low it closest to the engine.
if you run your 2 stroke carb to lean. It will scorch the exhaust valve, cylinder wall and rings. It will run really good and fast but gets super hot. Not enough fuel/oil to lube and cool the cylinder.


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Equity indices volatile, metal and auto stocks drag
Mumbai (Maharashtra) [India], Jan 22 (ANI): Equity benchmark indices erased morning gains on Wednesday due to profit booking as investors assessed the implications of spreading coronavirus in China and beyond.
At 12:30 pm, the BSE SP Sensex was down by 98 points to 41,226 while the Nifty 50 edged lower by 32 points at 12,138. Sectoral indices at the National Stock Exchange were mixed but Nifty metal dipped by 1.09 per cent and auto by 1.01 per cent.
Among stocks, Coal India fell by 4.72 per cent to Rs 192.60 per share while ONGC lowered by 4.2 per cent and NTPC by 3.8 per cent. Tata Motors was down by 3.2 per cent on fears of low sales in China and Maruti by 2.1 per cent.
Private sector lenders Kotak Mahindra Bank and ICICI Bank too slipped in the red by 1.9 per cent and 1.3 per cent respectively. The other prominent losers were Power Grid Corporation, UPL and Asian Paints.
However, Infosys gained by 1.5 per cent to Rs 773.90 per share while HCL Technologies was up by 1.1 per cent. Pharma majors Dr Reddy's and Cipla too gained by 0.7 per cent each and 0.6 per cent respectively. (ANI)


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Opticron has been supplying binoculars and telescopes for more than 40 years. They offer a wide range of equipment for all budgets and uses, from compact binoculars or monoculars to take on a trekking holiday to full size specialist binoculars for the keenest of birdwatchers. They have very kindly provided us with a fantastic pair of Discovery WP PC Mg 8×42 binoculars.
"Our ongoing support for a variety of wildlife conservation trusts, charities and other organisations is a key part of our work to promote the enjoyment of wildlife watching. We are pleased to be supporting the Lancashire Badger Group as part of that work."


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Be sure to tell us if you prefer to be contacted by e-mail or telephone. Refund policy. Once purchased, the following policies apply. If a team decides not to participate prior to the event being scheduled, a full refund will be provided or they may apply to a future event (within 1 year). If a team decides not to participate after an event is scheduled, registration may be applied to another event (within 1 year), or if we are able to find an alternate team to pay for the spot made available, a refund will be provided. If a team does not show up for an event, no refund is provided. If we are unable to find a replacement for tournament entry fee, no refund will be provided.


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Smile Train Appoints Dr. Faye Evans and Dr. Richard Hopper to Medical Advisory Board
Experienced anesthesiologist and plastic surgeon will share depth of knowledge with Smile Train and Advisory Board teams
Oct 12, 2017, 06:00 ET
NEW YORK, Oct. 12, 2017 /PRNewswire/ -- Smile Train, the world's largest cleft organization, today announced the appointment of two new members, Dr. Faye Evans and Dr. Richard Hopper, to its Medical Advisory Board. Dr. Evans and Dr. Hopper bring a combined 35+ years of medical expertise to Smile Train.
Dr. Evans is an anesthesiologist at Boston Children's Hospital and an Instructor in Anaesthesia at Harvard Medical School. She is an expert in global health and anesthesia – focused on improving the safety and quality of anesthesia and surgery globally through education and advocacy. Dr. Evans regularly lectures across the United States and the developing world.
"It is a privilege to join Smile Train's team and support their vision of providing safe surgery to children throughout the world," said Dr. Evans. "To date, Smile Train has supported more than one million cleft surgeries for children born with this debilitating condition. It is my hope to help to increase that number and touch additional children through my work and contributions."
Dr. Hopper is the Division Chief for Craniofacial and Plastic Surgery, Surgical Director of the Craniofacial Center at Seattle Children's Hospital and a Professor in Surgery at the University of Washington. He is a past-President of the American Society of Craniofacial Surgery, Council member of the International Society of Craniofacial Surgery, and co-founder of Partners in African Training, a training program to improve and expand access to team-based cleft care in sub-Saharan Africa.
"It is an honor to be a part of the work Smile Train is accomplishing throughout the developing world," said Dr. Hopper. "By providing children with cleft lip and palate surgery in a sustainable way through training that empowers local doctors, the organization will continue to positively impact and shape the future of the industry."
"Both Dr. Evans and Dr. Hopper bring a wealth of valuable knowledge and experience to Smile Train's team," said Charles Wang, Chairman and Founder of Smile Train. "I am confident that their background will continue to advance Smile Train as a leading cleft lip and palate care provider for children throughout the world."
The Medical Advisory Board is chaired by Chief of Plastic Surgery Service at Texas Children's Hospital, Dr. Larry Hollier. The board is composed of cleft experts from plastic surgeons to anesthesiologists to orthodontists to geneticists, and sets the standards for safety and quality for every Smile Train partner and program.
Smile Train's sustainable model provides training, funding and resources to empower local doctors in over 85 countries in the developing world to provide 100 percent-free cleft repair surgery and comprehensive cleft care in their own communities. Cleft repair surgery is simple, and the transformation is immediate. Since its founding in 1999, Smile Train has provided more than one million cleft repair surgeries.
For more information on Smile Train's Medical Advisory Board, please visit https://www.smiletrain.org/about/team. To learn more about Smile Train's global efforts and to make a donation, please visit smiletrain.org. Follow Smile Train on Twitter and Instagram @SmileTrain and like us on Facebook at facebook.com/SmileTrain.
About Smile Train
Smile Train is an international children's charity with a sustainable approach to a single, solvable problem: cleft lip and palate. Millions of children in developing countries with untreated clefts live in isolation, but more importantly, have difficulty eating, breathing and speaking. Cleft repair surgery is simple, and the transformation is immediate. Our sustainable model provides training, funding and resources to empower local doctors in 85+ developing countries to provide 100%-free cleft repair surgery and comprehensive cleft care in their own communities. To learn more about how Smile Train's sustainable approach means donations have both an immediate and long-term impact, please visit smiletrain.org.
SOURCE Smile Train


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|(Photo Estudios Revolución)
Ri Su Yong, member of the Political Bureau and vice-chairman of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK), who is on a visit to the Republic of Cuba as head of a delegation of the party and government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, on May 23 met and had a talk with Miguel Mario Diaz-Canel Bermudez, president of the Council of State and president of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Cuba, at the building of the Council State.
Ri Su Yong said that Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un values the close relations of friendship with Miguel Mario Diaz-Canel Bermudez and leads the efforts to boost equally-beneficial exchange and cooperation between both countries.
He expressed the invariable stand of the party, government and people of the DPRK to steadily develop the traditional relations of friendship with Cuba, true to the noble intention of Kim Jong Un.
Miguel Mario Diaz-Canel Bermudez said that he was very pleased to convey warm brotherly feelings and greetings to Kim Jong Un, and pledged to invariably develop the traditional relations of friendship provided by the great leaders of both countries, Fidel Castro Ruz and Raul Castro Ruz, President Kim Il Sung and Chairman Kim Jong Il.
Noting that the present complicate international situation requires both counties to further mutual support and solidarity in the struggle for defending sovereignty, dignity and socialism, he stressed that steadfast is the Cuba's will to expand exchange and cooperation with the DPRK.
(KCNA - May 26, 2019)


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What a day! Our last early wake up call of the trip, 5:45 and were still not use to it. Same plan breakfast and squashed ride on the matatu's. We met up with moses and gave him a painting, pictures and personal notes from everyone on the trip. He was completely surprised and had such a big grin on his face. It made us all warm and fuzzy inside. After, we went straight to the building sight which is now looking more like a building more than ever. We moved more bricks and made cement to help get the walls finished. After the hard work we went to visit Elisabeth's school for a second time to say our farewells. The school children did some poems and songs and were thrilled with the animal masks we gave them. They are looking forward to receiving the uniforms we have paid for and were telling us about how they had all been visited to get measured and fitted. It felt really good to see them all so happy and exited about a simple thing we had done for them.
We then had a long walk to segail and were greeted with smiling and happy faces. Some of us were given letters and notes from some of the sigail children which was a really happy and emotional time. Both Brockington and segail pupils walked to Mtwapa Academy for a farewell presentation, which included performances from both schools and the Brockington pupils handed out special gifts to all of the children. Some of us even gave our shoes away so were left to walk around in only fil-flops. After the presentation each class gave us gifts in return and moses said a moving speech about our time together. We were all awarded certificates for our participation in the Kenya experience and cultural trip. There was a disco to say our goodbyes and we all had a dance which was such good fun but emotional at the same time because we knew it was our last afternoon with the children.
We made our way back to the hotel with some teary eyes among us and had a well earned dip in the pool and a late lunch of yummy chips. After a while Mustafa – our safari guide, visited us with gifts for us all. This was a big surprise. He brought wooden animals, hair accessories and some masi statues. We were so grateful and thanked him continuously. We chilled out for the rest of the afternoon and are really looking forward to our promised lie in tomorrow morning.
Tabi – hi everyone back home!! Had such a good two weeks but can't wait to see you all on Saturday! Tan is coming along nicely and I have had my first bite a few days ago. Love to everyone, Tabi x
Lucy A – having a great time, I'm not coming home; you will have to come here. Missing everyone loads can't wait to
see you on Saturday. I'm not looking forward to the flight but I will try to sleep. Hope everyone's not missing me too much and can't wait to see my Molly again, tell her I'm on my way!!! Tonnes of love Lucy xxxxx


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via Buzzfeed. Choice quote
At that point we cut him off to save him from saying anything worse. It was a startling reminder that while people attending these kinds of events may know how to appear decent in bullet points, many still have deeply, deeply fucked-up attitudes toward women, and are incapable of shame when told what they're saying is offensive.


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For more than 40 years, Computerworld has been the leading source of technology news and information for IT influencers worldwide. Computerworld's award-winning Web site (Computerworld.com), twice-monthly publication, focused conference series and custom research form the hub of the world's largest global IT media network.
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is an architecture and art practice based in Bergen, Norway.
Cristian Ştefănescu (Arkitekt MNAL) is educated in Toronto, Stockholm and Bergen, Norway. Since 2012 he has been running a-works in tandem with regularly teaching at the Bergen School of Architecture. His work has been shown at the Hordaland Kunstsenter, Bergen Norway, the National Museum of Contemporary Art in Bucharest, Romania and at the Architekturzentrum Wien as part of the Vienna Biennale. His contribution to the Hardanger Skyspace, commissioned by Kunsthuset Kabuso and authored by the artist James Turrell, received 2nd place in the Betongtavlen 2017 award, the highest award for concrete architecture in Norway. In addition, Chercea Playground won 1st place in the Urbanianda national competition for public space design in Romania.
The studio constructs environments that play with spatial and sensorial experience. These environments evolve through the curious use of materials, assemblies and methods, while extending across various scales, locations and types. The studio is led by the Romanian / Canadian architect Cristian Ştefănescu.
Vetrlidsallmeningen 27a | 5014 Bergen | NO
+47 94 14 99 03
Past Collaborators
Eirik Solheim Aakhus
Auste Cijunelyte
Bjørnar Skaar Haveland
Kristin Karlsson
Irina Pata
Turid Skåden
Tiina Teraas
Sebastian Uthaug
Frede Vik
Henrik Westgaard


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