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Types Of Diabetes Found In Dogs
Type I – The most common form of diabetes found in dogs is Type I. This occurs when the pancreas is incapable of producing enough insulin. The vet usually suggests insulin therapy for dogs in such cases.
Type II – This type is very rare among dogs and is mostly found in cats, where the insulin doesn't properly respond or in other words, the body fails to make proper use of the insulin.
Symptoms Of Diabetes In Dogs
If you find your pet showing any one of the following indications, then it is time that you take him to a vet and have his blood-sugar level checked:
- Weight Loss – A sudden loss of weight in your pet could be a high alarm indicating diabetes. There are other diseases too that is accompanied by weight loss but this is one of the most prominent symptoms of diabetes.
- Increased Urination and Urinary Tract infection – Constant thirst can lead them to drink more water and pee a lot.
- Weakness or Fatigue is another usual symptom of diabetes in dogs.
Causes And Risk Factors Associated With Diabetes In Dogs
The exact cause of diabetes is not known but genetic issues and autoimmune diseases are the most commonly known reasons for diabetes. Research has also revealed that excessive protein deposits and certain medications can cause diabetes to develop in dogs.
If the disease is left treated during the early stages, it could lead to more severe complications like Cataract. Over a long period of time, diabetes can also lead to hardening of arteries, nerve issues and kidney failures.
Untreated diabetes can also cause a coma and death. So, when you notice a slight symptom in your dog, take him to the vet right away.
Dog Pregnancy Calculator And Timeline
Treatment Measures To Take
Diabetes in dogs is a very silent disease; hence, if you notice one or more symptoms in your pet, take him for an immediate blood test. Ensure that you take your pet for a routine medical test so that you can diagnose diabetes at an early stage even when the symptoms haven't shown up.
Here's what the treatment plan for Diabetes would look like;
- Diet – The vet would recommend you to include high-quality protein, fibre and complex carbohydrates in your dog's diet in order to facilitate slow and required absorption of glucose. During the treatment, it is advisable that you feed your dog with low-fat food. Ensure to get a complete diet plan from the vet; this will help you to effectively split up the meals and the portions.
- Exercise – A consistent and moderate level of exercise is necessary for your dog in order to keep sudden glucose drops at bay.
- Insulin Shots – The vet will mostly prescribe a daily insulin shot for your pet to keep its glucose levels stabilized. It may seem a bit difficult to get your pet used to the injections but as the days go by, it will become a part of the daily routine. Get the vet's help to give the first few shots and you can take care once you feel confident; the point is, your pet mustn't feel
Apart from following the treatment plan, you need to monitor and manage diabetes in your pet. In order to do that, you need to pay close attention to what your dog eats, the way it behaves, it's energy level and its glucose levels.
How To Prevent Diabetes In Dogs?
Most of the time, diabetes in dogs is inherited. But otherwise, it can be prevented with proper diet and regular exercise. Obesity also is considered as a contributing factor towards diabetes; keeping your pet's weight under control can help prevent the early onset of diabetes in dogs.
Diabetes in your dog shouldn't make you panic. With proper veterinary help, you will be able to offer the right care and treatment for your dog.
Most importantly, you must know that Diabetes is a manageable disease and can be kept under control with proper care. Consult the best vet near you in order to ensure top-notch treatment for your dog.
Diabetes, the growing epidemic is not just limited to people; dogs too are known to suffer from diseases like diabetes. It may sound strange, but diabetes in dogs occurs and one in every 200 dogs is reported to develop this disease.
The dog breeds that are prone to get diabetes are Australian Terriers, Mini Schnauzers, Poodles, and also in Golden Retrievers. This health issue may sometimes go unnoticed because of the occurrence of symptoms in nil during the early stages.
And if left untreated for a long time, it may lead to further complications like diabetic cataract, diabetic ketoacidosis, etc.
Many types of treatment methods are available these days and if you want to help your pet live a long and healthy life, you need to know everything about Diabetes in Dogs.
Know the Basics
Diabetes in dogs is either caused due to the lack of insulin hormone or the inability of the body to use insulin properly. When a dog eats, its digestive system breaks down the food into glucose and various other components.
Insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, signals the liver, fat cells and the muscles to absorb this glucose to be used as energy.
In case of insulin deficiency or inability to make proper use of insulin, the cells fail to absorb glucose, which then accumulates in the blood and causes the blood sugar level to elevate.


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Collette Vacations Distributes North America Brochure
Tour Operator Collette David Cogswell October 30, 2013
Collette Vacations released its 2014 tour brochure for Canada and the U.S., including three new tours: Maritimes Coastal Wonders, Alaskan Family Adventure and Alaska Adventure. The brochures showcases 36 tours in total. Also included is Collette's sub-brand, Collette Family Vacations, with offerings such as The Wild West and Yellowstone Family and Washington D.C. Family Discovery.
Also included are seven leisure stay itineraries that headquarter clients in each hotel for a number of nights at a time to allow them to get settled and have freedom to explore independently. Among the leisure stay programs are San Antonio Getaway and Islands of New England.
For more information on Collette, North America
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Application Number: 2003-127/F
Date received
Vicsmart Application
Application Detail
Shannon Johns
Department of Human Services C/- Brandrick
PO Box 505 ECHUCA VIC 3564
Address of Land
2-8 McLennan Street Mooroopna VIC
Description of proposal
Removal of the specific reference to "43" independent living units in the permit description under Section 72 of the Planning and Environment Act 1987. New condition 2 (layout not altered); subsequent conditions renumber. NATION BUILDING PROGRAM - SOCIAL HOUSING INITIATIVE 2-8 McLennan Street, Mooroopna ***Stage 1 (Lot A) Development of an existing building and external alterations, and use of the land as a Residential Village consisting of independent living units and associated car parking, generally in accordance with the endorsed plans. Stage 2 and 3 (Lots B, C and D) The land to be used and developed for a staged (two stages) assisted aged care accommodation facility incorporating independent living units and associated car parking with various building and works within the Heritage Overlay in accordance with the plans forming part of this permit.***


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New name on trophy as Bennetts claim the Butcher's Pride crown
There is a new name on the Butcher's Pride award for south Lincolnshire's tastiest sausage.
Bennetts Butchers of Winsover Road in Spalding scooped the overall prize by just one point on Friday for their tasty pork and stiton sausage.
They had won the specialist sausage category, with Bycrofts of Boston and Trevor Sharpe of Gosberton tying for the Lincolnshire sausage award. The highest overall score from both categories wins the coveted Butcher's Pride trophy.
It was the first victory for Bennetts since MP John Hayes launched the competition in 2012.
Organised by Boston College on behalf of Mr Hayes, the event took place this year at The Woodlands Hotel on Pinchbeck Road in Spalding and was once again a huge success.
The hotel proved a wonderful venue and chef Jon Martin prepared the sausages for the judges, who 'blind tested' in two sittings, firstly with 12 Lincolnshire sausage recipes and then with 16 speciality makes.
They had no idea which butcher's sausage they were tasting and judged them individually on appearance and smell, texture, taste and seasoning and flavour. Marks were then added up in each category to arrive with the two winners, and the top mark overall was crowned the Butcher's Pride champ.
The judging panel comprised of: John Hayes MP, Lincolnshire Life editor Caroline Bingham, Boston College head of governors Peter Cropley,Federation of Small Businesses Wash branch leader Keith Gott,Free Press and Spalding Guardian editor Jeremy Ransome and Boston Borough Council portfolio holder for tourism, arts, culture and heritage Coun Claire Rylott.
Competing for the Best Lincolnshire Sausage were Simpsons, Bennettsand Adams of Spalding, Ashtons and Bycrofts of Boston, Hargraves of Pinchbeck, Shearers of Holbeach, Trevor Sharpe of Gosberton and Grasmere of Market Deeping.
Trevor Sharpe and Bycrofts were well ahead of the opposition, with Grasmere and dams highly commended for their efforts.
And whereas the ingredients, if not the tastes, were similar for the Lincolnshire Sausage contest, the speciality competition gave butchers the chance to experiment.
There was pork and apple,black pepper, sage and redonion, minted lamb, stilton and leake, cumberland, tangy sweet chilli, caramelised red onion and chorizo all vying for the judges' attention, plus special varieties such as low fat and gluten-free.
But it was Bennetts' pork and stilton that wowed the panel, just seeing off George Adams' ginger, chilli and lime sausage (a winner in 2016), which along with Shearers' gluten-free effort was highly commended.
Lincolnshire Sausage – 1= Trevor Sharpe of Gosberton and Bycrofts of Boston; 3- Grasmere of Market Deeping; 4- Adams traditional; 5- Adams 1910 recipe.
Specialist Sausage – 1- Bennetts' pork and stilton; 2- Adams' ginger, chilli and lime; 3- Shearers' gluten-free; 4- Adams' sage and red onion; 5- Grasmere Farms' pork and chorizo.
Butcher's Pride Overall Winner- Bennetts' pork and stilton.
2017: Lincolnshire Sausage: George Adams of Spalding; Speciality Sausage: Trevor Sharpe of Gosberton; Butcher's Pride Award: George Adams of Spalding.
2016: Lincolnshire Sausage: George Adams of Spalding; Speciality Sausage: George Adams of Spalding; Butcher's Pride Award: George Adams of Spalding.
2015: Lincolnshire Sausage: Bycroft's of Boston; Speciality Sausage: Trevor Sharpe of Gosberton; Butcher's Pride Award: Bycroft's of Boston.
2014: Lincolnshire Sausage: George Adams of Spalding; Speciality Sausage: Trevor Sharpe of Gosberton; Butcher's Pride Award: George Adams of Spalding.
2013: Lincolnshire Sausage: Trevor Sharpe of Gosberton; Speciality Sausage: George Adams of Spalding; Butcher's Pride Award: Trevor Sharpe of Gosberton.
2012: Butcher's Pride Award: George Adams of Spalding.


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Episode List
The saxophone has always played an important role in jazz. Whether it's a large ensemble or small group, with the exception of the piano/organ trio, it's rare that the saxophone isn't present, accounted for, and swingin' hard. In this hour, we will explore some hip tunes where the sax is definitely along for the ride.
|Cannonball Adderley & Ernie Andrews
|Big City
|Live Session! Cannonball Adderley with
the New Exciting Voice of Ernie Andrews!
|Sonny Rollins
|Blue 7
|Saxophone Colossus
|Joshua Redman
|Indian Song
|Back East
|Rahsaan Roland Kirk
|Step Right Up
|Here Comes the Whistleman
|Vito Price
|Mousey's Tune
|Swingin' the Loop
|Shorty Rogers & His Giants
|Echoes of Harlem
|Jazz Waltz
|Gerry Mulligan
|Blue Boy
|Hank Mobley
|Avila and Tequila
|Hank Mobley Quartet
|Mike LeDonne
|From the Heart
|Don Braden
|The Wonder of You
|Earth Wind and Wonder
|home sound ideas jazz etiquette kcho kcsm kjaz jazz with bob parlocha contact us
|Copyright ©℗ 2012-2020 The Sageza Group. All Rights Reserved.


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This recipe for Easy Lemon Garlic Butter Shrimp is a family favorite and a great way to shake up those weekday meals for the better!
Looking for more quick and easy weeknight meals? You'll love One Pan Creamy Lemon Chicken and Asparagus, Sheet Pan Jambalaya, and Instant Pot Balsamic Pork Tenderloin.
If you love easy shrimp dinners, then you should also try these Chipotle Shrimp Tostadas, this Southwest Shrimp Salad Stuffed Avocados, and this Fiesta Lime Shrimp Salad.
Shrimp dinners are easily one of my favorite meals to put together. Shrimp are a break from the norm, thaw quickly, and cook up fast, too. Plus, they taste soooo good with very little ingredients. My favorite ways to dress up shrimp are with lots of garlic, butter, and lemon. (If I'm being honest I usually have to double the recipe because I get a little upset if I don't get a huge helping of the shrimp all to myself.)
Also — bonus — I just realized that Cinco de Mayo is right around the corner. Which means, these shrimp would make a great part of any celebration. Imagine these little babies tucked in a tortilla, with a little jalapeno, pickled red onions, and salsa. Or on a tostada, with a little guac and a squeeze of lime — yum!
I've also been known to add some Mexican-style spices to the shrimp as well. Try adding cumin, a dash of paprika, and some red pepper flakes to the final product. A finely diced chipotle pepper and a tablespoon of adobo sauce stirred into the garlic and herb mixture will taste mighty fine with this shrimp dish. If you're leaning more toward lime versus lemon on your shrimp, well, you can do that too. The point is, don't feel held down to just one way of making this shrimp — just make sure you make it, and soon!
In addition to serving this shrimp in a taco or burrito for the upcoming holiday, there are many other ways to serve this shrimp that might surprise you.
- I like to take this recipe as-is and serve it over a nest of linguine, angel hair pasta, or any thin pasta you have. Mmmmmm.
- This shrimp also goes great over rice — brown, white, mixed-grain, you name it, it's delicious.
- These shrimp also make a great appetizer as-is. There's no need to wrap bacon over them or serve them in any kind of fancy way. No one minds treating shrimp as a finger food.
- If you are adding this to pasta or rice, consider adding some kale, spinach, or other hearty green to the shrimp mixture during the last five minutes. A little bit extra nutrition, minimal effort on your part.
- This shrimp recipe is also so good on top of a bed of greens or in a make-your-own power bowl.
For cooking on the stovetop, I do prefer to peel and devein my shrimp first. (Sometimes I leave the shells on [but still devein] if I'm grilling them for a little protection from the heat, but mostly I peel them first.) It's also more considerate for others who may be dining with you, as you're not sticking them with the messy chore of digging the shrimp out of their dish and peeling them themselves.
There are a couple different ways to peel and devein shrimp. To tell you the truth, my favorite way is to not do it at all and purchase them already shelled and deveined. But, if I do have to do the deed, what you want to do is pull the legs off first and then break open the shell on the underside of the shrimp and peel it off. Pinch the tail where it meets the shell and pop the rest of the meat out. Then, use the point of a sharp knife to pull the dark vein out. Rinse or wipe the knife off every each deveining.
Shrimp is good for you, it turns out. It's very low-calorie and low-fat. It's also a good source of protein and Omega-3 fatty acids, which are, in turn great for your heart and brain. You'll also be eating vitamin D, selenium, and other B vitamins with every portion of shrimp you consume. When it's all said and done, shrimp is a great protein source to add to your diet if you're watching what you eat.
What people are saying about this Easy Lemon Garlic Butter Shrimp
"Love this shrimp. Made a big batch of cauliflower rice, seasoned with hot pepper oil, more garlic and green onions. Served the shrimp on top of rice… OMG, so delicious!" – Trish
"So I already had a shrimp recipe I was going to try tonight, but as soon as I got your email, I knew I had to make it. So good! Ate mine with rice and roasted parmesan broccoli. Thanks for the recipe!!" – Jasmine
Easy Lemon Garlic Butter Shrimp
- 1 1/2 pounds large or jumbo shrimp peeled and deveined, tails on or off
- 4-6 tablespoons butter
- 3 teaspoons minced garlic
- 1/2 teaspoon dried Italian herb blend
- 1 tablespoon finely chopped fresh parsley or cilantro
- juice of 1 lemon
- Rinse shrimp and pat dry with a paper towel. In a large skillet melt 4 tablespoons of butter over medium heat. Add garlic and dried herbs and stir for 1 minute or until garlic is golden.
- Add shrimp and cook 4-6 minutes, stirring periodically, until pink and hot throughout. Stir in parsley or cilantro, and lemon juice to taste (one tablespoons is a good place to start). Serve immediately.


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Stick a Stollen in Your Stocking
I love marzipan, always have, always will – don't leave it in front of me if you want it back! Those that don't I'll never understand. As kids we'd make marzipan shapes in a multitude of colours as mine do now. It starts well with the compulsory snowmen and Santas but there is always a rapid descent into swirls and worms to use up the mixture. Stollen takes marzipan one step further I think, wrapping it in a sweet dough, just right for topping up when feeling half-starved over the Christmas period. I've tried to make them several times over the years but without much success. If I can get it right it would be a firm favourite in my household so naturally, there is a perfect challenge for Vanessa.
|This is a variation on the traditional stollen: all the taste but in a slightly different shape. I have put them into the Panibois Archiduc cases as they make really lovely gift packing.
In Germany they are often covered in chocolate or icing sugar and decorated, but I like to keep things simple, so I've used snow sugar because unlike icing sugar, it doesn't change colour or melt into the bake, retaining that lovely dredged-in-sugar look. It has so many flavours, and because it is so moist, it will keep for a couple of weeks if you wrap it well. I particularly love the way the flavours develop as it ages – it is a wonderful festive loaf that is relatively straightforward to make, so is great for beginners too.
Recipe: CHRISTMAS STOLLEN
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A few drops of this sweet almond flavouring will strengthen the flavour of ground almonds subtly, and is excellent used in combination with vanilla, or cherries, or apricots. Try making a blueberry muffin with a few drops added to the batter, the delicate flavour of the fruit appears more intense.
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Implementation of a Modular Software Architecture on a Real-Time Operating System for Generic Control over MRI Compatible Surgical Robots
Faculty Advisor or Committee Member
Gregory S. Fischer, Advisor
Faculty Advisor or Committee Member
Loris Fichera, Committee Member
Faculty Advisor or Committee Member
William R. Michalson, Committee Member
Software used in medical settings operate in complex and variable environments. Programs need to integrate well not only with their electrical and mechanical components, but also within the socio-technological setting they participate in. In this Master's Thesis, a modular software architecture for controlling surgical robot systems within magnetic resonance scanners is designed and implemented. The C++ program runs on a sbRIO 9651 real-time operating system and an object oriented design is taken. Robot kinematics and controls are put into effect in software and validated. Communication with up to ten daughter cards occurs via SPI and external information is exchanged via OpenIGTLink. A web-based engineering console made with ReactJS is also constructed to provide a visual interface for actuating motor axes and executing robot functionality. Documentation of the code is provided and the program was validated quantitatively with software tests and qualitatively through experimentation in MRI suites.
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Degree Name
Robotics Engineering
Project Type
Date Accepted
Copyright Statement
All authors have granted to WPI a nonexclusive royalty-free license to distribute copies of the work. Copyright is held by the author or authors, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. If you have any questions, please contact email@example.com.
Restricted-WPI community only
Repository Citation
Gandomi-Bernal, Katie, "Implementation of a Modular Software Architecture on a Real-Time Operating System for Generic Control over MRI Compatible Surgical Robots" (2018). Masters Theses (All Theses, All Years). 1227.
MRI, real time, robotics, software architecture


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The frequency of polyploid speciation in vascular plants
Since its discovery in 1907, polyploidy has been recognized as an important phenomenon in vascular plants, and several lines of evidence indicate that most, if not all, plant species ultimately have a polyploid ancestry. However, previous estimates of the frequency of polyploid speciation suggest that the formation and establishment of neopolyploid species is rare. By combining information from the botanical community's vast cytogenetic and phylogenetic databases, we establish that 15% of angiosperm and 31% of fern speciation events are accompanied by ploidy increase. These frequency estimates are higher by a factor of four than earlier estimates and lead to a standing incidence of polyploid species within genera of 35% (n = 1,506). Despite this high incidence, we find no direct evidence that polyploid lines, once established, enjoy greater net species diversification. Thus, the widespread occurrence of polyploid taxa appears to result from the substantial contribution of polyploidy to cladogenesis, but not from subsequent increases in diversification rates of polyploid lines.
Polyploidy, the heritable increase in genome copy number, is a central feature of plant diversification (1–3). Polyploidy is captivating as a speciation mechanism for several reasons: (i) it is often associated with the defining features of neospecies, reproductive isolation and morphological differentiation, (ii) it can cause the saltational origin of new species, and (iii) it can have profound effects on subsequent lineage evolution because of genome duplication. Analyses of cytological, fossil and genomic data suggest that 47% to 100% of flowering plant species can be traced to a polyploid event at some point within the diversification of the angiosperm crown group (3–5). In ferns, high chromosome base numbers suggest that most extant taxa are derived from ancient polyploidy (6). However, these inferences tell us relatively little about the frequency of ongoing polyploid speciation, because they are compatible with both rare and frequent polyploid speciation. Current model-based estimates of speciation via polyploidy suggest that it is rare relative to homoploid divergence (7, 8). Here, we use phylogenetic data to obtain the first direct estimate of the frequency of polyploid speciation in flowering plants and ferns and to evaluate whether polyploid lineages diversify more rapidly.
Results and Discussion
First, following Stebbins (9) and others (10–12), we used published chromosome counts to characterize polyploid incidence across a diverse sample of vascular plant genera. Across the entire dataset, 34.5% (9,795 of 28,406) of species are inferred to be polyploid relative to their generic base (see Materials and Methods and Table S1). We then grouped these data phylogenetically to examine dispersion in this index across the major lineages of vascular plants (13–16; Fig. 1). At this scale, the most striking feature is uniformity of the means across the groups: Phylogenetic taxonomy explains very little of the variation (χ72 = 380.73, P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.010, with the ferns and lycophytes grouped and hereafter referred to as ferns). In contrast, polyploid incidence is distributed less equitably among families (χ1982 = 4,259.41, P < 0.00001, R2 = 0.116). Overall, with the exception of the species-poor gymnosperms, vascular plant species derived from recent polyploid events are ubiquitous and represent a large fraction of named diversity, a pattern that also holds for bryophytes (12). Interestingly, generic base counts are negatively associated with polyploid incidence in angiosperms (χ32 = 2,798.01, P < 0.00001, R2 = 0.085; Fig. 2), but show no association in ferns (χ32 = 6.61, P = 0.085, R2 = 0.002). This result provides the first quantitative support for the hypothesis that chromosome number increase due to polyploidy limits subsequent diversification via genome duplication in flowering plants (3). In addition, this observation may help to explain the stark difference in mean chromosome number between homosporous ferns and angiosperms.
Assuming no speciation within polyploid lineages, the percentage of species that are infrageneric polyploids can be interpreted as an upper limit to the frequency of polyploid speciation. In contrast, published estimates of the frequency of polyploid speciation for flowering plants [2–4% (ref. 8) and 3.8% (ref. 7)] and ferns [7% (ref. 8)], set an approximate lower limit because they are derived from models that assume a minimum number of infrageneric ploidy shifts. A recent model for predicting polyploid abundance allows multiple, independent transitions to the same ploidy level (17), but it has been applied to only 10 flowering plant genera, all of which have numerous ploidy levels (>4) and are not representative of angiosperms as a whole.
To avoid the above assumptions, we directly estimated the frequency of polyploid speciation by tracking shifts in ploidy level across infrageneric plant phylogenetic trees. For angiosperms, we sampled 1,813 speciation events within 123 phylogenetic trees drawn from the plant systematic literature (Table S2; see Fig. S1 for methodological diagram). Using an irreversible model of polyploid evolution, 272 of the 1,813 events (15.00 ± 0.84%; ± SE) were accompanied by a shift to a higher ploidy level. For ferns, we examined 204 speciation events within 20 infrageneric phylogenetic trees; 64 (31.37 ± 3.26%) involved an increase in ploidy (Table S3). Although less biologically realistic, we also used simple parsimony to map shifts in ploidy level; under this model there were 232 ploidy transitions (12.80 ± 0.78%) across the angiosperm dataset, and 61 (29.90 ± 3.21%) across the ferns.
One concern is that our results may be biased because of uncertainty in the phylogenetic trees analyzed. To obtain a rough estimate of the sensitivity of our angiosperm result to phylogenetic uncertainty, we recorded the minimum number of ploidy transitions across published topologies derived from different data partitions for all studies that reported them and that included 2 or more polyploid species (n = 30). The number of ploidy shifts is slightly lower in the partitioned data (123 versus 139 for the irreversible case), resulting in a ≈3% decrease in the polyploid speciation frequency estimate for angiosperms. This decrease is primarily due to the lower resolution of trees derived from fewer data: Groupings of polyploid/diploid species on trees derived from combined data are collapsed into polytomies, thus fewer shifts are inferred. Given that many of the sampled phylogenetic trees from the full data also contain polytomies, our estimates may be best considered conservative.
Another worry is that aneuploidy can make patterns of chromosomal evolution more complex, and thus, the tracking of ploidy state transitions can become somewhat subjective (see Materials and Methods). Although aneuploid variation was not substantial in the fern dataset, we identified 16 angiosperm groups where significant aneuploidy was present. To validate our inferences of the number of ploidy shifts in these groups, we used a recently developed model to infer the number of ploidy shifts in 12 of the 16 taxa that exhibit substantial aneuploidy (see SI Methods). The number of ploidy shifts inferred with the model-based approach is slightly higher across the 12 groups compared with our more conservative method (62 versus 55; Table S4 and Table S5). This was anticipated because the model-based approach estimates the expected number of polyploid events, taking into account multiple events along a single branch. In addition, even if sister species have the same number of chromosomes, the probabilistic model may infer that they are separated by one or more ploidy transitions, particularly if the branches separating the species are long and the aneuploid and polyploid transition rates are high across the tree (see SI Methods).
The phylogenetic trees used here represent 63 of ≈400 recognized angiosperm families (18) and 10 of ≈40 fern families (16). This broad sample demonstrates that ongoing polyploid speciation is substantially more common in vascular plants than the current estimates suggest (7, 8). Our species-level estimates are bolstered by the frequency of infraspecific polyploidy: 12–13% of angiosperm and 17% of fern species harbor multiple ploidy levels (see Materials and Methods, and ref. 19). But how do polyploid lineages fare over longer timeframes?
Several researchers have presented a positive relationship between generic species richness and polyploid incidence in angiosperms as indirect evidence that genome doubling is associated with increased net diversification rate (8, 20, 21), a result we corroborate here across 1,271 genera. However, polyploid incidence explains only a small portion of the variance in generic species richness across the entire angiosperm dataset (F1,1269 = 73.90, P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.055), although the relationship is tighter when only those genera for which we have chromosome counts for ≥50% of the species are included (F1,488 = 82.86, P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.145). In ferns, polyploid incidence is not a significant predictor of generic species richness (F1,94 = 2.16, P = 0.145, R2 = 0.022). Earlier workers have treated the angiosperm result cautiously (8, 17, 20, 21), arguing that genera with high species richness and polyploid incidence may simply be older than genera with comparatively fewer species and lower polyploid incidence. Alternatively, this relationship may arise because polyploid lines do not contribute to morphological disparity (22) and thus are less likely to be segregated as genera. Instead, the reproductive isolation that often attends ploidy shifts may allow the accumulation of more species within genera than would otherwise occur in the absence of polyploidy. Both age and taxonomy may thus influence the positive association between generic species richness and infrageneric polyploid incidence. Consequently, this relationship cannot be taken as direct evidence that polyploidy leads to increased net species diversification.
To evaluate the taxonomic influence, we worked at a slightly larger scale to assess the degree to which polyploidy is an infrageneric phenomenon. For angiosperms, we mapped ploidy shifts across 34 intrafamilial phylogenetic trees where the terminal branches typically represent genera. Although it can be difficult to determine that a genus is wholly polyploid because of incomplete cytogenetic sampling, we estimated the number of angiosperm genera that are polyploid relative to near allies (Table S6). The origins of 64 of 435 genera (15.6 ± 1.74%) were associated with an increase in ploidy, a fraction that is strikingly similar to the frequency of polyploid speciation. However, this estimate is biased upward, because it is likely that some genera scored as polyploid contain unsampled, extant diploid species.
Therefore, we conducted a more direct test of the relative success of polyploid versus diploid lines. If polyploidy has increased net diversification rates, then polyploid species would tend to group together on phylogenetic trees, and these groups would contain more species than their lower-ploid sister groups. Based on this logic, we tested for differences in species richness between angiosperm sister groups, each invariant for ploidy level but separated by a ploidy shift, to determine whether such shifts accelerate diversification (Table S7 and Fig. S1). Of 59 comparisons involving greater than 2 species, 23 polyploid lineages contain more species, whereas 30 do not (6 ties). The marginal difference in species richness in these polyploid by diploid contrasts is not significant when evaluated by both parametric and nonparametric tests (n = 59, t = 0.4561, P = 0.650, 2-tailed matched pairs t test; n = 59, z = −1.169, P = 0.2425, Wilcoxon/Kruskal–Wallis Test). The symmetry in species richness between polyploid-diploid sister groups in this broader survey is in accord with a similar analysis conducted at the intergeneric level within the Rosaceae (21). Overall, single ploidy transitions that separate reasonably large lineages are rare, indeed most ploidy transitions in this analysis (92 of 151) separate 2 species (1:1 ties).
By necessity, the above contrasts were often drawn from the tips of the trees. To use more of the information contained within our sample of trees, we evaluated diversification rate variation with SymmeTREE (23). This method assesses whole trees for significant asymmetry and identifies nodes at which significant shifts in net diversification occur. We examined 26 topologies that contained 2 or more polyploid species. Twelve of these exhibited significant diversification rate variation based on at least 1 whole-tree statistic, and 6 of these 12 trees had at least 1 node that could be linked to a diversification rate shift. However, ploidy shifts could be implicated in only 2 of the topologies. In one of these 2 trees, the single significant node subtends a clade that is polymorphic for ploidy (5 polyploids, 2 diploids and 3 species with no count data). Thus, although polyploidy clearly contributes to the clade imbalance identified by the model, we cannot infer that polyploids within this group have diversified at an elevated rate. In the second case, the model identified 4 significant nodes. Two of these represent branching events within a polyploid lineage and one is deep in the tree and is not near a ploidy shift. The 4th shift occurs along a branch that supports 27 polyploid species, 9 diploid species and 15 species of unknown ploidy level. The sister group to this clade is a single species of unknown ploidy level. Although these results do not provide a clear answer, they are consistent with our conclusion based on the sister group contrasts. Both of the comparative approaches used here demonstrate that ploidy lability limits our ability to evaluate differences in speciation rate between polyploid and diploid lines within angiosperm genera; and clearly, attempts to establish individual ploidy shifts in deep time as causal to diversity radiations (24) are tenuous.
In conclusion, our results indicate that the frequency of polyploid speciation in vascular plants is higher by a factor of four compared with previous estimates. These new estimates may be conservative because: (i) incomplete phylogenetic resolution, common in our phylogeny dataset, will lead, on average, to fewer inferred ploidy shifts than truly occurred, and (ii) multiple polyploid speciation events that share one or both parents may appear to represent a single event in phylogenetic trees (25). Also, our estimates do not include unnamed, intraspecific polyploid cytotypes, which may often represent cryptic biological species (19). Although we detect no diversification advantage associated with genome duplication, the high frequency of polyploid speciation in angiosperms, coupled with loss of chromosomes in polyploid lines (26), helps to explain the initially surprising evidence that even flowering plant species with low chromosome numbers have a polyploid ancestry (27).
Materials and Methods
Polyploid Incidence Within Genera.
We assembled a chromosome count database from the portion of the Index of Plant Chromosome Numbers (IPCN) that was available in digital form (28). Two data files were constructed, 1 for seed plants and 1 for ferns. For the latter, the IPCN data were augmented by hand with chromosome counts from a different compendium (29), all earlier IPCN print volumes (28), and several recent primary sources. The numbers of infrageneric polyploid species in both the seed plant and fern datasets were computed with a Perl script, where sporophytic (2n) counts greater than or equal to 3.5 times the lowest haploid (n) count of the host genus were tabulated as polyploid. Genera with counts that fell between the lowest count and the polyploid threshold were checked by hand, and those genera for which there was dysploid continuity between the lowest count and species tagged as polyploid were removed. In addition, genera with data for 3 or fewer species and for which the lowest count was not corroborated by a second count were also removed from the seed plant analysis. The ferns were treated in the same way except that genera with singleton base counts were included when this count was deemed accurate. Angiosperm genera with lowest counts inferred from 2 records from only 1 species were checked against data from Federov (30) to ensure accuracy. When there were conflicts between these 2 sources, the genera were removed. Finally, 3 groups (Cyperaceae, Cuscuta, Luzula) known to possess holocentric chromosomes were removed from the analysis. The number of species within a genus with chromosome count data are positively correlated with generic species richness. Thus, weighted averages of the percentage of polyploid species are reported as they more accurately reflect the group-level expectation of drawing a polyploid species at random from the dataset or from nature. Data from the above Perl analyses were used to compare polyploid incidence among clades identified by molecular systematists (13–16). In addition, we grouped angiosperm and fern genera separately into 4 base count categories, low to high and each with approximately the same number of genera, to determine whether generic base count is a predictor of polyploid incidence. Because polyploid incidence is a proportion, we used a logistic model to evaluate statistical significance. Statistical analyses, including those below, were performed using JMP versions 5 or 7 (ref. 31). The polyploid incidence data are reported in Table S1.
Polyploid Incidence Within Species.
The incidence of infraspecific polyploidy was estimated by calculating the fraction of named species that contain multiple ploidy levels. This fraction has been estimated on a smaller scale elsewhere for angiosperms (19, 32). We used the chromosome count datasets described above to estimate this fraction for both ferns and angiosperms. Triploid counts are excluded from these estimates. We report the fern and angiosperm estimates in the results as single point estimates.
Polyploid Incidence and Species Richness.
The relationship between polyploid incidence and generic species richness estimates was evaluated with ANOVA. Species richness was natural log transformed. In cases where the number of species in the richness estimate was lower than the number of species for which we had count data, we set species richness equal to the number of species with data. The data used for this analysis are included in Table S1.
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Frequency of Polyploid Speciation.
We selected published phylogenetic trees from the plant systematic literature: American Journal of Botany (2004–2006), Plant Systematics and Evolution (2004–2005), Systematic Botany (2001–2006), and Taxon (2003–2004). Those studies that included ≈25% or more of the recognized taxa of the most intensively sampled group (e.g., a section of a genus) were included. On average 44.5% of recognized species of the focal groups were sampled for phylogenetic analysis and had chromosome counts (sampling intensity). Regression of the number of ploidy shifts per speciation event on sampling intensity is not significant (F1,122 = 1.03, P = 0.313, R2 = 0.008).
Most studies were based on multiple data partitions and presented more than one topology; when possible, we selected the tree that was inferred from the most data. We used chromosome counts from the seed plant dataset, the IPCN volume 1975–78 (28), and Federov (30), and counts reported with the phylogenetic analyses to infer ploidy level. In the few cases where there was a conflict between counts reported with the phylogenetic analysis and those from compendia, we used exclusively the count data reported with the phylogenetic analysis to infer ploidy level.
We coded ploidy states by treating each discrete group of counts separated by a gap more than or equal to to the lowest count as a separate ploidy state. For example, n = 9 and n = 18 coded as 2 different ploidy states (0, 1); n = 9–13 and n = 22 coded as 2 different ploidy states (0, 1); n = 8, n = 16, and n = 24 coded as 3 different ploidy states (0, 1, 2). The numbers of character state transitions were inferred with unordered optimization. Thus, for the last, 3-state example, if a species with state 0 (for n = 8) were sister to a species with state 2 (for n = 24), this was counted as a single step, i.e., a single polyploid event. Speciation events that did not involve doubling but that were inferred to involve an addition of a complete chromosome set, were counted as polyploid events, e.g., transitions from state 1 to state 2 in the 3-state example.
For most taxa, the above methods were sufficient; however, for some groups (n = 16), aneuploid variation (loss or gain of chromosomes without change in ploidy) was substantial and made ploidy state inference more difficult because gaps between ploidy states were blurred. For a subset of these phylogenetic trees (n = 12), we used a likelihood approach that assessed the fit of various models that allowed for both aneuploid (gain or loss of single chromosomes) and polyploid changes to infer the number of ploidy shifts across a tree (see SI Methods for details). In general, the best-fit model inferred more ploidy shifts than our approach based on more subjective scoring of ploidy states in groups with aneuploidy. A comparison of the results is presented in Table S4. The results reported in Fig. 1 are based on the scoring approach described in the previous paragraph rather than the likelihood model results, because the model could not be applied to all phylogenies.
In this analysis, the number of speciation events per phylogenetic hypothesis is equal to the number of species with count data minus one. Thus, our estimate of the frequency of polyploid speciation is the fraction of speciation events that are accompanied by a transition in ploidy. This method ignores extinction and assumes that ploidy transitions are directly associated with speciation, an assumption that is consistent with the observation that ploidy transitions are accompanied by reproductive isolation. However, by ignoring extinction, we may be overestimating the contribution of polyploidy to cladogenesis.
We first determined the numbers of ploidy transitions with an irreversible model with unordered states, where the deepest node in the tree was constrained to the lowest ploidy state in the group and ploidy level decreases were not allowed. This model is in accord with the consensus view that polyhaploidy is likely very rare in nature. When necessary, we used MacClade 4.06 to determine the number of ploidy state changes (33). Because the irreversible model cannot be implemented in MacClade unless all nodes are dichotomous, we resolved polytomies to minimize ploidy state changes (most parsimonious solution of a "soft" polytomy). We also inferred the number of ploidy transitions with parsimony, again with unordered states. We report a binomial standard error for our estimates of the frequency of polyploid speciation. Table S2 lists the phylogenies, with associated data, used for this analysis.
Ferns and lycophytes.
We identified published phylogenetic trees using a variety of scientific indices and chose twenty studies for inclusion. All of the selected phylogenetic trees contained at least 4 species with count data. In all but 1 case (Dryopteris), the studies were focused on small genera or small clades within genera. On average, 83.1% of recognized species of the focal groups were sampled for phylogenetic analysis and had chromosome counts (sampling intensity). In most cases, the authors of the study considered ploidy variation explicitly, and we used the count data presented in the study to infer the number of ploidy transitions. In this sample, aneuploid variation was not significant. In some cases, the comprehensive dataset used for the Perl analysis was used as a supplement, and, as with the angiosperm analysis, we resolved conflicts between data reported in the article and in our dataset in favor of the former. The frequency of polyploid speciation was calculated as for the angiosperms. For this sample, there is a significant, positive relationship between polyploid speciation frequency and sampling intensity (F1,19 = 5.08, P = 0.037, R2 = 0.22). The leverage comes from 4 phylogenetic trees with no polyploid events and incomplete chromosome count data. In total, these 4 studies contain 25 speciation events. Table S3 lists the phylogenetic studies and associated data used for this analysis.
Polyploidy and the Evolution of Genera.
We performed this analysis in the manner described above for the phylogenetic analyses of polyploid speciation frequencies. Phylogenies were drawn from the American Journal of Botany (2004–2006) and International Journal of Plant Sciences (2006) and represent 28 families. It is expected that a portion of the genera scored as polyploid contain unsampled diploid species, thus our estimate of the number of polyploid genera is biased upward. Table S6 lists the phylogenies and associated data used for this analysis.
Polyploidy and Net Diversification Rate.
Nonnested sister group contrasts.
We examined all angiosperm phylogenies included in the polyploid speciation frequency analysis for contrasts between sister lineages that were each monomorphic for ploidy level but separated by a ploidy shift. To increase sample size, we then searched for phylogenetic hypotheses for genera that were relatively well characterized cytogenetically within the first half of Federov (30) and/or in our chromosome count dataset (these studies constitute the "Nonrandom" (NR) studies in Table S7). For many of the studies examined, sampling is incomplete: Either all species within a clade were not sampled, or cytogenetic data were not available for all species; or sampling was incomplete in both respects. In general, we only included contrasts where chromosome count data were available for all sampled taxa on either side of a single ploidy shift. In the included studies with missing count data, the sign of the contrast (e.g., more polyploid species) is robust to new data, although the species numbers may not be (e.g., 5:1 may change to 2:1). We do include contrasts where phylogenetic sampling is incomplete (all recognized species not included). When these latter studies are excluded, the difference between polyploid and diploid lineages remains insignificant. Table S7 lists the studies and associated data used for this analysis.
Whole-tree asymmetry.
We used SymmeTREE to determine whether a subset of the published angiosperm trees used to track ploidy changes contain statistically significant shifts in diversification rates (23). This program compares species diversity differences across all nodes within a topology and compares these differences, based on a variety of asymmetry metrics, to a null distribution derived from simulations. If a given tree contained a significant shift in diversification rate based on any one of the test statistics (without correcting for multiple tests), we then identified the node at which this shift occurred to determine whether it coincides with a ploidy shift. For this analysis we focused on those trees for which ≥80% of recognized species were sampled and which contained ≥2 polyploid species. SymmeTREE can accommodate polytomies by resolving them randomly, however, trees that exhibited significant asymmetry only within randomly resolved polytomies were not scored as asymmetric.
We thank Robert Magill of the Missouri Botanical Garden for facilitating the assembly of the chromosome count datasets; Takuya Nakazato for assisting with the assembly of the fern chromosome count dataset; Gerald Gastony, Shirin Glander, Joachim Kurtz, Sally Otto, Gisep Rauch, Thorsten Reusch, and Tobias Schneider for helpful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript; Arne Mooers and Brian Moore for technical assistance; and 2 anonymous reviewers for detailed and insightful suggestions that improved this research report. This work was supported by National Center for Research Resources Grant 2P20RR016466 (to N.T.), National Science Foundation Grant DEB-0640520 (to N.T.), National Institute of Health Grant GM09065 (to L.H.R.), and National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Grant 327475.
- 1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: troy.wood{at}uni-muenster.de
Edited by Peter R. Crane, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved June 23, 2009
Author contributions: T.E.W. and L.H.R. designed research; T.E.W., N.T., M.S.B., I.M., P.B.G., and L.H.R. performed research; I.M. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; T.E.W., N.T., and I.M. analyzed data; and T.E.W. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0811575106/DCSupplemental.
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13"L x 9.5"W x 3.5"H (7 Liters)
• Heavy duty 600 denier Carbolex®
• Removable, replaceable clear-window
map pocket
• Top flap internal organizer pocket
• Available in magnetic and strap mount
• Carrying handle, and shoulder strap
• Rain cover included
Get out and make your adventure happen today! Tourmaster strives to develop products that are both cost effective and made of quality components. We at Tourmaster feel that your next memory is only a turn away. Getting out on the open road enhances one's quality of life and gives you a chance to experience new things. All on a motorcycle.
Tourmaster is a leader in Motorcycle Apparel, Heated Apparel and Gloves ,
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GUARANTEE: As with all my artifacts, this piece is guaranteed to be original, as described.
Nice, used 1940 US Air Corps Pinwheel Shoulder Patch with O/D Border
SOLD!!! No Longer Available!
Product Description
ARTIFACT: Nice used, circa 1940 United States Air Corps "Pinwheel" shoulder patch. The orange and blue patch is fully embroidered with an olive drab border.
VINTAGE: Circa 1940
SIZE: Approximately: 3" x 2 ¾"
MATERIALS / CONSTRUCTION: Fully embroidered silk/cotton/polyester thread
ATTACHMENT: To be sewn on.
MARKINGS: None.
ITEM NOTES: This is from a US Air Corps collection which we will be listing more of over the next few months. VAJX15 LFJX6/15 SFJX6/16
CONDITION: 8- (Very Fine—Excellent): The patch shows minor to slightly moderate wear, was removed from uniform.


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Reverend Jane Willan is a parish minister and author in Paxton, Massachusetts. She serves the First Congregational Church of Paxton and lives in the church parsonage with her husband Don and their two rescue dogs, Magi and Moses.
Before moving to Paxton, Jane served congregations in the Iowa Conference of the United Church of Christ in the small town of Creston and the larger-but-still-small town of Burlington, Iowa.
Before becoming an ordained pastor, Jane worked in Boston as a science editor, a freelance science writer, a teacher, and a brief stint in biological research at Harvard. In 2003, she became a full-time pastor and took her first church in Iowa.
Jane completed her undergraduate work at Hiram College in Hiram, Ohio. She has a Master of Science degree from Boston University, and a Master of Divinity from Vanderbilt Divinity School.


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-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Hash: SHA256 - -----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Hash: SHA256 Date: 03-JAN-2020 For a number of reasons, I have recently set up a new OpenPGP key, and will be transitioning away from my old one. The old key will continue to be valid for some time, but I prefer all future correspondence to come to the new one. I would also like this new key to be re-integrated into the web of trust. This message is signed by both keys to certify the transition. The old key was: pub rsa2048 2011-10-24 [expires: 2020-01-31] 6D7A 332C F930 D2A2 C857 72AE 2B11 00DF D585 60BA And the new key is: pub rsa4096 2020-01-03 81F1 E73D 6EF2 B5D4 BF7B 8948 1329 D7FF 911A DAB9 To fetch the full key, you can simply do: curl -sS https://w8jkc.com/view/911ADAB9.asc | gpg --import - If you already know my old key, you can now verify that the new key is signed by the old one: gpg --check-sigs '911ADAB9' If you are satisfied that you've got the right key, and the UIDs match what you expect, I'd appreciate it if you would sign my key. You can do that by issuing the following command: gpg --sign-key '911ADAB9' I'd like to receive your signatures on my key. You can send me an e-mail with the new signatures (if you have a functional MTA on your system): gpg --export '911ADAB9' | gpg --encrypt -r '911ADAB9' --armor | mail -s 'OpenPGP Signatures'
I also recommend reading: https://riseup.net/openpgp/best-practices Please let me know if you have any questions, or problems, and sorry for the inconvenience. Justin K Corner - -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- iQEzBAEBCAAdFiEED3tjK1hPZk59AiHxxyDEfaGjlF8FAl4P6agACgkQxyDEfaGj lF/Mcgf/ZfRdw4Z60kCz/RQGge5OpHnSrJ1dU2JNbPQdfMroQ7rmGwRk5+w56A9j N1+zsEXQc3E0b9cZ/bNHI7Gf+ZlHvKTvU0GYPbY6ZNLowM/m9spyJu24/eaHQ9Qq mgImY06VY4iwFepkVwam7keuLGb4/pNTjEI+S0Pm2pD9KbGdAfNhbrad0V2GtGdq XzMFEHUnRx50EvQUPJNbex3CbQH0dPclt5WgcFB3EdiVj0M7ds14uZunXLnMtmeW qhlNZ8tcneeG7heLEMpUT/8WH9gZ9MQH7206b8PmN6398BL6hdCvQWWE70dfP4Tc /xHKlilnuLFU1oVC1PBrup63c/TVHA== =/AC2 - -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- iQEzBAEBCAAdFiEEbXozLPkw0qLIV3KuKxEA39WFYLoFAl4P6bkACgkQKxEA39WF YLoknQgAjmTGJQpjLL/rK7AXdbMZk3IahGws27n7XWbMC1K2ca2sGU+ohWb4eNTG GZdFmb/1Q8LIB/7C5F2aGVtQ4cdyhIesXcOaep26YTd4FYYSdywcWUtYv7KSO8IO lPYKh6W51Az3JR+zt0ML04VSmbVePAQ+yr14TXjcoiaGsd14CxoeTBLeKyK5V+eN sDjc5kdsRvsHG3BMK8fDqqpcqsY6uGtjzidb6NO6Y6cbUiuiBqiobFttK4Ypk/PH eGG6a2QHiWYhUXFnmTbyUA+9I+ju8roCTHbBQnCFpiNVPQ+TbGDDtoCrEj01Th3h asXsUD91bI4uOgbz/ofAYBk7US4gFA== =sXXN -----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
GPG Transition Statement
Hustler 5BTV Vertical Install: Part 1
So, I have decided to start installation on a Hustler 5 Band Trapped Vertical (5BTV) for HF from DX Engineering. At roughly 25 ft tall, this antenna will allow me to work 80, 40, 20, 15 and 10 meters.
I started by digging an approximately 6in deep trench for some 3/4″ conduit for the coax run. My plan is to install the antenna in the round planter pictured, so that when the install is complete it won't affect foot, mower, or other traffic. I occassionally drive through the back yard with my truck, mainly to park the trailer and load/unload yard debris and other items; so I couldn't install it in the grassy areas of the yard. Also, with the limited trees and their positioning, I am restricted on the usage of dipoles or other wire antennas. The best option I have come up with is an OCF dipole, installed between my tower and the neighbors tree; however, they have mentioned interest in completely removing that tree.
Once the conduit run was finished, including backfill and reseeding the grass, I dug a 4ft deep hole with a post hole digger/shovel for the main "mast" pipe, and drove a 5/8″ 8ft ground rod. The "mast" pipe sticks out of the ground approximately 22″ (instructions recommend between 20″ and 23″ above ground) and is a 1-1/4″ galvinized water pipe that is 5ft long. I put a little gravel in the bottom of the hole, stuck the pipe in, and backfilled with concrete. I checked for plumb on 2 sides of the pipe (90 degrees apart) to be sure it was properly installed.
The final picture shows the "mast" pipe, the ground rod, and the conduit.
Coming Soon – Part 2: Radials, radial base plate, and coax run.
Using a Motorola Desktrac as an APRS Digipeater
In this post I will explain how I modified and set-up a VHF Motorola Desktrac for APRS Digipeater use. This is a very simple modification and requires some basic soldering skills and a few parts, many of which you will probably already have in your parts drawer.
Weather & Information Images (WX-IMG)
I have updated my WX-IMG products and have included the WWV image in this release.
To add these images to your site please see http://www.w8jkc.com/copythis.php?q=1
You are free to add them to your website, Facebook, MySpace or similar profile, including web signatures.
Also included in this release is my simple email address spam blocking image script. It is very simple to add to any page, but requires basic knowledge of HTTP URL structures. However it is explained completely on the page linked above.
Weather Alerts
I have setup a new custom Weather Alert and SkyWarn Spotter Activation script through PHP and Twitter for Stark County, Ohio.
This project is currently in Live Beta Testing and I am encouraging anyone to "follow" the account; and if you wish, have them text messaged to your phone.
Motorola MDC-1200 Radio Numbering Scheme
If your agency, or business is using Motorola MDC capable radios, then you can utilize this numbering scheme. This makes it easier to identify what type of radio and which unit # or radio # is transmitting at any given time.
I recommend setting MDC to "post only" which will make the radio transmit the MDC at the end after the user releases the PTT on the radio.
12 websites you should know about for Canton / Stark County, Ohio
Here are 12 websites you should know about and bookmark for Canton City and Stark County, Ohio.
Discovery Project Earth
While I am a big fan and supporter of eliminating the need for fossil fuels, and making the environment "green", some of the technologies they are testing may bring harm to existing ones in use everyday.
Weather Image Scripts
I have had a couple of requests for permission to add some of my weather image scripts to some sites and profiles…


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Tarot Card Meanings
The Hermit
Give yourself time for contemplation. Don't allow others to stand in your way.
Wheel of Fortune
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General Meaning
The challenge of The Hermit card is to be able to recognize a teacher in a humble disguise. This font of mysterious knowledge will not make it easy for the student to acquire his wisdom, as it takes time and long contemplation to fathom what he knows. He often speaks wordlessly, or in ancient and barbaric tongues, communicating with the elements, animals, and nature herself.
While an hourglass was an identifying feature on the earliest Hermit Tarot cards, more modern cards have shifted the metaphor, showing more or less light released from his lantern. In either case, the Hermit card reminds us of the value of time away from the hubbub of civic life, to relax the ego in communion with nature.
In the Reversed Position
When the Hermit card is reversed, you may be resisting the process of evolving towards a level of wisdom that sets you apart. Fear of the path is haunting you; it could be a fear of loneliness.
Try to remember that the shamanic method for facing fears is to relax and open. Let them in and allow them to have their way for a while. This way you know them fully and will see them pass of their own accord. When there are no more surprises, you can move into a place of empowered action.
In the Advice Positon
The Hermit advises that you think things through carefully. The demands on you have been high, giving you scant time for reflection. While you have a gift for understanding the larger implications involved, you need some private time to consider the steps to take in the future. You can't just lock yourself in your room for fifteen minutes and expect to come up with profound solutions. You need more seclusion and time to assimilate and process.
Now may be the moment for you to tell everyone to leave you alone. When you are fully ready, you will be able and willing to give others what they need.
A powerful message is waiting for you! Get your Reconciliation Tarot Reading NOW...
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Medicine Woman
View Any Card in Medicine Woman Deck:
WANDSAce of Pipes
Two of Pipes
Three of Pipes
Four of Pipes
Five of Pipes
Six of Pipes
Seven of Pipes
Eight of Pipes
Nine of Pipes
Ten of Pipes
Apprentice of Pipes
Totem of Pipes
Queen of Pipes
Exemplar of Pipes
CUPSAce of Bowls
Two of Bowls
Three of Bowls
Four of Bowls
Five of Bowls
Six of Bowls
Seven of Bowls
Eight of Bowls
Nine of Bowls
Ten of Bowls
Apprentice of Bowls
Totem of Bowls
Queen of Bowls
Exemplar of Bowls
SWORDSAce of Arrows
Two of Arrows
Three of Arrows
Four of Arrows
Five of Arrows
Six of Arrows
Seven of Arrows
Eight of Arrows
Nine of Arrows
Ten of Arrows
Apprentice of Arrows
Totem of Arrows
Queen of Arrows
Exemplar of Arrows
COINSAce of Stones
Two of Stones
Three of Stones
Four of Stones
Five of Stones
Six of Stones
Seven of Stones
Eight of Stones
Nine of Stones
Ten of Stones
Apprentice of Stones
Totem of Stones
Queen of Stones
Exemplar of Stones


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| 8.4°C Belfast
There is something toe-curling about this rush to America. First of all, the welcome wasn't exactly overwhelming. Martin McGuinness and Theresa Villiers met Drew O'Brien, an important State Department official, but he is in Ireland often enough. There was also talk of someone from the Vice-President's office going along, too. What there wasn't was the "money shot" of Obama shaking hands with our heroes. Not him, not Joe Biden, no pictures at all so far.
Most small regions wouldn't be met in the first place, so we are lucky. Still, there are words for the sort of reception meted out, and the most polite are 'low' and 'key'. Can anyone be surprised? Barack Obama is in his second and final term as President. He has just concluded a nuclear deal with Iran, he is bombing Syria, he wants to sort out the Middle East. He is defending Obamacare as his major domestic achievement, along with saving General Motors. He is speaking out on the massive issues of race and gun control, and he is the man who brought about the death of Osama bin Laden.
In that situation, how much priority would you give when tapped on the arm and told that the Northern Ireland Executive couldn't sort out welfare and you owe them one? In Washington they might recall that this place has gone pear-shaped before. Special envoy Gary Hart was treated to ribald abuse and asked what he knew about anything.
After that, an investment conference to celebrate our latest "breakthrough" in the Stormont House Agreement had to be cancelled. US officials had helped Norman Houston, of the Northern Ireland Bureau to promote our coming fall in corporation tax. As soon as they got the message across, they were told that the "game-changer" economic measure might not happen.
It could well strike President Obama that there are better, more appreciative and more rewarding places in the world to try to influence than this place. This is his final period as President and he can't afford to waste time. Neither can Joe Biden nor John Kerry.
The most depressing thing about Mr McGuinness's trip, in particular, is that it represents a search for leverage over his opponents rather than a search for agreement. Rather than reaching a deal with the DUP and the British Government, which is what is required, Sinn Fein dispatched him at party expense to try and drum up support in America.
Even if something is patched up, it is a bad precedent. It shows the world we are unable to govern ourselves. Not only that, but we are unable to wean ourselves off the childish notion that, in a world with so many problems, we stand out as the special case everyone must focus on.
Belfast Telegraph


text: Virginia KTN - LyngSat Stream Advertisements KTN Main | Pacific | Asia | Middle East | Europe | Africa | South America | North America TV Channel: LyngSat | LyngSat Stream Pakistan Latest additions from Pakistan:201013: Jesus Christ TV Pakistan201006: Samaa TV200927: GTV Network200918: Muslim TV200909: Barkat TV200825: Masiha TV200823: Gourmet News Network200815: King TV Latest World additions:201023: LoveWorld MENA201023: LoveWorld CASA201023: LoveWorld Asia201023: LoveWorld Pacifics201023: ACBN International201023: Jogja Istimewa TV201022: Bernama201022: Rede Brasil de Comunicação Linear Streaming This channel was last checked to be streaming in May 2020. News at LyngSat: BTV on Paksat 1RSBI News HD on Paksat 1R News at LyngSat Stream: Samaa TVACBN International Satellites:Paksat 1R The content on this website is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. LyngSat is a registered trademark, owned by Lyngemark Satellite. You are welcome to send updates, corrections and report broken streams to email@example.com Logotypes provided by LyngSat Logo Advertisements News at LyngSat: SBI News HD on Paksat 1RBTV on Paksat 1RJ TV on AsiaSat 7Joo Music on AsiaSat 7Joshua TV on AsiaSat 7Teleschool on Paksat 1R News at LyngSat Stream: Samaa TVACBN InternationalLoveWorld MENALoveWorld AsiaLoveWorld CASALoveWorld Pacifics


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One person has lost his life in a gory accident that happened in the central region last night around 7pm.
The accident which happened at Bicycle Junction near Gomoa Akotsi on the Winneba- Kasoa highway involved a Toyota Hiace and a Sprinter bus.
The Toyota Hiace with registration GR 5164-16 was heading to Awutu Akrampa , a suburb of Awutu Senya from Gomoa Asebu with footballers who had taken part in a match at Gomoa Akrampa but the driver's attempt to overtake two cars in front of him was unsuccessful resulting in a head-on collision with an oncoming Sprinter bus with registration number GE 5061-11.
An eye witness who survived the accident as she was on board the Sprinter bus told Kasapa News' Central Regional Correspondent Kwaku Baah-Acheamfour that the accident could have been avoided if not for the fact that the Sprinter bus driver was also speeding as they headed towards Kasoa.
One person died instantly having her head completely cut off in the process while 5 others sustained serious injuries and have been rushed to the trauma and specialists Hospital at Winneba.
It took over 30 minutes before a joint force of the Budumburam fire service officers and the Awutu Bereku police were able to find the severed head of the deceased.
The Awutu Bereku Police Commander ASP Samuel Shadrack Amfoh also blamed the accident on over speeding as well as failure of the part of the drivers to observe traffic regulations.
He adds that the police are hunting for the sprinter driver who absconded when the accident occurred so he assists them in their investigations.
All the passengers except two, he said are on admission with the rest being discharged.
The two, he explained are seriously injured with one in coma.


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From Svetlana Kunin:
Writing about the Tea Party in the July 17 New York Times, Matt Bai says "the insidious presence of racism within some quarters of the movement — or, maybe more accurately in some cases, an utter indifference toward racial sensitivities — shouldn't really surprise anyone.
"That's not necessarily because a subset of these anti-government ideologues are racist, per se, but in part because they are just plain old — at least relatively speaking."
Although I am not officially a member of the Tea Party movement, I admire these people who express their objection to the transformation of America by left-wing ideologues. So am I one of those racist old ladies who, in Bai's words, "fear changes to their entitlement programs, even as they denounce the explosion in federal spending," and who are "less optimistic about the high-tech economy, more fearful of the impact of immigration and free trade"?
Bring It On
I am not in any entitlement program, and I'd gladly challenge Mr. Bai's understanding of a high-tech economy, immigration and free trade. I worked for 26 years as a software developer in America, a civil engineer in Russia, and am an immigrant myself.
I am quite sensitive to racial issues — I know from personal experience how a centralized state manipulates ethnic tensions and divides citizens in order to distract them from its own gross incompetence, while it swallows people's liberty.


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Night market at PrisséFRIDAY 28 JUNE 2019
In a festive, warm and inviting atmosphere, around forty (gourmet) stall holders welcome you and invite you to try their specialities. Possibility of dining on site – musical entertainment. Free entry, open to everyone.
Gourmet hike at dusk in SolognySATURDAY 20 JULY 2019
Come and enjoy the scenery of the Mâconnais district at nightfall on an easy walk through the hills and vineyards. The route will be interspersed with wine tastings offered by our wine growers.
The evening will be rounded off with an open-air picnic.
2 routes (around 7km (4.5 miles) and 12 km (7.5 miles)).
Gourmet weekend12 AND 13 OCTOBER 2019
As soon as the grape harvest is over, the wine growers will welcome you to the Chai de Prissé for two days of gastronomy. The programme for the weekend includes around twenty (gourmet) exhibitors, cooking demonstrations, entertainment and discounts on our wines.
Every year, we invite a region and a wine cellar as our special guests and their products will also be available.
Free entry, open to everyone.
Gite de Prissé: a house full of character
This manor house is set in the wooded parkland of the Chai de Prissé, alongside the cycle path.
The mature trees provide shade in the summer and there is a magnificent view overlooking the vineyards in this tranquil setting. The manor also includes a spacious art deco conservatory and can accommodate up to 30 people for holidays or corporate seminars.
Camper van site
We have space for a number of camper vans at our service area.
Includes a professional waste disposal point, a Euroflex water hydrant, wide and stable pitches in a green, landscaped setting. The six 8m by 4.5 m pitches are available without reservation. Parking is free and limited to 24 hours.
Tokens for activating the waste disposal and water points are available from the wine cellar (30 m away) from Mondays to Saturday from 09.00 to 12.30 and from 13.30 to 19.00 (18.30 in winter) and on Sundays and public holidays from 09.00 to 12.30 and from 14.00 to 19.00 (18.30 in winter).


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Various scholarship and award opportunities are available
A scholarship for Master students – PhD candidate and post-docs to study at top-ranked universities in the United-States, the United Kingdom or Europe.
EPFL Study Management
Marie Curie Actions – Research Fellowship Programme
Microsoft Research PhD Scholarship support projects in many I&C fields, but also in computational science. The support is provided through funding, as well as collaboration with Microsoft Research Cambridge.


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Soccer Superstars at St Hilda's Church HallTuesday 5.30 - 6.45pm (Drop In) Call the centre if you would like more information. Fun, active session especially for 2-5 year olds. Action packed with a soccer/football theme.
Toddle TotsMonday 10.00am - 11.00am
Stay, Play & Learn
Antenatal EveningsTuesdays 6.00pm - 7.30pm Active Birth Practical Sessions to support families in preparing for labour. Led by community midwifery team. 1st Tuesday of the month, Please Book New born know how: Session with practical demonstrations and advice to prepare you for your new…
Tuesday Evening ClassesTuesdays 5.00pm - 8.00pmSupport Teaching & Learning in Schools and Colleges. 5.00pm - 8.00pm Level 2 Certificate. Continuation of the 32 week course for anybody interested in a career working with children. Fees may apply. Starting 17th September. Netball 6.00pm - 7.00pm Want to get fit and have…
Breast Friends in partnership with BAMBIS at Anfield Childrens Centre
Anfield TotsWednesdays 9.30am - 10.15amA weekly session for parents and tots under 3 to make music and have fun together! led by Liverpool Philarmonic musicians, you will explore a variety of percussion instruments, sing songs and rhymes and have a front row seat to live music! Please book.
Our Liverpool ESOL Class (Tuesday & Fridays)Tuesdays & Fridays 9.30am - 11.30am
Baby Massage (Fountains Children's Centre)
Baby Massage (Vauxhall Children's Centre)Tuesday 1:30 - 2:30


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Annette Lasala Spillane Creates Beautifully Designed, Ethically Made Jewellery That You may Need To Keep Endlessly
Our mission is to assist get rid of poverty and promote peace by empowering girls by means of truthful trade. Wonderful bridal jewellery, crafted ethically in NYC using recycled gold, set with battle-free diamonds grown in a lab. Some brands use brass as a base and plate their pieces with sterling silver or gold. The model sources its materials from suppliers who are committed to sustainable environmental practices, corresponding to conserving power and recycling supplies from scrap metal purchased from different jewellers and refineries.
So, we've rounded up nine of our favorite jewelry manufacturers that pair their values with a dedication to high quality and magnificence. They have a spread of ethically-made jewellery and equipment which are reasonably priced, cute and made by feminine artisans from all over the world. Actually, many of the jewelry items are handmade by ladies in Nashville. READY is an ethical fashion model dedicated to transparency and empowering girls to escape the cycle of poverty.
Right this moment, the brand is a member of the Fair Commerce Federation and is taken into account a significant participant within the ethical style movement fair trade jewelry Each one of these manufacturers does unbelievable work—whether it is sustainably ending cycles of poverty by way of employment, upholding conventional craft methods, or sourcing truthful-mined gold and other materials, there's a model right here that matches your values.
There's a selection of products for beneath £300 including rings, earrings and necklaces, while the main assortment has items ranging as much as 18 carat gold. The model makes use of ethically sourced materials, together with reclaimed treasured metals, Fairmined gold, and ethically sourced stones to convey to life every of its uniquely designed items. We import vogue forward Truthful Trade Jewellery together with Necklaces, Bracelets and Earrings.
These ethically handmade earrings give back to ladies escaping human trafficking around the world. Each piece of knickknack is uniquely handmade by these ladies. Their mission is to empower girls by sustainable economic growth by constructing design and technological options to beat boundaries to worldwide trade. Honest Trade Items for ethically conscious consumers who consider that artisans, farmers and producers have the proper to a residing wage and need to be handled with dignity and respect.
Our talented artisans create handmade Purses as well as trendy and elegant Purses and Sneakers. Defined by geometrical and minimalistic silhouettes, our gadgets are thoughtfully designed and assembled in the San Francisco Bay Space using eco-conscious materials like ethically sourced buffalo horns which might be traditionally handcrafted by artisans in Northern Vietnam.


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Semi-Private Training Long Beach
Semi-Private Training is the most popular FSF program. You'll experience the supportive atmosphere of a small group, with the benefits of private training at a price that's sustainable. Plus, you'll be able to choose your trainer. It can be the perfect blend of flexibility, attention and investment.
Semi-Private Training has two basic aspects: training and coaching. Training addresses the technical exercises and mechanics of fat loss, lean muscle and nutrition. Coaching sets in place a strategic overview of our entire plan for you. We manage benchmarks, personally guide you through challenges and monitor all aspects of your personal performance goals.
Semi-Private Training is the initial level where we look at all aspects of your life. Go deeper into specific types of training to learn innovative techniques from experts who are passionate about your success. Your training team is the circle of genius we provide to help you create fitness solutions that work for you.


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[13589/2757] Fear Storm XII
Classes: NEC/254
Skill: Melee
Target: Target AE
Range: 200', AE Range: 35'
Resist: Magic -30
Reflectable: No
Focusable: Yes
Casting: 3s
Max Targets: 4
1: Stun and Fear for 36s up to level 114
Text: You feel an overwhelming sense of fear.
*@%N, when activated, seizes up to *@%T level *@@1 or lower creatures within a *@%J foot radius around your target, leaving them unable to react for *@#1 seconds.
Spell list updated Oct 20, 2020


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Thing Thing Arena Pro do you have the skill ? Each level has tons of super fun objectives! Did i mention how bloody this game is? It's truly awesome!
Walk: A/D or Left/Right / Run: Shift / Jump: W or Up Arrow / Double-Jump: W or Up Arrow in mid-air / Back flip: W or Up while moving backwards / Change Weapons: E or Num0 / Aim/Shoot: Mouse
Thing Thing Arena Pro Screen Shots
Game Tags
aim, bomb, Granade, Pro, Weapon


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Additional Details
- MLS Number: 219076501
- County: Collier
- Community Name: Park Shore
- Subdivsion: Shore Club
- MLS Area: NA05 - Crayton Rd Area
- Year Built: 1986
- Listing Date: Thursday 23rd of January 2020
Property DescriptionC.16770 Quiet enclave of only 18 units in Park Shore. Walk to shopping, and fine restaurants. Only 1 mile to Venetian Village and Private Park Shore beach available for a small annual fee. This 1st floor end unit features complete kitchen renovation, all new tile flooring throughout, new bath cabinets and fixtures, impact windows and sliders (except awning windows in den) and new paint and interior doors all completed late 2015. New A/C in 2018. Deeded covered parking included, great rental policy.
- General: No pets allowed
- Community: Community swimming pool(s)
- Condo: End unit
- Construction: Frame and stucco exterior, Stucco exterior
- Roof: Shingle roof
- Energy: Storm windows
- Exterior: Patio
- Flooring: Carpet, Tile flooring
- Laundry: Laundry room/area
- Heat/Cool: Central air conditioning, Central heat
- Inclusions: Microwave oven, Dishwasher, Refrigerator, Clothes washer, Clothes dryer, Range and oven, Furnished
- Interior: Ceiling fan(s), Window treatments
- Utilities: Public sewer service, Public water supply, TV cable available
- Location: Northern exposure
- Parking: Assigned parking, Detached parking, Guest parking
- Rooms: Living/dining room combination, Master bedroom on main floor, Guest room, Eat in kitchen
- Win/Doors: Awnings
Property Map Go to street view!
Request Information on Condo-town Home Park Shore Naples
Listing provided courtesy of John R. Wood Properties