text:
Union HRD minister Kapil Sibal on Tuesday slammed political parties opposing accreditation of universities saying though they claim it would harm the federal structure, it would, in fact, harm their personal interests.
"We are seeing how institutions are being granted the status of universities especially in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, and we want no university shall come into being without accreditation and this is what is being opposed," he told a seminar here.
"This decision is being opposed in Uttar Pradesh and some parties are also disrupting proceedings of Parliament on the pretext that it will harm the federal structure but the reality is that if implemented, it will lead to closure of their shops," Sibal said.
He regretted till all political parties view things in national interest, hopes of reforms will not become a reality.
The minister said time has come to teach a lesson to those who are foiling Central government's efforts to bring improvement in educational structure.
Highlighting the problems of malnutrition, atrocities on women, corruption and crime in Uttar Pradesh, he said of the 100 children going to schools in the country, only 16 reach college.
Sibal said the strength of a country is reflected not in per capita income but in the students in university as they give new ideas on which the nation progresses.
Announcing that Akash 2, new version of tablet computer, would be launched in April, he said work to link all 604 universities and 31,000 colleges with the "National Knowledge network" was on. He said a national assessing authority would be set up soon.
On the Lokpal Bill, Sibal questioned the intentions of the BSP and the SP saying though they staged a walk out in the Lok Sabha, they supported the BJP in the Rajya Sabha and kept sitting in the House.
They demand bringing the Prime Minister's Office under the Lok Pal, but they do not talk of a Lokayukta in states, he said.


text: Body 2 Die For represents the ultimate alternative-health news platform, introducing the latest health related web articles, all collected in one exclusive website. What is more, all of our content contains respective sourcing, and holds legal content sharing permissions, thus always keeping you in touch with your perfect health! Be healthy, get moving, and let us help you find your Body 2 Die For!

subset: commoncrawl


text: That wasn't my experience. I got the full $225 fee refunded for this year. I didn't take the lounge passes or flights this year (although I did last year), but I definitely got to keep all the points earned this year (and have since transferred them all out to Krisflyer in anticipation of imminently closing the ANZ card account).Just got the AFFF email about this change of losing the flights. I managed to ring up and rather than $130 they're saying the $170 fee for the flights if i forfeit could be refunded? So not sure the discrepancy. Unlike the AFFF email mail out that quoted someone getting their entire annua lfee waived, I was told the $55reward fee was not refundable unless i gaveback the points earned?


text:
Contact us now to book your first lesson
Change your career and become your own boss
Welcome to Robin Stoneman Driving Tuition. As a Grade A Approved Driving Instructor (ADI) with over 15 years of experience in training new drivers in Torbay and South Devon, I can give you the confidence you need to get out there on the open road. Call now to inquire or to book your first lesson.
I understand how daunting it can be getting behind the wheel for the first time. I aim to maintain a relaxed, yet professional, atmosphere during tuition. You can be sure that the next punchline is never too far away. I also offer Pass Plus tuition, which can be a great way to reduce your insurance premiums.
Are you looking for a career change? Fancy becoming more flexible in your working hours? Then why not train to become a qualified driving instructor? Complete your training with us and you will receive a guaranteed offer to join the growing RSDT team as a fully qualified Driving Instructor.
"Funny, laid back, friendly and all round great guy, he knows his stuff and helped me pass first time! Especially meant a lot to me as my previous driving instructor had deemed me "unteachable" and dumped me from her list. With Robin I felt comfortable, supported and confident. Couldn't recommend anyone more!"
Samantha Mackay


text:
Get your favorite beverage, sit back, and join in the discussion
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[BlackDragon] Kieran: the journey begins
The year is 2199 yet much is as it was at the beginning of the 21st century with one major difference. Shortly after the turn of the century people began to manifest powers, some powers were used for good, some were used for great evil, many lives were lost in the struggle for domination and freedom. Eventually an equilibrium was struck as more and more people began to exhibit a wide variety of powers. A taskforce was established to deal harshly with any and all who would bring harm to those around them with their power, many years past and the occurrence of these would-be evil doers dwindled dramatically in the face of the harshest justice. People began to use their powers responsibly, and the need for such drastic measures was no longer called for. For the last 50 years there has been peace worldwide as nations drew together to work towards humanities benefit. Soon all this would change, and war would once again tear this world apart…
well detailed, and nicely put together story, some parts seemed stilted to me, but over all I liked it, and though that it was a good offering to the internet gods.
Last edited by Bd.Carlo (2010-06-07 18:49:07)
I liked it alot. Very good plot line intersesting story. Definatley write more.
(posted from the Item Information Page)
Can't wait for you to post your next chapter it has me on the end of my chair with anticipation. Good luck and don't forget its always chaotic this time of year so stay safe.
(posted from the Item Information Page)
Very good read. Eagerly awaiting more
(posted from the Item Information Page)
a good start, I'd defiantly read more
(posted from Finding home)
More? Please let there be more... Please!
(posted from Finding home)
Black Dragon has not decided to open an author account here at the Pub, and the Prospective Authors section is now closed, so unfortunately, there is unlikely to be more of this story here. He is, perhaps, posting elsewhere.
Eric Storm
Has anyone indeed found any more of Black Dragon's writings elsewhere? I've checked a couple places but haven't had any luck.
(posted from the Item Information Page)


text:
Virtual Costume Contest
Updated Hours
Children's Book Bundles
Here is the link to order a bundle: https://forms.gle/YURX1LBBKXXFAcrLA
Curbside Pickup
Starting June 1st!
- Monday to Thursday: 10am-4:15pm
- Saturdays (in June): 9am-11:45am
Contact us to order:
- Main Circulation Desk: 967-4858
- Children's Desk: 967-9691
- Director's Desk (voicemail available): 967-5491
- Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
We can only hold materials on hand in the library. There is no delivery at this time. You can browse our collection here: https://bark.cwmars.org/eg/opac/home?locg=303
Your health and safety are our priority. All staff members are required to wear a mask and gloves while preparing curbside pickup orders.
How do I place an order?
Call or email us to place an order for any library materials. We will answer the phone during the times listed above. Due to the limited staff in the building, you may need to try a different number. We will be checking email during these times as well. We will call or email you back within 1 working day with what we have on hand and offer any substitutions if the item is not in stock.
Where do I pick up my order?
We will have all orders on the bench in the Children's Room entrance foyer. All materials will be placed in black bags with a first name and last initial attached. PLEASE PRACTICE SOCIAL DISTANCING. ONLY ONE PERSON ALLOWED IN THE FOYER AT A TIME. Please only touch your order and wear a mask.
What if I cannot navigate the stairs?
We are happy to help! Please let us know that you will need help with this while placing your order. Upon arriving to pick up your order, please call the library and we will come out to your car to deliver your materials.
How long will my order be on hold?
Your order will be on hold for 3 business days. We will tell you when your hold expires on the phone. If you need more time, we will be happy to accommodate. You may pick up your materials anytime between the times listed above. No appointments needed at this time.
When are my materials due back?
We are putting a July 1st due date on all materials checked out. We will update as necessary.
Where do I return my materials?
All returns MUST be placed in the drop box, located in the middle entrance of the library.
What happens to my materials after I return them?
Your materials are immediately put into quarantine for 7 days. We will then return anything back into the system. Your account may not always reflect all items returned due to this quarantine period.
Will I get charged overdue fees?
We are suspending overdue fees at this time.
I have kids and don't know specific titles…can you help?
Absolutely! Miss Cathy is currently working on making "book bundles" on specific subjects and reading levels. You can also request a book bundle on certain subjects or interests. We will update with lists and pictures so keep an eye out!


text:
Travel Review: Bespoke Independent Tour of South Africa - Game Drives and World Cup Games
Review by travelerGretchen W.
on8.29.2010 for a customized tour designed by Travel Agency 32489
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text:
Disability emojis are coming to Apple, Google, Microsoft, Samsung, Facebook and Twitter in some shape or form this year.
The decision has been welcomed by the American Council of the Blind as well as the National Association of the Deaf.
The new characters include wheelchairs, sign language, guide dogs, prosthetic limbs, hear aids, probing canes and more.
Apple were not happy that the experiences of disabled people did not exist in emoji form.
Unicode, the California-based group who designed the emojis, said that the platforms can choose to adapt the emojis to fit their current models, but has stated that they should keep them recognisable.
In an interview with the BBC, John Talbot head of communications at Scope said: "Social media is hugely influential and it's great to see these new disability-inclusive emojis."
"Up to now, disability has been greatly underrepresented.
"We'd also like to see greater representation of disabled people and disability across all parts of the media and social media."
The inclusion in 2019's official list means they should be available in the second half of the year.
Apple see this as only the beginning and are looking to add more emojis overtime, but they are happy the start and progress Unicode have made.
Other emojis that will be added alongside the disability ones include animals such as Flamingos, Orangutans, sloths, skunks and otters, a yawn face, a pinching hand, interracial same-sex couples, a brown heart, a person kneeling, a person standing and different types of clothes, food and drinks.
Also introduced was a drop of blood icon in an attempt to normalise periods, which according to Lucy Russell, head of girls' rights and youth at Plan International UK, is important to: "smash the stigma which surrounds them."
Currently most the 230 icons come in a variety of ethnicities, rather than just having the standard basic yellow colour.
It is believed that there is a big demand for these emojis with there being a big gap in the Emojipedia.
Around one in seven people around the world had some form of disability, highlighting the size of the potential market for disability emojis.
But do the general public agree?
I went around Middlesbrough to get the public's thoughts on these new disability emojis.


text:
Terry Peer – Marketing / Strategic Adviser
Terry was introduced to the outdoors at a young age by his grandfather Lester Shickle in the northern part of the Shenandoah Valley (Virginia). A son of a minister, Terry moved around the Midwest with his family as a child. When it was time to visit his grandparents for summer break, Thanksgiving, or Christmas, Lester would take him hunting or fishing. Terry started taking hunting more serious during college while living in Kentucky. Hunting quickly became a passion after he took his first Pope & Young buck at the age of 19.
Since obtaining his undergraduate degree in Marketing and his Master of Science in Executive Leadership at Northern Kentucky University, Terry has worked in the Machine Tool Industry. He works to provide machining equipment to companies manufacturing components for all industries here in the United States (many of them in the outdoor industry).
His love for the outdoors and business came together in 2015 when Real World co-owners at that time asked for some help testing some new products. Since then, their friendship has grown, and Terry now serves as a strategic adviser for the ownership team in addition to being one of the beta test sites for Real World Wildlife Products.
Terry resides in Kentucky with his supportive wife Kacie and 3 children Kaylin, Jonathan, and Karaline. Hunting is now a family event for Terry and his kids every fall and winter. Terry coaches high school and summer travel fast pitch softball in the spring and summer. He and his family are very active at the Sherman Church of Christ helping with the finance, youth, and music ministries.
"I believe in Real World Wildlife Products because I believe in ownership! Before they asked me to help with the business, I was a loyal customer. I have 100% confidence that the products brought to the market because I have seen how much testing is involved. The products that do not perform are never brought to market. Simple as that. More importantly, the owners of RWWP are strong Christian men who run a business based on the integrity and quality rather than the profit margin gimmicks that have flooded the market. I have faith that I am using the best every time I fill my feeder or throw a seed on the ground because I know the integrity of men who own the company!" – Terry Peer, Marketing / Strategic Adviser


text:
Excimer laser patterning of a novel resist using masked and maskless process steps
A dual layer resist configuration is employed for photopatterning high resolution conductive patterns on underlying polymeric or ceramic substrates, particularly substrates exhibiting surface roughness and non-planar design features such as channels, bosses and ridges. More particularly, a thin underlayer of ablatable photoabsorptive polymer is disposed on a metal coated substrate, after which a thicker layer of substantially transparent material is disposed over the polymer. A beam of laser energy, such as that produced by an ultraviolet excimer layer, is directed through the upper layer and is absorbed by the lower layer which is ablated and simultaneously removes the thick layer above it. This results in the ability to etch high resolution features on polymeric and other substrates, particularly copper coated polyetherimide circuit boards. The resist system is also applicable to VLSI wafers even though such wafers usually do not exhibit surface roughness on the scale generally considered herein. It is also equally applicable in various high density interconnect systems used for the direct connection of chip devices. A mask for patterning and a method for making it are also seen to be desirable because of the high laser energy densities generally desired for thorough ablation. An alternate method is also disclosed which employs two laser exposure steps with the first step being a masked operation on only an ablatable layer and with the second step being an unmasked operation on a dual layer material.
Latest General Electric Patents:
The present invention is generally directed to a dual layer photoresist system which is particularly applicable to the formation of high resolution conductive patterns on insulative substrates exhibiting surface roughness and/or non-planar surface variations. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a two level resist configuration and method for photopatterning which employs a thin layer of ablatable photoabsorptive polymer over which is disposed a thicker layer of substantially transparent material which is exploded away during laser ablation of the underlying photoabsorptive layer.
It is nearly impossible to photopattern surfaces exhibiting surface irregularities and/or non-planar aspects, by normal resist methods. Some surface irregularities may occur as a result of the desire to employ filler material such as glass fibers for added strength. Other surface irregularities may occur as a direct result of structural design features incorporated into a molded part. Such features include channels, ridges and bosses, for example. For such workpieces, the use of resist laminates, spin coatings and the like prevent proper resist thickness control and contact maintenance so as to render such resists and processes non-viable.
Moreover, parts patterned using conventional photoresists such as those known in the semiconductor patterning arts are generally fine tuned for use with medium to high pressure mercury arc lamps and do not perform well, if at all, in the presence of collimated, single frequency component radiation such as that produced by lasers, especially ultraviolet lasers. With regard to these conventional resists, a problem exists in that the laser energy is absorbed in the top layer, and once cured, this layer then blinds the surface beneath it, thus rendering the curing of this subsurface material extremely difficult, if not impossible. The resist system and process of the present invention solve these problems and others as is more particularly described below.
In particular, the resist configuration and method of the present invention is directly applicable to the patterning of three-dimensional electronic circuit boards, modules and the like. Additionally, the present invention is also applicable to patterning three dimensional circuit boards and/or surfaces which also include feed-through apertures. As used herein, and in the appended claims, the use of the phrase "three-dimensional" refers to surfaces which are rough, either because of a molding process or because of the use of filler material. This phrase also refers herein to surfaces which exhibit structural design features such as channels, ridges, bosses and the like.
The concept of patterning such three-dimensional boards with a mask with the use of normal light sources is almost impossible. The 1.degree. to 3.degree. diffractions in the light sources, plus lens irregularities make non-contact mask use extremely difficult due to the undercutting of the patterns. Contact mask processes are virtually impossible due to the three-dimensional nature of the surface. Pattern compensations can aid in this problem but edge definition is nonetheless reduced. Furthermore, the use of a standard light source with its associated long exposure time over large areas is prohibitive. For example, it takes minutes to expose large areas with a fixed 500 watt or 1 kilowatt light source.
Points, tips, bosses, etc. of three-dimensional boards cannot easily be coated with resist material in any way. Even sprayed on resists do not work well for this application. Furthermore, films of resist, such as RISTON.TM., cannot be roll laminated to such three-dimensional boards. Additionally, there is no easily procurable film resist having a thickness less than approximately 0.7 mils (that is, about 18 microns). In addition, there is none that lasers can expose correctly. In most of the cases of interest herein, a resist thickness of 2 to 3 mils (50 to 75 microns) is needed to cover the surface finish alone. No normal resist is known which can work at these thicknesses with a device such as an excimer laser, for example. Furthermore, the concept of disposing a thin resist which is supported by a clear continuous carrier, such as RISTON.TM., which is removed before developing to give the appearance of a thick resist also does not work since the resist layer is confused with the over-layer due to their mutual solubility with respect to one another.
As indicated above, a further area of concern is that the percentage of filler in a polymer substrate, such as one comprising a polyetherimide such as ULTEM.TM., makes coating difficult. This aspect plus variations resulting from internal mold finish, make product surface finish variable. Various "pretreats" are, however, employed to promote adhesion. All of the fillers nonetheless produce a very rough surface. Normal resists cannot coat such surfaces, since resists are non-conformable to points, edges, etc. yielding voided areas.
In order to achieve fine line and spacing, one needs a well collimated light source, a good mask and a good, thin resist. There is a direct relationship between the aspect ratio associated with resist thickness and the ability to resolve line and area details. More particularly, the thinner the resist, the greater the ability to resolve fine lines. However, the thicker the resist, the more accurate and precise the radiation source must be. Moreover, the radiation source must exhibit an areal energy density sufficiently high to effect the desired changes in the resist (here ablation). The frequency of the radiation source must also be such that the resist is absorptive at that frequency. Additionally, the mask employed should be able to withstand laser radiation bombardment at the required frequencies without degration in its structure or pattern.
Photoresists that are conventionally used in the semiconductor arts are so absorptive at excimer laser frequencies and energies, that proper exposure is not feasible. Additionally, positive resists are desired whenever through-holes are present. More particularly, if negative resist material dries in the through-holes, such holes cannot be exposed with the laser. This is because the holes are typically approximately 0.1 inches (100 mils) deep and the absorption is 99.99% in the first micron (0.04 mils). In processing, the resist comes out and allows the plated through holes to be destroyed in the etching step. However, positive resists are so-called chain break resists and do not exhibit this problem.
All of the aforementioned problems have made it nearly impossible to make production level three-dimensional parts possessing fine lines and feed-through apertures.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a two level resist configuration comprises a thin underlayer of photoabsorptive ablatable, polymer or resist over which is disposed a thick upper layer of substantially transparent material. If the conductive material to be patterned is disposed on a substrate comprising a polyetherimide, then the underlayer preferably comprises material selected from the group consisting of polysulfones. If the underlying supportive substrate comprises a relatively inert material such as a ceramic, then the choice of underlayer material is significantly less restrained and may include polyimides, polyamides and polycarbonates. The upper layer preferably comprises material selected from the group consisting of UV transparent polymers such as polycarbonates, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polyethylmethacrylate (PEMA) and similar ultraviolet transparent material. Moreover, in preferred embodiments of the present invention, the upper and lower layers exhibit different solubilities with respect to one another so that the upper layer and lower layer are not confused, that is, so that there is a definite and uniform boundary between the upper and lower layers; this enhances the ability of the resist system to form high resolution line patterns. While the resist system of the present invention is particularly applicable to situations involving the patterning of conductive patterns, especially copper patterns, on substrates comprising a polyetherimide such as ULTEM.TM. polymeric resin, it is also applicable to other substrates and conductive materials. However, it is also necessary that material employed to strip the layers does not significantly adversely affect the underlying substrate. It is, however, necessary that the upper and lower layer comprise different material or at least similar materials treated to exhibit different photoabsorptive properties so that the lower layer may be ablated and the upper layer simply blown away by the explosive effects of ablation.
Correspondingly, a method for photopatterning conductive patterns preferably comprises the steps of disposing a thin layer of ablatable photoabsorptive polymer on a substrate having a conductive layer thereon so that the polymer material is in contact with the conductive layer. Then a thick layer of substantially transparent material is disposed over the thin underlying polymer. Naturally, photoabsorptivity and transparency are determined with respect to the same frequency range. Then, a beam of incident laser energy is directed through the thick layer so as to ablate the resist layer and so as to simultaneously remove the thick layer directly above the ablated resist layer beneath it. The exposed copper or conductive metal pattern may then be etched. Alternatively, the exposed conductor may be made thicker by electrodeposition methods, after which the polymer and the thick overlayer are removed and the resultant workpiece etched so as to leave conductive material only where it had been built up. In this situation, the use of the upper layer promotes the formation of thick conductive patterns exhibiting highly vertical sidewalls and an excellent aspect ratio.
It is noted that a thin layer of ablatable resist is not employable by itself to achieve the desired results. In particular, in the three-dimensional patterning problem, the resist alone could not act effectively as a mask for the conductive layer beneath it without being so thick that soot and debris from its ablation become prohibitive and tend to defeat the process because soot and debris would tend to fall back onto already exposed conductive surfaces and would tend to coat the mask and ultimately alter its characteristic patterning.
It is also particularly noted that the process of the present invention is preferably carried out using an excimer laser operating in the ultraviolet range and that the thick upper layer is generally approximately 10 times the thickness of the ablatable underlayer. It is also noted that the present invention is preferably practiced using a non-contact mask arrangement. A contact mask arrangement is, however, not generally employable for the present purposes because of debris removal. In the particular case of three-dimensional substrates which include ridges and the like, a contact mask system is virtually impossible and certainly impractical. It is further noted that the present invention is preferably carried out in conjunction with a vacuum debris removal system operating in the vicinity of the ablation site to prevent soot and debris scatter.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a resist and patterning method that enables the manufacture of three-dimensional printed circuit boards from molded or otherwise fabricated parts by means of a highly collimated light source such as an excimer laser.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a dual level resist system that enables the direct patterning of rough surface boards with excimer laser light while still forming fine resolution patterns on the board.
An additional object of the present invention is the formation of a two level resist system useful in the manufacture of other resist related products such as semiconductor wafers and the decaling of metal parts and the like.
It is a further object of the present invention to produce high resolution conductive patterns on a supportive substrate through the choice of underlayer and overlayer materials which are compatible in that the disposition of the one on the other does not cause the formation of confused layers.
It is yet another object of the present invention to immediately pattern without the necessity of development, this being accomplished by the choice of underlayer and overlayer material which is removable by solvents which do not attack the supportive substrate on which the conductive material to be patterned is disposed.
It is a still further object of the present invention to produce a resist system that has a very high latitude for thickness variation, drying, and process conditions and yet is still associated with ease of removal without dissolving or damaging an underlying supportive substrate.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide removal of ash, soot and debris from the ablation process.
Lastly, but not limited hereto, it is also an object of the present invention to provide a resist system that requires minimum exposure from an incident laser beam, this latter being accomplished due to the thinness of the underlayer which absorbs the beam energy in comparison to the second, transparent layer which masks and shields and is removable without adversely affecting a supportive substrate.DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
The subject matter which is regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. The invention, however, both as to organization and method of practice, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side elevation view of the resist system of the present invention in place on a conductor coated substrate;
FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional side elevation view illustrating the practice of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional side elevation view illustrating the impingement of laser light on the resist system of the present invention through a mask; and
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional side elevation view similar to FIG. 3, but more particularly illustrating the employment of vacuum means for removing debris created by the ablation process.
FIGS. 5A through 5D illustrate an alternate embodiment of the present invention using masked and maskless steps.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 illustrates, in a cross-sectional side elevation view, a portion of a workpiece 20 processed in accordance with the present invention. For example, substrate 10 on which is disposed a conductive layer 12, may comprise a polymeric material which is particularly advantageous for use as a substrate in a printed circuit board which is readily moldable. Substrate 10, which may, for example, comprise a material fabricated from ULTEM.TM. polymeric resin, may also preferably contain filler material such as glass fibers for added strength. Typically, the added glass fibers possess a length approximately 10 times their diameter. The inclusion of such fillers, although desirable for strength, increases the surface roughness. It should also be noted that during the process of patterning conductive layer 12, which typically comprises a material such as copper, it is highly desirably that substrate 10 not be damaged in the patterning of conductive layer 12 and that upper layer 16, discussed more thoroughly below, not be adversely affected by the conductor etchant.
In certain circuit board fabrication processes, particularly those employing fibrous filler material, palladium seeding is used. However, palladium material is prone to migration along fiber induced paths in the polymer substrate. The palladium material can lead to the formation of undesirable conductive pathways between otherwise insulated conductive patterns, as, for example, by electromigration. However, it is possible to convert this palladium material to a non-conductive compound. This process is compatible with the present invention and is desirable when palladium seeding is employed, but forms no part of the present invention.
For the practice of the present invention, it is seen in FIG. 1 that conductor coated substrate 10 includes a dual layer resist configuration. First or underlayer 14 comprises a thin layer of ablatable, photoabsorptive material. In particular, when the underlying substrate comprises a polyetherimide such as ULTEM.TM. polymeric resin, underlayer 14 preferably comprises a polysulfone. This layer is preferably between about 0.1 microns and about 10 microns in thickness. The resist system also includes thick upper layer 16 of substantially transparent material. In particular, in preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is desirable that upper layer 16 be transparent to radiation produced by excimer lasers in the ultraviolet range and that underlayer 14 exhibit absorptive properties in this frequency region so that the underlayer is ablatable. It is also preferred that upper layer 16 be between about 1 micron and about 100 microns in thickness. In the practice of the present invention, underlayer 14 is ablated and upper layer 16 is blown away during the ablation process. It is also desired that upper and lower layers 16 and 14 exhibit differential solubilities so that the upper and lower layers are not confused by the application of upper layer material to lower layer material.
FIG. 2 illustrates one method of practicing the present invention with respect to the patterning of the resist system described herein. More particularly, it is seen that a pulsed laser beam, as from an excimer laser, is focused with a quartz beam focus lens 26 so as to produce beam 30 passing through mask 24 and impinging upon workpiece 20 which is disposed on X-Y positioning table 22. Although not visible at the scale shown in FIG. 2, workpiece 20 (as is more particularly seen in FIG. 1) contains the dual resist system described herein.
While FIG. 2 shows a lens system for concentrating laser produced radiation, lens arrangements are not necessary for the practice of the present invention. With sufficiently powerful lasers, a concentration mechanism is not required. However, such lasers are generally expensive. Accordingly, it is sometimes desirable to use the dual layer resist system of the present invention with concentrating optics; more particularly, it is possible to move the beam over the surface in a boustrophedonous manner to achieve the desired coverage. Thus, the X-Y positioning table shown is optional, particularly if an optical beam scanning mechanism is employed. It is only important that the beam and workpiece move relative to each other. Also, depending on the resolution desired for the conductive patterning, the mask itself is also optimal.
With respect to the mask itself, some special considerations should be noted particularly as a result of the high energy density present in the radiation beam. In particular, the mask preferably comprises a quartz substrate on which is disposed desired patterning in the form of a reflective, as opposed to an absorptive metal. Desirable metals for this purpose include aluminum and silver. Dielectric coating can be deposited, but are difficult to apply and expensive. Aluminum masks have been employed and have been found to work. In one embodiment, a mask comprised a quartz substrate about 100 mils in thickness. The quartz substrate included a patterned layer of titanium about 1,000 angstroms in thickness. The titanium facilitates adhesion of a reflective metal layer above it. Over the patterned titanium layer a layer of aluminum was disposed which was about 25,000 angstroms thick. Such masks should be employed with the patterning being disposed closer to the radiation source than to the workpiece. Thus, any debris which happens to be deposited on the mask can be wiped off easily without physically contacting the delicate pattern layer.
A mask which is particularly applicable for use in the present invention may be produced as follows: a quartz substrate is thoroughly cleansed in a mixture of 50% concentrated sulfuric acid and 50% hydrogen peroxide or other oxidizer. In the case of a mixture comprising 50% concentrated sulfuric acid and 50% hydrogen peroxide at a solution concentration of approximately 30% and immersion time of approximately 20 minutes has been found to be satisfactory, during which time the solution fizzes actively and is particularly effective for removing organic contaminants. The quartz substrate is then thoroughly rinsed in water and processed through a standard VLSI plate washer. The cleansed and rinsed substrate is then disposed in a vacuum system at a temperature of approximately 50.degree. C. for two hours. This time appears to be a minimum time for satisfactory results. Next, a thin layer of titanium is deposited on the quartz substrate, as for example, by electron beam evaporation. The titanium layer is preferably approximately 1,000 angstroms thick. The titanium is found to be particularly desirable for improved adhesion to the quartz material. Next, a reflective metal layer is deposited. Aluminum or silver is effective for this purpose. For example, in one embodiment, a layer of aluminum approximately 25,000 angstroms thick was employed. The reflective metal and titanium layers are then patterned by standard photolithographic methods. In general, the reflective metal layer is preferably between about 20,000 and 25,000 angstroms in thickness.
FIG. 3 provides a more detailed view of the operation of the present invention than the overall view shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 4 is similar to FIG. 3 except that it illustrates a vacuum system for removal of debris 27 produced during ablation of layer 14 and the subsequent "blowing away" of thicker layer 16. It is noted that the use of ablatable material 14 in a thick layer by itself is not adequate to solve the problem of patterning three-dimensional parts as described herein. More particularly, it is seen that the soot and debris produced by the ablation of a thick layer of resist material would actually be deleterious to the patterning process. However, it is noted that in the operation of the present invention, upper layer 16 is not ablated, but rather is blown away, that is, it is lifted by gas formation resulting from the ablation of photoabsorptive layer 14. While the system of debris removal shown is a vacuum system, it is also possible, though less desirable, to blow the soot and debris away from the ablation site. While workable, this does not afford desirable levels of soot and debris control. This is best achieved with a vacuum system. In particular, in experiments carried out in support of the present invention, a specially fabricated vacuum nozzle was employed which partially surrounded the incident laser beam and was able to minimize debris problems.
In accordance with the present invention, printed circuit boards comprising a polyetherimide such as ULTEM.TM. polymeric resin were employed. These boards were then palladium seeded and electrolessly plated to provide a copper surface coating of approximately 25 microns in thickness. As described above, "palladium kill" treatments are employed to reduce shorting effects that can occur with palladium seeding. Such printed circuit boards are then baked for adhesion promotion and are now ready for resist deposition. However, tarnish on the copper from the bake is preferably scrubbed off using a standard printed circuit board cleaner method using Scrub Cleaner No. 11 (as supplied by the Shipley Company of Newton, Mass.) and a brush.
Such boards are then rinsed and dipped in methanol and spun dried and then oven dried. The parts are then sprayed with a mixture of polysulfone and O-dichlorobenzene. A mixture of 2.5% UDEL.TM. 1700 polysulfone (as supplied by the Amoco Chemical Company) was employed. The parts were then air dried at room temperature for approximately 5 minutes and then placed in an oven at a temperature of 140.degree. C. for 5 minutes. The parts were then cooled to room temperature. Polysulfones are inert with respect to methylmethacrylate materials such as KRYLON.TM. (as sold by E. I. DuPont de Nemours Company) at least partially as a result of their different solubilities with respect to each other. The workpieces are now ready for application of the upper, thicker layer of the resist system of the present invention. The upper layer may be applied using a totally spray process or a combination of dip and spray process steps to ensure complete coverage of plated through-holes, if they are present. The workpieces used in the present example were in fact of the plated through-hole variety. A solution of 20% KRYLON.TM. by weight in methanol as a dip vat was employed. The KRYLON.TM. employed was KRYLON.TM. Clear-150, a product of the Borden Company. The workpieces are immersed and swished in the dip vat to ensure that no bubbles occur in the through-holes. The workpiece is slowly withdrawn at a rate of approximately 10 inches per second for a three inch workpiece. Parts are then set aside to allow even drying and are then placed on a rack for drying at room temperature for approximately 5 minutes. The parts were then oversprayed with another mixture of KRYLON.TM. Clear-150. It is to be noted that polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or polyethylmethacrylate (PEMA) or any other ultraviolet transmissive coating could be used as long as differential radiation transmission properties and solubilities are maintained. Polymethylmethacrylate is a generic polymer available from many sources including the Aldrich Chemical Company.
In one example carried out in accordance with the present invention, the KRYLON.TM. overspray layer comprised a mixture of 400 grams of KRYLON.TM.-150, 175 grams of toluene, 125 grams of xylene and 50 drops of BE-173 (a flow control agent supplied by the Nazdar Corporation of Chicago, Ill.). The workpieces were sprayed on both sides, dried at room temperature for approximately 5 minutes, dried at a temperature of 50.degree. C. for 5 minutes and then at a temperature of 90.degree. for 10 minutes, then at a temperature of 160.degree. C. for 30 minutes and then finally cooled to room temperature. The KRYLON.TM. upper layer merely dries over the UDEL.TM. polysulfone layer without disturbing it because of their mutual solubility characteristics.
The workpiece is now ready for ablation by a focused laser beam or by a more powerful unfocused laser beam. A focused excimer laser operating at a wavelength of 308 nanometers and employing unstable optics for high collimation and minimum divergence was employed. A Questek 2860 laser was used having a 1.times.2 centimeter rectangular beam at 180 millijoules at a pulse rate of 80 Hertz focused through a 4 meter quartz lens at 120 inches to increase the power density desired for clean ablation. The spot size was approximately 8.7 millimeters by 4.7 millimeters. An X-Y programmable positioning table that held the pattern mask in place was employed. The programmable positioning stage held the mask and the workpiece. The vacuum particle remover was held stationary in close proximity to the actual ablation site. Two passes were employed over sensitive three-dimensional areas to ensure clear ablation. When the workpiece is scanned, the excimer laser beam selectively ablates off all resist except where copper is desired (at least in one embodiment).
It is noted that the resist method of the present invention may be employed in two different ways. In particular, thin conductive layer 12, approximately 1 to 3 microns in thickness, which is exposed by the ablation process described herein may thereafter be built up selectively by electrodeposition processes after which the resist layers are removed and an etching step is performed to remove the thin conductive layer not exposed by the resist. This is a positive deposition system. This method has the advantage of producing conductive patterns exhibiting steep vertical walls.
However, it is also possible to employ the resist and method of the present invention in a negative deposition system in which the exposed copper is etched, the resist material is removed and, if desired, electroless deposition is selectively carried out to build up the remaining conductive patterns. Copper etching and electrodeposition methods for selective buildup are well known in the art. It is further noted though that metals such as nickel may also be employed as conductive layer 12.
When the conductive layer to be patterned comprises copper, ferric chloride is a desirable etchant. Thin, base layers of copper may be removed in a ferric chloride bath by immersion for about 90 seconds at a temperature of about 40.degree. C.
When the underlying substrate supporting the conductive layer comprises a polyetherimide such as ULTEM.TM., it is important that materials used to remove the thick and thin polymer or resist layers be compatible with the substrate. This is particularly true for the solvent used to remove the thick layer. For example, the ablated part is preferably dried for about two minutes at a temperature of about 90.degree. C. The part is then preferably washed in acetone for about five minutes and then in a half and half mixture of cyclohexanone and xylene(s). This is preferably followed by a one minutes wash in acetone after which an acetone spray rinse is applied to the board to remove anything remaining of the two levels. The board is then dried and ready for use, as a printed circuit board, for example.
When the underlying substrate comprises relatively inert material such as a ceramic, the range of solvents useful for removing a polysulfone layer is increased. Suitable solvents for polysulfone in this situation include acetophenone, chloroform, cyclohexanone, chlorobenzene, dimethylforanide, dioxane, methylene chloride and tetrahydrofuran. Blends of solvents which are suitable for this purpose include toluene/cyclohexanone, toluene/acetone, xylene/cyclohexanone and toluene/acetone/cyclohexanone. See Table I below for the relevant solvent weight ratios.
TABLE I ______________________________________ Wt. Ratio Solvent Blend of Solvents % Solids ______________________________________ Toluene/Cyclohexanone 50/50 20 Toluene/Cyclohexanone 75/25 20 Toluene/Acetone* 70/30 30 Toluene/Acetone/Cyclohexanone 65/25/10 20 25 30 35/15/50 20 Xylene/Cyclohexanone 50/50 20 ______________________________________ *Cannot be diluted below 30% solids
In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, a thin layer of ablatable photoabsorptive polymer material, as above, is disposed on a substrate having a conductive layer. This ablatable polymer is then patterned using a laser and mask as described above, but without the thick upper layer coating. However, the mask is patterned so as to leave ablatable polymer material present where conductive material is ultimately desired. This process has the advantage that there is significantly less debris (at least at this stage) since only a thin layer is being ablated. The substrate, with the positively patterned ablatable layer thereon is now coated with a thick layer of substantially transparent material, as above, which covers the exposed conductive layer and the patterned ablatable layer. The substrate is now exposed a second time to laser radiation, but now without a mask. The ablation of the photoablatable material then causes the thick layer to be removed everywhere except where the earlier mask based patterning step removed the ablatable material. The debris generated in this step can now be blown off or vacuumed off much more easily since there is no mask to be contaminated by the ablation process. Additionally, a larger or more powerful laser can be employed in this alternative process. Furthermore, the second laser beam need not be as collimated as the first beam since the first (masked) exposure step accurately defines the desired pattern. Debris landing on the remaining thick layer patterns, which define where conductive material will be present after etching, is significantly less of a problem since this material functions essentially only as an etching resist (for example, with respect to ferric chloride). Any upper layer debris is also made more readily removable from the conductive layer than the combination of debris from the Udel.RTM. and Krylon.RTM. combination. The process steps indicated above are illustrated in FIGS. 5A through 5D.
From the above, it should be appreciated that the resist configuration and method of the present invention provide a significant advantage for patterning three-dimensional parts. It is particularly seen that the system of the present invention provides a significant step forward in the utilization of moldable plastic printed circuit boards, particularly those containing structural and design elements such as channels, ridges and bosses. It is further seen that the system of the present invention provides a process for the rapid patterning of high resolution lines on desirable polymeric surfaces, even when such polymers contain fill material which contribute to surface roughness. It is further seen that the system of the present invention meets all of the aforementioned objects recited herein.
While the invention has been described in detail herein in accord with certain preferred embodiments thereof, many modifications and changes therein may be effected by those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
1. A method for photopatterning conductive patterns, said method comprising the steps of:
- disposing a thin layer of ablatable photoabsorptive polymer on a substrate having a conductive layer thereon, so that said polymer material is in contact with said conductive layer;
- directing a beam of laser energy on said ablatable polymer, through a mask so as to ablate said polymer layer, whereby said conductive layer is partially exposed;
- disposing a thick layer of substantially transparent material over said partially ablated polymer layer and said exposed conductive layer, said photoabsorptivity and said transparency being determined with respect to the same frequency range;
- directing a beam of laser energy through said thick layer so as to ablate said polymer layer and so as to simultaneously remove said thick layer above said ablated polymer layer, whereby select portions of said conductive layer are exposed.
2. The method of claim 1 in which said thin layer is selected from the group consisting of polysulfones.
3. The method of claim 1 in which said thick layer is selected from the group consisting of polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylmethacrylate and polycarbonates.
4. The method of claim 1 in which said laser energy is produced by an excimer laser.
5. The method of claim 1 in which said laser energy is in the ultraviolet frequency region.
6. The method of claim 1 in which said thin layer is between about 0.1 microns and about 10 microns in thickness.
7. The method of claim 1 in which said thick layer is between approximately 1 and approximately 100 microns in thickness.
8. The method of claim 1 further including the step of etching said finally exposed conductive layer.
9. The method of claim 8 further including the step of removing any remaining material of said thick and thin layers.
10. The method of claim 1 further including the step of depositing additional conductive layer material on the exposed portion of said conductive layer.
11. The method of claim 1 further including the step of removing said thick and thin layers.
12. The method of claim 1 in which said second laser beam exposure is performed using a higher powered laser than said first exposure.
13. The method of claim 1 in which said second laser exposure is performed without a mask.
14. The method of claim 1 in which said conductive layer comprises copper.
15. The method of claim 1 in which said mask is not in contact with said substrate.
16. The method of claim 1 in which said substrate exhibits a non-planar surface.
17. The method of claim 1 in which said substrate contains feed-through apertures.
18. The method of claim 1 further including removing said ablated material by vacuum means as it is produced.
19. The method of claim 1 further including removing said ablated material by blowing it away from the ablation side.
Type: Grant
Filed: Jul 26, 1988
Date of Patent: Jun 27, 1989
Assignee: General Electric Company (Schenectady, NY)
Inventors: Robert J. Wojnarowski (Ballston Lake, NY), Charles W. Eichelberger (Schenectady, NY)
Primary Examiner: William A. Powell
Attorneys: Marvin Snyder, James C. Davis, Jr.
Application Number: 7/224,416
International Classification: B44C 122; B29C 3700; C03C 1500; C03C 2506;


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Know what this symbol is trying to say?
Connected to the door switches, this light tells when a door is open, and in some vehicles, it even indicates which door.
By: Kennita Leon
7 Min Quiz
As we're sure you already know, the dashboard is the control panel in a vehicle that is located just behind the steering wheel. It displays the controls necessary for a vehicle's smooth running and operation.
Now, you may also know that not all vehicles have the same dashboard. The differentiating factors are the age of the vehicle, whether it takes gas or diesel, how many features the vehicle has and whether it's energy efficient. Despite this, there are always a few that all vehicles have, such as low fuel, brake warnings and service required. If you want to prove your auto knowledge, do it by taking this dashboard symbols quiz.
Back in the day, all dashboards needed to show were oil pressure and the speed and fuel levels. The word "dashboard" was first used not to describe a car, but a wooden barrier in a horse-drawn carriage. They've come a long way, and now show an array of things not limited to a tachometer, turn indicators and other basics. At the very least, you should know that anything flashing red means bad stuff, but we're going to test you beyond that!
So if you think you've got what it takes to ace this quiz, give it a go and display what you've got!
Connected to the door switches, this light tells when a door is open, and in some vehicles, it even indicates which door.
Also known as the "charging alert," this light is an indication that the vehicle's car battery voltage is lower than normal. A decrease in charge can result in the vehicle quickly losing all electrical power.
This lesser -known symbol on the dashboard indicates that water or another contaminant may be in your fuel. Diesel engines are equipped with fuel filters which separate water from fuel. This light may signify a need to change this filter.
Do not be the person who fails to signal a turn! These germane little arrows show in which direction you have opted to turn. We have all signaled left when we meant right or vice versa, and these arrows help to swiftly correct that.
This light's function serves to tell you that the fluid used to clean your windscreen is running low and needs to be refilled.
This red or orange light tells that the emergency brake is engaged. If this light appears with a wrench beneath it, then attention from an auto mechanic is necessary.
This aids in stability and traction. When a loss of control is detected, steering and braking are taken over from the driver. If this feature is shown as "off," it could be that the driver has pressed the button to deactivate the feature. If this is not the case, then there could be a problem with the function itself.
This light can either come in the form of a little thermometer image or words such as "temp" or "engine overheating." Whatever its form, it is one of the most significant lights. This is an indication that your coolant level is either inadequate or that the water/coolant ratio is off.
You can't cruise if you don't have the juice! This reminder tells you the level of your fuel tank and may even have an alarm which tells you when you are running dangerously low.
This feature is the cure for tailgating, as it informs the driver when they are too close to the vehicle in front of them. It also gives notice of stationary objects within the automobile's path.
These are wavy lines that intercept straight ones and face the right. They indicate light is passing through a fog and only shows up when your front fog lights are on.
This feature tells drivers that the engine either has a problem or needs to be serviced. It should be checked immediately, as problems can arise. You can either take your car into your mechanic or check the error yourself with an OBD2 code reader.
Just as the name suggests, this function tells when there is an obstruction and tells which side it is on. It is a huge addition to the "mirrors, signal, blind spot" mantra that we all learned as driving students.
In addition to being able to respond to rain, some vehicles are also equipped with the ability to manipulate headlights and wipers in response to the sun and rain. If this light comes up on your dash, it indicates that there is a problem with the automated system, but changes can still be made manually.
No one likes being dazzled by an oncoming vehicle; this safety feature helps to adjust the angle of headlights as one moves through various terrains and roadways.
This monitors the pressure of tires and informs the driver when one — or any or all — of them have fallen below par.
This bright red light on your dashboard is definitely not one to be ignored. Seeing it can mean that key bearings and friction surfaces are not being properly lubricated. If it appears while you are driving, pull over as soon as it is safe to do so and investigate the cause.
Modern cars have even more illuminated areas than before, from the license plate to tail lights; this symbols showing up means that you need to begin a search for the bulb that isn't getting enough voltage.
The seatbelt light is sometimes accompanied by a repetitive chime to remind the driver and occupants to buckle up.
Another aid to driving safety is the Anti-lock Brake (ABS) system. This allows the driver to apply maximum brakes while also steering — for instance, when swerving to avoid a possible collision with a person. If the ABS warning shows up, this needs to be checked immediately.
This is a safety feature that lets users know that the rear storage compartment of the vehicle is not properly closed.
Also known as the Automatic Speed Limiter (ASL), this pops up as a green light and comes on when this setting is engaged. It utilizes the cruise control settings to maintain a particular speed limit which is usually also displayed.
This feature helps motorists to be more alert to what or who is on the road with them when it is dark.
This usually is present in green on the dash to let you know that it is activated. Once in action, the system will assess the area around the vehicle to assist smoother and quicker parking. If the symbol is amber or flashing, then a fault with the system has been detected and will be deactivated until rectified.
One of the best safety functions is this little monitor that lets the driver know when they are veering off of their lane. The system monitors the road markings and the vehicle's position in relation to them and alerts the driver once they are moving too far away from them.
Regardless of the cause, if this light comes on, then it means that your airbag won't deploy should it ever be needed.
This button, which is identified as a rectangle with curved arrows running through it, activates a light on your dash to let you know when air from the vehicle's vent is being redirected to the back windows to remove the fog that has accumulated on them.
The future is here with wipers that know when to come on and just how fast to swish around. This light means that the setting is activated.
As if driving a modern vehicle was not already fun; this little dashboard necessity lets us know that traffic is backed up and that it will serve as an assistant.
This isn't the most helpful of lights, but it is one of the most feared. It tells you that something isn't working properly, motor-wise, and you should get to a professional sooner than later.
This setting is like the autopilot of the vehicle. You choose a speed to drive at, and once cruise control is activated, that speed is maintained until you brake. The symbol simply means that it is activated.
This tells drivers of automatic vehicles that they need to press the brake pedal to shift out of "park."
Usually attached to the windscreen, these sensors are able to detect rain and sun as well as a decrease in visibility and make changes, such as turning the headlights on or off. Should there be an issue with this function, the symbol will be illuminated on the dashboard.
If this red light comes on and remains on, it means that there is an issue with the braking system. It most commonly means that brakes need to be serviced soon or it can be a more urgent issue. If the light is flashing, it could mean that brake fluid levels are running low.
This nifty little feature reminds modern car drivers to have their vehicles checked. With the age of increasing information to retain, one can easily miss the next scheduled vehicle servicing, but fear not; technology always has the solution!
If the hill decent control light is on, then you know that your vehicle's ABS is monitoring the speed at which your vehicle goes downhill and is automatically applying the brakes as needed.
With motor vehicular theft becoming more common, manufacturers have drivers covered with this feature. It is activated whenever someone attempts to shift the wheel without the key in the ignition.
This light shows up as amber at a certain atmospheric temperature and then becomes red as it gets cooler. This warns the driver of the possibility of icy roads.
If one drives a hybrid vehicle, this is equivalent to the "check engine" light. It is more than likely a problem that involves any of the parts responsible for mobility.
Driving a diesel vehicle means that there is a lot of soot and other waste matter being created, and these can cause respiratory illnesses. Should this warning light come on, it could mean that the filter is blocked. The good news is that this is fixed by simply driving consistently over 40 mph for about 10 minutes.
Yet another awesome reminder for servicing; this feature lets you know when your brake pads and discs have put in their time and need to be replaced.
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Cameroon is once again honored by one of its sons, the professional disc jockey, Charly Templar. This social worker in Australia won on 6th September 2014, two trophies at the AAMMA Awards 2014 in Sydney in the categories of « Best Dj » and « Best Mentor« . The award ceremony took place in …Voir Plus »
Home / Tag Archives: Anne Kansiime


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You may have seen last week that You Me at Six announced they would be playing some special shows to tribute the 10 year anniversary of iconic album 'Take Off Your Colours'. Anyway, they sold out in seconds as presumed. Luckily, the band have revealed they will be playing some additional shows due to the demand for the tickets. As far as we are aware, these are the TOYC shows also, however we will update if this changes. *UPDATE – these shows are also exclusive TOYC shows* You can check out our previous posts regarding the earlier announcements, but for now we want to provide only the newly added dates. They are as follows:
November 21st – O2 Academy / Leeds
November 26th – O2 Academy / Newcastle
December 3rd – O2 Academy Brixton / London
December 6th – O2 Academy / Bournemouth
December 7th – O2 Academy / Sheffield
December 8th – UEA / Norwich
December 9th – Rock City / Nottingham
You can grab your tickets THIS Friday, however O2 priority does launch on Wednesday!
Are you pumped for more dates? Let us know in the comments!


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What happens when you share the Swiss Bionic Solutions PEMF Systems? Find out how to become Healthy and Wealthy.
Energy Medicine and Electromagnetic Field Therapy is exploding! Find out the impact Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Systems by Swiss Bionic Solutions are having worldwide. Find out why over 60% of all PEMF Systems worldwide are manufactured and marketed by Swiss Bionic Solutions. Find out how you can tap into this "in demand" market either in your professional clinic or for home based use.
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Pirate's House Mural #2!
May 29, 2009
That's right! I'm going back to the Pirate's House for another 23 feet of wall space! This project really could not have come at a better time. Life has become so terribly hectic as of late…it will be such a reprieve to pour my soul into a big project, turn the ipod on and the cell phone off, and ignore the madness in the world around me…(much of which, I admit, I created)…Here's the very first preliminary sketch…I'm already well into revisions…
©2009 Heather L. Young


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Dean Melbourne
This Myth
8 Duke Street, St James's, London. SW1Y 6BN
28 Feb – 12 Mar 2016
Nature, magic and the human body are the ever present forces that bring Dean Melbourne's paintings to life. Functioning almost like independent characters within a play, film or book, these elements permeate into and linger within each of his expressive figurative paintings. By drawing each of us into the complex, liminal worlds he paints, the artist invites us to explore and to become lost in these strange and mysterious places. Melbourne's most recent body of work, presented in his second solo exhibition with Coates and Scarry, This Myth, is no exception.
A skilful handling of oil paint and gloss paint, oil pastel and varnish enables Melbourne to build luscious surfaces that vibrate against their canvas or paper grounds. Bright colour is typically off-set by deep, black tones that infer, perhaps, a more sinister or superstitious atmosphere. Heavily layered line work, in a style closer to drawing, like that found within his painting Wudubeam (2016), gives an impression of swirling or twisting movement within the figures, creatures, trees, flowers and more bodily motifs. This restlessness is indicative of both the subject of the works and the painter himself. A keen impression of energy is counter-balanced, however, in calmer works with much looser, broader washes of colour, where a painted flower, for instance, dreamily drips onto forest foliage below. These are surfaces that beg to be discovered and to be touched, almost as if the paintings are layers of scenery on a stage set or more permeable membranes that can be passed through via osmosis. For Melbourne, painting is used as much to indicate a range of emotional, psychological and bodily experiences, as much as it is to depict particular figures, faces or forms.
The paintings of visionary and symbolist painters such as William Blake, Odilon Redon and Gustave Moreau are important points of art historical reference for Melbourne. He also selects threads of narrative from sources as wide-ranging as Anglo-Saxon folklore, Greek fables, Norse mythology, and science-fiction fantasy novels and films. There is no hierarchy here. Each of these sources of inspiration are as important as the next within his extensive visual vocabulary. His source material is malleable and changeable. An angelic, winged creature that could have been taken from a religious painting of the Renaissance period is just as likely to appear within his work as a stone age flint tool, a tropical orchid, a Gothic gargoyle or a voluptuous female nude. The artist freely samples from diverse forms and ideas. These enable him to produce paintings that create new rituals and myths – a personal collection of tales in which we can all share.
The works offer new and nuanced perspectives across a range of cultural anchor points from the past and the present day. Melbourne's paintings are particularly informed by what he calls 'mis-remembered stories'. He describes these as old or perhaps ancient narratives that have been reinterpreted through a contemporary lens. Props, costumes and computer-generated special effects from cult films such as John Boorman's Excalibur (1981), The Dark Crystal, Sinbad, The Never Ending Story and other adventure and fantasy releases of the 1980s that he grew up with, play a key role. Filtered through layers of memory and nostalgia, in a second-hand re-telling of tales, Melbourne's resulting paintings show scenes that are familiar but also imbued with strange mystery. The title of the exhibition is also indicative of mystery, as well as a sense of movement between time periods. Echoing both the historic and the contemporary, This Myth suggests an immediacy and timelessness that is palpable within the subject and form of the paintings on display. The title of the exhibition is also an open and ambiguous one – a puzzle to be solved or a code to be cracked apart – which myth? Shimmering surfaces, an eerie glow, a kneeling, cloaked figure, a decorative mask and pinpricks of light appearing in the darkness of the forest – each of these things point toward a moment where anything might happen, where little is known but much can be felt. What we do know, however, is that Melbourne's paintings show places populated with wild people and wild nature. The artist's paintings carefully build up and peel back layers of time and layers of narrative to expose, perhaps for the first time in centuries, places of ritual and of deep magic.
(Words by Anneka French)


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Endangered Scholars Worldwide condemns the terrorist attack at Bacha Khan University
Endangered Scholars Worldwide condemns the terrorist attack by armed militants at Bacha Khan University in the city of Charsadda, Pakistan, which killed at least 20 people and wounded many more.
Endangered Scholars Worldwide calls on appropriate Pakistani authorities to bring perpetrators of this "coward" attack to justice.
The right to education for all must be firmly protected. Schools and educational facilities must be respected as safe and secure spaces all around the world
The ongoing and increasing severity terror attacks against university students and faculty in Pakistan have added to grave concerns about the ability of scholars and intellectuals and students to work safely in educational settings.
The targeting of scholars and professors in the ongoing unrest is particularly distressing, and it harms the entire educational community by undermining the university's ability to meet its educational, research, and social responsibilities.


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1995 pen & ink and watercolor fine art Giclee print on archival paper 16" x 20".
This is a very whimsical colorful illustration. Since all my work flows intuitively, there is meaning revealed in the symbols here. The celebration of the harvest, of life and fertility is symbolically represented in this scene by the varieties of squash. Personally this was done during a major life transition (represented in the floating aspect) after I lost my first pregnancy ( represented in the shapes of the vegetables and the ladies encircling them). I also think of this as my fertility drawing. It inspired a series of whimsical imaginative illustrations which I may someday put together in a children's book.


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Product Description
No more struggling to tuck yourself into ladies' lingerie when you pull on this stretchy lace thong - its sheer central pouch moulds to your shape, giving a comfortable fit and super support. Wear it under clothes, or just in the bedroom for enticing fun.
The thick lace waistband not only adds a sensually feminine touch, but also smooths your hips for a discreet shape underneath your day-to-day wear. With a classic thong back that leaves your peachy cheeks exposed, it's perfect for a touch of spanking, or cheeky caresses.
Key Features:
- Soft, stretchy lace and mesh thong for men
- Sheer mesh pouch puts your package on display
- Classic thong back shows off your bottom
- Stretch lace waistband gives a smooth shape
- Slip it on for an instantly erotic look for the bedroom
More products from Male Power
How it feels
- Fabric: Lace
Male Power Size Chart
Male Power Size One Size S/M L/XL UK and US 28" - 40" 28" - 34" 36" - 42" Europe 71 - 105 cm 71 - 86 cm 92 - 107 cm
Male Power Scandal Lace Micro Thong with Pinch Back
- Our Price
- £16.99
Sexy and comfortable
Reviewed: 17 October 2020 by Joe 90, a Straight Married Male
I'd been looking at these for a while and decided, thanks to all the positive reviews, to take the plunge and I haven't been disappointed. You get what you pay for and while this Male Power thong is a bit pricey, it looks and feels amazing.
The lace is very fine and delicate so I'm always careful when handling them and the pouch is a lot more sheer than the picture suggests which isn't a problem. The lace waistband is stretchy but not elasticated so doesn't dig in and the S/M size fits my 32" waist perfectly. Being so light they are incredibly comfortable to the point I forget I'm wearing them and being fairly high waisted, I'm careful not to flash them above my jeans.
I highly recommend this thong and would love to see them in other colours.
- Pros
- Soft lace and sheer lace.
- Cons
- A bit pricey.
- Bottom line
- Sexiest and most comfortable thong I own.
- Was this review helpful to you? Yes
Sexiness and comfort all in one
Reviewed: 19 March 2020 by Mr Doob, a Straight Engaged Male
As per, arrived quickly and discreetly through Lovehoney's reliable delivery services.
Reading the reviews AFTER I'd already payed I was expecting to be disappointed with them, but had no issues whatsoever, and just from opening the packet I could tell I was going to love them, from the mesh front pouch to the lace detailing.
They fit really well and hug all the way around with no sag anywhere, and the lace pinch back sits so comfortably you forget you're even wearing them.
The lace is really nice and soft which sits on the skin really nicely whilst disappearing between your cheeks to show off what you've really got (without the annoyance of two thick bands unlike some thongs). They add a whole new aspect to the wardrobe, meaning us men can now wear something besides boring old boxers, which is aesthetically pleasing, confidence boosting and somehow still comfortable. (It's a winner !) The front holds everything in without issue and accentuates the sexy feel of the thong thanks to the stretchy mesh that reveals what is underneath. (Perhaps a little bit more than the photo shows.) OH loved them and I'm sure they won't disappoint through use.
If you're looking to please your partner's eyes, look no further than these feminine and sexy thongs which compliment your masculinity like nothing else ever has.
All in all a great product and will definitely be purchasing again !
- Pros
- The lace, the mesh, the thong. Just all of it. (You'll love them too.)
- Cons
- Photo could be more accurate, but it's no biggie. (They're better in person.)
- Bottom line
- Masculinity in a feminine and sexy style. (If that makes sense to anyone, congratulations.)
- Was this review helpful to you? Yes
OMG, I feel like a sissy
Reviewed: 20 March 2019 by Staci Kaese
I am such a sissy and these are super-cute! I love feeling girly and these do it.
They feel so nice around my dick. I usually wear panties and bras.
- Pros
- How much they made me feel like a girl.
- Cons
- Nothing.
- Bottom line
- Perfect.
- 1 person found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes
Great thong
Reviewed: 10 April 2018 by newbie@50, a Other Married Male
Bought this thong and a pair of wt look boxers. We were going out for a meal with a group of friends, so I asked the OH which new underwear I should put on she chose these.
Wow I am so glad she did. For the first half of the evening every time I got up I thought I was being watched and judged. Then when I realised there were only two people who knew what I was enjoying wearing, I enjoyed it more and relaxed even more.
Wow. I love lacy underwear on me.
- Pros
- Everything.
- Cons
- Nothing.
- Bottom line
- Wow.
- 1 person found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes
Order by:
Pinch back lace micro thong
Reviewed: 28 January 2018 by Unknownpleasures, a Straight Going Steady Male
Wow, these feel amazing on. I love the soft material and there is enough to hold you in place.
Very well made and will surely last for some time to come, super sexy underwear that will not disappoint. I love the lace detail. Looks amazing and gets you all nice and hot for some rightly deserved passion.
- Pros
- The look and feel.
- Cons
- Nothing.
- Bottom line
- If you want something sexy and fun to wear then pop these in your basket.
- 1 person found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes
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See all 24 Male Power Scandal Lace Micro Thong with Pinch Back reviews…


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The Pelican
Book Details
About the Book
Owner of a medieval shop in Boston, Alexandra is flourishing professionally. Her love life is not quite as happy, though. So, one day, she decides to put an end to her unsatisfactory relationship and look for the man with whom she will know "true" love! To help her in her quest, she decides on a "sign" that will tell her when she has found the Right One.
This romantic tale will captivate you with its freshness and its many twists and turns.
Who knows? Maybe it will inspire you to go looking for your own knight in shining armour...
About the Author
Born in Quebec, Odette Leclerc received a BA in translation from Laval University. She works as a freelance translator in the financial field.
She writes for kids over twelve. The Pelican is her first novel.


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In stock
Delivery Time: 2-3 Tage
my Blockout Fabric further details
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For large format banner and fabric printing that requires a completely opaque material, using a blockout fabric is the ideal choice. While these banners use light blocking technology to enhance the graphics with a razor-sharp clarity. My blockout is a superior large format prints which is temperature and weather resistant, along with B1 fire rated for internal and external use.
Hence, without any hassle, they can be used at indoor and outdoor events for example roadside signage and in-store promotions etc. The blockout material deals efficiently light and exposure providing outstanding clarity. My displays most innovative blockout fabric have exceptional durability and sustainability. If you want fabric that can be used for multiple occasions, always go for this recyclable products.
High-Quality Polyester Fabric Features:
Order Blockout Fabric and make fabric that handle light efficiently because of great opacity! Advertise in style with my blockout fabric from Mydisplays.
my Blockout Fabric product data


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Pope Francis will never be all things to all people — such as half of them: women. For example, while in the United States, he supported the right of Kim Davis, the Kentucky county clerk to refused to grant marriage licenses to same-sex couples (albeit under the guise of conscientious objection). Nevertheless, his election as pope had to constitute one the most extreme institutional about-faces in recent history. It surpasses Barack Obama succeeding George W. Bush as president and even Bill de Blasio succeeding Mike Bloomberg and Rudolph Giuliani. The speech that Pope Francis delivered to the United Nations on Sept. 25 struck all the right chords for forward-thinking individuals everywhere.
In fact, it was an almost textbook leftist critique of governments and corporations that had to thrill progressives and even make the hardened hearts of radicals sing. For example, speaking about the UN itself …
… reform and adaptation to the times is always necessary in the pursuit of the ultimate goal of granting all countries, without exception, a share in, and a genuine and equitable influence on, decision-making processes. The need for greater equity is especially true in the case of those bodies with effective executive capability, such as the Security Council. … The International Financial Agencies are should [sic] care for the sustainable development of countries and should ensure that they are not subjected to oppressive lending systems which, far from promoting progress, subject people to mechanisms which generate greater poverty, exclusion and dependence.
And …
The effective distribution of power … among a plurality of subjects, and the creation of a juridical system for regulating claims and interests, are one concrete way of limiting power. Yet today's world presents us with many false rights and – at the same time – broad sectors which are vulnerable, victims of power badly exercised: for example, the natural environment and the vast ranks of the excluded. These sectors are closely interconnected and made increasingly fragile by dominant political and economic relationships.
That is why their rights must be forcefully affirmed, by working to protect the environment and by putting an end to exclusion.
It's hard to imagine a pope or an executive of any type creating the type of textbook analysis more typical of an academic or a political analyst. As for who draws out Pope Francis's speeches, in November 2013, Vatican Insider reported:
Although the position of ghost writer does not officially exist in the Vatican, the person in charge of coordinating the preparation of the Pope's speeches does act like a sort of ghost writer. Two weeks ago Francis appointed Giampiero Gloder as Bishop and President of the Ecclesiastical Academy, the school that trains the Vatican's future diplomats. Gloder worked with Benedict XVI during the final years of his pontificate and assisted Francis from March until today.


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We are the Change Makers. Through innovative teaching, research and service across a wide array of disciplines, the School of Applied Sciences creates positive change and improves overall health and well-being for people and communities worldwide.
Click here to learn more about supporting the School of Applied Sciences.
Meet our Alumni Association representative, Torie White, Assistant Director of Alumni Relations.
Click here to learn more about participating in School of Applied Sciences Alumni organization.


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Coffee at Work
Sale price
Regular price
/ per shipment
A constant supply of fresh and delicious Single Origin speciality coffees at work.
Organically-grown, fairly-traded coffees, lovingly selected by Muttley & Jack according to what's in season. Roasted to perfection and shipped within 24 hours of roasting, our speciality coffee will reach your workplace in a state of peak freshness.
2 KG freshly roasted speciality coffees.
Omniroast - suitable for all brewing methods.


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New York World Cup 2010 - L32 - Occhiuzzi ITA v Lontay HUN
Uploaded on Saturday 25 December 2010
This is a L32 bout of the men's Grade A world cup in New York, USA in 2010. Diego Occhiuzzi of Italy is on the right and Lontay Balazs of Hungary is on the left.
Language: English
Length: 5:18
Country: Venezuela
bitLanders is a new kind of social, start and claim your rewards!
- +1.000.000 bitMiles! (~$1)


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Our services include, but are not limited to:
• Surveillance & Covert Video
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Every case is handled with the utmost in confidentiality to respect client privacy. All cases are handled with the best client service possible and we will always keep you informed as your case progresses. For many, the decision to hire a private investigator is not an easy one and we understand that. Rest assured, we are discreet and professional with all our cases. Our highly trained and experienced private investigators are available 7 days a week for your convenience. If you need a private investigator in the Denver Metro area, contact us today for your free no obligation consultation. We are here to help you.
Contact Details
|Denver Metro Investigations - Denver Private Investigator
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|(303) 304-3034


text:
Address: 1242 Northampton Street Easton, PA 18044
Establishment No.: 1081
USDA Inspection Report: 16 Nov 2011
Code: 01001
Violation: 416.1, 416.2(b)(1), 416.4(b)
Citation: At 1030 hrs on the 15th of November,while performing preoperationa l sanitation verification, I observed the following noncompliance : * [redacted], and two other employees were cutting raw meat product on a cutting table in the retail store. Specifically, the cutting table used for cutting the product is part of the retail store and is not identified in the plant's Sanitation SOP, or on the plant's preoperational sanitation monitoring checklist; there is no documentation on the preoperational sanitation monitoring checklist identifying the table as being cleaned, sanitized and inspected before the start of operations. Also, the retail store is not on the grant of inspection as being approved for processing FSIS inspected meat and poultry products. In addition, the retail store has no supporting documentation or monitoring records for control of ambient temperature as in the rail and processing coolers. This is a fail ure of 9 CFR 416.4(a); 416.4(d);and 416.13(a). [redacted], was advised of the aforementioned noncompliance. [redacted] advised me that the reason for cutting in the retail store was to avoid cross-contamination with poultry processing in the rail cooler.The product was removed from the retail store and taken to the rail cooler immediately.The product's internal temperature was determined to be 40 degrees F. No product contamination or adulteration was evident. No further action was taken .
416.1 Each official establishment must be operated and maintained in a manner sufficient to prevent the creation of insanitary conditions and to ensure that product is not adulterated.
416.2(b)(1) Establishment buildings, including their structures, rooms, and compartments must be of sound construction, be kept in good repair, and be of sufficient size to allow for processing, handling, and storage of product in a manner that does not result in product adulteration or the creation of insanitary conditions.
416.4(b) Non-food-contact surfaces of facilities, equipment, and utensils used in the operation of the establishment must be cleaned and sanitized as frequently as necessary to prevent the creation of insanitary conditions and the adulteration of product.
Next Report: USDA Inspection Report: 16 Nov 2011
Previous Report: USDA Inspection Report: 16 Nov 2011
Return to: R & R Provision Company
Return to: Pennsylvania Slaughterhouses
Return to: Slaughterhouses


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Theresa May's 'customs partnership' is a doomed half-measure, and she must reject ANY restrictive customs deal with the EU
During today's Cabinet summit, when the Prime Minister's ministers tell her that her proposed compromise is fatally flawed, she has to do the right thing for the country - and listen
Courage, PM
THERESA May must summon every ounce of courage today and make the right choice for Britain.
More than a year ago she set out her admirable vision for Brexit. We would retake control of immigration, our laws and our money. And, crucially, we would be completely free to trade independently beyond the EU's borders.
She called that "the great prize for this country — to build a truly Global Britain, a great trading nation".
But the PM, now without a majority, is under siege: from Tory Remainers, europhile civil servants and unelected peers all bent on killing Brexit. From opposition parties fixated solely on destroying her Government.
And from an EU that now seems focused not on a mutually beneficial deal but on trapping us for ever in powerless subservience to its Customs Union, neutralising us as the economic threat it fears. It cannot admit that — so instead it pretends the Irish border problem is otherwise unsolvable.
Mrs May must not flinch at this pivotal moment. Her idea for a bewilderingly complex "customs partnership" appears a fatally flawed compromise. It does not provide the freedoms fundamental to any sane interpretation of the Brexit vote.
When ministers tell her this at today's key Cabinet summit she must listen — then insist on a clean break from ANY restrictive customs deal.
This PM can go down in history as the woman who stood firm for the 17.4million majority, faced down the doubters and rebels and forced the EU to get real.
Or she can surrender to those siren voices, and her own innate caution, and pick a half-measure doomed to fail.
Theresa, do not let Britain down.
Migrant goals
AN annually revised migrant quota is a far better idea than some arbitrary and unachievable limit.
And the new rules Home Secretary Sajid Javid is also considering, tailoring levels to our economy's needs, are just what The Sun has argued for.
One concern, though. Say the quota one year is 250,000. Where will they live? Where will their kids go to school?
It's great being more choosy about skills. We still need to improve our infrastructure rapidly to cope with the numbers.
Mugged us
HOW dare police plead poverty, then blow £5,000 on coffee mugs they absurdly claim help fight drug crime?
Such scandals, unearthed solely by newspapers' Freedom of Information requests, are the tip of an iceberg. Forces bleat they are too stretched, then pour resources into social media, gimmicks and promotional merchandise like some commercial start-up.
The real mugs? The taxpaying public who cannot get a cop out to a burglary.


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There's nothing sweeter than an engagement shoot and one in downtown Charleston doubles the charm factor! Brooke and David's engagement from Meet The Burks takes place among the lush palms and dock swings of Waterfront Park. Be sure not to miss the creative ring picture these two created with scrabble pieces!
Photography: Meet The Burks