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Slumdog MillionaireDVD - 2009 | Widescreen version
From Library Staff
SkokieStaff_MaryS Aug 19, 2020
This sad yet joyous feature is worth watching and re-watching. As a 5-year old boy in the Dharavi slums of India, Jamal Malik is the true embodiment of a rascally boy. Certainly, his circumstances dictate that he be resourceful and street smart, but throughout his life, Jamal cares for his brothe... Read More »
SkokieStaff May 30, 2017
This Best Picture winner is the story of a penniless orphan from the slums of Mumbai who wins big on India's Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? Beautifully directed and acted.
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I really like Dev Patel, I think he is a superb actor! Poverty, love and cruelty which is almost too much to watch, this is a very well done movie. Love this movie and would watch it again. I watched it a second time, I saw things I missed before.
This is the story of 18-year-old Jamal Malik, as he answers questions on the Indian version of "Who Wants to be A Millionaire?" This film showcases the struggle of him and his brother, living on the streets in Mumbai after their mother had died. The story of how Jamal got to where he is now is discovered, and the background of poverty and crime is revealed. The movie is touching, emotional, inspirational, and so much more as it represents a part of society that is often overlooked. I would rate this movie 4.5/5 stars and recommend it to those who love an underdog. @The_Reviewer of the Teen Review Board of the Hamilton Public Library
A fairly creative movie about a young man named Jamal on a show that is essentially "Who Wants To Be A Millionaire?", instead called "Kaun Banega Crorepati?". The young man on the show is on a roll, but the host is baffled by how much a kid from the slums could possibly know. He is suddenly accused of cheating and arrested during the break. We see his past unfold as he tells the story of his life to prove that he did not cheat, but rather that his experiences have helped him answer each question correctly. Will Jamal prove his innocence?
Rating: 3.5/5
- @JuiceboxZ of the Teen Review Board at the Hamilton Public Library
I liked the music in the film, so I decided to check it out. Some of the songs were a little different but in all they are unique, beautiful and fit the movie well!
I've wanted to watch this film for years but I never got around to it. Now that I've seen it I can't stop thinking about it! It's a story riddled with pain, fear and resilience but also hope. I loved the music through out the movie as well.
If you haven't seen this movie yet, now is the time!
Fascinating Oscar winning 2009 cinematic peak into Indian life (both slum and Mumbai big city).
A powerful motion picture!
It really revolves around that idea that life is the greatest school for all, where we learn our best lessons!
Great performances from all. Danny Boyle does it again!
Slumdog Millionaire is a romantic drama thriller that had me enjoyed, thanks to A.R. Rahman's score, this movie had felt like any bollywood movie that I see on TV, except that they are speaking tamil all the way, which represents my culture. It tells how Jamal Malik recounts his events that feel like they were based on a true story, but much like what we see in India today. Slumdog Millionaire is a film that is so upbeat and colourful, by the time you're relaying its infectious air of optimism to friends, you could forget that it features orphans, slaughter, organised crime, poverty, enslavement and police brutality, which is similiar to what we see today (child labor, child abuse, homelessness, etc.). The film has a close resemblance to Q & A by Vikas Swarup, with the plot and setting being the same, except that most of the characters are different between the film and the book, but with the same traits. Because of Sulmdog Millionaire's success, this was one of Danny Boyle's best film to date, winning 8 Academy Awards, including best picture. To be honest, this is my favourite hindu oscar film due to its culture and life that we see in India, and especally, everywhere, because homelessness, crime, poverty, and brutality are the main points in the film and the book itself. Therefore, I recommend this film if your indian or not, to enjoy this entertaining of 2008, as of 2014, unless you watched in actual India many times and wondering like the phrase "Jai Ho!"
Even though he's one of those "hip", "flashy" directors, Danny Boyle guy is really quite talented. Like a modern fairy tale without being overly sentimental, I really quite enjoyed this one (despite the overbearing soundtrack).
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As the blessed month of Ramzan is upon us, let's try something out of the ordinary, tired of the same old samosa's and pakoras dripping with oil and fats? Then, look no further, we have the alternates you desire.
Want to try something unique and refreshing, then stay in touch with NewsOne which will be sharing a new and different Ramzan recipe from around the world to please your flavor palettes.
Previous Recipes:
Algerian Kefta
Harira, The Moroccan Soup
Eggs can make scrumptious dishes and so will this one. Easy to put together, this is a finger licking good dish that adults and children will love.
- Olive oil
- Chopped onions, 1 1/3 cups, finely minced
- One cup of thinly sliced bell peppers
- Two cloves of garlic, finely minced
How To Make:
- Heat the olive oil in a skillet.
- Stir in the finely chopped onion and thinly sliced bell peppers.
- Add to it 2 cloves of minced garlic; cook and stir until all the vegetables have softened and the onion has turned translucent, for about 5 minutes.
- Combine the tomatoes, a whole teaspoon ground cumin, 1 tsp paprika, salt, and one finely chopped chilli pepper into a bowl and mix it briefly.
- Pour the tomato mixture into the skillet, and stir to combine.
- Simmer, uncovered, until the tomato juices have cooked off, about 10 minutes.
- Make four indentations in the tomato mixture for the eggs.
- Crack the eggs into the indentations. Cover the skillet and let the eggs cook until they are firm but not dry, about 5 minutes.

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Mar 15, 2019
On today's show, Emily is joined by sexological bodyworker Dolly Josette to talk about how people can really get reconnected to their body and their sexual energy.
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Shawn M. Brickler, CFP(R), EA, attended Wright State Univ. before joining Brickler Financial Services (Now Brickler Asset Management, Inc.) in 1985. He attained the Cerified Financial Planner - CFPtm designation in 1990 and Enrolled Agent (EA) with the IRS in 2003. Shawn also holds Series 6, 7 and 63 securities registrations and is registered as a Investment Advisor Representative under Triad Advisors, LLC. Continuing investment-tax education, and over 25 yrs in the industry make him well suited to help clients attain their financial and investment goals.
Jack Brickler, CLU, started out in the life insurance industry. A lifelong resident of Indianapolis, IN and Centerville resident since 1970, he attended Ball State Univ. from 1960-1964. A strong interest in financial markets led him to attain his Series 7 brokerage registration in 1970. He also holds Series 24, 63 & 65 securities registrations. His 40+ years of experience in the financial services industry make him well qualified to assist in providing investment viewpoints from a historical perspective as the owner and founder of the business.
Max Weaver, EA, LUTCF, CSA(R) , graduated from Otterbein Univ. in 1962. He has been in the banking, life insurance and financial services areas for 30+ years amd currently serves as Brickler Asset Management's income tax preparer. Coming to Brickler in 1989, his experience in many areas of the financial industry is an asset to our clients. He is also an Enrolled Agent (EA) with the IRS.
Kelly Brickler, Operations Manager, earned an Associates Degree in Law Enforcement/Criminal Justice from Sinclair College. She has been an important part of the Brickler team since March 2004. She has served in various business capacities and brings excellent organization and interpersonal communication skills. Kelly is also the assistant to both Jack and Shawn..
Gary Kaczmarek, Administrative Assistant, graduated with MS from Embry Riddle Univ. before retiring from The United States Air Force. He holds a Series 6 securities registration. Since 2009 he's volunteered to lead dozens of Financial Peace Univ classes with military and church communities, helping people eliminate debt. He is a current Ramsey Solutions Master Series Coach. He's licensed in property & casualty, life, health and long-term care insurance. He can assist anyone that wants help eliminating debt using the Ramsey system.


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Forex books
Here is a selection of books that will help you learn trading basics and feel confident on the market. Notice that all the books on the list are in English.
If you are short of time and need a quick yet sufficient summary about trading essentials, you can always read articles in our Forex guide book.
KISS FOREX : How to Rock n' Roll to the Bank with...MACD+EMA's | Keep It Simple Stupid Lessons (FXHOLIC Book 5)
You may have broken all your trading rules insisting on choices that are catastrophic or just realized you actually have no rules because you don't feel confident with any System ….or you haven't a System at all.
If you think you're alone….you better think again. I've been in that position when I was starting out with FOREX. This is the most frequent "situation" for almost 90% of traders.
It takes a lot of courage and quality of character to make a mental shift putting yourself on the right track. You need to change your mentality. Successful FOREX Trading is about being with the majority of investors for as long as possible.
Trading should be fun most of the times, otherwise it starts eating you from inside. In order to be fun, you must know what you're doing. To know what you're doing you need a System which guides you through your trades. I hear analysts, read blogs, news, discussions, "de profundis" technical details, predictions, prophecies, opinions, assumptions, forex horoscope, market's oracles, experts, gurus.....noise....noise....noise...
It's not about being a sort of genius who predicts Trend Reversal early. It's not about riding the waves till the last pip. It's not about Trading like there is no tomorrow. There will always be tomorrows, new waves, new opportunities. In fact, they'll be countless. Their profit potential will be so huge, you'll have difficulty to comprehend its magnitude.
Think of Capital Markets as a vast ocean of gold. You can't take all that gold no matter how big player you are. You can only take as much as a "boatload". Or just a few buckets. Yes, consider yourself blessed if you take a few buckets of gold ! Because most traders get drowned in this vast ocean. Sea water might give them a chance of survival. Gold won't. This ocean is really wild.
I learned the hard way, that I can be more than happy if I manage to earn 20 pips a day. 50pips a day can make me rich. What about leaving hundreds of pips "on the table"? They're destined to other investors' buckets or they may form the next wave that will drown many.
A truly robust Forex Trading System, secures you from getting drowned in the ocean of gold, while helps you fill your bucket drop by drop. Respect the Markets. Respect yourself. You don't need complex formulas in order to trade successfully. The System I'm presenting in this Book uses MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence) and EMA' s (exponential moving averages). It's extremely simple and easy to understand while it's true fun to implement. It utilizes Entry Rules that may let you in with a small delay and its Exit Rules may cost you a few pips. But if you use it on Trending Markets absolutely respecting its rules, will help you fill many buckets ;)
Kind Regards
Sofia Stavropoulou


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- Research
- Open Access
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Cluster tree topology construction method based on PSO algorithm to prolong the lifetime of ZigBee wireless sensor networks
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking volume 2019, Article number: 199 (2019)
1344 Accesses
2 Citations
For wireless sensor networks (WSNs) based on ZigBee technology, the network topology plays an important role for improving the energy efficiency and the network lifetime. An appropriate construction method of network topology should be designed for saving the energy of the battery in each network node so as to prolong the lifetime of ZigBee WSNs. In this paper, a novel cluster tree topology construction method based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is proposed. In order to transform the network topology construction problem into an energy consumption optimization problem, an evaluation function reflecting the network energy consumption is designed, and the network topology is mapped into a particle population individual suitable for the PSO algorithm. In order to prolong the network lifetime as long as possible, two network topology reconstruction methods with the PSO algorithm based on fixed and variable energy thresholds are further proposed, respectively. The simulation results show that the proposed methods can prolong the lifetime of ZigBee WSNs effectively.
With the development of information industry, the application of information technology is more and more extensive. Especially with the arrival of the era of big data, the acquisition and processing of massive information has attracted more and more attention. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a self-organizing network composed of a large number of sensor nodes with functions of information collection, processing, and transmission. Each sensor node can collect, process, and transmit data in the sensing area, which can cooperate to collect massive information in the target area [1, 2]. As one of the key technologies of WSNs, ZigBee technology based on the standard of IE802.15.4 has been widely used in smart home [3], intelligent agriculture [4], smart grid [5], health monitoring [6], industrial control [7], and other fields because of its low power consumption, low speed, low cost, and ad hoc network characteristics.
There are three types of nodes in ZigBee networks: coordinator, router, and end-device [8]. In addition to the coordinator nodes powered by stable power supply, routers and end-devices are generally powered by dry batteries or storage batteries. The end-devices send data directly or through routers to the coordinator, and the low power characteristic allows it to turn off/turn on the transceiver periodically to save energy. The randomness of data forwarding makes routers have to turn on receivers at all times. Moreover, in application scenarios of WSNs such as industrial and farm, data is collected and transmitted frequently, which causes the routing nodes to consume much energy and premature failure to work because the battery is exhausted. As a result, the network is divided into isolated parts which are difficult to connect, and the network life time is greatly reduced [9, 10]. Therefore, how to use the limited energy to make WSNs work as long as possible, and reduce the cost of battery has become a hot issue in the current research of WSNs based on the ZigBee technology.
For WSNs with limited energy, a good network topology construction method can save a lot of energy, reduce the energy consumption of nodes, and effectively prolong the network lifetime [11]. In recent years, the research on WSN topology control algorithm mainly focuses on power control and hierarchical topology construction algorithms [12, 13]. In terms of power control-based topology construction method, the typical algorithms that have been proposed are node-based local mean algorithm and local mean neighbors algorithm [14], relative neighborhood graph algorithm based on neighbor graphs [15], etc. In terms of hierarchical topology construction method, typical algorithms include topological control algorithms based on uniform clustering, such as the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy algorithm and hybrid energy-efficient distributed clustering approach, etc. [16, 17].
From these research results, it is known that the network topology construction that reduces the number of routers as much as possible is considered to be an effective method for suppressing power consumption. In addition, in order to prolong the network lifetime, it is important to use the power of all nodes evenly. Currently, there are no good known methods for analyzing the network structure that minimizes the number of routers. Furthermore, it is not possible to study all possible network structures of large-scale networks during processing time. For problems that cannot be solved by graph theory or combinatorial mathematical analysis, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm can find suboptimal solutions for these problems in real time [18, 19]. Therefore, in this paper, we use the PSO algorithm to study the construction method of the cluster tree topology for ZigBee WSNs with low power consumption and long network lifetime.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. The system model is given in Section 2. In Section 3, the principle of the PSO algorithm is introduced first, and the proposed cluster tree topology construction method based on the PSO algorithm is described in detail. The effectiveness of the proposed method is examined in Section 4 by computer simulation compared from multiple perspectives. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper.
In this paper, the construction method of the network topology for ZigBee WSNs is based on the PSO algorithm which is a swarm intelligence algorithm. The cost function reflecting the energy consumption of the network is fist designed. Then the real number sequence is designed to represent the possible solution of the network topology. Thus, the network topology construction problem studied in this paper is transformed into an optimization problem that can be solved by PSO algorithm. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, we compare the performance of the proposed scheme with the traditional method in several aspects.
System model
Cluster tree topology
ZigBee-based WSNs have three network topologies: star topology, mesh topology, and cluster tree topology. In a star network since only the range from the central node to one hop can be communicated, the delay time of data transmission is short and collisions hardly occur. On the other hand, there is a disadvantage that the coverage of the network is relatively small and the communication reliability is low because only one-hop communication is possible. The merit of mesh network is that multi-hop communication can be performed beyond the one-hop limit. In addition, communication reliability can be improved by making communication routes redundant. Cluster tree network has strong expansion ability, and has the advantages of star network and mesh network.
The cluster tree topology mainly used in WSNs is shown in Fig. 1. The cluster tree topology differs from the mesh topology in that the relationship between nodes is not equal, and there is a clear parent-child relationship, and it is a pyramidal tree structure. In this structure, the top nodes of the network are the coordinator, the other parent nodes are routers, and the terminal nodes are end-devices. The advantages of cluster tree topology are as follows.
Since the network is hierarchical, the delay time of data transmission can be predicted.
The router always keeps tracking the status of its own child nodes, and the connection status of the network is aggregated along the tree root. Therefore, the coordinator can easily understand the connection status of the entire network.
On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of cluster tree topology.
Since there is only one communication route, sometimes information may not reach the destination node when a communication failure occurs.
Because information is aggregated to the coordinator, traffic jams occur closer to the coordinator, and the balance of network resource utilization is not good.
Energy consumption model
The energy consumption model considered in this paper is the first-order radio model as shown in Fig. 2. Eelec is the amount of energy required to transmit and receive one bit message, and εamp is the amount of energy required to amplify the transmitter signal. The energy consumption of transmission and reception denoted as ET and ER are calculated using (1) and (2), respectively [20].
where the amount of communication is k bits and the communication radius of the node is d meters. When the communication time is t seconds and the communication rate is v [bps], the transmission power PT and the reception power PR are calculated using (3) and (4), respectively.
It is assumed that Eelec is 50 (nJ/bit), εamp is 100 (pJ/bit/m2), d is 30 m, v is 250 kbps, and there is no delay due to radio wave collision or communication error. The results of PT and PR can be calculated as 35 mW and 12.5 mW, respectively.
Figure 3 shows the time series of the operation of WSNs, where Ts is the transmission time, PT is the transmission power, PR is the reception power, and n is the number of child nodes of the router. Here, the end-device enters a sleep mode when no information is transmitted, while the router waits for a receivable state when no information is transmitted.
Figure 4 shows an example of two WSNs with the same number of nodes but different cluster tree topology networks. As shown in Fig. 4a, there are three end-devices that only transmit information. From Fig. 3a, the total energy consumption of end-devices can be calculated as shown in (5). The second and third node acts as routers to transmit information and also receives information, that is combining the data it owns with the data received from them child nodes and sends it to the coordinator. From Fig. 3b, the amount of energy consumption of routers can be calculated based on (6) in a similar way. Therefore, the power consumption of a network round is the sum of the power consumption of each node, and is calculated using (7).
As shown in Fig. 4b, it has one more routing node than Fig. 4a, and the power consumed can be calculated by the same method as described in (8).
Substituting the values of PT and PR calculated in (3) and (4), it can be found that the value of PWSN2 is greater than that of PWSN1. This indicates that different network topologies affect the power consumption of the network due to the difference in the number of routes, thereby affecting the lifetime of the network.
Cluster tree topology construction method based on particle swarm optimization algorithm
Particle swarm optimization algorithm
Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was first proposed for solving the continuous optimization problem in 1995 by Kennedy and Eberhart [19]. Its basic concept stems from the study of predation behavior of birds. On this basis, they proposed a discrete binary version of PSO in 1997 to solve the combinatorial optimization problem in engineering practice.
Similar to other evolutionary algorithms, the PSO algorithm also adopts the concepts of "group" and "evolution." The difference is that the PSO algorithm does not use evolutionary operators for individuals like other evolutionary algorithms, but treats each individual as a non-weight and non-volume particle flying at a certain speed in the search space. The speed of the flight is dynamically adjusted by the individual's flight experience and the group's flight experience.
Suppose that in a D-dimensional target search space, the population size is m particles, and the position of the ith particle in the D-dimensional search space is represented as a D-dimensional vector
The position of each particle is a potential solution for the problem being optimized. By substituting a vector xi into an objective function, the fitness value of the objective function can be calculated, and then the quality of the particle xi can be measured according to the fitness value. The flight speed of the ith particle is also a D-dimensional vector
The optimal position vector that the ith particle has searched so far is
where pbesti is called an individual extreme point. The optimal position vector that the entire particle swarm has searched so far is
where gbest is called a global extreme point. In each iteration, every particle updates its velocity and position according to the above two optimal values. The renewal equation is
where v is the dth velocity of the ith particle in the kth iteration; c1, c2 are learning factors used to adjust the maximum step size of the flight toward the global optimal particle and the individual optimal particle; if they are too small, the particles may be far away from the target area, if they are too large, the particles may fly over the target area. The appropriate value of c1, c2 can accelerate the convergence and not easily fall into local optimum, usually let c1 = c2 = 2; rand1, 2 is a random number between [0, 1]. \( {x}_{id}^k \) is the current position of the dth dimension of the ith particle in the kth iteration; pbestid is the position of the ith particle at the individual extreme point of the dth dimension; gbestd is the dth dimensional position of the global extreme point of the entire population.
In (14), \( sig\left({v}_{id}^{k+1}\right) \) is the threshold function that converts the velocity to a value between [0, 1], which is defined as
where usually take a = 1, c = 0. The individual components ρi of the vector ρid are random numbers between [0, 1]. It can be seen that if the value of vid is larger, the position of the particle xid is more likely to select as 1; otherwise, xid is more likely to select as 0. Therefore, vid is equivalent to a probability threshold, indicating the tendency of the particle i to take 1 or take 0 at the d-dimensional position.
During the running of the PSO algorithm, the individual extreme of a single particle and the global extreme of the entire particle swarm are continuously updated, and the global extreme output at the end of the algorithm is the optimal solution of the problem.
Cluster tree topology construction for ZigBee WSNs using PSO
Construction method of cluster tree topology based on the PSO algorithm actually uses the global search and combination optimization capabilities of the PSO algorithm to determine the optimal combination of routers and end-devices in the solution space for ZigBee WSNs.
Based on the introduction and analysis of Section 2.2, we define the evaluation function as in (16) by extending (7) to general cases. Fitness PWSN represents the power consumption of one round of WSNs. One round is the period during which all nodes in WSNs complete once data transmission.
Here, Tt is the transmission time, T is one round time of the network, R is the number of routers, H is the total number of hops of the network, PT is the transmission power, PR is the reception power, and k represents the sum of the number of child nodes of each router.
The process steps of the proposed network topology construction method using PSO is described as follows.
Particle population initialization
The generation of the initial population is an operation that randomly generates a preset number of particles. Here, we use the adjacency matrix to generate particles. As shown in Fig. 5, nodes that can communicate with each other are first connected by dashed lines to create an adjacency matrix. Here, 1 indicates a connection state, and 0 indicates a non-connection state. Next, the lower left half of the adjacency matrix is taken out and rewritten as one line as shown in Fig. 5. Finally, particles can be generated by randomly extracting a number from each part.
Evaluation of particle fitness
Particle fitness evaluation is an operation of calculating the fitness of each particle in the population using the evaluation function of (16). The value of fitness can reflect the quality of the particle. In order to prolong the lifetime of the network, it is desirable that the smaller the value of the fitness (the smaller the power consumption) the better.
In the first iteration of the particle population, the initial population of N particles is randomly generated according to the method in the step (1). The individual extreme value pbest is set to the current particle position. The positional coordinates of each particle are substituted into the evaluation function (16) to calculate the fitness value, and the position of the particle with the largest value is set as the global extreme value gbest.
If it is not the first iteration of the particle population, current position vector for each particle is substituted into the evaluation function to calculate the fitness value of the particle. If it is greater than the current individual extreme value of the particle, pbest will be set to the current position of the particle. If the largest of the individual extreme value of all particles is greater than the current global extreme value, gbest will be set to the position of the best particle.
Velocity and position of particle updating
For each bit on each particle code string, the velocity and position are updated according to formula (13) and (14).
Judgment of stop condition
If the current number of iterations reaches the predetermined maximum number of generations, the iteration is stopped, and the result of the cluster tree topology is outputted; otherwise, the process proceeds to step 2, and the algorithm is continued.
Simulation results and discussion
In this study, environmental monitoring in a wide area is assumed. Nodes are randomly distributed in the observation area, and the information of each node is managed by the coordinator. Specifically, as shown in Figs. 6, 100 nodes are placed in an observation area of 100 m × 100 m to collect information. The communication radius of the node is 30 m. The position of the coordinator is located at the center of the viewing area (50, 50). The coordinator is powered by an external power source, while the node is powered by the battery.
Here, the roles of routers and end-devices can be exchanged with each other, and the movement of the node is not considered. In addition, it is assumed that data collisions do not occur during wireless communication. The experimental parameters are shown in Table 1. In the following section, the cluster tree topology constructed by the traditional method and the PSO algorithm are experimented respectively, and the performance is compared and analyzed.
Construction result of the network topology based on the PSO algorithm
Experiments are carried out using the traditional method and PSO. The experimental results are the average of ten simulation results. Figure 7 shows a comparison of network power consumption. It can be seen that the power consumption of the network constructed with PSO algorithm is smaller than that of the traditional method.
An example of a network construction with the lowest power consumption obtained by the PSO algorithm is shown in Fig. 8. Here, the red node is the coordinator, the yellow node is the router, and the green node is the end-device. It can be observed that the number of routers is 8, and the number of end-devices is 91.
Simulation and analysis of network lifetime
Based on the network topology with lowest power consumption obtained in Section 4.1, we study its network lifetime in this section. We compare the network lifetime when the network is not reconfigured and the network is reconstructed, respectively. To calculate the lifetime of the network, a capacity of 100 J battery power is supplied to nodes other than the coordinator.
After the network is constructed, the network starts running. We assume that the remaining energy of any node is less than 0, the lifetime of the network stops. The comparison of the performance in term of the network lifetime and the remaining energy at the end of network lifetime is shown in Figs. 9 and 10, respectively.
It can be seen that there is little difference in the lifetime of the network, although the network constructed by the PSO algorithm consumes less energy in one round than traditional method. In addition, the energy consumption is lower but the remaining energy is still kept at about 70% using the proposed method. This means that the network should be reconstructed to deplete the remaining power and prolong the lifetime of the network.
Network reconstruction with fixed power threshold
The flow chart of the network reconstruction method based on a fixed power threshold is shown in Fig. 11. First, configure the network and then operate it. Next, network reconstruction is performed when the remaining rate of battery energy of any router falls below the threshold that is set to 10%. In this case, it is required that the node whose remaining rate of battery energy is lower than the threshold cannot be a router. If reconstruction is not possible, leave the network structure remains unchanged and run until the remaining energy of any node is below zero. Here, we do not consider the power consumed during network reconstruction for simplicity.
The performance comparison in term of the network lifetime and the remaining energy is shown in Figs. 12 and 13, respectively. Comparing Figs. 10 and 13, in the case of the proposed PSO scheme, it is confirmed that the remaining energy of the network with reconstruction is 46.3% less than that of the network without reconstruction. And as can be seen from Figs. 12 and 13, it is shown that it is successful to reduce the network remaining energy and prolong the network lifetime by reconstruction the network compared to the case without reconstruction. In addition, the lifetime of the network constructed with PSO algorithm is about 1.9 times that of the traditional method, which proves the effectiveness of our proposed PSO scheme.
Network reconstruction with variable power threshold
The flow chart of the network reconstruction method with the variable power threshold is shown in Fig. 14. When the remaining rate of battery energy of any router drops below the threshold that is set to 80%, network reconstruction is performed. It is required that nodes whose remaining power is below the threshold cannot be set as a router. If network reconstruction becomes impossible in the current threshold, the threshold is reduced by 10%. In this case, the node with the remaining power higher than the threshold can be set as the router, and the node below the threshold can only be set as the end-device. In this way, the threshold decreases with 10% step size, and network reconstruction is carried out in a circular way. When the threshold becomes less than 10%, the network structure is maintained and the operation of the network is performed until the remaining energy of any node is below zero.
Figures 15 and 16 show the comparison of the network lifetime and the remaining energy using the proposed network reconstruction method with the variable power threshold. It can be seen that the proposed reconstruction method with the variable power threshold can improve the performance of reconstruction method with the fixed power threshold.
Figures 17 and 18 show the distribution of the energy consumption of the network constructed by the proposed reconstruction method. We note that the energy of the nodes near the coordinator is almost exhausted. This is because all the data are transmitted to the coordinator via the router directly connected to the coordinator, so the power consumption of the router closer to the coordinator is eliminated first.
In addition, we can observe that compared to the fixed threshold method, the number of nodes with remaining energy of 90% is decreased significantly using the variable threshold method. It is understood that the remaining power of the battery can be used uniformly for constructed network using the PSO algorithm. This is because by using the variable threshold method, the number of network reconstructions is increased, and the data transmission load can be prevented from being concentrated on the router and the power of all nodes can be uniformly used, thereby prolonging the network life time.
This paper presents new methods to construct the cluster tree topology for ZigBee WSNs. Firstly, based on the number of routers, the number of end-devices and the total number of hops, an evaluation function is constructed to reflect the energy consumption of the network, thus converting the problem of network topology construction into an optimization problem. Then, in order to make the optimization problem suitable for solving with the PSO algorithm, the network topology is transformed into particle individuals of the PSO algorithm. On these bases, the construction method of the cluster tree network topology based on the PSO algorithm is proposed. The simulation results show that the proposed method can construct a network topology with lower energy consumption. From simulation results, we also find that it is necessary to reconstruct the network to further prolong the network lifetime. Therefore, two network topology reconstruction methods with the PSO algorithm based on fixed and variable energy threshold are further proposed, respectively. The simulation results prove that the proposed network topology reconstruction methods can prolong the network lifetime effectively.
Availability of data and materials
Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
Particle swarm optimization
- WSNs:
Wireless sensor networks
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Authors would like to express the sincere thanks to the National Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu province and China for their funding support to carry out this project.
This work is supported in part by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant No.BK20160294) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61601208).
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Cite this article
Yu, Y., Xue, B., Chen, Z. et al. Cluster tree topology construction method based on PSO algorithm to prolong the lifetime of ZigBee wireless sensor networks. J Wireless Com Network 2019, 199 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-019-1523-0
- Cluster tree topology
- PSO algorithm
- ZigBee
- Wireless sensor networks
- Lifetime


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Cannabis Cultivation Applications
Conditional Use Permit Application
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Cannabis Cultivation Permits
Ordinance No. 2016-0051 added Chapter 5.150 to the Sacramento City Code: Marijuana Businesses. The Code provides for specific regulations regarding marijuana cultivation businesses, notice and appeal processes, medical marijuana dispensaries, and marijuana cultivation. Code §5.1506.320 outlines the cultivation permits that may be issued, including:
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Sacramento Marijuana Resources
Cultivation of Marijuana on the City of Sacramento's website.


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Obituary for Alice Juanita Pyeatt
February 26, 2019
Alice Juanita Pyeatt
Aug. 3, 1925-Feb. 24, 2019
Age: 93
Residence: Greeley
Alice Juanita Pyeatt, 93, died Sunday, Feb. 24, 2019, at Good Samaritan Society-Bonell Community. She was born Aug. 3, 1925, in Simon, Okla., to Dee and Lillie (Victory) Hill. She was the first of four children. She moved with her family to Jal, N.M.
She met and married Robert Oren Pyeatt on Aug. 22, 1941, graduating from Jal High School the following year. Their union resulted in five children. After raising her children, she worked as the school secretary at Gilcrest Elementary. She was a Sunday school teacher, Missionette leader and public speaker at First Assembly of God church. She was a Blue Bird and Cub Scout leader, also, volunteering at NCMC for 20 years. She was dedicated to helping others.
Alice and Robert "Bob" bought a farm in Roswell, N. M., in 1945. They continued farming, moving to Hudson, in 1961, then later to Gilcrest, where they retired. Alice loved her husband of 70 years and their children. They enjoyed many trips to the mountains, cooking on an open fire and enjoying life.
Alice is survived by her daughters, Sharon (Frank) D'Angelo of Parker, and Deena (Richard) Ellin of Berthoud; sons, Ritchie (Linda) Pyeatt of Platteville, and Terry (David) Pyeatt of Aurora; one sister; eight grandchildren and five great-grandchildren.
Buddy Duane, her eldest son, was killed while serving his country in the Navy. She lost "the love of her life", Robert, on Dec. 28, 2011. They are "together again" for eternity.
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Brandon Morrow injury update: Cubs reliever will not return this season
Brandon Morrow will not return to the Cubs in 2018.
Chicago has shut down the 34-year-old reliever for the season, general manager Theo Epstein told reporters Tuesday. Morrow is dealing with a bone bruise in his arm and last pitched in an MLB game on July 15.
Brandon Morrow out for season #Cubs Theo Epstein says— Bob Nightengale (@BNightengale) September 18, 2018
Morrow registered a 1.47 ERA with 22 saves in 35 appearances this season. He struck out 31 and walked nine in 30 2/3 innings on the mound.
Morrow signed a two-year, $21 million deal with the Cubs this offseason after he posted a breakout season with the Dodgers in 2017.
Chicago had been using Pedro Strop as its closer in Morrow's absence. But, Strop suffered a hamstring strain last week and will reportedly be out for the rest of the regular season.
"There's no panic here," Epstein said about the injuries to Chicago's relievers (via USA Today)
The Cubs entered play Tuesday with a 2 1/2 game lead over the Brewers for first place in the National League Central.


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|This page is currently being redesigned for the Lore Places Project (LPP).
The page may need work to meet the standards outlined on the project page.
|Green Hall
Long Coast
Tarlain Heights
|Appears in
Grahtwood, sometimes called the Kingdom of Grahtwood,[1] is a large region which forms southeastern Valenwood. Much of it is covered in impenetrable jungle, though a western portion of the region was devastated by Molag Bal circa 1E 2920 and has never recovered. The Tarlain Heights lie west of Green Hall, and the coastal region south of both areas is known as Longcoast. Many cities and settlements can be found in Grahtwood, including Haven, Cormount, Goldfolly, Southpoint, and Elden Root. Historically, the walking city Falinesti settled in Grahtwood during the winter.[2]
Many races besides the Bosmer have made Grahtwood their home. Orc strongholds are not unheard of, and numerous Ayleid ruins dot the landscape.[2] The Bosmer have allowed both Imperials and Argonians to establish autonomous settlements in their land.[3] In fact, men have been coming from Cyrodiil to seek great wealth from Grahtwood's resources since the First Era.[1][4] Non-native Bosmer who return to their ancestral homeland are frequently drawn to Grahtwood. As a result, relations between them and native Bosmer are particularly tense in the region, and this has often led to conflict. In 2E 489, the Blacksap Movement was founded with the aim of formalizing the Bosmeri approach to the Green Pact, and thereby prevent any further violent "misunderstandings" between the two groups.[5]
See Also[edit]
- For game-specific information, see the ESO article.


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Source: J.P. Morgan Asset Management
One in three, or 33 percent, forecast gains of 5 to 15 percent. Slightly more, or 38 percent, expect global stock markets to rise by the same amount over the next 12 months, and a total of 67 percent predicted overall gains. The survey covered representatives from onshore fund distributors, including financial advisors and investment consultants, according to J.P. Morgan.
The recent market drop has brought down the price of some good quality companies to a more attractive valuation, according to Eric Bian, investment specialist at J.P. Morgan Asset Management.
While he would not disclose specific names, he said there are now buying opportunities in some health care and consumption stocks. In health care, the sub-industries range from drugstores to biotech, and, in consumption, tourism-related names are more attractive, Bian said.
A vaccine scandal in July hit health care stocks across the board. The sector is among the worst performers in the Shanghai composite over the last 60 trading days, down 20.5 percent. But Bian said the sell-off created good buying opportunities in some companies that can grow and gain market share over the long run.
Still, health care is down 7.8 percent for the year so far, making it the best performing sector in the Shanghai composite.
Bian also said there are some attractive mainland stocks in automation and software, especially given expectations that Chinese companies will soon increase their spending on enterprise software.
The post China markets: Chinese investors expect turnaround in stocks appeared first on USNewsRank.


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« AnteriorContinuar »
the evil propensities of the reader, which have given to the Decameron alone, of all the works of Boccaccio, a perpetual popularity. The establishment of a new and delightful dialect conferred an immortality on the works in which it was first fixed. The sonnets of Petrarch were, for ihe same reason, fated to survive his self-admired Africa, the «favourite of kings. » The invariable traits of nature and feeling with which the novels, as well as the verses, abound, have doubtless been the chief source of the foreign celebrity of both authors; but Boccaccio, as a man, is no more to be estimated by that work, than Petrarch is to be regarded in no other light than as the lover of Laura. Even, however, had the father of the Tuscan prose been known only as the author of the Decameron, a considerate writer would have been cautious to pronounce a sentence irreconciliable with the unerring voice of many ages and nations. An irrevocable value has never been stamped upon any work solely recommended by impurity.
The true source of the outcry against Boccaccio, which began at a very early period, was the choice of his scandalous personages in the cloisters as well as the courts; but the princes only laughed at the gallant adventures so unjustly charged upon Queen Theodelinda, whilst the priesthood cried shame upon the debauchées drawn from the convent and the hermitage; and, most probably for the opposite reason, namely, that the picture was faithful to the life. Two of the novels are allowed to be facts usefully turned into tales, to deride the canonization of rogues and laymen. Ser Ciapelletto and Marcellinus are cited with applause even by the decent Muratori. * The great Arnaud, as he is quoted in Bayle, states, that a new edition of the novels was proposed, of which the expurgation consisted in omitting the words « monk» and « nun » and tacking the immoralities to other names. The literary history of
dicat, juvenis scripsit, et majorís coactus imperio. » The letter was addressed to Maghinard of Cavalcanti, marshal of the kingdom of Sicily. See Tiraboschi, Storia, etc. tom. v. par. ii. lib. iii. p. 525. edit. Ven. 1795.
* Dissertazioni sopra le antichità Itatiane. Diss. lviii. p. 253. tom. iii. edit. Milan, 1751.'
Italy particularises no such edition; but it was not long before the whole of Europe had but one opinion of the Decameron; and the absolution of the author seems to have been a point settled as least a hundred years ago : «On se feroit siffler si l'on prétendoit convaincre Boccace de n'avoir pas été honnête homme, puisqu'il a fait le Décameron. » So said one of the best men, and perhaps the best critic, that ever lived--the very martyr to impartiality. t But as this information, that in the beginning of the last century one would have been hooted at for pretending that Boccaccio was not a good man, may seem to come from one of those enemies who are to be suspected, even when they make us a present of truth, a more acceptable contrast with the proscription of the body, soul, and muse of Boccaccio may be found in a few words from the virtuous, the patriotic cotemporary, who thought one of the tales of this impure writer worthy a Latin version from his own per, « I have remarked elsewhere, » says Petrarch, writing to Boccaccio, «that the book itself has been worried by certain dogs, but stoutly defended by your staff and voice. Nor was I astonished, for I have had proof of the vigour of your mind, and I know you have fallen on that unaccommodating incapable race of mortals , who, whatever they either like not, or know not, or cannot do, are sure to reprehend in others, and on those occasions only put on a show of learning and eloquence, but otherwise are entirely dumb.» *
It is satisfactory to find that all the priesthood do not resemble those of Certaldo, and that one of them who did not possess the bones of Boccaccio would not lose the opportunity of raising a cenotaph to his memory. Bevius, canon of Padua, at the beginning of the 16th century erected at Arquà, opposite to the tomb of the Laureate, a tablet, in which he associated Boccaccio to the equal honours of Dante and of Petrarch.
of Eclaircissement , etc. etc. p. 638. edit. Basle , 1741. in the Supplement to Bayle's Dictionary.
*« Animadverti alicubi librum ipsum canum dentibus lacestium ,' tuo tamen baculo egregiè tuảque voce defensam, Nec miratus sum : nam et vires ingenii tui novi , et scio expertus esses hominum genus insolens et ignavum, qui quicquid ipsi vel nolunt vel nesciunt, vel non possunt in aliis reprehendunt : ad hoc unum docti , et arguti , sed clingues ad reliqua.» Epist. Joan. Boccatio, opp. i. p. 540. edit. Basil.
Stanza LX. What is her pyramid of precious stones? Our veneration for the Medici begins with Cosmo and expires with his grandson; that stream is pure only at the source; and it is in search of some memorial of the family, that we visit the church of St. Lorenzo at Florence. The tawdry, glaring, unfinished chapel in that church , designed for the mausoleum of the Dukes of Tuscany, set round with crowns and coffins, gives birth to no emotions but those of contempt for the lavish vanity of a race of despots , whilst the pavement slab simplý inscribed to the Father of his Country, reconciles us to thie name of Medici. * It was very natural for Corinna t to suppose that the statue raised to the Duke of Urdino in the capella de depositi was intended for his great pamesake; but the magnificent Lorenzo is only the sharer of a coffin half hidden in a niche of the sacristy. The decay of Tuscany dates from the sovereignty of the Medici. Of the sepulchral peace which succeeded to the establishment of the reigning families in Italy, our own Sidney has given us a glowing, but à faithful picture. « Notwithstanding all the seditions of Florence, and other cities of Tuscany, the horrid factions of Guelphs and Ghibelins , Neri and Bianchi , nobles and commons, they continued populous , strong, and exceeding rich ; but in the space of less than a hundred and fifty years the peaceable reign of the Medices is thought to have destroyed nine parts in ten of the people of that province. Amongst other things it is remarkable , that when Philip the Second of Spain gave Sienna to the Duke Florence, his embassador then at Rome sent him word, that he had given away more than 650,000 subjects; and it is not believed there are now 20,000 souls inhabiling that city and territory. Pisa, Pistoria, Arezzo, Cortona , and other towns, that were then good and populous, are in the like proportion diminished, and Florence more than any, When that city had been long troubled with seditions, tumults, and wars, for the most part unprosperous, they still retained such strength, that when Charles VIII. of France, being admitted as a friend with his whole army, which soon after
* Cosmus Medices, Decreto Publico. Pater Patriæ. of Corinne, Liv, xviii. cap. iii, vol. iii. page, 248,
conquered the kingdom of Naples, thought to master them, the people taking arms, struck such a terror into him, that he was glad to depart upon such conditions as they thought fit to impose. Machiavel reports , that in that time Florence alone, with the Val d'Arno, a small territory belonging to that city, could , in a few hours, by the sound of a bell , bring together 135,000 well-armed men whereas now that city, with all the others in that province , are brought to such despicable weakness, emptiness, poverty and baseness, that they can neither resist the oppressions of their own prince, nor defend him or themselves if they were assaulted by a foreign enemy. The people are dispersed or destroyed , and the best families sent to seek habitations in Venice , Genoa , Rome, Naples and Lucca. This is not the effect of war or pestilence; they enjoy a perfect peace, and suffer no other plague than the government they are under. * From the usurper Cosmo down to the imbecile Gaston , we look in vain for any of those unmixed qualities which should raise a patriot to the command of his fellow citizens. The Grand Dukes, and particularly the third Cosmo, had operated so entire a change in the Tuscan character , that the candid Florentines in excuse for some imperfections in the philanthropic system of Leopold, are obliged to confess that the sovereign was the only liberal man in his dominions. Yet that excellent prince himself had no other notion of a national assembly, than of a body to represent the wants and wishes , not the will of the people.
Stanza LXIII. An earthquake reeted unheededly away, « And such was their mutual animosity, so intent were they upon the battle , that the earthquake, which overthrew in great part many of the cities of Italy , which turned the course of rapid streams, poured back the sea upon the rivers, and tore down the very mountains , was not felt by one of the combatants. » * Such is the description of Livy.
* On Government, chap. ii,, sect. xxvi, pag. 208. edit. 1751. Sidney is , together with Locke and Hoadļey, one of Mr. Hume's I « despicable » writers.
* « Tantusque fuit ardor animorum, adeo intentus pugnæ animus ,
It may be doubted whether modern tactics would admit of such an abstraction.
The site of the battle of Thrasimene is not to be mistaken. The traveller from the village under Cortona to Casa di Piano , the next stage on the way to Rome , has for the first two or three miles , around him, but more particularly to the right, that flat land which Hannibal laid waste in order to induce the Consul Flaminius to move from Arezzo, On his left, and in front of him, is a ridge of hills, bending down towards the lake of Thrasimene , called by Livy « montes Cortonen es, » and now named the Gualandra. These hills he approaches aţ Ossaja, a village which the itineraries pretend to have been so denominated from the bones found there: but there have been no bones found there , and the battle was fought on the other side of the hill. From Ossaja the road begins to rise a little, but does not pass into the roots of the mountains until the sixtyseventh mile-stone from Florence. The ascent thence is not steep but perpetual , and continues for twenty minutes.—The lake is soon seen below on the right , with Borghetto, a round tower close upon the water; and the undulating hills partially covered wood, amongst which the road winds , sink by degrees into the marshes near to this tower. Lower than the road , down to the right amidst these woody hillocks , Hannibal placed his horse , * in the jaws of or rather above the pass, which was between the lake and the present road, and most probably close to Borghetto , just under the lowest of the « tumuli. » of On a summit to the left, above the road, is an old circular ruin which the peasants call « the Tower of Hannibal the Carthaginian. » Arrived at the highest point of the road , the traveller has a partial view of the fatal plain which opens fully upon him as he descends the Gualandra, He soon finds himself
ut eum terræ motum qui multarum urbium Italiæ magnas partes prostravit, (avertitque cursurapido amnes mare fluminibus invexit, montes lapsu ingenti proruit, nemo pugnantium senserit. »... Tit. Liv. lib. xxii. cap. xii.
*«Equites ad ipsas fauces saltus tumulis apte tegentibus locat, » T. Livii, lib. xxii. cap. iv.
+ «Ubi maxime montes Cortonenses Thrasimenus subit. » Ibid,


text:
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Revision as of 01:32, 27 January 2014 by Dki4 (talk | Contributions) (→Experience in Appropriate Technology)
About Me
My name is Derek. I grew up in suburban Orange County, CA, and have spent the past 5 years here at Humboldt State as an Energy and Climate major. My general interests include rivers and hydrology, salmonids, agricultural sciences, impact assessment, water quality, photography, guitars, and automobiles. This will be my last semester here in Arcata, and after graduating, I hope to go back to Orange County in order to work with the county's watershed authority to monitor the water quality and usability of the area's lakes, streams, and rivers.
Interests in Appropriate Technology
- Aquaculture/Sustainable Agriculture
- Renewable Energy, emphasizing wind and photovoltaic power
- Nuclear Energy, particularly newest-generation technology
- Backyard Farming
Experience in Appropriate Technology
- ENGR371: Energy Systems and Technology
- Some knowledge of/experience with aquaculture (helped write EIR on proposed Samoa Aquaculture Facility)
- Authored and expanded pages on biogas digesters: see Fixed dome digester or Polyethelene Tube Digester


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