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Barmen and Belhar in conversation – a South African perspective1
Claiming that the South African Confession of Belhar should be understood in the tradition of the Barmen Theological Declaration, the paper points to historical continuities, formal similarities and shared theological viewpoints. A central section therefore focuses on the theses of Barmen, to reflect on the question why Barmen influenced and inspired so many South African Christians in the struggle against apartheid. A final section then considers the possible contemporary relevance of Barmen and Belhar by asking three questions concerning their potential impact and influence today, namely if their claims are still regarded as true, how they could be embodied, and whether they could contribute to a new language.
1. The Belhar Confession is the product of a conversation with the Barmen Declaration. Without Barmen there would have been no Belhar, in its present form. Belhar was born in a long, intense struggle with Barmen – with its own historical context, its insights and contributions, the theologies, theologians and church movements informing and inspiring it, the evangelical claims expressed in it, and its own ambiguous history of reception during the decades to follow, in Germany and far outside its birth-place. Since its inception, therefore, Belhar was both a product of this long conversation with Barmen and a further historical moment in this conversation itself.
2. This history has often been told, as again during this meeting. It therefore suffices to remember that Belhar would not have been born without the role of – amongst many others – Beyers Naudé, the Christian Institute and its many supporters, from church leaders to many believers and church members, who increasingly understood the struggle against apartheid in continuity with the church struggle in Germany; without the South African Council of Churches with several of its member churches, church leaders and theologians, like Desmond Tutu, Wolfram Kistner, John de Gruchy, Douglas Bax, and many others, its Message to the People of South Africa, and the role of the broader ecumenical movement; without South African Reformed theologians like Jaap Durand, Willie Jonker, David Bosch and many others, who worked, thought and witnessed in the theological tradition of Karl Barth; without especially Allan Boesak, who played a major role as church leader, theologian, ecumenical figure and activist, also in the tradition of Calvin, Barth, Bonhoeffer and Barmen, and without whom the struggle against apartheid certainly would not have developed the way it did; without movements like the Broederkring, later the Belydendekring, and the Alliance of Black Reformed Christians in Southern Africa (ABRECSA), all consisting of sisters and brothers who again thought and acted very consciously in this theological and ecclesial tradition; without a whole generation of other theologians and church leaders, like Daan Cloete, Chris Loff, Shun Govender, Hannes Adonis, Johan Botha, Welile Mazamisa, Takatso Mofokeng and many of their contemporaries – to mention only a few from my own small world of personal experience, although there are many others who deserve to be mentioned whenever the full story is told; without a still younger generation of then students and younger ministers, like Russel Botman, James Buys, Leonardo Appies, and again many more, most of them not celebrated and publicly well-known, who through their insights and convictions, commitment and witness, even suffering and fate, stood in the tradition of Barmen. Everyone who knows this history will be able to add many other names of people who deserve to be mentioned, but the point here is very simple. It is a reminder that Belhar itself is the product of a long and intense conversation with Barmen, with Barth, Bonhoeffer, the German Confessing Church, and the history of its reception and interpretation.
3. It is therefore understandable that there are indeed many formal similarities between Barmen and Belhar – structural elements, positive claims and negative rejections, appeals to Scripture, direct allusions especially in the preface and conclusion of Belhar, the shared dependence on the Heidelberg Catechism, and many more. Both were documents of the church, not of individuals; both targeted false doctrine, not specific people; both were binding and authoritative and not optional, not mere theological opinions and contributions to a discussion, born in a status confessionis, a moment of truth, when the gospel itself was at stake, according to those who confessed. Both therefore did not cause the crisis but were responses to an already existing crisis. There are even deeper commonalities – like the deliberate absence of any reference to these historical contexts or crises that gave rise to the respective confessions, except for being implied in the rejections. The latter characteristic was based on the same understanding of what a confession is, namely not a political statement, but a positive expression of the truth of the gospel, applicable elsewhere and afterwards. The Accompanying Letter to Belhar, according to the original decision of the confessing Synod an integral part of the Confession and always to be read together with it, even shows direct influence from the Barmen history. Scholars could therefore easily develop a conversation between the two documents by looking for similarities and possible differences.
4. However, much more important is the insight that the two documents share a common theological tradition, a common faith position, a common confessional viewpoint and claim. Although there were similarities even between the historical struggles in which they were born, in the challenges they addressed and the false convictions they sought to unmask and rejected, the much more important agreement is given in the fact that they do that from the same theological and confessional position. Both Barmen and Belhar responded to specific, and in some ways similar, historical challenges, but both regarded these as symptoms of deeper, more fundamental theological and ecclesiological problems and temptations, that had been growing over a long period of time, and that can again in history manifest itself in perhaps different symptoms – and both wanted to affirm positively, against this fundamental but hidden false understanding of gospel and church, the wonderful news of the living, Triune God.
The most interesting conversation could therefore be one that seeks to understand this common confessional and theological ground between Barmen and Belhar, and then continues to ask about the continuing challenges embedded in that confessional viewpoint, if any. In order to understand this theological and confessional tradition, it may be helpful to start the conversation by listening anew – from a South African perspective – to the central theological claims of Barmen. Why did the Barmen Theological Declaration so powerfully inspire and inform so many South African Christians during the struggle against apartheid?
5. Like every confession, Barmen must be heard as a single, albeit complex claim. It is important to read Barmen not as six separate and distinct theses – precisely as it is true of Belhar – of which we can adhere to some while ignoring and neglecting others. Only in their joint claim do they confess what is truly at stake. Therefore, the internal structure, the overall thrust of Barmen is of extreme importance. However, in order to understand that thrust it is indeed necessary first to listen carefully to the way it seemingly fans out into six different directions.
The central claim of Barmen concerns the church. It is found in theses III and IV. The message of the church, the faith of the church, has to be reflected in the order of the church, in the form of the church – this is the point. The church belonging to Jesus Christ may not proclaim one message but practise another one. This central ecclesiological claim is given a christological foundation in the form of a preface, in theses I and II. Jesus Christ is the one Word of God, he is the content of the message and faith of the church, he frees us and claims us. He should therefore determine the form and order of this church that belongs to him (III and IV). The final two theses draw practical implications from this central christological and ecclesiological conviction, namely for the public and political role of the church (V) and for the mission and proclamation of the church to the whole world (VI). This structure is seemingly so simple, but the implications are powerful and dramatic– for then and there, and for today.
6. The first thesis claims that "Jesus Christ, as he is attested for us in Holy Scripture, is the one Word of God which we have to hear and which we have to trust and obey in life and in death." Jesus Christ is the one Word of God – there is no other. Which Jesus? The Jesus as is attested for us in Holy Scripture, which includes both the Old and New Testaments. In this Jesus Christ we know God, and in him alone. The three verbs – we have to hear, trust and obey him, and in that order – are of crucial importance. We have to do this "in life and death," which is a clear allusion to the Heidelberg Catechism, which in fact plays a major role in the overall argument and theology of Barmen (and Belhar). The verbs even suggest allusions to the threefold ministry of Jesus Christ, as prophet, priest and king.
What is rejected by this foundational christological claim? The answer is clear, namely any form of natural theology, claiming that there are also other ways of knowing other gods, other words that we have to hear, trust and obey. When the implications are drawn for the form and nature of the church (III and IV), and also for the public role and the mission of the church (V and VI), the radical implications of this rejection will be clear, and at stake. Or differently put, behind the seemingly practical – even innocent, debatable, and theologically contestable? – arguments of that time concerning Christian ethics (II), the church order (III), the ministries of the church (IV), the public role of the church (V) and the missionary task of the church (VI), lies hidden a fundamental conflict, between natural theology on the one hand and hearing, trusting and obeying Jesus Christ as the one Word of God, in life and death, on the other hand.
To whom is this thesis addressed? Clearly not to outsiders, but to the church itself, internally, self-critically. What is at stake is the theological basis of the church itself, the very ground on which it exists, the very gospel which it believes and confesses. In characteristic confessional style, Barmen (like Belhar) speaks in the first place to the speakers themselves, to the church who utters these words. Anyone who knows the history of the church struggle in South Africa, knows that this fundamental theological conflict, between forms of natural theology and pleas for a christological theology based on the Word alone, was at the heart of our struggle as well. There is no other way to understand the theological contributions of people like Jonker, Durand, Boesak, and many others. I remember a visit at the Jonker home with Allan Boesak and an ecumenical visitor, during which Jonker explained how he saw his own calling as teaching this christological theology to a new generation of students, in the hope that the prevailing natural theology undergirding apartheid will in the long run not be able to withstand this truth revealed to us in Jesus Christ.
7. The second thesis claims that "As Jesus Christ is God's assurance of the forgiveness of all our sins, so in the same way and with the same seriousness is he also God's mighty claim upon our whole life." It adds, in a second clause, "Through him befalls us a joyful deliverance from the godless fetters of this world for a free, grateful service to his creatures." The rejection is very important: "We reject the false doctrine, as though there were other areas of our life in which we would not belong to Jesus Christ, but to other lords – areas in which we would not need justification and sanctification through him."
Barmen II is nothing less than "a foundation for Christian ethics" (Busch) – and Christian ethics is "an ethics of freedom" (Barth, Huber). It is at the same time a theological protest against doctrine (I) without ethics (II), and a theological protest against ethics separated from doctrine and theology (Huber). It is again a summary of the overall structure of the Heidelberg Catechism, where salvation and liberation flow over in lives of obedience and gratitude. It describes the nature of discipleship (Busch). Since the church belongs to Jesus Christ, we should live like people who belong to him. He is at the same time God's assurance of forgiveness of all our sins and God's mighty claim upon our whole life. The addition "our whole life" is of particular importance, as the explicit conclusions of the rejection show, calling it false doctrine if anyone should claim that there are "other areas of our life in which we do not belong to Jesus Christ, but to other lords." This is a rejection of all versions of the so-called autonomy (Eigengesetzlichkeit) of different spheres of (modern) life, understood in such a way that the gospel of Jesus Christ has no implications for those spheres of reality.
Again, these were precisely the theological and ethical claims at work in the theology and sermons of – for example – Allan Boesak, often with appeals to other traditions as well, particularly Reformed ones, including Kuyper, but mostly with explicit reference to Barth and Bonhoeffer.
8. With the third thesis one comes to the heart of Barmen. It claims that "the church has to testify with its faith as with its obedience, with its message as with its order, that it is solely the property of Jesus Christ," and rejects "the false doctrine, as though the church were permitted to abandon the form of its message and order to its own pleasure or to changes in prevailing ideological and political convictions."
9. Here one hears the voices of Barth and Bonhoeffer very clearly. According to some, this thesis offers what Protestantism had been lacking since the Reformation, namely "an evangelical definition of the church" – the church belongs to Jesus Christ, and this should be reflected in its order, in its visible form and structure as well. The living Christ is working as Lord in word and sacrament through the Holy Spirit, and this should become visible and practical in the so-called "real church." The truth and the form, the message and the social structure of the church belong inextricably together. The latter should not contradict and deny the former, because of the influence and impact of whatever prevailing ideological, social, cultural, political and economic convictions, practices and policies.
The church is therefore a congregation of brothers and sisters, belonging to Jesus Christ and therefore to one another, given to one another by Jesus Christ himself, and not chosen on the basis of their race, ethnicity, skin colour, sex, class or whatever cultural and social characteristic. The extraordinary relevance of this theological position for South Africa is for everyone to see, then and now. It is also confessed at the heart of Belhar's claims about the unity of the church.
In fact, these convictions have a long tradition in Reformed thought and practice. Since the earliest days of the Calvinist Reformation and ever since, Reformed confessions were always intended to be embodied, also in the form of church orders and practical arrangements. In South Africa, these arguments were for example powerfully made by Willie Jonker, in several of his small but extremely influential, although deeply controversial, publications during the apartheid years, and they were again developed in great detail by people like Hannes Adonis, for example in his work on the wall of separation rebuilt.
10. The fourth thesis is closely related to the third, still deals with the church, and describes the nature of ministry in this church belonging to Jesus Christ, claiming that "the various offices do not establish a dominion of some over others, but on the contrary are for the exercise of the ministry entrusted to and enjoyed upon the whole congregation." There are no special rulers in or over this church and none with vested ruling powers. The brothers and sisters are all and jointly called to mutual service, to one another and the world. The "various offices" do not lead to personal authority, but only to functional authority, and this function is one of service.
In Belhar's description, with a whole series of Biblical allusions, of the way in which the wonderfully rich diversity of gifts, backgrounds, opportunities and abilities present in the members work together in the one – not uniform – church to enrich and strengthen its life and witness, one hears the same theological convictions at work. In the new Church Order of the Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa, precisely these confessional convictions and their practical implications have been employed to open up possibilities for a church to order and organise itself practically on the basis of this Protestant ecclesiology of Barmen and Belhar.
11. The fifth thesis considers theologically the public role of this church, its political responsibility and its relationship with the state, and claims that "Scripture tells us that" in the "as yet unredeemed world" in which both church and state exist, the state has "by divine appointment" the task of providing for "justice and peace," and should do this "according to the measure of human judgment and human ability." The church "acknowledges the benefit of this divine appointment in gratitude and reverence before God," and calls to mind the kingdom of God, God's commandment and righteousness," and thereby the responsibility of both rulers and ruled – trusting in and obeying "the power of the Word by which God upholds all things." It therefore rejects both the false doctrine of the totalitarian and usurping state and the false doctrine of the church itself becoming state-like and an organ of the state.
Again, the historical context is clearly implied and present, but even more fundamental for Barmen are the theological convictions at stake and the false doctrines that had become powerful and pervasive, even in the church itself. Thesis five should be heard against the backdrop of theses one and two, about Jesus Christ as the one Word and both God's assurances and mighty claim upon our whole life. A Christ-like church may not become a state-like church, employing state-like methods and demonstrating state-like characteristics.
In its political ethics, describing both the task and the boundaries of the state theologically, Barmen affirms the strengths of both the two-kingdoms and the lordship-of-Christ understandings. The oft-construed tension between these two rests, mistakenly, on only a seeming contradiction, since both represent elements of truth. Church and state should be distinguished, but not totally separated. The arrogant hubris of both state and church should be resisted in the name of the kingdom. The state is not the kingdom and the church is not the state. The state is not the kingdom, but exists in the unredeemed world by God's appointment – in German Anordnung, a clear allusion to and rejection of the totalitarian Ordnung, the total order usurped by the totalitarian state, exceeding its divine appointment, as the rejection says. Appointed by God, the state has a task, namely to serve justice and peace. The state should do this humanly and humanely, and the church should thank God for this. The church is not the state, but also exists in and as part of the as yet unredeemed world – reminding both rulers and ruled of their respective responsibilities.
Many commentators, including already Barth himself, and later Wolfgang Huber, have argued convincingly that political ethics today should go beyond the insights and claims of this thesis, although in the same theological direction. In a very definite way, Belhar and again the URCSA Church Order have already done this to some extent, for example by not concentrating on church and state relations, but rather situating the church in more complex spheres of public life, civil society, the formation of public opinion and economic life, but specifically also by focusing explicitly on real reconciliation and compassionate, caring justice.
12. The sixth thesis addresses the missionary task of the church, claiming that "the church's freedom" is founded upon its commission to deliver "the free grace of God to all people in Christ's stead," which leads to a rejection of the false doctrine "as though the church could place the Word and work of the Lord in the service of any arbitrarily chosen desires, purposes, and plans."
Again, this is clearly a further implication of the christological claims that the church belongs to Jesus Christ (I and II) and should therefore visibly demonstrate this belonging to him in its own order, life and ministry (III and IV) – which also involves its public witness (V) and its mission and proclamation (VI). The mission of the church may – also, like the church order – never be instrumentalised to serve other desires, purposes and plans, whether political, cultural, social or economic. The expression "to all people" (an alles Volk) was extremely controversial at the time, and has remarkably remained so in the history of Barmen's reception, until today. Of particular importance is the way in which the freedom of the church – a central theme right through Barmen – is understood in relation to the mission of the church. The church's deepest freedom is given in its calling to proclaim the message of the free grace of God – "to all people"! Any other message, however religious and pious, moral and serious, any restriction of the addressees to only some, to a specific volk or to only some in the volk, any refusal or reluctance to proclaim this good news of God's free grace, any denial of this wonderful missionary task of the church, is nothing less than a loss of freedom.
Again, it is abundantly clear how exactly this confessional stance was at stake in the theological and ecclesial developments legitimating apartheid and therefore in the theological opposition against this alien influence and power in the church and its proclamation, and the resultant loss of the freedom of the church. It was precisely the ministry of Christ's Word and work through sermon and sacrament "to all people" that was compromised – so that this wonderful freedom was lost.
13. Even through this superficial reminder of the content of Barmen, its central and powerful claim becomes obvious. The church belongs to Jesus Christ, who assures the church of joyful deliverance and claims the church with a mighty claim. The church is not simply a religious organisation of like-minded people, who can decide and determine for themselves how to organise themselves, what to do and whom to serve. The order, the structure, the ministries, the offices of the church should all visibly serve the truth of his message, the content of his good news. The church should hear, trust and obey Jesus Christ in every aspect of its whole life, and should therefore freely proclaim this wonderful truth of God's free grace in the public spheres and to all people. In almost every respect this central claim was being denied by the thought, practices and structures of the official church and its leaders at the time – a denial in which the confessing believers recognised false doctrine and false theological convictions that had grown amongst them over many decades until their moment of decision.
It is also obvious why so many South African Christians would recognise similar thought patterns, practices and structures in the church during the days of apartheid, and why the theological stance and tradition of Barmen would help them to discern similar fundamental theological and confessional choices present here, in our moment of decision. Perhaps the more intriguing question is whether this longstanding conversation between Barmen and Belhar still presents us with challenges, today?
14. It is possible to list a whole range of crucial themes and issues for us today, in the light of this conversation. Hopefully, people will do precisely that during our time for discussion. I would like to invite such reflections by pointing to three possible clusters of themes and issues. Recently, as part of the 70-year anniversary of Barmen, Eberhard Busch wrote:
"Confession does not mean: clinging to a confessional text that has once been called forth from the church. Confession rather means new witness to the gospel of Jesus Christ in the light of present challenges. A church that does not faithfully practise its own confession, does not thereby make this confession invalid, but is instead called to repentance by its own confession. The worst that could happen, would then be that such a church, instead of such repentance, with unrepenting hearts, proudly exhibits their confession as a golden memory in a glass display cabinet. Its has happened often enough that the church has not understood that the confession does not belong at home in a museum, but that it must be carried in front of them and that they must follow their confession, whenever facing new challenges and struggles. It is not enough for the church to have a confession. The church should live from and with its confession." (Busch 2004, freely translated, but with his own italics)
15. The first question is whether we still hear and trust these claims, today, whether we still hear this one Word of God, Jesus Christ, in our churches and in our lives, and whether this is indeed still the good news, the gospel, that we trust, in life and death? The symptoms of the temptation, the visible manifestations of the false doctrine and the deviant theology differ through the years, they do not appear in the same form again – but do we have the spiritual discernment, the theological skill and gospel sense to read the signs of the times and to recognise the new temptations and false teachings, which we may be facing today in our contemporary societies and world, or are we still caught in the struggles that lie behind us, unable to discern the present ones?
Are we able to recognise the – possibly – new forms of natural theology, of natural religiosity, of idolatry, of cultural usurpation of gospel and church, of the church becoming state-like? Do we really trust and worship the one Word of God, according to the Scriptures, or do we celebrate and worship, trust and follow other promises, other claims of self-fulfillment, happiness, and success? Do we see the – possibly new – ways in which the church is tempted today to take on cultural form, rather than the form of Christ? Which kind of freedom do we truly celebrate and trust – the joyful deliverance from the godless fetters of this world for a free and grateful service to his creatures (Barmen II), the freedom based on the church's commission to proclaim the message of the free grace of God to all people (VI), or a different kind of freedom, offered to us by other events and powers, figures and truths (I)?
These are self-critical questions, addressed to the church itself, in particular churches who stand – sometimes seemingly proudly and smugly, even self-righteously – in the tradition of Barmen and Belhar. This is why many commentators like Busch have repeatedly stressed that having a confession is not the point, but confessing it, and ever anew. A true confession – of this nature – becomes a self-critical voice, also addressed to those who think they have and possess this confession. A church with a confession is not necessarily a confessing church.
From the beginning the Dutch Reformed Mission Church knew this very well. That is why it officially and publicly distinguished from the very beginning between the fact of Belhar and the content of Belhar. The DRMC did not expect of any other church, including the members of the DRC-family, but also more widely in the ecumenical church, to accept Belhar as their own confessional document. That would have been contrary to the century-old Reformed practice and custom concerning confessional documents. It would have been contrary to the fact that it was precisely the confession born in the heart of the DRCM itself, expressing its own identity, understanding of the gospel, and commitment. It also would have been contrary to what we learnt from the reception of Barmen over decades, in many churches all over the world, where the exact status of the text and the diverse ways in which churches affirmed, appropriated and adopted Barmen correctly never became the major issue, not even in the different evangelical churches in Germany itself, and contrary to the firm conviction – expressed again and again in discussions with other churches by the so-called Gesprekskommissie – that the "fact" of Belhar should not be a hindrance in the way to achieve what Belhar is about. Having a confession and formally accepting a confession was not the point.
What the DRMC did take very seriously, however, was the content of Belhar. We wanted to hear what other churches said about the content, and in the official conversations that was what we asked from other churches, in the DRC-family and in ecumenical circles. We wanted our ecumenical brothers and sisters to advise us, and to help us to hear the one Word of God, and we wanted to know where we stood with the other member churches of the family. We explained officially that, as far as we were concerned, the unity we longed for so much was only to be found on the basis of this content. Therefore, we needed to know whether our brothers and sisters also heard the same gospel, trusted the same promises, and wanted to obey the same claim on our lives and only on that basis could we re-unite, we said. Merely clinging to a document as document, to a text as text, and expecting others to accept that text formally as their text as well, has never been what Reformed confessions, what Barmen and what Belhar was about – and, in fact, doing that could ironically and sadly even become a form of the church becoming state-like, attempting to deal with others primarily by legal and judicial means, by dominion rather than service, which Barmen so clearly rejects (V and VI).
It has therefore indeed been an encouraging and often wonderful experience over the last decades to hear from so many churches, ecumenical bodies, and groups of Christians, in South and Southern Africa, in larger regions, in other countries and continents, that they indeed hear in Belhar the one Word of God, his liberating assurances and his mighty claim, and that this helps them in their own contexts, with their present challenges and struggles, and our joint struggles in the world today – this is indeed the first and important question.
16. The second question is whether we truly obey these claims, today? The ongoing conversation has made it abundantly clear that Protestant – very definitely Reformed – confessions call for embodiment. The one Word we hear and trust must be practiced in all areas of our life (Barmen II), in our church structures and order, including our material and financial structures, as Huber rightly underlines (III), in our ministries and services (IV), in our public witness through word and deed (V), and in our mission and proclamation (VI).
Regarding Barmen, Huber developed "an ethics and ecclesiology of freedom," asking how Christian freedom can achieve concrete form and body in such ways that it is really experienced. Answering this question, he develops a practical vision of the church "als Raum und als Anwalt der Freiheit," as both the space where freedom is practised and experienced as well as the advocate who publicly speaks for freedom whenever and wherever necessary.
Regarding Belhar, it similarly should be possible to develop an ethics and ecclesiology of living unity, real reconciliation and compassionate justice, according to which the church becomes both the place where unity, reconciliation and justice are really practised and experienced in the church itself, as well as the voice that actively and publicly speaks and pleads for these forms of unity, reconciliation and justice, whenever and wherever necessary.
What would this truly mean in our world, our societies, today – to be a church like this, to embody the claims and convictions of our own confession? In several of the sessions to follow during this consultation, this will be the focus of our discussions, and this is indeed of crucial importance. The question is how we – together, jointly – live these convictions today, in our church order and structures (Barmen III), but also in our ethics (II), in our mutual acceptance and service (IV), in our public witness, presence, actions and style (V), in our mission and our proclamation, through sermon and sacrament, through word and deed, in many and rich ways at our disposal in the contemporary world (VI). This is our acid test, also for a new, reunited church in our family – not whether we find the best formulations for including Belhar in the confessional basis, since that will be easy, and certainly not whether we use a confessional document in un-Reformed, inquisitional ways to test the personal faith of individual members, but whether this new church as a whole hear, trust and obey this faith, today. For a reunited church this faith could never be optional, to choose or to ignore, to live and embody, or not.
17. This leads to a final question. Following Ernst Lange's famous description of the church as Sprachschule für die Freiheit, as the school where we learn to speak the language of freedom, Huber expresses the hope that Barmen could maybe provide us with a new common language, with a new and more adequate way to talk about our world and our shared responsibilities. Regarding Belhar, that could perhaps also be a realistic hope. The ongoing ecumenical conversation in the tradition of Barmen and Belhar will certainly not provide us with the answers to our present challenges, but perhaps it can indeed help us to find a common language, a language of freedom, unity, reconciliation, justice and responsibility, a language of discipleship and hope, that could help us better to see and recognise, better to understand and describe, better to respond together to the new challenges of our common and radically changing world, today.
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Jonker, W D 1962. Die Sendingbepalinge van die NGKerk van Transvaal, Bloemfontein: Sendingboekhandel
Jonker, W D 1965a Aandag vir die kerk, Potchefstroom: Die Evangelis
Jonker, W D 1965b. Om die regering van Christus in sy kerk, Pretoria: Unisa.
Jonker, W D 1993 Die moderne belydenisbeweging in Suid-Afrika – en Calvyn, In die Skriflig, 27 (4), 443-461
Jonker, W D 1994. Bevrydende waarheid. Wellington: Hugenote-Uitgewers.
Lange, E 1980. Sprachschule für die Freiheit, München: Kaiser Verlag.
Link, H-G 1998. Bekennen und Bekenntnis, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Möller, U 1999. Im Prozeß des Bekennens. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag.
Plasger, G 2000. Die relative Autorität des Bekenntnisses bei Karl Barth, Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag.
Plasger, G & Freudenberg, M 2005. Reformierte Bekenntnisschriften, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Rohls, J 1987. Theologie reformierter Bekenntnisschriften, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, UTB.
Schilling, M 2005. Das eine Wort Gottes zwischen den Zeiten. Die Wirkungsgeschichte der Barmer Theologischen Erklärung vom Kirchenkampf bis zum Fall der Mauer, Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag.
Smit, D J 1984. Wat beteken status confessionis?, in Cloete & Smit 16-40, 137-142.
Smit, D J 1998. Das Bekenntnis von Belhar: Entstehung, Inhalt, Rezeption, Relevanz, Das Bekenntnis von Belhar und seine Bedeutung für die reformierten Kirchen in Deutschland, Detmold: Lippische Landeskirche, 17-33.
Smit, D J 2000. Social transformation and confessing the faith?, Scriptura 72/1, 76-86.
Smit, D J 2002. Bely en beliggaam, 350 jaar Gereformeerd in SA, P Coertzen. Bloemfontein: CLF, 357-371.
Smit, D J 2003 No other motives would give us the right – Reflections on contextuality from a Reformed perspective," Studies in Reformed Theology, eds. M.E. Brinkman & D. van Keulen, Zoetermeer: Meinema, 130-159.
Welker, M Die freie Gnade Gottes in Jesus Christus und der Auftrag der Kirche. Die VI Barmer These: 1934-1984-2004, epd-Dokumentation 29/2004, 9-18.
Weth, R 1984. "Barmen" als Herausforderung der Kirche. Beiträge zum Kirchenverständnis im Licht der Barmer Theologischen Erklärung, München: Chr. Kaiser Verlag.
English text of the Barmen Theological Declaration available online at:
English text of the Confession of Belhar available online at:
Barmen, Belhar, Reformed Confessions, Evangelical ethics, Apartheid theology
Barmen, Belhar, Gereformeerde Belydenisse, Evangeliese etiek, Apartheidsteologie
1 Paper read at the Barmen/Belhar Consultation, 18 October 2004.


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Discovery--The Holiday Auction
Skinner Auctions
Skinner AuctionsMarlborough MA
December 16, 2009 10:00 AM
Late Victorian Square Carved Oak Pedestal-base Dining Table with a Set of EightUpholstered Carved Oak Dining Chairs, the table with eight leaves, approx. ht. 30, wd. 54, leaf wd. five at 11, two at 12, and one at 10 1/2 in.
Estimate $1,000-1,500
Table good, top refinished, scattered wear or imperfections, original leaves refinished, appear good and not warped, chairs loose, refinished, some minor wear.

subset: commoncrawl


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'Two tonnes' of dog waste
A dog fouling campaign in Carlow - called #PickItUp - has prevented "two tonnes" of the waste from hitting our streets.
Congratulations to all of the responsible Dog Walkers in #Carlow Town who have helped prevent a staggering 2 TONNES of dog waste from sitting on our streets with the successful #PickItUP dog fouling campaign! @DogsTrust_IE @LoveCarlow @NationalSpringC @IrishLitter pic.twitter.com/VIp0qgeo19— CarlowCountyCouncil (@Carlow_Co_Co) February 16, 2019
The Perseid meteor shower is set to light up the night skies in what is considered one of the highlights of the year for star gazers.
Members of the public intending to visit National Parks and Nature Reserves are reminded to adhere to regulations regarding the lighting of fires
Irish water safety groups are urging people to be aware of the dangers of cold-water shock as temperatures skyrocket
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conchata ferrell related to will ferrell
A shocking and painful loss," Sheen wrote above a picture of him as Charlie and Ferrell as Berta sharing a drink in a scene from the show. President Trump Stands Tall Projecting American Strength Where Obama Groveled In Weakness, Copyright 2017 ~ Political Lindsey ~ All rights reserved, Batman: Arkham Collection Xbox One Gamestop, Batch Script To Move Mouse Every Few Minutes, Another Senate Republican Puts Up A Roadblock On Taxes, The Little Problem With One Of Judge Moore's Accuser's Story, Mitt Romney Sends FIRM Message To Judge Moore, Roy Moore Just CRUSHED Mitch McConnell With 2 BRUTAL Words That Will Change Everything, The Little Problem With One Of Judge Moore's Accuser's Story, URGENT: What James O'Keefe Just Exposed in His New Undercover Video Will RUIN the New York Times, If President Trump Was Not Already Overly Cocky And Confident, He Is Now… Thank ESPN… God I LOVE IT. Infographic Resume Template, "It's an honor to work with her and she's the strongest, funniest most talented woman I know and my heart is with her and her family. Related Story Conchata Ferrell Dies: Former 'Two and a Half Men' Co-Star Was 77 Fellow Two and a Half Men co-creator/exec producer Lee Aronsohn remembered Ferrell … Idiot Politician Calls For Trump Impeachment Over…WHAT?! "A consummate pro," continued Sheen, 55. Two and a Half Men star Jon Cryer has also shared a touching tribute to his former co-star on social media, writing: "She was a beautiful human. Ferrell began her acting career in the early 1970s, appearing in off-Broadway productions such as The Hot L Baltimore and The Sea Horse. A warm, wonderful woman who was always a joy to be around on set. He recalled meeting the actress for the first time while shooting Two And A Half Men. Coyote Ugly Turns 20: Where Is the Cast Now? Copyright © 2020 Penske Business Media, LLC. "It's an honor to work with her and she's the strongest, funniest most talented woman I know and my heart is with her and her family. "Though it was called Two And a Half Men, Berta was perhaps the female heart and soul of the show," Hinkle wrote. She was best known for portraying Berta in the Charlie Sheen comedy, appearing as a housekeeper in all 12 seasons of Two and a Half Men. Salir Conjugación, She spent the month bedridden as she recovered at home, going through physical therapy several times a day. Types Of Power Supply, Hurley's Online Cayman, So I planned on that. All rights reserved. Her sights shifted to acting when she appeared in the second Barfenon Review, a sketch comedy and musical show in 1969. Conchata Galen Ferrell (March 28, 1943 – October 12, 2020) was an American actress. Does Jerry Seinfeld have Parkinson's disease? Batman: Arkham Collection Xbox One Gamestop, .07em !important;vertical-align:-0.1em !important;background:none !important;padding:0 Conchata is survived by her husband of 34 years, Arnie Anderson, and her daughter Samantha and two two stepdaughters. Text us for exclusive photos and videos, royal news, and way more. Q-park 24 Hours. The actress also starred in Edward Scissorhands, Erin Brockovich, and True Romance as well as a turn in US legal drama LA Law for which she earned a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series at the Emmys. "She was the warmest, most gracious lady.", Amber Tamblyn, who co-starred on the last two seasons of Two and a Half Men as Charlie Harper's long lost daughter, did not hear the news of Ferrell's death until Wednesday. Her sweet daughter Samantha was often there too. She worked various jobs and later enrolled at Marshall University just outside of Charleston. Starting off as a recurring character in Season 1, Berta quickly became a fan favorite, and Ferrell became a series regular for the remainder of the sitcom's long run on CBS, earning two Emmy nominations. The actress told the outlet her husband was by her side throughout the ordeal and worked tirelessly to care for her. I'm weeping," Lynskey wrote. Ano ang Imahinasyong guhit na naghahati sa daigdig sa magkaibang araw? ® & © 2020 CBS Studios Inc. © 2020 CBS Television Distribution and CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. /*! I pray that she gets better pic.twitter.com/xZXJN80FBs, — Vaughn Ramdeen (@vaughnramdeen) July 16, 2020. Ano ang pinagkaiba ng komunikasyon noon at ngayon? This video is unavailable because we were unable to load a message from our sponsors. TAMPA – Actress Conchata Ferrell has died at the age of 77.Ferrell is known for her role as Berta on the CBS comedy "Two and a Half Men." Variety reports her death was a result of complications following a cardiac arrest.. "Twelve years of highs and lows, and lots and lots of laughter. Conchata reportedly suffered a heart attack and kidney failure six months ago which led to serious health issues. She was 77. Ferrell was perhaps best known as the no-nonsense housekeeper Berta on Two and a Half Men, a role which earned her two Emmy nominations, but she enjoyed a vast career that spanned decades, and landed her on multiple hit shows and in several films. Deeds, and Krampus. (Please!!! Arnie speaks with Conchata's nurses frequently for updates but is unable to visit her in person because of Coronavirus guidelines. Nelson Company, Hurley's Online Cayman, We want to hear from you! Signaling Pathways, 3) Conchata has an incredible filmography. "Lovely, brilliant Chatti. 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Can you use a variable frequency drive VFD on a single phase motor?
In general single phase motors cannot be run with VFDs. However, it is possible to input single phase to a VFD and output variable voltage to a 3-phase induction motor.
Can a single phase motor be variable speed?
Speed control of single-phase induction motors is desirable in most motor control applications since it not only provides variable speed but also reduces energy consumption and audible noise. Using microcontroller-based control systems, one can add speed variation to the system.
Do they make a single phase VFD?
ATO single phase input & output variable frequency drives (VFDs, Frequency Inverter) are available now, it's specialized designed for single phase induction motor, widely applied to control speed of the single phase motors, such as fans, pumps, power tools, etc.
How frequency is varied in VFD?
Output voltage is varied by varying the gain of the inverter. Output frequency is adjusted by changing the number of pulses per half cycle or by varying the period for each time cycle.
How do you run a VFD on a single phase motor?
In order to use a single phase motor with a VFD, the motor must be inverter grade, which means paying to have the existing motor rewound, or purchasing a new motor. Even when the motor specifications have been met, you may experience problems with single phase motor operation.
Can I use a 3 phase VFD on single phase?
You can almost always use a VFD rated for three phase input with a single phase input power source. When only a three phase input VFD is available, it is acceptable and common practice to de-rate the VFD to work with a single phase input power source.
How do you change the frequency of a VFD?
Input Frequency and Motor Speed VFDs can be used to control AC motor speeds by changing the motor's frequency without sacrificing the output power of the motor. This is done by turning the speed pot (explained in section three) of an AC motor drive.
How can we reduce rpm of single phase motor?
Speed of Single phase motor can be controlled in different ways:
- Reducing voltage will reduce the speed within a range. Fan speeds are controlled this way.
- Change number of poles by altering winding connections.
- Change frequency of supply.
Can you run a 3 phase VFD on single phase?
What is a 110V 120V VFD?
120v Input VFD ATO 110v/120v variable frequency drive, single phase 110v/115v/120v input to 220-240v output VFD is specialized designed for 110 – 120 volt power supply. VFD has the functions of voltage regulation, frequency modulation, voltage stabilization, speed regulation etc.
What is the power capacity of ATO single phase 110V VFD?
ATO single phase 110v/120v VFD can be widely applied to drive the motors, fans, pumps, power tools and so on. Power capacity from 1 hp (0.75 kW) to 7.5 hp (5.5 kW). Next, this video will show you the details of using a 2hp single phase VFD to run a 1-phase motor on 120v power supply.
Can a single phase motor be powered by a variable frequency drive?
Similarly, single phase motors and split phase motors can also be powered and speed controlled by variable frequency drives. Single Phase 110v/120v input, 1-phase / 3-phase 220v-240v output VFD from ATO can be your choice.
What type of VFD do I need for my motor?
Single Phase 110v/120v input, 1-phase / 3-phase 220v-240v output VFD from ATO can be your choice. Built-in RS485 communication interface, support MODBUS-RTU communication protocol. It can store 2group motor parameters, and can drive asynchronous motors and synchronous motors.


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That is until the time is right to unveil one's true aura. Look, the chatroom scene hasn't died simply because people like me shut down Yahoo Chat, AOL Chat, and different behemoths of the 90s. Social media may have killed the mainstream chatroom, just like Tony Robbins slowly ate his household and changed them with androids a quantity of years back.
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It appears like a social and relationship service – that is by design. As we talked about earlier, each guests and members can create their own rooms, set the discussion matter, and make the foundations. This is under no circumstances new for sex chat or any kind of other chat sites, but what is unique is how particular the different matters are. Even on the best chat sites, there appears to be a scarcity of creativity in relation to kinky or imaginative sex stuff to talk about.


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All pictures in listings are of the actual item/items you will receive. The item "Pampered Chef Knife Carrier Storage Case Totes Consultant Bags Pink Black" is in sale since Monday, January 29, 2018. This item is in the category "Home & Garden\Kitchen, Dining & Bar\Flatware, Knives & Cutlery\Knife Blocks & Storage". The seller is "greatfind831″ and is located in Appleton, Wisconsin. This item can be shipped to United States.
- Brand: Pampered Chef
- Color: Black
- Model: Knife Bag
- Type: tote
- Features: Professional Chef Equipment


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La SF et le fantastique des années 1980, mais aussi le reste !
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"18x12 on 65# cover weight kraft stock digital print. A tribute to V featuring Jane Badler as Diana. V was a two-part science fiction television miniseries, written and directed by Kenneth Johnson. First shown in 1983, it initiated the science fiction franchise concerning aliens known as \"The Visitors\" trying to harvest the Earth for food and water. Its success spawned a sequel, V: The Final Battle, which was meant to conclude the story. In spite of the apparent conclusion, this was then follo


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Over the next few months, prosecutors will attempt to tackle 78 matters at the High Courtâs Criminal Assizes.{{more}}
The Assizes, which commenced on Tuesday, have 27 murder trials and eight rape cases listed for hearing. The list also includes 14 matters in which persons have been charged with having sex with girls under the age of 13.
Some of the persons on the list to be tried include Odinga Foster, who will face the jury again, charged with the 2009 murder of Agassi Fraser. In June 2013, the court declared Fosterâs case a mistrial, after it was discovered that one of the jurors had a close association with the family of the deceased.
Also up for re-trial are Webster Woodley and Sheldon Bain, who will be re-tried for the murder of Peter Joseph, on November 29, 2004.
At a sitting of the Eastern Caribbean Appeal Court on Wednesday, November 23, 2011, Appeal Court judges Justice Janice Pereira, Davidson Baptiste and Ian Mitchell upheld submissions by counsel for the men, Kay Bacchus-Browne, that the evidence led in the case was prejudicial.
Trinidadian Rajiv Persad will act as High Court judge from May 9 to July 31 in the absence of resident High Court judge, Frederick Bruce-Lyle, who is on vacation.
Her Ladyship Justice Esco Henry, a native of Montserrat, who took up duties as a High Court judge on May 2, will also preside. Her tour of duty will end on July 31.(KW)


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Micellar Mineral Cleanser & Make-Up Remover - Brand Minus417
Experience a vegan, smooth clean that only a micellar cleanser can bring, while restoring your skin's optimal hydration levels.
Finally experience an organic, vegan, smooth, silky clean that only a micellar mineral cleanser can bring, while simultaneously restoring your skin's optimal hydration levels. With continued use you'll begin to notice the soft luminous glow of your skin return as the dirt, grime and oils of the day are removed and your lustrous skin is exposed. A cleanser so gentle that it can be used several times each day whenever you feel the need for a refresh.
How to use
- To remove makeup including eye makeup: Hold the wet pad over your face and closed eyes for a few seconds, then gently wipe away your makeup without any harsh rubbing.
- To freshen your face: Gently wipe away any buildup with a wet pad without harsh rubbing until removed.
Active Ingredients
A highly energised homeopathy mineral water suspended from eons of direct contact infusion.
Rare Plant Extracts:
Aloe vera ~ contains auxin and gibberellins which provide wound healing and anti-inflammatory properties that help reduce skin inflammation.
Sinensis (green tea) ~ The antioxidants in camellia sinensis called catechins are known to be extraordinary anti-inflammatory agents that have also been shown to be powerfully anticancer and cancer protective as well.
Chamomile flower extract ~ Has been used for centuries to relieve tired skin, calm the mind and allow restorative healing to take place.
Verbena leaf extract ~ Helps heal wounds, burns, skin afflictions and diminish arthritic pain.
Enjoy an ultimate sensorial beauty experience:
SEE The oils and deep deposits vanish, and fresh, clean, radiant skin emerge beneath.
FEEL The softness of new skin as the day's layers are gently rinsed away.


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A former Shiv Sena corporator Santosh Wadavle (49) died on Sunday afternoon following a heart attack while undergoing treatment at a private hospital, senior party colleague and former corporator Sudhir Kokate said.
A 57-year-old driver of the MSRTC Baramati division died after a suspected cardiac arrest on Monday afternoon, near the transport body's Pune office on Shankarsheth Road. An MSRTC official said it was Chandrakant Dhangekar's off day. "He had come here to rectify the name of his PF nominee.
Popular comedian and actor, Raju Srivastava, 59, reportedly suffered a heart attack while working out at his gym in New Delhi this morning (August 10, Wednesday).
A police head constable attached to Konaje police station in Mangaluru died of a heart attack when he was on duty on Saturday.
Hrithik Roshan took to his Twitter handle to mourn the demise of his 'Koi…Mil Gaya' co-star Mithilesh Chaturvedi. The veteran actor passed away after suffering a cardiac arrest.
A police head constable attached to Konaje police station in Mangaluru, died of a heart attack, when he was on duty on Saturday. The deceased is Jagannath P,44, a 2000 batch policeman.
A man from Adilabad suffered a heart attack mid-air and collapsed onboard the plane from Kuwait to Hyderabad on Tuesday morning.
A police head constable attached to Konaje police station in Mangaluru, died of a heart attack, when he was on duty on Saturday. The deceased is Jagannath P,44, a 2000 batch policeman. City police commissioner N Shashi Kumar said Jagannath fell sick while on duty, and was rushed to a nearby private hospital.
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A 14-year-old schoolgirl lost her right arm after a truck ran over her in Dhakoli on Thursday. The accident occured as the driver lost control over the truck after suffering a heart attack. Not realising that the truck driver had suffered a heart attack, passersby thrashed him following the mishap. Later, the truck driver died at a hospital.
Indore SAF constable posted in Khandwa for safety of pilgrims travelling on foot to Omkareshwar temple died of a heart attack while on duty on Thursday.
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Grappling with the perennial problem of blood shortage amid dengue season, doctors from the department of pathology at both state medical colleges have called on citizens to donate blood at least once a year. They said that in last two years blood donation was subdued to a large extent due to Covid infection, but now citizens must come forward in big numbers to save lives.
Dalbir Kaur, the sister of Sarabjit Singh who succumbed to injuries received in a brutal attack by a fellow inmate in a Pakistan jail in 2013, died of a heart attack in Amritsar on Sunday.
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"I would not be fooled by the old myth that reporting is about objectivity. Deciding what is news is the most subjective of acts and it is probably the most important thing that we do."
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PURWOKERTO.SUARA.COM, SLEMAN – Currently, the U-16 Indonesian National Team is at the top of the AFF U-16 2022 Group A standings, having won twice with six points. The first victory beat the Philippines 2-0 and slaughtered Singapore 9-0.
The next match will be against a strong opponent in the 2022 AFF U-16 Cup Group A, namely Vietnam. Vietnam is the same as the Indonesian U-16 national team, both won two wins with six points.
One step more for the U-16 Indonesian National Team to qualify from Group A of the event, after collecting two wins, 2-0 against the Philippines and 9-0 against Singapore, this team has collected six points, and next Garuda Asia will face eternal rivals in this group, namely Vietnam.
The Head Coach of the U-16 Indonesian National Team, Bima Sakti, said his team carried out training with special menus to anticipate Vietnam's fast game.
"Today we are practicing a small sided game and simulating how our tactics will be in dealing with the Vietnam resistance," he said on Friday (5/8) in a written broadcast by PSSI.
Bima also revealed that he had seen how his potential opponent played. He continued, his party had the recording and saw that Vietnam had a good and neat game organization.
"So we were training how to dismantle their defenses and anticipate their attacks," he said.
According to him, when against Vietnam, there was no other word, the team was aiming for victory. He did not want the fate of his team to be determined by other teams.
"I'm sure other teams are also aiming for victory. Therefore, I say to the players, we must continue to fight hard and win. So that our position is completely safe as the leader of Group A," concluded Bima.
It is known, the last match of Group A of the 2022 AFF U-16 Cup between Indonesia and Vietnam will be presented at the Maguwoharjo Stadium, Sleman, Saturday (6/8) at 20.00 WIB. The previous match, there was a match between Singapore versus the Philippines at the Sultan Agung Stadium, Bantul, at 15.00 WIB. (Arif KF)


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BIRS Workshop Lecture Videos
BIRS Workshop Lecture Videos
Results from Sample Surveys of Renewable Energy Users of Nepal Devkota, Jyoti U.
Nepal is an agriculture based society. According to 2011 Census, 64% of the households use wood/fire wood for meeting their energy needs. With an aim of conducting a detailed study of energy consumption dynamics of rural Nepal, three surveys were conducted. A survey of 400 households of biogas consumers, 300 households of national grid electricity users and 51 households of micro hydro project users was conducted. This presentation is based on results obtained from these surveys. Conduction of such surveys has a great significance for country like Nepal; as it is without a strong backbone of good quality official data. Remote geographical locations, lack of awareness and lack of incentives are the main reasons behind this plight of official statistics. This survey generated more than 350 multivariate data. In these surveys, the base questionnaire is the same. It is a structured questionnaire with answers given as multiple choices that resulted in categorical data. This categorical data could be analyzed on ordinal scale. Because of large sample size this could be treated as a continuous data by the application of central limit theorem. The questionnaire was pretested. Multivariate statistics is used here to quantify and explain the relationship between these variables. Consumer profile databases were constructed. Data based research is evidence based research. Evidence based research is objective and undisputable. This presentation highlights this evidence based approach of handling an issue. As what gets measured also gets done.
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