text: PubTatorBioC.key 4723272Clin Sci; 1973 Feb; 44(2) 151-621973titleKing AJ, Cooke NJ, Leitch AG, Flenley DC0The effects of 30 per cent oxygen on the respiratory response to treadmill exercise in chronic respiratory failure.MESH:D010100ChemicaloxygenMESH:D012131Diseaserespiratory failureabstract116 4723273Clin Sci; 1973 Feb; 44(2) 181-41973titleFarebrother MJ, Martinez RP, Soejima R, McHardy GJ0The point of onset of 'airway closure' measured with argon and nitrogen: a comparison of results obtained by two methods.MESH:D001128ChemicalargonMESH:D009584Chemicalnitrogenabstract122 4723274Clin Sci; 1973 Feb; 44(2) 11973titleFranchimont P0Pituitary gonadotropins, structure, control and clinical applications.abstract71 4723275Clin Sci; 1973 Feb; 44(2) 21973titleFriesen HG0Prolactin, its control and clinical significance.5617Gene732Prolactinabstract50 4723276Clin Sci; 1973 Feb; 44(2) 31973titleGalante L, Colstron K, MacIntyre I0Parathyroid hormone and vitamin D. I. Effect of parathyroid hormone on the 1-hydroxylase enzyme system.5741Gene266Parathyroid hormoneMESH:D014807Chemicalvitamin D5741Gene266parathyroid hormoneabstract104 4723277Clin Sci; 1973 Feb; 44(2) 31973titleLarkins R, MacAuley S, Rapoport A, MacIntyre I0Parathyroid hormone and vitamin D. II. Effect of electrolytes and peptide hormones and the synthesis of 1,25-DHCC by isolated kidney tubules.5741Gene266Parathyroid hormoneMESH:D014807Chemicalvitamin DMESH:D002117Chemical1,25-DHCCabstract142 4723278Clin Sci; 1973 Feb; 44(2) 31973titleWoodhouse NJ, Tun Chot S, Bordier P, Sigurdsson G, Joplin GF0Vitamin D administration in primary hyperparathyroidism.MESH:D014807ChemicalVitamin DMESH:D049950Diseaseprimary hyperparathyroidismabstract57 4723279Clin Sci; 1973 Feb; 44(2) 31973titleStamp TC, Round JM, Haddad JG0Effect of oral vitamin D, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-HCC) and whole-body ultra-violet irradiation on plasma 25-HCC levels in man.MESH:D014807Chemicalvitamin DMESH:D002112Chemical25-hydroxycholecalciferol9606Speciesmanabstract133 4723280Clin Sci; 1973 Feb; 44(2) 41973titleAdams PH, Hill LF, Wain D0The control on intestinal calcium absorption in accelerated and retarded growth.MESH:D002118ChemicalcalciumMESH:D006130Diseaseretarded growthabstract81 4723281Clin Sci; 1973 Feb; 44(2) 51973titleAnderson M, Floyd M, Wardle EN0Study of the rat glomerular basement membrane and chemical modifications in relation to its reactivity to platelets and binding of nephrotic antibody.10116SpeciesratMESH:D009404Diseasenephroticabstract151 4723282Clin Sci; 1973 Feb; 44(2) 51973titleGoldby FS, Beilin LJTHE EVOLUTION AN0and electron microscope study.abstract31 4723283Clin Sci; 1973 Feb; 44(2) 51973titleBurke CW, Fraser R, Joplin GF, Doyle FH, Macerlaine DM0Cushing's disease treated by pituitary implant.MESH:D003480DiseaseCushing's diseaseabstract48 4723284Clin Sci; 1973 Feb; 44(2) 51973titleBurke CW, Shakespeare RA, Fraser R0Urinary triiodothyronine and thyroxine, and their relationship to the serum free levels.MESH:D014284ChemicaltriiodothyronineMESH:D013974Chemicalthyroxineabstract89 4723285Clin Sci; 1973 Feb; 44(2) 61973titleTulloch BR, Vydelingum N, Lewis B, Fraser R0Triglyceride metabolism in thyroid disease.MESH:D014280ChemicalTriglycerideMESH:D013959Diseasethyroid diseaseabstract44 4723286Clin Sci; 1973 Feb; 44(2) 71973titleChait A, Rabaya E, February A, Lewis B0Influence of saturated and unsaturated dietary fat on diurnal changes in plasma triglyceride and lipoprotein levels.MESH:D014280Chemicaltriglycerideabstract117 4723287Clin Sci; 1973 Feb; 44(2) 71973titleKissebah A, Tulloch B, Vydelingum N, Fraser R0Factors affecting glucose and ketone body utilization by human adipose tissue.MESH:D005947ChemicalglucoseMESH:D007659Chemicalketone9606Specieshumanabstract79 4723288Clin Sci; 1973 Feb; 44(2) 81973titleGuyatt AR, Siddorn JA, Brash HM, Flenley DC0The measurement of frequency dependence of dynamic lung compliance in normal subjects.abstract87 4723289Clin Sci; 1973 Feb; 44(2) 81973titleMuir AL, Hall D, Hogg JC0The site of increased vascular resistance in the lung in pulmonary oedema.MESH:D004487Diseasepulmonary oedemaabstract75 4723290Clin Sci; 1973 Feb; 44(2) 81973titleWest DN, Ellis CG, Campbell EJ0Detection of increased ventilation in man.9606Speciesmanabstract43 4723291Clin Sci; 1973 Feb; 44(2) 99-1111973titleLester FT, Cusworth DC0Lysine infusion in cystinuria: theoretical renal thresholds for lysine.MESH:D008239ChemicalLysineMESH:D003555DiseasecystinuriaMESH:D008239Chemicallysineabstract72 4723292East Afr Med J; 1973 Feb; 50(2) 100-41973titleMaitai CK, Muraguri N, Patel HA0A survey on the use of poisoned arrows in Kenya during the period 1964-1971.abstract77 4723293East Afr Med J; 1973 Feb; 50(2) 105-81973titleGirgis NI, Mansour NS, Henry W0Effect of hycanthone on different developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni worms in hamsters.6183SpeciesSchistosoma mansoniabstract97 4723294East Afr Med J; 1973 Feb; 50(2) 109-151973titleChurch JC0The cytology of normal and healing tissues.abstract44 4723295East Afr Med J; 1973 Feb; 50(2) 116-71973titleIrvine GC0Foreign bodies in the ear and nose. A method of removal.abstract57 4723296East Afr Med J; 1973 Feb; 50(2) 65-731973titleHubbard MJ0The place of articulated lower limb prosthesis in Uganda today.abstract64 4723297East Afr Med J; 1973 Feb; 50(2) 74-851973titleButtner DW, Westhoff H0Antibiotic sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus in Uganda with special reference to pyomyositis and osteomyelitis.1280SpeciesStaphylococcus aureusMESH:D052880Diseasepyomyositis and osteomyelitisabstract115 4723298East Afr Med J; 1973 Feb; 50(2) 86-931973titleVaughan JP, Menu JP, Kihama F, Brooke D, Kiwia A, Mohamed SA0Anaemia in a coastal area of Tanzania. Population survey and investigation of anaemic subjects.MESH:D000740DiseaseAnaemiaabstract96 4723299East Afr Med J; 1973 Feb; 50(2) 94-71973titleMati JK, Anderson GE, Carty MJ, McGlashan HE0A second look into the problem of primary infertility in Kenya.MESH:D007247Diseaseinfertilityabstract64 10573540J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2135-421999titleIp C, Banni S, Angioni E, Carta G, McGinley J, Thompson HJ, Barbano D, Bauman D0Conjugated linoleic acid-enriched butter fat alters mammary gland morphogenesis and reduces cancer risk in rats.MESH:D019787Chemicallinoleic acidMESH:D009369Diseasecancer10116Speciesratsabstract113Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a potent cancer preventive agent in animal models. To date, all of the in vivo work with CLA has been done with a commercial free fatty acid preparation containing a mixture of c9,t11-, t10,c12- and c11,t13-isomers, although CLA in food is predominantly (80-90%) the c9,t11-isomer present in triacylglycerols. The objective of this study was to determine whether a high CLA butter fat has biological activities similar to those of the mixture of free fatty acid CLA isomers. The following four different endpoints were evaluated in rat mammary gland: 1) digitized image analysis of epithelial mass in mammary whole mount; 2) terminal end bud (TEB) density; 3) proliferative activity of TEB cells as determined by proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry; and 4) mammary cancer prevention bioassay in the methylnitrosourea model. It should be noted that TEB cells are the target cells for mammary chemical carcinogenesis. Feeding butter fat CLA to rats during the time of pubescent mammary gland development reduced mammary epithelial mass by 22%, decreased the size of the TEB population by 30%, suppressed the proliferation of TEB cells by 30% and inhibited mammary tumor yield by 53% (P < 0.05). Furthermore, all of the above variables responded with the same magnitude of change to both butter fat CLA and the mixture of CLA isomers at the level of CLA (0.8%) present in the diet. Interestingly, there appeared to be some selectivity in the uptake or incorporation of c9,t11-CLA over t10,c12-CLA in the tissues of rats given the mixture of CLA isomers. Rats consuming the CLA-enriched butter fat also consistently accumulated more total CLA in the mammary gland and other tissues (four- to sixfold increases) compared with those consuming free fatty acid CLA (threefold increases) at the same dietary level of intake. We hypothesize that the availability of vaccenic acid (t11-18:1) in butter fat may serve as the precursor for the endogenous synthesis of CLA via the Delta9-desaturase reaction. Further studies will be conducted to investigate other attributes of this novel dairy product.MESH:D019787Chemicallinoleic acidMESH:D044243ChemicalCLAMESH:D009369DiseasecancerMESH:D044243ChemicalCLAMESH:D005230Chemicalfree fatty acidMESH:D044243ChemicalCLAMESH:D014280ChemicaltriacylglycerolsMESH:D044243ChemicalCLAMESH:D005230Chemicalfree fatty acidMESH:D044243ChemicalCLA10116SpeciesratMESH:D009369DiseasecancerMESH:D008770Chemicalmethylnitrosourea10116SpeciesratsMESH:D009369DiseasetumorMESH:D044243ChemicalCLAMESH:D044243ChemicalCLA10116SpeciesratsMESH:D044243ChemicalCLA10116SpeciesRatsMESH:D044243ChemicalCLAMESH:D044243ChemicalCLAMESH:D005230Chemicalfree fatty acidMESH:D044243ChemicalCLAMESH:C050413Chemicalvaccenic acidMESH:D044243ChemicalCLA 10573541J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2143-61999titleRucker RB, Rucker BR, Mitchell AE, Cui CT, Clegg M, Kosonen T, Uriu-Adams JY, Tchaparian EH, Fishman M, Keen CL0Activation of chick tendon lysyl oxidase in response to dietary copper.9031Specieschick396474Gene1741lysyl oxidaseMESH:D003300Chemicalcopperabstract72Lysyl oxidase (EC 126.96.36.199), a cuproenzyme, can account for 10-30% of the copper present in connective tissue. Herein, we assess the extent to which tissue copper concentrations and lysyl oxidase activity are related because the functional activity of lysyl oxidase and the copper content of chick tendon are both related to dietary copper intake. Chicks (1-d old) were fed diets (basal copper concentration, 0.4 microg/g diet) to which copper was added from 0 to 16 microg/g diet. Liver and plasma copper levels tended to normalize in chickens that consumed from 1 to 4 microg copper/g of diet, whereas tendon copper concentrations suggested an unusual accumulation of copper in chickens that consumed 16 microg copper/g diet. The molecular weight of lysyl oxidase was also estimated using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (MALDI/TOF/MS). A novel aspect of these measurements was estimation of protein mass directly from the surface of chick tendons and aortae. Whether copper deficiency (0 added copper) or copper supplementation (16 microg copper/g of diet) caused changes in the molecular weight of protein(s) in tendon corresponding to lysyl oxidase was addressed. The average molecular weight of the peak corresponding to lysyl oxidase in tendon and aorta from copper-deficient birds was 28,386 Da +/- 86, whereas the average molecular weight of corresponding protein in tendon from copper-supplemented birds was 28,639 Da +/- 122. We propose that the shift in molecular weight is due in part to copper binding and the formation of lysyl tyrosyl quinone, the cofactor at the active site of lysyl oxidase.396474Gene1741Lysyl oxidaseMESH:D003300ChemicalcopperMESH:D003300Chemicalcopper396474Gene1741lysyl oxidase396474Gene1741lysyl oxidaseMESH:D003300Chemicalcopper9031SpecieschickMESH:D003300ChemicalcopperMESH:D003300ChemicalcopperMESH:D003300ChemicalcopperMESH:D003300Chemicalcopper9031SpecieschickensMESH:D003300ChemicalcopperMESH:D003300ChemicalcopperMESH:D003300Chemicalcopper9031SpecieschickensMESH:D003300Chemicalcopper396474Gene1741lysyl oxidaseMESH:D004194Diseaseionization9031SpecieschickMESH:C535468Diseasecopper deficiencyMESH:D003300ChemicalcopperMESH:D003300ChemicalcopperMESH:D003300Chemicalcopper396474Gene1741lysyl oxidase396474Gene1741lysyl oxidaseMESH:C535468Diseasecopper-deficientMESH:D003300ChemicalcopperMESH:D003300ChemicalcopperMESH:C447540Chemicallysyl tyrosyl quinone396474Gene1741lysyl oxidase 10573542J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2147-531999titleProhaska JR, Brokate B0Copper deficiency alters rat dopamine beta-monooxygenase mRNA and activity.MESH:C535468DiseaseCopper deficiency10116Speciesrat25699Gene615dopamine beta-monooxygenaseabstract76Dopamine beta-monooxygenase (DBM), a cuproenzyme, converts dopamine to norepinephrine in selected cells. Studies were conducted in albino rats to resolve the known paradox of DBM after copper deficiency in which metabolite analyses of tissues suggest lower activity, whereas direct assay of homogenates suggests enhanced activity. After 4 wk of postweanling copper deficiency, male Holtzman rats exhibited 1.4-fold higher adrenal DBM activity and 1. 8-fold higher adrenal DBM mRNA levels than copper-adequate rats. Mixing experiments did not support the existence of endogenous activators or inhibitors. Adrenal catecholamine content indicated lower norepinephrine, higher dopamine and unaffected epinephrine content in copper-deficient compared with copper-adequate rats. Studies in 22-d-old male Sprague-Dawley offspring of dams started on copper deficiency at d 7 of gestation indicated similar results for adrenal DBM mRNA, a 1.75-fold increase compared with copper-adequate pups. Adrenal dopamine content was higher in female copper-deficient offspring compared with controls, but norepinephrine was not lower. Medulla oblongata/pons DBM mRNA concentration was higher in 22-d-old copper-deficient female but not male rats compared with controls. Six weeks of copper repletion to the 22-d-old rats restored adrenal DBM mRNA levels to control values. Enzyme assay and RNA results are consistent with enhanced formation of DBM in adrenal gland and noradrenergic cell bodies of copper-deficient rats. The molecular signal may not be solely lower norepinephrine content because adrenal DBM mRNA changes were evident in both nutritional models, whereas the norepinephrine content was altered only in the postnatal model.25699Gene615Dopamine beta-monooxygenase25699Gene615DBMMESH:D004298ChemicaldopamineMESH:D009638Chemicalnorepinephrine10116Speciesrats25699Gene615DBMMESH:C535468Diseasecopper deficiencyMESH:C535468Diseasecopper deficiency10116Speciesrats25699Gene615DBM25699Gene615DBMMESH:D003300Chemicalcopper10116SpeciesratsMESH:D002395ChemicalcatecholamineMESH:D009638ChemicalnorepinephrineMESH:D004298ChemicaldopamineMESH:D004837ChemicalepinephrineMESH:C535468Diseasecopper-deficientMESH:D003300Chemicalcopper10116SpeciesratsMESH:C535468Diseasecopper deficiency25699Gene615DBMMESH:D003300ChemicalcopperMESH:D004298ChemicaldopamineMESH:C535468Diseasecopper-deficientMESH:D009638ChemicalnorepinephrineDiseaseoblongata25699Gene615DBMMESH:C535468Diseasecopper-deficient10116SpeciesratsMESH:D003300Chemicalcopper10116Speciesrats25699Gene615DBM25699Gene615DBMMESH:C535468Diseasecopper-deficient10116SpeciesratsMESH:D009638Chemicalnorepinephrine25699Gene615DBMMESH:D009638Chemicalnorepinephrine 10573543J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2154-611999titleGletsu N, Dixon W, Clandinin MT0Insulin receptor at the mouse hepatocyte nucleus after a glucose meal induces dephosphorylation of a 30-kDa transcription factor and a concomitant increase in malic enzyme gene expression.16337Gene20090Insulin receptor10090SpeciesmouseMESH:D005947Chemicalglucoseabstract189Insulin receptor translocation to the nucleus may represent a mechanism for activation of transcription factors controlling lipogenic gene expression in the mouse hepatocyte. Insulin stimulation was achieved in vivo by oral glucose feeding of mice deprived of food for 24 h. Hepatocytes were fractionated after the glucose meal and nuclei were purified. Insulin receptor levels and phosphorylation state in nuclei were assessed by immunoassay. Insulin receptor significantly increased from basal levels in hepatocyte nuclei within 15 min of the glucose meal. Immunoassay using antiphosphotyrosine indicated that phosphorylation of nuclear insulin receptor increased, whereas phosphorylation of a 30-kDa DNA-binding protein significantly decreased within 15 min of the glucose meal. Glucose treatment significantly increased expression of malic enzyme within the time frame of insulin receptor translocation to the nucleus. Nuclear protein binding to an insulin response element (IRE) within the malic enzyme gene promoter significantly increased within 15 min of the glucose meal. When cell nuclei were isolated from mice that had been deprived of food and treated in vitro with purified, activated insulin receptor, changes were observed in DNA-binding protein phosphorylation and IRE-binding in the absence of cytoplasmic insulin signaling. In vitro incubation of nuclei with activated insulin receptor significantly decreased phosphorylation of a 30-kDa DNA-binding protein compared with basal levels. Increased binding of nuclear proteins to malic enzyme IRE was observed upon stimulation of isolated nuclei with activated insulin receptor. These results suggest that nuclear insulin receptors induce malic enzyme gene expression by regulating phosphorylation of IRE transcription factors.16337Gene20090Insulin receptor10090SpeciesmouseMESH:D005947Chemicalglucose10090SpeciesmiceMESH:D005947Chemicalglucose16337Gene20090Insulin receptor16337Gene20090Insulin receptorMESH:D005947Chemicalglucose16337Gene20090insulin receptor26386Gene100128DNA-binding proteinMESH:D005947ChemicalglucoseMESH:D005947ChemicalGlucose16337Gene20090insulin receptorMESH:D005947Chemicalglucose10090Speciesmice16337Gene20090insulin receptor26386Gene100128DNA-binding protein16337Gene20090insulin receptor26386Gene100128DNA-binding protein16337Gene20090insulin receptor 10573544J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2162-91999titleCastenmiller JJ, Lauridsen ST, Dragsted LO, van het Hof KH, Linssen JP, West CE0beta-carotene does not change markers of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant activity in human blood.MESH:D019207Chemicalbeta-carotene9606Specieshumanabstract105In vitamin A-replete populations, increased concentrations of serum carotenoids have been associated with a decreased risk of degenerative diseases. The mechanism of action of carotenoids in determining antioxidant activity is largely unknown. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of carotenoid supplementation and spinach intake on erythrocyte enzyme antioxidant activities, serum or plasma nonenzymatic antioxidant concentrations, and concentrations of oxidatively damaged amino acids in plasma. Subjects received for 3 wk a basic diet (n = 10), a basic diet with a carotenoid supplement (n = 12) or with a spinach product (n = 12 per group), i.e., whole-leaf, minced, liquefied or liquefied spinach plus added dietary fiber. After 3 wk of dietary intervention, changes in serum or plasma concentrations of ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, FRAP (ferric reducing ability of plasma) and uric acid and erythrocyte enzyme activities were assessed, and differences among experimental groups were tested. Consumption of spinach resulted in greater (P < 0.01) erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity and lower (P < 0.05) erythrocyte catalase activity and serum alpha-tocopherol concentration compared with the control group. Consumption of the carotenoid supplement led to lower alpha-tocopherol responses (P = 0.02) compared with the basic diet only. Our data suggest that the short-term changes in erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity and serum alpha-tocopherol concentration can be attributed to an increased carotenoid (lutein and zeaxanthin) intake, but beta-carotene is unlikely to be a causative factor. Lower erythrocyte catalase activity after intervention with spinach products may be related to other constituents in spinach such as flavonoids.MESH:D014801Chemicalvitamin AMESH:D002338ChemicalcarotenoidsMESH:D019636Diseasedegenerative diseasesMESH:D002338ChemicalcarotenoidsMESH:D002338Chemicalcarotenoid3562SpeciesspinachMESH:D002338Chemicalcarotenoid3562Speciesspinach3562SpeciesspinachMESH:D001205Chemicalascorbic acidMESH:D024502Chemicalalpha-tocopherolMESH:D014527Chemicaluric acid3562SpeciesspinachMESH:D024502Chemicalalpha-tocopherolMESH:D002338ChemicalcarotenoidMESH:D024502Chemicalalpha-tocopherolMESH:D024502Chemicalalpha-tocopherolMESH:D002338ChemicalcarotenoidMESH:D019207Chemicalbeta-carotene3562Speciesspinach3562SpeciesspinachMESH:D005419Chemicalflavonoids 10573545J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2170-61999titleRiedl J, Linseisen J, Hoffmann J, Wolfram G0Some dietary fibers reduce the absorption of carotenoids in women.MESH:D002338Chemicalcarotenoids9606Specieswomenabstract67Dietary fiber may be partly responsible for the lower bioavailability of carotenoids from food than from purified supplements. Due to the lack of detailed information available, we investigated the effects of different kinds of dietary fiber on the absorption of carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol. Six healthy young women received an antioxidant mixture consisting of beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, canthaxanthin and alpha-tocopherol together with a standard meal. The meal did not contain additional dietary fiber or was enriched with pectin, guar, alginate, cellulose or wheat bran (0. 15 g. kg body weight(-1)). The increases in plasma carotenoid and alpha-tocopherol concentrations were followed over 24 h, and the areas-under-curves (AUC(24h)) were calculated. The mean AUC(24h) of beta-carotene was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by the water-soluble fibers pectin, guar and alginate with a mean decrease of 33-43%. All tested fibers significantly reduced the AUC(24h) of lycopene and lutein by 40-74% (P < 0.05). The dietary fiber effect on the AUC(24h) of canthaxanthin was almost significant (P = 0.059) and there was no effect on the AUC(24h) of alpha-tocopherol. We conclude that the bioavailability of beta-carotene, lycopene and lutein given within a mixed supplement is markedly reduced by different kinds of dietary fiber.MESH:D002338ChemicalcarotenoidsMESH:D002338ChemicalcarotenoidsMESH:D024502Chemicalalpha-tocopherol9606SpecieswomenMESH:D019207Chemicalbeta-caroteneMESH:D000077276ChemicallycopeneMESH:D016644ChemicalcanthaxanthinMESH:D024502Chemicalalpha-tocopherol3832SpeciesguarMESH:D000464ChemicalalginateMESH:D002482Chemicalcellulose4565SpecieswheatMESH:D002338ChemicalcarotenoidMESH:D024502Chemicalalpha-tocopherolMESH:D019207Chemicalbeta-caroteneMESH:D014867Chemicalwater3832SpeciesguarMESH:D000464ChemicalalginateMESH:D000077276ChemicallycopeneMESH:D016644ChemicalcanthaxanthinMESH:D024502Chemicalalpha-tocopherolMESH:D019207Chemicalbeta-caroteneMESH:D000077276Chemicallycopene 10573546J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2177-831999titleRamirez-Tortosa MC, Urbano G, López-Jurado M, Nestares T, Gomez MC, Mir A, Ros E, Mataix J, Gil A0Extra-virgin olive oil increases the resistance of LDL to oxidation more than refined olive oil in free-living men with peripheral vascular disease.4146Speciesolive4146Speciesolive9606SpeciesmenMESH:D016491Diseaseperipheral vascular diseaseabstract149Patients with peripheral vascular disease (Fontaine stage II) are characterized by ischemia of the lower extremities, atherosclerosis and alteration of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. A randomized, two-period, crossover design was used to compare the effects of extra-virgin (VO) and refined olive (RO) oils on plasma lipids and lipoprotein composition and LDL oxidation susceptibility in free-living men with peripheral vascular disease. The oils differed in their antioxidant profile (alpha-tocopherol: 300 vs. 200 mg/kg; phenolic compounds 800 vs. 60) and concentration but not in their fatty acid composition. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups. The first group (n = 12) received VO with which to freely cook all meals for 3 mo, followed by a 3-mo wash-out period; they then received RO for the final 3 mo. The second group (n = 12) consumed the oils in the opposite order. Energy, fat, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and alpha-tocopherol intakes were not different when patients consumed the two oils. Profiles of the major fatty acids in plasma and LDL were not different after consumption of VO and RO. The slope of the line for LDL oxidation vs. the line for copper concentration was significantly higher after the intake of RO than after the intake of VO. Total LDL taken up by macrophages was significantly greater when the men consumed RO rather than VO. We suggest that antioxidants present in VO may protect LDL against oxidation more than does RO in men with peripheral vascular disease.9606SpeciesPatientsMESH:D016491Diseaseperipheral vascular diseaseMESH:D007511DiseaseischemiaMESH:D050197DiseaseatherosclerosisMESH:D001778Diseaseblood coagulation-ChemicalVO4146SpeciesoliveMESH:D008055Chemicallipids9606SpeciesmenMESH:D016491Diseaseperipheral vascular diseaseMESH:D024502Chemicalalpha-tocopherolMESH:D005227Chemicalfatty acid-ChemicalVO-ChemicalROMESH:D005231Chemicalpolyunsaturated fatty acidsMESH:D005231ChemicalPUFAMESH:D024502Chemicalalpha-tocopherol9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D009821ChemicaloilsMESH:D005227Chemicalfatty acids-ChemicalVO-ChemicalROMESH:D003300Chemicalcopper-ChemicalRO-ChemicalVO9606Speciesmen-ChemicalVO-ChemicalRO9606SpeciesmenMESH:D016491Diseaseperipheral vascular disease 10573547J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2184-911999titleAbia R, Perona JS, Pacheco YM, Montero E, Muriana FJ, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V0Postprandial triacylglycerols from dietary virgin olive oil are selectively cleared in humans.MESH:D014280Chemicaltriacylglycerols4146Speciesolive9606Specieshumansabstract95The aims of the present study were to evaluate the effect of a meal rich in virgin olive oil on triacylglycerol composition of human postprandial triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (fraction Sf > 400), and to assess the role of the triacylglycerol molecular species concentration and polarity on lipoprotein clearance. Fasting (0 h) and postprandial blood samples were collected hourly for 7 h from eight healthy normolipidemic subjects after the ingestion of the meal. Plasma and lipoprotein triacylglycerol concentrations increased quickly over fasting values and peaked twice at 2 and 6 h during the 7-h postprandial period. The triacylglycerols in the lipoprotein fraction at 2 h generally reflected the composition of the olive oil, however, the proportions of the individualmolecular species were altered by the processes leading to their formation. Among the major triacylglycerols, the proportion of triolein (OOO; 43.6%) decreased (P < 0.05), palmitoyl-dioleoyl-glycerol (POO; 31. 1%) and stearoyl-dioleoyl-glycerol (SOO; 2.1%) were maintained and linoleoyl-dioleoyl-glycerol (LOO; 11.4%) and palmitoyl-oleoyl-linoleoyl-glycerol (POL; 4.6%) significantly increased (P < 0.05) compared with the composition of the triacylglycerols in the olive oil. Smaller amounts of endogenous triacylglycerol (0.8%), mainly constituted of the saturated myristic (14:0)and palmitic (16:0) fatty acids, were also identified. Analysis of total fatty acids suggested the presence of molecular species composed of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of the (n-3) family, docosapentaenoic acid, [22:5(n-3)] and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), [22:6(n-3)] and of the (n-6) family [arachidonic acid, [20:4(n-6)]. The fastest conversion of lipoproteins to remnants occurred from 2 to 4 h and was directly related to the concentration of the triacylglycerols in the lipoprotein particle (r = 0.9969, P < 0.05) and not with its polarity (r = 0.1769, P > 0.05). The rates of clearance were significantly different among the major triacylglycerols (OOO, POO, OOL and POL) (P < 0.05) and among the latter ones and PLL (palmitoyl-dilinoleoyl-glycerol, POS (palmitoyl-oleoyl-stearoyl-glycerol) and OLL (oleoyl-dilinoleoyl-glycerol) (P < 0.01). OOO was removed faster and was followed by POO, OOL, POL, PPO (dipalmitoyl-oleoyl-glycerol), SOO, PLL, POS and OLL.4146SpeciesoliveMESH:D014280Chemicaltriacylglycerol9606SpecieshumanMESH:D014280ChemicaltriacylglycerolMESH:D014280ChemicaltriacylglycerolMESH:D014280Chemicaltriacylglycerols4146SpeciesoliveMESH:D014280Chemicaltriacylglycerols-Chemicalpalmitoyl-dioleoyl-glycerol-ChemicalSOO-Chemicallinoleoyl-dioleoyl-glycerol-ChemicalLOO-ChemicalPOLMESH:D014280Chemicaltriacylglycerols4146SpeciesoliveMESH:D014280ChemicaltriacylglycerolMESH:D005227Chemicalfatty acidsMESH:D005227Chemicalfatty acidsMESH:D005231Chemicalpolyunsaturated fatty acidsMESH:C026219Chemicaldocosapentaenoic acidMESH:D004281Chemicaldocosahexaenoic acidMESH:D004281ChemicalDHAMESH:D016718Chemicalarachidonic acidMESH:D014280ChemicaltriacylglycerolsMESH:D014280Chemicaltriacylglycerols-Chemicalpalmitoyl-dilinoleoyl-glycerol-ChemicalOLL-Chemicaloleoyl-dilinoleoyl-glycerol-Chemicaldipalmitoyl-oleoyl-glycerol 10573548J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2192-51999titleRahman MM, Mahalanabis D, Hossain S, Wahed MA, Alvarez JO, Siber GR, Thompson C, Santosham M, Fuchs GJ0Simultaneous vitamin A administration at routine immunization contact enhances antibody response to diphtheria vaccine in infants younger than six months.MESH:D014801Chemicalvitamin A9606Speciesinfantsabstract155A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of simultaneous vitamin A supplementation and diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) vaccination on the antibody levels. Infants aged 6-17 wk (n = 56) were randomly given 15 mg oral vitamin A or placebo at the time of their DPT immunization. Three such doses were given at monthly intervals. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies to diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus were assayed on enrollment and 1 mo after the third dose. Baseline antibody concentrations to diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus did not differ between the vitamin A-supplemented and placebo-treated groups. The postdose antibody to diphtheria level was significantly greater in the vitamin A than in the placebo-treated group. The geometric mean +/- SEM antibody levels (mg/L) were 22.9 +/- 1.2 and 11.0 +/- 1.3 in the vitamin A and placebo groups, respectively (P = 0.029). The postsupplementation concentrations of antibodies to pertussis and tetanus did not differ between the two groups. These results suggest that antibody response to diphtheria vaccination was potentiated by simultaneous vitamin A administration and DPT immunization.MESH:D014801Chemicalvitamin AMESH:D014917Diseasepertussis and tetanus9606SpeciesInfantsMESH:D014801Chemicalvitamin A-ChemicalDPTMESH:D013746DiseasetetanusMESH:D013746DiseasetetanusMESH:D014801Chemicalvitamin AMESH:D014801Chemicalvitamin AMESH:D014801Chemicalvitamin AMESH:D013746DiseasetetanusMESH:D014801Chemicalvitamin A-ChemicalDPT 10573549J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2196-2021999titleRamakrishnan U, Barnhart H, Schroeder DG, Stein AD, Martorell R0Early childhood nutrition, education and fertility milestones in Guatemala.abstract76Data on fertility milestones were collected in 1994 and linked to information collected in a trial conducted in eastern Guatemala between 1969 and 1977, to examine whether early childhood nutrition was associated with the timing of fertility milestones. In the original trial, two pairs of villages were randomly allocated to receive either a high energy, high protein supplement (Atole) or a low energy, no-protein supplement (Fresco). Mean age at follow-up was 23.47 y (n = 240). About 62% of women had experienced first birth (median age at first birth = 19.83 y). The median intervals from menarche to first intercourse and from first intercourse to first birth were 5.67 and 0.95 y; they were 1.68 and 0.06 y shorter, respectively, for the Atole group than for the Fresco group. Women who had received Atole in utero and/or during early childhood experienced earlier milestones even after adjusting for socioeconomic status (SES), education and age at the prior event. Median age at first birth was 1.17 y earlier for the Atole group. Better growth during early childhood (not severely stunted) led to earlier milestones (median age at first birth was 1.04 y earlier), primarily among women with illiterate fathers. Completion of primary school significantly delayed fertility milestones; the median age at first birth was 4.27 y later for those who completed primary school compared with those who did not (P < 0.05). In sum, improved nutrition during early childhood results in earlier fertility milestones, but the effects of schooling in delaying fertility milestones are greater in magnitude. Intervention programs that improve early childhood nutrition should be accompanied by investments in education that ensure that girls complete primary school.9606Specieswomen-ChemicalAtole9606SpeciesWomen-ChemicalAtole-ChemicalAtole9606Specieswomen9606Speciesgirls 10573550J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2203-51999titleSemba RD, MuhilalMohgaddam NE, Munasir Z, Akib A, Permaesih D, MuherdiyantiningsihOsterhaus A0Integration of vitamin A supplementation with the expanded program on immunization does not affect seroconversion to oral poliovirus vaccine in infants.MESH:D014801Chemicalvitamin A138950Speciespoliovirus9606Speciesinfantsabstract153Childhood immunization programs may provide infrastructure for delivering vitamin A supplements to infants in developing countries. The effect of giving vitamin A, an immune enhancer, on antibody responses to trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (TOPV) is unknown. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to determine the effect of giving vitamin A simultaneously with TOPV on antibody responses to poliovirus. Infants (n = 467) received oral vitamin A, 15 mg retinol equivalent (RE), 7.5 mg RE or placebo with TOPV at 6, 10 and 14 wk of age. Antibody responses to poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 were measured by a microvirus neutralization assay at enrollment and at 9 mo of age. Seroconversion rates to poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 ranged from 98 to 100% in the three treatment groups, and there were no differences in mean antibody titers to poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 among treatment groups. This study demonstrates that oral vitamin A does not affect antibody responses to poliovirus vaccine when integrated with the Expanded Program on Immunization.MESH:D014801Chemicalvitamin A9606SpeciesinfantsMESH:D014801Chemicalvitamin A138950SpeciespoliovirusMESH:D014801Chemicalvitamin A138950Speciespoliovirus9606SpeciesInfantsMESH:D014801Chemicalvitamin AMESH:D014801Chemicalretinol138950Speciespoliovirus138950Speciespoliovirus138950SpeciespoliovirusMESH:D014801Chemicalvitamin A138950Speciespoliovirus 10573551J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2206-111999titleWeber N, Schönwiese S, Klein E, Mukherjee KD0Adipose tissue triacylglycerols of rats are modulated differently by dietary isomeric octadecenoic acids from coriander oil and high oleic sunflower oil.MESH:D014280Chemicaltriacylglycerols10116SpeciesratsMESH:D009829Chemicaloctadecenoic acids4047Speciescoriander4232Speciessunflowerabstract154Earlier feeding studies of rats revealed that petroselinic acid [18:1(n-12)] from triacylglycerols of coriander (Coriandrum sativum) oil is extensively incorporated into the lipids of heart and liver and metabolized via beta-oxidation and chain elongation. We report here the composition and stereospecific distribution of acyl moieties, particularly isomeric octadecenoyl moieties, in adipose tissue triacylglycerols of male weaned Wistar rats fed diets containing, in addition to 20 g corn oil/kg feed, 120 g coriander oil per kg feed at a level of 63 g 18:1(n-12) moieties/100 g acyl moieties of the oil for 10 wk. For comparison, a group of rats was fed a similar corn oil-containing isocaloric diet with large proportions of oleoyl moieties [18:1(n-9)] from high oleic sunflower oil [72 g 18:1(n-9)/100 g acyl moieties of the oil]. The composition of the triacylglycerols of epididymal, subcutaneous and perirenal adipose tissues was very similar for each feeding group, broadly reflecting the composition of the dietary oils. Feeding coriander oil, compared with high oleic sunflower oil, led to extensive incorporation of 18:1(n-12) into the triacylglycerols of the adipose tissues with a concomitant significantly and dramatically lower 18:1(n-9) concentration and, as a consequence, to the generation of triacylglycerol species containing 18:1(n-12) moieties. Petroselinoyl moieties from coriander oil were esterified predominantly at the sn-1,3 positions of the adipose tissue triacylglycerols; 18:1(n-9) moieties from high oleic sunflower oil were fairly evenly distributed between the sn-1,3 and sn-2 positions. We suggest that acyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of adipose tissue triacylglycerols direct 18:1(n-12) moieties preferentially to sn-1,3-positions.10116SpeciesratsMESH:C008820Chemicalpetroselinic acidMESH:D014280Chemicaltriacylglycerols4047Speciescoriander4047SpeciesCoriandrum sativumMESH:D009821ChemicaloilMESH:D008055Chemicallipids-ChemicaloctadecenoylMESH:D014280Chemicaltriacylglycerols10116SpeciesWistar rats4577Speciescorn4047SpeciescorianderMESH:D009821Chemicaloil10116Speciesrats4577Speciescorn-Chemicaloleoyl4232SpeciessunflowerMESH:D014280ChemicaltriacylglycerolsMESH:D004042Chemicaldietary oils4047Speciescoriander-Chemicaloleic4232SpeciessunflowerMESH:D014280ChemicaltriacylglycerolsMESH:D014280Chemicaltriacylglycerol-ChemicalPetroselinoyl4047SpeciescorianderMESH:D014280Chemicaltriacylglycerols4232SpeciessunflowerMESH:D014280Chemicaltriacylglycerols 10573552J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2212-71999titleKamlage B, Hartmann L, Gruhl B, Blaut M0Intestinal microorganisms do not supply associated gnotobiotic rats with conjugated linoleic acid.10116SpeciesratsMESH:D019787Chemicallinoleic acidabstract99Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is produced from linoleic acid (LA) by bacteria in the rumen of herbivores. CLA enters the human diet mainly via milk fat and fatty beef; it acts as an effective anticarcinogen and exhibits other important physiological effects. The objective of the current study was to investigate the capability of a LA-conjugating bacterial community isolated from a human volunteer and associated with germ-free rats to supply the host with CLA. Gnotobiotic rats were fed a diet enriched with esterified LA in the form of sunflower-seed oil. The control group was fed the same diet and remained germ-free. Bacterial cell counts, in vitro LA-conjugation activities, and CLA concentration in feces and in the contents of various intestinal segments were determined. After 10 wk, various tissues were analyzed for CLA concentrations. LA-conjugation activity was found only in feces, cecum and colon content samples from associated rats, but CLA accumulation in various body tissues did not differ significantly between the two groups. The ratio of CLA to LA in feces and in cecal and colonic contents did not differ between groups, indicating that the microorganisms in the cecum and the colon do not synthesize substantial amounts of CLA in vivo and therefore, do not contribute to the CLA supplementation of the host.MESH:D019787Chemicallinoleic acidMESH:D044243ChemicalCLAMESH:D019787Chemicallinoleic acidMESH:D044243ChemicalCLA9606Specieshuman9606Specieshuman10116SpeciesratsMESH:D044243ChemicalCLA10116Speciesrats4232SpeciessunflowerMESH:D044243ChemicalCLA10116SpeciesratsMESH:D044243ChemicalCLAMESH:D044243ChemicalCLAMESH:D044243ChemicalCLAMESH:D044243ChemicalCLA 10573553J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2218-241999titleMoore MC, Hsieh PS, Flakoll PJ, Neal DW, Cherrington AD0Net hepatic gluconeogenic amino acid uptake in response to peripheral versus portal amino acid infusion in conscious dogs.9615Speciesdogsabstract123These studies were conducted to determine the effect of route of gluconeogenic amino acid delivery on the hepatic uptake of the amino acids. After a sampling period with no experimental intervention (basal period), conscious dogs deprived of food for 42 h received somatostatin, intraportal infusions of insulin (3-fold basal) and glucagon (basal), and a peripheral infusion of glucose to increase the hepatic glucose load 1.5-fold basal for 240 min. A mixture of alanine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, serine and threonine was infused intraportally at 7.6 micromol. kg(-1). min(-1) (PorAA group, n = 6) or peripherally at 8.1 micromol. kg(-1). min(-1) (PerAA, n = 6), to match the hepatic load of gluconeogenic amino acids in PorAA. During the infusion period, there were no differences in PerAA and PorAA, respectively, with regard to arterial plasma insulin (144 +/- 18 and 162 +/- 18 pmol/L), glucagon (51 +/- 8 and 47 +/- 11 ng/L), hepatic glucose load (199.8 +/- 22.2 and 210.9 +/- 16.6 micromol. kg(-1). min(-1)), net hepatic glucose uptake (2.8 +/- 2.2 and 2.2 +/- 1.7 micromol. kg(-1). min(-1)), hepatic load of amino acids (68 +/- 14 and 62 +/- 7 micromol. kg(-1). min(-1)), or net hepatic glycogen synthesis (11.1 +/- 2.2 and 8.9 +/- 2.2 micromol. kg(-1). min(-1)). The net hepatic uptake of glutamine (2.1 +/- 0.4 vs. 0.8 +/- 0.3 micromol. kg(-1). min(-1)) and the net hepatic fractional extractions of glutamine (0.11 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.05 +/- 0.02) and serine (0.41 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.34 +/- 0.02) were greater in PorAA than in PerAA (P < 0.05). We speculate that one or more of the amino acids in the mixture causes enhancement of the net hepatic uptake and fractional extraction of glutamine, and perhaps other gluconeogenic amino acids, during intraportal amino acid delivery.9615Speciesdogs483665Gene173insulinMESH:D005947ChemicalglucoseMESH:D005947ChemicalglucoseMESH:D000409ChemicalalanineMESH:D018698ChemicalglutamateMESH:D005973ChemicalglutamineMESH:D005998ChemicalglycineMESH:D012694ChemicalserineMESH:D013912Chemicalthreonine483665Gene173insulinMESH:D005934ChemicalglucagonMESH:D005947ChemicalglucoseMESH:D005947ChemicalglucoseMESH:D006003ChemicalglycogenMESH:D005973ChemicalglutamineMESH:D005973ChemicalglutamineMESH:D012694ChemicalserineMESH:D005973Chemicalglutamine 10573554J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2225-301999titlePark T, Rogers QR, Morris JG0High dietary protein and taurine increase cysteine desulfhydration in kittens.MESH:D013654ChemicaltaurineMESH:D003545Chemicalcysteineabstract79The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary protein and taurine on cysteine desulfhydration in various kitten tissues. Cysteine desulfhydration was assessed in liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, heart, spleen, brain and jejunum of kittens fed one of the following diets for 5 wk: 20% protein, 0% taurine diet (LP0T); 20% protein, 0.15% taurine diet (LPNT); 60% protein, 0% taurine diet (HP0T); and 60% protein, 0.15% taurine diet (HPNT). Cats fed LP0T and HP0T had been fed a taurine-free diet for 10 wk before the 5-wk experiment. The activity of cysteine desulfhydration was determined by measuring the production of H(2)(35)S from (35)S-cysteine in the presence and absence of alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG) in the incubation medium. Liver and kidney had the highest total activities among the tissues tested (P < 0.01). Total hepatic desulfhydration activities [micromol H(2)S/(min. kg body wt)] in cats fed LP0T, LPNT, HP0T and HPNT were (mean +/- SEM) 117 +/- 6, 135 +/- 10, 137 +/- 10 and 190 +/- 9, respectively. Dietary taurine had a significant effect on activity when expressed per gram liver (P < 0.01), per gram protein (P < 0.05) and per kilogram body weight (P < 0.001). Dietary protein had a significant effect (P < 0.001) only when activity was expressed relative to body weight because of the significant effect of protein on relative liver weight. The direct pathway via cysteine desulfhydrase appears to be the major route of cysteine desulfhydration in kitten liver because the values obtained in the absence of alphaKG were 81-88% of those obtained in the presence of alphaKG.MESH:D013654ChemicaltaurineMESH:D003545ChemicalcysteineMESH:D003545ChemicalCysteineMESH:D013654ChemicaltaurineMESH:D013654Chemicaltaurine-ChemicalLPNTMESH:D013654ChemicaltaurineMESH:D013654Chemicaltaurine9685SpeciesCatsMESH:D013654ChemicaltaurineMESH:D003545Chemicalcysteine-ChemicalH(2)MESH:D003545ChemicalcysteineMESH:D007656Chemicalalpha-ketoglutarateMESH:D006862ChemicalH(2)S9685SpeciescatsMESH:D013654ChemicaltaurineMESH:D003545Chemicalcysteine 10573555J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2231-51999titleLe Blay G, Michel C, Blottière HM, Cherbut C0Prolonged intake of fructo-oligosaccharides induces a short-term elevation of lactic acid-producing bacteria and a persistent increase in cecal butyrate in rats.MESH:C116580Chemicalfructo-oligosaccharidesMESH:D019344Chemicallactic acid-Chemicalcecal butyrate10116Speciesratsabstract162While the prebiotic effects of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), short-chain polymers of fructose, have been thoroughly described after 2-3 wk of ingestion, effects after intake for several months are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that these effects would differ after ingestion for short and long periods in rats. Rats were fed a basal low-fiber diet (Basal) or the same diet containing 9 g/100 g of FOS for 2, 8 or 27 wk, and cecal contents were collected at the end of each time period. Cecal short-chain fatty acid concentration was higher in rats fed FOS than in those fed Basal, and this effect persisted over time: 83.8 +/- 4.1 vs. 62.4 +/- 6.5 micromol/g at 2 wk and 103.5 +/- 5.8 vs. 73.2 +/- 7.4 micromol/g at 27 wk (P < 0.05). The molar butyrate ratio was higher in rats fed FOS regardless of the time period (14.8 +/- 0.6% vs. 6.7 +/- 1.1% at 27 wk, P < 0.05). Lactate concentration in rats fed FOS was elevated after 2 wk and then decreased: 63.5 +/- 21.6 micromol/g at 2 wk vs. 8.8 +/- 3.3 micromol/g at 8 wk (P < 0.05). After 2 wk, FOS increased the concentrations of total lactic acid-producing bacteria, and Lactobacillus sp. (P < 0.05), without modifying total anaerobes. However, most of these effects were abolished after 8 and 27 wk of FOS consumption. In the long term, the FOS-induced increase in intestinal lactic acid-producing bacteria was lost, but the butyrogenic properties of FOS were maintained.MESH:C116580Chemicalfructo-oligosaccharidesMESH:C116580ChemicalFOSMESH:D011108ChemicalpolymersMESH:D005632Chemicalfructose10116Speciesrats10116SpeciesRatsMESH:D004043ChemicalfiberMESH:D005232Chemicalshort-chain fatty acid10116SpeciesratsMESH:D002087Chemicalbutyrate10116SpeciesratsMESH:D019344ChemicalLactate10116SpeciesratsMESH:D019344Chemicallactic acid1591SpeciesLactobacillus spMESH:D014397DiseaseFOS consumptionMESH:D019344Chemicallactic acid 10573556J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2236-81999titleBennett A, Rowe RI, Soch N, Eckhert CD0Boron stimulates yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) growth.MESH:D001895ChemicalBoron4932Speciesyeast4932SpeciesSaccharomyces cerevisiaeabstract58Boron is required for the growth of vascular plants and embryonic development in fish. The molecular basis of boron's essentiality, however, remains unknown for both. The objective of this study was to determine whether yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) could be used as a model for the evaluation of intracellular boron trafficking. Three experiments were conducted to assess the effect of boron supplementation on yeast growth. Cultures were grown in low boron media containing 0.04 micromol B/L. After 24 h, a new flask was inoculated with this culture; it was allowed to reach early log phase growth (9 h) and was then divided between two flasks. One flask was supplemented with ultrapure boric acid to achieve a concentration of 185 micromol B/L (+B); the other was supplemented with an equivalent volume of ultrapure water (NB). Boron significantly stimulated cell growth rate into the stationary phase of growth. Yeast cell boron concentrations decreased in both treatments over the course of the experiment, but analysis by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICPMS) did not detect differences in cellular concentration between the boron supplemented (B) and nonsupplemented (NB) groups. Ethanol concentrations did not differ between the two treatments, demonstrating that boron-stimulated growth was not a secondary effect of alcohol dehydrogenase inhibition. The demonstration of boron-dependent growth stimulation in yeast suggests that Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be used as a model system for the study of intracellular boron trafficking.MESH:D001895ChemicalBoron58023Speciesvascular plantsMESH:D001895Chemicalboron4932Speciesyeast4932SpeciesSaccharomyces cerevisiaeMESH:D001895ChemicalboronMESH:D001895Chemicalboron4932SpeciesyeastMESH:D001895ChemicalboronMESH:C032688Chemicalboric acidMESH:D014867ChemicalwaterMESH:D001895ChemicalBoron4932SpeciesYeastMESH:D001895ChemicalboronMESH:D001895ChemicalboronMESH:D000431ChemicalEthanolMESH:D001895ChemicalboronMESH:D001895Chemicalboron4932Speciesyeast4932SpeciesSaccharomyces cerevisiaeMESH:D001895Chemicalboron 10573557J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2239-451999titleBaker DH, Edwards HM, Strunk CS, Emmert JL, Peter CM, Mavromichalis I, Parr TM0Single versus multiple deficiencies of methionine, zinc, riboflavin, vitamin B-6 and choline elicit surprising growth responses in young chicks.MESH:D008715ChemicalmethionineMESH:D012256ChemicalriboflavinMESH:D025101Chemicalvitamin B-6MESH:D002794Chemicalcholineabstract145A soy-protein isolate diet that was deficient in methionine (Met), zinc (Zn), riboflavin, vitamin B-6 and choline for chick growth (Assay 1) was used to study individual or multiple deficiencies of several of these nutrients. In all cases, adding all three deficient nutrients together resulted in growth responses that were superior to those resulting from supplementation with any pairs of deficient nutrients. In Assay 2, single addition of Zn but not of methionine or riboflavin produced a growth response, but the combination of either Zn and Met or Zn and riboflavin resulted in growth responses that were greater than the response elicited by Zn alone. Assay 3 involved individual or multiple deficiencies of choline, riboflavin and vitamin B-6, and individual additions suggested that choline was first limiting. Choline + riboflavin supplementation, however, produced marked growth and gain:food responses that were far greater than those resulting from supplemental choline or riboflavin alone. Moreover, the growth response to a combination of choline + pyridoxine (PN) was also greater than that obtained from any of the three nutrients fed alone; even PN + riboflavin (in the absence of choline) produced responses greater than those observed with the unsupplemented negative-control diet. In Assay 4, chicks responded to individual additions of riboflavin, PN or Met, and in Assay 5, to either riboflavin or PN; all two-way combinations resulted in growth rates that were far greater than those occurring with any single addition. The data from these experiments show that unlike the situation with three deficient amino acids, the expected responses to first-, second- and third-limiting B-vitamins or deficient vitamins combined with deficient levels of Zn or Met do not follow the expected pattern of response to first-, further response to first- and second- and an even further response to first-, second- and third-limiting nutrients.MESH:D008715ChemicalmethionineMESH:D008715ChemicalMetMESH:D015032ChemicalZnMESH:D012256ChemicalriboflavinMESH:D025101Chemicalvitamin B-6MESH:D002794Chemicalcholine9031SpecieschickMESH:D000015Diseasemultiple deficienciesMESH:D015032ChemicalZnMESH:D008715ChemicalmethionineMESH:D012256ChemicalriboflavinMESH:D015032ChemicalZnMESH:D015032ChemicalZnMESH:D012256ChemicalriboflavinMESH:D015032ChemicalZnMESH:D000015Diseasemultiple deficienciesMESH:D002794ChemicalcholineMESH:D012256ChemicalriboflavinMESH:D025101Chemicalvitamin B-6MESH:D002794ChemicalcholineMESH:D002794ChemicalCholineMESH:D012256ChemicalriboflavinMESH:D002794ChemicalcholineMESH:D012256ChemicalriboflavinMESH:D002794ChemicalcholineMESH:D011736ChemicalpyridoxineMESH:D011736ChemicalPNMESH:D012256ChemicalriboflavinMESH:D002794ChemicalcholineMESH:D012256ChemicalriboflavinMESH:D012256ChemicalriboflavinMESH:D015032ChemicalZn 10573558J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2246-501999titleRohde CM, Manatt M, Clagett-Dame M, DeLuca HF0Vitamin A antagonizes the action of vitamin D in rats.MESH:D014801ChemicalVitamin AMESH:D014807Chemicalvitamin D10116Speciesratsabstract55Interactions between vitamin A and vitamin D have been suggested for several decades but have not been established. In particular, vitamin A has been proposed to intensify the severity of the bone mineralization disease, rickets and inhibit the ability of vitamin D to cure this disease. To investigate this hypothesis, weanling Holtzman rats were fed a 1.2% calcium, 0.1% phosphorus diet and 15.5 ng ergocalciferol (vitamin D(2)) every 3 d for 21 d in the presence of increasing amounts of retinyl acetate (0 microg to 8621 microg/d). The increasing amounts of retinyl acetate produced a progressive and significant decrease in total bone ash (P < 0.001) and an increase in epiphyseal plate width (P < 0.001). The same experiment conducted with increasing amounts of vitamin D(2) (0 to 645 ng/d) indicated that the antagonism by retinyl acetate could be demonstrated at all vitamin D(2) dosages. To further investigate this antagonistic relationship, weanling Holtzman rats were fed a 0. 47% calcium, 0.3% phosphorus diet and 15.5 ng vitamin D(2) every 3 d for 33 d in the presence of increasing retinyl acetate (0 to 3448 microg/d). In the absence of retinyl acetate, these rats maintained a normal serum calcium level (2.34 mmol/L). Increasing retinyl acetate, however, eliminated the ability of vitamin D(2) to elevate the level of serum calcium (1.35 mmol/L). These results illustrated in vivo antagonism of vitamin D(2) action on intestine and bone by retinyl acetate.MESH:D014801Chemicalvitamin AMESH:D014807Chemicalvitamin DMESH:D014801Chemicalvitamin AMESH:D014807Chemicalvitamin D10116SpeciesratsMESH:D002118ChemicalcalciumMESH:D010758ChemicalphosphorusMESH:D004872ChemicalergocalciferolMESH:D014807Chemicalvitamin DMESH:C009166Chemicalretinyl acetateMESH:C009166Chemicalretinyl acetateMESH:D000072042Diseaseepiphyseal plate widthMESH:D014807Chemicalvitamin DMESH:C009166Chemicalretinyl acetateMESH:D014807Chemicalvitamin D10116SpeciesratsMESH:D002118ChemicalcalciumMESH:D010758ChemicalphosphorusMESH:D014807Chemicalvitamin DMESH:C009166Chemicalretinyl acetateMESH:C009166Chemicalretinyl acetate10116SpeciesratsMESH:D002118ChemicalcalciumMESH:C009166Chemicalretinyl acetateMESH:D004872Chemicalvitamin D(2)MESH:D002118ChemicalcalciumMESH:D014807Chemicalvitamin DMESH:C009166Chemicalretinyl acetate 10573559J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2251-71999titleMengheri E, Nobili F, Vignolini F, Pesenti M, Brandi G, Biavati B0Bifidobacterium animalis protects intestine from damage induced by zinc deficiency in rats.28025SpeciesBifidobacterium animalisMESH:C564286Diseasezinc deficiency10116Speciesratsabstract92We investigated the potential beneficial effects of Bifidobacterium animalis on intestinal damage using zinc-deficient (ZD) rats as a model for intestinal alterations. The ZD rats were fed diets containing 1 mg Zn/kg for 20 (ZD(20)) or 40 (ZD(40)) d to induce damage that differed in severity. Subgroups of these rats, the ZD(20) + B and ZD(40) + B groups, received a suspension of B. animalis (3.5 x 10(8) colony forming units) daily for the last 10 d. Another subgroup, the ZD(40) + B + 7 d group, was fed the ZD diet for 7 d after the B. animalis treatment period. Zinc deficiency induced ulcerations, edema, inflammatory cell infiltration and dilatation of blood vessels in duodenum, jejunum and ileum, with increasing severity between 20 and 40 d of zinc deficiency. The mucosa of the ZD(20) + B group was well preserved, and most of the morphologic alterations induced by zinc deficiency were normalized in the ZD(40) + B group. The high fecal concentrations of B. animalis in the ZD(40) + B and ZD(40) + B + 7 d groups indicate that these bifidobacteria survived passage through the gastrointestinal tract and proliferated. Electron microscopy confirmed the elevated numbers of bifidobacteria in cecum. Treatment with B. animalis resulted in greater epithelial cell proliferation and disaccharidase activities in the ZD(40) + B group compared with the ZD(40) group. These findings indicate that B. animalis can protect the intestine from alterations induced by zinc deficiency, suggesting that this bacterium may play a role in intestinal mucosal defense.28025SpeciesBifidobacterium animalisMESH:C564286Diseasezinc-deficient10116Speciesrats10116SpeciesratsMESH:D015032ChemicalZn10116Speciesrats28025SpeciesB. animalis28025SpeciesB. animalisMESH:C564286DiseaseZinc deficiencyMESH:D014456DiseaseulcerationsMESH:D004487DiseaseedemaMESH:C564286Diseasezinc deficiencyMESH:C564286Diseasezinc deficiency28025SpeciesB. animalisMESH:D004067Diseasegastrointestinal tract28025SpeciesB. animalis28025SpeciesB. animalisMESH:C564286Diseasezinc deficiency 10573560J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2258-631999titleMcEligot AJ, Rock CL, Flatt SW, Newman V, Faerber S, Pierce JP0Plasma carotenoids are biomarkers of long-term high vegetable intake in women with breast cancer.MESH:D002338Chemicalcarotenoids9606SpecieswomenMESH:D001943Diseasebreast cancerabstract98We investigated predictors of change in plasma carotenoids from baseline to 3 y and examined plasma carotenoid concentrations at 1 and 3 y in response to a high vegetable diet. Participants were 56 women diagnosed with breast cancer and enrolled in a randomized feasibility study for a trial examining the effect of a diet high in vegetables and fruits on the risk of breast cancer recurrence. Independent t test analysis revealed that the intervention group had significantly higher vegetable and fruit servings and fiber at 12 mo and significantly higher vegetable servings at 36 mo compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Energy intake from fat was significantly lower in the intervention group at 12 and 36 mo. The intervention group had significantly higher consumption of beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lutein and beta-cryptoxanthin at 12 mo (P < 0.05). beta-Carotene, alpha-carotene and lutein intakes also were significantly higher at 36 mo (P < 0.05). At 36 mo, the intervention group had significantly higher plasma concentrations of alpha-carotene and beta-carotene compared with the control group. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed that the intervention group had significantly increased (P < 0.05 with Bonferroni correction) plasma beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lutein and lycopene concentrations at 12 and 36 mo compared with baseline. Baseline carotenoid concentrations were significantly inversely predictive (P < 0.05) of plasma carotenoid change. In addition, change in body mass index (BMI) and plasma cholesterol concentrations were predictive of plasma carotenoid change from baseline to 3 y. Results of this study demonstrate that change in plasma carotenoid concentrations is associated with change in BMI, change in plasma cholesterol and baseline carotenoid concentrations. Plasma carotenoid response can be an indicator of long-term high vegetable intake for women at risk of breast cancer recurrence.MESH:D002338ChemicalcarotenoidsMESH:D002338Chemicalcarotenoid9606SpeciesParticipants9606SpecieswomenMESH:D001943Diseasebreast cancerMESH:D001943Diseasebreast cancerMESH:D019207Chemicalbeta-caroteneMESH:C041635Chemicalalpha-caroteneMESH:D000072743Chemicalbeta-cryptoxanthinMESH:D019207Chemicalbeta-CaroteneMESH:C041635Chemicalalpha-caroteneMESH:C041635Chemicalalpha-caroteneMESH:D019207Chemicalbeta-caroteneMESH:D019207Chemicalbeta-caroteneMESH:C041635Chemicalalpha-caroteneMESH:D000077276ChemicallycopeneMESH:D002338ChemicalcarotenoidMESH:D002338ChemicalcarotenoidMESH:D002784ChemicalcholesterolMESH:D002338ChemicalcarotenoidMESH:D002338ChemicalcarotenoidMESH:D002784ChemicalcholesterolMESH:D002338ChemicalcarotenoidMESH:D002338Chemicalcarotenoid9606SpecieswomenMESH:D001943Diseasebreast cancer 10573561J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2264-701999titleAmeredes BT, Watchko JF, Daood MJ, Rosas JF, Donahoe MP, Rogers RM0Growth hormone improves body mass recovery with refeeding after chronic undernutrition-induced muscle atrophy in aging male rats.81668Gene350Growth hormoneMESH:D009133Diseasemuscle atrophy10116Speciesratsabstract130The effects of growth hormone (GH) administration and refeeding after chronic undernutrition (UN) were investigated in Fischer 344 male rats aging into senescence (24.5 mo of age) during UN initiated at 12.5 mo of age that produced muscle atrophy and a 50% decrease in body mass. Muscle mass, protein, myosin heavy-chain (MHC) composition and circulating testosterone levels were measured and compared to controls with free access to food. Within 9 wk, refeeding + GH restored body mass to control levels, whereas it was still decreased with refeeding alone. By 24.5 mo of age, refeeding alone restored body mass, while addition of GH resulted in overshoot. UN uniformly decreased mass of the gastrocnemius, extensor digitorum longus, soleus and diaphragm muscles to 50-60% of controls. Refeeding and refeeding + GH restored these losses with some overshoot of gastrocnemius muscle suggesting hypertrophy. UN more than doubled slow Type I MHC composition and approximately halved fast Type IIB and IIX MHC in the deep gastrocnemius muscle while it increased Type IIA MHC in the diaphragm. Refeeding and refeeding + GH reversed these shifts. MHC shifts in the extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles were not statistically significant, whereas UN increased fast Type IIA MHC followed by decrease with refeeding + GH. UN decreased testosterone levels to nearly zero followed by restoration with refeeding and refeeding + GH. We conclude that the phenotype of mixed-MHC muscles such as the gastrocnemius and diaphragm are most affected by chronic UN, which is reversible with refeeding and refeeding + GH. These alterations were associated with changes in circulating testosterone, which may be a key regulatory element in these processes.81668Gene350growth hormone81668Gene350GH10116SpeciesratsMESH:D009133Diseasemuscle atrophyMESH:D013739Chemicaltestosterone81668Gene350GH81668Gene350GH81668Gene350GHMESH:D006984Diseasehypertrophy81668Gene350GH81668Gene350GHMESH:D013739Chemicaltestosterone81668Gene350GH81668Gene350GHMESH:D013739Chemicaltestosterone 10573562J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2271-71999titleLee CM, Boileau AC, Boileau TW, Williams AW, Swanson KS, Heintz KA, Erdman JW0Review of animal models in carotenoid research.MESH:D002338Chemicalcarotenoidabstract48Foods containing provitamin A carotenoids are the primary source of vitamin A in many countries, despite the poor bioavailability of carotenoids. In addition, epidemiologic studies suggest that dietary intake of carotenoids influences the risk for certain types of cancer, cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Although it would be ideal to use humans directly to answer critical questions regarding carotenoid absorption, metabolism and effects on disease progression, appropriate animal models offer many advantages. This paper will review recent progress in the development of animal models with which to study this class of nutrients. Each potential model has strengths and weaknesses. Like humans, gerbils, ferrets and preruminant calves all absorb beta-carotene (betaC) intact, but only gerbils and calves convert betaC to vitamin A with efficiency similar to that of humans. Mice and rats efficiently convert betaC to vitamin A but absorb carotenoids intact only when they are provided in the diet at supraphysiologic levels. Mice, rats and ferrets can be used to study cancer, whereas primates and gerbils are probably more appropriate for studies on biomarkers of heart disease. No one animal model completely mimics human absorption and metabolism of carotenoids; thus the best model must be chosen with consideration of the specific application being studied, characteristics of the model, and the available funding and facilities.-Chemicalprovitamin AMESH:D002338ChemicalcarotenoidsMESH:D014801Chemicalvitamin AMESH:D002338ChemicalcarotenoidsMESH:D002338ChemicalcarotenoidsMESH:D009369DiseasecancerMESH:D002318Diseasecardiovascular diseaseMESH:D002908Diseasechronic diseases9606SpecieshumansMESH:D002338Chemicalcarotenoid9606Specieshumans9669Speciesferrets9913SpeciescalvesMESH:D019207Chemicalbeta-caroteneMESH:D019207ChemicalbetaC9913SpeciescalvesMESH:D019207ChemicalbetaCMESH:D014801Chemicalvitamin A9606Specieshumans10090SpeciesMice10116SpeciesratsMESH:D019207ChemicalbetaCMESH:D014801Chemicalvitamin AMESH:D002338Chemicalcarotenoids10090SpeciesMice10116Speciesrats9669SpeciesferretsMESH:D009369DiseasecancerMESH:D006331Diseaseheart disease9606SpecieshumanMESH:D002338Chemicalcarotenoids 10573563J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2278-91999titleBaker DH0Cupric oxide should not be used as a copper supplement for either animals or humans.MESH:C030973ChemicalCupric oxideMESH:D003300Chemicalcopper9606Specieshumansabstract85 10573564J. Nutr.; 1999 Dec; 129(12) 2280-41999titleKris-Etherton PM0AHA science advisory: monounsaturated fatty acids and risk of cardiovascular disease.MESH:D005229Chemicalmonounsaturated fatty acidsMESH:D002318Diseasecardiovascular diseaseabstract86 10573566Dev Psychobiol; 1999 Dec; 35(4) 253-631999titlePaczkowski C, Ivkovich D, Stanton ME0Ontogeny of eyeblink conditioning using a visual conditional stimulus.abstract71The developmental emergence of associative learning in rodents is determined by interactions among sensory, motor, and associative systems that are engaged in a particular experimental preparation (Carter & Stanton, 1996; Hunt & Campbell, 1997; Rudy, 1992). In fear conditioning, chemosensory, auditory, and visual cues emerge successively as effective conditional stimuli (CS) during postnatal ontogeny. In the present study, we begin to examine the generality of this principle of sensory system development for eyeblink conditioning, a form of associative learning that develops substantially later than conditioned fear (Carter & Stanton, 1996). We asked whether the developmental emergence of eyeblink conditioning to a visual CS occurs at an age that is the same or different from conditioning to an auditory CS. In Experiment 1, rat pups were trained on postnatal Day 17 or 24 with experimental parameters (and design) that were identical to our previous studies of eyeblink conditioning except that presentation of a light rather than a tone served as the CS. The outcome was also identical: no eyeblink conditioning on Day 17 and strong conditioning on Day 24. In Experiment 2, conditioning to tone versus light was directly compared by means of a discrimination learning design on postnatal Days 19, 21, 23, and 31. There was no evidence for differential development of auditory versus visual eyeblink conditioning. The difference between this outcome and previous ones involving conditioned fear (Hunt & Campbell, 1997; Rudy, 1992) suggests that principles concerning sensory maturation and learning may be different for early- versus late-developing associative systems.-ChemicalCS-ChemicalCS10116SpeciesratMESH:D014786Diseaseauditory versus visual eyeblink 10573567Dev Psychobiol; 1999 Dec; 35(4) 264-751999titleLonstein JS, Stern JM0Effects of unilateral suckling on nursing behavior and c-fos activity in the caudal periaqueductal gray in rats.314322Gene3844c-fos10116Speciesratsabstract113In rats, suckling elicits kyphosis-the bilaterally symmetrical, upright, humpbacked nursing posture-and maximal expression of the immediate early gene c-fos in a region of the caudal periaqueductal gray (cPAG) that mediates the sensorimotor integration of kyphosis. We determined the effects of prepartum unilateral nipple removal on nursing behavior and c-fos expression during a 60-min mother-litter interaction on Day 7 postpartum. Compared with dams suckled by 6 pups bilaterally, dams suckled unilaterally displayed essentially normal maternal behaviors, including kyphosis. Unilaterally suckled dams, however, showed an increase in the abnormal prone nursing posture, a decrease in proportion of kyphotic nursing of total time over pups, and a 20% higher contralateral/ipsilateral ratio of cPAG neurons expressing c-fos. These results are consistent with an incompletely lateralized neural pathway conveying suckling stimulation to the cPAG and provide a mechanism whereby kyphosis is elicited by unilateral suckling when pups initiate nursing from their supine dam.10116SpeciesratsMESH:D007738Diseasekyphosis314322Gene3844c-fosMESH:D007738Diseasekyphosis314322Gene3844c-fosMESH:D007738Diseasekyphosis-ChemicalcPAG314322Gene3844c-fos-ChemicalcPAGMESH:D007738Diseasekyphosis 10573568Dev Psychobiol; 1999 Dec; 35(4) 276-891999titleHildreth K, Rovee-Collier C0Decreases in the response latency to priming over the first year of life.abstract74We previously reported that the latency of responding to a memory prime in a reactivation procedure decreases between 3 and 6 months of age. The present study extended this analysis through the first year of life. In this study, 6-, 9-, and 12-month-olds learned an operant task. One week after they had forgotten it, infants were exposed to a component of the original event as a memory prime and were tested after different delays for evidence of retention. Although the interval between the original event and priming increased linearly with age-from 3 weeks at 6 months to 9 weeks at 12 months, the latency of responding after priming decreased linearly with age-from 1 hr at 6 months to 0-1 s at 12 months. The latency of responding after priming was not task-specific; at 6 months, it was identical in two different tasks. These results provide additional evidence that priming in reactivation studies with infants is the same automatic, perceptual identification phenomenon as repetition priming in studies with adults.9606Speciesinfants1214577Speciesto 99606Speciesinfants 10573569Dev Psychobiol; 1999 Dec; 35(4) 291-3031999titleCaston J, Devulder B, Jouen F, Lalonde R, Delhaye-Bouchaud N, Mariani J0Role of an enriched environment on the restoration of behavioral deficits in Lurcher mutant mice.MESH:D019958Diseasebehavioral deficits10090Speciesmiceabstract98Lurcher mutant mice, characterized by massive degeneration of the cerebellar cortex, and normal littermate controls were reared from birth either in standard conditions or in an enriched environment. The effects of this manipulation on motor functions, landmark water maze learning, exploration, and anxiety were evaluated at 3 months of age. Under standard conditions, Lurcher mutants were impaired in comparison to controls on tests of sensorimotor function and had altered exploratory tendencies. The enriched housing improved the motor coordination of Lurcher mutants and decreased the number of trials before reaching criterion in the landmark water maze. In addition to its effects in Lurcher mutants, enriched rearing also increased some behavioral abilities in normal mice. It is hypothesized that enriched housing altered brain morphology or neurochemistry in both normal and cerebellar-damaged animals.10090SpeciesmiceMESH:D013132Diseasedegeneration of the cerebellar cortexMESH:D001008Diseaseanxiety10090Speciesmice 10573570Dev Psychobiol; 1999 Dec; 35(4) 304-171999titleChotro MG, Alonso G0Effects of stimulus preexposure on the generalization of conditioned taste aversions in infant rats.9606Speciesinfant10116Speciesratsabstract101Generalization of a conditioned taste aversion in infant rats and how this is affected by stimulus preexposure was investigated in a series of experiments. In Experiment 1 generalization of a conditioned aversion between two tastes (sweet and salty) was found, and the effect of tastes preexposure was a reduction in generalization (Experiment 2). However, when these tastes were combined with a common taste (acid) that was less (Experiment 3) or more intense (Experiment 3b), the effect of stimulus preexposure was a stronger generalization of the conditioned aversion. In this case, a reduction on generalization was again observed by increasing the number of preexposure trials to the taste compounds (Experiment 4). In all cases the generalization levels were directly related to the effect of stimulus preexposure on the acquisition rate of conditioning. It can be concluded that, with the appropriate parameters, a reduction of generalization of a conditioned taste aversion can be obtained after taste exposure in preweanling rats.9606Speciesinfant10116Speciesrats10116Speciesrats 10573571Dev Psychobiol; 1999 Dec; 35(4) 318-271999titleSavage LM, Pitkin SR, Careri JM0Memory enhancement in aged rats: the differential outcomes effect.10116Speciesratsabstract67Aged (23 months) and young (3 months) rats were trained on an operant Matching-To-Position (MTP) task that had either (a) specific outcomes (reinforcers) correlated (differential groups), or (b) outcomes uncorrelated (nondifferential groups) for each correct sample-choice sequence. The traditional version of MTP uses a common outcome and is thought to assess spatial working memory. Aged rats are impaired on the traditional version of MTP. However, aged animals trained with the Differential Outcomes Procedure (DOP) did not display the typical age-related decline in spatial working memory. Differences in choice accuracy between old and young rats reached significance only if the subjects were trained with a nondifferential outcomes procedure (NOP)-similar to when a common outcome is used. These data demonstrate that employing behavioral procedures to tap intact cognitive functions is an effective means of enhancing spatial working memory in normal as well as aged subjects.10116Speciesrats10116Speciesrats10116Speciesrats59087Gene38176tap 10573572Dev Psychobiol; 1999 Dec; 35(4) 328-421999titleTees RC0The influences of sex, rearing environment, and neonatal choline dietary supplementation on spatial and nonspatial learning and memory in adult rats.MESH:D002794ChemicalcholineMESH:D007859Diseaselearning and memory10116Speciesratsabstract150The potential facilitative effects of early environmental enrichment and perinatal choline chloride dietary supplementation on male and female adult rats' learning and memory were examined using a "stimulus-elicited investigative," and a social/observational learning-cued spatial memory paradigm. Male and female animals were either maintained in a standard lighted colony (SC) or were given supplementary exposure to a complex environment (EC) for 2 hr daily from 24-90 days of age. In each case, half of the animals were exposed to the choline supplementation both prenatally and postnatally for 24 days. In one paradigm, the 90-day-old EC rats were found to be significantly more responsive than SC rats to each change in the spatial relationships of objects contained in an open field. Neither sex nor early diet of the animals were much of a factor in the investigative behavior observed. In the second paradigm, the effects of the perinatal choline diet did interact with those of sex and postnatal environment to alter the impact of social/observational experience on the acquisition and memory of place in the water maze. The choline-treated EC males were the most influenced by their experience seeing a demonstrator swim to a platform location. The present study provides some further insight into the scope of the long-term functional enhancements produced by perinatal choline supplementation and EC in male and female animals and relates these effects to common modifications to targets of cholinergic basal forebrain systems.MESH:D002794Chemicalcholine chloride10116SpeciesratsMESH:D007859Diseaselearning and memoryMESH:D002794Chemicalcholine10116Speciesrats10116SpeciesratsMESH:D002794ChemicalcholineMESH:D002794ChemicalcholineMESH:D002794Chemicalcholine 10573573Dev Psychobiol; 1999 Dec; 35(4) 343-511999titleWillford JA, Segar TM, Barron S0The behavioral response to novelty is altered in rats neonatally exposed to cocaine.10116SpeciesratsMESH:D003042Chemicalcocaineabstract85It has recently been suggested that the effects of in utero cocaine exposure may result in subtle deficits related to a challenging environment, including exposure to novelty or stress. This study used a neonatal drug-exposure model to examine the behavioral response to a novel environment in rodents. Subjects were artificially reared (AR) from postnatal Days 4-10. There were four treatment groups; AR 40 mg/kg/day cocaine, AR 20 mg/kg/day cocaine, AR control group receiving no drug, and a normally reared control. In Experiment 1, subjects were tested for their preference of maternal home-cage or clean wood-chip odors in a T-maze on postnatal Day 15. Subjects from all treatment groups preferred the maternal odor. In Experiment 2, subjects were habituated to four familiar odors and tested with a novel odor in an open field (postnatal Days 16-21). Neonatal exposure to 20 mg/kg/day cocaine led to an overall increase in exploratory behavior during testing, whereas 40 mg/kg/day did not, supporting the hypothesis that developmental exposure to cocaine at some doses may alter the offspring's response to a changing environment.MESH:D003042Chemicalcocaine-ChemicalARMESH:D003042Chemicalcocaine-ChemicalARMESH:D003042ChemicalcocaineMESH:D003042ChemicalcocaineMESH:D003042Chemicalcocaine 10573574Med. Pediatr. Oncol.; 1999 Dec; 33(6) 525-91999titleKondo M, Horibe K, Takahashi Y, Matsumoto K, Fukuda M, Inaba J, Kato K, Kojima S, Matsuyama T0Prognostic value of internal tandem duplication of the FLT3 gene in childhood acute myelogenous leukemia.2322Gene3040FLT3MESH:D015470Diseaseacute myelogenous leukemiaabstract106BACKGROUND: Recently, an internal tandem duplication of the FLT3 gene (FLT3/ITD) was found in 20% of adult cases of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and this length abnormality was suggested to be associated with leukemic progression. PROCEDURE: We examined the mRNA expression of the FLT3 gene by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 64 children with AML, and further abnormal transcripts were cloned and sequenced. RESULTS: An unexpected longer product was found in seven patients (11%) by RT-PCR of the FLT3 gene. Sequence analysis of these abnormal products revealed the presence of tandemly duplicated fragments in all seven patients. Three factors were identified to be associated with high incidence of FLT3/ITD; older patients (> or = 10 years) (P = 0.049), high WBC count (> or = 50,000/microl) at presentation (P = 0.002), and M3 in FAB subtypes (P = 0.002). Induction failure was observed in 3 (43%) of 7 patients with FLT3/ITD. Only FLT3/ITD was identified as a significant risk factor for induction failure by univariate analysis (P = 0.013), although it was not significant by multivariate analysis (P = 0.11). The Kaplan-Meier estimate of event-free survival rate at 5 years was 14% for patients with FLT3/ITD, which was significantly lower in comparison with 69% for patients without FLT3/ITD (P = 0.003). This finding was also identified by multivariate analysis (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, FLT3/ITD was observed in 11% of childhood AML and identified to be associated with poor prognosis. A large prospective study with uniform treatment is necessary to confirm our results.2322Gene3040FLT32322Gene3040FLT3MESH:D015470Diseaseacute myelogenous leukemiaMESH:D015470DiseaseAMLMESH:D007938Diseaseleukemic2322Gene3040FLT39606SpecieschildrenMESH:D015470DiseaseAML9606Speciespatients2322Gene3040FLT39606Speciespatients2322Gene3040FLT39606Speciespatients2187Gene51880FAB9606Speciespatients2322Gene3040FLT32322Gene3040FLT39606Speciespatients2322Gene3040FLT39606Speciespatients2322Gene3040FLT32322Gene3040FLT3MESH:D015470DiseaseAML 10573575Med. Pediatr. Oncol.; 1999 Dec; 33(6) 530-51999titleKushner BH, LaQuaglia MP, Cheung NK, Kramer K, Hamelin AC, Gerald WL, Ladanyi M0Clinically critical impact of molecular genetic studies in pediatric solid tumors.MESH:D009369Diseasepediatric solid tumorsabstract83BACKGROUND: Standard cytogenetic techniques are time-consuming and often not informative with solid tumors. In contrast, the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a readily available technique that can rapidly detect tumor-specific chromosomal rearrangements, even in small biopsy specimens. We present cases depicting the importance of including molecular diagnostic studies in the routine evaluation of pediatric solid tumors. PROCEDURE: We used RT-PCR to detect chimeric transcripts specific for major pediatric solid tumors, including peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (pPNET), alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS), and desmoplastic small round-cell tumor (DSRCT). We reviewed six recent cases in which the initial diagnosis was changed by the results of RT-PCR. RESULTS: Highly unusual or nonspecific clinical and/or histopathologic findings led to the initial diagnoses of neuroblastoma in three patients and DSRCT, leukemia, and carcinoma in one patient each. The final diagnoses after RT-PCR studies were pPNET in three patients, ARMS in two patients, and DSRCT in one patient. RT-PCR results led to early corrections in the diagnosis in two patients, but four patients received treatment not considered optimal for the neoplasms ultimately diagnosed, including three who, despite presenting with localized tumors that have a >70% cure rate with standard therapy, have died or are dying of disease. CONCLUSIONS: Molecular genetic studies on solid tumors can clarify the diagnosis in seemingly straightforward as well as in overtly problematic cases. These diagnostic distinctions are now critical as disease-specific and risk-directed therapies have emerged.MESH:D009369Diseasesolid tumorsMESH:D009369DiseasetumorMESH:D009369Diseasepediatric solid tumorsMESH:D009369DiseasetumorsMESH:D017599Diseaseneuroectodermal tumorMESH:D018232Diseasealveolar rhabdomyosarcomaMESH:D058405Diseasedesmoplastic small round-cell tumorMESH:D009447Diseaseneuroblastoma9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D007938DiseaseleukemiaMESH:D002277Diseasecarcinoma9606Speciespatient9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatient9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D009369DiseaseneoplasmsMESH:D009364Diseaselocalized tumorsMESH:D009369Diseasetumors 10573576Med. Pediatr. Oncol.; 1999 Dec; 33(6) 536-441999titleSeidemann K, Tiemann M, Henze G, Sauerbrey A, Müller S, Reiter A0Therapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children with primary immunodeficiency: analysis of 19 patients from the BFM trials.MESH:D008228Diseasenon-Hodgkin lymphoma9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D007153Diseaseprimary immunodeficiency9606Speciespatients-ChemicalBFMabstract121BACKGROUND: Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) represent an important complication of primary immunodeficiency (ID), posing new therapeutic challenges in this patient population. This study analyzes clinical data and therapy results of pediatric patients with primary ID and NHL in three consecutive NHL-BFM trials. PROCEDURE: Retrospective analysis of children with primary ID and NHL, treated according to protocol NHL-BFM, was performed regarding clinical presentation, diagnostic features, therapy, and outcome. RESULTS: From October, 1986, to April, 1997, 19 of 1,413 newly diagnosed patients with NHL were registered as suffering from primary ID. Age at diagnosis of NHL was lower in patients with ID. Six patients suffered from humoral ID, 13 patients from combined ID (ataxia teleangiectasia n = 3; Nijmegen breakage syndrome n = 4; PNP deficiency n = 1; IL2 receptor defect n = 1, other combined ID n = 4). Thirteen lymphomas were of B-cell and six of T-cell-lineage. Four of thirteen patients with combined ID were diagnosed with T-NHL, nine with B-NHL. Two of six patients with humoral ID presented with T-NHL and four with B-NHL. NHL entities differed significantly between ID and non-ID patients (P < or = 0.01): centroblastic and immunoblastic lymphomas (31.6% vs. 8.1%), anaplastic large cell lymphoma (26.3% vs. 10.7%), Burkitt lymphoma and B-ALL (21% vs. 47. 8%). Seventeen patients received polychemotherapy. Therapy-related toxicity was increased in ID- compared to non-ID-patients. Three patients died of sepsis; three died of tumor progression; one patient relapsed; one died of BMT-related toxicity; one died of second malignancy. Ten patients are in first continuous remission after a median follow-up of 4 years. CONCLUSIONS: Curative treatment of NHL in the presence of primary ID is possible and should be attempted.MESH:D008228DiseaseNon-Hodgkin lymphomasMESH:D007153Diseaseprimary immunodeficiency9606Speciespatient9606Speciespatients9606Specieschildren9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D001259Diseaseataxia teleangiectasiaMESH:D049932DiseaseNijmegen breakage syndromeMESH:C562587DiseasePNP deficiency3558Gene488IL2MESH:D008223Diseaselymphomas9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D016400Diseaseimmunoblastic lymphomasMESH:D016399Diseasecell lymphomaMESH:D002051DiseaseBurkitt lymphoma9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D064420Diseasetoxicity9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D018805DiseasesepsisMESH:D009369Diseasetumor9606SpeciespatientMESH:D064420DiseasetoxicityMESH:D009369Diseasemalignancy9606Speciespatients 10573577Med. Pediatr. Oncol.; 1999 Dec; 33(6) 545-501999titleReinders-Messelink H, Schoemaker M, Snijders T, Göeken L, van Den Briel M, Bökkerink J, Kamps W0Motor performance of children during treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D054198Diseaseacute lymphoblastic leukemiaabstract81BACKGROUND: Daily life motor skills of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were studied during treatment using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (Movement ABC). In addition, the possible relation with vincristine treatment was investigated. PROCEDURE: Seventeen children treated for ALL, aged 4-12 years, were compared to an age- and sex-matched control group. RESULTS: The leukemia group performed more poorly than the control group on both fine and gross motor skills. In looking at the number of children with ALL who scored in the clinical range of the different subtests, problems in balance skills were found to be most pronounced at the end of induction therapy. Remarkably, half a year after reinduction therapy, problems with balance had decreased, whereas the number of children with fine motor problems had increased. CONCLUSIONS: A relation between the gross motor problems and vincristine neurotoxicity seems plausible based on a descriptive analysis of the data, but this was not supported statistically.9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D054198Diseaseacute lymphoblastic leukemia9606SpeciesChildren10058Gene11375ABCMESH:D014750Chemicalvincristine9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D007938Diseaseleukemia9606Specieschildren9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D014750ChemicalvincristineMESH:D020258Diseaseneurotoxicity 10573578Med. Pediatr. Oncol.; 1999 Dec; 33(6) 551-71999titleStahlschmidt J, Cullinane C, Roberts P, Picton SV0Renal medullary carcinoma: prolonged remission with chemotherapy, immunohistochemical characterisation and evidence of bcr/abl rearrangement.MESH:D007681DiseaseRenal medullary carcinoma613Gene3192bcrabstract142BACKGROUND: Renal medullary carcinoma (RMC), an extremely rare tumour of the kidney, carries a dismal prognosis, with no reports to date of significant response to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. A case of this tumour in a male child, who showed a dramatic response to chemotherapy, is described. PROCEDURE: A detailed histological evaluation of the tumour and cytogenetic analysis using fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) was carried out. The child was treated with multiagent chemotherapy, followed by abdominal radiotherapy. RESULTS: A detailed histopathological and immunohistochemical portrait of this tumour is described, and FISH studies confirmed the presence of a bcr/abl rearrangement. The child obtained complete radiological remission following chemotherapy, although he later relapsed and died of progressive disease despite further attempts at treatment with chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Although there are no previous reports of response of this tumour to chemotherapy, this case illustrates that treatment of this disease is justified. The responses of other cases to similar drug regimens would be of interest to confirm whether the encouraging response described for this case could be reproduced. Cytogenetic analysis of other cases of RMC may clarify whether the abnormalities seen in this case are typical.MESH:D007681DiseaseRenal medullary carcinomaMESH:D007680Diseasetumour of the kidneyMESH:D009369Diseasetumour9606SpecieschildMESH:D009369Diseasetumour9606SpecieschildMESH:D009369Diseasetumour613Gene3192bcr9606SpecieschildMESH:D009369Diseasetumour 10573579Med. Pediatr. Oncol.; 1999 Dec; 33(6) 558-621999titleGocheva L, Todorov J, Danon S0Tolerance of half-body irradiation as systemic therapy for patients with locally advanced breast cancer.9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D001943Diseasebreast cancerabstract105BACKGROUND: Locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) is one of the main causes of cancer death among women in Bulgaria. In 1988, when this study started, there was still controversy about the role of chemotherapy in controlling systemic disease. There were encouraging results from the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 82-06 study suggesting that half-body irradiation (HBI) should be used earlier in the disease course to prevent the development of metastases. There were many patients with LABC requiring treatment, but there was a problem with obtaining the drugs needed; they were expensive and not consistently available. PROCEDURE: Taking into account the medical contraindications to chemo-therapy treatment, its toxicity, and the possibility of chemoresistance, we initiated this study to look at the effects of HBI given as two fractions of 4 Gy to the upper and then lower parts of the body, after surgery and before local radiotherapy. RESULTS: The acute tolerance of this regimen in 36 patients with LABC was as good as it was in 4 additional LABC patients with M1 disease, and hematologic recovery was satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that systemic treatment with HBI is tolerable. It therefore may be a convenient and cost-effective treatment for LABC, although better treatments are still needed.MESH:D001943Diseasebreast cancerMESH:D003643Diseasecancer death9606SpecieswomenMESH:D034721Diseasesystemic diseaseMESH:D009362Diseasemetastases9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D064420Diseasetoxicity9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D015470DiseaseM1 disease 10573580Med. Pediatr. Oncol.; 1999 Dec; 33(6) 5631999titleBarrett A0Another way.abstract13 10573581Med. Pediatr. Oncol.; 1999 Dec; 33(6) 564-711999titleSchmiegelow M, Lassen S, Weber L, Poulsen HS, Hertz H, Müller J0Dosimetry and growth hormone deficiency following cranial irradiation of childhood brain tumors.MESH:D006130Diseasegrowth hormone deficiency following cranial irradiation of childhood brain tumorsabstract97BACKGROUND: Dosimetry of the hypothalamus-pituitary (HP) region could allow prediction of the risk of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) following cranial irradiation. PROCEDURE: Nineteen children (15 boys) with a median age of 6.3 years (range 1.7-16.5) at the time of irradiation of a brain tumor not involving the HP axis were followed for 1.2-6.3 years (median 3.4) from radiotherapy (RT). The dose to a standardized anatomical model including the HP region was calculated from dose-volume histograms of 10% to 100% in steps of 10% of the HP model based on data from a computer-based treatment planning system. If GHD was suspected from insulin-like growth factor-I, serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, and/or height velocity measurements, an arginine stimulation test was performed. GHD was defined by a peak GH <15mU/liter. RESULTS: Ten patients developed GHD 10-26 months from irradiation. Cox regression analysis identified the 90% dose-volume of the HP box as the strongest predictor of development of GHD (P = 0.03). The median dose to the 90% dose-volume of the HP region was 37.5 Gy (range 2. 3-55.3). The cumulated risk of GHD 2.5 years after radiotherapy for children receiving more than and less than 37.5 Gy to the HP region was 87% and 33%, respectively (P = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS: Dosimetry of a defined HP volume provides the opportunity to 1) calculate the exact dose delivered to this region, 2) predict the risk of GHD and, 3) in the future revise the treatment planning and thus reduce the risk of endocrine adverse effects.MESH:D007029Diseasehypothalamus-pituitaryMESH:C537404Diseasegrowth hormone deficiency9606Specieschildren9606SpeciesboysMESH:D001932Diseasebrain tumorMESH:C537262DiseaseHP axis3479Gene515insulin-like growth factor-I3486Gene500insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3MESH:D001120Chemicalarginine9606Speciespatients9606Specieschildren 10573582Med. Pediatr. Oncol.; 1999 Dec; 33(6) 572-61999titleSkowrońska-Gardas A0Radiotherapy of central nervous system tumors in young children: benefits and pitfalls.MESH:D016543Diseasecentral nervous system tumors9606Specieschildrenabstract88BACKGROUND: The prognosis for young children suffering from brain tumors is, as many authors report, generally poor. The probability of late complications in young children is also high, and their quality of life is significantly worse than that of older children. This study presents the experience of one center in management of central nervous system tumors in children in aged 1-3 years with radiation therapy. PROCEDURE: From 1981 to 1990, 52 children (aged 1-3 years) with CNS tumors were treated at the First Radiotherapy Department in the Center of Oncology in Warsaw, Poland. These patients represented 18% of the total number of 293 children with brain and spine tumors treated in this period. The radiation treatment policy for young children was similar to that applied to older children, but total doses and doses per fraction were lower and did not exceed 50 Gy to the tumor site and 30 Gy to the CNS axis. RESULTS: Overall 5-year survival was 52%, and disease-free survival was 50%. These results were similar to those obtained in older children (53% and 50%, respectively). Serious mental retardation (IQ < 70) was observed in 30% of young children in comparison to 7% of older patients, but in 62% these symptoms were noted even before the start of radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this series did not confirm the hypothesis of more aggressive biology of CNS tumors in younger children. The proportion of children with serious psychological disturbances in this group is apparently high, although in most cases these symptoms were observed before the start of radiotherapy and were a result of tumor mass effects.9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D001932Diseasebrain tumors9606Specieschildren9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D016543Diseasecentral nervous system tumors9606Specieschildren9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D009369DiseaseCNS tumors9606Speciespatients9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D009369Diseasetumors9606Specieschildren9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D009369Diseasetumor9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D008607Diseasemental retardation9606Specieschildren1214577Speciesto 79606SpeciespatientsMESH:D009369Diseasetumors9606Specieschildren9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D009369Diseasetumor 10573583Med. Pediatr. Oncol.; 1999 Dec; 33(6) 577-91999titleKuga T, Inoue T, Taniguchi S, Zempo N, Esato K0Management of respiratory distress in children and adolescents with cancer.9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D009369Diseasecancerabstract76 10573584Med. Pediatr. Oncol.; 1999 Dec; 33(6) 580-21999titleTanaka Y, Ijiri R, Kato K, Nishi T, Nishihira H, Aida N0Intrapulmonary lymph nodes in children versus lung metastases.9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D009362Diseasemetastasesabstract63 10573585Med. Pediatr. Oncol.; 1999 Dec; 33(6) 583-41999titleRoland CG0William osler of bond head, canadaabstract35 10573586Med. Pediatr. Oncol.; 1999 Dec; 33(6) 585-71999titleTrebo MM, Thorner PS, Bowman WP, Weitzman S0Long-term survival of a stage 4 neuroblastoma patient despite persistent bone marrow disease following autologous bone marrow transplantation.MESH:D009447Diseaseneuroblastoma9606SpeciespatientMESH:D001855Diseasebone marrow diseaseabstract143 10573587Med. Pediatr. Oncol.; 1999 Dec; 33(6) 588-901999titleDi Tullio MT, Indolfi P, Casale F, Pettinato G, Martone A, Morgera C0Pleuropulmonary blastoma: survival after intraocular recurrence.MESH:C537516DiseasePleuropulmonary blastomaabstract65 10573588Med. Pediatr. Oncol.; 1999 Dec; 33(6) 591-31999titleWorth LL, Slopis JM, Herzog CE0Congenital hepatoblastoma and schizencephaly in an infant with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.MESH:D018197DiseaseCongenital hepatoblastomaMESH:D065707Diseaseschizencephaly9606SpeciesinfantMESH:D001506DiseaseBeckwith-Wiedemann syndromeabstract92 10573589Med. Pediatr. Oncol.; 1999 Dec; 33(6) 594-51999titleEmir S, Akyüz C, Yazici M, Büyükpamukçu M0Vertebra plana as a manifestation of Ewing sarcoma in a child.MESH:D007873DiseaseVertebra planaMESH:C563168DiseaseEwing sarcoma9606Specieschildabstract63 10573590Med. Pediatr. Oncol.; 1999 Dec; 33(6) 596-71999titleTaçyildiz N, Yavuz G, Unal E, Gözdasoğlu S, Ertem M, Aysev D0Fungal infection from Fusarium spp. in children with refractory hematologic malignancies.MESH:D009181DiseaseFungal infection9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D019337Diseasehematologic malignanciesabstract90 10573591Med. Pediatr. Oncol.; 1999 Dec; 33(6) 5971999titleMangini C, de Camargo B0Letter to the editor: Authors' replyabstract37 10573592Med. Pediatr. Oncol.; 1999 Dec; 33(6) 598-91999titleAriffin H, Ariffin W, Mohamed M, Arasu A, Peng LH0Management of systemic Fusarium infection in children with leukemia.9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D007938Diseaseleukemiaabstract69 10573593Am. J. Ind. Med.; 2000 Jan; 37(1) 1-52000titleHerbert R, London M, Nagin D, Beckett W0The diagnosis and treatment of occupational diseases: integrating clinical practice with prevention.MESH:D009784Diseaseoccupational diseasesabstract101 10573594Am. J. Ind. Med.; 2000 Jan; 37(1) 6-222000titleLevin SM, Kann PE, Lax MB0Medical examination for asbestos-related disease.abstract50There are millions of workers whose exposure to asbestos dust prior to the implementation of asbestos regulation and improved control measures places them at risk of asbestos-related disease today. In addition, workers are still being exposed to significant amounts of asbestos, when asbestos materials in place are disturbed during renovation, repair, or demolition. Given the continued presence of asbestos-containing materials in industrial, commercial, and residential settings throughout the U.S., a sizeable population remains at risk of asbestos-related disease. This article reviews the health effects associated with exposure to asbestos and delineates the steps necessary for the comprehensive screening and clinical assessment for asbestos-related disease, in order to assist physicians in identifying and preventing illness associated with exposure to asbestos among their patients.MESH:D001194ChemicalasbestosMESH:D001194ChemicalasbestosMESH:D001194ChemicalasbestosMESH:D001194ChemicalasbestosMESH:D001194ChemicalasbestosMESH:D001194ChemicalasbestosMESH:D001194ChemicalasbestosMESH:D001194Chemicalasbestos9606Speciespatients 10573595Am. J. Ind. Med.; 2000 Jan; 37(1) 23-432000titleLevin SM, Goldberg M0Clinical evaluation and management of lead-exposed construction workers.abstract73An estimated one million construction workers are currently occupationally exposed to lead. Until 1993, construction workers were not offered the protections of OSHA's 1978 standard for lead exposure in industrial activities. Preventing exposure to lead in the construction setting presents many challenges, given the rapidly and frequently changing work environment. This article reviews the adverse effects of lead on human health and presents an approach to the diagnosis, management, and prevention of lead-related illness. The medical aspects of the 1993 OSHA standard for lead in construction are described.54719SpeciesOSHA9606Specieshuman54719SpeciesOSHA 10573596Am. J. Ind. Med.; 2000 Jan; 37(1) 44-612000titleXiao JQ, Levin SM0The diagnosis and management of solvent-related disorders.abstract59Millions of workers in the United States are recurrently exposed to solvents throughout their working lives. Members of this class of compounds share the ability to dissolve waxes, fats, and oils as their common characteristic. This review offers the health practitioner a practical approach to the diagnosis, management, and prevention of solvent-related disorders that result from exposures to these compounds in the workplace. A description of commonly used solvents is provided, along with a brief review of the literature that documents their acute and chronic effects on health. 10573597Am. J. Ind. Med.; 2000 Jan; 37(1) 62-742000titleHerbert R, Gerr F, Dropkin J0Clinical evaluation and management of work-related carpal tunnel syndrome.MESH:D002349Diseasecarpal tunnel syndromeabstract75Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a clinical entity characterized by pain, paresthesias, and numbness in the distribution of the median nerve with weakness and atrophy of the thenar muscles in advanced cases. It is universally accepted that CTS is the clinical concomitant of compression of the median nerve as it passes through the carpal canal. It is reported to be the most common of the entrapment neuropathies. Increasing evidence suggests that occupational factors, including forceful use of the hands, repetitive use of the hands, and hand-arm vibration, are etiologic for CTS. When occurring as a result of occupational exposures, the term "work-related carpal tunnel syndrome" is applied. Clinical approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of work-related CTS are described in this paper. Particular attention is paid to the clinical features and pathophysiology of CTS, the epidemiology of work-related CTS, ascertainment of work-relatedness in the clinical setting, treatment including both work and non-work interventions, and control of occupational ergonomic risk factors that may contribute to the illness.MESH:D002349DiseaseCarpal tunnel syndrome7276Gene317CTSMESH:D010146DiseasepainMESH:D006987DiseasenumbnessMESH:D018908DiseaseweaknessMESH:D001284Diseaseatrophy7276Gene317CTSMESH:D009408Diseaseentrapment neuropathies7276Gene317CTSMESH:D002349Diseasecarpal tunnel syndrome7276Gene317CTS7276Gene317CTS7276Gene317CTS 10573598Am. J. Ind. Med.; 2000 Jan; 37(1) 75-932000titlePiligian G, Herbert R, Hearns M, Dropkin J, Landsbergis P, Cherniack M0Evaluation and management of chronic work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the distal upper extremity.MESH:D009140Diseasemusculoskeletal disordersabstract107This clinical review will describe the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and management of the following work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) of the distal upper extremity: deQuervain's disease, extensor and flexor forearm tendinitis/tendinosis, lateral and medial epicondylitis, cubital tunnel syndrome, and hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). These conditions were selected for review either because they were among the most common WMSDs among patients attending the New York State Occupational Health Clinics (NYSOHC) network, or because there is strong evidence for work-relatedness in the clinical literature. Work-related carpal tunnel syndrome is discussed in an accompanying paper. In an attempt to provide evidence-based treatment recommendations, literature searches on the treatment of each condition were conducted via Medline for the years 1985-1999. There was a dearth of studies evaluating the efficacy of specific clinical treatments and ergonomic interventions for WMSDs. Therefore, many of the treatment recommendations presented here are based on a consensus of experienced public health-oriented occupational medicine physicians from the NYSOHC network after review of the pertinent literature. A summary table of the clinical features of the disorders is presented as a reference resource.MESH:D009140Diseasemusculoskeletal disordersMESH:D052256DiseasetendinitisMESH:D052256DiseasetendinosisMESH:D013716DiseaseepicondylitisMESH:D020430Diseasecubital tunnel syndromeMESH:D053421Diseasehand-arm vibration syndrome9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D002349Diseasecarpal tunnel syndrome 10573599Am. J. Ind. Med.; 2000 Jan; 37(1) 94-1112000titleJohanning E0Evaluation and management of occupational low back disorders.MESH:D009784Diseaseoccupational low back disordersabstract62This clinical practice review of occupational low back disorders describes work-related risk factors, occupational history, physical evaluation, clinical tests, diagnosis, care, and prevention. It is part of a quality assurance (QA) and quality improvement (QI) effort to establish exemplary occupational practice standards. It emphasizes the involvement of occupational medicine physicians in exposure assessment, care of injured workers, and disease prevention. Important occupational risk factors such as lifting, awkward body posture and vibration, in addition to psychosocial, socio-economic and other factors are summarized. The focus is on mechanical back disorders. Return-to-work, rehabilitation and prevention strategies are discussed as part of integrated disability management involving the injured worker, the primary care provider, employers and other relevant parties.MESH:D009784Diseaseoccupational low back disordersMESH:C535569DiseasepsychosocialMESH:D001416Diseaseback disorders 10573600Am. J. Ind. Med.; 2000 Jan; 37(1) 112-202000titleMay JJ0Occupational hearing loss.MESH:D034381DiseaseOccupational hearing lossabstract27Hearing loss is a significant and unfortunately common occupational malady. Over the past several decades both the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) have initiated efforts to better understand and to limit the occurrence of occupational hearing loss, particularly as it relates to excessive noise exposure. This paper briefly addresses the pathophysiology of noise-induced hearing loss and then describes the occupational and non-occupational factors which influence a worker's risk of hearing loss. The primary foci of this discussion are the clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and management of occupational hearing loss. Issues of prevention, OSHA-mandated hearing conservation efforts and compensation are reviewed.MESH:D009784Diseaseoccupational malady54719SpeciesOSHAMESH:D034381Diseaseoccupational hearing lossMESH:D034381Diseasehearing lossMESH:D034381Diseasehearing lossMESH:D034381Diseaseoccupational hearing loss54719SpeciesOSHA 10573601Am. J. Ind. Med.; 2000 Jan; 37(1) 121-412000titleFriedman-Jiménez G, Beckett WS, Szeinuk J, Petsonk EL0Clinical evaluation, management, and prevention of work-related asthma.MESH:D001249Diseaseasthmaabstract72Work-related asthma (WRA) is asthma that is attributable to, or is made worse by, environmental exposures in the workplace. WRA has become the most prevalent occupational lung disease in developed countries, is more common than is generally recognized, and can be severe and disabling. Identification of workplace exposures causing and/or aggravating the asthma, and appropriate control or cessation of these exposures can often lead to reduction or even complete elimination of symptoms and disability. This depends on timely recognition and diagnosis of WRA. In this review, the diagnostic evaluation has been organized in a stepwise fashion to make it more practical for primary care physicians as well as physicians specializing in occupational diseases and asthma. WRA merits more widespread attention among clinicians, labor and management health and safety specialists, researchers, health care organizations, public health policy makers, industrial hygienists, and others interested in disease prevention.MESH:D001249DiseaseasthmaMESH:D001249DiseaseasthmaMESH:D009784Diseaseoccupational lung diseaseMESH:D001249DiseaseasthmaMESH:D009069DiseasedisabilityMESH:D009784Diseaseoccupational diseasesMESH:D001249DiseaseasthmaMESH:D048949Diseaselabor 10573602Am. J. Ind. Med.; 2000 Jan; 37(1) 142-572000titleSzeinuk J, Beckett WS, Clark N, Hailoo WL0Medical evaluation for respirator use.abstract39The purpose of a respirator is to prevent the inhalation of harmful airborne substances or to provide a source of respirable air when breathing in oxygen-deficient atmospheres. For a physician to recommend the use of respirator, general background information on respiratory-protective devices is required. The first part of this clinical practice review describes the general aspects of industrial hygiene, respirators and a respirator-certification program. The second part addresses matters related to medical certification for respirator use. Medical certification for respirators is an important part of the activities of the occupational physician. To determine whether a worker is able to tolerate the added strain of a respiratory protective device is a complex process in which factors such as fitness for work, health of the individual, characteristics of the work itself, and the properties, type, and requirements of the respiratory protective device, have to be considered. Medical certification is of utmost importance for respirator use, and it should be viewed as an element in a comprehensive respiratory protection program. A comprehensive program is the key element in affording the workers' effective respiratory protection once the initial steps of the hierarchy of methods of hazard control have proved insufficient or infeasible. As a result, the need for the industrial hygiene/safety officer, the worker, the employer and the medical professional to work as a team is much more than in any other field of occupational medicine--a necessary requirement for making the right decision.MESH:D010100ChemicaloxygenMESH:D012640DiseasefitnessMESH:D000309Diseaseinsufficient 10573604J. Neurocytol.; 1999 Jan; 28(1) 4-161999titleDutton JL, Hansen MA, Balcar VJ, Barden JA, Bennett MR0Development of P2X receptor clusters on smooth muscle cells in relation to nerve varicosities in the rat urinary bladder.10116Speciesratabstract122Postnatal development of the distribution of different isoforms of purinergic (P2X) receptors on smooth muscle cells in relation to the development of the innervation of the cells by nerve varicosities in the rat urinary bladder has been determined with immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Antibodies against the extracellular domains of the P2X(1) to P2X(6) receptors were used to detect the receptors in the bladder. Several other antibodies were used to identify sympathetic varicosities and Schwann cells. At one day postnatal (D1) there were few strings of varicosities denoting isolated axons, with most axons confined to large nerve trunks. Small size clusters of P2X(1) to P2X(6) receptor subtypes (about 0.4 microm diameter) were observed in the muscle which were independent of each other, and sometimes juxtaposed to the rare isolated varicosity strings. At D4 large numbers of strings of varicosities could be discerned throughout the detrusor. Most of these clouds of small P2X(1) to P2X(6) receptor clusters in their immediate vicinity. Some of these were colocalised with the varicosities, which were of parasympathetic origin as they failed to counter-stain with antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase. Up to D14 there was a gradual coalescence of many of the isolated P2X(1-6) small receptor clusters so that they became colocalized, often at varicosities. Most of the varicosities in isolated strings possessed receptor clusters at this time. By D21 it was rare to find varicosity strings in the detrusor that were not either in close juxtaposition with P2X small receptor clusters or possessing such clusters in colocalization. However, large numbers of small P2X receptor clusters, many of which consisted of a mixture of isoforms, could be found spatially unrelated to nerve varicosities throughout the detrusor muscle. In the adult, single axons were either coextensive with one or more isoforms of P2X receptor clusters or these were immediately juxtaposed to the axons so that is was rare to find a varicosity that did not possess a receptor cluster. However, different combinations of colocalized P2X receptor isoforms could still be discerned in small clusters unrelated to varicosities. These observations are discussed in relation to the mechanism of formation of the receptor clusters and their migration beneath parasympathetic varicosities during development.10116Speciesrat25505Gene1921P2X(1)25505Gene1921P2X(1)25041Gene3975P2X(6) receptor25505Gene1921P2X(1)25041Gene3975P2X(6) receptor25505;114115;81739;29659;113995;25041GeneP2X(1-6 10573605J. Neurocytol.; 1999 Jan; 28(1) 17-381999titleSobkowicz HM, Inagaki M, August BK, Slapnick SM0Abortive synaptogenesis as a factor in the inner hair cell degeneration in the Bronx Waltzer (bv) mutant mouse.MESH:D007759Diseaseinner hair cell degeneration10090Speciesmouseabstract112The Bronx Waltzer (vb) mutation in the mouse results in the degeneration of most but not all of the primary auditory receptors, the inner hair cells, and their afferent neurons. We analyzed the ultrastructure of 94 inner hair cells in the intact postnatal mutant mouse and in neonatal cochleas in culture to understand the pathogenesis of hair cell death and to detect factors that may prevent it. The vb spiral neurons of the Bronx Waltzer display two distinctive features: some of them continue to divide mitotically for at least seven postnatal days, and the type I radial fibers that innervate inner hair cells display a deficiency in immunoexpression of GAD. The growing endings of spiral neurons converge around the inner hair cells or, in their absence, invade the outer hair cell region. Their profuse sprouting among inner spiral sulcus cells contributes to the characteristic ultrastructural picture of the bv cochlea. During the first three days after birth, 40% of the inner hair cells appear normal and innervated, 40% are mostly denervated and degenerating, and 20% are immature, with minimal or no neuronal appositions. However, in mutants 6 days and older only a few inner hair cells survive, and these show either normal or superfluous afferent innervation and axosomatic GABAergic efferent innervation. Degeneration of inner hair cells begins with a distention of the nuclear envelope and the ribosomal endoplasmic reticulum. The outer nuclear membrane eventually breaks, and exudate fills the cell interior. The cellular edema leads to cell death. We propose that success or failure in synaptic acquisition is a decisive factor in the survival or decline of the mutant inner hair cells. We also suggest that the developmental delay in maturation of the spiral ganglion neurons (type I) and the failure in their synaptogenesis may be caused by an impairment in neurotrophin (NT3/BDNF) synthesis by their mutant receptor cells.10090Speciesmouse10090SpeciesmouseMESH:D003643Diseasehair cell deathMESH:D007153DiseasedeficiencyMESH:D007759DiseaseDegeneration of inner hairMESH:D004487Diseaseedema18205Gene1896NT312064Gene7245BDNF 10573606J. Neurocytol.; 1999 Jan; 28(1) 39-451999titleOng WY, Mackie K0A light and electron microscopic study of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor in the primate spinal cord.1268Gene7273CB1abstract99The distribution of cannabinoid receptors was studied in the monkey spinal cord by immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, using an antibody to the CB1 brain cannabinoid receptor. Large numbers of labelled neurons were observed in all portions of the grey matter of the spinal cord. These included small diameter 9-16 microm neurons in the dorsal horn, larger (40-60 microm) neurons in the intermediate grey, and very large (60-100 microm), motor neurons in the ventral horn. Reaction product was observed in dendrites postsynaptic to unlabelled axon terminals. Since cannabinoid receptor activation decreases neuronal excitability by several mechanisms, including inhibition of voltage dependent calcium channels, the dense staining of CB1 in dorsal horn neurons suggests that CB1 could reduce calcium influx through such channels in these neurons. This, in turn, could decrease calcium-dependent changes in synaptic transmission and decrease sensitisation to nociceptive stimuli in these neurons. Similarly, the dense staining of CB1 in ventral horn cells suggests that cannabinoid receptors could limit calcium influx through voltage dependent calcium channels in these neurons, and could be significant in terms of neuroprotection to these neurons.1268Gene7273CB11268Gene7273CB11268Gene7273CB1MESH:D002118ChemicalcalciumMESH:D002118Chemicalcalcium1268Gene7273CB1MESH:D002118Chemicalcalcium 10573607J. Neurocytol.; 1999 Jan; 28(1) 47-621999titleLuff SE0Development of neuromuscular junctions on small mesenteric arteries of the rat.10116Speciesratabstract80This ultrastructural study has investigated the development of the innervation of second order mesenteric arteries from the ileum region of the rat intestine, particularly, the time course of the formation of the plexus of varicose axons around the arteries, and the formation of autonomic neuromuscular junctions. The time points studied were postnatal days-2, -4, -8 and -13. This study has revealed that the formation of neuromuscular junctions with mature structural characteristics occurred at;2 weeks postnatal. The plexus of varicose axons developed predominantly between day-4 and day-13, which agrees with previous light microscopy studies of catecholamine containing nerves around similar vessels. At day-2 and day-4, the axons lacked varicosities and were mainly contained in large bundles located in the outer region of the adventitia. The medio-adventitial border consisted of a dense layer of extracellular matrix and fibroblasts. By day-8, there were more axons and most were distributed in smaller bundles. Some had grown through the adventitia to lie at the medio-adventitial border and axon varicosities were also observed. Some varicosities had formed rudimentary neuromuscular contacts. By day-13, there were significantly more contacting varicosities compared to day-8. They were structurally more mature, being twice the size with three times the number of synaptic vesicles and consistently contained a mitochondrion. Conversely, the neuromuscular contact areas were similar at both time points. Some organisation of the synaptic vesicles associated with the prejunctional membrane, was evident in varicosities at day-8 but there were no presynaptic membrane specialisations similar to the putative neurotransmitter release sites found at mature skeletal neuromuscular junctions. The aggregation of small vesicles at the prejunctional membrane was more pronounced in neuromuscular junctions at day-13 with some having presynaptic membrane specialisations. Comparison of the structure of developing autonomic neuromuscular junctions with that of skeletal neuromuscular junctions has revealed a number of similarities.10116SpeciesratMESH:D002395ChemicalcatecholamineDiseaseadventitiaDiseaseadventitiaMESH:D009468Diseaserudimentary neuromuscular 10573608J. Neurocytol.; 1999 Jan; 28(1) 63-731999titleYazulla S, Studholme KM0Co-localization of Shaker A-type K+ channel (Kv1.4) and AMPA-glutamate receptor (GluR4) immunoreactivities to dendrites of OFF-bipolar cells of goldfish retina.3739Gene20514Kv1.47957Speciesgoldfishabstract161Immunocytochemical methods were used to determine the comparative distribution of Shaker Kv1.4 and Shal Kv4.2 A-type voltage-gated K(+) channels and AMPA-type GluR4 glutamate receptors in the goldfish retina. Kv1.4-immunoreactivity (IR) was restricted to a very narrow band of bright puncta and filamentous processes in the outer plexiform layer (OPL), whereas GluR4-IR was found in radial processes of Muller cells in addition to a narrow band in the OPL. Kv4.2-IR was most prominent over cell bodies of horizontal cell, amacrine cells and ganglion cells, with very weak labeling over the synaptic terminal of cone photoreceptors. Double label experiments revealed complete co-localization of Kv1.4-IR and GluR4-IR in the OPL and showed that the Kv1.4 puncta in the OPL appeared enclosed by the Kv4.2-IR cone terminals. Electron microscopical immunocytochemistry showed that Kv1.4-IR and GluR4-IR were restricted to the dendrites of OFF-bipolar cells that innervated cone photoreceptor terminals and thin processes that coursed between the rod and cone terminals in the OPL. These data are consistent with other studies demonstrating the selective clustering of A-type voltage-gated K(+) channels and ionotropic glutamate receptors. However, they differ from mammalian preparations in which Shal-like Kv4.2 rather than Shaker-like Kv1.4 co-localize postsynaptically with glutamate receptors.3739Gene20514Kv1.43751Gene40828Kv4.27957Speciesgoldfish3739Gene20514Kv1.43751Gene40828Kv4.23739Gene20514Kv1.43739Gene20514Kv1.43751Gene40828Kv4.23739Gene20514Kv1.49606Speciesmammalian3751Gene40828Kv4.23739Gene20514Kv1.4 10573609J. Neurocytol.; 1999 Jan; 28(1) 75-841999titleGuerrero-Tarragó M, Yuste VJ, Iglesias M, Pérez J, Comella JX0Binding patterns of lectins with GalNAc specificity in the mouse dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord.-ChemicalGalNAc10090Speciesmouseabstract102To localize membrane glycoconjugates in neurons of the mouse spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG), cryostat sections of newborn (P0), 7 day-old (P7), P14, P21 and P31 animals were stained with ten FITC-conjugated plant lectins, the majority of them recognizing N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) terminal sugar residues. In the dorsal root ganglia of P0 animals, the different lectins showed distinct patterns of labeling in either cells of the nervous system, including neurons, or other structures such as nerves or blood vessels. Moreover, some of these lectins showed important changes in their pattern of labeling during postnatal development. This was especially relevant for lectins that label a subpopulation of small-sized cells that have been previously identified as the nociceptive cells of the DRG. Enzymatic digestion of sections with neuraminidase removes sialic acid from the carbohydrate chains of glycoconjugates thus exposing novel sugar residues. When this treatment was applied to DRG sections from postnatal animals the pattern of lectin staining was either changed or eliminated and heterogeneous subsets of glycoconjugates normally masked by this sugar were exposed. In the spinal cord of PO animals, none of the lectins labeled cells in the central gray matter. However, after the enzymatic digestion of sections with neuraminidase, spinal cord motoneurons and some other cells were labeled by two of the lectins suggesting that GalNAc residues present in these cells are normally masked by terminal sialic acid. Altogether, these results show important changes in the temporal and spatial expression of glycoconjugates that may be relevant for the postnatal development of the CNS and PNS of mice.10090Speciesmouse20202Gene2227P1412575Gene333P2111973Gene1282P31MESH:D016650ChemicalFITCMESH:D000116ChemicalN-acetyl-D-galactosamine-ChemicalGalNAcMESH:D000073893ChemicalsugarMESH:D019158Chemicalsialic acidMESH:D002241ChemicalcarbohydrateMESH:D000073893ChemicalsugarMESH:D000073893Chemicalsugar-ChemicalGalNAcMESH:D019158Chemicalsialic acidMESH:D010523DiseasePNS10090Speciesmice 10573610Acta Cient. Venez.; 1999; 50(2) 132-431999titleBriceño-León R, Camardiel A, Avila OB, DeArmas E0[Domestic violence in Caracas: social and cultural predictors].abstract64The article gives an account of the results of a research intended to know violence reported by individual between couples and towards children and also to establish the importance of social (sex, income, education, civil status, work status, gun license, alcohol abuse, attraction to violent TV programs) and cultural (social norms about aggression between couples and children punishment, and capacity to express anger and handle conflicts in a non-violent ways) predictors in such behavior. The information is based on a survey applied to Caracas Metropolitan Area (CMA) inhabitants between 18 and 70 years of age (n = 1,297) selected by probabilistic, biphasic, and tetra-stage sampling, and at random following the Politz method. The instrument was a questionnaire with on scale answers Likert type. The information was treated with multi-varying statistical analysis, using the association technique between two variables by means of the Chi-square test, with conditional independence log-linear for three variables. The results suggest relatively low violence levels between couples and towards children. Regarding children, women tend to be more violent with them, most probably explained by factors relating income and unemployment. It was found that the bigger the accord with the norm to discipline children with physical violence, the bigger the frequency of violent behavior towards them. On the contrary, the bigger the conviction to be skilled in handling situations without violence, the lesser the frequency of violent behavior. Regarding violence between couples no association was found with the sex variable, but one can certainly talk about violent couples, which is related to the way of coupling, unemployment, and lack of formal education. From the norm point of view, a relationship between belief in the norms and violent behavior is observed, although these norms and attitudes are measured by the ability of the couple of control himself/herself and act in a non-violent way.9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D000437Diseasealcohol abuseMESH:D001523Diseaseaggression9606Specieschildren42554Speciestetra9606Specieschildren9606Specieschildren9606Specieswomen9606Specieschildren 10573611Ann Ital Chir; 1999 Jul-Aug; 70(4) 491-91999titlePicardi N0[The scientific videotape with digital processing in surgery. The new opportunities offered surgery for videotape recording and postprocessing with the use of information and digital technologies].abstract198The facility of the tape recording of a surgical operation, by means of simple manageable apparatuses and at low costs, especially in comparison with the former cinematography, makes it possible for all surgeons to record their own operative activity. Therefore at present the demonstration in video of surgical interventions is very common, but very often the video-tapes show surgical events only in straight chronological succession, as for facts of chronicle news. The simplification of the otherwise sophisticated digital technology of informatics elaboration of images makes more convenient and advisable to assemble the more meaningful sequences for a final product of higher scientific value. The digital technology gives at the best its contribution during the phase of post-production of the video-tape, where the surgeon himself can assemble an end product of more value because aimed to a scientific and rational communication. Thanks to such an elaboration the video-tape can aim not simply to become a good documentary, but also to achieve an educational purpose or becomes a truly scientific film. The initial video will be recorded following a specific project, the script, foreseeing and programming what has to be demonstrated of the surgical operation, establishing therefore in advance the most important steps of the intervention. The sequences recorded will then be assembled not necessarily in a chronological succession but integrating the moving images with static pictures, as drawings, schemes, tables, aside the picture-in picture technique, and besides the vocal descriptive comment. The cinema language has accustomed us to a series of passages among the different sequences as fading, cross-over, "flash-back", aiming to stimulate the psychological associative powers and encourage those critical. The video-tape can be opportunely shortened, paying attention to show only the essential phases of the operation for demonstrate only the core of the problem and utilize at the best the physiological period of active attention of the observer. The informatic digital elaboration has become so easy that the surgeon himself can be able to elaborate personally on his personal computer, with professional and scientific attitude, the sequences of his surgical activity in a product of more general value. His personal engagement also in the phase of post-production gives him the possibility to demonstrate uprightly with images the complex surgical experience of science, skill and ability to communicate, perhaps better than he is able to do with words.MESH:D007806Diseasecinema language 10573612Ann Ital Chir; 1999 Jul-Aug; 70(4) 503-81999titleCannizzaro M, Fiorenza G, Garofalo L, De Maria A, Cavallaro N, Pulvirenti A, Veroux PF0[Hurthle-cell thyroid neoplasms: a clinical enigma].MESH:D013959Diseasethyroid neoplasmsabstract53Hurthle cell neoplasms represent a pathological entity whose diagnosis and therapy are still not defined. These neoplasms constitute from 1.5% to 10% of all thyroid tumors. Hurthle cell nodule is clinically indistinguishable from other nodular thyroid diseases and histologic features of the tumors do not always allow us to distinguish benign nodules from malignant ones. The authors, analyzing a segment of their own experience (335 surgical thyroid diseases), observed nine cases of Hurthle cell adenomas (0.03%). Because of concomitant presence of heterolobar thyroid disease, seven cases were treated with a total thyroidectomy, and two cases were treated with a lobo-isthmectomy. In a long-term follow-up study, there were not signs of Hurthle cells neoplastic disease. The authors suggest that the treatment of choice for patients with "surely benign" Hurthle cell nodule is lobo-isthmectomy. For malignant Hurthle cell tumors, total thyroidectomy is the most rational treatment associated with cervical lymphadenectomy in presence of metastatic nodes. In all cases, a long-term periodical check-up proves to be the best solution, also for patients treated for benign pathological Hurthle cell.MESH:D018249DiseaseHurthle cell neoplasmsMESH:D009369DiseaseneoplasmsMESH:D013959Diseasethyroid tumorsMESH:D020518Diseasenodular thyroid diseasesMESH:D009369DiseasetumorsMESH:D013959Diseasethyroid diseasesMESH:D018249DiseaseHurthle cell adenomasMESH:D013959Diseasethyroid diseaseMESH:D009386Diseaseneoplastic disease9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D018249Diseasemalignant Hurthle cell tumors9606Speciespatients 10573613Ann Ital Chir; 1999 Jul-Aug; 70(4) 511-61999titleArdito G, Revelli L, Guidi ML, Murazio M, Lucci C, Modugno P, Di Giovanni V0[Drainage in thyroid surgery].abstract31Bleeding represents a rare complication of thyroid surgery but when it occurs it may be life-threatening. To prevent this complication drainage is widely used. However no study has demonstrated the drains' value and recent reports have questioned its benefits. Therefore we have analyzed our experience of a 10 year-period in which 1.217 thyroidectomies were performed by the same surgical team and prophylactic routine drainage was always adopted. In 13 patients (1.06%) a benign hematoma occurred with spontaneous remission. In 6 patients the bleeding was severe and compressive hematoma occurred; it required surgical re-exploration. Such a complication is unusual in the neck surgery (0.49% in the authors' series) performed by experienced surgeons and when life-threatening hematomas do occur they depend on various uncontrolled factors and drainage is often not helpful. Otherwise a meticulous haemostatic technique is necessary and patients should be observed very closely during the few first hours following surgery on the thyroid gland. Therefore on the basis of the analysis of their series, although it is not always possible to prove the benefit of the drainage, the authors suggest its indication in the neck surgery, as in other fields with dead space, to remove blood and secretions reducing postoperative complications. They have never observed wound infections and patients were discharged within 72 hours.9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D006406Diseasehematoma9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D006470DiseasebleedingMESH:D006406DiseasehematomaMESH:D006406Diseasehematomas9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D007239Diseaseinfections9606Speciespatients 10573614Ann Ital Chir; 1999 Jul-Aug; 70(4) 519-271999titleGalati G, Montone G, Gazzanelli S, Caragemi V, Cavallaro A, Piat G0[The subrenal abdominal aortic aneurysm. An examination of case histories and comments].MESH:D017544Diseaseabdominal aortic aneurysmabstract89The purpose of the search has stayed that of verify the evolution of the approach to the patient carrier of MA and of the treatment pre-intra-post-operatorio. The study has stayed effected on sheltered patients in our Institute from the January 1988 to the January 1997. They are about to be examined the data regarding 282 patients of which 215 cases in election and 67 in urgency. The analysis of the data has shown that the sex masculine are stricken more than female one with a relationship of 8.4: 1; the range more stricken the inclusive one in 65-79 years, the mortality in election has stayed almost unchanged while that in urgency has suffered a clean decrement. The amelioration of the diagnostics techniques of the preparation preoperative of the technical anesthesiologic and surgical has allowed to get good person results in election and above all in urgency. From the comparison with the world literature result that the incidence of the MA is in increase in the population, but we have not given univocal for define the entity of this pathology, common datum is the small badger of mortality. In conclusion the MA stays a serious pathology, diagnosed for case burdened from the mortality still elevated (40%).9606Speciespatient9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients9606Speciesperson 10573615Ann Ital Chir; 1999 Jul-Aug; 70(4) 529-381999titlePicardi N, Annunziata A, Bartolacci M, Di Rienzo M, Bottegoni G, Zuccarini F, Visini R0[The radical treatment of hepatic hydatidosis with deep and multiple locations. The role of new technologies particularly in the case of multiple locations].MESH:D004444Diseasehepatic hydatidosisabstract158Advanced technologies (intraoperative ultrasonography, CT scan, argon coagulator ...) have changed the surgical approach of liver hydatid disease, allowing even multiple or deeply located cysts to be detected and treated successfully. Authors report a series of 4 patients with single (3) or multiple (1) unilocular hepatic cysts; and 1 patient with thoraco-pulmonary hydatid recurrent disease. Treatments of choice and surgical techniques are described. No infective compliances occurred. The mean period of hospitalization was 19 days (ranging between 10 days and 4 weeks). The longest hospitalization was observed in a patient with a post-operative biliary fistula at low out put. Total cysto-pericystectomy is emphasized as the gold standard procedure in the treatment of non complicated unilocular hydatid cysts of the liver. Modern means of investigation and technical equipment make it feasible and safe even in unfavorable localizations, allowing radical removal of the cysts preserving in the meantime all the surrounding liver parenchyma.MESH:D004443Diseaseliver hydatid disease9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D056486Diseaseunilocular hepatic cysts9606Speciespatient9606SpeciespatientMESH:D001658Diseasebiliary fistulaMESH:D010195Diseaseliver parenchyma 10573616Ann Ital Chir; 1999 Jul-Aug; 70(4) 539-481999titleGrande M, Danza FM0[The preoperative staging of rectal neoplasms: the clinical exam and diagnostic imaging].MESH:D012004Diseaserectal neoplasmsabstract90The management of rectal cancer remains an important clinical problem. Although there was been great progress in surgical management, the survival of patients with locally advanced disease has not improved significantly during the past decades. Preoperative staging and evaluation of the risk of recurrence may help in the choice of operation. It is difficult for clinicians to quantify reliably with digital examination the degree of fixation of the tumor, and they usually cannot distinguish nodal metastases except in advanced cases. The more frequent overstaging of small tumors within one quadrant of the rectum is a major drawback of digital examination. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance seems to underestimate the extension of rectal tumors, but both can be helpful in selecting patients with advanced tumors for whom preoperative adjuvant treatment is being considered. Endoluminal ultrasound is superior in staging tumors confined to the rectal wall, but is not the ideal tool for staging: the results are examiner dependent, the field of vision in depth is limited, and stricturing tumors cannot be passed by the ultrasound transducer. Imaging diagnostic attendibility confirms the preeminent role of intraoperative exploration in the assessment of neoplastic diffusion in order to plan a correct surgical treatment.MESH:D012004Diseaserectal cancer9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D009369DiseasetumorMESH:D009362DiseasemetastasesMESH:D058405Diseasesmall tumorsMESH:D012004Diseaserectal tumors9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D009369DiseasetumorsMESH:D062706Diseasestaging tumorsMESH:D009369Diseasetumors 10573617Ann Ital Chir; 1999 Jul-Aug; 70(4) 551-71999titleLo Schiavo F, Iovino F, Lojodice F, Cimmino F, Docimo G0[The integrated radiosurgical treatment of rectal cancer].MESH:D012004Diseaserectal cancerabstract59The value of radio-surgical protocols in the treatment of advanced rectal cancer has been studied retrospectively. 21 patients operated between 1986 and 1990 fulfilling some criteria were considered for this study. They were 9 men and 12 women with rectal cancer Duke's stage B2-C; 16 were treated with preoperative radiotherapy (30-35 Gy), 5 were treated with postoperative radiotherapy (40-60 Gy). The operative procedures were 12 anterior resections and 9 Miles operations. The 5 years results were: a) cancer free survival 52%; 2 patients alive with relapse; 2 patients with non cancer related death (DIC, radiation enteritis); d) cancer related deaths 28%; e) local recurrence was observed (3 pts) only in association with metastatic disease; f) no isolated local recurrence was observed. Preoperative radiotherapy with 30-35 Gy is judged the preferred protocol for decreasing the rate of isolated local recurrence and for increasing the survival rate. Omental flap transposition plays an important role in the radio-surgical treatment of advanced rectal cancer.MESH:D009369Diseasecancer9606Speciespatients9606Speciesmen9606SpecieswomenMESH:D012004Diseaserectal cancerMESH:D009369Diseasecancer9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D009369DiseasecancerMESH:D003643DiseasedeathMESH:D004194Diseaseradiation enteritisMESH:D009369DiseasecancerMESH:D009369Diseasecancer 10573618Ann Ital Chir; 1999 Jul-Aug; 70(4) 561-71999titleLauro A, Boselli C, Bufalari A, Fabbri B, Cirocchi R, Fabbri C, Bisacci R, Giustozzi G, Moggi L0[Perioperative changes in the plasma levels of fibrinogen and D-dimer during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the preliminary results of a prospective randomized clinical study].2244Gene3772fibrinogenabstract176AIM: Considering that laparoscopic procedure is associated with increased resistance to lower-limb venous return and subsequent stasis, with possible implications in terms of thromboembolic complications, the aim of our study was to investigate prospectively the coagulative-fibrinolytic profile, in laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy, in patients randomly alloted to receive or not preoperative heparin. METHODS: We prospectively analyzed 36 patients (20 laparoscopic and 16 open) and we randomly divided the patients in two groups: Group-A (28 patients--16 laparoscopic and 12 open) didn't take any preoperative thromboprophylaxis, Group-B (8 patients--4 laparoscopic and 4 open) took preoperative subcutaneous heparin. We took blood venous samples before surgery, at time 0 and + 30 min., at the end and 1 and 24 hours postoperatively. The following parameters were assessed: prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen and D-dimer. We statistically analyzed the differences by ANOVA test. RESULTS: In Group A, fibrinogen and D-dimer were significantly higher (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0266) in open group as compared with laparoscopic one and we observed significant time-depending changes of fibrinogen's concentration (p = 0.0168). In Group B we obtained a higher fibrinogen's value in laparoscopic group than in conventional one, with a significant difference (p = 0.0283); also, the sampling-time affected the result in a very significant meaning (p = 0.0041). Comparing fibrinogen levels between Groups A and B, we observed lower values in heparin-treated group than in the other one (p < 0.0001), while in laparoscopic surgery there was not a significant difference between two groups of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary data suggest that, perioperatively (besides a smaller laparoscopic acute-phase response) the coagulative-fibrinolytic changes are lower in laparoscopic cholecystectomy than in open one and heparin treatment significantly reduces these changes in open surgery but doesn't seem to affect laparoscopic group. Our results seem to show another possible advantage of the laparoscopic surgical procedures over the traditional ones.MESH:D013923Diseasethromboembolic complications9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D006493Chemicalheparin9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D006493Chemicalheparin2244Gene3772fibrinogen2244Gene3772fibrinogen2244Gene3772fibrinogen2244Gene3772fibrinogen2244Gene3772fibrinogenMESH:D006493ChemicalheparinMESH:D006493Chemicalheparin 10573619Ann Ital Chir; 1999 Jul-Aug; 70(4) 569-731999titleLibra S, Pagano D, Curella G, Litrico V, Cancelliere M, Audibert D, La Terra S, Gruttadauria S, Pappalardo A, D Alessandro M0[Experimental research on the use of deferoxamine in the prevention of renal damage from acute ischemia].MESH:D003676ChemicaldeferoxamineMESH:D007674Diseaserenal damageMESH:D007511Diseaseischemiaabstract106Oxygen free-radical reperfusion products play a critical role in postischemic tissues injury. In this study we used deferoxamine, an iron ligand that seems to inhibit hydroxyl radicals production, in renal normothermic acute ischemia in the rat. Our results demonstrated a significant protective effect of deferoxamine on kidneys subjected to normothermic acute ischemia.MESH:D010100ChemicalOxygenMESH:D017695Diseasepostischemic tissues injuryMESH:D003676ChemicaldeferoxamineMESH:D007501ChemicalironMESH:D017665Chemicalhydroxyl radicalsMESH:D007511Diseaseischemia10116SpeciesratMESH:D003676ChemicaldeferoxamineMESH:D007511Diseaseischemia 10573620Ann Ital Chir; 1999 Jul-Aug; 70(4) 575-811999titleCavallaro A, De Toma G, Cavallaro G, Giacchino V, Amato D0[Parathyroid cysts: comments apropos a case].abstract46A case of non-functioning parathyroid cyst is reported, in which the preoperative diagnosis was missed. A careful review of the pertinent literature allows to outline the correct approach to this rare pathology as for the diagnosis and the treatment; as well, to enlight the current controversies about the physiopathology and the pathology. 10573621Ann Ital Chir; 1999 Jul-Aug; 70(4) 583-71999titleGiordano G, Amoruso M, D Abbicco D, Rizzo MI, Bonomo GM0[Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the stomach (a rare case of extensive spread to the entire organ)].MESH:D008228Diseasenon-Hodgkin's lymphomaabstract103Primary gastric lymphoma is the most frequent extra nodal primary site for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and is itself uncommon. Moreover, a massive infiltration of all stomach (from cardias to antrum) simulating a linitis plastica, it's rare. We present a case report of this atypical presentation of primary gastric NHL in a 73 year old females. The patient came to our observation complaining of dyspepsia, epigastric pain and vomiting from 7 months associated with weight loss and asthenia. Physical examination revealed an epigastric palpable mass. Computed tomographic findings has been necessary to confirm that the massive infiltration of gastric wall (from cardias to pylorus) was ascribed to lymphoma. Dawson's criteria was respected to define primary gastric NHL and was performed a total gastrectomy with systematic lymphadenectomy. The histopathological evidences have confirmed clinical diagnosis of primary gastric NHL. Preoperative diagnosis to clarify the nature of lesions (primary or not) and accurate staging of neoplasm before the operation are indispensable for a correct therapeutic approach; in according to the Ann Arbor classification modified by Musshoff our cases was stage IIE and radical gastrectomy with systematic lymphadenectomy was performed. Surgical resection is generally considered to have a definitive role in the treatment of primary gastric lymphoma specially for the stage IE and IIE.MESH:C535648DiseasePrimary gastric lymphomaMESH:D008228Diseasenon-Hodgkin's lymphomaMESH:D008228DiseaseNHLMESH:D004938DiseasecardiasMESH:D008039Diseaselinitis plasticaMESH:D008228Diseasegastric NHL9606SpeciespatientMESH:D004415DiseasedyspepsiaMESH:D010146DiseasepainMESH:D014839DiseasevomitingMESH:D015431Diseaseweight lossMESH:D001247DiseaseastheniaMESH:D004938DiseasecardiasMESH:D008223DiseaselymphomaMESH:D008228DiseaseNHLMESH:D008228Diseasegastric NHLMESH:D009369DiseaseneoplasmMESH:C535648Diseasegastric lymphoma 10573622Ann Ital Chir; 1999 Jul-Aug; 70(4) 589-921999titlePompeo A, Staniscia G, De Carlo F0[An acute superior mediastinal syndrome with critical tracheal stenosis due to benign multinodular goiter complicated by intracystic hemorrhage].MESH:D014135Diseasecritical tracheal stenosisMESH:C564546Diseasebenign multinodular goiterMESH:D006470Diseaseintracystic hemorrhageabstract146Large benign goiter with a cervical and intrathoracic retrotracheal location is uncommon, but troublesome, since it affects the upper mediastinum and usually causes dyspnea, dysphagia or vascular obstruction; on the other hand, a large mediastinal cyst of thyroid origin complicated by a massive, spontaneous hemorrhage is an exceptional event, implicating vital prognosis through an acute tracheal compression. A 45-year-old-man presented all these complications of a previously neglected nodular-cystic goiter, causing an acute respiratory distress. An emergency diagnosis and consequent surgery, in delayed urgency, were performed. This case is presented because of its rarity. Its clinic management is discussed, in the framework of the existing literature.MESH:D006042Diseasebenign goiterMESH:D004417DiseasedyspneaMESH:D003680Diseasedysphagia or vascular obstructionMESH:D006470Diseasehemorrhage9606SpeciesmanMESH:D006044Diseasenodular-cystic goiter 10573623Ann Ital Chir; 1999 Jul-Aug; 70(4) 593-61999titleSciumè C, Palazzolo M, Cappello F, Aragona F, Di Vita G, Leo P0[Myelolipoma of the adrenal gland].MESH:D018209DiseaseMyelolipoma of the adrenalabstract36Adrenal myelolipomas are rare, nonfunctioning, benign neoplasms of the adrenal gland. The authors describe their experience of a case and they report the review of the literature. They illustrate what's etiopathogenetic theories, modern diagnostic technology "of imaging" and different surgical approaches need to be adapted to the excision of the adrenal myelolipomas.MESH:D018209DiseaseAdrenal myelolipomasMESH:D009369Diseasebenign neoplasmsMESH:D018209Diseaseadrenal myelolipomas 10573624Ann Ital Chir; 1999 Jul-Aug; 70(4) 597-6001999titleGuarino G, Turoldo A, Balani A, Ziza F0[Serous cysts of the transverse mesocolon: a review of the literature in the light of 2 cases brought to our notice].abstract118Mesenteric cyst is one of the rarest tumours, with about 820 cases reported since 1507. Ultrasound and TC are the most valuable modalities for diagnosis of mesenteric cyst. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice. The authors report two cases of mesenteric cyst of the transverse mesocolon preoperatively diagnosed by ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT). A surgical enucleation was performed.MESH:D009369Diseaserarest tumours 10573625Ann Ital Chir; 1999 Jul-Aug; 70(4) 639-451999titleColonna MR, Cavallini M, Giovannini UM, Di Leo A, Lo Jacono R, Paolucci E0[The ASL and hospitals: a model of emerging management].MESH:D056807DiseaseASLabstract57The authors analysed the advantages and drawbacks of the legislative rules in the Italian medical services. They underline the impediments to the improvement in the quality and efficiency of both the organizing models and the control system of administration. The authors consider a new trend in the administration system taking place in the most innovative and dynamic units and they analyze the efficacy and speediness of diffusion of this new system. The new model could be extended to the ASL and Hospital as a possible improvement of the present situation. The article is structured in two main parts; in the first one the legal changing, that took place in the last year, in the organization of the national medical system is critically examined; the second one summarized the most significant innovation brought by the new administrative system of ASL and hospital.MESH:D056807DiseaseASLMESH:D001766Diseaselegal changingMESH:D056807DiseaseASL 10573626Arch. Med. Res.; 1999 Jul-Aug; 30(4) 267-81999titleBenítez-Bribiesca L0Physician-scientists: are they needed?abstract39 10573627Arch. Med. Res.; 1999 Jul-Aug; 30(4) 269-741999titleJochmus I, Schäfer K, Faath S, Müller M, Gissmann L0Chimeric virus-like particles of the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV 16) as a prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine.333760Specieshuman papillomavirus type 16333760SpeciesHPV 16abstract118Infection by certain human papillomaviruses (HPV), most notably HPV types 16 and 18, is the major risk factor for cervical cancer. Worldwide, this disease represents the second most frequent malignant tumor in women; thus, there is urgent need for efficient therapy and prevention. The natural history of cervical cancer and its precursors (cervical intraepithelial neoplasias), as well as animal experiments, strongly suggest that the immune system controls both the primary infection (by neutralizing antibodies directed against the major structural protein L1) and the progression of the disease (via cytotoxic T cells specific for the viral oncoproteins expressed in transformed cells, e.g., E7). By the expression of an HPV 16 L1E7 fusion protein, we have generated chimeric virus-like particles (CVLP). Immunization of mice with CVLPs induces neutralizing antibodies directed against L1 virus-like particles (devoid of the E7 portion) and E7-specific T cells as measured in vitro. Vaccinated animals are protected against tumor growth following inoculation of syngeneic HPV 16-transformed cells. In addition, we observed a therapeutic effect of vaccination on pre-existing tumors. This data allowed us to conclude that CVLPs are suitable for prevention and therapy of HPV infection. A vaccine based on HPV 16 L1E7 CVLPs is currently under development.9606SpecieshumanMESH:D002583Diseasecervical cancerMESH:D009369Diseasetumor9606SpecieswomenMESH:D009369DiseasecancerMESH:D018290Diseasecervical intraepithelial neoplasiasMESH:D009378Diseaseprimary infection333760SpeciesHPV 1610090SpeciesmiceMESH:D009369Diseasetumor333760SpeciesHPV 16MESH:D009369DiseasetumorsMESH:D030361DiseaseHPV infection333760SpeciesHPV 16 10573628Arch. Med. Res.; 1999 Jul-Aug; 30(4) 275-851999titleRodrigo R, Avalos N, Orellana M, Bosco C, Thielemann L0Renal effects of experimental obstructive jaundice: morphological and functional assessment.MESH:D041781Diseaseobstructive jaundiceabstract93BACKGROUND: The pathophysiology of renal impairments occurring in obstructive jaundice has been extensively studied, but the underlying mechanism of these derangements remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the time-related morphological and functional changes occurring in the kidneys of rats undergoing obstructive jaundice. METHODS: Histological examination, renal function assessment and determination of (Na + K)-ATPase activity were performed in the kidneys of rats 7, 14, and 21 days following bile duct ligation (BDL) or sham operation (sham). RESULTS: Glomerular filtration rate was unaffected by BDL throughout the period of the study. Tubular effects occurred at days 7 and 14, being more marked at day 7, and consisted of an increase of about twice in the fractional excretion of sodium and chloride, paralleled by a decreased proximal and distal tubular reabsorption of sodium of about 50 and 40%, respectively. Natriuresis was consistent with augmentation of osmolar clearance but it was not associated with changes in the activity of renal (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. The ability to dilute urine was impaired at days 14 and 21 after BDL. Additionally, these effects were accompanied by decreased tubulointerstitial fibrosis and vasodilation of inner medullary capillaries. At day 21, the parameters of tubular function in BDL and sham groups were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the view that raised natriuresis taking place in the initial 2 weeks following BDL is due mainly to tubular effects. The contribution of hemodynamic, paracrine and humoral mediators is discussed.MESH:D007674Diseaserenal impairmentsMESH:D041781Diseaseobstructive jaundice10116SpeciesratsMESH:D041781Diseaseobstructive jaundice10116SpeciesratsMESH:D012964ChemicalsodiumMESH:D002712ChemicalchlorideMESH:D012964ChemicalsodiumMESH:D005355Diseasefibrosis 10573629Arch. Med. Res.; 1999 Jul-Aug; 30(4) 286-91999titleMartínez-Mota L, Contreras CM, Saavedra M0Progesterone reduces immobility in rats forced to swim.10116Speciesratsabstract56BACKGROUND: Among its behavioral actions, progesterone reduces anxiety in several species including humans; however, any antidepressant-like properties remain to be explored. METHODS: In the present study, Wistar rats received injections (i.p.) of progesterone (0.20-3.0 mg/kg) 24 and 2 h before being submitted to the forced swim, a test in which antidepressants regularly reduce immobility and exert few or no actions on locomotor activity. In order to discard the cumulative effects of progesterone and a possible effect from the repetition of the swimming test, all animals received one of several progesterone doses in a different sequence following a completely randomized experimental intrasubject design. RESULTS: Ovariectomy did not modify immobility in the forced swim test as compared to control tests practiced before surgery. A dose of 0.80 mg/kg strongly reduced the total time of immobility in forced swim test (p < 0.001), but did not modify locomotor activity. In a drug-free control test applied 1 week after the last injection of progesterone, immobility returned to the higher values observed in the control tests. CONCLUSIONS: From these results, it is concluded that progesterone may possess some anti-depressant-like activity.MESH:D001008Diseaseanxiety9606Specieshumans10116SpeciesWistar ratsMESH:D011374ChemicalprogesteroneMESH:D011374Chemicalprogesterone 10573630Arch. Med. Res.; 1999 Jul-Aug; 30(4) 290-71999titleMartínez L, Carmona L, Villalobos-Molina R0Vascular alpha 1D-adrenoceptor function is maintained during congestive heart failure after myocardial infarction in the rat.29413Gene551alpha 1D-adrenoceptorMESH:D006333Diseasecongestive heart failureMESH:D009203Diseasemyocardial infarction10116Speciesratabstract126BACKGROUND: During congestive heart failure, desensitization of beta-adrenoceptors is related to a lower adrenergic responsiveness in the heart; little is known about alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the vasculature under this condition. We evaluated alpha 1D-adrenoceptor response in aorta and carotid arteries in a model of congestive heart failure (CHF) post-myocardial infarction. METHODS: Noradrenaline-elicited contraction was determined in endothelium-denuded arterial rings from young (10-week-old) Wistar rats in the absence and presence of the alpha 1D-adrenoceptor antagonist BMY 7378 (8-(2-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl) ethyl)-8-azaspiro(4,5)decane-7,9-dione dihydrochloride) in sham-operated rats and in rats that developed CHF 4 weeks or 7 months after myocardial infarction. RESULTS: In the thoracic aorta, BMY 7378 displaced noradrenaline effect to the right with pA2 values of: sham, 8.58 +/- 0.12; CHF, 8.36 +/- 0.13, and sham, 8.56 +/- 0.10; CHF, 7.99 +/- 0.13 at 4 weeks and 7 months after myocardial infarction, respectively. While in carotid arteries, the pA2 values were: sham, 8.43 +/- 0.19; CHF, 8.81 +/- 0.19, and sham, 8.35 +/- 0.18; CHF, 8.29 +/- 0.08 at 4 weeks and 7 months after myocardial infarction, respectively. When adult (7-month-old) rats were subjected to myocardial infarction, CHF was not installed and pA2 values were similar and high in both sham and infarcted rats. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that alpha 1D-adrenoceptors remained as the main receptors involved in contraction in aorta and carotid arteries, irrespective of CHF duration.MESH:D006333Diseasecongestive heart failure29413Gene551alpha 1D-adrenoceptorMESH:D006333Diseasecongestive heart failure (CHF) post-myocardial infarction10116SpeciesWistar rats29413Gene551alpha 1D-adrenoceptor10116Speciesrats10116SpeciesratsMESH:D006333DiseaseCHFMESH:D009203Diseasemyocardial infarctionMESH:C053428ChemicalBMY 7378MESH:D009638ChemicalnoradrenalineMESH:D006333DiseaseCHFMESH:D006333DiseaseCHFMESH:D009203Diseasemyocardial infarctionMESH:D006333DiseaseCHFMESH:D006333DiseaseCHFMESH:D009203Diseasemyocardial infarction10116SpeciesratsMESH:D009203Diseasemyocardial infarctionMESH:D006333DiseaseCHFMESH:D007238Diseaseinfarcted10116SpeciesratsMESH:D006333DiseaseCHF 10573631Arch. Med. Res.; 1999 Jul-Aug; 30(4) 298-3021999titlePalacios-Corona R, Ortíz-Navarrete VF, Said-Fernández S, Rodríguez-Padilla C, González-Garza MT0Detection of a factor released by L5178Y lymphoblasts that inhibits mouse macrophage-activation induced by lipopolysaccharides.10090SpeciesmouseMESH:D008070Chemicallipopolysaccharidesabstract128BACKGROUND: Several factors inhibit cellular immune response by deactivating macrophages, but very few, such as those described here, prevent macrophage activation. METHODS: Ascites liquid from 12-day-old BALB/c mice bearing 5178Y lymphoma tumors was collected, and cell-free ascites liquid (CFAL) was separated from lymphoblasts. The supernatant (S1) was obtained from the homogenized and centrifuged lymphoblasts. Then, macrophage cultures containing 0.2 x 10(6) cells from lymphoma-bearing or healthy mice were added to 10 microL of CFAL or S1, plus 5 micrograms of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)/mL, 40 U interferon-gamma or a blend of both. Macrophages were incubated with CFAL or S1 prior to or after adding the activators to investigate whether any of the previously mentioned lymphoma fractions inhibited macrophage activation or whether they deactivated them. The effect of CFAL or S1 was estimated as the diminution of the amount of nitric oxide released by the experimental macrophage cultures with respect to controls (activated macrophages treated with none of the lymphoma fractions). RESULTS: LPS, IFN-gamma, and the LPS/gamma blend activated macrophages from both lymphoma-bearing and healthy mice. None of the lymphoma fractions deactivated macrophages. CFAL, but not S1, inhibited the macrophage activation, i.e., the percentage of inhibition of nitric oxide releasing 76.7% and 78.1% in macrophages from healthy and lymphoma-bearing mice, respectively. In addition, CFAL was unable to inhibit the macrophage-activation effect of IFN-gamma or the LPS/IFN-gamma blend. CONCLUSIONS: Mouse L5178Y lymphoma releases a factor that in vitro inhibits the macrophage activation induced by LPS, but not by IFN-gamma controls.10090SpeciesmiceMESH:D008223Diseaselymphoma tumorsMESH:D001201DiseaseascitesMESH:C565129Diseaselymphoma-bearing10090SpeciesmiceMESH:D008070Chemicallipopolysaccharides15978Gene55526interferon-gammaMESH:D008223DiseaselymphomaMESH:D009569Chemicalnitric oxideMESH:D008223Diseaselymphoma15978Gene55526IFN-gammaMESH:C565129Diseaselymphoma-bearing10090SpeciesmiceMESH:D008223DiseaselymphomaMESH:D009569Chemicalnitric oxideMESH:D008223Diseaselymphoma10090Speciesmice15978Gene55526IFN-gamma15978Gene55526IFN-gamma10090SpeciesMouseMESH:D008223Diseaselymphoma15978Gene55526IFN-gamma 10573632Arch. Med. Res.; 1999 Jul-Aug; 30(4) 303-61999titleOchoa R, Mercado M, Chacón X, Fonseca E, Hernández M, Zárate A0Usefulness of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 levels to determine acromegaly activity and effectiveness of transsphenoidal pituitary surgery.3486Gene500insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3MESH:D000172Diseaseacromegalyabstract155BACKGROUND: Several series reported in the literature concerning the results of the treatment of acromegaly have been difficult to evaluate because the indicators are inaccurate. METHODS: We investigated the usefulness of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP) levels to determine disease activity after surgical treatment of acromegaly in 13 patients with confirmed somatotroph adenoma. RESULTS: Before surgery, all 13 non-treated patients had elevated serum levels of IGFBP-3 as well as total and free IGF-I. In addition, there was no overlap with the normal controls (p < 0.001). IGFBP-3 levels correlated significantly (0.91, p < 0.001) with GH suppressibility by glucose after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm that IGFBP-3 is a better indicator of acromegalic activity than either total or free IGF-I. There was a high correlation with GH suppressibility by glucose after surgery; both free and total IGF-I could be considered sensitive markers only for diagnosis of active acromegaly but not for efficacy of surgery.MESH:D000172Diseaseacromegaly3486Gene500insulin-like growth factor binding protein-33486Gene500IGFBPMESH:D000172Diseaseacromegaly9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D049912Diseasesomatotroph adenoma9606Speciespatients3486Gene500IGFBP-33479Gene515IGF-I3486Gene500IGFBP-3MESH:D005947Chemicalglucose3486Gene500IGFBP-3MESH:D000172Diseaseacromegalic3479Gene515IGF-IMESH:D005947Chemicalglucose3479Gene515IGF-IMESH:D000172Diseaseacromegaly 10573633Arch. Med. Res.; 1999 Jul-Aug; 30(4) 307-141999titleVillegas-Sánchez F, Charles-Torres JD, Moyao-García D, Nava-Ocampo AA, Velázquez-Armenta EY0Rocuronium administration in children during isoflurane anesthesia: neuromuscular effects.MESH:D000077123ChemicalRocuronium9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D007530Chemicalisofluraneabstract91BACKGROUND: The time-course of the effect of rocuronium during isoflurane anesthesia in children has rarely been evaluated. Forty-five children, aged 2-14 years, ASA 1, undergoing elective surgery and receiving isoflurane anesthesia, were studied. METHODS: Patients randomly received a dose of 400, 600, or 800 micrograms/kg of rocuronium. The first response to the control height (T1:T0) was fitted to time in order to obtain times to onset of action (TOA) including time to 90 (B90) and 99.9% (B100) of relaxation and to spontaneous recovery of 10 (T10), 25 (T25), 50 (T50), 75 (T75), and 90% (T90) of neuromuscular function (NMF). Each time was compared among groups. Linear regression analysis between the TOA or the times to spontaneous recovery of NMF (TSRNMF) and age or weight were also performed. RESULTS: The TOA were similar among the three groups while TSRNF in children receiving 600 or 800 micrograms/kg were longer (p < 0.05) than children receiving 400 micrograms/kg. The T10 and T25 were related to age (p = 0.05), whereas T10, T50, T75, and T90 were related to weight (p < 0.01). These relationships were stronger in males than females. CONCLUSIONS: Maximal relaxation was reached in all children receiving 600 or 800 micrograms/kg of rocuronium. The TSRNMF were mainly related to the weight of the children, and gender affected each relationship. Widely variable responses were observed with all three doses.MESH:D000077123ChemicalrocuroniumMESH:D007530Chemicalisoflurane9606Specieschildren9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D001241ChemicalASAMESH:D007530Chemicalisoflurane9606SpeciesPatientsMESH:D000077123Chemicalrocuronium9606Specieschildren9606Specieschildren9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D000077123Chemicalrocuronium9606Specieschildren 10573634Arch. Med. Res.; 1999 Jul-Aug; 30(4) 315-91999titleGonzález-Llaven J, Palma-Aguirre JA, García-Arreola R, Brizuela V, Nava-Rangel J, Morán-Lira S, Vela-Ojeda J, Castañeda-Hernández G, Flores-Murrieta FJ0Comparative bioavailability evaluation of two cyclosporine oral formulations in healthy Mexican volunteers.MESH:D016572Chemicalcyclosporineabstract108BACKGROUND: The use of conventional cyclosporine (Sandimmune) requires great care, as this drug exhibits a narrow therapeutic index and wide interindividual variability in its pharmacokinetics. Recently, a new microemulsion formulation (Neoral) was developed. With this formulation, cyclosporine is absorbed at the small intestine without the presence of bile. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the bioavailability of cyclosporine after the administration of conventional and microemulsion formulations in healthy Mexican volunteers in order to approach the optimal dosage regimen of microemulsion in the Mexican population. METHODS: The trial was conducted using 23 healthy volunteers according to a randomized crossover design. Volunteers received one 7.5-mg/kg dose as each formulation, with a 1-week washout period between treatments. Blood samples of 0.5 mL were obtained according to the following schedule: 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h after medication. RESULTS: These indicated that Cmax and AUC0-24 values were higher with the microemulsion than with the conventional formulation. CONCLUSIONS: The microemulsion had a better absorption profile than the conventional formulation, because plasma levels with the conventional formulation demonstrated oscillations rather than reflecting an erratic absorption. Lower doses of the microemulsion are required to obtain Cmax values similar to those obtained with conventional cyclosporine.MESH:D016572ChemicalcyclosporineMESH:D016572ChemicalcyclosporineMESH:D016572ChemicalcyclosporineMESH:D016572Chemicalcyclosporine 10573635Arch. Med. Res.; 1999 Jul-Aug; 30(4) 320-41999titleAlonso Vilatela ME, Ochoa Morales A, García de la Cadena C, Ruiz López I, Martínez Aranda C, Villa A0Predictive and prenatal diagnosis of Huntington's disease: attitudes of Mexican neurologists, psychiatrists, and psychologists.MESH:D006816DiseaseHuntington's diseaseabstract128BACKGROUND: Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary disease of the central nervous system. Its molecular diagnosis has allowed predictive and prenatal diagnosis to be done, and it is now a model for the study of the ethical, legal, and social problems arising from the diagnosis of such diseases. METHODS: This study explores the knowledge and attitudes of a group of Mexican specialists regarding the disease and its diagnosis. A self-administered, 30-item multiple-choice questionnaire was completed anonymously by neurologists, psychiatrists, and psychologists. RESULTS: Fifty-five percent of the professionals had experience with HD patients, 59% claimed to know the hereditary risks, and 20% answered incorrectly concerning the risks. Neurologists had the most exposure to HD; 74% acknowledged the existence of predictive diagnosis, although only 10% knew the international guidelines for testing. Eighty-six percent of the participants recommended predictive diagnosis, the reasons being: 55%, if the patients considered having offspring; 41%, for the patient's professional reasons; 6%, if a treatment was available, and 12% did not answer. In cases in which the patient wanted to have offspring, 38% thought that this should be avoided. Thirty-six percent of the subjects considered prenatal diagnosis justified in a couple with a carrier, and 51% justified abortion for affected fetuses. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic counseling and predictive diagnosis in Mexico must be the responsibility of genetics units and specialists who are aware of inheritance risks and of guidelines for HD programs. The number of patients requiring such attention is increasing rapidly.MESH:D006816DiseaseHuntington's diseaseMESH:D006816DiseaseHDMESH:D020279Diseasehereditary disease of the central nervous systemMESH:D006816DiseaseHD9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D006816DiseaseHD9606Speciesparticipants9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatient9606SpeciespatientMESH:D006816DiseaseHD9606Speciespatients 10573636Arch. Med. Res.; 1999 Jul-Aug; 30(4) 325-311999titleUrdez-Hernández E, Sifuentes-Osornio J, Calva JJ, Villalobos-Zapata Y0Epidemiological and biological characteristics of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections in a Mexican hospital.MESH:D013203Diseasestaphylococcal infectionsabstract121BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has spread worldwide since 1960. However, there is little information concerning methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS) infections. METHODS: In order to study the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) infections and to determine the relationship between MRS and both synergistic hemolysis (SH) and slime production (SP), a laboratory-based survey and non-matched case-control study were carried out at a tertiary-care center in Mexico City. In regard to patients, from May 1991 to October 1992, 46 cases of MRS infection and 86 patients (controls) infected by methicillin-susceptible staphylococci (MSS) were included. Clinical and epidemiologic variables were analyzed. The isolates were identified and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by standard methods. An MIC of oxacillin > or = 8 micrograms/mL was defined as an MRS. RESULTS: During the study, 94 nosocomial staphylococcal infections were diagnosed: S. aureus, 35 and CNS, 59; 43 (45.7%) by MRS (rate of MRS infections was 1.12 per 100 in-patients); 2 MRSA; 41 MRCNS, and only 19 were symptomatic. Three infections were community-acquired, including one MRSA and two MRCNS. After multivariate analysis, the significant risk factors were previous antimicrobial therapy (p = 0.013) and catheter-related (p = 0.009) and urinary-tract source (p = 0.0001). Forty-nine percent of MRS showed SH while only 15% of MSS (p < 0.001) showed SH, especially in 10/10 MR-S. hemolyticus. Additionally, 48% of MRCNS showed SP, as did 18% of MSCNS (p = 0.019), particularly in 15/20 MR-S. epidermidis. Of all MRS isolates, 38% showed a homogeneous phenotype, a trait associated with multi-drug resistance (p < 0.01) and SH (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: CNS predominated as the cause of MRS infections in our setting. The homogenous phenotype was associated with SH and multi-drug resistance.1280SpeciesStaphylococcus aureusMESH:D007239DiseaseinfectionsMESH:D008712ChemicalmethicillinMESH:D008556DiseaseMRS) infectionsMESH:D008556DiseaseMRSMESH:D006461Diseasehemolysis-ChemicalSP9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D008556DiseaseMRS infection9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D010068ChemicaloxacillinMESH:D008556DiseaseMRSMESH:D003428Diseasenosocomial staphylococcal infections1280SpeciesS. aureusMESH:D008556DiseaseMRSMESH:D008556DiseaseMRS infections9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D007239DiseaseinfectionsMESH:D008556DiseaseMRS1314SpeciesS. hemolyticus-ChemicalSP1282SpeciesS. epidermidisMESH:D008556DiseaseMRSMESH:D008556DiseaseMRS infections 10573637Arch. Med. Res.; 1999 Jul-Aug; 30(4) 332-71999titleNavarrete-Navarro S, Aguilar-Setién A, Avila-Figueroa C, Hernández-Sierra F, Santos-Preciado JI0Improved serological response to human diploid cell rabies vaccine when given simultaneously with antirabies hyperimmune globulin.9606Specieshumanabstract131BACKGROUND: The prevention of rabies in Mexico continues to be an important goal for the health sector. Although the prevalence of this disease continues to fall, between 1990 and 1995 a total of 238 cases were registered (an average of 40 cases annually), with a mean annual incidence of 0.04 cases per 100,000 inhabitants and a mortality of almost 100%, so that it is important to rely on highly effective vaccines with few side effects. The objective of this work was to evaluate seroconversion and tolerance to the human diploid cell antirabies vaccine administered to individuals with a history of exposure to rabies, to compare these results with those reported in the literature for the Fuenzalida vaccine, a rabies vaccine produced in the brain tissue of suckling mice, and to find the role antirabies hyperimmune gamma globulin plays in the concentration of post-vaccination antibody concentrations. METHODS: An analytical transverse study was carried out in 40 children and adults with a history of rabies exposure who were given a complete, five-dose intramuscular schedule of the human diploid cell rabies vaccine. Subjects were followed daily, and local and systemic signs and symptoms were recorded. Two blood samples (at baseline and at the end of the vaccination schedule) were taken and antibody titers against rabies glycoprotein, using the ELISA technique, were measured. RESULTS: Adverse side effects produced by the human diploid cell antirabies vaccine, such as frequency of pain, erythema, itching, and regional adenopathy were fewer than those reported in the literature for the Fuenzalida vaccine (p < 0.05), and of induration and local pain (p < 0.05) in relation to the latter vaccine. All patients seroconverted, producing geometric mean antibody titers of 6.22 IU/mL, an arithmetic mean titer of 9.66 IU/mL with a SD of 9.1 IU/mL. The level of tolerance to the diploid cell vaccine was good and its adverse effects were minimal and fewer than those reported for the Fuenzalida rabies vaccine. Patients receiving the diploid cell vaccine plus antirabies hyperimmune gamma globulin developed higher antibody titers (measured by ELISA test) at the end of the vaccination schedule than those only receiving the vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: These results are important in order to achieve an adequate and opportune level of protection provided by prophylactic vaccines to patients with exposure to rabies.9606Specieshuman10090Speciesmice9606Specieschildren9606Specieshuman9606SpecieshumanMESH:D010146DiseasepainMESH:D004890DiseaseerythemaMESH:D011537DiseaseitchingMESH:D000072281DiseaseadenopathyMESH:D010146Diseasepain9606Speciespatients9606SpeciesPatients9606Speciespatients 10573638Arch. Med. Res.; 1999 Jul-Aug; 30(4) 338-401999titleGonzález-Llano O, Mancías-Guerra C, Cantú-Rodríguez OG, Hernández-Garza NE, Quiroga-Rivera A, Herrera-Garza JL, Jaime-Pérez JC, Gómez-Almaguer D0Bone marrow transplantation in a child with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis using a less toxic conditioning regimen.9606SpecieschildMESH:D051359Diseasehemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosisabstract120BACKGROUND: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare non-neoplastic, frequently fatal disease of childhood. HLA-matched bone marrow transplantation (BMT) can bring about long-term remission and an eventual cure. METHODS: We report on the beneficial effect of BMT in a 2-month-old male using a less intensive conditioning regimen. The regimen included busulfan at 4 mg/kg/day (total dose 16 mg/kg), etoposide at 300 mg/m2/day (total dose 900 mg/m2), and cyclophosphamide at 50 mg/kg/day (total dose 150 mg/kg). Prophylaxis for graft-vs.-host disease included methotrexate and cyclosporine. RESULTS: An absolute neutrophil count of 500 microL was noticed on + day 12 (engraftment day). At present, i.e., 400 days after the procedure, the patient is asymptomatic, his physical examination is normal, and a slightly increased level of gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase are the only laboratory abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: In this case, the conditioning regimen was adequate for the eradication of the disease and allowed persistent engraftment without significant toxicity. The results in our patient suggest that a less toxic regimen is feasible and permits rapid engraftment without compromising the effectiveness of chemotherapy.MESH:D051359DiseaseHemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosisMESH:D002066ChemicalbusulfanMESH:D005047ChemicaletoposideMESH:D003520ChemicalcyclophosphamideMESH:D008727ChemicalmethotrexateMESH:D016572Chemicalcyclosporine9606Speciespatient102724197Gene139965gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase102724197Gene139965GGTMESH:D007757Diseaselaboratory abnormalitiesMESH:D064420Diseasetoxicity9606Speciespatient 10573639Arch. Med. Res.; 1999 Jul-Aug; 30(4) 341-21999titleBrennan M0Animal rights in the 1990s: a different species, but you're still the prey.abstract76 10573640Bratisl Lek Listy; 1999 Jun; 100(6) 283-51999titleSilvay G, Reich DL, Ergin MA, Griepp RB0Descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aneurysm.MESH:D000783Diseaseaneurysmabstract51The low incidence of permanent spinal cord injury in our most recent cohort (Group II) of patients suggests that serial sacrifice of intersegmental vessels, careful monitoring of spinal cord function are effective in preventing paraplegia after descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aneurysm operations. Updated anesthetic and postoperative care minimized overall mortality risk. (Ref. 9.)MESH:D013119Diseasespinal cord injury9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D010264DiseaseparaplegiaMESH:D000783Diseaseaneurysm operations 10573641Bratisl Lek Listy; 1999 Jun; 100(6) 286-901999titleHraska V, Sojak V, Kostolny M, Nosal M, Sagat M, Petko M, Kantorova A, Nagi A, Kaldararova M, Siman J0Surgical treatment of transposition of the great arteries.abstract59BACKGROUND: With regard to risk of the failure of systemic right ventricle after physiological correction of transposition of great arteries, anatomic repair is a current method of choice. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY: Analysis of results of surgical correction of transposition of great arteries performed between 1992 and October 1998. METHOD: A total of 111 patients were operated on for transposition of the great arteries. In the 1st group of patients (n = 21, mean age was 135 +/- 55 days), physiological correction according to Senning was performed. Patients of the 2nd group (n = 90, mean age was 15.4 +/- 21.6 days) underwent anatomic repair. RESULTS: Early mortality was 6% (7 patients). Mean follow-up is 2.95 years (1.9 SD) ranging from 0.2 years to 6.1 years. Actuarial 1-month survival in the whole cohort (n = 111) is 94%, and it remains unchanged at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 years of follow-up. Patients, who underwent surgery after 1997, show significantly better survival compared to those operated before 1997 (p = 0.0997). Thus, a date of operation (before 1997) is the only significant risk factor for death. Survival in patients operated after 1997 (n = 40) is 98%. All patients belonging to the 2nd group are in functional group NYHA 1. CONCLUSION: Anatomic repair of transposition of the great arteries is a method of choice for treatment of this congenital heart defect. Left ventricle becomes systemic ventricle, which is essential in view of long-term performance. Psychomotor development of children, who underwent ASO, is comparable with that of healthy population. (Tab. 3, Fig. 3, Ref. 18.)9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients9606SpeciesPatients9606Speciespatients9606SpeciesPatientsMESH:D003643Diseasedeath9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D006331Diseaseheart defect9606Specieschildren 10573642Bratisl Lek Listy; 1999 Jun; 100(6) 291-51999titleHarustiak S, Majer I, Benej R, Pereszlenyi A, Bohucky S, Jurakova O, Dzuberova I, Kajanovicova V0[Tracheal stenosis and its treatment].MESH:D014135DiseaseTracheal stenosisabstract39A group of 89 patients suffering from tracheostenosis was studied in the period from January 1990 to January 1999. Surgical procedure on trachea was performed in 63 patients with postintubation (posttracheostomic) stenosis, in 6 patients with direct tracheal trauma, in 9 with tracheoesophageal fistula, in 7 with malignant stenosis, in 3 with postinflammatory subglottic stenosis. In the treatment of tracheal stenosis a set of methods was used ranging from laser and tracheal endoproteses, through cartilage implantation and plastic reconstruction of tracheal defects to extensive segmental resections. In a group of 50 patients with segmental resection in 43 (%) of them the result was good, in 2 (4%) of them satisfying, in 4 (8%) of them temporary brace (on T-cannule) persists, 1 patient died in postoperative period (2%). In a group of 39 patients with combined conservative treatment in 18 patients good results were reached (43.8%), in 6 satisfying (15.4%), in 13 of them temporary brace (on T-cannule) persists (33.3%) and 2 died in postoperative period (5.1%). In conclusion the results of this work suggest that the most frequent indication for surgical treatment is postintubation (postracheostomy) stenosis and that segmental trachea resection has priority in the treatment of tracheal stenoses. (Tab. 2, Ref. 18.)9606SpeciespatientsDiseasetracheostenosis9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D014947DiseasetraumaMESH:D014138Diseasetracheoesophageal fistulaMESH:D009369Diseasemalignant stenosisMESH:D007829Diseasesubglottic stenosisMESH:D002357Diseasecartilage implantation9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatient9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients 10573643Bratisl Lek Listy; 1999 Jun; 100(6) 296-3011999titlePechan I, Danova K0[Biochemical markers of perioperative myocardial infarct in non-cardiac surgery].MESH:D009203Diseasemyocardial infarctabstract82Perioperative myocardial infarction as well as other major cardiac events induced by myocardial ischemia during and after a more complex or long-lasting operation represents a permanent threat for a successful outcome. High number of cardiac ischemic events especially following major vascular surgery and in elder subjects requires early, sensitive and specific diagnostic markers. This review paper presents conventional as well as novel biochemical methods fulfilling the above mentioned criteria. Until now used estimations of traditional enzyme activities (aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase) are either entirely discarded or subsequently lose their importance (i.e. activities of total creatine kinase and its MB-isoenzyme) an instead modern methods that estimate the amounts of specific cardiac proteins--troponins T and I, constituents of myocardial contractile apparatus--released from ischemized heart are used. Patient's monitoring by means of these cardiac markers allows an early, rapid and reliable estimation of perioperative myocardial infarction enabling possible to arrange an immediate effective treatment. Recently the myocardial regulatory protein troponin I is considered the most specific cardiac marker the plasma level of which does not increase in acute damage and chronic diseases of skeletal muscles, nor in chronic renal failure. (Ref. 52.)MESH:D009203Diseasemyocardial infarctionMESH:D003324Diseasemyocardial ischemiaMESH:D007511Diseasecardiac ischemic9606SpeciesPatientMESH:D009203Diseasemyocardial infarctionMESH:D000208Diseaseacute damageDiseasechronic diseases of skeletal musclesMESH:D007676Diseasechronic renal failure 10573644Bratisl Lek Listy; 1999 Jun; 100(6) 302-71999titleSefranek V, Tomka J, Janotik P, Dulka T, Mondek P, Slysko R, Liska B0[Surgical treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms in severe ischemic coronary disease].MESH:D017544Diseaseabdominal aortic aneurysmsMESH:D007511DiseaseischemicMESH:D003324Diseasecoronary diseaseabstract88BACKGROUND: The abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is one of the most serious problems of vascular surgery and general medicine, as well. Endovascular methods of treatment have been developing very rapidly, however, the conventional treatment of the AAA still predominates. The results of operative treatment have been influenced besides the delayed diagnostics of the AAA resulting in a high rate of ruptured AAA by the high comorbidity of the AAA patients population. The accentuation of the proper preoperative and perioperative management of patients could therefore significantly influence the results of the surgery. MAIN PURPOSE AND STARTING POINTS: Striking difference between the mortality of elective and emergent surgery of AAA has been unchanged despite the intensive effort of many centers. One of the main factors of mortality is the concomitant serious coronary heart disease (CHD), predominantly the acute myocardial infarction (MI). The paper analyses the possibilities to improve the results of AAA surgery by means of the patients selection and effective preparation before the elective surgery. The risk factors and concomitant diseases of patients suffering from the AAA, the elective and emergent surgery ratio and the operative mortality are referred. The results of surgical treatment before and after accepting the modern CHD management algorithm are compared. METHODS: The present study is a retrospective analysis of the data of 343 consecutive patients with AAA operated on during the 20-years period from 1 January 1979 to 31 December 1998. The 1st group of 249 patients operated on during the 18-years period from 1. January 1979 to 31 December 1996 was not subjected to special attention concerning the CHD and was compared with the 2nd group of 93 patients operated on from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 1998. In this group of patients special attention was focused on the improvement of surgical techniques, intensive care and comprehensive diagnostics, evaluation and proper management of the concomitant CHD. RESULTS: The mortality rate of the elective surgery in the 1st group was 5.5%, in the 2nd group decreased to 3.6%, the difference was not statistically significant. Evident improvement of the results was apparent in emergency operations for ruptured AAA. The mortality rate in the 1st group of 76% dropped to 40% in the 2nd group (p < 0.05). The improved policy in the management has lead to statistically significant decrease of the MI incidence in the perioperative period (87.2% to 28.5%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The improved diagnostics, selection of patients with special concern to the CHD and management of the patients before surgery, improved surgical techniques and intensive care lead to evident improvement of the results in the surgical management of the AAA. This fact is confirmed by improved results of the 2nd group of patients because of improved CHD management algorithm. (Tab. 5, Fig. 1, Ref. 35.)MESH:D017544Diseaseabdominal aortic aneurysm9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D003324Diseasecoronary heart diseaseDiseaseCHDMESH:D009203Diseaseacute myocardial infarction9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsDiseaseCHD9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsDiseaseCHD9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsDiseaseCHD9606SpeciespatientsDiseaseCHD9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsDiseaseCHD 10573645Bratisl Lek Listy; 1999 Jun; 100(6) 308-111999titlePechan J, Pribelsky M, Okolicany R0[Preoperative levels of CEA and survival in patients with surgical treatment of colorectal carcinoma].1084Gene130497CEA9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D015179Diseasecolorectal carcinomaabstract103From the 1st January 1986 until the 31st December 1995 397 patients were operated on at the IInd Surgical Clinic of Medical Faculty, Comenius University in Bratislava because of colorectal cancer. Of them 325 patients were operated on electively and 72 patients were operated on as emergency cases. The authors analysed average survival time and the relationship between survival and preoperative level of CEA. The average survival time, without dividing into stages was 37.3 months, not involving patients with perioperative lethality of 43.1 months. 5 years survival without dividing into stages was 36.8%. Average survival of patients without dividing into stages with increased preoperative level of CEA was 28.7 months, in patients without increased level of CEA it was 42.5 months. 5-years survival in patients with normal preoperative level of CEA was 60.5%, in patients with increased level of CEA it was 35.7%. There was highest difference when dividing to subgroups based upon the stage of the disease between groups with stage pT4N0M0 and pT1-4N1-3M0. The positiveness or negativeness of the preoperative level of CE supports the staging of disease and supposes a significant difference in 5-years survival in patients especially in the mentioned stages. Although this difference is obvious, it is not possible to suppose individual prognosis of patients and the necessity of an adjuvant therapy. (Tab. 2, Ref. 31.)9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D015179Diseasecolorectal cancer9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients1084Gene130497CEA9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients1084Gene130497CEA9606Speciespatients1084Gene130497CEA9606Speciespatients1084Gene130497CEA9606Speciespatients1084Gene130497CEA9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients 10573646Bratisl Lek Listy; 1999 Jun; 100(6) 312-61999titlePetrasovic M, Belacek J, Holoman M0[Pedal bypass in the treatment of arterial occlusive disease of the lower extremities in diabetics].MESH:D001157Diseasearterial occlusive diseaseMESH:D003920Diseasediabeticsabstract101BACKGROUND: The increase of the number of diabetics in the population and prolongation of their survival increases also the number of patients suffering from diabetic foot syndrome. Terminal complication of diabetic foot syndrome is diabetic gangrene, which is the cause of 50% of major amputations performed in Slovak republic. The problem of major amputations is not only medical, but also economic one. Adequate treatment can reduce the number of amputations by 50%. One of the possibilities to improve the prognosis of a diabetic suffering from obliterative macroangiopathy is the treatment by distal bypass, because with the regard to the characteristic distribution of the lesions to leg arteries is the classic vessel surgery (aortofemoral and femoropopliteal/femorocrural bypasses) inefficient. After the introduction of this treatment at our department preliminary results and some prognostic factors of the surgery success were evaluated. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the efficiency of pedal bypass as a method of treatment for peripheral obliterative atherosclerosis in diabetics and to determine the predictive value of paraclinical investigations and angiography. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of clinical, paraclinical and functional parameters of patients in whom pedal bypass was indicated, focused on the analysis of angiography. RESULTS: Of the 142 patients hospitalised with diabetic foot complications 32 were indicated for pedal bypass. All the patients were in the IV stage according to Fontain, the range of gangrene reached in average 2.7 grades of Wagners scale. Early success--i.e. functional artery reconstruction after hospital discharge was achieved in 18 patients (56%). Positive criteria for early success of the surgery involve short interval from gangrene development and serum albumin level above 26 g/l as an indicator of the nutritional state. Favourable angiographic criteria were: passage free arteries of dorsum pedis (ADP, ATP, a. plantaris, ATA) in the length of 10 cm free from focal stenoses, presence of numerous collaterals of legs and dorsum pedis, opacification of metatarsal and digital arteries. CONCLUSION: Pedal bypass is an efficient method of treatment for obliterative processes of lower extremities in diabetics with involvement of leg arteries. On the basis of our results this procedure can be recommended after careful preoperative staging and analysis of angiography as the method of treatment. It is necessary to perform the operation as soon as possible regarding the worsened nutritional and healing potential of the organism in the case of gangrene. Providing the surgery is properly indicated and performed it significantly improves the life quality of the patient. (Tab. 5, Fig. 1, Ref. 22.)MESH:D003920Diseasediabetics9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D017719Diseasediabetic foot syndromeMESH:D017719Diseasediabetic foot syndromeMESH:D005734Diseasediabetic gangreneMESH:D003920DiseasediabeticMESH:C538011Diseaseobliterative macroangiopathyDiseasefemoropopliteal/femorocruralMESH:D050197DiseaseatherosclerosisMESH:D003920Diseasediabetics9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D003925Diseasediabetic foot complications9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D005734Diseasegangrene9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D005734Diseasegangrene213Gene405albumin-ChemicalADPMESH:D000255ChemicalATP877781Speciesa. plantarisMESH:D003920DiseasediabeticsMESH:D005734Diseasegangrene9606Speciespatient 10573647Bratisl Lek Listy; 1999 Jun; 100(6) 317-201999titleSteno J, Bizik I, Lampert M0[Concurrent cavernous and venous cerebral angiomas].MESH:D020787Diseasevenous cerebral angiomasabstract53Presence of venous angioma (VA) in a close vicinity of cavernous angioma (CA) of the brain enhances the risk of bleeding from CA. However, VA drains the venous blood from surrounding brain tissue and should be left in place during surgical removal of CA. Coincidence of CA and VA was found in 6 of 44 patients operated on for 45 CA during a six years period (1993-1998). Coincidental VA were found more often with the CA located in the deep structures of the brain, in the thalamus and the brainstem (5 of 15 cases) than with the superficial CA (1 of 30 cases). The most valuable diagnostic method was T1 weighted MR imaging with contrast enhancement, less reliable was nonenhanced T1 or proton density weighted imaging. Finding of the VA may positively influence the decision making concerning the indication for surgery and the selection of the most appropriate surgical tactics. (Tab. 1, Fig. 2, Ref. 15.)MESH:D020787Diseasevenous angiomaMESH:D006391Diseaseangioma9606Speciespatients 10573648Bratisl Lek Listy; 1999 Jun; 100(6) 321-31999titleHoleczy P, Novak P, Malina J, Oravsky M0[Laparoscopic appendectomy in acute appendicitis].MESH:D001064Diseaseappendicitisabstract51Laparoscopic appendectomy has not yet become a stable part of surgical armamentary as has laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The authors on the basis of their own experience show its benefit for the surgeon and for the patient. The conversion rate (7.7%) in the study group is comparable with literature data. The indication for operation was always periappendical mass, in combination with retroceocal position of the appendix. Minimum complication rate in the study group (one case of subfebrile fever in 5 days), very good overview in operation field with the possibility to treat also another pathologic findings concern the authors together with short hospital stay a clear advantages of laparoscopic appendectomy. On the basis of this experience their advocate the routine use of this operation. (Ref. 19.)9606SpeciespatientMESH:D005334Diseasesubfebrile fever 10573649Bratisl Lek Listy; 1999 Jun; 100(6) 324-61999titleVician M, Ziak M, Smolen V, Durdik S, Sekac J0[Laparoscopic vagotomy in the treatment of recurrent duodenal ulcer].MESH:D014456Diseaseulcerabstract70The paper represents our results of laparoscopic vagotomies. In 1993 was the first successful laparoscopic vagotomy in Slovakia performed, at the 1st Department of Surgery, Faculty Hospital, Bratislava. From this time 10 operations with front superselective and dorsal truncal vagotomy were performed. Effectiveness of vagotomy was controlled after 12 months by examination of the gastric acidity. Decrease of gastric acidity in average above 61% was reached. Laparoscopic vagotomy, despite dominant conservative treatment of peptic ulcer, is the method of choice, if the conservative treatment is unsuccessful. (Fig. 3, Ref. 6.)MESH:D005764Diseasegastric acidityMESH:D005764Diseasegastric acidityMESH:D010437Diseasepeptic ulcer 10573650Bratisl Lek Listy; 1999 Jun; 100(6) 327-91999titleZiak M, Simo J, Hrbaty B0[Diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma].MESH:D015179Diseasecolorectal carcinomaabstract37The authors analyzed a group of 207 patients operated on for colorectal carcinoma at the 1st Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty of Comenius University, in the years 1994-1998. They detected a high number of patients in stages C and D according to Dukes' classification--53.1% and a high percentage of patients with liver metastases (42%). The number of urgent operations in this five year follow-up increases gradually, which signalizes no improvement in early diagnostics of colorectal carcinoma. The first symptom of this disease was in 37% of cases bowel obstruction (ileus) or another complication of the underlying disease. It is clear from this analysis, that the early diagnostics of colorectal carcinoma is not improving. The authors also analyse the possibilities of improving this situation and the new possibilities of early diagnostics of colorectal carcinoma. (Tab. 2, Ref. 13.)9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D015179Diseasecolorectal carcinoma9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D009362Diseaseliver metastasesMESH:D015179Diseasecolorectal carcinomaMESH:D015212Diseasebowel obstructionMESH:D015179Diseasecolorectal carcinomaMESH:D015179Diseasecolorectal carcinoma 10573651Bratisl Lek Listy; 1999 Jun; 100(6) 330-31999titleHutan M, Bandzak J, Balaz P, Hostyn L0[Aortoesophageal fistulae as a cause of fatal hemorrhage].MESH:D005402DiseaseAortoesophageal fistulaeMESH:D006470Diseasehemorrhageabstract59Aortoesophageal fistula is a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, ranging from 0 to 2.3% in literature. The authors studied a group of 266 patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding during the period of three years (1996-1998). According to two patient cases and the data from literature diagnostic methods, causes of aortoesophageal fistulas are analysed and the necessity of urgent closure of the fistulas is stressed. (Tab. 2, Fig. 2, Ref. 15.)MESH:D005402DiseaseAortoesophageal fistulaMESH:D006471Diseaseupper gastrointestinal bleeding9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D006471Diseaseupper gastrointestinal bleeding9606SpeciespatientMESH:D005402Diseaseaortoesophageal fistulas 10573652Indian J. Med. Res.; 1999 Aug; 11037-421999titleJain A, Kar P, Gopalkrishna V, Gangwal P, Katiyar S, Das BC0Hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection & its pathogenic significance in patients of cirrhosis.54290SpeciesHepatitis G virus54290SpeciesHGVMESH:D000249Chemicalamp9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D005355Diseasecirrhosisabstract94In the present study the hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection and its pathogenic significance in patients of cirrhosis were assessed using reverse transcription plus nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Serum samples were collected from a total of 50 patients of histologically proven non-alcoholic cirrhosis and from a control group consisting of 50 healthy voluntary blood donors. HGV RNA was detected by RT-PCR using primer sequences located in the conserved NS3 helicase region of HGV genome. Serological evaluation for markers of chronic infection with HBV (HBsAg, IgG anti-HBc, HBeAg) and HCV (anti-HCV) was carried out using commercially available kits. HBV DNA and HCV RNA were also tested by PCR in those samples that were found to be non-B, non-C by serological assays. Serological evidence of exposure to HBV was found in 31 (62%) and to HCV in 15 (30%) patients. HGV RNA was detected in 6 (12%) cirrhosis patients and in 2 (4%) healthy blood donors but the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. Of the 6 HGV positive patients, 2 were coinfected with HBV, 1 with HCV, while the remaining 3 belonged to non-B, non-C category. No significant difference was observed in the clinical and biochemical profiles of HGV-positive and HGV-negative patients except that a history of blood transfusion was significantly (P < 0.005) more common in the former. The findings indicate that the HGV infection is commonly observed in both cirrhosis patients as well as healthy blood donors. A significant association of the virus with blood transfusion is indicative of a parenteral route of transmission. The observations of this study also suggest that the pathogenic role of HGV in the causation of liver disease may be insignificant.MESH:D006525Diseasehepatitis G virus (HGV) infection9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D005355Diseasecirrhosis9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D005355Diseasecirrhosis54290SpeciesHGV54290SpeciesHGVMESH:D006505Diseasechronic infection85348GeneHBc9606Speciespatients54290SpeciesHGVMESH:D005355Diseasecirrhosis9606Speciespatients54290SpeciesHGV9606Speciespatients54290SpeciesHGV54290SpeciesHGV9606Speciespatients54290SpeciesHGVMESH:D005355Diseasecirrhosis9606Speciespatients54290SpeciesHGVMESH:D008107Diseaseliver disease 10573653Indian J. Med. Res.; 1999 Aug; 11043-61999titleRahman H0Prevalence of enterotoxin gene (stn) among different serovars of Salmonella.28901SpeciesSalmonellaabstract77The prevalence of Salmonella enterotoxin (stn) gene among different Salmonella serovars by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its status of expression on the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were investigated. All the 26 strains of Salmonella enterica such as serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Dublin, Typhi, Newport, Weltevreden, Gallinarum, etc. investigated in this study were found to carry stn gene as examined by the PCR and gene probe. However, only a limited number of stn positive strains (34.6%) were found to express phenotypically the Salmonella enterotoxin (Stn) as tested by the CHO cell assay. The strains of S. bongori were found to be negative for Stn production both genotypically and phenotypically.28901SpeciesSalmonellaMESH:D012480DiseaseSalmonella serovars10029SpeciesChinese hamster28901SpeciesSalmonella enterica90371SpeciesTyphimurium90370SpeciesTyphi28901SpeciesSalmonella54736SpeciesS. bongori-ChemicalStn 10573654Indian J. Med. Res.; 1999 Aug; 11047-91999titleRahman H0Dot-ELISA for detection of Salmonella enterotoxin.28901SpeciesSalmonellaabstract51Nineteen strains of Salmonella enterica belonging to seven serovars and two strains of S. bongori were investigated for enterotoxin production by the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell assay and Dot-ELISA. All the 19 strains were found to carry stn gene when tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers for stn sequence. Thirteen strains (68.42%) were found to produce Salmonella enterotoxin (Stn) when tested by the CHO cell assay. Dot-ELISA could detect Stn in 16 strains (84.21%). Dot-ELISA may be preferred over other assays due to its low cost and simplicity in performance.28901SpeciesSalmonella enterica54736SpeciesS. bongori10029SpeciesChinese hamster28901SpeciesSalmonella 10573655Indian J. Med. Res.; 1999 Aug; 11050-51999titleAlavandi SV, Subashini MS, Ananthan S0Occurrence of haemolytic & cytotoxic Aeromonas species in domestic water supplies in Chennai.MESH:D000249Chemicalampabstract98A study on the occurrence of Aeromonas species in the domestic water supplies in Chennai showed that as much as 37.9 per cent of the water samples analyzed from various sources harbored Aeromonas spp. Majority of the isolates belonged to Aeromonas sobria (13.7%), A. caviae (11.6%) and A. hydrophila (9.5%). Among the 37 metropolitan water samples analyzed, 11 samples yielded Aeromonas spp. inclusive of three isolates of A. hydrophila, four of A. sobria and two isolates each of A. caviae and A. jandaei. From a total of 28 bore well water samples analyzed, Aeromonas spp. were recovered from 15 samples, comprising five isolates of A. hydrophila, six of A. sobria and four isolates of A. caviae. Aeromonas spp. inclusive of one isolate of A. hydrophila, five of A. caviae, three of A. sobria and one isolate of A. veronii were isolated from 10 of the 30 water packets of various commercial brands sold in Chennai. Of a total of 36 isolates obtained, 32 (89%) produced beta-haemolysin with the titres ranging from 2-32 and 20 isolates (56%) were cytotoxic to vero cell monolayers. All the Aeromonas isolates were resistant to ampicillin and polymyxin B. All A. hydrophila and A. caviae isolates were also resistant to cephalothin and erythromycin and 83.3 per cent of Aeromonas isolates were resistant to erythromycin. Aeromonads resistant to tetracycline, gentamycin, co-trimoxazole and nalidixic acid appear to be emerging. The study revealed that Aeromonas spp. occur in the potable and domestic water supplies and even in the chlorinated water supplies in Chennai city, which are potentially enteropathogenic and hence may be hazardous to public health. In view of these findings drinking and domestic water quality standards need to be re-evaluated.MESH:D014867Chemicalwater646SpeciesAeromonas sobria648SpeciesA. caviae644SpeciesA. hydrophilaMESH:D014867Chemicalwater644SpeciesA. hydrophila646SpeciesA. sobria648SpeciesA. caviae650SpeciesA. jandaeiMESH:D014867Chemicalwater644SpeciesA. hydrophila646SpeciesA. sobria648SpeciesA. caviae644SpeciesA. hydrophila648SpeciesA. caviae646SpeciesA. sobria654SpeciesA. veroniiMESH:D014867ChemicalwaterMESH:D000667Chemicalampicillin644SpeciesA. hydrophila648SpeciesA. caviaeMESH:D002512ChemicalcephalothinMESH:D004917ChemicalerythromycinMESH:D004917ChemicalerythromycinMESH:D013752ChemicaltetracyclineMESH:D005839ChemicalgentamycinMESH:D015662Chemicalco-trimoxazoleMESH:D009268Chemicalnalidixic acidMESH:D014867ChemicalwaterMESH:D014867Chemicalwater 10573656Indian J. Med. Res.; 1999 Aug; 11056-691999title0Fifteen year follow up of trial of BCG vaccines in south India for tuberculosis prevention. Tuberculosis Research Centre (ICMR), Chennai.MESH:D014376DiseasetuberculosisMESH:D014376DiseaseTuberculosisabstract138A large scale community-based double blind randomized controlled trial was carried out in Chingleput district of south India to evaluate the protective effect of BCG against bacillary forms of pulmonary tuberculosis. From among 366,625 individuals registered, 281,161 persons were vaccinated with BCG or placebo by random allocation. Two strains of BCG were used, the French and Danish, with a high dose (0.1 mg/0.1 ml) and a low dose (0.01 mg/0.1 ml) in each strain. The entire population was followed up for 15 years by means of resurveys every 30 months, and selective follow up every 10 months and continuous passive case finding. There were 560 cases (189, 191 and 180 from the high dose, low dose and placebo groups respectively) arising over 15 years, among 109,873 persons who were tuberculin negative and had a normal chest X-ray at intake. This represents a small fraction of the total incidence of 2.6 per 1000 person-years most of which came from those who were initially tuberculin positive. The incidence rates in the three "vaccination" groups were similar confirming the complete lack of protective efficacy, seen at the end of 7 1/2 years. BCG offered no overall protection in adults and a low level of overall protection (27%; 95% C.I. -8 to 50%) in children. This lack of protection could not be explained by methodological flaws, or the influence of prior sensitisation by non specific sensitivity, or because most of the cases arose as a result of exogenous re-infection. The findings at 15 years show that in this population with high infection rates and high nonspecific sensitivity, BCG did not offer any protection against adult forms of bacillary pulmonary tuberculosis.MESH:D014397Diseasepulmonary tuberculosis9606Speciespersons9606Speciespersons9606Speciesperson9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D014397Diseasepulmonary tuberculosis 10573657Indian J. Med. Res.; 1999 Aug; 11070-51999titleDehghani GA, Sotoodeh M, Omrani GR0Trophic effects of vanadium on beta-cells of STZ-induced insulin dependent diabetic rats & evidence for long-term relief of diabetes mellitus.MESH:D013311ChemicalSTZMESH:D003922Diseaseinsulin dependent diabetic10116SpeciesratsMESH:D000249ChemicalampMESH:D003920Diseasediabetes mellitusabstract147The effects of one year combined vanadium and insulin treatment (VIT) on blood glucose levels of insulin dependent diabetic (IDD) rats were studied. Rats made diabetic by an i.v. injection of 55-60 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ), divided into two groups and treated with a low dose of NPH insulin (2-4 U/rat) for two months to survive from hyperglycaemic shock. In group A, hyperglycaemia ameliorated during one year by increasing the daily dose of insulin to 8.2 +/- 0.4 U/100 g (IT) and in group B by switching over to hydrated vanadium solution (1 mg/ml vanadyl oxide sulphate pentahydrate in drinking water; VIT). The results of the study indicated that one year VIT regenerated new beta-cells, and relieved diabetes both during treatment and after withdrawal. However, one year IT showed no trophic effects on the destroyed beta-cells, hence no improvement in the glycaemic status of the animal was seen after withdrawal. The action of VIT was such that in group B normoglycaemeia persisted in 90 per cent of diabetic rats two weeks after insulin withdrawal. But in the same group, 45 days after combined vanadium and insulin withdrawal blood glucose was normal in 60 per cent of the rats, it was between 250-300 mg/dl in 18 per cent and between 350-400 mg/dl in 24 per cent of the rats. In conclusion it appears that long term VIT regenerates pancreatic beta-cells of IDD rats and possibly by improving their secretory functions it relieves diabetes mellitus.MESH:D014639ChemicalvanadiumMESH:D005947ChemicalglucoseMESH:D003922Diseaseinsulin dependent diabeticMESH:C535531DiseaseIDD10116Speciesrats10116SpeciesRatsMESH:D003920DiseasediabeticMESH:D013311ChemicalstreptozotocinMESH:D013311ChemicalSTZ10116SpeciesratMESH:D012769Diseasehyperglycaemic shockDiseasehyperglycaemiaMESH:D014639Chemicalvanadium-Chemicalvanadyl oxide sulphate pentahydrateMESH:D014867ChemicalwaterMESH:D003920Diseasediabetes-ChemicalVITMESH:D003920Diseasediabetic10116SpeciesratsMESH:D014639ChemicalvanadiumMESH:D013375Diseaseinsulin withdrawal blood glucose10116Speciesrats10116SpeciesratsMESH:C535531DiseaseIDD10116SpeciesratsMESH:D003920Diseasediabetes mellitus 10573658J Sports Med Phys Fitness; 1999 Sep; 39(3) 179-881999titleSilber ML0Scientific facts behind creatine monohydrate as sport nutrition supplement.-Chemicalcreatine monohydrateabstract76Currently, strong efforts are being made toward demonstrating possible risks of using pure creatine monohydrate (Cr.H2O). In this article, scientific facts and considerations are presented, which support such concern. A further attempt is made to pursue the concept of possible risks of uncontrolled supplementation in athletes with pure Cr.H2O. The problem is viewed from the scientific evidence that a highly conservative mechanism of homeostatic feed-back inhibitory self-regulation of Cr biosynthesis in the body has been evolutionary developed. It is shown that numerous features characteristic to Cr biosynthesis, metabolism, and regulation allow to interpret its stimulatory action in the body as endocrine hormone-like. Based on this assumption, a practical approach for detecting altered links in Cr metabolism and biosynthesis under conditions of pure Cr.H2O overdosing, is suggested. Strategic considerations regarding early diagnosis, prognosis, and correction of the down-regulated endogenous Cr biosynthesis in athletes on continuous pure Cr.H2O supplementation, are discussed. As a high efficient and safe alternative to pure Cr.H2O, a complex nutrition supplement formula for elite athletes is proposed, which exploits natural alpha-ketoglutarate as a vehicle for delivering exogenous low molecular biologically-active compounds, including Cr.-Chemicalcreatine monohydrateMESH:D002857ChemicalCrMESH:D014867ChemicalH2OMESH:D002857ChemicalCrMESH:D014867ChemicalH2OMESH:D002857ChemicalCrMESH:D002857ChemicalCrMESH:D002857ChemicalCrMESH:D002857ChemicalCrMESH:D014867ChemicalH2OMESH:D062787DiseaseoverdosingMESH:D002857ChemicalCrMESH:D002857ChemicalCrMESH:D014867ChemicalH2OMESH:D002857ChemicalCrMESH:D014867ChemicalH2OMESH:D007656Chemicalalpha-ketoglutarate 10573659J Sports Med Phys Fitness; 1999 Sep; 39(3) 189-961999titleJones AM, Atter T, Georg KP0Oral creatine supplementation improves multiple sprint performance in elite ice-hockey players.MESH:D003401Chemicalcreatineabstract96BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of oral creatine monohydrate supplementation on multiple sprint cycle and skating performance in ice-hockey players. METHODS: PARTICIPANTS: sixteen elite ice-hockey players were selected as subjects. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: subjects were randomly assigned to either a creatine (Cr) (n = 8) or a placebo (P) group (n = 8) in a double blind design. After familiarization and baseline tests, subjects loaded with 5 g of creatine monohydrate or placebo (glucose) four times per day for 5 days, after which a maintenance dose of 5 g per day for 10 weeks was administered. At baseline, and after 10 days and 10 weeks of supplementation, subjects performed i) a cycle test involving 5 all-out sprints of 15 sec duration separated by 15 sec recovery with the resistance set at 0.075 body mass (kg), and ii) 6 timed 80-m skating sprints with the sprints initiated every 30 sec and a split time taken at 47 m. RESULTS: A two-way ANOVA demonstrated no significant change in any of the variables in the P group over the period of study. However, in the Cr group, average mean power output over the 5 sprints was significantly higher at 10 days (1074 +/- 241 W) and 10 weeks (1025 +/- 216 W) than at baseline (890 +/- 172 W), (p < 0.01). Average peak power output over the 5 sprints improved significantly from baseline (1294 +/- 311 W) to 10 days (1572 +/- 463 W), (p < 0.01). Average on-ice sprint performance to 47 m was significantly faster at 10 days (6.88 +/- 0.21 sec) and 10 weeks (6.96 +/- 0.19 sec) than at baseline (7.17 +/- 0.27 sec), (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that creatine supplementation has an ergogenic effect in elite ice-hockey players.-Chemicalcreatine monohydrate9606SpeciesPARTICIPANTSMESH:D003401ChemicalcreatineMESH:D003401ChemicalCr-Chemicalcreatine monohydrateMESH:D005947ChemicalglucoseMESH:D003401ChemicalCrMESH:D003401Chemicalcreatine 10573660J Sports Med Phys Fitness; 1999 Sep; 39(3) 197-2011999titleVilla JG, Bayon JE, González-Gallego J0Changes in metabolism and urinary excretion of antipyrine induced by aerobic conditioning.MESH:D000983Chemicalantipyrineabstract91BACKGROUND: Physical conditioning has been reported to increase liver oxidative metabolism determined by antipyrine clearance. The purpose of this investigation was to study effects of aerobic conditioning on the different metabolic pathways of antipyrine by comparing the production clearances of antipyrine metabolites. METHODS: PARTICIPANT: volunteers not engaged in the systematic practice of any sport (n = 14) were compared with aerobically-conditioned subjects (n = 14) (long distance runners, defined as men running > 80 km/week). INTERVENTIONS: antipyrine was administered orally. Saliva samples were collected under basal conditions and at 8, 16, 24, 32 and 40 hrs following antipyrine administration. Urine was collected for 24 hrs after antipyrine ingestion. MEASURES: endurance performance was expressed by the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), the ventilatory threshold and the 4 mM.l-1 lactate threshold (OBLA). Antipyrine pharmacokinetic parameters (antipyrine clearance and half-live) were obtained from saliva samples by the standard multiple-sample method. RESULTS: VO2max, ventilatory threshold and OBLA were higher in trained than in control subjects (+32%, +16% and +74%, respectively). Salivary antipyrine clearance was higher, whether or not this variable was corrected for weight (+26% and +38%, respectively), and antipyrine half-life was significantly reduced (-31%) in runners. There was no significant change with training in the renal clearance of antipyrine or in the norantipyrine (NORA) formation clearance but significant increases were observed in hydroxymethylantipyrine (HMA) and 4-hydroxyantipyrine (OHA) formation clearances (+42 and +37%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that aerobic conditioning leads to increased disposition of antipyrine and that the main metabolic pathways of the compound are changed differently.MESH:D000983ChemicalantipyrineMESH:D000983Chemicalantipyrine9606SpeciesPARTICIPANT9606SpeciesmenMESH:D000983ChemicalantipyrineMESH:D010100ChemicaloxygenMESH:D019344ChemicallactateMESH:D000983ChemicalantipyrineMESH:D000077553ChemicalnorantipyrineMESH:D000077553ChemicalNORA-Chemicalhydroxymethylantipyrine-ChemicalHMAMESH:C007983Chemical4-hydroxyantipyrine-ChemicalOHAMESH:D000983Chemicalantipyrine 10573661J Sports Med Phys Fitness; 1999 Sep; 39(3) 202-61999titleBaba R, Kubo N, Morotome Y, Iwagaki S0Reproducibility of the oxygen uptake efficiency slope in normal healthy subjects.MESH:D010100Chemicaloxygenabstract82BACKGROUND: To elucidate the intertest agreement of the oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) in comparison with those of the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT). METHODS: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: A comparative study. SETTING: Institutional practice. A total of 19 healthy volunteers underwent two sessions of maximal exercise testing with an interval of no more than 7 days. The testing was conducted on a cycle ergometer with the work rate increased by either 20, 30, or 40 Watts (W)/min so that the subject would reach exhaustion within 9 to 12 min of exercise. VAT was defined as the level of oxygen uptake (VO2) at which either an increase in the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen without a concomitant increase in the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide or a change in the slope of the linear relationship between carbon-dioxide production (VCO2) and VO2 occurred. OUES was determined by the following equation: VO2 = a log VE + b, where VE was minute ventilation and "a" was the OUES. Intertest reproducibility was assessed by coefficient of repeatability (COR). RESULTS: The intertest reproducibility of VO2max and OUES were excellent (COR = 570 ml/min [16%] and 740 [20%], respectively). VAT showed poor agreement between the two tests (COR = 650 ml/min [31%]). CONCLUSIONS: Results show that OUES is reproducible and reliable, supporting the clinical usefulness of this index.MESH:D010100ChemicaloxygenMESH:D010100ChemicaloxygenDiseaseVATDiseaseVATMESH:D010100Chemicaloxygen-ChemicalVO2MESH:D010100ChemicaloxygenMESH:D002245Chemicalcarbon dioxideMESH:D002245Chemicalcarbon-dioxide-ChemicalVCO2-ChemicalVO2DiseaseVAT 10573662J Sports Med Phys Fitness; 1999 Sep; 39(3) 207-121999titleGreen JM, Michael T, Solomon AH0The validity of ratings of perceived exertion for cross-modal regulation of swimming intensity.abstract96BACKGROUND: This study examined the use of Borg's category Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale for prescribing and self-regulating swimming intensity. Subjects were males and females (n = 19) ages nineteen to fifty-eight who regularly swam for fitness. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS: Subjects completed six trials. Each trial was separated by a minimum of forty-eight hours. Mean cycle ergometry heart rates at estimated RPE-overall 12 and 16 were compared to mean swimming heart rates at produced RPE-overall 12 and 16. Also, mean arm ergometry heart rates at estimated RPE-arms 12 and 16 were compared to mean swimming heart rates at produced RPE-arms 12 and 16. Cycling and arm ergometry anchor trials familiarized subjects with testing protocol and Borg's scale prior to estimation and production trials. Comparisons were made using a one-way ANOVA (alpha 0.05). RESULTS: Mean cycling heart rate at RPE-overall 16 was not significantly different from mean swimming heart rate at RPE-overall 16. Mean swimming heart rate was significantly greater than cycling heart rate at RPE-overall 12. Mean swimming heart rates at RPE-arms 12 and 16 were significantly greater than arm ergometry heart rates at RPE-arms 12 and 16. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that RPE-overall 16 may be useful in prescribing a higher exercise intensity for swimmers. However, adjustments from RPE-overall 12 are needed for establishing a lower intensity. Additionally, arm ergometry-based RPEs may require adjustments to be effective in prescribing and regulating swimming intensity. Results suggest that cycling and arm ergometry anchored RPE responses should be used with discretion when prescribing and regulating swimming intensity.MESH:D012640Diseasefitness 10573663J Sports Med Phys Fitness; 1999 Sep; 39(3) 213-91999titleDe Lorenzo A, Bertini I, Candeloro N, Piccinelli R, Innocente I, Brancati A0A new predictive equation to calculate resting metabolic rate in athletes.abstract75BACKGROUND: The purposes of the present study were: 1) to examine the accuracy and precision of seven published equations for predicting resting metabolic rate (RMR) in male athletes and 2) to develop a population-specific equation. SETTING: The study occurred during a non-intensive training period. The measurements were performed at the Human Physiology laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-one male athletes (22 waterpolo, 12 judo, 17 karate) who exercised regularly at least three hours per day. MEASURES: RMR was measured (mRMR) using indirect calorimetry (ventilated hood system). Besides, mRMR was compared with values predicted (pRMR) using equations of FAO/WHO/UNU, Harris and Benedict, Mifflin et al., Owen et al., Cunningham, Robertson and Reid, Fleisch. Statistical analyses. mRMR was compared with pRMR by means of Student's paired "t" tests, linear regression analysis and the Bland-Altman test. Relationships between mRMR and the different predictive variables were evaluated by Pearson correlation coefficients. The best subset was used to develop the predictive equation for RMR. RESULTS: mRMR was significantly underestimated by six of the seven equations in this sample of athletes. Only the Cunningham equation overestimated (+59 kcal/d) the actual RMR. Bland-Altman 95% limits of agreement were wide (+/- 200-300 kcal/d) for all equations. RMR correlated best with body surface area (r = 0.88), body weight (r = 0.84) and height (r = 0.81). The best-fit equation for the entire data included both weight and height and it was given by: RMR (kcal/d) = -857 + 9.0 (Wt in kg) + 11.7 (Ht in cm) (R2 = 0.78; SEE = 91 kcal/d; 95% IC: -226, 228). CONCLUSIONS: For an individual resting metabolic rate evaluation, the use of indirect calorimetry is recommended. In conditions where this technique cannot be used, our developed equation can predict the RMR of athletes better than any of the currently available prediction equations.9606SpeciesHuman9606SpeciesPARTICIPANTS 10573664J Sports Med Phys Fitness; 1999 Sep; 39(3) 220-51999titleSzabo A, Small A, Leigh M0The effects of slow- and fast-rhythm classical music on progressive cycling to voluntary physical exhaustion.abstract110BACKGROUND: To investigate, based on the parallel information processing model and arousal hypothesis, whether musical tempo and its manipulation during exercise affect the maximal workload (watts) achieved during progressive cycling. METHODS: DESIGN: repeated measures experiment that involved one control and four treatment conditions. SETTINGS: the experiment was performed in a controlled laboratory environment. PARTICIPANTS: twenty-four male and female volunteers, recruited from among a University population, were tested. INTERVENTION: the data collection proceeded in five counterbalanced test-sessions that included control (C), slow music (SM), fast music (FM) slow to fast music (SFM) and fast to slow music (FSM) interventions. In the last two conditions, musical tempo was changed when the participant's maximal HR reserve has reached 70%. In all test-sessions, participants started to cycle at 50 watts and then the workload was increased in increments of 25 watts every minute until self-declared exhaustion. Maximal ergometer cycling was defined as the workload at the last completed minute of exercise. MEASURES: workload, HR, and postexperimental ratings of test-session preferences were the dependent measures. RESULTS: Significantly higher workload was accomplished in the SFM condition. No between-session differences were seen in HR. The results also yielded significantly better "efficiency", in terms of workload/HR reserve ratio, in the SFM session. PARTICIPANTS preferred the FM and SFM sessions more than the other sessions. CONCLUSIONS: Switching to FM during progressive exercise results in the accomplishment of more work without proportional changes in HR. These effects may be due to distraction from fatigue and are, apparently, dependent on the attention capturing strength of the distracting stimulus.9606SpeciesPARTICIPANTS9606Speciesparticipant9606Speciesparticipants9606SpeciesPARTICIPANTSMESH:D005221Diseasefatigue 10573665J Sports Med Phys Fitness; 1999 Sep; 39(3) 226-321999titleProu E, Guevel A, Benezet P, Marini JF0Exercise-induced muscle damage: absence of adaptive effect after a single session of eccentric isokinetic heavy resistance exercise.MESH:D009135Diseasemuscle damageabstract133BACKGROUND: Unaccustomed eccentric exercise induces muscle damage. A single session of eccentric exercise can induce an "adaptive effect" protecting exercised muscles during several weeks. Our aim was to verify this phenomenon in isokinetic exercise. Tested hypothesis was: the progressive muscle rise in tension due to isokinetic eccentric actions would be insufficient to induce the adaptive effect. METHODS: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: prospective study. SETTING: general community. PARTICIPANTS: six healthy and moderately active (untrained) males (29.1 yr +/- 1.5 SEM). INTERVENTIONS: subjects performed two isokinetic eccentric exercises (EE1 and EE2) of the quadriceps femoris of both legs (120 degrees.s-1; 8 sets of 15 repetitions) separated by 4 weeks. MEASURES: type I serum myosin heavy chains (MHC) and creatine kinase concentrations (CK), and rate of perceived soreness (DOMS) were collected before each exercise and on days 1, 2, 4, 6 and 9. RESULTS: Both exercises induced significant (p < 0.01) increases in MHC and CK concentrations, and DOMS score. There was no significant difference between EE1 and EE2, at any measurement time for any parameter. Mean peak values (SEM) were respectively (EE1; EE2): MHC (microU.l-1): 308 (192); 285 (191). CK (U.l-1): 1217 (760); 1297 (1039). DOMS score: 2.67 (0.52); 2.33 (0.52). CONCLUSIONS: The first session of eccentric isokinetic exercise (EE1) had no adaptive effect against muscle damage when an identical session was performed 4 weeks later (EE2). Muscle adaptation could have resulted in increased work production (+10.2%; p < 0.05; from EE1 to EE2).MESH:D009135Diseasemuscle damageMESH:D000309Diseaseinsufficient9606SpeciesPARTICIPANTSMESH:D060048Diseasequadriceps femoris of both legs3107Gene133080myosin heavy chains3107Gene133080MHC3107Gene133080MHC3107Gene133080MHCMESH:D009135Diseasemuscle damage 10573666J Sports Med Phys Fitness; 1999 Sep; 39(3) 233-91999titleSchuler PB, Lloyd LK, Leblanc PA, Clapp TA, Abadie BR, Collins RK0The effect of physical activity and fitness on specific antibody production in college students.MESH:D012640Diseasefitnessabstract97BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of moderate physical activity/fitness on the immune response to a defined antigen, in particular, the hemagglutinin-inhibition response to the H1 (A/Texas/36/91) and H3 (A/Johannesburg/33/94) components of the 1995-96 Influenza virus vaccine. METHODS: Sixty-seven volunteers 18-30 years of age (mean 21.1 + 2.3) participated in the study. Physical activity was assessed using the Stanford 7-Day Recall Questionnaire, physical fitness (VO2max) was predicted based on graded submaximal cycle ergometry. Participants were divided into six groups (lower-active/fit, moderate active/fit, and higher active/fit), based on their scores on the 7-Day Recall Questionnaire or predicted VO2max, respectively. Plasma samples were collected prior to, one, two, four, and six weeks post vaccination. A total of four separate repeated measures ANOVA were utilized to evaluate the effect of physical fitness and physical activity on the immune response to the H1 and H3 components of the vaccine. RESULTS: As expected, for both antigens, titers significantly increased after vaccination, with the highest titers found on week four (H1) and week six (H3), respectively. However, for both antigens, there was no difference between groups and no significant interaction. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed no significant effect of physical fitness or physical activity on the production of specific antibody in the range of physical fitness and physical activity found within this group of college students.MESH:D012640Diseasefitness11309SpeciesInfluenza virusMESH:D008569DiseaseRecallMESH:D012640Diseasefitness9606SpeciesParticipantsMESH:D008569DiseaseRecallMESH:D012640DiseasefitnessMESH:D012640DiseasefitnessMESH:D012640Diseasefitness 10573667J Sports Med Phys Fitness; 1999 Sep; 39(3) 240-31999titleShore S, Shepard RJ0Immune responses to exercise in children treated for cancer.9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D009369Diseasecancerabstract61BACKGROUND: Children treated for cancer commonly benefit physiologically from moderate aerobic training, but it is less clear if impairment of the immune system secondary to chemotherapy reduces the immunological tolerance of exercise relative to normal children. METHODS: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: a case series. SETTING: hospital laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: six children aged 13-14 yr, successfully treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and other types of neoplasms, were compared with 11 normal volunteer children. INTERVENTIONS: three of the sample underwent 12 weeks training at 70-85% of maximal heart rate; the remaining three provided initial and final test data only. MEASURES: mood state (Piers-Harris test), anthropometric data, maximal oxygen intake, response to 30 min exercise challenges at anaerobic threshold, and standard immune measures (differential count, cytolytic activity, and mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation) at rest, during and following submaximal exercise. RESULTS: A low maximal oxygen intake, excess of body fat, and high anxiety scores all improved with training. Children who were still receiving chemotherapy showed low resting CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+ and CD25+ counts and reduced PHA-induced proliferation. Acute exercise and training caused further impairment of immune responses, although changes remained insufficient to cause concern for health. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise therapy is beneficial following treatment of cancer, but should be prescribed individually, with a careful monitoring of immune responses.9606SpeciesChildrenMESH:D009369Diseasecancer9606Specieschildren9606SpeciesPARTICIPANTS9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D054198Diseaseacute lymphoblastic leukaemiaMESH:D009369Diseaseneoplasms9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D010100ChemicaloxygenMESH:D010100ChemicaloxygenMESH:D001008Diseaseanxiety9606SpeciesChildren930Gene1341CD193559Gene360CD25MESH:D009369Diseasecancer 10573668J Sports Med Phys Fitness; 1999 Sep; 39(3) 244-81999titleMens JM, Stoeckart R, Snijders CJ, Verhaar JA, Stam HJ0Tennis elbow, natural course and relationship with physical activities: an inquiry among physicians.abstract101BACKGROUND: The main purposes of the study were to answer the following two questions: is a restrictive therapeutic management in case of tennis elbow (TE) better or worse than a regular therapeutic approach and do racket sports and other physical activities influence the risk to get TE and to what extent. METHODS: DESIGN: Cross-sectional study by means of a postal questionnaire. The impression was verified that physicians are reserved about medical interventions when treating themselves for tennis elbow. The frequency of therapeutic measures and their results were compared with data reported in literature. Physical activities of physicians who had TE were compared with those of physicians who never had TE. SETTING: Physicians who attended postgraduate courses on diagnosis and treatment in orthopedic medicine from 1984 to 1992. PARTICIPANT: 72 physicians who had TE and 266 with no history of TE. MEASURE: The study is based on self-assessment of therapeutic approaches and their results, reported physical activities at the onset of TE and at the moment of the inquiry. By a team of experts the grade of grasping and/or dorsiflexion of the physical activities was classified. RESULTS: Compared with patients in general practice, physicians treating themselves for TE were more restrictive to use NSAID's, ointments or local steroid injections or to consult a specialist. No-one was treated with surgery and no-one interrupted her/his work because of TE. In all but two of the 72 cases the TE resolved within two years. The odds ratio for TE for playing racket sports versus not playing racket sports was 2.8 (95% confidence interval 1.64-4.82). The odds ratio for activities with low-grade grasping and/or dorsiflexion versus "no sports or hobbies" was 0.11 (0.02-0.50). CONCLUSIONS: Absence from work and therapeutic measures for TE are (in physicians) not necessary for a good result on the long term. Playing racket sports increases the risk to get TE by a factor of 2.8. Performing weekly activities with low grade grasping and/or dorsiflexion of the wrist may have a protective effect against developing tennis elbow.9606SpeciesPARTICIPANT9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D013256Chemicalsteroid 10573669J Sports Med Phys Fitness; 1999 Sep; 39(3) 249-521999titleBenaglia PG, Sartorio F, Franchignoni F0A new thermoplastic splint for proximal interphalangeal joint flexion contractures.MESH:D010003Diseaseinterphalangeal joint flexion contracturesabstract84BACKGROUND: Aim of this technical note is to describe the fabrication procedure of a new thermoplastic static-progressive hand-based splint for PIP joint flexion contractures, and report its effects in the treatment of a small group of sportsmen. METHODS: The serial-static splint consists of a short metacarpal gauntlet base, with a hole for the thumb and a dorsal finger gutter that extends to the distal extremity. A low-temperature thermoplastic material, two loop fastener straps, three small pieces of self-adhesive hook fastener and cooling spray are required. The orthosis has been tested on four professional volleyball players (3 females and 1 male), aged 18-24 years, suffering from PIP joint flexion contractures after traumatic hand injuries occurred 2 to 3 months before. Patients wore the splint for 1 hour followed by 1 hour of rest (6 times per day), for 2 to 3 weeks. During the resting periods patients performed a few sets of active ROM exercises at their PIP joint. RESULTS: This new splint design demonstrated to be effective in early recovery of complete PIP joint extension and subjects resumed soon their sports activity. CONCLUSIONS: Our device is easy to fabricate and to use and comfortable for patients.MESH:D003286DiseasePIP joint flexion contracturesDiseaseorthosisMESH:D003286DiseasePIP joint flexion contracturesMESH:D006230Diseasetraumatic hand injuries9606SpeciesPatients9606Speciespatients5304Gene1990PIP5304Gene1990PIP9606Speciespatients 10573670J Sports Med Phys Fitness; 1999 Sep; 39(3) 253-81999titleDemont RG, Lephart SM, Giraldo JL, Giannantonio FP, Yuktanandana P, Fu FH0Comparison of two abdominal training devices with an abdominal crunch using strength and EMG measurements.abstract107BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare the training effects of the Ab-Flex (F), Ab-Roller (R) and standard crunch (C) on EMG production, isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), and isokinetic average peak torque at 30 degrees/sec (ISO) of the abdominal muscles. It was hypothesized that the training devices would have similar value in a strength training program. METHODS: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: this was a prospective study involving 18 training sessions of progressively increasing repetitions. SETTING: Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh. SUBJECTS: thirty-two subjects volunteered for this study, but only 26 completed the training. Each subject participated in recreational activity, but had not performed any abdominal training prior to starting this study. Each subject was randomly assigned to either the control group or one of the treatment groups. INTERVENTIONS: there were three interventions: two training devices (Ab-Flex and Ab-Roller) and the standard crunch, considered a control group. MEASURES: the pretest consisted of skin fold measurements (%), EMG activity (V) during the three interventions, and peak torque (Nm) plus EMG during the MVC and ISO tasks. The 18 training sessions over three weeks consisted of three sets of exercise with increasing repetitions from 10 to 20, by 2, every three sessions. The difference in pretest/posttest scores were compared using a One-way ANOVA on the mean differences (Mdiff) for each of: MVC, ISO (peak torque), and EMG for upper rectus (UR), lower rectus (LR), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO). A T-Test was used to detect significance for the body fat measures. RESULTS: Mean differences (Mdiff) were normally distributed about zero for both MVC and ISO (MVC = -0.55, ISO = 4.57). The analysis by group showed no difference (p = 0.596) on the reported means (Nm) -3.16 (C), 5.84 (F) and -4.83 (R). The change associated to the treatment during MVC was only 4% (eta = 0.04). For the ISO the Mdiff (Nm) were 1.39 (C), 13.66 (F) and -2.06 (R) which were not significant (p = 0.127). The Ab-Flex was the only group to have a 95% confidence interval above zero, increasing by an average of 16.5%. There were no significant differences for the EMG activity for Mdiff or between group scores. CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences were found with this study. These results would suggest that using these devices does not add significantly to overall abdominal strength development, or reduction of body fat. A suggestion could be made that certain devices influence muscles differently. 10573671J Sports Med Phys Fitness; 1999 Sep; 39(3) 259-661999titleFenici R, Ruggieri MP, Brisinda D, Fenici P0Cardiovascular adaptation during action pistol shooting.abstract57BACKGROUND: Action Pistol Shooting, implies high degree of physical and psychological stress, however cardiovascular adaptation during competition has not been studied so far. METHODS: We studied six healthy males athletes, during the Italian National Dynamic Pistol Shooting Championship. ECG was monitored and blood pressure (BP) manually measured along the match. RESULTS: Mean heart rate (HR) was close to 100 bpm per minute in all but one shooters. Marked tachycardia, above 180 beats per minute was recorded in four shooters, during "field course" stages. In two cases the heart rate under stress reached about 200 bpm, for the occurrence of paroxysmal atrial arrhythmias. BP behavior was different among the six shooters with mean systolic values ranging between 140 and 170 mmHg and maximal systolic values between 160 e 240 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS: Action Pistol Shooting induces acute elevation of HR and BP, which may reach abnormal values and can be associated with impaired performance and score. Further study is warranted in shooters undergoing combat-like tournaments to evaluate unperceived cardiovascular stress and their coping capability.MESH:D013610DiseasetachycardiaMESH:D001145Diseaseparoxysmal atrial arrhythmias 10573672Oncol Nurs Forum; 1999 Nov-Dec; 26(10) 15811999titleRieger PT0Living for a cure.abstract19 10573673Oncol Nurs Forum; 1999 Nov-Dec; 26(10) 15871999titleQuinn TE0Chemotherapy administration continuing-education opportunities will prevent errors.abstract84 10573674Oncol Nurs Forum; 1999 Nov-Dec; 26(10) 1587-91999titleFriedman C, Dolgin JG0Adverse events of Kytril Injection questioned.MESH:D017829ChemicalKytrilabstract47 10573675Oncol Nurs Forum; 1999 Nov-Dec; 26(10) 15971999titleEdwards CS0Internet services provide peer support.abstract40 10573676Oncol Nurs Forum; 1999 Nov-Dec; 26(10) 15971999titleAnderson T0Travel is a large factor with remote facilities.abstract49 10573677Oncol Nurs Forum; 1999 Nov-Dec; 26(10) 15971999titleDetjen PA0Communication and planning play a vital role in care.abstract54 10573678Oncol Nurs Forum; 1999 Nov-Dec; 26(10) 1603-101999titleAndrews JO, Tingen MS, Harper RJ0A model nurse practitioner-managed smoking cessation clinic.abstract61PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To describe an intensive nurse practitioner (NP)-managed smoking cessation clinic that evolved from a primary-care quality-management initiative. DATA SOURCE: Published articles, abstracts, books, clinical experience, and clinical data. DATA SYNTHESIS: Smoking continues to be the leading cause of preventable deaths in the United States and accounts for 87% of all lung cancers. Although smoking is responsible for nearly 30% of all cancer deaths, smoking prevalence rates remain stagnant in adults and are continuing to increase in adolescents. Twenty-five percent of all Americans smoke. An NP-managed clinic was developed within a large teaching hospital located in the southeastern United States based on the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research guideline for smoking cessation. The clinic provided effective smoking cessation interventions that can be replicated by experienced nurses with a smoking cessation background. All nurses have opportunities to assist patients to stop smoking through brief counseling and minimum interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses can effectively manage an intensive smoking cessation clinic that is utilized by the interdisciplinary team to treat referrals. Cessation rates were high because therapies combined intensive behavioral sessions and pharmacologic approaches rather than either single modality. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurses can replicate this practice in a variety of healthcare settings. Innovations in clinical practice often facilitate research studies to further define effective approaches for smoking cessation. Nurses need to identify and target smoking as the serious health problem it is and conduct much-needed research on cessation approaches within the inpatient and outpatient settings.MESH:D003643DiseasedeathsMESH:D008175Diseaselung cancersMESH:D003643Diseasecancer deaths9606Speciespatients9606Speciesoutpatient 10573679Oncol Nurs Forum; 1999 Nov-Dec; 26(10) 1625-321999titleViale PH0Management of thromboembolism in patients with cancer.MESH:D013923Diseasethromboembolism9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D009369Diseasecancerabstract55PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To review the phenomenon of thromboembolism in patients with cancer, discuss treatment options for deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and describe oncology nurses' role. DATA SOURCES: Published articles, abstracts, professional communications, drug manufacturer information, and personal clinical experience. DATA SYNTHESIS: The incidence of DVT in patients with cancer can be as high as 15%. The cause of thromboembolism is multifactorial and includes tumor type, alterations in coagulation, specific chemotherapy agents, and clinical considerations. Although these patients traditionally have been treated with standard unfractionated heparin (UFH) therapy, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) has been studied extensively and is an acceptable alternative treatment. LMWH should be followed by a period of oral anticoagulants, although some patients may benefit from long-term heparin therapy. Oncology nurses are qualified to identify patients who are at risk for DVT and, in expanded roles, may manage patients on anticoagulant therapy successfully. CONCLUSIONS: LMWH followed by a course of oral anticoagulant therapy is an alternative way to treat DVT. Treatment with LMWH is less expensive than traditional UFH and has a preferred side effect profile. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: All oncology nurses should be aware of the different risk factors for DVT in patients with cancer and current clinical management should DVT occur. Oncology nurses in expanded roles or advanced practice nurses may choose to manage DVT with LMWH followed by oral anticoagulant therapy. Some patients may require long-term treatment with heparin therapy rather than oral anticoagulants.MESH:D013923Diseasethromboembolism9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D009369DiseasecancerMESH:D020246Diseasedeep vein thrombosis9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D009369DiseasecancerMESH:D013923DiseasethromboembolismMESH:D009369Diseasetumor9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D006493ChemicalheparinMESH:D006493ChemicalUFHMESH:D006493ChemicalheparinMESH:D006495ChemicalLMWHMESH:D006495ChemicalLMWH9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D006493Chemicalheparin9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D006495ChemicalLMWHMESH:D006495ChemicalLMWH9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D009369DiseasecancerMESH:D006495ChemicalLMWH9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D006493Chemicalheparin 10573680Oncol Nurs Forum; 1999 Nov-Dec; 26(10) 1639-451999titleBirenbaum LK, Yancey DZ, Phillips DS, Chand N, Huster G0School-age children's and adolescents' adjustment when a parent has cancer.9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D009369Diseasecancerabstract76PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To describe school-age children's and adolescents' adjustment to parental cancer. DESIGN: Retrospective population control. SETTING: Screening cancer registries identified subjects at four Midwestern hospitals, including urban and rural settings of community and tertiary hospitals. All families were interviewed at home one time. SAMPLE: A convenience sample of 116 school-age children (6-10 years) and adolescents (11-18 years) living in the home of a parent with cancer. METHODS: Data were collected using two forms of the Child Behavior Checklist and an investigator-developed demographic form. The ill parent, the partner, and the adolescent rated the adjustment. This study's data were compared with population data, and comparisons were made among raters and with the existing literature. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: School-age children's and adolescents' adjustment. FINDINGS: School-age children and adolescents of a parent with cancer have significantly more behavioral problems than were expected. The significant agreement among raters is of a modest magnitude but as strong as rater agreement reported in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: Most school-age children and adolescents of a parent with cancer are well-adjusted, but a significant subset of youngsters is at risk for behavioral problems. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurses need to assess ill parents' concerns about their youngsters, provide information to parents, adolescents, and school-age children, and institute appropriate referrals.9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D063129Diseaseparental cancerMESH:D009369Diseasecancer9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D009369Diseasecancer9606SpeciesChild9606Specieschildren9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D009369Diseasecancer9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D009369Diseasecancer9606Specieschildren 10573681Oncol Nurs Forum; 1999 Nov-Dec; 26(10) 1649-511999titleOwen DC, Parker KP, McGuire DB0Comparison of subjective sleep quality in patients with cancer and healthy subjects.9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D009369Diseasecancerabstract85PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To compare the subjective sleep quality of a group of patients with cancer undergoing treatment and a normative sample of healthy comparison subjects. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data from a single time point in a repeated measures descriptive-correlational study. SAMPLE/SETTING: Convenience sample of 15 patients with cancer receiving antineoplastic therapy and admitted to a tertiary university medical center for fever or neutropenia and 52 healthy comparison subjects without sleep disturbances. Although both groups were of similar age, a higher percentage of men comprised the comparison group. METHODS: Patients completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) on the first day of hospitalization to reflect their perceptions of sleep for the month prior to hospitalization. Healthy comparison subject scores on the PSQI were obtained from a published report outlining psychometric properties of the PSQI (Buysse, Reynolds, Monk, Berman, & Kupfer, 1989). MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, medication use, daytime dysfunction, and global sleep quality. FINDINGS: Patients with cancer reported significantly poorer overall sleep quality accompanied by more daytime dysfunction. The incidence of specific sleep disturbances, such as snoring and dyspnea, was not different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: This small sample of patients reported significantly poorer sleep quality than an historical comparison group. Specific sleep disturbances commonly seen in the general population were not problematic for the patients with cancer. Limited sample size and use of an historical comparison group need to be considered in interpreting and applying these findings. Additional research is needed to further characterize the nature of sleep problems in patients with cancer. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurses need to assess sleep in their patients, including its impact on quality of life and functional status.9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D009369Diseasecancer9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D009369DiseasecancerMESH:D005334DiseasefeverMESH:D009503DiseaseneutropeniaMESH:D012893Diseasesleep disturbances9606Speciesmen9606SpeciesPatientsMESH:D012893Diseasesleep disturbancesMESH:D053207Diseasedaytime dysfunction9606SpeciesPatientsMESH:D009369DiseasecancerMESH:D053207Diseasedaytime dysfunctionMESH:D012893Diseasesleep disturbancesMESH:D004417Diseasedyspnea9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D012893Diseasesleep disturbances9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D009369Diseasecancer9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D009369Diseasecancer9606Speciespatients 10573682Oncol Nurs Forum; 1999 Nov-Dec; 26(10) 1655-611999titleFerrell BR, Juarez G, Borneman T0Use of routine and breakthrough analgesia in home care.MESH:D000699Diseasebreakthrough analgesiaabstract56PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To describe current use of routine analgesics in home care and the treatment of breakthrough pain. DESIGN: Descriptive, companion study. SETTING: Homecare agencies in southern California. SAMPLE: Convenience sample of 369 patients with cancer participating in a pain-education study. METHODS: Data regarding breakthrough pain were derived from the homecare medical records and patient interviews. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Analgesic medications prescribed and used for treatment of routine and breakthrough cancer pain. FINDINGS: Results demonstrate discrepancy between recommended pain management in clinical practice guidelines and the actual practice of pain management at home. Deficiencies were found in medications prescribed as well as in actual use by patients. CONCLUSIONS: Optimum relief of cancer pain is contingent on adequate treatment of routine and breakthrough pain, including greater use of recommended analgesics in adequate doses and clinical care consistent with clinical practice guidelines. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Breakthrough pain is a common problem affecting the quality of life of patients with cancer. Improved management of breakthrough pain is contingent on accurate pain assessment, optimum use of analgesics, and patient education. Nurses should address the important topic of breakthrough pain as new analgesic drugs and methods of delivery become available.MESH:D059390Diseasebreakthrough pain9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D009369DiseasecancerMESH:D010146DiseasepainMESH:D010146Diseasepain9606SpeciespatientMESH:D059390Diseasebreakthrough cancer painMESH:D010146DiseasepainMESH:D010146Diseasepain9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D000072716Diseasecancer painMESH:D059390Diseasebreakthrough painMESH:D010146Diseasepain9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D009369DiseasecancerMESH:D059390Diseasebreakthrough painMESH:D010146Diseasepain9606SpeciespatientMESH:D059390Diseasebreakthrough pain 10573683Oncol Nurs Forum; 1999 Nov-Dec; 26(10) 1663-711999titleBerger AM, Farr L0The influence of daytime inactivity and nighttime restlessness on cancer-related fatigue.MESH:D009369DiseasecancerMESH:D005221Diseasefatigueabstract90PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To identify indicators involving circadian activity/rest cycles associated with higher levels of cancer-related fatigue (CRF) during the first three chemotherapy cycles after surgery for stage I/II breast cancer. DESIGN: Prospective, descriptive, repeated measures. SETTING: Midwestern oncology clinics and subjects' homes. SAMPLE: 72 women, ages 33-69 and free of unstable chronic illnesses, entered the study. Complete data were obtained from 30-47 subjects at each time. METHODS: CRF was measured using the Piper Fatigue Scale at the start and midpoint of each chemotherapy cycle. Circadian activity/rest indicators were obtained using Mini-Motionlogger wrist actigraphs for 96 hours at the start of each treatment and for 72 hours at the midpoint of each chemotherapy cycle. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Fatigue and circadian activity/rest indicators. FINDINGS: Women who were less active and had increased night awakenings reported higher CRF levels at all three cycle midpoints, with the strongest association being number of night awakenings. During the third chemotherapy cycle, women who were less active during the day, took more naps, and spent more time resting during a 24-hour period experienced higher CRF. CONCLUSIONS: Women whose sleep is disrupted at cycle midpoints are at risk for CRF. The cumulative effects of less daytime activity, more daytime sleep, and night awakenings are associated with higher CRF levels. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Assessment of CRF and night awakenings at the midpoints of each chemotherapy cycle and development of nursing interventions to promote daytime activity and nighttime rest are key to managing fatigue and preventing loss of biologic rhythmicity.MESH:D009369DiseasecancerMESH:D005221DiseasefatigueMESH:D001943DiseaseII breast cancer9606Specieswomen9606SpeciesWomen9606Specieswomen9606SpeciesWomenMESH:D005221Diseasefatigue 10573684Oncol Nurs Forum; 1999 Nov-Dec; 26(10) 1673-801999titleFrost MH, Arvizu RD, Jayakumar S, Schoonover A, Novotny P, Zahasky K0A multidisciplinary healthcare delivery model for women with breast cancer: patient satisfaction and physical and psychosocial adjustment.9606SpecieswomenMESH:D001943Diseasebreast cancer9606SpeciespatientMESH:C535569Diseasepsychosocialabstract139PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To compare satisfaction with health and healthcare and physical and psychosocial adjustment of women who received their medical-oncology consultation in the hospital with that of women who received their consultation as part of a multidisciplinary outpatient clinic. DESIGN: Descriptive, correlational. SETTING: A large tertiary medical center in the Midwestern United States. SAMPLE: 55 of 66 women with newly diagnosed breast cancer who received their medical-oncology consult in the hospital and 66 of 102 women with newly diagnosed breast cancer who received their consult in the multidisciplinary outpatient clinic. Median participant age was 62 years in the hospital consultation group and 61 years in the outpatient group. METHODS: Participants completed the Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System-Short Form and a researcher-designed satisfaction questionnaire. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Satisfaction with care and physical and psychosocial adjustment. FINDINGS: Women in the multidisciplinary outpatient clinic group reported significantly higher levels of physical function (p = 0.003) and satisfaction with their health (p < 0.01), physician (p < 0.001), and nursing care (p = 0.004) than women in the hospital group. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the positive benefits of a multidisciplinary team approach in which a concerted effort is placed on providing information and psychosocial support in the outpatient clinic setting. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: These findings point to the benefits of establishing a multidisciplinary clinic in the outpatient setting.MESH:C535569Diseasepsychosocial9606Specieswomen9606Specieswomen9606Speciesoutpatient9606SpecieswomenMESH:D001943Diseasebreast cancer9606SpecieswomenMESH:D001943Diseasebreast cancer9606Speciesoutpatient9606Speciesparticipant9606Speciesoutpatient9606SpeciesParticipantsMESH:D009369DiseaseCancerMESH:C535569Diseasepsychosocial9606SpeciesWomen9606Speciesoutpatient9606SpecieswomenMESH:C535569Diseasepsychosocial9606Speciesoutpatient9606Speciesoutpatient 10573685Oncol Nurs Forum; 1999 Nov-Dec; 26(10) 1683-71999titleRooda LA, Clements R, Jordan ML0Nurses' attitudes toward death and caring for dying patients.MESH:D003643Diseasedeath9606Speciespatientsabstract62PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To examine possible relationships among the demographic variables of nurses and their attitudes toward death and caring for dying patients. DESIGN: Descriptive. SETTING: A private hospital and Visiting Nurses Association office in an ethnically diverse metropolitan area in the Midwest. SAMPLE: 403 nurses, predominantly female (90%) and Caucasian (70%), with a mean age of 41.8 years. METHODS: Participants completed the Frommelt Attitude Toward Care of the Dying Scale, the Death Attitude Profile-Revised (DAP-R), and a demographic questionnaire. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Attitudes toward death and caring for dying people. FINDINGS: DAP-R scores were related to sex, religious affiliation, and current contact with terminally ill patients. Frommelt scale scores (e.g., showing acceptance of death) were positively related to current contact with dying patients, negatively correlated with two DAP-R subscales (Fear of Death and Death Avoidance), and positively correlated with two other DAP-R subscales (Approach Acceptance and Neutral Acceptance). CONCLUSIONS: Nurses' attitudes toward death and their current contact with terminally ill patients were predictive of their attitudes toward caring for terminally ill patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Professionals who are responsible for designing educational programs focused on nurses' attitudes toward caring for terminally ill patients may want to include an assessment of death attitudes and interventions aimed at decreasing negative attitudes and increasing positive attitudes toward death in such programs.MESH:D003643Diseasedeath9606Speciespatients9606SpeciesParticipantsMESH:D003643Diseasedeath9606Speciespeople9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D003643Diseasedeath9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D003643DiseaseDeath and DeathMESH:D003643Diseasedeath9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D003643Diseasedeath attitudesMESH:D003643Diseasedeath 10573686Orig Life Evol Biosph; 1999 Oct; 29(5) 441-91999titleChu BC, Orgel LE0Peptide-formation on cysteine-containing peptide scaffolds.MESH:D003545Chemicalcysteineabstract60Monomeric cysteine residues attached to cysteine-containing peptides by disulfide bonds can be activated by carbonyldiimidazole. If two monomeric cysteine residues, attached to a 'scaffold' peptide Gly-Cys-Glyn-Cys-Glu10, (n = 0, 1, 2, 3) are activated, they react to form the dipeptide Cys-Cys. in 25-65% yield. Similarly, the activation of a cysteine residue attached to the 'scaffold' peptide Gly-Cys-Gly-Glu10 in the presence of Arg5 leads to the formation of Cys-Arg5 in 50% yield. The significance of these results for prebiotic chemistry is discussed.MESH:D003545ChemicalcysteineMESH:D003545ChemicalcysteineMESH:D004220ChemicaldisulfideMESH:C006900ChemicalcarbonyldiimidazoleMESH:D003545Chemicalcysteine-ChemicalGly-Cys-Glyn-Cys-ChemicalGlu10MESH:D004151ChemicaldipeptideMESH:C046557ChemicalCys-CysMESH:D003545Chemicalcysteine-ChemicalGly-CysMESH:D005998ChemicalGly-ChemicalGlu10-ChemicalArg5MESH:D003545ChemicalCys-ChemicalArg5 10573687Orig Life Evol Biosph; 1999 Oct; 29(5) 451-611999titleBujdák J, Rode BM0Silica, alumina and clay catalyzed peptide bond formation: enhanced efficiency of alumina catalyst.MESH:D012822ChemicalSilicaMESH:D000537ChemicalaluminaMESH:D010455ChemicalpeptideMESH:D000537Chemicalaluminaabstract100Catalytic efficiencies of clay (hectorite), silica and alumina were tested in peptide bond formation reactions of glycine (Gly), alanine (Ala), proline (Pro), valine (Val) and leucine (Leu). The reactions were performed as drying/wetting (hectorite) and temperature fluctuation (silica and alumina) experiments at 85 degrees C. The reactivity of amino acids decreased in order Gly > Ala > Pro approximately Val approximately Leu. The highest catalytic efficiency was observed for alumina, the only catalyst producing oligopeptides in all investigated reaction systems. The peptide bond formation on alumina is probably catalyzed by the same sites and via similar reaction mechanisms as some alumina-catalyzed dehydration reactions used in industrial chemistry.MESH:C013547ChemicalhectoriteMESH:D012822ChemicalsilicaMESH:D000537ChemicalaluminaMESH:D005998ChemicalglycineMESH:D005998ChemicalGlyMESH:D000409ChemicalalanineMESH:D000409ChemicalAlaMESH:D011392ChemicalprolineMESH:D011392ChemicalProMESH:D014633ChemicalvalineMESH:D014633ChemicalValMESH:D007930ChemicalleucineMESH:D007930ChemicalLeuMESH:C013547ChemicalhectoriteMESH:D012822ChemicalsilicaMESH:D000537ChemicalaluminaMESH:D005998ChemicalGlyMESH:D000409ChemicalAlaMESH:D014633ChemicalValMESH:D007930ChemicalLeuMESH:D000537ChemicalaluminaMESH:D000537ChemicalaluminaMESH:D003681Diseasealumina-catalyzed dehydration 10573688Orig Life Evol Biosph; 1999 Oct; 29(5) 463-711999titleSuwannachot Y, Rode BM0Mutual amino acid catalysis in salt-induced peptide formation supports this mechanism's role in prebiotic peptide evolution.MESH:D012492Chemicalsaltabstract125The presence of some amino acids and dipeptides under the conditions of the salt-induced peptide formation reaction (aqueous solution at 85 degrees C, Cu(II) and NaCl) has been found to catalyze the formation of homopeptides of other amino acids, which are otherwise produced only in traces or not at all by this reaction. The condensation of Val, Leu and Lys to form their homodipeptides can occur to a considerable extent due to catalytic effects of other amino acids and related compounds, among which glycine, histidine, diglycine and diketopiperazine exhibit the most remarkable activity. These findings also lead to a modification of the table of amino acid sequences preferentially formed by the salt-induced peptide formation (SIPF) reaction, previously used for a comparison with the sequence preferences in membrane proteins of primitive organisms.MESH:D004151ChemicaldipeptidesMESH:D012492Chemicalsalt-ChemicalCu(II)MESH:D012965ChemicalNaClMESH:D014633ChemicalValMESH:D007930ChemicalLeuMESH:D008239ChemicalLysMESH:D005998ChemicalglycineMESH:D006639ChemicalhistidineMESH:D006033ChemicaldiglycineMESH:D054659ChemicaldiketopiperazineMESH:D012492ChemicalsaltDiseaseSIPF 10573689Orig Life Evol Biosph; 1999 Oct; 29(5) 473-871999titleKanavarioti A, Lee LF, Gangopadhyay S0Relative reactivity of ribosyl 2'-OH vs. 3'-OH in concentrated aqueous solutions of phosphoimidazolide activated nucleotides.-Chemicalribosyl-Chemical2'-OH-Chemical3'-OH-Chemicalphosphoimidazolideabstract126Phosphoimidazolide activated ribomononucleotides (*pN, see structure) are useful substrates for the non-enzymatic synthesis of oligonucleotides. In the presence of metal ions, aqueous solutions of *pN yield primarily the two internucleotide-linked (pN2' pN and pN3' pN) and the pyrophosphate-linked (N5' ppN) dimers. Small amounts of cyclic dimers and higher oligomers are also produced. In this study the relative reactivity of 2'-OH vs. 3'-OH was determined from the ratio of the yields of pN2' pN vs. pN3' pN. Experiments were performed at 23 degrees C in the range 7.2 < or = pH < or = 8.4 with substrates that differ in nucleobase (guanosine (G), cytidine (C), uridine (U), and adenosine (A)) and leaving group (imidazole (Im), 2-methylimidazole (2-MeIm) and 2,4-dimethylimidazole (2,4-diMeIm)). Two metal ions (Mg2+ or Mn2+) were employed as catalysts. The conditions used here, i.e. a substrate concentration in the range 0.1 M to 1.0 M and metal ion concentration in the range 0.05 M to 0.2 M, favor base-stacking interactions. The ratio pN2' pN: pN3' pN = 2'-5': 3'-5' was found independent of nucleobase and typically varied between 2 to 3 indicating that the 2'-OH is about 2 to 3 times more reactive than the 3'-OH. *pN with Im, compared to 2-MeIm and 2,4-diMeIm leaving group, produce lower yields of internucleotide linked dimers, and a higher pN2' pN: pN3' pN ratio. Trends in the data, observed with all three leaving groups, suggest an increase in pN2' pN: pN3' pN ratio with decreasing substrate concentration (up to 5.47 with 0.051 M ImpG). The observations are in accord with earlier studies reporting a relative reactivity 2'-5': 3'-5' = 6 to 9 obtained with Im as the leaving group, in dilute nucleotide solutions and under conditions that disfavor stacking. It is speculated that the concentration induced change in the relative reactivity is the result of self-association via base-stacking that enhances selectively the proximity of the 3'-OH of one molecule to the reactive P-N bond of an other molecule. The implication of these conclusions for oligomerization/ligation reactions is discussed.-ChemicalPhosphoimidazolide-ChemicalribomononucleotidesMESH:D009841ChemicaloligonucleotidesMESH:D008670Chemicalmetal-ChemicalMg2+-ChemicalMn2+MESH:D008670Chemicalmetal1214577Speciesto 9 10573690Orig Life Evol Biosph; 1999 Oct; 29(5) 489-5091999titleFreund F, Gupta AD, Kumar D0Carboxylic and dicarboxylic acids extracted from crushed magnesium oxide single crystals.-ChemicalCarboxylic and dicarboxylic acidsMESH:D008277Chemicalmagnesium oxideabstract90Carboxylic and dicarboxylic acids (glycolic, oxalic, malonic and succinic) have been extracted with tetrahydrofuran (THF) and H2O from large synthetic MgO crystals, crushed to a medium fine powder. The extracts were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and 1H-NMR. The THF extracts were derivatized with tert-butyldimethylsilyl (t-BDMS) for GC-MS analysis. A single crystal separated from the extract was used for an x-ray structure analysis, giving the monoclinic unit cell, space group P21/c with ao = 5.543 A, bo = 8.845 A, co = 5.086 A, and beta = 91.9 degrees, consistent with beta-succinic acid, HOOC(CH2)COOH. The amount of extracted acids is estimated to be of the order of 0.1 to 0.5 mg g-1 MgO. The MgO crystals from which these organic acids were extracted grew from the 2860 degrees C hot melt, saturated with CO/CO2 and H2O, thereby incorporating small amounts of the gaseous components to form a solid solution (ss) with MgO. Upon cooling, the ss becomes supersaturated, causing solute carbon and other solute species to segregate not only to the surface but also internally, to dislocations and subgrain boundaries. The organic acids extracted from the MgO crystals after crushing appear to derive from these segregated solutes that formed C-C, C-H and C-O bonds along dislocations and other defects in the MgO structure, leading to entities that can generically be described as (HxCyOz)n-. The processes underlying the formation of these precursors are fundamental in nature and expected to be operational in any minerals, preferentially those with dense structures, that crystallized in H2O-CO2-laden environments. This opens the possibility that common magmatic and metamorphic rocks when weathering at the surface of a tectonically active planet like Earth may be an important source of abiogenically formed complex organic compounds.-ChemicalCarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids-Chemicalglycolic-Chemicaloxalic-Chemicalmalonic-ChemicalsuccinicMESH:C018674ChemicaltetrahydrofuranMESH:C018674ChemicalTHFMESH:D014867ChemicalH2OMESH:D008277ChemicalMgO-Chemical1HMESH:C018674ChemicalTHF-Chemicaltert-butyldimethylsilyl-Chemicalt-BDMS644914GeneP21-Chemicalbeta-succinic acidMESH:D002255ChemicalCOOHMESH:D008277ChemicalMgO-Chemicalorganic acidsMESH:D002248ChemicalCO-ChemicalCO2MESH:D014867ChemicalH2OMESH:D008277ChemicalMgOMESH:D002244Chemicalcarbon-Chemicalorganic acidsMESH:D008277ChemicalMgOMESH:D008277ChemicalMgOMESH:D014867ChemicalH2O-ChemicalCO2 10573691Orig Life Evol Biosph; 1999 Oct; 29(5) 511-201999titleYamagata Y0Prebiotic formation of ADP and ATP from AMP, calcium phosphates and cyanate in aqueous solution.MESH:D000244ChemicalADPMESH:D000255ChemicalATPMESH:D000249ChemicalAMPMESH:D002130Chemicalcalcium phosphatesMESH:D003485Chemicalcyanateabstract97Adenosine-5'-triphosphate was synthesized by the phosphorylation of adenosine-5'-diphosphate in aqueous solution containing cyanate as a condensing reagent and insoluble calcium phosphate produced from phosphate and calcium chloride. In a similar manner, adenosine-5'-diphosphate was synthesized from adenosine-5'-monophosphate. When the experiment was carried out in the conditions of 4 degrees C and pH 5.75, the formation of adenosine-5'-diphosphate and adenosine-5'-triphosphate from adenosine-5'-monophosphate was observed in the yields of 19 and 7%, respectively. The other nucleoside-5'-triphosphates were also produced from their respective diphosphates.MESH:D000255ChemicalAdenosine-5'-triphosphateMESH:D000244Chemicaladenosine-5'-diphosphateMESH:D003485ChemicalcyanateMESH:C020243Chemicalcalcium phosphateMESH:D010710ChemicalphosphateMESH:D002122Chemicalcalcium chlorideMESH:D000244Chemicaladenosine-5'-diphosphateMESH:D000249Chemicaladenosine-5'-monophosphateMESH:D000244Chemicaladenosine-5'-diphosphateMESH:D000255Chemicaladenosine-5'-triphosphateMESH:D000249Chemicaladenosine-5'-monophosphate-Chemicalnucleoside-5'-triphosphatesMESH:D011756Chemicaldiphosphates 10573692Orig Life Evol Biosph; 1999 Oct; 29(5) 521-451999titleClark BC, Baker AL, Cheng AF, Clemett SJ, McKay D, McSween HY, Pieters CM, Thomas P, Zolensky M0Survival of life on asteroids, comets and other small bodies.302767Speciescometsabstract62The ability of living organisms to survive on the smaller bodies in our solar system is examined. The three most significant sterilizing effects include ionizing radiation, prolonged extreme vacuum, and relentless thermal inactivation. Each could be effectively lethal, and even more so in combination, if organisms at some time resided in the surfaces of airless small bodies located near or in the inner solar system. Deep within volatile-rich bodies, certain environments theoretically might provide protection of dormant organisms against these sterilizing factors. Sterility of surface materials to tens or hundreds of centimeters of depth appears inevitable, and to greater depths for bodies which have resided for long periods sunward of about 2 A.U. 10573693Pathol. Biol.; 1999 Oct; 47(8) 766-701999titlePaul P, Rouas-Freiss N, Carosella ED0[HLA-G: a tolerance molecule implicated in the escape of tumors from immunosurveillance].3135Gene133255HLA-GMESH:D009369Diseasetumorsabstract90To define rational anti-tumor immunotherapy strategies, the reasons for the frequent lack of efficacy of the immune response to developing tumors must be elucidated. One hypothesis involves expression by tumor cells of molecules with local immuno-suppressive effects. HLA-G is known to be involved in tolerance of the fetus by the maternal immune system. We studied HLA-G expression in primary and metastatic melanomas (ex vivo biopsies and cell lines). We found a high level of HLA-G transcription and expression at the surface of the cells. A variety of patterns of HLA-G isoform transcription and protein expression were seen. The ability of HLA-G to inhibit the cytotoxic effect of two immunocompetent cell types involved in the antitumor response, namely natural killer cells (NK) and T-cells, suggests that HLA-G may help tumors evade the immune system.MESH:D009369DiseasetumorMESH:D009369DiseasetumorsMESH:D009369Diseasetumor3135Gene133255HLA-G3135Gene133255HLA-GMESH:D008545Diseasemelanomas3135Gene133255HLA-G3135Gene133255HLA-G3135Gene133255HLA-G3135Gene133255HLA-GMESH:D009369Diseasetumors 10573694Pathol. Biol.; 1999 Oct; 47(8) 771-51999titleTeillaud JL0[A therapeutic Trojan horse: intracellular antibodies].9796Specieshorseabstract56Intracellular immunization is a novel therapeutic approach based on intracellular expression of recombinant antibody fragments, either Fab or single chain Fv (scFv generated by the assembly of the VH with the VL region), targeted to the desired cell compartment (cytosol, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum ...) using appropriate targeting sequences. Due to their exquisite specificity, these intracellular antibodies can be used to neutralize or modulate the functional activity of the target molecule. Intracellular immunization strategies currently under investigation in the field of oncology are directed against mutated oncogenic molecules such as ErbB-2, p21ras, and p53, as well as against apoptosis-inhibiting molecules such as Bcl-2. The first Phase I clinical trials on intracellular immunization are under way in the United States.2187Gene51880Fab652070GenescFv2064Gene3273ErbB-23265Gene55890p21ras7157Gene460p53596Gene527Bcl-2 10573695Pathol. Biol.; 1999 Oct; 47(8) 776-91999titleCarsin H0[Skin cultures in the treatment of burns].abstract43 10573696Pathol. Biol.; 1999 Oct; 47(8) 780-31999titleMeinnel T0[Developing a rational strategy for new antibacterial agents].abstract63 10573697Pathol. Biol.; 1999 Oct; 47(8) 784-91999titleTrivier D, Dubos JP, Mteyrek M, Codaccioni X, Courcol RJ, Husson MO0[Contribution of direct bacteriologic examinations to the diagnosis of early materno-fetal bacterial infection: the Lille experience].MESH:D001424Diseasebacterial infectionabstract135A prospective study was conducted in 3056 live-born infants delivered at the Jeanneade-Flandre maternity hospital of the Lille Teaching Hospital between January and August 1997. Clinical, laboratory test, and microbiological test findings were compared. A cohort of 1003 infants who remained in the maternity ward but were considered at increased risk of maternofetal infection (MFI) based on history and/or obstetrical criteria and/or neonatal criteria underwent routine collection of specimens including gastric fluid, auricular and anal swabs, amniotic fluid, and placental fragments. Microscopic examination of gastric fluid smears, the first result available to the clinician, was found to have 27.5% sensitivity (983 samples). Positive predictive value (PPV) was only 17.8% because of a high rate of colonization (16.8%), defined as absence of clinical symptoms and three peripheral specimens positive for the same organism. However, negative predictive value (NPV) was as high as 99.8% as a result of high sensitivity (97.8%) in the infected neonates. The gastric fluid smear was positive in 30% and 35% of neonates born to mothers with hyperpyrexia during early and late labor, respectively, and in 42% of neonates born to mothers with a history of group B streptococcus carriage during the pregnancy. Forty-two per cent of neonates with a history of fetal tachycardia had a positive gastric fluid smear. Diagnostic criteria for infection were three peripheral specimens positive for the same organism, C-reactive protein elevation, and/or one or more clinical signs suggestive of infection, and/or a positive central specimen (blood, CSF). The infection rate in infants who remained in the maternity ward was 1.6%. The most common causative organisms were group B streptococci. These findings illustrate the useful contribution of gastric fluid smears to the early diagnosis of MFI and confirm the predominant role of group B streptococci.9606Speciesinfants9606SpeciesinfantsMESH:C536301Diseasematernofetal infectionDiseaseMFIMESH:D004428DiseaseauricularMESH:D008305DiseasehyperpyrexiaMESH:D048949Diseaselate labor1319Speciesgroup B streptococcusMESH:D013610DiseasetachycardiaMESH:D007239Diseaseinfection1401Gene128039C-reactive proteinMESH:D007239Diseaseinfection1437Gene600CSFMESH:D007239Diseaseinfection9606SpeciesinfantsDiseaseMFI 10573698Pathol. Biol.; 1999 Oct; 47(8) 790-61999titleLazraq R, el Baghdadi J, Guesdon JL, Benslimane A0Evaluation of IS6110 as amplification target for direct tuberculosis diagnosis.abstract80We describe in the present study an evaluation of the IS6110 repetitive element in the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A pair of oligonucleotide primers was designed to amplify a 201-bp DNA fragment of IS6110. The amplified DNA was detected by ethidium bromide stained agarose gel electrophoresis and confirmed by Sal I digestion and Southern blot hybridization with a 32P-labeled probe. To detect the presence of amplification inhibitors, an internal control DNA that used the same primers as for the target sequence was added to each PCR reaction. PCR results were compared with the results of acid fast stained smears, cultures, and clinical data in 102 sputum and 41 extrapulmonary specimens. With the exception of four samples, M. tuberculosis was detected by PCR in all smear- and culture-positive cases and in all smear-negative, culture positive cases. Additionally, PCR was able to detect 6 cases that were smear and culture negative but clinically strongly suspected of tuberculosis. The final PCR sensitivity and specificity were 93.1% and 95.18%, respectively. One M. tuberculosis strain isolated from a sputum was found to lack IS6110. This study shows that (1) PCR diagnosis based on IS6110 reached the best sensitivity and specificity but must be considered carefully since some M. tuberculosis strains lack IS6110; and (2) PCR must be interpreted in conjunction with clinical and radiological data when it is discordant with conventional methods results.MESH:D014397Diseasepulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosisMESH:D004996Chemicalethidium bromideMESH:D012685ChemicalagaroseMESH:C000615311Chemical32P-Chemicalacid fast1773SpeciesM. tuberculosis1773SpeciesM. tuberculosis-ChemicalIS61101773SpeciesM. tuberculosis 10573699Pathol. Biol.; 1999 Oct; 47(8) 797-8041999titleMenard D, Paris L, Danis M0[Immunoblot applied to the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis].MESH:D014125Diseasecongenital toxoplasmosisabstract67Western blot was evaluated for the neonatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis based on a comparison of antibody profiles between serum samples obtained from the mother at delivery and from the neonate. Passively transferred antibodies can be distinguished from antibodies produced by the neonate, thus allowing early postdelivery diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis before the results of other tests are available. This method was developed at the Parasitology-Mycology laboratory of the Pitie-Salpetriere Teaching Hospital, Paris, France, then evaluated in a retrospective study of 52 mother-infant pairs. The diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis was ruled out in 34 cases, confirmed in ten cases, and doubtful in 8 cases. Sensitivity was higher than with conventional serological tests. Antibody profile differences were found between mothers and affected infants; these differences usually involved IgGs (8 of 9 cases). Importantly, in two cases Western blot would have provided the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis two months before the secondary elevation in IgM titers in one case and three weeks before the result of mouse placenta inoculation in another case. In conclusion, Western blot deserves to be used to complement established methods (serology and direct demonstration of the parasite by gene amplification, cell cultures, and mouse inoculations) as a means of rapidly (within 24 hours of receipt of the specimen) providing clinicians with information relevant to treatment decisions.MESH:D014125Diseasecongenital toxoplasmosisMESH:D014125Diseasecongenital toxoplasmosis9606SpeciesinfantMESH:D014125Diseasecongenital toxoplasmosis9606SpeciesinfantsMESH:D014125Diseasecongenital toxoplasmosis10090Speciesmouse10090Speciesmouse 10573700Pathol. Biol.; 1999 Oct; 47(8) 805-111999titleVimont S, Gaillot O0[Molecular epidemiology of strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin, sensitive to aminoglycosides].1280SpeciesStaphylococcus aureusMESH:D008712ChemicalmethicillinMESH:D000617Chemicalaminoglycosidesabstract117Twenty methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates surprisingly susceptible to all aminoglycosides, macrolides, sulfonamides and tetracycline were recovered from 20 elderly patients (mean age, 77) hospitalized in 4 neighbouring facilities between 1996 and 1998. Molecular typing of the isolates performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism of the coagulase gene (PCR-RFLP) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of Sma I macrorestriction fragments of total DNA, demonstrated the existence of distinct bacterial clones. Epidemic spreading was demonstrated for at least 2 clones, while others were responsible for sporadic cases. Most of the isolates of this study appeared to be genetically related to strains of MRSA resistant to aminoglycosides and macrolides included as controls, suggesting that multiresistant MRSA may have evolved recently in a manner that resulted in greater susceptibility to certain antibiotics.1280SpeciesStaphylococcus aureusMESH:D000617ChemicalaminoglycosidesMESH:D018942ChemicalmacrolidesMESH:D013449ChemicalsulfonamidesMESH:D013752Chemicaltetracycline9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D000617ChemicalaminoglycosidesMESH:D018942Chemicalmacrolides 10573701Pathol. Biol.; 1999 Oct; 47(8) 812-81999titleDjoulah S, Le Monnier de Gouville I, Martuchou-Dehay C, Busson M, Charron D, Hors J0[HLA-C allele recognition using DNA sequencing].3107Gene133080HLA-Cabstract49The HLA-C locus was sequenced in 106 normal unrelated members of the French CEPH families. Following generic PCR amplification, exons 2 and 3 were amplified separately then sequenced using the ALF Expres sequencer. The Sequi Typer program was used for data analysis. Of the 72 alleles identified to date, 20 were recognized in the panel studied. Results were compared to those provided by the lymphocytotoxicity test, which had a 13.5% error rate and failed to reach the level of specific recognition. Sequencing preceded by amplification allowed immediate unambiguous allele assignment in 96% of cases. In four cases, a complementary method was required to resolve ambiguities. Reproducibility was high. The sequencing strategy described herein is a significant advance and may be particularly valuable for achieving perfect donor/recipient matching for allogeneic stem cell transplants.3107Gene133080HLA-CMESH:D017114DiseaseALF9606Speciesdonor 10573702Pathol. Biol.; 1999 Oct; 47(8) 819-261999titleTalon D0[Impact of methicillin resistance in S. aureus].1280SpeciesS. aureusabstract49The prevalence of methicillin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus strains and the incidence of clinical infections due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are disturbingly high in France. Evaluations of the negative impact of methicillin-resistance in S. aureus are needed to establish priorities for infection control programs. Whether methicillin resistance independently affects the frequency of S. aureus infections remains unclear. It follows that the impact of methicillin resistance in terms of morbidity, mortality, economic costs, and ecology should be assessed using both infection-free patients and patients infected with susceptible strains as controls. There is abundant direct and indirect evidence that morbidity related to MRSA is at least as high as that related to methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). Whether MRSA strains are more virulent than MSSA strains is controversial. Serious MRSA infections are associated with significant mortality and account for a very large part of the overall infection-related mortality rate. Opinion remains divided as to whether multiple-drug resistant S. aureus strains are associated with higher mortality rates than other S. aureus strains. The economic cost of MRSA infections is huge and considerably higher than that of MSSA infections. The heavy glycopeptide use related to the high prevalence of MRSA infections has generated problems in the management of patients with enterococcal infections and may in the near future result in a pandemic of glycopeptide-resistant MRSA infections. The development of programs designed to control the clonal dissemination of MRSA strains is a top priority from both a medical and an economic viewpoint.MESH:D008712Chemicalmethicillin1280SpeciesStaphylococcus aureusMESH:D008712Chemicalmethicillin1280SpeciesS. aureus1280SpeciesS. aureusMESH:D007239DiseaseinfectionMESH:D008712ChemicalmethicillinMESH:D013203Diseaseaureus infectionsMESH:D008712ChemicalmethicillinMESH:D000072662Diseaseinfection-free9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D008712Chemicalmethicillin1280SpeciesS. aureusMESH:D007239Diseaseinfection1280SpeciesS. aureus1280SpeciesS. aureus9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D007239Diseaseenterococcal infectionsMESH:D006020Chemicalglycopeptide 10573703Pathol. Biol.; 1999 Oct; 47(8) 827-351999titleSocié G, Thervet E0[New immunosuppressive agents].abstract32Over the last few years, improved knowledge of the immunological mechanisms underlying transplant rejection have resulted in the development of new immunosuppressive agents capable of selectively blocking various steps of the immune response. It is anticipated that these agents will prove useful in the treatment of autoimmune disease and graft-versus-host disease. Neoral is a cyclosporin microemulsion characterized by better and more consistent absorption as compared to the conventional galenic form. Tacrolimus shares with cyclosporin an ability to inhibit calcineurin and may have similar indications. Rapamycin and RAD are two related molecules that inhibit signal transduction by cytokines to T-cells, although they have not yet been proved clinically effective in large studies of solid organ transplant recipients. Mycophenolate mofetil selectively inhibits purine synthesis and lymphocyte proliferation; it is easy to use and has been found effective in a number of autoimmune disorders. Further clinical work is needed to determine the therapeutic indications for each of these new drugs. Elucidation of their mechanisms of action may help to identify drug combinations providing both enhanced efficacy and improved safety.MESH:D001327Diseaseautoimmune diseaseMESH:D006086Diseasegraft-versus-host diseaseMESH:D016572ChemicalcyclosporinMESH:D016559ChemicalTacrolimusMESH:D016572Chemicalcyclosporin6236Gene3071RADMESH:D009173ChemicalMycophenolate mofetilMESH:C030985ChemicalpurineMESH:D001327Diseaseautoimmune disorders 10573704Pathol. Biol.; 1999 Oct; 47(8) 836-441999titleBrogard JM, Caro-Sampara F, Westphal JF, Jehl F0[Biliary diffusion of tazocillin in man].MESH:D000077725Chemicaltazocillin9606Speciesmanabstract42The objective of this study was to determine the extent of biliary excretion of tazocillin, a combination of piperacillin and tazobactam administered as an intravenous infusion in a dose of 4 g of piperacillin and 0.5 g of tazobactam. In 10 patients, piperacillin and tazobactam levels were determined in serum, main bile duct bile, gallbladder bile, and gallbladder wall specimens harvested during a cholecystectomy procedure 1 h after completion of a tazocillin infusion. In five other patients, piperacillin and tazobactam levels were determined in bile collected from a main bile duct T-tube during 12 h following a tazocillin infusion given seven days after cholecystectomy. HPLC was used to assay both compounds. Piperacillin and tazobactam levels in the intraoperative specimens were as follows: 69.1 +/- 13.8 and 9.9 +/- 1.7 micrograms/ml, respectively, in the serum; 630 +/- 133 and 11.9 +/- 2.2 micrograms/ml, respectively, in the main bile duct bile; 342 +/- 114 and 7.7 +/- 2.3 micrograms/ml, respectively, in the gallbladder bile; and 49.3 +/- 20.2 and 2.9 +/- 0.6 micrograms/g, respectively, in the gallbladder wall. In the T-tube bile specimens, peak piperacillin and tazobactam levels were 358 +/- 281 and 9.9 +/- 3.3 micrograms/ml, respectively, after 1 h; total biliary excretion over 12 hours was 28.3 +/- 18.0 mg and 1.0 +/- 0.5 mg, i.e., 0.7 +/- 0.4% and 0.2 +/- 0.1% of the dose, respectively. The levels of piperacillin and tazobactam found in bile and gallbladder wall specimens in this study suggest that tazocillin may prove valuable for the prevention and treatment of biliary infections.MESH:D000077725ChemicaltazocillinMESH:D010878ChemicalpiperacillinMESH:D000078142ChemicaltazobactamMESH:D010878ChemicalpiperacillinMESH:D000078142Chemicaltazobactam9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D010878ChemicalpiperacillinMESH:D000078142ChemicaltazobactamMESH:D000077725Chemicaltazocillin9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D010878ChemicalpiperacillinMESH:D000078142ChemicaltazobactamMESH:D000077725ChemicaltazocillinMESH:D010878ChemicalPiperacillinMESH:D000078142ChemicaltazobactamMESH:D010878ChemicalpiperacillinMESH:D000078142ChemicaltazobactamMESH:D010878ChemicalpiperacillinMESH:D000078142ChemicaltazobactamMESH:D000077725ChemicaltazocillinMESH:D001658Diseasebiliary infections 10573705Pathol. Biol.; 1999 Oct; 47(8) 845-721999title0[Antibiogram Committee of the French Society for Microbiology. Official Statement 1999].abstract89 10573706Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am; 1999 Nov; 10(4) 773-851999titleBecker KJ0Thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke.MESH:D002544Diseaseischemic strokeabstract40Data generated from randomized controlled trials in the last decade have shown that acute intervention can improve neurologic outcome in patients with ischemic stroke. This article reviews recent studies of systemic and intra-arterial thrombolysis for cerebrovascular disease in detail. Important considerations for treating patients with thrombolysis are explored, and theoretic and practical differences in the approach to patients with anterior and posterior circulation disease are highlighted.9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D002544Diseaseischemic strokeMESH:D002561Diseaseintra-arterial thrombolysis for cerebrovascular disease9606SpeciespatientsDiseasethrombolysis9606Speciespatients 10573707Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am; 1999 Nov; 10(4) 787-8001999titleOdderson IR0The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and its importance in acute stroke management.MESH:D020521DiseaseStrokeMESH:D020521Diseasestrokeabstract94The National Institutes of Health (NIH) stroke scale is a standardized neurologic examination developed to quantitate the patient's deficits in clinical trials for new stroke therapies. It is used on admission to determine patient eligibility for thrombolytic therapy, throughout the acute hospital stay, and at 3 months to assess neurologic recovery. The NIH stroke scale scores correlates with initial infarct volume, cerebral perfusion, and functional outcome.MESH:D020521Diseasestroke9606SpeciespatientMESH:D020521Diseasestroke9606SpeciespatientMESH:D020521DiseaseNIH stroke 10573708Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am; 1999 Nov; 10(4) 801-131999titleSkolnick BE0Guidelines for acute stroke treatment centers.MESH:D020521Diseasestrokeabstract47This article provides a description of the clinical infrastructure of a stroke center, including staffing requirements, technical capabilities, and recommended clinical protocols. These recommendations have been developed to assist in establishing new acute stroke centers that can deliver quality care and to aid in evaluating the relative strengths and weaknesses of existing stroke centers.MESH:D020521DiseasestrokeMESH:D020521Diseasestroke57379Gene7623aidMESH:D020521Diseasestroke 10573709Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am; 1999 Nov; 10(4) 815-261999titleAtkinson RP0Acute stroke medical management.MESH:D020521Diseasestrokeabstract33The average length of hospital stay for acute stroke has been declining gradually in the United States. Medical care traditionally given in the acute setting often is continued in a rehabilitation unit or skilled nursing facility. This article outlines the necessary knowledge base for specialists in rehabilitation regarding acute stroke medical care and management.MESH:D020521Diseaseacute strokeMESH:D020521Diseasestroke 10573710Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am; 1999 Nov; 10(4) 827-381999titleGress DR, Singh V0Stroke prevention.MESH:D020521DiseaseStrokeabstract19This article reviews the causes of stroke and emphasizes the underlying vascular pathology. The risk factors associated with the pathologic processes are examined, with emphasis on the beneficial impact on stroke risk through the risk factor modification. Risk factor modification is a powerful tool in stroke prevention and can lead to a marked decrease in the burden of stroke. The majority of strokes could be eliminated with an organized prevention strategy.MESH:D020521DiseasestrokeMESH:D020521DiseasestrokeMESH:D020521DiseasestrokeMESH:D020521DiseasestrokeMESH:D020521Diseasestrokes 10573711Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am; 1999 Nov; 10(4) 839-561999titleHalar EM0Management of stroke risk factors during the process of rehabilitation. Secondary stroke prevention.MESH:D020521DiseasestrokeMESH:D020521Diseasestrokeabstract101Epidemiologic and prospective cohort studies have shown a strong correlation between risk factors and stroke morbidity and mortality. The reduction or control of risk factors, on the other hand, can reduce stroke morbidity and mortality. Rehabilitation professionals involved in comprehensive rehabilitation of stroke patients may include the management of risk factors in the scope of their practice and thus contribute to longer life expectancy and improved quality of life of these patients. Decreasing disability, improving quality of life, and prolonging life are chief goals of the rehabilitation process. This article reviews the rationale for risk management and stresses the value of aerobic and conditioning exercises and is intended to supplement the article on stroke prevention co-authored by Daryl Gress and Vineeta Singh.MESH:D020521DiseasestrokeMESH:D020521DiseasestrokeMESH:D020521Diseasestroke9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D020521Diseasestroke 10573712Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am; 1999 Nov; 10(4) 857-741999titleMcGuire JR, Harvey RL0The prevention and management of complications after stroke.MESH:D020521Diseasestrokeabstract61Medical, neurologic, and psychiatric complications can interfere with optimal recovery after stroke and increase the cost of care. Ideally, preventing these complications would be the best and most cost-effective treatment. This article reviews the clinical implications and management strategies for venous thromboembolism, spasticity, and depression after stroke.MESH:D001523DiseasepsychiatricMESH:D020521DiseasestrokeMESH:D054556Diseasevenous thromboembolismMESH:D009128DiseasespasticityMESH:D000275DiseasedepressionMESH:D020521Diseasestroke 10573713Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am; 1999 Nov; 10(4) 875-861999titleCramer SC0Stroke recovery. Lessons from functional MR imaging and other methods of human brain mapping.MESH:D020521DiseaseStroke9606Specieshumanabstract94The mechanisms underlying patient recovery after stroke remain incompletely understood. Human brain mapping methods such as functional MR imaging provide insights into stroke recovery mechanisms. After a unilateral brain insult, lasting changes take place in both hemispheres and along the rim of a cortical infarct. Such information may be of value in the design of therapies targeting stroke recovery.9606SpeciespatientMESH:D020521Diseasestroke9606SpeciesHumanMESH:D020521DiseasestrokeMESH:D007238Diseasecortical infarctMESH:D020521Diseasestroke 10573714Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am; 1999 Nov; 10(4) 887-9061999titleJørgensen HS, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Olsen TS0Stroke. Neurologic and functional recovery the Copenhagen Stroke Study.MESH:D020521DiseaseStrokeMESH:D009461DiseaseNeurologicMESH:D020521DiseaseCopenhagen Strokeabstract72Neurologic and functional recovery is dependent on a large variety of factors such as initial stroke severity, body temperature and blood glucose in the acute phase of stroke, stroke in progression, and treatment and rehabilitation on a dedicated stroke unit. The most important factor for recovery remains the initial severity of the stroke. In unselected patients 19% of the strokes are very severe, 14% are severe, 26% are moderate, and 41% are mild. In survivors, neurologic impairment after completed rehabilitation is still severe or very severe in 11%, moderate in 11%, mild in 47%, and 31% have achieved normal neurologic function. The ability to perform basic activities of daily living initially is reduced in three out of four patients with stroke. Most often affected is the ability to transfer, dress, and walk. After completed rehabilitation the group with moderate and severe disability is reduced from 50% to 25%, and the group with mild or no disability is increased from 50% to 75%. The prognosis of patients with mild or moderate stroke generally is excellent. Patients with severe stroke have a very variable recovery. Although the prognosis of patients with the most severe stroke is generally poor, one third of the survivors in this group are able to be discharged back to their own homes with no or only mild disability, if rehabilitated on a dedicated stroke unit. Functional recovery generally was completed within 3 months of stroke onset. Patients with mild stroke, however, recover within 2 months, patients with moderate stroke within 3 months, patients with severe stroke within 4 months, and patients with the most severe strokes have their functional recovery within 5 months from onset. Functional recovery is preceded by neurologic recovery by a mean of 2 weeks.MESH:D009461DiseaseNeurologicMESH:D020521DiseasestrokeMESH:D005947ChemicalglucoseMESH:D020521DiseasestrokeMESH:D020521DiseasestrokeMESH:D020521DiseasestrokeMESH:D020521Diseasestroke9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D020521DiseasestrokesMESH:D009422Diseaseneurologic impairment9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D020521Diseasestroke9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D020521Diseasestroke9606SpeciesPatientsMESH:D020521Diseasestroke9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D020521DiseasestrokeMESH:D020521DiseasestrokeMESH:D020521Diseasestroke9606SpeciesPatientsMESH:D020521Diseasestroke9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D020521Diseasestroke9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D020521Diseasestroke9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D020521Diseasestrokes 10573715Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am; 1999 Nov; 10(4) 907-231999titleRogers MA, Alarcon NB, Olswang LB0Aphasia management considered in the context of the World Health Organization model of disablements.abstract101Approaches to the management of individuals with aphasia are numerous, heterogeneous, and individualized. Treatment varies with the unique constellation of symptoms, goals, and residual abilities of each patient. This article considers aphasia management within the context of the World Health Organization model of disablements.MESH:D001037Diseaseaphasia9606SpeciespatientMESH:D001037Diseaseaphasia 10573716Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am; 1999 Nov; 10(4) 925-411999titleMiller RM, Chang MW0Advances in the management of dysphagia caused by stroke.MESH:D003680DiseasedysphagiaMESH:D020521Diseasestrokeabstract58This article reviews the advancements that have occurred, primarily in the last decade, in the management and treatment of swallowing disorders related to stroke. An overview of swallowing physiology is given, and interventions, both indirect and direct, are explored. Expanding knowledge, applying techniques from other scientific disciplines, and developing new technologies provide hope for stroke patients who experience dysphagia.MESH:D020521DiseasestrokeMESH:D020521Diseasestroke9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D003680Diseasedysphagia 10573717Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am; 1999 Nov; 10(4) 943-551999titleMelvin JL0Impact of Health Care Financing Administration changes on stroke rehabilitation.MESH:D020521Diseasestrokeabstract81This article reviews the early influences of Medicare on the delivery of rehabilitation services, and discusses the changes in payment for hospital-based rehabilitation in the 1997 Balanced Budget Act. Among these changes is a prospective payment system for rehabilitation hospitals and units. This article also addresses Health Care Financing Administration's efforts to comply with this portion of the Act. Finally, some of the impacts that might result from these payment policies are discussed. 10573718Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am; 1999 Nov; 10(4) 957-661999titleGresham GE, Granger CV, Linn RT, Kulas MA0Status of functional outcomes for stroke survivors.MESH:D020521Diseasestrokeabstract52In the past, it has taken several years to accumulate a sufficient number of subjects in the community-based studies to arrive at generalized conclusions. With an ongoing database, such as resides at CFAR-UDSMR, it is possible to collect a large number of cases within a relatively short period of time. Further, it is relatively easy to perform continuous monitoring in order to determine trends that may be occurring as a result of the changing scenes in health care delivery. It has been possible to uncover patterns of scoring the functional status of patients that reveal a consistent picture of an underlying biology of disability and predictable characteristics in patients' courses through the rehabilitation process. Newer analytic methods have allowed one to predict expected recovery patterns. This new information will allow one to better measure and manage outcomes, to improve the quality of care, to improve cost-effectiveness, and to better manage financial risk. These are the tools necessary for clinicians to incorporate into practice, as expectations with respect to outcomes and reimbursement for health care are changing. All of the marks associated with FIM and UDSMR belong to the Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation, a division of UB Foundation Activities, Inc.9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients 10573719Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am; 1999 Nov; 10(4) 967-851999titleZorowitz RD0Returning to life. Stroke survivor community and Internet resources.MESH:D020521DiseaseStrokeabstract69Returning to the community can be as traumatic an experience to the stroke survivor as experiencing the stroke itself. Smoothing the transition between the hospital and home can be accomplished through many support services and organizations offered through the community. This article explores the many resources readily available to the stroke survivor.MESH:D014947DiseasetraumaticMESH:D020521DiseasestrokeMESH:D020521DiseasestrokeMESH:D020521Diseasestroke 10573720Rev Med Interne; 1999 Oct; 20(10) 855-71999titleMabro M0[Mammary cancerology and gynecology. 35th Congress of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Atlanta (United States), May 1999].abstract139 10573721Rev Med Interne; 1999 Oct; 20(10) 859-621999titleMasson C, Yakova M0[Minocylcine: Hyde or Jekyl?].abstract31 10573722Rev Med Interne; 1999 Oct; 20(10) 863-81999titleMabro M, Gilles-Amar V, Louvet C, Carola E, Maindrault-Goebel F, de Gramont A, Krulik M0[Bimonthly 5-fluorouracil in elderly patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Study of 50 patients].MESH:D005472Chemical5-fluorouracil9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D015179Diseasecolorectal cancer9606Speciespatientsabstract104PURPOSE: Recent advances in the management of colorectal cancer have improved the quality of life and the survival of patients treated with chemotherapy. In order to define the contribution of chemotherapy in elderly patients, we studied the tolerance and the efficacy of first-line chemotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. METHODS: Patients aged over 75 years received, as outpatient therapy, a bimonthly 48 h leucovorin and fluorouracil regimen. Evaluation was assessed every six cycles (i.e., three months). RESULTS: Fifty patients were studied: 28 males and 22 females, aged between 75 to 87 years, 37 with colon cancer and 13 with rectal cancer. Among 45 patients capable of being evaluated, the response rate was 44%, with six complete responses (13%) and 14 partial responses (31%). Eighteen patients had stable disease (40%) and seven patients progressive disease (16%). Median progression-free survival was 8.8 months and median survival 16.4 months. Grade 3 to 4 toxicity occurred in 20% of the patients. Performance status improved in 56% of the patients. CONCLUSION: The bimonthly regimen is well tolerated in elderly patients and appears to prolong survival as well in younger patients.MESH:D015179Diseasecolorectal cancer9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D015179Diseasecolorectal cancer9606SpeciesPatients9606SpeciesoutpatientMESH:D002955ChemicalleucovorinMESH:D005472Chemicalfluorouracil9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D015179Diseasecolon cancerMESH:D012004Diseaserectal cancer9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D064420Diseasetoxicity9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients 10573723Rev Med Interne; 1999 Oct; 20(10) 869-741999titlePiette AM, Ramanoelina J, Gepner P, Larroche C, Blétry O0[Systemic reaction induced my minocycline treatment: a report of four patients and a review of the literature].MESH:D008911Chemicalminocycline9606Speciespatientsabstract112We report four cases of the side effects of minocycline seen during the last two years in our department. There was one case of drug-related lupus and three cases of hypersensitivity reactions, including one eosinophilic pneumopathy with pericarditis, one nephropathy and one severe, pseudo-infectious episode of high fever, rash, lympadenopathy, hepatitis and eosinophilia. Minocycline is a tetracycline agent widely used for acne therapy in France and all over the world. During the last few years, there has been an increasing number of reports concerning systemic adverse reactions to minocycline, with on the one hand auto-immune disorders (lupus, autoimmune hepatitis, vascularitis with ANCA), occurring after a prolonged course of therapy and reported recently in the last few years, and on the other hand, hypersensitivity reactions (eosinophilic pneumopathies, hepatitis, nephropathies, myocarditis, serum sickness or pseudo-infectious reactions), occurring precociously in the course of therapy, and potentially severe. Although these side effects are uncommon in the context of the high number of patients who have been prescribed the drug, the first-line antibiotic therapy in acne must probably be reconsidered.MESH:D008911ChemicalminocyclineMESH:D008180DiseaselupusMESH:D004342Diseasehypersensitivity reactionsMESH:D004802Diseaseeosinophilic pneumopathyMESH:D010493DiseasepericarditisMESH:D007674DiseasenephropathyMESH:D005334Diseasehigh feverMESH:D005076DiseaserashMESH:D004802Diseaselympadenopathy, hepatitis and eosinophiliaMESH:D008911ChemicalMinocyclineMESH:D013752ChemicaltetracyclineMESH:D000152DiseaseacneMESH:D008180DiseaselupusMESH:D019693Diseaseautoimmune hepatitisMESH:D000783DiseasevascularitisMESH:D004342DiseasehypersensitivityMESH:D004802Diseaseeosinophilic pneumopathiesMESH:D056486DiseasehepatitisMESH:D007674DiseasenephropathiesMESH:D009205Diseasemyocarditis9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D000152Diseaseacne 10573724Rev Med Interne; 1999 Oct; 20(10) 875-871999titleBruneval P0[Pathology of large vessel vasculitides].abstract42INTRODUCTION: Vasculitides can be classified according to the size of the involved vessels. The pathological patterns of large vessel vasculitides are presented here. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS: They concern Buerger's disease, temporal arteritis, Takayasu's disease, Behcet's disease, infectious arteritides, rheumatologic and miscellaneous diseases. Buerger's disease is a thrombotic arteriopathy with no arterial wall involvement. Temporal arteritis and Takayasu's disease belong to the group of giant cell arteritides. In temporal arteritis, the inflammation is prominent in the internal part of the media and is aggressive for the arterial wall. In Takayasu's disease, the external part of the media is prominently involved. The fibrous thickening of the arterial wall with stenosis is characteristic. Behcet's disease can involve the large arteries with a risk of arterial rupture. Infectious arteritides are not unfrequent in vascular surgery and in previous arterial lesions. Rheumatologic diseases can result in aortitis with aortic incompetence. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND PROJECTS: These diseases have pathological characteristics which contribute to diagnosis. However, a clearcut classification of vasculitides will come from the precise knowledge of their etiology.MESH:D013700Diseasetemporal arteritisMESH:D001015DiseaseTakayasu's diseaseMESH:D001528DiseaseBehcet's diseaseMESH:D012216Diseaserheumatologic and miscellaneous diseasesMESH:D013927Diseasethrombotic arteriopathyMESH:D013700DiseaseTemporal arteritisMESH:D001015DiseaseTakayasu's diseaseMESH:D013700Diseasetemporal arteritisMESH:D007249DiseaseinflammationMESH:D001015DiseaseTakayasu's diseaseMESH:D003251DiseasestenosisMESH:D001528DiseaseBehcet's diseaseMESH:D012421Diseasearterial ruptureMESH:D012216DiseaseRheumatologic diseasesMESH:D001025Diseaseaortitis 10573725Rev Med Interne; 1999 Oct; 20(10) 888-9011999titleGeffray L0[Infections associated with pets].abstract35INTRODUCTION: Domestic pets can transmit numerous infections, including bacterial, parasitic, fungal, and viral diseases. This paper reports the epidemiologic, clinical, therapeutic and prophylactic data of these zoonoses. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS: The routes of transmission are various. Bites and scratches are the most common health hazards and result in localized infections. Pasteurellosis, various aerobic and anaerobic infections, and cat-scratch disease are predominant. Bites are treated by cleaning the wound, rabies and tetanus prophylaxis, and the appropriate use of antibiotics. Other infections are transmitted through cutaneous, mucous, digestive or respiratory routes, by direct contact with the pets, excreta, or by arthropods. The most common are gastrointestinal (campylobacter, salmonella, yersinia, parasites, etc), dermatologic (dermatophytoses, scabies, cutaneous larva migraines, etc.), respiratory (psittacosis, etc.), and multisystemic (toxoplasmosis, toxocariasis, leishmaniosis). Certain people are at high risk for diverse diseases: small children (toxocariasis, helminthiasis), pregnant women (toxoplasmosis), and immunodeficient patients (cryptosporidiosis, salmonellosis, systemic pasteurellosis). These infectious diseases can be partly prevented by avoiding contact with diseased animals, and by washing the hands following exposure to pets or pet-derived excreta. Specific vaccines for humans and pets, as well as worming pets regularly, form an important part of the prevention. Veterinarians must discourage the keeping of wild or exotic animals as pets. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND PROJECTS: National health survey institutions and new communication systems can improve our knowledge about the real epidemiology of pet-transmitted zoonoses.MESH:D007239Diseasenumerous infectionsMESH:D001102Diseaseviral diseasesMESH:D012594Diseaselocalized infectionsMESH:D010326DiseasePasteurellosisMESH:D013746DiseasetetanusMESH:D012532DiseasescabiesMESH:D008881Diseasecutaneous larva migrainesMESH:D009956DiseasepsittacosisMESH:D014123DiseasetoxoplasmosisMESH:D007816Diseasetoxocariasis, leishmaniosis9606Speciespeople9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D007816DiseasetoxocariasisMESH:D006373Diseasehelminthiasis9606SpecieswomenMESH:D014123DiseasetoxoplasmosisMESH:D007153Diseaseimmunodeficient9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D003457DiseasecryptosporidiosisMESH:D012480DiseasesalmonellosisMESH:D010326Diseasesystemic pasteurellosisMESH:D003141Diseaseinfectious diseases9606Specieshumans 10573726Rev Med Interne; 1999 Oct; 20(10) 902-111999titleLebrun C, Frenay M, Lanteri-Minet M0[Neurologic complications of chemotherapy].abstract44INTRODUCTION: Neurotoxicity can be induced by the synergistic or additive effects of cytotoxic treatments, and nervous system exposure is related to routes and doses. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS: The improvements in treating systemic malignancy have been accompanied by reports of neurologic toxicity, which has an important impact on the quality of life and may even limit the use of the treatment. PERSPECTIVES AND FUTURE PROJECTS: It demands out a continuous clinical evaluation to detect their appearance. When neurological complications are diagnosed later, they are rarely reversible. Neuroprotective agents are still being evaluated.MESH:D020258DiseaseNeurotoxicityMESH:D009369Diseasesystemic malignancyMESH:D020258Diseaseneurologic toxicityMESH:D002493Diseaseneurological complications 10573727Rev Med Interne; 1999 Oct; 20(10) 912-81999titleTiev KP, Cabane J, Imbert JC0[Treatment of chronic postinfectious fatigue: randomized double-blind study of two doses of sulbutiamine (400-600 mg/day) versus placebo].MESH:D015673Diseasechronic postinfectious fatigueMESH:C031331Chemicalsulbutiamineabstract139PURPOSE: Chronic fatigue remains a medical mystery and a therapeutic failure. The subgroup of chronic fatigue postinfectious fatigue (CPIF) is an interesting one since it is quite frequent in general practice. METHODS: We studied sulbutiamine (Su), isobutyryl-thiamine disulfide in this context. We included 326 general-practice patients suffering from CPIF: they received randomly either Su, 400 mg daily (n = 106), or Su, 600 mg daily (n = 111), or placebo (n = 109) for 28 days in a double-blind, parallel-group study. 315 patients completed the study. RESULTS: The evaluation of fatigue, by multiple means including mainly MFI, a validated multidimensional fatigue scale, showed overall no significant difference between the groups. On the 7th day, however, women receiving Su, 600 mg had less fatigue (P < 0.01), but the figures were quite diverse and no persistent effect was noted at the 28th day. CONCLUSION: Thus, we showed for the first time that a high level general-practice study of fatigue is feasible using specific tools. Whether the effect observed after 1 week in women represents a true finding needs additional research. Further studies are in progress in order to characterize better the potential usefulness of Su in chronic fatigue.MESH:D015673DiseaseChronic fatigueMESH:D005221Diseasefatigue postinfectious fatigueMESH:C031331ChemicalsulbutiamineMESH:C031331ChemicalSu-Chemicalisobutyryl-thiamine disulfide9606SpeciespatientsMESH:C031331ChemicalSuMESH:C031331ChemicalSu9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D005221DiseasefatigueMESH:D005221Diseasefatigue9606SpecieswomenMESH:C031331ChemicalSuMESH:D005221DiseasefatigueMESH:D005221Diseasefatigue9606SpecieswomenMESH:C031331ChemicalSuMESH:D005221Diseasefatigue 10573728Rev Med Interne; 1999 Oct; 20(10) 919-221999titlePatte-Greangeot R, Boulanger E, Antonescu FR, Césari JF, Wambergue FP, Wambergue A, Fontaine P, Cotten A, Ferrier ML, Pagniez D, Dequiedt P0[Muscle infarction. An unknown complication of diabetes mellitus].MESH:D007238DiseaseMuscle infarctionMESH:D003920Diseasediabetes mellitusabstract67INTRODUCTION: Diabetic muscle infarction (MI) is a rare and little-known complication of diabetes mellitus. CASE REPORT: We report a case of relapsing MI in which magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggested the diagnosis. A 53-year-old man with multi-complicated type II diabetes mellitus was admitted to our unit for illness and deep tumefaction of the right thigh. Because of unconclusive MRI, a muscular biopsy of the lesion was performed and MI confirmed. Three months after, a left relapse of MI occurred. Immediate treatment with immobilization and heparinotherapy permitted a rapid recovery. CONCLUSION: About 70 previously reported cases are reviewed. The mean age at presentation was about 40 years. MI was usually seen in patients with long-standing diabetes with multiple end organ microvascular complications. Homo- or heterolateral recurrences are reported in almost half of the patients. MRI is the best imaging technique for suggesting the diagnosis.MESH:D007238DiseaseDiabetic muscle infarctionMESH:D003920Diseasediabetes mellitus9606SpeciesmanMESH:D003924Diseasetype II diabetes mellitusMESH:D002908Diseaseillness9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D003920Diseasediabetes9606Speciespatients 10573729Rev Med Interne; 1999 Oct; 20(10) 923-51999titleJean R, Durand JM, Cretel E, Heyries L, Payan MJ, Retornaz F, Soubeyrand J0[Lymphocytic colitis and Gougerot-Sjogren syndrome. Report of two cases].MESH:D046730DiseaseLymphocytic colitisMESH:D012859DiseaseGougerot-Sjogren syndromeabstract74INTRODUCTION: Microscopic colitis describes a subset of patients with chronic watery diarrhea of unknown origin, and normal endoscopic findings and microscopic evidence of an inflammatory infiltrate in the colonic mucosa. We report two cases associated with sicca syndrome. EXEGESIS: A 56-year-old woman and a 76-year-old man presented with a history of lymphocytic colitis associated with sicca syndrome. Drugs or infectious agents were not implicated in the cause of lymphocytic colitis, suggesting that sicca syndrome may be involved in the pathogenesis of microscopic colitis. CONCLUSION: These cases suggest that sicca syndrome should be detected in patients with lymphocytic colitis.MESH:D003092Diseasecolitis9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D003967DiseasediarrheaMESH:D015179Diseasecolonic mucosaMESH:D012859Diseasesicca syndrome9606Specieswoman9606SpeciesmanMESH:D046730Diseaselymphocytic colitisMESH:D012859Diseasesicca syndromeMESH:D046730Diseaselymphocytic colitisMESH:D012859Diseasesicca syndromeMESH:D003092DiseasecolitisMESH:D012859Diseasesicca syndrome9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D046730Diseaselymphocytic colitis 10573730Rev Med Interne; 1999 Oct; 20(10) 926-91999titleBibes B, Briens E, Minjolle S, Jego P, Dauriac C, Grosbois B0[Respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in four immunocompromised adults].MESH:D018357DiseaseRespiratory syncytial virus pneumoniaabstract74INTRODUCTION: In hematologic malignancies, respiratory syncytial viral infections can be explained by neutropenia, and cellular and humoral immunodepression, and may cause severe respiratory infections. EXEGESIS: Four patients with hematologic malignancies developed a severe respiratory syncytial virus infection. Three of them had previously received autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT). Progress was favorable for three patients. One patient died of acute respiratory failure. CONCLUSION: When such patients present with respiratory symptoms, especially during the winter months, they should be screened for RSV. Bronchoalveolar lavage allowed quick and accurate diagnosis by immunofluorescence. Treatment with nebulized ribavirin is controversial. Its use may be interesting in patients with high-risk factors (intensive chemotherapy, ABMT, diffuse pneumonia with hypoxemia).MESH:D019337Diseasehematologic malignanciesMESH:D018357Diseaserespiratory syncytial viral infectionsMESH:D009503DiseaseneutropeniaDiseaseimmunodepressionMESH:D012131Diseaserespiratory infections9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D019337Diseasehematologic malignanciesMESH:D018357Diseaserespiratory syncytial virus infection9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientMESH:D012131Diseaserespiratory failure9606Speciespatients12814SpeciesrespiratoryMESH:D012254Chemicalribavirin9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D011014DiseasepneumoniaMESH:D000860Diseasehypoxemia 10573731Rev Med Interne; 1999 Oct; 20(10) 930-31999titleDadamessi I, Leduc I, Duché A, Tiev K, Barbieux D, Sevestre H, Andréjak M, Ducroix JP0[Autoimmune hepatitis and lupus syndrome associated with minocycline].MESH:D019693DiseaseAutoimmune hepatitisMESH:D008180Diseaselupus syndromeMESH:D008911Chemicalminocyclineabstract71INTRODUCTION: Among several adverse effects following treatment with minocycline, certain cases of autoimmune hepatitis, associated with lupus erythematosus, have been described. The possibility of hepatic damage, although rare, is important to keep in mind because of its delicate diagnostic. EXEGESIS: We report one case of autoimmune hepatitis following treatment with minocycline for acne, in a 25-year-old woman. This autoimmune hepatitis was associated with induced lupus syndrome. Usual causes of hepatitis were eliminated. Evolution was spontaneously favorable upon minocycline treatment interruption, with the disappearance of clinical symptoms and normalization of hepatic and immunologic biological values. CONCLUSION: The possibility of hepatic damage and lupus syndrome, following treatment with minocycline, should be recalled and verified in cases of long-term prescription. This observation stresses the difficulties of anamnesis in internal medicine. For those who know how to listen cautiously and rigorously, anamnesis may prove more helpful than many complementary examinations.MESH:D008911ChemicalminocyclineMESH:D019693Diseaseautoimmune hepatitisMESH:D008180Diseaselupus erythematosusMESH:D056486Diseasehepatic damageMESH:D019693Diseaseautoimmune hepatitisMESH:D008911ChemicalminocyclineMESH:D000152Diseaseacne9606SpecieswomanMESH:D019693Diseaseautoimmune hepatitisMESH:D008180Diseaselupus syndromeMESH:D056486DiseasehepatitisMESH:D008911ChemicalminocyclineMESH:D056486Diseasehepatic damageMESH:D008180Diseaselupus syndromeMESH:D008911Chemicalminocycline 10573733Rev Med Interne; 1999 Oct; 20(10) 947-81999titleCailleux N, Marie I, Peillon C, Lévesque H, Courtois H0[Hammer, did you say hammer?].abstract31 10573734Rev Med Interne; 1999 Oct; 20(10) 949-501999titleBraun D, Nippert B, Loeuille D, Blain H, Tréchot P0[Interstitial pneumopathy induced by fluoxetine].MESH:C535590DiseasepneumopathyMESH:D005473Chemicalfluoxetineabstract50 10573735Rev Med Interne; 1999 Oct; 20(10) 950-11999titleBouillet L, Arbib F, Brambilla C, Morand P, Huchon A0[Pneumocystis pneumonia complicated by infectious mononucleosis: an infrequent association].MESH:D011020DiseasePneumocystis pneumoniaabstract93 10573736Rev Med Interne; 1999 Oct; 20(10) 951-21999titleCorne P, Bourdin A, Hernandez M, Landreau L, Jonquet O0[Aspiration pneumonia from Pasteurella multocida].MESH:D011014Diseasepneumonia747SpeciesPasteurella multocidaabstract51 10573737Rev Med Interne; 1999 Sep; 20 Suppl 54531999titleBrunet C0[Anatomy of thoracic outlet syndrome].MESH:D013901Diseasethoracic outlet syndromeabstract39 10573738Rev Med Interne; 1999 Sep; 20 Suppl 54641999titleHachulla E, Gillard J, Duquesnoy B0[Clinical aspects of thoracic outlet syndrome].MESH:D013901Diseasethoracic outlet syndromeabstract48 10573739Rev Med Interne; 1999 Sep; 20 Suppl 54681999titleRémy J, Rémy-Jardin M, Duquesnoy B, Hachulla E, Vinckier L, Perez-Cousin M, Artaud D, Fribourg M0[Tridimensional scanner in thoracic outlet syndrome].MESH:D013901Diseasethoracic outlet syndromeabstract54 10573740Rev Med Interne; 1999 Sep; 20 Suppl 54781999titleCotten A, Demondion X, Gillard J, Hachulla E, Duquesnoy B0[Exploration of the thoracic outlet syndrome: contribution of MRI].abstract68 10573741Rev Med Interne; 1999 Sep; 20 Suppl 54811999titleGillard J, Duquesnoy B0[Thoracic outlet syndromes: the viewpoint of the rheumatologist].abstract66 10573742Rev Med Interne; 1999 Sep; 20 Suppl 54871999titleBecker F, Terriat B0[Thoracic outlet syndromes: the viewpoint of the angiologist].abstract63 10573743Rev Med Interne; 1999 Sep; 20 Suppl 54941999titleHurtevent JF0[Neurophysiological explorations of thoracic outlet syndrome].MESH:D013901Diseasethoracic outlet syndromeabstract63 10573744Rev Med Interne; 1999 Sep; 20 Suppl 54971999titleMayoux-Benhamou MA, Rahali-Khachlof H, Revel M0[Rehabilitation in thoracic outlet syndrome].MESH:D013901Diseasethoracic outlet syndromeabstract46 10573745Rev Med Interne; 1999 Sep; 20 Suppl 55001999titleBoissonnot P, Roubieu A0[Criticisms of the Peet gymnastics. Proposal of a new exercise program for the patient].9606Speciespatientabstract89 10573746Rev Med Interne; 1999 Sep; 20 Suppl 55061999titleKieffer E, Vasseur MA0[Surgery of thoracic outlet syndromes].abstract40 10573747Rev Pneumol Clin; 1999 Sep; 55(4) 199-2021999titleAngioi K, Duprez A0[Scientific and ethical in vivo human experimentation].9606Specieshumanabstract56 10573748Rev Pneumol Clin; 1999 Sep; 55(4) 205-101999titleJulien S, Jacoulet P, Dubiez A, Westeel V, Depierre A0[Non-small-cell bronchial cancers: long-term survival after single drug chemotherapy with vinorelbine].MESH:D001982Diseasebronchial cancersMESH:D000077235Chemicalvinorelbineabstract104We studied a cohort of 120 patients with inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer treated with vinorelbin at the dose of 25-30 mg/m2/week in a single drug chemotherapy regimen. Surgery was contraindicated due to staging or to concomitant morbidity. Twenty patients survived 18 months or more. One survivor responded exceptionally, surviving 120 months. The mean dose intensity of Vinorelbine in long-term survivors was 21 mg/m2/week. Objective response was found at multivariate analysis to be a prognostic factor for survival beyond 18 months. Weight loss (< 5 kg) was an unfavorable prognostic factor in patients with metastases.9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D008175Diseaselung cancerMESH:D000077235Chemicalvinorelbin9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D000077235ChemicalVinorelbineMESH:D015431DiseaseWeight loss9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D009362Diseasemetastases 10573749Rev Pneumol Clin; 1999 Sep; 55(4) 211-81999titleJarno F, Bazot M, Korzec J, Milleron B, Carette MF0[Computerized tomography imaging of round atelectasis. Study of a series of 21 patients].9606Speciespatientsabstract90AIM: To show and compare to literature CT findings in round atelectasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It is a retrospective review of the clinical and radiological files of 21 patients (17 men; 4 women; Mean age: 62), having asbestos exposure (6/21) or pleural history (13/21) and in whom the diagnosis of round atelectasis was performed from 1988 to 1998. This diagnosis was based on the presence of the classical radiological triad: round mass abutting to pleurae, converging bronchovascular markings and pleural thickening adjacent to the mass associated at a one year follow up or three years radiological and clinical follow up or the association with three minors radiological signs. RESULTS: The 25 round atelectasis, 4 bilateral, were localized in the lower lobes (22/25) or upper lobes (3/25) at right (17/25) or left (8/25) side. Minor signs were found as in literature as followed: air bronchograms and centrally indistinct margin (25/25, diffused pleural thickening or pleural plaques (19/25), acute angles with the pleura (18/25), fissures displacement (18/25), main stem bronchus displacement (13/25), calcifications within the plaque (10/25), calcifications within the mass (10/25). A mean of 6.7 signs was found for each lesion. CONCLUSION: More than the major signs of round atelectasis the air bronchogram, the centrally indistinct margin and the presence of one sign of retraction were very frequent. The mean number of signs was 6.7 for every lesion.9606Speciespatients9606Speciesmen9606SpecieswomenMESH:D010995DiseasepleuralMESH:D010995Diseasepleural 10573750Rev Pneumol Clin; 1999 Sep; 55(4) 219-221999titleAbid A, Benasser MA, Yassir Z, Rguibi M, Ghorfi I, Chbicheb A, Alaoui-Tahiri K0[Mediastinitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae with a pharyngeal portal].MESH:D008480DiseaseMediastinitis573SpeciesKlebsiella pneumoniaeabstract74We report a case of Klebsiella pneumoniae medisatinitis secondary to a retrophyarygeal abscess in a 40-year-old patient. The patient was treated with antibiotics and pleural drainage. Surgery was not necessary and the clinical course was favorable. We recall the pathophysiological and clinical aspects of this now uncommon condition and discuss the prognosis and therapeutic options.MESH:D007710DiseaseKlebsiella pneumoniae medisatinitis9606Speciespatient9606SpeciespatientMESH:D010995Diseasepleural drainage 10573751Rev Pneumol Clin; 1999 Sep; 55(4) 223-61999titleChen YB, Nguyen QK, Le HL, Phan TH, Hoeffel CC0[Diagnostic imaging of tracheobronchial tuberculosis. Apropos of a case].MESH:C566362Diseasetracheobronchial tuberculosisabstract74We report a new case of tracheo-bronchial tuberculosis. Diagnosis was suggested on CT examination first and then confirmed by endoscopy and bacteriological examinations. We discuss the possible mechanisms of stenosis. We present the radiological features of tracheo-bronchial tuberculosis, mainly helical CT features and we discuss and illustrate differential diagnosis. We emphasize the role of 3 D and multiplanar reconstructed CT images that may help visualizing the stenosis at different levels, its craniocaudal extent as well as the boundaries between the stenosis and surrounding tissues. Moreover helical CT appears superior to bronchofibroscopy in diagnosing peribronchial infiltration.MESH:D001982Diseasetracheo-bronchial tuberculosisMESH:D001982Diseasetracheo-bronchial tuberculosis 10573752Rev Pneumol Clin; 1999 Sep; 55(4) 227-91999titleAfif H, Trombati N, Bahlaoui A, Aichane A, Bouayad Z0[Unusual diagnosis of cavitating pulmonary opacity].abstract53The authors reported a case of Hodgkin disease with excavated lung localisation discovered during a systematic detection in the occupational medicine framework. This observation raised the differential diagnosis problems mainly with tuberculosis in endemic countries.MESH:D006689DiseaseHodgkin diseaseMESH:D014376Diseasetuberculosis 10573753Rev Pneumol Clin; 1999 Sep; 55(4) 231-21999titleBreton JL, Alfreijat F, Guy I0[Small-cell bronchogenic cancer one year after excision of 2 synchronous non-small-cell bronchogenic cancers].MESH:D009369DiseasecancerMESH:D009369Diseasecancersabstract111 10573754Rev Pneumol Clin; 1999 Sep; 55(4) 232-41999titleBouvard E, Bellocq A, Bernier C, Meyniel D0[Severe acute asthma in the emergency room: amelioration of decreased peak flow rate is interpreted with difficulty].MESH:D001249Diseaseasthmaabstract118We report a severe acute asthma case whose course was marked by persistent hypoxemia whereas proximal flows were normalized. This discordance reveals a ventilation/perfusion mismatch. This data suggests that care must be taken in interpreting the peak flow improvement during acute severe asthma management.MESH:D001249DiseaseasthmaMESH:D000860DiseasehypoxemiaMESH:D001249Diseaseasthma 10573755Rev Pneumol Clin; 1999 Sep; 55(4) 234-51999titleLotz JP, Lecesne A, Trillet-Lenoir V0[The Cleopatra project].abstract25 10573756Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am.; 1999 Nov; 25(4) 789-8041999titleRamos-Remus C, Gutierrez-Ureña S, Davis P0Epidemiology of complementary and alternative practices in rheumatology.abstract73The increasing prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine usage by the general population and rheumatic patients worldwide is reviewed. The many potential concerns about this type of therapy are addressed, ranging from toxicity issues to changes in behavioral attitudes. Finally, the authors speculate on some major socioeconomic outcomes associated with these therapies.MESH:D012216Diseaserheumatic9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D064420Diseasetoxicity 10573757Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am.; 1999 Nov; 25(4) 805-141999titleJarvis WT0Quackery: the National Council Against Health Fraud perspective.abstract65Quackery is the promotion of false and unproven health schemes for a profit. It is rooted in the traditions of marketplace. Scientific thinking and standards of conduct underlie professionalism and consumer protection law. At the present time, commercialism has overwhelmed professionalism in the marketing of alternative remedies. Neither patients nor legitimate businesses that adhere to the standards of science and consumer protection are well served by a double standard.9606Speciespatients 10573758Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am.; 1999 Nov; 25(4) 815-221999titlePerlman AI, Eisenberg DM, Panush RS0Talking with patients about alternative and complementary medicine.9606Speciespatientsabstract68The growing use of alternative and complementary therapies in the United States as well as other parts of the world is a trend that the responsible rheumatologist cannot ignore. With chronic musculoskeletal conditions being the leading indication for the use of alternative and complementary therapies, rheumatologists must become experts on talking to patients and advising them about the use or avoidance of such therapies. Currently, there is a growing body of literature on the safety and efficacy of the multiple alternative and complementary therapies available. Much of this information is reliable and of high methologic quality; however, much of it is not. With an increase in the budget of the Office of Alternative Medicine from $20 to $50 million in 1999 and the status of the office changing to an independent center, an important step has been taken to try to assure improved research in the near future to validate or disprove many of the current alternative and complementary therapies. In the meantime, our patients are using these therapies and are likely to continue to do so, with or without our guidance. We must get beyond the "don't ask, don't tell" approach that characterizes many physicians' attitudes toward the subject of alternative and complementary therapies. Although all discussions need not end in agreement, they are still opportunities for shared decision making and "relationship-centered care." Ultimately, we should not be concerned with practicing what is perceived to be traditional versus alternative and complementary medicine or biomedicine versus naturalistic medicine but only with what is truly "good" medicine.MESH:D009140Diseasemusculoskeletal conditions9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients-Chemicalbiomedicine 10573759Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am.; 1999 Nov; 25(4) 823-311999titleKanning M0Why I would want to use complementary and alternative therapy: a patient's perspective.9606Speciespatientabstract88People are increasingly turning to complementary therapy as an adjunct to traditional care, but a large percentage do not share that information with their physician. People with rheumatic disease use alternative and complementary therapies for many reasons, and they use a wide variety of therapies. Chronic diseases are among the most difficult to treat with traditional Western medications that attack symptoms, while more alternative and complementary therapies offer relief through other means. Everyone involved--medical doctor, patient, and complementary practitioner--needs to know about the entire treatment regimen and handle it with the patient's overall, long-term health and quality of life in mind. Organizations such as the Arthritis Foundation and professional holistic groups can partner to increase knowledge and further enhance quality of life for people with rheumatic disease.9606SpeciesPeople9606SpeciesPeopleMESH:D012216Diseaserheumatic diseaseMESH:D002908DiseaseChronic diseases9606Speciespatient9606SpeciespatientMESH:D001168DiseaseArthritis9606SpeciespeopleMESH:D012216Diseaserheumatic disease 10573760Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am.; 1999 Nov; 25(4) 833-431999titleKramer N0Why I would not recommend complementary or alternative therapies: a physician's perspective.abstract93The use of complementary or alternative therapies by patients with rheumatic diseases is widespread and under-reported by patient to physician. The most commonly used forms of therapy are herbal/nutrient supplements, chiropractic, homeopathy, and acupuncture. The use of these therapies for treatment of rheumatic disease is not substantiated by review of the available medical literature. Furthermore, these therapies are expensive and potentially toxic. Incorporation of these treatments into the therapeutic armamentarium of the rheumatologist cannot be recommended until they are shown to be effective, safe, and affordable.9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D012216Diseaserheumatic diseases9606SpeciespatientDiseasehomeopathyMESH:D012216Diseaserheumatic disease 10573761Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am.; 1999 Nov; 25(4) 845-531999titleNeims AH0Why I would recommend complementary or alternative therapies: a physician's perspective.abstract89The successes of science and technology have created new health challenges. The use of various complementary therapies by patients reflects a response to one of those challenges, which is the need we all have to tell our stories, find meaning, and seek healing relationships. Although several alternative medical systems are conceptually incompatible with conventional medicine, the therapeutic modalities associated with them can be evaluated by standard clinical investigative approaches. These approaches, however, are intrinsically more difficult to apply in some cases because of the nature of objectivity and reductionism in complex, relationship-centered therapy, and because it is hard to study something that, by design, works slowly, mildly, and individually.9606Speciespatients 10573762Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am.; 1999 Nov; 25(4) 855-601999titleSpiro HM0Hope helps: placebos and alternative medicine in rheumatology.abstract63Most clinicians recognize that emphatic listening is not always enough for patients and that many are comforted by a more tangible sign of help. Pills provide a comforting ritual, and although words should be more important than pills, placebos, rightly given, remind physicians and nurses that we are treating human beings even as they reassure patients that doctors are more than vending machines of techniques. For the physician, there should be no split between mainstream and complementary alternatives, for the benefits of empathy and communication may sometimes prove as great as those from pills and portions.9606Speciespatients9606Specieshuman9606SpeciespatientsDiseaseempathy 10573763Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am.; 1999 Nov; 25(4) 861-811999titleSigal LH0Antibiotics for the treatment of rheumatologic syndromes.MESH:D012216Diseaserheumatologic syndromesabstract58Design of rational therapy depends on knowledge of the causes of the disease, which is knowledge often lacking in rheumatology. There have been theories of infectious causes of many rheumatologic diseases but no proof. The seductive possibility of an infectious etiology has led to the use of antibiotics for treating these diseases. This article reviews the effectiveness of antibiotics against rheumatologic syndromes, including rheumatoid arthritis and Lyme disease.MESH:D012216Diseaserheumatologic diseasesMESH:D012216Diseaserheumatologic syndromesMESH:D001172Diseaserheumatoid arthritisMESH:D008193DiseaseLyme disease 10573764Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am.; 1999 Nov; 25(4) 883-971999titleSukenik S, Flusser D, Abu-Shakra M0The role of spa therapy in various rheumatic diseases.729238Gene121995spaMESH:D012216Diseaserheumatic diseasesabstract55Spa therapy seems to have a role in the treatment of a broad range of joint diseases. It cannot substitute for conventional therapy but can complement it. The improvement reported in some of the studies is of short duration, lasting for months. It should be considered for patients suffering from various types of inflammatory arthritides or noninflammatory arthritides who are symptomatic, despite accepted medical therapy and conservative physiotherapy, if they can afford the expense. The patients should be told that the effectiveness and success of this therapy cannot be predicted in advance. Because we have no way to date, of curing most rheumatic diseases, clinical trials of alternative therapeutic methods are justified. These methods may alleviate patient suffering and are almost totally devoid of serious adverse effects. No studies have been reported that evaluate their cost-effectiveness.729238Gene121995SpaMESH:D007592Diseasejoint diseases9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D012216Diseaserheumatic diseases9606Speciespatient 10573765Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am.; 1999 Nov; 25(4) 899-9181999titleRosenstein ED0Topical agents in the treatment of rheumatic disorders.MESH:D012216Diseaserheumatic disordersabstract56Topical drug delivery may be the optimal route for the treatment of localized musculoskeletal disorders because higher drug concentrations can be achieved at the sites of clinical significance. The rationale for the use of topical salicylates and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the treatment of soft-tissue rheumatic complaints and osteoarthritis is reviewed. Topical capsaicin offers another potentially beneficial therapy for the treatment of osteoarthritis of selected joints. Although there are extensive, uncontrolled experiences with DMSO that suggests its effectiveness in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, controlled trials yield conflicting results. The basis for the use of physical modalities such as phonophoresis and iontophoresis to improve topical drug efficacy is summarized.MESH:D009140Diseaselocalized musculoskeletal disordersMESH:D012459ChemicalsalicylatesMESH:D010003DiseaseosteoarthritisMESH:D002211ChemicalcapsaicinMESH:D010003DiseaseosteoarthritisMESH:D004121ChemicalDMSOMESH:D009140Diseasemusculoskeletal disorders 10573766Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am.; 1999 Nov; 25(4) 919-281999titleCaldwell JR0Venoms, copper, and zinc in the treatment of arthritis.MESH:D003300ChemicalcopperMESH:D001168Diseasearthritisabstract56This article discusses the use of venoms, copper, and zinc in the treatment of arthritis. The author examines the history and effectiveness of viper, bee, and ant venoms in order to determine whether these natural ingredients in anti-inflammatory medications help relieve a patient's symptoms. Copper and zinc studies may offer therapeutic benefits, but there is still no solid consensus on the potential role of these elements in treating arthritis.MESH:D003300ChemicalcopperMESH:D001168Diseasearthritis31156Speciesviper9606SpeciespatientMESH:D003300ChemicalCopperMESH:D001168Diseasearthritis 10573767Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am.; 1999 Nov; 25(4) 929-351999titleRosenstein ED, Caldwell JR0Trace elements in the treatment of rheumatic conditions.MESH:D012216Diseaserheumatic conditionsabstract57The role of trace metallic elements (copper, selenium, zinc, gold) in chronic inflammatory states is of great interest because many of them are co-factors in metabolic processes involving articular tissues and immune system function. Deficiencies of several of these have been documented in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Other than for the clinically approved gold compounds, there exists only inconsistent evidence for a therapeutic role of trace metallic elements in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.MESH:D003300ChemicalcopperMESH:D012643Chemicalselenium9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D001172Diseaserheumatoid arthritisMESH:D001172Diseaserheumatoid arthritis 10573768Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am.; 1999 Nov; 25(4) 937-681999titleHenderson CJ, Panush RS0Diets, dietary supplements, and nutritional therapies in rheumatic diseases.MESH:D012216Diseaserheumatic diseasesabstract77Rheumatoid arthritis and many other systemic rheumatic diseases remain illnesses of unknown cause for which current therapy is often inadequate. This leads patients to seek questionable remedies, prominent among which are dietary manipulations. Is there a role for dietary modifications in the routine therapy for patients with rheumatic diseases? This article discusses the relationships between diets, fasting, elemental nutrition, vitamins, minerals, and foods for rheumatic diseases. Known scientific-based evidence for the use, safety, and efficacy of diets and dietary-related practices subscribed by patients with rheumatic diseases are presented. Studies that link diet with arthritis offer the possibility of identifying new therapeutic approaches for selected patients and of developing new insights to disease pathogenesis. Dietary therapy for arthritis, however, is still being investigated.MESH:D001172DiseaseRheumatoid arthritisMESH:D012216Diseaserheumatic diseases9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D012216Diseaserheumatic diseasesMESH:D012216Diseaserheumatic diseases9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D012216Diseaserheumatic diseasesMESH:D001168Diseasearthritis9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D001168Diseasearthritis 10573769Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 2011-41999titleKlevmark B0Natural pressure-volume curves and conventional cystometry.abstract60Conventional cystometry using high non-physiological filling rates creates an artificial condition with continuous pressure rise. Controlled Slow Cystometry (CSC), using a defined rate-unit calculated after body weight (hour-diuresis unit, HD), has enabled systematic studies of bladder reaction to natural filling. Physiological filling rate is up to 15 HD. At low physiological filling rate (< 2.4 HD in cats) the pressure-volume curve is flat. Pressure rise is rate-dependent, not volume-dependent and can occur at any time during filling, as the need of the body to excrete urine at high rate is not coordinated with bladder filling. Thus, in an individual cat and human there are numerous variations in natural pressure-volume curves.MESH:D006816DiseaseHDMESH:D006816DiseaseHDMESH:D006816DiseaseHD9685Speciescats9606Specieshuman 10573770Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 2015-111999titleFinkbeiner AE0In vitro responses of detrusor smooth muscle to stretch and relaxation.abstract72In vitro studies subjecting detrusor smooth muscle to stretch and relaxation support the concept that bladder tonus and accommodation result from physical properties of the bladder wall and are not dependent upon neural activity. The properties of automaticity, hysteresis and length/tension relationships of smooth muscle seen clinically and in vivo are also seen in vitro.MESH:D001745Diseasebladder tonus 10573771Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20112-81999titleWagg A, Fry CH0Visco-elastic properties of isolated detrusor smooth muscle.abstract61The generation of force by the contractile apparatus and the modulation of that force by the intra- and extracellular matrix are the initial steps in the production of bladder wall tension. The biomechanical components contributing to the observed rise in bladder wall tension may be studied in isolated detrusor tissue and attempts can be made to isolate these. The problem is to determine whether clinically observed alterations in detrusor function are due to changes in the contractile apparatus or in the surrounding matrix. This review discusses the viscoelastic properties of detrusor muscle, concentrates upon the influence of bladder outflow obstruction on the mechanical properties of the detrusor in an attempt to understand changes in contractile function.MESH:D014694Diseasebladder outflow obstruction 10573772Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20119-241999titleRobertson AS0Behaviour of the human bladder during natural filling: the Newcastle experience of ambulatory monitoring and conventional artificial filling cystometry.9606Specieshumanabstract153Conventional Artificial Filling Cystometry (CMG) is the Gold Standard investigation of detrusor function although the findings are limited by the constraints of rapid rates of filling with artificial filling media in conditions of restricted mobility and the clinical environment. Recent advances in technology have allowed the use of ambulatory monitoring (AM) of detrusor function during which the bladder fills at natural rates with urine whilst the patient is able to exercise and perform normal daily activities outside the clinical environment. Comparative studies of CMG and AM in the Department of Urology at the Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne in recent years have shown interesting differences in the results obtained between the techniques. During AM the bladder pressure rise on filling is seen to be lower and associated with a greater incidence of spontaneous phasic detrusor activity than during CMG, whilst detrusor contraction pressures during the voiding phase following natural filling, are generally seen to be higher than during CMG. Several groups of patients, including men with neuropathic bladder disorder, chronic retention of urine and bladder outflow obstruction together with a group of asymptomatic healthy volunteers have been studied and the results presented.9606Speciespatient9606Speciespatients9606SpeciesmenMESH:D001750Diseaseneuropathic bladder disorderMESH:D014694Diseasebladder outflow obstruction 10573773Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20125-311999titleBrading AF, Greenland JE, Mills IW, McMurray G, Symes S0Blood supply to the bladder during filling.abstract44Amongst other features of bladder physiology, the mechanics of cyclic filling and emptying make the blood supply of the bladder unique with respect to other organs of the body. Blood vessels are required to lengthen and shorten, whilst maintaining sufficient perfusion of the smooth muscle. Interruption of the blood supply may result in ischaemia and, ultimately reperfusion, resulting in bladder pathologies. The blood flow is also likely to be affected by factors such as increased intra-abdominal pressure. In this article, several features of the blood supply to the bladder- and also the urethra--are discussed.MESH:D007511Diseaseischaemia 10573774Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20132-71999titleGabella G, Uvelius B0Structural changes in the rat bladder after acute outlet obstruction.10116Speciesratabstract70The urinary bladder of adult female rats was subjected to complete outlet obstruction for periods of up to 24 h. Within 2 h the obstruction led to a rise in intravesical pressure to about 80 mmH2O. Subsequently, the pressure remained high but declined slightly. After 24 h of complete obstruction the bladder was maximally distended, but its volume was similar to that of a control bladder fully distended, indicating that overstretch (or overdistension) occurs only to a very limited degree. After 6 h of obstruction there was congestion of all the intramural blood vessels and extravasation of red blood cells from some vessels of the mucosa. At 12 h and 24 h the extravasation was very substantial and there was also infiltration of erythrocytes in the muscle layer. Ultrastructurally, there were several damaged nerve endings (but no changes in the nerve trunks) and, occasionally, damaged muscle cells. Removal of the obstruction after 24 h was followed by resorption of the extravasate, partly by phagocytosis by muscle cells, a process which lasted 4-6 days, and by 7 days damaged varicosities and muscle cells became uncommon. We conclude that the changes observed in the bladder wall following complete obstruction are caused more by haemorrhage and ischaemia than by overstretch and that the changes are reversed when outlet conditions are normalized.10116SpeciesratsMESH:D001749Diseaseobstruction the bladderMESH:D006470DiseasehaemorrhageMESH:D007511Diseaseischaemia 10573775Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20138-451999titleChang SL, Chung JS, Yeung MK, Howard PS, Macarak EJ0Roles of the lamina propria and the detrusor in tension transfer during bladder filling.abstract89In this study, structural changes within the lamina propria and detrusor layers were analysed during development as a function of bladder filling. Second-, third- and full-term foetal bovine bladders were filled to 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of their total capacity and snap frozen. The bladders were analysed histochemically and the relative thicknesses of the lamina propria and detrusor were measured. In all gestational stages examined, the total thickness of the bladder wall decreased during bladder filling. The lamina propria of the full-term bladder thinned at a consistently faster rate than did the detrusor. The lamina propria of second and third trimester bladders followed the same thinning pattern, except when the bladders were filled from 25% to 50% of their capacities. At these gestational stages, the detrusor thinned at a faster rate than the lamina propria. Our results demonstrate that the detrusor layer carries tension only during a specific portion of the filling cycle and only during the second and third trimesters. We conclude that the lamina propria acts as the capacitance layer, while the detrusor functions as the "limiting" or "girding" layer to prevent over-distension of the bladder wall.9913Speciesbovine 10573776Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20146-501999titleHypolite JA, DiSanto ME, Wein AJ, Chacko S0Myosin light chain phosphorylation at resting level and the composition of myosin isoforms in the bladder body and urethra.79784Gene23480Myosin79784Gene23480myosinabstract124Bladder filling depends upon the coordinated control of a storage chamber, the bladder body, and its outlet, the bladder base and urethra. Bladder emptying results from development of force in the bladder body and relaxation of the outlet. Muscle strips from bladder body reveal phasic characteristics, whereas the strips from urethral wall are tonic. To determine whether the compositions of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms and the level of myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation contribute to the regional variation in the contractile states of the bladder smooth muscle, we analyzed the levels of MLC phosphorylation and the expression of myosin isoforms in smooth muscle tissues from different regions of the urinary bladder. Strips of bladder from the dome, mid body, base of the bladder and urethra were removed and analyzed for the levels of MLC phosphorylation at the resting tone. The expression of MHC isoforms that differ in the C-terminus (SM1 and SM2) and in the N-terminal region (SM-A and SM-B), formed by alternative splicing of the pre-mRNA at either the 3' end or the 5' end, respectively, was analyzed. The expression of these isoforms was characterized at the mRNA and protein levels using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), SDS-PAGE, and Western blotting. The levels of MLC phosphorylation were 35.5 +/- 4.6, 24.7 +/- 2.2, 13.6 +/- 2.1, and 12.8 +/- 2.7 for dome, mid bladder body, base and urethra respectively. Almost 100% of the MHC mRNA in the dome, mid bladder body, and base contains a 7-amino acid insert near the ATP-binding region, whereas the MHC in the urethral smooth muscle is only 81% inserted. Prior studies have shown that inserted myosin has a two-fold higher actin-activated ATPase activity compared to the myosin isoform that lacks the insert, and the maximum velocity of shortening of smooth muscle containing this insert is high compared to muscle that do not contain the insert. The expression of SM1 and SM2 were not significantly different. Our data suggests the presence of a high degree of inserted myosin and LC20 phosphorylation in the bladder dome and mid-body helps to facilitate rapid force development and emptying. Non-inserted myosin and the low level of MLC phosphorylation in the urethra may contribute to slowly or non-cycling myosin cross bridges and the maintenance of a tonic or contracted state during bladder filling.3107Gene133080myosin heavy chain3107Gene133080MHC23209Gene15775myosin light chain23209Gene15775MLC23209Gene15775MLC79784Gene23480myosin23209Gene15775MLC3107Gene133080MHC7911GeneSM153366GeneSM26606Gene292SM-AMESH:D012967ChemicalSDS23209Gene15775MLC3107Gene133080MHC-Chemical7-amino acidMESH:D000255ChemicalATP3107Gene133080MHC79784Gene23480myosin79784Gene23480myosin7911GeneSM153366GeneSM279784Gene23480myosin10398Gene21230LC2079784Gene23480myosin23209Gene15775MLCMESH:D054084Diseasemyosin cross bridges 10573777Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20151-81999titleDamaser MS0Whole bladder mechanics during filling.abstract40In addition to molecular and cellular properties, elemental and whole bladder properties are important to the function of the bladder during filling. The bladder pressure volume filling relation is dependent on all aspects of bladder tissue. Elemental mechanics properties include elasticity, viscoelasticity, and plastic deformation of bladder tissue. Whole bladder properties include bladder shape, mass, and distension. This paper reviews work on mathematical model aimed at determining the effect of whole bladder properties on bladder filling mechanics and outlines directions for the future. 10573778Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20159-661999titleLevin RM, Horan P, Liu SP0Metabolic aspects of urinary bladder filling.abstract46Urinary bladder compliance allows the bladder to fill to near capacity without a large increase in intravesical pressure. Bladder compliance is composed of two interrelated factors: passive characteristics of the connective tissue elements of the bladder, and active properties of the smooth muscle elements. The tension generated by the smooth muscle elements can significantly affect bladder compliance. This study utilized an in-vitro whole-bladder model in rabbits to determine the effects of hypoxia, alterations in calcium concentrations, and muscarinic agonists and antagonists on bladder capacity and compliance. The urinary bladder was excised together with a short segment of proximal urethra. A catheter was inserted into the bladder via the dome and the urethra was canulated with a saline-filled tube. The bladder was mounted in an isolated bath containing Tyrode's buffer. The catheter was connected to a pressure transducer to monitor the intravesical pressure and connected to a saline-filled i.v. bag. The weight of the saline bag was continually monitored. The height of the saline bag was set to 80 mmH2O above the baseline intravesical pressure. Bladder filling was started by opening the bladder to the saline reservoir. Intravesical pressure, rate of pressure increase, rate of volume increase, and maximal volume were digitally recorded. The bladder filling was repeated while the whole bladder was subjected to hypoxia, high calcium concentration, the presence of EGTA, carbachol, atropine and tetrodotoxin, respectively. Results are summarized as follows: (a) control bladder filling was biphasic, there was an initial rapid rise in intravesical pressure followed by a slower linear rise to the pre-set pressure; (b) hypoxia significantly decreased the initial rate of the rise in intravesical pressure, increased the rate of bladder filling, and significantly increased final bladder volume; (c) incubation of the bladder in the presence of EGTA also significantly decreased the initial rate of intravesical pressure rise, increased the rate of filling and also significantly increased the final bladder volume; (d) high concentrations of calcium increased the initial rate of rise in intravesical pressure; (e) carbachol significantly increased the rate of intravesical pressure rise, decreased the rate of bladder filling, and significantly decreased final bladder volume; (f) atropine and tetrodotoxin (TTX) had no effects on bladder filling. In summary, alterations in muscle tone had significant effects on bladder capacity and compliance.9986SpeciesrabbitsMESH:D000860DiseasehypoxiaMESH:D002118ChemicalcalciumMESH:D012965ChemicalsalineMESH:D012965ChemicalsalineMESH:D012965ChemicalsalineMESH:D012965Chemicalsaline-ChemicalmmH2OMESH:D012965ChemicalsalineMESH:D000860DiseasehypoxiaMESH:D002118ChemicalcalciumMESH:D004533ChemicalEGTAMESH:D002217ChemicalcarbacholMESH:D001285ChemicalatropineMESH:D013779ChemicaltetrodotoxinMESH:D000860Diseasehypoxia 10573779Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20167-721999titleAndersson KE0Changes in bladder tone during filling: pharmacological aspects.abstract65The mechanism by which the bladder maintains a low pressure during filling has not yet been established. Myogenic and neural factors have been suggested, although their relative importance has not been settled. There is an ongoing thoracolumbar sympathetic outflow to the lower urinary tract during filling, and noradrenaline, released from adrenergic nerves and acting through stimulation of beta-adrenoceptors (beta 2 and beta 3), may relax the bladder, due to a relative dominance of beta- over alpha-adrenoceptors in the detrusor. Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic mediators, such as nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide have been suggested to relax the detrusor during filling; there is no compelling evidence to support these proposals. Unidentified relaxant factors may be released from the bladder. Their existence and possible importance need to be further documented. Although it is widely accepted that there is no sacral parasympathetic outflow to the bladder during filling, antimuscarinic drugs increase, and anticholinesterase inhibitors decrease bladder capacity, suggesting an ongoing acetylcholine (ACh) mediated stimulation of detrusor tone. If this is correct, agents inhibiting ACh release should be expected to contribute to bladder relaxation during filling. Inhibition of ACh release can be obtained by stimulation of various receptors on cholinergic nerves, including alpha 2-adrenoceptors, receptors for neuropeptide Y and galanin, or by antagonism of neuronal 5-HT4 receptors. Whether any of these mechanisms is of importance for bladder relaxation during filling, or whether they can be targets for pharmacological therapeutic interventions, remains to be established.MESH:D009638Chemicalnoradrenaline10242Gene4257beta 2 and beta 3MESH:D009569Chemicalnitric oxideMESH:D000109ChemicalacetylcholineMESH:D000109ChemicalAChMESH:D000109ChemicalAChMESH:D000109ChemicalACh4852Gene697neuropeptide Y and galanin 10573780Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20173-51999titleMorrison J, Wen J, Kibble A0Activation of pelvic afferent nerves from the rat bladder during filling.10116Speciesratabstract74This short paper has reviewed current information on the physiology of bladder mechanoreceptors. Afferents in the bladder mucosa appear to be sensitive to distension but not to contraction of the viscus, and are also sensitive to the chemical composition of the bladder contents. Evidence is provided that suggest that Neurokinin A is released from primary afferent endings in the submucosa and is involved in both the normal response to distension, and the sensitization process. The results suggest that the low threshold mechanoreceptors are polymodal, and are modulated by various mediators, including some peptides that may originate from the sensory endings themselves, and that these mediators may be active during normal filling.MESH:D001745Diseasebladder mucosa 10573781Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 2025-71999titleDjurhuus JC0Definitions of subtypes of enuresis.MESH:D004775Diseaseenuresisabstract37Enuresis is a disease of complex pathogenicity. Most monosymptomatic bedwetters have either normal bladder function and capacity and large urine production at night-time, or slightly increased micturition frequency during the day, normal circadian rhythm and small bladder capacity at night-time. In some studies, patients who failed to become dry when using alarm treatment had normal bladder function and capacity with large urine production at night. This same group of patients showed an excellent response to desmopressin treatment. Recent studies have also looked at the possible relationship of natriuresis or calciuria in monosymptomatic enuresis. The molecular genetic aspects of enuresis are attracting increased attention. Studies have substantiated the involvement of numerous loci on certain chromosomes; in excess of 10 chromosomes are thought to be involved. Rare enuresis subtypes include night-time natriuretics with or without polyuria, calciuria and airway obstruction-induced bedwetting. The role of bladder dysfunction in monosymptomatic bedwetting remains undetermined.9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D004775DiseaseenuresisMESH:D004775DiseaseenuresisMESH:D004775Diseaseenuresis-ChemicalnatriureticsMESH:D011141Diseasepolyuria, calciuriaMESH:D001745Diseasebladder dysfunction 10573782Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 2028-111999titlevan Gool JD, Nieuwenhuis E, ten Doeschate IO, Messer TP, de Jong TP0Subtypes in monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. II.MESH:D053206Diseasenocturnal enuresisabstract52Lasting cure rates in monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE), using the alarm, imipramine or desmopressin, have been quoted as 43%, 17% and 22%, respectively. The low cure rates in addition to the number of different treatments indicate insufficient knowledge of MNE. Only research on arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels and nocturnal enuresis is unique in attempting to find a group within the MNE population that could benefit from substitution therapy with desmopressin. AVP levels are restored or amplified during desmopressin treatment. However, low nocturnal AVP production with high nocturnal urine output may be indicative of a disturbance in circadian rhythm. Pre-clinical data suggest a role for melatonin in the regulation of endogenous AVP and in the regulation of the sleep/wake cycle.MESH:D053206Diseasenocturnal enuresisMESH:D007099Chemicalimipramine551Gene417vasopressin551Gene417AVPMESH:D053206Diseasenocturnal enuresis551Gene417AVP551Gene417AVPMESH:D008550Chemicalmelatonin551Gene417AVP 10573783Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20212-31999titleSchaumburg HL, Schmidt F, Siggaard C, Rittig S, Jørgensen TM, Djurhuus JC0IERC strategy for characterising nocturnal enuresis. International Enuresis Research Center.MESH:D053206Diseasenocturnal enuresisabstract93 10573784Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20214-71999titleWatanabe H, Kawauchi A0Locus coeruleus function in enuresis.MESH:D004775Diseaseenuresisabstract38There are four neuronal networks projecting to many areas of the brain. All networks relate closely to arousal and sleep function. Among the four networks, the noradrenaline projection network, originating from the locus coeruleus (LC), is the system most typically responsible for arousal. This study shows that the LC is activated by the stimulation of bladder distension only while the patient is in deep sleep, not in light sleep. This finding corresponds with the mechanism of enuresis type I in our classification of enuresis, based on overnight simultaneous monitoring using electroencephalography and cystometry. The importance of arousal and sleep systems in the pathogenesis of enuresis is also discussed.9606SpeciespatientMESH:D012893Diseasedeep sleepMESH:D004775Diseaseenuresis type IMESH:D004775DiseaseenuresisMESH:D004775Diseaseenuresis 10573785Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20220-31999titleYeung CK, Chiu HN, Sit FK0Sleep disturbance and bladder dysfunction in enuretic children with treatment failure: fact or fiction?MESH:D001745Diseasebladder dysfunction9606Specieschildrenabstract104To document the occurrence of sleep disturbance and bladder dysfunction in enuretic children, 25 children (21 boys, 4 girls, mean age 9.9 years) with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis were studied. All children had significant enuretic symptoms (> 4 wet nights per week) which persisted after treatment failure. The investigation protocol included cystometry during the day, simultaneous polysomnographic and cystometric monitoring during the night and recording of diurnal and nocturnal urine output. None of the patients had nocturnal polyuria. According to the presence or absence of sleep disturbance and/or bladder dysfunction, five different patterns could be recognized. These patterns were grouped as having normal and abnormal daytime urodynamics. In conclusion, sleep disturbances and bladder dysfunction are common among enuretic children, especially those who fail to respond to treatment.MESH:D012893Diseasesleep disturbanceMESH:D001745Diseasebladder dysfunction9606Specieschildren9606Specieschildren9606Speciesboys9606SpeciesgirlsMESH:D053206Diseasenocturnal enuresis9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D051271Diseaseenuretic symptoms9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D011141Diseasenocturnal polyuriaMESH:D012893Diseaseabsence of sleep disturbanceMESH:D001745Diseasebladder dysfunctionMESH:D012893Diseasesleep disturbancesMESH:D001745Diseasebladder dysfunction9606Specieschildren 10573786Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20224-61999titleWolfish N0Sleep arousal function in enuretic males.abstract42Enuretic children are described as difficult to arouse from sleep. This paper reports on the clinical implications of auditory sleep arousal thresholds in 15 enuretic and 18 control subjects (7-12-year-old males). All children were studied in a sleep laboratory for four consecutive nights using standard polysomnographic recording techniques. Sleep was undisturbed for the first two nights and waking thresholds were measured on the following two nights. Enuretic children were found to wet most frequently in the first two-thirds of the night. Arousal attempts were successful in 39.7% of controls and 9.3% attempts were successful in enuretics. The results of this study suggest that enuretic males were more difficult to arouse than age-matched controls. The elevated arousal thresholds may have been the result of delayed maturation. Therefore, treatment programs that rely on awakening should be cognizant of these features.9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D012893Diseaseauditory sleepMESH:C567193Disease15 enuretic9606Specieschildren9606Specieschildren 10573787Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 202271999titleNevéus T0Enuretic sleep: a polysomnographic study.MESH:D012893DiseaseEnuretic sleepabstract42 10573788Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20228-91999titleHunsballe J0Sleep studies based on electroencephalogram energy analysis.abstract61Current sleep studies use the manual polysomnographic technique or frequency analysis when investigating the mechanisms behind the incomplete transition from sleep to consciousness. Ten control subjects and 11 primary monosymptomatic enuretics were studied in a sleep laboratory for three consecutive nights (23.00-07.00 h). The results showed no significant differences in sleeping pattern between enuretics and controls. Enuretics spent more time in stage 3 sleep than controls on recovery nights, indicating greater depth of sleep. No differences in sleep architecture were noted between the groups on baseline nights, although enuretics showed a shorter total sleep period than controls on the recovery night. Increased delta waves exhibited in the enuretic group are indicative of a greater depth of sleep. Moreover, electroencephalogram readings showed an impaired arousal in enuretics, which suggests that sleep may be a part of the pathology of enuresis.MESH:D004775Diseaseenuresis 10573789Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20231-51999titlede Rouffignac C0Effects of water balance, diet and antidiuretic-hormone administration on the renal excretion of water.MESH:D014867Chemicalwater551Gene417antidiuretic-hormoneMESH:D014867Chemicalwaterabstract104Enuresis is the result of multifactorial processes. Enuretic patients often exhibit an abnormal diurnal rhythm of plasma vasopressin in addition to high nocturnal urine production. Renal function is considered to be a core factor in influencing the volume of fluid delivered to the bladder. Animal studies have suggested that the amount of fluid delivered to the bladder is dependent upon the state of hydration and/or the amount of protein present in the animal's diet. The state of hydration, or diuresis, may also influence the permeability of the terminal collecting ducts to water and urea and the hydro-osmotic response of the kidney to desmopressin. Multiple agents, including vasopressin, glucagon, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, beta-adrenergic agonist, insulin, angiotensin II, prostaglandins and calcium and magnesium ions influence sodium transport in the thick ascending limb, indicating that all of these factors may potentially play a role in enuresis.9606Speciespatients551Gene417vasopressinMESH:D014867ChemicalwaterMESH:D014508Chemicalurea551Gene417vasopressin5741Gene266parathyroid hormoneMESH:D011453ChemicalprostaglandinsMESH:D002118ChemicalcalciumMESH:D008274ChemicalmagnesiumMESH:D012964ChemicalsodiumMESH:D004775Diseaseenuresis 10573790Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20236-81999titleRobertson G, Rittig S, Kovacs L, Gaskill MB, Zee P, Nanninga J0Pathophysiology and treatment of enuresis in adults.MESH:D004775Diseaseenuresisabstract53Monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE) in children is partly the result of inadequate reduction in the rate of urine output at night. This nocturnal polyuria is due to the lack of a rise in the anti-diuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin (AVP), and can be reduced or eliminated by treatment with desmopressin at bedtime. Since there is a 1% incidence of MNE among adults, this study investigated the circadian pattern of solute and water balance in nine young adult enuretics before and during desmopressin therapy and compared the results with nine-age- and sex-matched, healthy controls. Before treatment, enuretics and controls had similar total fluid intake, urine output, urine osmolality, plasma osmolality, plasma total protein, mean arterial pressure and plasma AVP. The circadian pattern of fluid intake was also normal in enuretics. This abnormality could not be attributed to a deficiency of plasma AVP or an increase in solute excretion, since both variables were similar to controls. Rather, their nocturnal polyuria appeared to be due to a marked nocturnal reduction in renal sensitivity to the antidiuretic effect of vasopressin. In seven enuretics, restudied during treatment with desmopressin (10-30 micrograms o.d.), circadian urine output was normal and enuresis was absent. These results indicate that: (i) The circadian pattern of urine output in healthy adults is largely due to a nocturnal decrease in solute excretion rather than a rise in plasma AVP; (ii) The subset of adults with persistent MNE also have nocturnal polyuria as a result of insensitivity to the antidiuretic action of AVP; (iii) These defects can be corrected by treatment with desmopressin.MESH:D053206Diseasenocturnal enuresis9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D011141Diseasenocturnal polyuria551Gene417vasopressin551Gene417AVP551Gene417AVP551Gene417AVPMESH:D011141Diseasenocturnal polyuriaMESH:D009207Diseasenocturnal reduction551Gene417vasopressinMESH:D004775DiseaseenuresisMESH:D009207Diseasenocturnal decrease551Gene417AVPMESH:D011141Diseasenocturnal polyuria551Gene417AVP 10573791Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20240-31999titleNatochin YV, Kuznetsova AA0Defect of osmoregulatory renal function in nocturnal enuresis.MESH:D053206Diseasenocturnal enuresisabstract63Renal function was studied in 62 children with primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) and in 20 healthy children aged 6-15 years. During the night, children with PNE exhibited an increase in diuresis, free water reabsorption and solute excretion (including sodium and magnesium) in comparison to controls. Intranasal administration of Adiuretin-SD (10.5-24.5 micrograms) in the evening reduced diuresis and ion excretion to normal levels. During the treatment, 61% of the children became completely dry and, in 24% of the children, the number of wet nights was reduced by 50%. It is suggested that in the pathogenesis of PNE, the decrease in ion reabsorption in the thick ascending Henle's loop--resulting in a greater load of tubular fluid in the collecting ducts, an elevation of diuresis and increases in free water reabsorption and solute excretion--plays the leading role in disturbing renal function. Treatment of PNE with desmopressin is pathogenically justified, as it eliminates the principal defect of renal tubular function.9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D053206Diseaseprimary nocturnal enuresis9606Specieschildren9606Specieschildren-Chemicalfree waterMESH:D012964ChemicalsodiumMESH:D008274Chemicalmagnesium9606Specieschildren9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D014867ChemicalwaterMESH:D015499Diseasedefect of renal tubular function 10573792Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20245-61999titleRittig S, Matthiesen TB, Pedersen EB, Djurhuus JC0Sodium regulating hormones in enuresis.MESH:D004775Diseaseenuresisabstract40 10573793Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20247-91999titleAikawa T, Kasahara T, Uchiyama M0Circadian variation of plasma arginine vasopressin concentration, or arginine vasopressin in enuresis.551Gene417vasopressin551Gene417vasopressinMESH:D004775Diseaseenuresisabstract103The objective of these studies was to determine a relationship between primary nocturnal enuresis and arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion. The first study compared 24-h AVP secretion profiles of enuretic (n = 9) and non-enuretic children (n = 8). Blood samples were collected at 1-h intervals for 24 h. In the second study, nocturnal AVP secretion in group A (n = 40)--with low urinary osmotic pressure (UOP) and large nocturnal urine output (NUO)--was compared with that in group D (n = 11) with normal UOP and small NUO. Plasma AVP levels were measured at 30-min intervals, immediately after falling asleep until 06.00 the following morning. The results of the first study showed that the plasma AVP level was significantly lower (p < 0.05-0.001) in the enuretic group between 23.00 and 04.00. The second study showed that group A had significantly lower AVP levels (p < 0.05-0.001) than group D throughout the night. The mean AVP level during night sleep was 0.64 +/- 0.23 pg/ml in group A and 1.43 +/- 0.66 pg/ml in group D. The results of the first study suggest that decreased nocturnal AVP secretion is a cause of bedwetting. However, the results of the second study suggest that nocturnal enuresis cannot be explained by a decrease in nocturnal AVP secretion alone.MESH:D053206Diseasenocturnal enuresis551Gene417vasopressin551Gene417AVP551Gene417AVP9606Specieschildren551Gene417AVPMESH:D014555Diseasenocturnal urine output551Gene417AVP551Gene417AVP551Gene417AVP551Gene417AVP551Gene417AVPMESH:D053206Diseasenocturnal enuresis551Gene417AVP 10573794Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20250-11999titleHunsballe J, Rittig S, Pedersen EB, Djurhuus JC0Fluid deprivation in enuresis--effect on urine output and plasma arginine vasopressin.551Gene417vasopressinabstract87Desmopressin responders tend to have a large volume of urine production at night, in contrast to desmopressin refractory patients who often produce normal volumes of urine. Controls and adolescent/adult primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuretics were included in a study measuring urine volume and plasma vasopressin levels before and during a 24-hour water deprivation test. The results indicate a significantly higher urine production in desmopressin responders when compared with controls and non-responders. Before fluid deprivation, only the nocturnal polyuric patients showed a urine osmolality significantly lower than that of controls and desmopressin non-responders. A significant decrease in the clearance of osmols was evident in the desmopressin refractory group from day to night. All three groups showed a significant increase in plasma vasopressin during fluid deprivation, with polyuric, desmopressin-responding patients showing a lower increase that the non-responders and controls. Plasma vasopressin levels were normal in adolescent and adult enuretics regardless of their response to desmopressin. Moreover, response to fluid deprivation in both polyuric and enuretic patients resulted in a significant decrease in urine output from the first to the second night.9606Speciespatients551Gene417vasopressinMESH:D009207Diseasenocturnal polyuric9606Speciespatients551Gene417vasopressinMESH:D011141Diseasepolyuric9606Speciespatients551Gene417vasopressinMESH:D011141Diseasepolyuric and enuretic9606Speciespatients 10573795Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 202521999titleNevéus T0Osmoregulation and desmopressin pharmacokinetics in enuretic children.9606Specieschildrenabstract71 10573796Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20253-51999titleNørgaard JP0A clinical and pharmacological model for explaining response to desmopressin.abstract78 10573797Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20256-601999titleRobson WL0Enuresis treatment in the US.abstract30A retrospective review of new patients assessed for incontinence at The Center for Kidney and Bladder Problems in Children, The Children's Hospital, Greenville, South Carolina, USA, was conducted to determine the causes of day and night wetting and the treatment outcomes. One hundred and twenty-seven new patients were assessed. Invasive, diagnostic studies were carried out to establish a diagnosis and determine a treatment protocol in only 28% of patients. Improvement was noted in 51% of patients.9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D014549Diseaseincontinence9606SpeciesChildren9606SpeciesChildren9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients 10573798Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20261-51999titleDobson P0Enuresis treatment in the UK.abstract30The Enuresis Resource and Information Centre (ERIC) is a UK-based charity that works with parents, carers, professionals, and children with nocturnal enuresis (NE). The charity has recently commissioned York University's centre for reviews and dissemination to undertake a detailed analysis of studies that measure the effectiveness of the most common psychological and pharmacological treatments for NE. This included reviewing 960 research articles from around the world. The resulting review will direct thinking in the UK towards the most effective treatment approaches. A brief summary presented at conferences in addition to data from ERIC's own clinical practice database shows the distribution and type of enuresis clinic currently being run within the UK.9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D053206Diseasenocturnal enuresis 10573799Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20266-91999titleLottmann H0Enuresis treatment in France.abstract30The aim of this study was to describe the current management of nocturnal enuresis (NE) in France. A survey was carried out among 3803 schoolchildren (5-10 years of age) and treatments proposed by French experts were also noted. The prevalence of NE was 9.2%. Sixty-six percent of mothers of children with moderate to severe NE consulted a doctor; 20% of these doctors did not prescribe treatment, and the majority offered advice on lifestyle and diet in the first instance. The treatments proposed consisted of drugs rather than alarm therapy. The opinions of the experts varied widely, indicating a need for a consensus about the management of NE in France.MESH:D053206Diseasenocturnal enuresis9606Specieschildren 10573800Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20270-21999titleHjälmås K0Desmopressin treatment: current status.abstract40Desmopressin has a proven pharmacological effect in most enuretic patients, although a clinical response is not seen in all patients. Numerous questions about the current treatment status of desmopressin include the specific anti-enuretic effect of desmopressin, the effect of desmopressin on sleep and the use of desmopressin as a possible cure for enuresis. The Swedish Enuresis Trial has produced some very positive results on the long-term use of desmopressin, showing a 61% response rate (> 50% reduction in wet nights). Desmopressin has proven to be highly effective when used in combination with other treatments, including the alarm and oxybutinin, and after urotherapy. It is suggested that imipramine should not be used to treat enuresis unless the patient has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Bladder instability is also an important factor to consider when selecting treatment for enuresis. Bladder dysfunction (detrusor overactivity) can be the cause of lack of clinical response to either desmopressin or alarm treatment; in such cases, following a cystometrogram, patients should be treated with detrusor-relaxing drugs, and urotherapy should be considered as the first treatment option. The most effective treatment for enuresis is the treatment chosen by the patient and their families. Desmopressin and urotherapy have had promising results, with desmopressin acting as a bridge until spontaneous or treatment-induced remission occurs.9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D004775DiseaseenuresisMESH:D007099ChemicalimipramineMESH:D004775Diseaseenuresis9606SpeciespatientMESH:D001289Diseaseattention deficit hyperactivity disorderMESH:D004775DiseaseenuresisMESH:D001745DiseaseBladder dysfunction9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D004775Diseaseenuresis9606Speciespatient 10573801Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20273-51999titleJensen IN, Kristensen G0Alarm treatment: analyses of response and relapse.abstract51With focus on relapse, this article reports the results of treating nocturnal enuresis (NE) with an alarm. The frequency of wet nights/week was used as an indicator for the patients' predisposition for alarm treatment and thus the efficiency of the alarm. This article concludes that patients with the highest frequency of NE will obtain the best results when treated with an alarm. Furthermore, these patients find themselves in a better situation than children with lower frequency NE receiving the same treatment.MESH:D053206Diseasenocturnal enuresis9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients9606Speciespatients9606Specieschildren 10573802Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl; 1999; 20276-801999titlevon Gontard A, Eiberg H, Hollmann E, Rittig S, Lehmkuhl G0Molecular genetics of nocturnal enuresis: linkage to a locus on chromosome 22.MESH:D053206Diseasenocturnal enuresisabstract79The aim of this study was to investigate linkage of nocturnal enuresis to a locus on chromosome 22 in 35 German families and to analyse associations with the clinical phenotype. One hundred and sixty-seven enuretic children aged 5-11 years were examined using a somatic, psychiatric and psychological diagnostic protocol; a detailed pedigree over three generations was also compiled. Forty-two children (mean age: 8.11 years) were selected for further molecular genetic examination. EDTA blood samples were taken from the patients and 130 relatives, and polymorphisms of the microsatellite markers D22S446, D22S156 and D22S257 on chromosome 22 were analysed. Positive linkage was found in 11 families of 14 children, indicating that 39.3% of families were compatible with linkage to the markers on chromosome 22. The phenotype included primary nocturnal enuresis and combined day and night wetting. The results for chromosome 22, as with previous loci for nocturnal enuresis on chromosomes 8, 12 and 13, support the hypothesis for genetic and clinical heterogeneity.MESH:D053206Diseasenocturnal enuresis9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D001523Diseasepsychiatric9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D004492ChemicalEDTA9606Speciespatients9606SpecieschildrenMESH:D053206Diseaseprimary nocturnal enuresisMESH:D053206Diseasenocturnal enuresis 10573803Tijdschr Diergeneeskd; 1999 Nov 01; 124(21) 630-31999titlevan Ittersum AR0[The electrosurgical treatment of endometrial cysts in the mare].MESH:D014591Diseaseendometrial cystsabstract66A minimally invasive technique for the removal of endometrial cysts is described. Intraluminal cysts hinder the migration of the embryo through the uterus in early pregnancy and in a later stage hinder placenta development and hence diminish the chance of successful pregnancy. Cysts can also give rise to false-positive results in early pregnancy tests. Endometrial cysts located in the lumen can be removed surgically from the standing mare. After placement of the endoscope, a wire is placed, via the biopsy channel, around the base of cyst, which is then cut through by cauterization. The cyst is removed with the help of forceps. Five barren mares with multiple cysts were treated in this way during the anoestrous period for October to February. Three of these mares became pregnant during the next oestrus period.MESH:D014591Diseaseendometrial cysts 10573804Tijdschr Diergeneeskd; 1999 Nov 01; 124(21) 634-71999titleMoorman-Roest J0[The ferret. Part 2. Veterinary medical information].9669Speciesferretabstract54This series of articles on the ferret provide a practical handout for companion animal practitioners. Aspects concerning the housing, nutrition, and reproduction of ferrets are briefly described, followed by a more detailed description of diagnostic procedures such as blood collection, anaesthesia, small surgical procedures, preventive veterinary care, and hospitalization. Frequently seen clinical problems with their differential diagnosis are discussed, and the cause, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, therapy and, if applicable, prevention and control of these disorders are briefly described.9669Speciesferret9669Speciesferrets 10573805Tijdschr Diergeneeskd; 1999 Nov 01; 124(21) 6421999titleKoning T0[Examination using homeopathy].Diseasehomeopathyabstract32 10573806Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract.; 1999 Nov; 15(3) 447-711999titleConstable PD0Clinical assessment of acid-base status. Strong ion difference theory.abstract71The traditional approach to evaluating acid-base balance uses the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to categorize four primary acid-base disturbances: respiratory acidosis (increased PCO2), respiratory alkalosis (decreased PCO2), metabolic acidosis (decreased extracellular base excess), or metabolic alkalosis (increased extracellular base excess). The anion gap is calculated to detect the presence of unidentified anions in plasma. This approach works well clinically and is recommended for use whenever serum total protein, albumin, and phosphate concentrations are approximately normal; however, when their concentrations are markedly abnormal, the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation frequently provides erroneous conclusions as to the cause of an acid-base disturbance. Moreover, the Henderson-Hasselbalch approach is more descriptive than mechanistic. The new approach to evaluating acid-base balance uses the simplified strong ion model to categorize eight primary acid-base disturbances: respiratory acidosis (increased PCO2), respiratory alkalosis (decreased PCO2), strong ion acidosis (decreased [SID+]) or strong ion alkalosis (increased [SID+]), nonvolatile buffer ion acidosis (increased [ATOT]) or nonvolatile buffer ion alkalosis (decreased [ATOT]), and temperature acidosis (increased body temperature) or temperature alkalosis (decreased body temperature). The strong ion gap is calculated to detect the presence of unidentified anions in plasma. This simplified strong ion approach works well clinically and is recommended for use whenever serum total protein, albumin, and phosphate concentrations are markedly abnormal. The simplified strong ion approach is mechanistic and is therefore well suited for describing the cause of any acid-base disturbance. The new approach should therefore be valuable in a clinical setting and in research studies investigating acid-base balance. The presence of unmeasured strong ions in plasma or serum (such as lactate, ketoacids, and uremic anions) is best detected by calculating the SIG. The AG, actual bicarbonate concentration, and standard bicarbonate concentration all ignore the effects that changes in plasma protein and phosphate concentration have on plasma pH, thereby inevitably leading to inaccuracies in estimating the unmeasured strong ion concentration in plasma.MESH:D000142Diseaserespiratory acidosis-ChemicalPCO2MESH:D000472Diseaserespiratory alkalosisMESH:D000138Diseasemetabolic acidosisMESH:D000471Diseasemetabolic alkalosisMESH:D010710ChemicalphosphateMESH:D000142Diseaserespiratory acidosisMESH:D000472Diseaserespiratory alkalosis-ChemicalPCO2MESH:D000138DiseaseacidosisMESH:D013398DiseaseSIDMESH:D000471DiseasealkalosisMESH:D013398DiseaseSIDMESH:D000138DiseaseacidosisMESH:D000471DiseasealkalosisMESH:D000138DiseaseacidosisMESH:D000471DiseasealkalosisMESH:D010710ChemicalphosphateMESH:D019344ChemicallactateMESH:D001639ChemicalbicarbonateMESH:D001639ChemicalbicarbonateMESH:D010710Chemicalphosphate 10573807Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract.; 1999 Nov; 15(3) 473-861999titleKasari TR0Metabolic acidosis in calves.MESH:D000138DiseaseMetabolic acidosis9913Speciescalvesabstract30In neonatal calves metabolic acidosis is a common sequela to diarrhea-induced dehydration and endotoxemia in the aftermath of gram-negative bacterial infections. Without treatment, metabolic acidosis is a prime factor in the death of many of these calves. This article begins with a general discussion about the causes and recognition of metabolic acidosis. The remaining sections detail the subjective and objective methods available to assess the severity of acidosis and treatment options for this metabolic condition.9913SpeciescalvesMESH:D000138Diseasemetabolic acidosisMESH:D003681Diseasediarrhea-induced dehydrationMESH:D019446DiseaseendotoxemiaMESH:D001424Diseasebacterial infectionsMESH:D000138Diseasemetabolic acidosis9913SpeciescalvesMESH:D000138Diseasemetabolic acidosisMESH:D000138Diseaseacidosis 10573808Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract.; 1999 Nov; 15(3) 487-5041999titleNaylor JM0Oral electrolyte therapy.abstract26Diarrhea is a common condition in neonatal calves and can be caused by a wide variety of infections and noxious agents. Oral electrolyte therapy is a simple and economical method of treating diarrheic calves. Oral electrolyte solutions can correct dehydration and acidosis, and they may also have a role in preventing or alleviating mucosal damage. Indications, the principles of administration, and choosing an electrolyte product are discussed with examples.MESH:D003967DiseaseDiarrhea9913SpeciescalvesMESH:D007239Diseaseinfections9913SpeciescalvesMESH:D003681DiseasedehydrationMESH:D000138DiseaseacidosisMESH:D009059Diseasemucosal damage 10573810Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract.; 1999 Nov; 15(3) 533-431999titlePerez Garcia J0A practitioner's views on fluid therapy in calves.9913Speciescalvesabstract51This article is aimed to persuade most bovine practitioners that FET is a therapeutic tool that can easily be used under field conditions, and that by following the right protocol, one can provide a cost-effective treatment for the farmer, a rewarding experience for us, and a boost for our professional image. Based on the excellent current publications, the scheme of work to put FET into practice is presented. Controversial decisions must be made (such as oral vs. parenteral fluids, removing milk from diet vs. continued feeding, oral fluids with bicarbonate vs. those with metabolizable bases, and so forth). Practicality, economy, and owner compliance are critical components of a successful protocol. This work protocol is based on the current literature, considers controversial subjects, such as route of administration, alkalinizing agents, and fasting, employs simple yet effective techniques, and is successful in a high percentage of cases.9913SpeciesbovineMESH:D001639Chemicalbicarbonate 10573811Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract.; 1999 Nov; 15(3) 545-571999titleRoussel AJ0Fluid therapy in mature cattle.9913Speciescattleabstract32Fluid therapy is practical and beneficial when properly administered to cattle. Mature cattle are more frequently alkalotic than acidotic, so nonalkalizing solutions are usually indicated. Exceptions include cattle with choke, carbohydrate engorgement, diabetes mellitus, and occasionally, renal disease, diarrhea, and fatty liver/ketosis. Many dehydrated cattle need supplemental potassium and calcium as well as sodium, chloride, and water. Intravenous administration is indicated in patients with obstructive gastrointestinal disease and those with severe dehydration. Oral or intraruminal administration is less expensive and, often, very effective.9913Speciescattle9913Speciescattle9913SpeciescattleMESH:D002241ChemicalcarbohydrateMESH:D003920Diseasediabetes mellitusMESH:D007674Diseaserenal diseaseMESH:D003967DiseasediarrheaMESH:D005234Diseasefatty liver/ketosis9913SpeciescattleMESH:D011188ChemicalpotassiumMESH:D002118ChemicalcalciumMESH:D012964ChemicalsodiumMESH:D002712ChemicalchlorideMESH:D014867Chemicalwater9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D005767Diseaseobstructive gastrointestinal diseaseMESH:D003681Diseasedehydration 10573812Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract.; 1999 Nov; 15(3) 559-851999titleConstable PD0Hypertonic saline.MESH:D009122DiseaseHypertonicabstract19A key feature in the successful resuscitation of dehydrated or endotoxemic ruminants is the total amount of sodium administered. Administration of small volumes of HS and HSD offer major advantages over large volumes of isotonic saline because HS and HSD do not require intravenous catheterization or periodic monitoring, and are therefore suitable for use in the field. Hypertonic saline and HSD exert their beneficial effect by rapidly increasing preload and transiently decreasing afterload. Contrary to early reports, HS and HSD decrease cardiac contractility and do not activate a pulmonary reflex. The osmolality of HS and HSD should be 2400 mOsm/L (7.2% NaCl solution, 8 times normal plasma osmolality). Use of HS and HSD solutions of different osmolality to 2400 mOsm/L should be avoided at all costs, as too low a tonicity removes the main advantages of HS (low cost, decreased infusion time), whereas too high a tonicity may cause rapid vasodilation and decreased cardiac contractility, resulting in death. Rapid administration (> 1 mL/kg-1/min-1) of HS (2400 mOsm/L) should be avoided, as the induced hypotension may be fatal when coupled with a transient decrease in cardiac contractility. For treating dehydrated adult ruminants, HS (2400 mOsm/L, 4-5 mL/kg i.v. over 4-5 minutes) should be administered through the jugular vein and the cow allowed to drink water. This means that 2 L of HS should be administered to adult cattle. HSD should be administered in conjunction with isotonic oral electrolyte solutions to all calves 8% or more dehydrated (eyes recessed > or = 4 mm into the orbit, cervical skin tent duration > 6 seconds) or calves with reduced cardiac output (fetlock temperature < 29 degrees C when housed at 10-24 degrees C). For treating dehydrated calves, HSD (2400 mOsm/L NaCl in 6% dextran-70, 4-5 mL/kg i.v. over 4-5 minutes) should be administered through the jugular vein and the calf allowed to suckle an isotonic oral electrolyte solution. This means that 120-200 mL of HSD of HSD should be administered to a calf. HSD should be routinely administered to severely depressed or comatose calves, as HSD provides the fastest method of resuscitation while rapidly reversing the effects of hyperkalemia.MESH:D012964ChemicalsodiumOMIM:143095DiseaseHSDMESH:D012965ChemicalsalineOMIM:143095DiseaseHSDMESH:D009122DiseaseHypertonicOMIM:143095DiseaseHSDOMIM:143095DiseaseHSDOMIM:143095DiseaseHSD-ChemicalNaCl solutionOMIM:143095DiseaseHSDMESH:D003643DiseasedeathMESH:D007022Diseasehypotension9913SpeciescowMESH:D014867ChemicalwaterMESH:D006859ChemicalHS9913SpeciescattleOMIM:143095DiseaseHSD9913Speciescalves9913SpeciescalvesMESH:D016534Diseasereduced cardiac output9913SpeciescalvesOMIM:143095DiseaseHSDMESH:D012965ChemicalNaClMESH:D003911Chemicaldextran-709913SpeciescalfOMIM:143095DiseaseHSDOMIM:143095DiseaseHSD9913SpeciescalfOMIM:143095DiseaseHSDMESH:D000275DiseasedepressedMESH:D003128Diseasecomatose9913SpeciescalvesOMIM:143095DiseaseHSDMESH:D006947Diseasehyperkalemia 10573813Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract.; 1999 Nov; 15(3) 587-6071999titleAngelos SM, Van Metre DC0Treatment of sodium balance disorders. Water intoxication and salt toxicity.MESH:D014869DiseaseWater intoxicationMESH:D064420Diseasetoxicityabstract77Electrolyte disorders are commonly identified in food animal medicine. Some of these electrolyte disturbances require that the veterinarian be aware of the potential for causing harm during routine fluid therapy. Hyponatremia (water intoxication) and hypernatremia (salt toxicity) are two such disorders. Both create osmolar disturbances that effect changes in the brain's osmolar state. During fluid resuscitation it is possible to cause iatrogenic central nervous system damage in these cases. It is important to recognize those cases where sodium imbalance may complicate routine therapy, understand the underlying mechanisms for osmolar changes in the plasma and brain, and know the appropriate steps to take for safe correction of the sodium disturbance.MESH:D014869DiseaseHyponatremia (water intoxication) and hypernatremiaMESH:D064420DiseasetoxicityMESH:D002493Diseaseiatrogenic central nervous system damageMESH:D012964ChemicalsodiumMESH:D012964Chemicalsodium 10573814Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract.; 1999 Nov; 15(3) 609-171999titleSweeney RW0Treatment of potassium balance disorders.MESH:D011188ChemicalpotassiumMESH:D030342Diseasebalance disordersabstract42Potassium is the predominant intracellular cation and is critical for the maintenance of resting cellular membrane potential. Abnormalities of potassium balance can manifest as skeletal and cardiac muscle dysfunction. Abnormalities of potassium concentration in plasma can result from changes in external potassium balance (intake vs. excretion) or internal balance (intracellular to extracellular). Hyperkalemia can result from renal failure, uroperitoneum, or severe dehydration and acidosis in calves with diarrhea. Hypokalemia occurs due to reduced forage intake, when increased gastrointestinal losses occur as with diarrhea, due to increased renal losses as with metabolic alkalosis or exogenous corticosteroid administration which promote kaliuresis, or with redistribution of potassium into the intracellular compartment with alkalosis or in association with insulin-mediated glucose uptake. Aggressive intravenous and oral therapy are often necessary to correct potassium balance disorders, in addition to therapy aimed at correcting any underlying disorder contributing to the potassium imbalance.MESH:D011188ChemicalPotassiumMESH:D011188ChemicalpotassiumMESH:D006331Diseasecardiac muscle dysfunctionMESH:D011188ChemicalpotassiumMESH:D011188ChemicalpotassiumMESH:D006947DiseaseHyperkalemiaMESH:D051437Diseaserenal failureMESH:D003681DiseasedehydrationMESH:D000138Diseaseacidosis9913SpeciescalvesMESH:D003967DiseasediarrheaMESH:D007008DiseaseHypokalemiaMESH:D003967DiseasediarrheaMESH:D000471Diseasemetabolic alkalosisMESH:D011188ChemicalpotassiumMESH:D000471Diseasealkalosis280829GeneinsulinMESH:D005947ChemicalglucoseMESH:D011188ChemicalpotassiumMESH:D030342Diseasebalance disordersMESH:D011188Chemicalpotassium 10573815Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract.; 1999 Nov; 15(3) 619-391999titleGoff JP0Treatment of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium balance disorders.MESH:D002118ChemicalcalciumMESH:D010758ChemicalphosphorusMESH:D008274ChemicalmagnesiumMESH:D030342Diseasebalance disordersabstract67In food animal practice, the majority of the calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium balance disorders are due to low blood concentrations of one or more of these minerals. The purpose of this article is to review methods that can be used to restore normal blood concentrations of these minerals. Low plasma calcium is often accompanied by changes in plasma phosphorus and magnesium. Initial discussions will consider each mineral separately, followed by pros and cons of combined therapies. In all cases the doses of the treatments described in this article are those appropriate for the 600-kg cow.MESH:D002118ChemicalcalciumMESH:D010758ChemicalphosphorusMESH:D008274ChemicalmagnesiumMESH:D030342Diseasebalance disordersMESH:D002118ChemicalcalciumMESH:D010758ChemicalphosphorusMESH:D008274Chemicalmagnesium9913Speciescow 10573816Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract.; 1999 Nov; 15(3) 641-621999titleHunt E, Wood B0Use of blood and blood products.abstract33It is sometimes necessary for the practitioner to transfuse the ruminant with whole blood or plasma. These techniques are often difficult to perform in practice, are time-consuming, expensive, and stressful to the animal. Acute loss of 20% to 25% of the blood volume will result in marked clinical signs of anemia, including tachycardia and maniacal behavior. The PCV is only a useful tool with which to monitor acute blood loss after intravascular equilibration with other fluid compartments has occurred. An acutely developing PCV of 15% or less may require transfusion. Chronic anemia with PCV of 7% to 12% can be tolerated without transfusion if the animal is not stressed and no further decline in erythrocyte mass occurs. Seventy-five percent of transfused bovine erythrocytes are destroyed within 48 hours of transfusion. A transfusion rate of 10 to 20 mL/kg recipient weight is necessary to result in any appreciable increase in PCV. A nonpregnant donor can contribute 10 to 15 mL of blood/kg body weight at 2- to 4-week intervals. Sodium citrate is an effective anticoagulant, but acid citrate dextrose should be used if blood is to be stored for more than a few hours. Blood should not be stored more than 2 weeks prior to administration. Heparin is an unsuitable anticoagulant because the quantity of heparin required for clot-free blood collection will lead to coagulation defects in the recipient. Blood cross-matching is only rarely performed in the ruminant. In field situations, it is advisable to inject 200 mL of donor blood into the adult recipient and wait 10 minutes. If no reaction occurs, the rest of the blood can probably be safely administered as long as volume overload problems do not develop. Adverse reactions are most commonly seen in very young animals or pregnant cattle. Signs of blood or plasma transfusion reaction include hiccoughing, tachycardia, tachypnea, sweating, muscle tremors, pruritus, salivation, cough, dyspnea, fever, lacrimation, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, collapse, apnea, and opisthotonos. Intravenous epinephrine HCl 1:1000 can be administered (0.2 to 0.5 mL) intravenously or (4 to 5 mL) intramuscularly (preferable) if clinical signs are severe. Pretreatment with antipyretics and slowing the administration rate may decrease the febrile response. Blood or plasma administered too rapidly will also result in signs of cardiovascular overload, acute heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension and edema. Furosemide and slower administration of blood or plasma should alleviate this problem. Administration rates have been suggested starting from 10 mL/kg/hr; faster rates may be necessary in peracute hemorrhage. Plasma should be administered when failure of absorption of passive maternal antibody has occurred or when protein-loosing enteropathy or nephropathy results in a total protein of less than 3 g/dL or less than 1.5 g albumin/dL. Plasma can be stored at household freezer temperatures (-15 to -20 degrees C) for a year; coagulation factors will be destroyed after 2 to 4 months when stored in this manner. To maintain viability of coagulation factors, plasma must be stored at -80 degrees C for less than 12 months. When administering plasma, a blood donor set with a built-in filter should always be used. When bovine plasma is thawed, precipitants form in the plasma and infusion of these microaggregates may result in fatal reactions in the recipient.MESH:D000740DiseaseanemiaMESH:D013610DiseasetachycardiaMESH:D006473Diseaseblood lossMESH:D000740DiseaseChronic anemia9913Speciesbovine9606SpeciesdonorMESH:D000077559ChemicalSodium citrateMESH:C002113Chemicalacid citrate dextroseMESH:D006493ChemicalHeparinMESH:D006493ChemicalheparinMESH:D025861Diseasecoagulation defects9606Speciesdonor9913SpeciescattleMESH:D013610DiseasetachycardiaMESH:D059246DiseasetachypneaMESH:D014202Diseasemuscle tremorsMESH:D011537DiseasepruritusMESH:D012798DiseasesalivationMESH:D003371DiseasecoughMESH:D004417DiseasedyspneaMESH:D005334DiseasefeverMESH:D006417DiseasehematuriaMESH:D006456DiseasehemoglobinuriaMESH:D001049Diseaseapnea3056GeneHCl 1MESH:D006333Diseaseheart failureMESH:D006976Diseasepulmonary hypertensionMESH:D004487DiseaseedemaMESH:D005665ChemicalFurosemideMESH:D006470DiseasehemorrhageMESH:C538273DiseaseenteropathyMESH:D007674Diseasenephropathy9606Speciesdonor9913Speciesbovine 10573817Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract.; 1999 Nov; 15(3) 663-71999titleNieuwoudt CD0Oral electrolyte replacement solutions.abstract40 10573818Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract.; 1999 Nov; 15(3) 669-771999titleNieuwoudt CD0Parenteral electrolyte replacement solutions.abstract46 10573819Zentralbl Gynakol; 1999; 121(10) 467-721999titleLippert TH, Seeger H, Mueck AO0[The role of estradiol metabolites in prevention of cardiovascular diseases by hormone substitution in postmenopause].MESH:D002318Diseasecardiovascular diseasesabstract119Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy has shown to reduce cardiovascular disease by direct and indirect estradiol-mediated effects on the cardiovascular system. Recently, evidence is growing that estradiol metabolites may also have beneficial actions. In the present review the existing experimental data for vascular effects of estradiol metabolites are summarized. The results of our own experiments in addition to those of other groups indicate that estradiol metabolites, especially catechol estrogens, exert beneficial effects on the vascular system and perhaps may play a physiologic role in the cardiovascular system. Reference to clinical-pharmacological aspects for the use of estradiol metabolites for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases is presented.MESH:D002318Diseasecardiovascular diseaseMESH:D004958ChemicalestradiolMESH:D004958ChemicalestradiolMESH:D004958ChemicalestradiolMESH:C034221ChemicalcatecholMESH:D002318Diseasecardiovascular diseases 10573820Zentralbl Gynakol; 1999; 121(10) 473-81999titleHoffmann G, Casper F, Weikel W, Kümmerle T, Pollow B, Schaffrath M, Hofmann M, Pollow K0[Value of p53, urokinase plasminogen activator, PAI-1 and Ki-67 in vulvar carcinoma].7157Gene460p535054Gene68070PAI-1MESH:D014846Diseasevulvar carcinomaabstract86OBJECTIVE: The present study was to measure new prognostic factors including the plasminogen activator urokinase and the plasminogen inhibitor PAI-1, as well as p53 and Ki-67, a marker of proliferation and to compare the clinical value of these in relation to the classic histopathological prognostic factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The patient collective included 45 patients with vulvar carcinoma, both primary tumors and recurrences. RESULTS: Highly significant correlations were found for tumor diameter and thickness. According to Kaplan-Meier estimations, the influence of thickness on the prognosis had a p-value of 0.048, while the influence of diameter had a p-value of 0.029. The variable grading was also significantly associated to the probability of survival (p = 0.01). There was no statistically significant correlation between p53 and the parameters grading, degree of keratinization and Ki-67 color index. The correlation between p53 and PAI-1 as well as between UPA and PAI-1 was highly significant. According to the Kaplan-Meier estimations, Ki-67, UPA and PAI-1 had no influence on survival in our group of patients. CONCLUSIONS: For p53, the median value could be used as a divider with the median survival of patients with a p53 below 122 pg/mg protein being 151 months and with a p53 above 122 pg/mg being only 61 months. The corresponding p-value was significant at 0.0201.5054Gene68070PAI-17157Gene460p539606Speciespatient9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D014846Diseasevulvar carcinomaMESH:D009369DiseasetumorsMESH:D009369Diseasetumor7157Gene460p537157Gene460p535054Gene68070PAI-15328Gene55670UPA5054Gene68070PAI-15328Gene55670UPA5054Gene68070PAI-19606Speciespatients7157Gene460p539606Speciespatients7157Gene460p537157Gene460p53 10573821Zentralbl Gynakol; 1999; 121(10) 479-831999titleStranz G, Petri E, Hergert M0[Breast-saving therapy and primary reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flap combined with radiotherapy].abstract106OBJECTIVE: The use of latissimus-dorsi-flap with postoperative radiotherapy is method of choice in primary reconstruction of breast cancer. The efforts of radiotherapy on flap healing, cosmetic results and formation of edema in the arm were studied in 30 patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 30 patients were followed in three to six months intervals clinically and sonographically (ATL-Ultramark 9, HDI). RESULTS: The most frequent symptom was a moderate edema. No healing problems or interference with cosmetic results were observed. Blood flow in the thoraco-dorsal vessels showed unchanged pre- and postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: The complains might be the consequence of the combination of surgical dissection of the axilla, radiotherapy and possible additional factors such as trauma and overstress for example. Cosmetic result and healing seems to be impaired by 50 to 60 gy.MESH:D001943Diseasebreast cancerMESH:D004487Diseaseedema9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D004487DiseaseedemaMESH:D014947Diseasetrauma 10573822Zentralbl Gynakol; 1999; 121(10) 484-71999titleBeinlich A, Fischäss C, Kaufmann M, Schlösser R, Dericks-Tan JS0[Value of fetal lung maturity assessment in maternal diabetes].MESH:D003920Diseasediabetesabstract64OBJECTIVE: Results of antepartal fetal lung maturity (FLM) testing in diabetics were compared to control patients. We analysed 274 patients by phospholipid profile and 219 by phosphatidylglycerol (PG), consisting of 73, respectively 54 diabetic and 201, resp. 165 normal control subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Phospholipid concentration increased exponentially with gestational age (rreg = 0.44 for diabetic and 0.57 for normal control patients). There was no significant difference between both groups. Measurement of PG showed a trend towards lung immaturity in diabetic infants for preterm and term gestations, which did not reach significance (chi-square [chi 2] test 0.07, resp. 0.06). RESULTS: Diabetic and non-diabetic pregnancies did not differ significantly in FLM and RDS frequency. Both methods show a high rate of falsely immature results. Antepartal FLM testing by measurement of phospholipids and PG does not play a role in clinical management of diabetic patients.MESH:D003920Diseasediabetics9606Speciespatients9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D010743ChemicalphospholipidMESH:D010715ChemicalphosphatidylglycerolMESH:D010715ChemicalPGMESH:D003920DiseasediabeticMESH:D010743ChemicalPhospholipidMESH:D003920Diseasediabetic9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D010715ChemicalPGMESH:D003920Diseasediabetic9606SpeciesinfantsMESH:D003920DiseaseDiabetic and non-diabetic5961Gene273RDSMESH:D010743ChemicalphospholipidsMESH:D010715ChemicalPGMESH:D003920Diseasediabetic9606Speciespatients 10573823Zentralbl Gynakol; 1999; 121(10) 488-941999titleKunkel S, Briese V, Kluge K, Friese K, Koepcke E0[Determination of reference ranges and effect of maternal and fetal factors on insulin and C-peptide level in umbilical cord blood].3630Gene173insulin3630Gene173C-peptideabstract133OBJECTIVE: The risks of pregnancy caused by maternal diabetes are well known. Patients with unrecognized gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) represent a special problem. The aim of our study was to find out, whether the determination of insulin and C-peptide in cord blood serum offers a valuable tool for retrospective analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 600 paired serum samples from maternal venous blood and neonatal cord blood insulin and C-peptide were determined radioimmunologically. A reference group consisting of 338 mothers and their newborns was established by exclusion of all patients with known pregnancy complications. RESULTS: Positive correlations could be identified between fetal insulin and fetal C-peptide, as well as correlations of these parameters with birth weight and body length, with maternal values of insulin, C-peptide, body-mass index, weight, and weight gain during pregnancy respectively. Increased levels of cord serum insulin were found in complicated pregnancies as well as in patients with previous pregnancy losses, preterm deliveries or stillbirths. CONCLUSIONS: Cord serum insulin and C-peptide were found to be useful parameters for immediate postnatal identification of impaired glucose tolerance during the course of pregnancy.MESH:D003920Diseasediabetes9606SpeciesPatientsMESH:D016640Diseasegestational diabetes mellitus3630Gene173insulin3630Gene173C-peptideMESH:D006402Diseasematernal venous blood and neonatal cord blood insulin3630Gene173C-peptide9606Speciespatients3630Gene173insulin3630Gene173C-peptide3630Gene173insulin3630Gene173C-peptideMESH:D015430Diseaseweight gain3630Gene173insulin9606Speciespatients3630Gene173insulin3630Gene173C-peptideMESH:D018149Diseaseimpaired glucose tolerance 10573824Zentralbl Gynakol; 1999; 121(10) 495-81999titleFoth D, Römer T0[Effect of long-term hormone substitution therapy on serum TSH level in postmenopausal women].-ChemicalTSH9606Specieswomenabstract95OBJECTIVE: Dysfunction's of the thyroid gland are one of the most important endocrinological diseases. We report serum TSH levels in postmenopausal women before and during long-term hormone replacement therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 107 postmenopausal patients participated in this study. Criteria for inclusion were: no known thyroid dysfunction and request for hormone replacement. Before starting therapy TSH serum levels were measured in each patient. If basal levels were within normal range TSH serum levels were reported over 4 years of hormone replacement therapy. RESULTS: More than 10% of the postmenopausal women showed pathological TSH-levels without clinical symptoms requiring further diagnostic. During subsequent treatment cycles (4 years) serum TSH in euthyroid patients did not show significant changes. Women using hormone replacement therapy developed no new manifestation of thyroid disease. CONCLUSION: In euthyroid women using long-term hormone replacement therapy are no changes in thyroid function caused by hormone replacement therapy to expect.-ChemicalTSH9606Specieswomen9606SpeciespatientsMESH:D013959Diseasethyroid dysfunction-ChemicalTSH9606Speciespatient-ChemicalTSH9606Specieswomen-ChemicalTSH-ChemicalTSH9606Speciespatients9606SpeciesWomenMESH:D013959Diseasethyroid disease9606Specieswomen 10573825Zentralbl Gynakol; 1999; 121(10) 499-5021999titleKaya H, Oral B, Ozgüner F, Tahan V, Babar Y, Delibaş N0The effect of melatonin application on lipid peroxidation during cyclophosphamide therapy in female rats.MESH:D008550ChemicalmelatoninMESH:D008055ChemicallipidMESH:D003520Chemicalcyclophosphamide10116Speciesratsabstract106OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to investigate whether melatonin has any protective effect against lipid peroxidation induced by cyclophosphamide. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used an animal model to study the effect of melatonin. Fifteen female Wistar rats (180-200 gram in weight) were randomly assigned to three different groups. Group 1 (n = 5) received saline injections as a control. Group 2 (n = 5) received cyclophosphamide. Group 3 (n = 5) received cyclophosphamide + melatonin. The animals were sacrificed two hours after cyclophosphamide administration and blood samples were taken and used for assaying superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione peroxidase (GP) activity for the antioxidative enzymes, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level as an index of lipid peroxidation. RESULTS: MDA levels were more increased in the second group compared with the control group (p < 0.01). In the third group, they were significantly lower than in the second group (p < 0.05). SOD and GP activities were found to be decreased significantly in the second group compared with the control group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). They were found to be elevated in the third group compared with the second group (p > 0.05 and p < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The above results suggest that melatonin has a protective role in cyclophosphamide induced lipid peroxidation in rats. Besides scavenging the highly toxic free radicals, melatonin also stimulates the antioxidant enzyme activity of GP.MESH:D008550ChemicalmelatoninMESH:D008055ChemicallipidMESH:D003520ChemicalcyclophosphamideMESH:D008550Chemicalmelatonin10116SpeciesWistar ratsMESH:D012965ChemicalsalineMESH:D003520ChemicalcyclophosphamideMESH:D003520ChemicalcyclophosphamideMESH:D008550ChemicalmelatoninMESH:D003520ChemicalcyclophosphamideMESH:D008315ChemicalmalondialdehydeMESH:D008315ChemicalMDAMESH:D008055ChemicallipidMESH:D008550ChemicalmelatoninMESH:D003520ChemicalcyclophosphamideMESH:D008055Chemicallipid10116SpeciesratsMESH:D008550Chemicalmelatonin 10573826Zentralbl Gynakol; 1999; 121(10) 503-51999titleEntezami M, Hardt W, Ebert A, Runkel S, Becker R0[Hepatocellular carcinoma as a rare cause of excessive rise in alpha-fetoprotein in pregnancy].MESH:D006528DiseaseHepatocellular carcinomaMESH:D015835Diseaseexcessive rise174Gene36278alpha-fetoproteinabstract96OBJECTIVE: Elevation of alphafetoprotein in pregnancy warrants a thorough diagnostic workup. In most cases, no pathologic result in the fetus will be obtained. CASE REPORT: A case report is presented on a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during pregnancy, in which a massive increase of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was found during a routine screening for neural tube defects in the 17th week of gestation. The amniocentesis revealed a normal AFP value in the amniotic fluid. Liver sonography in the 21st week of gestation showed a 5 cm tumor, which was interpreted as nodular focal hyperplasia. In the control sonography in the 32nd week of gestation, there was a growth to 12 cm. The subsequently performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fine needle aspiration led to the diagnosis of a HCC. Delivery was performed in the 34th week of gestation by cesarean section followed by surgical therapy of the HCC. CONCLUSIONS: Unexplained cases of alphafetoproteinelevation in pregnancy can be caused by maternal disease and should prompt a directed amnamnestic and diagnostic search for maternal causes. Nuclear magnetic resonance beyond the first trimester of gestation can help to clarify the diagnosis in liver tumors.MESH:D006528Diseasehepatocellular carcinoma174Gene36278alpha-fetoprotein174Gene36278AFPMESH:D009436Diseaseneural tube defects174Gene36278AFPMESH:D009369DiseasetumorMESH:D020518Diseasenodular focal hyperplasiaMESH:D008113Diseaseliver tumors 10573827Zentralbl Gynakol; 1999; 121(10) 506-81999titleWoernle F, Seufert R, Brockerhoff P, Lellé RJ0[Optimizing performance documentation in gynecology--assistance from the internet].abstract84The documentation of operations in the field of gynecology and obstetrics is regulated by social laws in Germany. Only by optimal encoding of diagnoses and procedures an efficient cashing with the health insurance's can be achieved. This requires profound knowledge of the invoice modalities and usually support by computer systems. The Internet offers in this respect some assistance, which in the following is pointed out and evaluated critically. 10573828Ultramicroscopy; 1999 Nov; 80(3) 163-821999titleHaking A, Troester H, Richter K, Crucifix C, Spring H, Trendelenburg MF0An approach to an objective background subtraction for elemental mapping with core-edges down to 50 eV: description, evaluation and application.abstract145To image the distribution of a specific element in a specimen with an energy filtering TEM, the element-unspecific background under the core-edge has to be subtracted. The most commonly used procedure is the three-window power-law method leading to considerable systematic errors for low-energy core-edges. Here a new method is described which can be considered as a generalized difference method. Characteristic examples for element detection in biological specimens using this method are shown. The background under the core-edge can be described by one or two pre-edge windows as a polynome of third order. This function can be deduced from specimen areas that are not known to contain the element or from a second specimen used as a standard. Control experiments showed that background subtraction for on-overlapping core-edges in the low-loss region (50-200 eV) needs two pre-edge images, whereas at higher-energy losses (> 300 eV) only one pre-edge image is necessary. With the method described, objective elemental mapping becomes possible even for edges at 50-100 eV. This was proven for the M2,3-edge of iron at 60 eV. The detection of phosphorous was possible with a signal-to-noise ratio five times higher than when using the three-window method. Preliminary data showed that it should be possible to detect calcium with only one image before the edge.100188881GeneTEMMESH:D007501Chemicaliron-ChemicalphosphorousMESH:D002118Chemicalcalcium 10573829Acta Crystallogr C; 1999 Oct 15; 55( Pt 10)1698-7011999titleHua DH, Chen Y, Sin HS, Robinson PD, Meyers CY, Perchellet EM, Perchellet JP, Chiang PK, Biellmann JF06,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-3-methyl-1H-pyrano-[4,3-b]quinolin-1-one.MESH:C402962Chemical6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-3-methyl-1H-pyrano-[4,3-b]quinolin-1-oneabstract61The condensation reaction of 4-amino-6-methyl-2-pyrone with 1-cyclohexenecarboxaldehyde and a catalytic amount of (S)-(+)-10-camphorsulfonic acid in toluene at 358 K gave a 1:2.5 ratio of the title compound, (1) (C13H13NO2), and 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-1H-pyrano[4,3-c]isoquinoline-1-one, (2). The formation of (2) presumably proceeds through an intermediate imine. Both (1) and (2) show inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase and human aldose reductase. Of the three linear-fused rings of (1), both ring A and ring B are planar and the angle between these planes is 0.46 (13) degrees. While the two C atoms of cyclohexane ring C attached to its common atoms with ring B are in the plane of the latter, as expected, the remaining two C atoms of ring C are out of this plane, by 0.342 (4) and -0.402 (3) A, respectively.-Chemical4-amino-6-methyl-2-pyrone-Chemical1-cyclohexenecarboxaldehydeMESH:C006881Chemical(S)-(+)-10-camphorsulfonic acidMESH:D014050Chemicaltoluene-ChemicalC13H13NO2-Chemical7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-1H-pyrano[4,3-c]isoquinoline-1-oneMESH:D007097Chemicalimine43Gene543acetylcholinesterase9606Specieshuman231Gene133743aldose reductaseMESH:C506365Chemicalcyclohexane 10573830Acta Crystallogr C; 1999 Oct 15; 55( Pt 10)1701-41999titleRobinson PD, Groziak MP0A boron-containing estrogen mimic.MESH:D001895Chemicalboronabstract35A prototype of a new class of 2,3,1-benzodiazaborine-based estrogen mimics is described. 1,2-Dihydro-1,6-dihydroxy-2-(2-methoxy-6-pyridyl)-2,3,1-benzodiazabor ine, (6), was obtained as a crystalline monohydrate (C13H12BN3O3.H2O) after regioselective BBr3-mediated O-demethylation of the condensation product formed from 2-formyl-4-methoxybenzeneboronic acid and 2-hydrazino-6-methoxypyridine. As intended by design, the solid-state structure of (6) features an intramolecular hydrogen-bond association between the donor B--OH group and the acceptor pyridine ring N, a connection which constitutes an additional 'virtual' six-membered ring, thereby providing for an overall topography closely matching that of a tetracyclic steroid. Specifically, prototype (6) can be viewed as a boron-containing mimic of the O17-methyl ether derivatives of dihydroequilenin or estradiol.-Chemical2,3,1-benzodiazaborineMESH:D006859Chemicalhydrogen9606SpeciesdonorMESH:C023666ChemicalpyridineMESH:D013256ChemicalsteroidMESH:D001895Chemicalboron-ChemicalO17-methyl etherMESH:D004857ChemicaldihydroequileninMESH:D004958Chemicalestradiol 10573831Am J Community Psychol; 1999 Aug; 27(4) 463-821999titleKellam SG, Koretz D, Mościcki EK0Core elements of developmental epidemiologically based prevention research.abstract76In the early 1990's, important progress was documented in prevention research on mental and behavioral disorders, with recommendations for a prevention research agenda. One of the earliest implementation efforts was the workshop, "A Scientific Structure for the Emerging Field of Prevention Research," sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health and The Johns Hopkins University Prevention Research Center, and held in Baltimore, Maryland, in December of 1994. The purpose of the workshop was to merge three perspectives from the traditionally disparate areas of epidemiology, life course development, and intervention trials technology into an integrated, interdisciplinary effort that would define a scientific structure enabling rapid advancement in prevention science. As a consequence of that workshop, the papers were written that are contained in this and the next special issue on prevention of the American Journal of Community Psychology. This first paper is a description of the salient features of developmental epidemiologically-based prevention research. Beyond the above three perspectives, we discuss the role of developmental and intervention theories; measurement of implementation, mediators, and moderators, including multi-stage sampling and measurement; the central role of multilevel growth modeling; concepts of attributable risk and prevented fraction; proximal/distal modeling and effect sizes; and partnerships between researchers and communities.MESH:D001523Diseasebehavioral disorders 10573832Am J Community Psychol; 1999 Aug; 27(4) 483-5171999titleReid JB, Eddy JM, Fetrow RA, Stoolmiller M0Description and immediate impacts of a preventive intervention for conduct problems.abstract85A population-based randomized intervention trial for the prevention of conduct problems (i.e., oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder) is described. The LIFT (Linking the Interests of Families and Teachers) intervention was designed for all first- and fifth-grade elementary school boys and girls and their families living in at-risk neighborhoods characterized by high rates of juvenile delinquency. The 10-week intervention strategy was carefully targeted at proximal and malleable antecedents in three social domains that were identified by a developmental model of conduct problems. From 12 elementary schools, 671 first and fifth graders and their families participated either in the theory-based universal preventive intervention or in a control condition. The intervention consisted of parent training, a classroom-based social skills program, a playground behavioral program, and systematic communication between teachers and parents. A multiple measure assessment strategy was used to evaluate participant satisfaction and participation, fidelity of implementation, and the immediate impacts of the program on targeted antecedents.MESH:D019958Diseaseoppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder9606Speciesboys9606Speciesgirls9606Speciesparticipant 10573833Am J Community Psychol; 1999 Aug; 27(4) 519-411999titleConger RD, Conger KJ, Matthews LS, Elder GH0Pathways of economic influence on adolescent adjustment.abstract57An important part of a science aimed at the prevention of human dysfunction involves the development of empirically based models that identify processes of risk for or protection from emotional distress or behavioral problems over time. The present study developed and evaluated such a model that proposed two pathways through which family economic pressure was expected to influence change in adolescent internalizing symptoms (depression and anxiety) during the period from the eighth to the tenth grades. A total of 377 rural families in a midwestern state provided data for the analyses. The results were generally consistent with the conceptual model in that family economic pressure increased adolescent perceptions of family economic hardship, which, in turn, reduced the adolescent's sense of control or mastery over time. Lowered mastery was associated with increases in emotional distress. Also consistent with the model, prior levels of mastery appeared to reduce the magnitude of economic stress experienced by the adolescent, whereas prior emotional distress intensified the economic stress process. Although gender differences were found in these processes, the overall pattern of results suggests that girls and boys are both at risk for internalizing problems when families experience economic pressure. Implications of the findings for the development of effective preventive interventions with financially stressed families in rural areas are discussed.9606SpecieshumanMESH:D000275DiseasedepressionMESH:D001008Diseaseanxiety9606Speciesgirls9606Speciesboys 10573834Am J Community Psychol; 1999 Aug; 27(4) 543-651999titleGest SD, Mahoney JL, Cairns RB0A developmental approach to prevention research: configural antecedents of early parenthood.abstract93A developmental framework emphasizing the combined impact of correlated constraints within and without the individual was applied to a prospective longitudinal study of early parenthood. The purpose was to use a person-approach to the analysis of longitudinal data to clarify risk for early parenthood and to generate hypotheses about potentially useful intervention strategies. Respondents were 475 youth who were assessed annually from seventh grade through the end of high school and, again, at ages 20 and 24. The risk patterns associated with parenthood were the same for both sexes. Individuals with a middle-school configuration of low socioeconomic status, high aggression, low academic skills, low popularity, and prior grade failure were most likely to become parents by early adulthood. Risk for early parenthood increased substantially for respondents who dropped out of school early, regardless of their initial risk status.9606Speciesperson 10573835Am J Community Psychol; 1999 Aug; 27(4) 567-951999titleCurran PJ, Muthén BO0The application of latent curve analysis to testing developmental theories in intervention research.abstract101The effectiveness of a prevention or intervention program has traditionally been assessed using time-specific comparisons of mean levels between the treatment and the control groups. However, many times the behavior targeted by the intervention is naturally developing over time, and the goal of the treatment is to alter this natural or normative developmental trajectory. Examining time-specific mean levels can be both limiting and potentially misleading when the behavior of interest is developing systematically over time. It is argued here that there are both theoretical and statistical advantages associated with recasting intervention treatment effects in terms of normative and altered developmental trajectories. The recently developed technique of latent curve (LC) analysis is reviewed and extended to a true experimental design setting in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment intervention or a control condition. LC models are applied to both artificially generated and real intervention data sets to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention program. Not only do the LC models provide a more comprehensive understanding of the treatment and control group developmental processes compared to more traditional fixed-effects models, but LC models have greater statistical power to detect a given treatment effect. Finally, the LC models are modified to allow for the computation of specific power estimates under a variety of conditions and assumptions that can provide much needed information for the planning and design of more powerful but cost-efficient intervention programs for the future. 10573836Biol. Bull.; 1999 Oct; 197(2) 115-221999titleDailey M, Marrs G, Satz J, Waite M0Concepts in imaging and microscopy. Exploring biological structure and function with confocal microscopy.abstract106Confocal microscopy is providing new and exciting opportunities for imaging cell structure and physiology in thick biological specimens, in three dimensions, and in time. The utility of confocal microscopy relies on its fundamental capacity to reject out-of-focus light, thus providing sharp, high-contrast images of cells and subcellular structures within thick samples. Computer controlled focusing and image-capturing features allow for the collection of through-focus series of optical sections that may be used to reconstruct a volume of tissue, yielding information on the 3-D structure and relationships of cells. Tissues and cells may also be imaged in two or three spatial dimensions over time. The resultant digital data, which encode the image, are highly amenable to processing, manipulation and quantitative analyses. In conjunction with a growing variety of vital fluorescent probes, confocal microscopy is yielding new information about the spatiotemporal dynamics of cell morphology and physiology in living tissues and organisms. Here we use mammalian brain tissue to illustrate some of the ways in which multidimensional confocal fluorescence imaging can enhance studies of biological structure and function.9606Speciesmammalian 10573837Biol. Bull.; 1999 Oct; 197(2) 159-731999titleGainey LF, Vining KJ, Doble KE, Waldo JM, Candelario-Martinez A, Greenberg MJ0An endogenous SCP-related peptide modulates ciliary beating in the gills of a venerid clam, Mercenaria mercenaria.6596SpeciesMercenaria mercenariaabstract115The activities of both the lateral and frontal cilia of Mercenaria mercenaria were unaffected, either by the two endogenous SCP-related peptides AMSFYFPRMamide and YFAFPRQamide, or by FMRFamide (all at 10(-6) M). Dopamine (DA) inhibited the lateral cilia; the mean EC50 was 2 x 10(-6) M. The peptide YFAFPRQamide--but neither AMSFYFPRMamide nor FMRFamide--antagonized the inhibition induced by DA; this effect was dependent on both time and dose. At a DA concentration of 5 x 10(-7) M, the effect of YFAFPRQamide appeared within 20 min and became maximal within 40-60 min; the mean EC50 at these times was 4.7 x 10(-11) M. If the concentration of DA was increased to 10(-6) M, the maximal effect of the peptide was delayed to 50 min, and the mean EC50 increased to 1.1 x 10(-7) M. Particle transport by the frontal cilia was inhibited by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT); the mean EC50 was 5.7 x 10(-7) M. Again, only YFAFPRQamide had an antagonistic effect on the 5HT-induced inhibition. At a 5HT concentration of 10(-6) M, the effects of YFAFPRQamide did not appear until 45 min; the mean EC50 was 10(-6) M. When radioimmunoassayed with an SCP antiserum, the elution profile of a gill extract overlapped those of the SCP-related peptides that had previously been identified in extracts of whole animals. These data suggest that all three SCP analogs occur in the gill. Immunohistochemistry of the gill, carried out with a monoclonal antibody raised to SCPB, stained many varicose neuronal fibers. Most of these were associated with the gill musculature, but a sparse innervation of the filaments underlying the cilia was also observed. Some fluorescent nerve cell bodies were also seen in the gill tissue. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that YFAFPRQamide modulates branchial activities--muscular as well as ciliary--that are associated with feeding.MESH:C536287Diseasefrontal cilia of Mercenaria mercenariaMESH:D004298ChemicalDopamineMESH:D004298ChemicalDAMESH:D004298ChemicalDAMESH:D012701Chemical5HT 10573838Biol. Bull.; 1999 Oct; 197(2) 174-871999titleSaigusa M, Iwasaki H0Ovigerous-hair stripping substance (OHSS) in an estuarine crab: purification, preliminary characterization, and appearance of the activity in the developing embryos.abstract166Ovigerous-hair stripping substance (OHSS) is an active factor in crab hatch water (i.e., filtered medium into which zoea larvae have been released). This factor participates in stripping off the egg attachment structures (i.e., egg case, funiculus, and the coat investing ovigerous hairs) that remain attached to the female's ovigerous hairs after larval release. Thus this activity prepares the hairs for the next clutch of embryos. OHSS activity of an estuarine crab, Sesarma haematocheir, eluted as a single peak on molecular-sieve chromatography, but this peak still showed two protein bands at 32 kDa and 30 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The two protein bands stained with a polyclonal antiserum raised to the active fractions from molecular-sieve chromatography. Moreover, antibodies purified from this polyclonal OHSS antiserum also recognized both the 32-kDa and 30-kDa bands. OHSS immunoreactivity and biological activity were associated with the attachment structures that remained connected to the ovigerous hairs after hatching. In developing embryos, both protein bands could be stained immunochemically at least 10 days before hatching. But OHSS biological activity appeared only 3 days before hatching. The immunoreactive protein bands were not observed in the zoea, but OHSS bioreactivity was present, though greatly reduced. The 32-kDa protein, at least, is probably an active OHSS, and the 30-kDa protein band may also be OHSS-related. The OHSS appears to be produced and stored by the developing embryo. Upon hatching, most of the material may be trapped by the remnant structures, and the remainder is released into the ambient water.151164SpeciesSesarma haematocheirMESH:D012967ChemicalSDSMESH:D014867Chemicalwater 10573839Biol. Bull.; 1999 Oct; 197(2) 198-2061999titleSkorokhod A, Gamulin V, Gundacker D, Kavsan V, Müller IM, Müller WE0Origin of insulin receptor-like tyrosine kinases in marine sponges.3643Gene20090insulin receptorabstract68One autapomorphic character restricted to all Metazoa including Porifera [sponges] is the existence of transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). In this study we screened for molecules from one subfamily within the superfamily of the insulin receptors. The subfamily includes the insulin receptors (InsR), the insulin-like growth factor I receptors, and the InsR-related receptors--all found in vertebrates--as well as the InsR-homolog from Drosophila melanogaster. cDNAs encoding putative InsRs were isolated from the hexactinellid sponge Aphrocallistes vastus, the demosponge Suberites domuncula, and the calcareous sponge Sycon raphanus. Phylogenetic analyses of the catalytic domains of the putative RTKs showed that the sponge polypeptides must be grouped with the InsRs. The relationships revealed that all sponge sequences fall into one branch of this group, whereas related sequences from mammals (human, mouse, and rat), insects and molluscs, and polypeptides from one cephalochordate, fall together into a second branch. We have concluded that (i) the InsR-like molecules evolved in sponges prior to the "Cambrian Explosion" and contributed to the rapid appearance of the higher metazoan phyla; (ii) the sponges constitute a monophyletic taxon, and (iii) epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains are present in sponges, which allows the insertion of this domain into potential receptor and matrix molecules.3643Gene20090insulin receptors42549Gene30997insulin receptors42549Gene30997InsR42549Gene30997InsR42549Gene30997InsR7227SpeciesDrosophila melanogaster83887SpeciesAphrocallistes vastus55567SpeciesSuberites domuncula56443SpeciesSycon raphanus9606Specieshuman10090Speciesmouse10116SpeciesratDiseasecephalochordate3643Gene20090InsR 10573840Biol. Bull.; 1999 Oct; 197(2) 227-81999titleRome LC, Klimov AA, Young IS0A new approach for measuring real-time calcium pumping and SR function in muscle fibers.MESH:D002118Chemicalcalciumabstract89 10573841Biol. Bull.; 1999 Oct; 197(2) 229-301999titleMalchow RP, Ramsey DJ0Responses of retinal Muller cells to neurotransmitter candidates: a comparative survey.abstract88 10573842Biol. Bull.; 1999 Oct; 197(2) 240-11999titleFay RR, Edds-Walton PL0Sharpening of directional auditory input in the descending octaval nucleus of the toadfish, Opsanus tau.8066Speciestoadfish8068SpeciesOpsanus tauabstract105 10573843Biol. Bull.; 1999 Oct; 197(2) 247-81999titleTang KQ, Price NN, O Neill MD, Mensinger AF, Hanlon RT0Temperature effects on first-year growth of cultured oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau.8068Speciesoyster toadfish8068SpeciesOpsanus tauabstract83 10573844Biol. Bull.; 1999 Oct; 197(2) 257-81999PMC3376079titleBearer EL, Schlief ML, Breakefield XO, Schuback DE, Reese TS, LaVail JH0Squid axoplasm supports the retrograde axonal transport of herpes simplex virus.abstract81 10573845Biol. Bull.; 1999 Oct; 197(2) 259-601999titleGould R, Freund C, Palmer F, Knapp PE, Huang J, Morrison H, Feinstein DL0Messenger RNAs for kinesins and dynein are located in neural processes.abstract72 10573846Biol. Bull.; 1999 Oct; 197(2) 262-31999titleTran PT, Maddox P, Chang F, Inoué S0Dynamic confocal imaging of interphase and mitotic microtubules in the fission yeast, S. pombe.4896Speciesfission yeast4896SpeciesS. pombeabstract96 10573847Biol. Bull.; 1999 Oct; 197(2) 263-51999titleMaddox P, Desai A, Salmon ED, Mitchison TJ, Oogema K, Kapoor T, Matsumoto B, Inoué S0Dynamic confocal imaging of mitochondria in swimming Tetrahymena and of microtubule poleward flux in Xenopus extract spindles.8355SpeciesXenopusabstract127 10573848Biol. Bull.; 1999 Oct; 197(2) 267-81999titleBillack B, Laskin JD, Gallo MA, Heck DE0Effects of alpha-bungarotoxin on development of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata.MESH:D009041Diseasesea urchin Arbacia punctulataabstract83 10573849Biol. Bull.; 1999 Oct; 197(2) 268-701999titleSilver RB, Deming NM0Leukotriene B4 as calcium agonist for nuclear envelope breakdown: an enzymological survey of endomembranes of mitotic cells.MESH:D007975ChemicalLeukotriene B4MESH:D002118Chemicalcalciumabstract125 10573850Biol. Bull.; 1999 Oct; 197(2) 271-31999titleKaltenbach JC, Kuhns WJ, Simpson TL, Burger MM0Intense concanavalin A staining and apoptosis of peripheral flagellated cells in larvae of the marine sponge Microciona prolifera: significance in relation to morphogenesis.1190602SpeciesMicrociona proliferaabstract174 10573851Biol. Bull.; 1999 Oct; 197(2) 279-811999titlePopescu O, Interior R, Misevic G, Burger MM, Kuhns WJ0Biosynthesis of tyrosine O-sulfate by cell proteoglycan from the marine sponge, Microciona prolifera.MESH:C005662Chemicaltyrosine O-sulfate1190602SpeciesMicrociona proliferaabstract102 10573852Biol. Bull.; 1999 Oct; 197(2) 284-51999titleHoskin FC, Steeves DM, Walker JE0Substituted cyclodextrin as a model for a squid enzyme that hydrolyzes the nerve gas soman.MESH:D003505Chemicalcyclodextrinabstract92 10573853Biol. Bull.; 1999 Oct; 197(2) 285-61999titleZigman S, Rafferty NS, Rafferty KA, Lewis N0Effects of green tea polyphenols on lens photooxidative stress.MESH:D059808Chemicalpolyphenolsabstract64 10573854Biol. Bull.; 1999 Oct; 197(2) 300-21999titleWidener JW, Barlow RB0Decline of a horseshoe crab population on Cape Cod.6850Speciesa horseshoe crababstract52 10573855Carbohydr. Res.; 1999 Aug 15; 320(3-4) 167-751999titleDelgobo CL, Gorin PA, Tischer CA, Iacomini M0The free reducing oligosaccharides of angico branco (Anadenanthera colubrina) gum exudate: an aid for structural assignments in the heteropolysaccharide.MESH:D009844Chemicaloligosaccharides148671SpeciesAnadenanthera colubrina-Chemicalheteropolysaccharideabstract154A novel method is described for the determination of sequential side-chain structures in the complex, high-arabinose polysaccharide of the gum exudate of angico branco (Anadenanthera colubrina), using as basis the structurally similar reducing oligosaccharides present in small quantities. Of the ten detected, eight were characterized as disaccharides (2, 3, and 9), linear trisaccharides (1 and 4), branched pentasaccharides (5 and 6), and a doubly branched heptasaccharide (8). The oligosaccharides are substituents of the polysaccharide, which has a (1-->3)-linked beta-D-galactopyranosyl main chain, and with two exceptions they had 6-O-substituted galactopyranosyl reducing ends, probably corresponding to its main-chain units. Characterization was effected through their 1D and 2D NMR correlation spectra, which were better resolved and more readily interpretable than those of the polysaccharide. These spectral data were supported by monosaccharide composition and rotation values. Controlled Smith degradations and methylation analyses were carried out when it was necessary. These data were confirmed by field-desorption MS.-Chemicalarabinose polysaccharide148671SpeciesAnadenanthera colubrinaMESH:D009844ChemicaloligosaccharidesMESH:D004187ChemicaldisaccharidesMESH:D014312Chemicaltrisaccharides-Chemicalpentasaccharides-Chemicalbranched heptasaccharideMESH:D009844ChemicaloligosaccharidesMESH:D011134Chemicalpolysaccharide-Chemical1DMESH:D004456Chemical2DMESH:D011134ChemicalpolysaccharideMESH:D009005Chemicalmonosaccharide 10573856Carbohydr. Res.; 1999 Aug 15; 320(3-4) 176-821999titleMiletti LC, Marino C, Mariño K, de Lederkremer RM, Colli W, Alves MJ0Immobilized 4-aminophenyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactofuranoside as a matrix for affinity purification of an exo-beta-D-galactofuranosidase.-Chemical4-aminophenyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactofuranosideabstract134An alternative and fast method for the purification of an exo-beta-D-galactofuranosidase has been developed using a 4-aminophenyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactofuranoside affinity chromatography system and specific elution with 10 mM D-galactono-1,4-lactone in a salt gradient. A concentrated culture medium from Penicillium fellutanum was chromatographed on DEAE-Sepharose CL 6B followed by chromatography on the affinity column, yielding two separate peaks of enzyme activity when elution was performed with 10 mM D-galactono-1,4-lactone in a 100-500 mM NaCl salt gradient. Both peaks behaved as a single 70 kDa protein, as detected by SDS-PAGE. Antibodies elicited against a mixture of the single bands excised from the gel were capable of immunoprecipitating 0.2 units out of 0.26 total units of the enzyme from a crude extract. The glycoprotein nature of the exo-beta-D-galactofuranosidase was ascertained through binding to Concanavalin A-Sepharose as well as by specific reaction with Schiff reagent in Western blots. The purified enzyme has an optimum acidic pH (between 3 and 6), and Km and Vmax values of 0.311 mM and 17 mumol h-1 microgram-1 respectively, when 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactofuranoside was employed as the substrate.-Chemical4-aminophenyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactofuranosideMESH:C007813ChemicalD-galactono-1,4-lactone70095SpeciesPenicillium fellutanumMESH:C043982ChemicalDEAE-Sepharose CL 6BMESH:C007813ChemicalD-galactono-1,4-lactone-ChemicalNaCl saltMESH:D012967ChemicalSDSDiseaseConcanavalin A-SepharoseMESH:C476677ChemicalSchiff reagentMESH:C060549Chemical4-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactofuranoside 10573857Carbohydr. Res.; 1999 Aug 15; 320(3-4) 192-91999titleMurata T, Morimoto S, Zeng X, Watanabe S, Usui T0Enzymatic synthesis of alpha-L-fucosyl-N-acetyllactosamines and 3'-O-alpha-L-fucosyllactose utilizing alpha-L-fucosidases.-Chemicalalpha-L-fucosyl-N-acetyllactosamines-Chemical3'-O-alpha-L-fucosyllactoseabstract123An alpha-L-fucosidase from porcine liver produced alpha-L-Fuc-(1-->2)-beta-D-Gal-(1-->4)-D-GlcNAc (2'-O-alpha-L-fucosyl-N-acetyllactosamine, 1) together with its isomers alpha-L-Fuc-(1-->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1-->4)-D-GlcNAc (2) and alpha-L-Fuc-(1-->6)-beta-D-Gal-(1-->4)-D-GlcNAc (3) through a transglycosylation reaction from p-nitrophenyl alpha-L-fucopyranoside and beta-D-Gal-(1-->4)-D-GlcNAc. The enzyme formed the trisaccharides 1-3 in 13% overall yield based on the donor, and in the ratio of 40:37:23. In contrast, transglycosylation by Alcaligenes sp. alpha-L-fucosidase led to the regioselective synthesis of trisaccharides containing a (1-->3)-linked alpha-L-fucosyl residue. When beta-D-Gal-(1-->4)-D-GlcNAc and lactose were acceptors, the enzyme formed regioselectively compound 2 and alpha-L-Fuc-(1-->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1-->4)-D-Glc (3'-O-alpha-L-fucosyllactose, 4), respectively, in 54 and 34% yields, based on the donor.MESH:D014312Chemicaltrisaccharides9606Speciesdonor512SpeciesAlcaligenes spMESH:D014312Chemicaltrisaccharides-Chemicalbeta-D-Gal-Chemical4)-D-GlcNAcMESH:D007785Chemicallactose-Chemicalalpha-L-Fuc-Chemical-beta-D-GalMESH:D005947Chemical)-D-Glc-ChemicalO-alpha-L-fucosyllactose9606Speciesdonor 10573858Carbohydr. Res.; 1999 Aug 15; 320(3-4) 200-81999titleLinnerborg M, Weintraub A, Widmalm G0Structural studies of the O-antigen polysaccharide from the enteroinvasive Escherichia coli O173.-ChemicalO-antigen polysaccharide562SpeciesEscherichia coliabstract98The structure of the O-antigen polysaccharide (PS) from Escherichia coli O173 has been investigated. Sugar and methylation analyses, electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry together with 1H, 31P and 13C NMR spectroscopy were the main methods used. The structure of the pentasaccharide repeating unit of the PS was found to be: [formula: see text] By treatment with 48% HF the phosphoric diester linkage was cleaved together with the glycosidic linkage of the fucosyl group, rendering a tetrasaccharide with the structure: alpha-D-Glcp-(1-->2)-beta-D-Glcp-(1-->3)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1-->3)-D-Glc.-ChemicalO-antigen polysaccharideMESH:D011134ChemicalPS562SpeciesEscherichia coliMESH:D000073893ChemicalSugar-Chemical1H-Chemical31P-Chemical13C 10573859Carbohydr. Res.; 1999 Aug 15; 320(3-4) 209-221999titleSevern WB, Richards JC0The structure of the specific capsular polysaccharide of Rhodococcus equi serotype 4.MESH:D011134Chemicalpolysaccharide43767SpeciesRhodococcus equiabstract86The specific capsular polysaccharide produced by Rhodococcus equi serotype 4 was found to be a high-molecular-weight acidic polymer composed of D-glucose, D-mannose, pyruvic acid and a previously unidentified 5-amino-3,5-dideoxynonulosonic (rhodaminic) acid in the proportions 2:1:1:1. Structural analysis, employing a combination of microanalytical methods, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometric techniques, established that the polysaccharide consisted of linear repeating tetrasaccharide units having the sequence of residues shown below. In the native polysaccharide, the rhodaminic acid residues were present as their acetamido derivatives (RhoANAc) and carried 1-carboxyethylidene groups that bridged the O-7 and O-9 positions. Treatment of the capsular polysaccharide with dilute acetic acid and/or anhydrous hydrogen fluoride under hydrolytic/solvolytic conditions, resulted in the formation of four different oligosaccharide species. The 1H and 13C NMR resonances of these oligosaccharide fragments and of the native serotype 4 capsular polysaccharides were fully assigned by homo- and heteronuclear chemical shift correlation methods.MESH:D011134Chemicalpolysaccharide43767SpeciesRhodococcus equiMESH:D005947ChemicalD-glucoseMESH:D008358ChemicalD-mannoseMESH:D019289Chemicalpyruvic acid-Chemical5-amino-3,5-dideoxynonulosonic (rhodaminic) acidMESH:D011134Chemicalpolysaccharide-ChemicaltetrasaccharideMESH:D011134Chemicalpolysaccharide-Chemicalrhodaminic acid-Chemical1-carboxyethylideneMESH:D011134ChemicalpolysaccharideMESH:D019342Chemicalacetic acidMESH:D006858Chemicalhydrogen fluorideMESH:D009844Chemicaloligosaccharide-Chemical1H-Chemical13CMESH:D009844ChemicaloligosaccharideMESH:D011134Chemicalpolysaccharides 10573860Carbohydr. Res.; 1999 Aug 15; 320(3-4) 230-81999titleGuérardel Y, Morelle W, Plancke Y, Lemoine J, Strecker G0Structural analysis of three sulfated oligosaccharides isolated from human milk.MESH:D009844Chemicaloligosaccharides9606Specieshumanabstract81The structures of two sulfated octasaccharides and one sulfated nonasaccharide isolated from human milk have been investigated. Using 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopy and ESMS, the following structures 1-3 were established: [formula: see text].-Chemicaloctasaccharides-Chemicalnonasaccharide9606Specieshuman-Chemical13C-Chemical1H 10573861Carbohydr. Res.; 1999 Aug 15; 320(3-4) 239-431999titleVinogradov E, Bock K0The structure of the core part of Proteus vulgaris OX2 lipopolysaccharide.585SpeciesProteus vulgarisMESH:D008070Chemicallipopolysaccharideabstract75The identity of a novel structural component, an open-chain acetalic linkage, in the core part of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Proteus vulgaris serotype OX2 has been determined by extensive NMR spectroscopic analysis of fragments isolated after mild acid hydrolysis of the intact LPS. The open-chain N-acetylgalactosamine fragment is substituted in the 4-position by non-stoichiometric amounts of a beta-galactopyranose residue and the overall structure of the core is as follows: [formula: see text] All sugars except the N-acetylgalactosamine are in the pyranose form, alpha-Hep refers to L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptopyranose and alpha-DDHep to D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptopyranose. Bold italics indicate non-stoichiometric substituents.MESH:D008070ChemicallipopolysaccharideMESH:C536528DiseaseLPS585SpeciesProteus vulgarisMESH:C536528DiseaseLPSMESH:D012497Diseasebeta-galactopyranose 10573862Carbohydr. Res.; 1999 Aug 15; 320(3-4) 257-601999titleZhang H, Du Y, Yu X, Mitsutomi M, Aiba S0Preparation of chitooligosaccharides from chitosan by a complex enzyme.MESH:C493484Chemicalchitooligosaccharidesabstract72Chitosan of 24% degree of acetylation was depolymerized by a mixture of cellulase, alpha amylase, and proteinase to give the title oligosaccharides. The removal of products by membrane separation permitted yield maximization of products having degree of polymerization in the 3-10 range.100862683GeneproteinaseMESH:D009844Chemicaloligosaccharides 10573863J. Comp. Physiol. A; 1999 Sep; 185(3) 217-281999titleKössl M, Mayer F, Frank G, Faulstich M, Russell IJ0Evolutionary adaptations of cochlear function in Jamaican mormoopid bats.abstract74Mormoopid bat species have their echolocation system adapted to different hunting strategies. To study the corresponding mechanical properties of their inner ear, we measured distortion-product otoacoustic emissions to assess cochlear sensitivity and tuning. Mormoops blainvillii, Pteronotus macleayii and P. quadridens use frequency-modulated echolocation signals, sometimes preceded by a short narrowband signal component. Their distortion-product otoacoustic emission-threshold curves are most sensitive between 30 and 50 kHz and show no adaptation to the narrowband echolocation components. In contrast, the constant-frequency bat P. parnellii always uses long constant-frequency call components. Its inner ear is maximally sensitive at 62 kHz, the echo-frequency of the dominant constant-frequency component, and pronounced insensitivities at 61 and 93 kHz (CF2 and CF3 call frequency) are the major evolutionary change in comparison to its relatives. Furthermore, in P. parnellii, the optimum cochlear frequency separation is minimal at 62 and 93 kHz, associated with enhanced cochlear tuning, while for the other mormoopids there is no indication of enhanced tuning. The phylogeny of mormoopids, assessed by mitochondrial DNA analysis, shows a close relationship between the Pteronotus species. This suggests that major cochlear redesign, associated with the acquisition of echolocation-call specific cochlear processing in P. parnellii, has occurred within a relatively short evolutionary time scale.118852SpeciesMormoops blainvillii118853SpeciesPteronotus macleayii27408SpeciesP. quadridens59476SpeciesP. parnellii59476SpeciesP. parnellii118853SpeciesPteronotus59476SpeciesP. parnellii 10573864J. Comp. Physiol. A; 1999 Sep; 185(3) 229-381999titleWeissburg MJ0Tuning breadth and sex-specific sensitivity in chemosensory neurons of male and female Uca pugnax.53306SpeciesUca pugnaxabstract99Chemosensory neurons of female fiddler crabs (genus Uca) display greater sensitivity to mixtures of food-related stimuli than do neurons in males. This phenomenon represents an interesting contrast to other sex-specific systems, which tend to be in response to cues associated with mating and parental care. This study examined the responses of chemosensory neurons in males and females to ten individual stimuli to determine if sex-specific responses were restricted to a few key compounds, or if the heightened sensitivity of females was broadly distributed. Neurons in males and females responded well to all stimuli, and although fiddler crabs are primarily herbivorous, highly efficacious physiological stimulants included amino acids and amines as well as carbohydrates most closely associated with plant material. The chemosensory neurons are characterized by broad tuning and relatively high response thresholds, when compared to other crustaceans. Most importantly, the investigations revealed a robust pattern in which female neurons displayed elevated responses to all stimuli. Tuning breadth was not shown to be sex-specific, nor were there detectable differences in over-all response profiles. The most likely explanation for these patterns is that the broad sex-specificity in Uca is produced via fundamental alterations in cellular properties associated with chemosensory transduction.MESH:D000588ChemicalaminesMESH:D002241Chemicalcarbohydrates 10573865J. Comp. Physiol. A; 1999 Sep; 185(3) 247-531999titleRoverud RC0Frequency discrimination of brief tonal steps as a function of frequency in the lesser bulldog bat.94962Specieslesser bulldog batabstract100In a two-alternative, forced-choice task lesser bulldog bats were trained to distinguish between a pure tone pulse and a pulse composed of a series of brief tonal steps oscillating between two different frequencies. The tone-step pulse gradually approximates the pure tone pulse as the frequency difference between the steps becomes progressively smaller. Frequency difference limens for the brief tonal frequency steps were determined for a broad range of ultrasonic frequencies. The variation in tone-step difference limens with frequency appears to be correlated to the frequency structure of the bat's short-constant-frequency/frequency-modulated echolocation sound. There was a marked decline in the value of the relative frequency difference limens (Weber ratio) over a fairly narrow range of frequencies above the constant frequency and a sharp increase in threshold above this range. The relative thresholds for frequency discrimination were small and uniform over the frequency range of the frequency-modulated sweep and increased for frequencies below the frequency-modulated sweep. Thus, the most accurate frequency-discrimination abilities occur over a narrow frequency range around the frequency of the constant-frequency component of returning echoes. Frequency discrimination over the range of frequencies of the frequency-modulated component is relatively good.94962Specieslesser bulldog bats 10573866J. Comp. Physiol. A; 1999 Sep; 185(3) 277-881999titleMartin JR, Raabe T, Heisenberg M0Central complex substructures are required for the maintenance of locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster.7227SpeciesDrosophila melanogasterabstract113In Drosophila melanogaster, former studies based on structural brain mutants have suggested that the central complex is a higher control center of locomotor behavior. Continuing this investigation we studied the effect of the central complex on the temporal structure of spontaneous locomotor activity in the time domain of a few hours. In an attempt to dissect the internal circuitry of the central complex we perturbed a putative local neuronal network connecting the four neuropil regions of the central complex, the protocerebral bridge, the fan-shape body, the noduli and the ellipsoid body. Two independent and non-invasive methods were applied: mutations affecting the neuroarchitecture of the protocerebral bridge, and the targeted expression of tetanus toxin in small subsets of central complex neurons using the binary enhancer trap P[GAL4] system. All groups of flies with a disturbed component of this network exhibited a common phenotype: a drastic decrease in locomotor activity. While locomotor activity was still clustered in bouts and these were initiated at the normal rate, their duration was reduced. This finding suggests that the bridge and some of its neural connections to the other neuropil regions of the central complex are required for the maintenance but not the initiation of walking.7227SpeciesDrosophila melanogasterMESH:D013746Diseasetetanus 10573867J. Comp. Physiol. A; 1999 Nov; 185(5) 393-4041999titleChen B, Meinertzhagen IA, Shaw SR0Circadian rhythms in light-evoked responses of the fly's compound eye, and the effects of neuromodulators 5-HT and the peptide PDF.43193GenePDFabstract132Two sets of wide-field neurons extend neurites into the fly's optic lamina, where monopolar cells receive photoreceptor input. They exhibit immunoreactivity to antibodies raised against either 5-hydroxytryptamine or the crustacean peptide PDH, respectively. Both are proposed whole-field neuromodulators of vision, apparently regulating a circadian rhythm of monopolar cell size. Seeking functional correlates, we have re-examined the electroretinogram for circadian rhythmicity, and for responses to locally injected 5-hydroxytryptamine and peptide. Long-term electroretinogram recordings from Calliphora entrained to a light/dark cycle and then transferred to constant darkness, uncovered a gradual, modest increase during the subjective night in the electroretinogram's ON- and OFF-transients, from the lamina's monopolar cells. Five to twenty nl of 5-hydroxytryptamine (10(-3) mol.1(-1)) injected into the head haemolymph strongly enhanced the electroretinogram transients, an action reversed by 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists. Injected into the eye, 5-hydroxytryptamine (10(-4) mol.1(-1)) had the opposite effect; the rapid onset there suggests direct action, whilst the opposing effect from haemolymph injection suggests a different receptor site. Pigment-dispersing hormone (2.2 x 10(-5) mol.1(-1)) injected into the haemolymph increased the electroretinogram transients along a biphasic course, with a slow partial recovery; injected into the eye, it lacked effect.MESH:D012701Chemical5-hydroxytryptamine39812Gene134459PDHMESH:D012701Chemical5-hydroxytryptamineMESH:D012701Chemical5-hydroxytryptamineMESH:D012701Chemical5-hydroxytryptamineMESH:D012701Chemical5-hydroxytryptamine43193GenePigment-dispersing hormone 10573868J. Comp. Physiol. A; 1999 Nov; 185(5) 455-621999titleYuhas WA, Fuchs PA0Apamin-sensitive, small-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channels mediate cholinergic inhibition of chick auditory hair cells.9031SpecieschickMESH:D006311Diseaseauditory hairabstract135Acetylcholine released from efferent neurons in the cochlea causes inhibition of mechanosensory hair cells due to the activation of calcium-dependent potassium channels. Hair cells are known to have large-conductance, "BK"-type potassium channels associated with the afferent synapse, but these channels have different properties than those activated by acetylcholine. Whole-cell (tight-seal) and cell-attached patch-clamp recordings were made from short (outer) hair cells isolated from the chicken basilar papilla (cochlea equivalent). The peptides apamin and charybdotoxin were used to distinguish the calcium-activated potassium channels involved in the acetylcholine response from the BK-type channels associated with the afferent synapse. Differential toxin blockade of these potassium currents provides definitive evidence that ACh activates apamin-sensitive, "SK"-type potassium channels, but does not activate carybdotoxin-sensitive BK channels. This conclusion is supported by tentative identification of small-conductance, calcium-sensitive but voltage-insensitive potassium channels in cell-attached patches. The distinction between these channel types is important for understanding the segregation of opposing afferent and efferent synaptic activity in the hair cell, both of which depend on calcium influx. These different calcium-activated potassium channels serve as sensitive indicators for functionally significant calcium influx in the hair cell.MESH:D000109ChemicalAcetylcholineMESH:D000109Chemicalacetylcholine9031SpecieschickenMESH:D018999ChemicalcharybdotoxinMESH:D000109ChemicalacetylcholineMESH:D011188ChemicalpotassiumMESH:D000109ChemicalAChMESH:D002118ChemicalcalciumMESH:D002118Chemicalcalcium 10573869J. Comp. Physiol. A; 1999 Nov; 185(5) 471-81999titleJen PH, Zhou XM0Temporally patterned pulse trains affect duration tuning characteristics of bat inferior collicular neurons.abstract109This study examines the effect of temporally patterned pulse trains on duration tuning characteristics of inferior collicular neurons of the big brown bat. Eptesicus fuscus, under free-field stimulation conditions. Using a 50% difference between maximal and minimal responses as a criterion, the duration tuning characteristics of inferior collicular neurons determined with pulse trains of different pulse durations are described as band-pass, long-pass, short-pass, and all-pass. Each band-pass neuron discharged maximally to a specific pulse duration that was at least 50% larger than the neuron's responses to a long- and a short-duration pulse. In contrast, each long- or short-pass neuron discharged maximally to a range of long- or short-duration pulses that were at least 50% larger than the minimal responses. The number of impulses of an all-pass neuron never differed by more than 50%. When pulse trains were delivered at different pulse repetition rates, the number of short-pass and band-pass neurons progressively increased with increasing pulse repetition rates. The slope of the duration tuning curves also became sharper when determined with pulse trains at high pulse repetition rates. Possible mechanisms underlying these findings are discussed.29078Speciesbig brown bat29078SpeciesEptesicus fuscus 10573870J. Comp. Physiol. A; 1999 Nov; 185(5) 479-911999titleHall JC0GABAergic inhibition shapes frequency tuning and modifies response properties in the auditory midbrain of the leopard frog.9691Speciesleopardabstract124The functional role of GABAergic inhibition in shaping the frequency tuning of 96 neurons in the torus semicircularis of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens, was studied using microiontophoresis of the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline methiodide. Bicuculline application abolished, or reduced in size, the inhibitory tuning curves of 72 neurons. In each case, there was a concommitant broadening of the excitatory tuning curve such that frequency-intensity combinations that were inhibitory under control conditions, became excitatory during disinhibition with bicuculline methiodide. These effects were observed irrespective of the excitatory tuning curve configuration prior to bicuculline methiodide application. Results indicate an important role for GABA-mediated inhibition in shaping the frequency selectivity of neurons in the torus semicircularis of the leopard frog. Bicuculline application also affected several other response properties of neurons in the leopard frog torus. Disinhibition with bicuculline methiodide increased both the spontaneous firing rate (18 cells) and stimulus-evoked discharge rate (81 cells) of torus neurons, decreased the minimum excitatory threshold for 18 cells, and altered the temporal discharge pattern of 47 neurons. Additional roles for GABAergic inhibition in monaural signal analysis are discussed.9691Speciesleopard8404SpeciesRana pipiensMESH:C017069Chemicalbicuculline methiodideMESH:D001640ChemicalBicucullineMESH:C017069Chemicalbicuculline methiodideMESH:C017069Chemicalbicuculline methiodideMESH:D005680ChemicalGABA9691SpeciesleopardMESH:D001640ChemicalBicuculline9691SpeciesleopardMESH:C017069Chemicalbicuculline methiodide 10573871J Pers Soc Psychol; 1999 Nov; 77(5) 885-9041999titleSinclair L, Kunda Z0Reactions to a black professional: motivated inhibition and activation of conflicting stereotypes.abstract99The motivation to form a particular impression of an individual can prompt the inhibition of applicable stereotypes that contradict one's desired impression and the activation and application of stereotypes that support it. Participants, especially those high in prejudice, inhibited the Black stereotype when motivated to esteem a Black individual (because he had praised them). Participants motivated to esteem a Black doctor also activated the doctor stereotype. In contrast, participants motivated to disparage a Black doctor (because he had criticized them) inhibited the doctor stereotype. Participants motivated to disparage a Black individual also applied the Black stereotype to him, rating him as relatively incompetent. All these effects were driven by the self-protective motives of recipients of feedback from Black evaluators; detached observers showed no such effects.9606SpeciesParticipants9606SpeciesParticipants9606Speciesparticipants9606SpeciesParticipants 10573872J Pers Soc Psychol; 1999 Nov; 77(5) 905-261999titleSchimel J, Simon L, Greenberg J, Pyszczynski T, Solomon S, Waxmonsky J, Arndt J0Stereotypes and terror management: evidence that mortality salience enhances stereotypic thinking and preferences.abstract115If stereotypes function to protect people against death-related concerns, then mortality salience should increase stereotypic thinking and preferences for stereotype-confirming individuals. Study 1 demonstrated that mortality salience increased stereotyping of Germans. In Study 2, it increased participants' tendency to generate more explanations for stereotype-inconsistent than stereotype-consistent gender role behavior. In Study 3, mortality salience increased participants' liking for a stereotype-consistent African American and decreased their liking for a stereotype-inconsistent African American; control participants exhibited the opposite preference. Study 4 replicated this pattern with evaluations of stereotype-confirming or stereotype-disconfirming men and women. Study 5 showed that, among participants high in need for closure, mortality salience led to decreased liking for a stereotype-inconsistent gay man.9606Speciespeople9606Speciesparticipants9606Speciesparticipants9606Speciesparticipants9606Speciesmen9606Specieswomen9606Speciesparticipants9606Speciesman 10573873J Pers Soc Psychol; 1999 Nov; 77(5) 927-411999titleCorneille O, Judd CM0Accentuation and sensitization effects in the categorization of multifaceted stimuli.abstract86Categorization affects perceptions in ways that are assumed to underlie social stereotypes. Research on categorization, however, has focused either on very simple stimuli or on judgmental tasks that focus attention only on single dimensions. To more fully understand the role of categorization in social perception, it is important to examine its effects in the case of multifaceted stimuli and holistic judgments. In 3 studies, participants formed an impression of a focal category of multifaceted stimuli either by itself or in the context of another category. They then judged the typicality of exemplars to the focal category. Results showed that categorization in the presence of a context produced both accentuation and sensitization effects: Participants accentuated between-category differences on relevant dimensions, and they were less sensitive to exemplar differences on irrelevant dimensions.9606Speciesparticipants9606SpeciesParticipants 10573874J Pers Soc Psychol; 1999 Nov; 77(5) 942-661999titleWieselquist J, Rusbult CE, Foster CA, Agnew CR0Commitment, pro-relationship behavior, and trust in close relationships.abstract73The present work advances and tests an interdependence-based model of the associations among commitment, pro-relationship behavior, and trust. Findings from two longitudinal studies revealed good support for model predictions. Commitment-inspired acts such as accommodation and willingness to sacrifice provide diagnostic information regarding a partner's pro-relationship motives. Individuals come to trust their partners when they perceive that their partners have enacted pro-relationship behaviors, departing from their direct self-interest for the good of the relationship. The results of mediation analyses are consistent with a model of mutual cyclical growth in which (a) dependence promotes strong commitment, (b) commitment promotes pro-relationship acts, (c) pro-relationship acts are perceived by the partner, (d) the perception of pro-relationship acts enhances the partner's trust, and (e) trust increases the partner's willingness to become dependent on the relationship. Auxiliary analyses revealed that self-reported attachment style does not account for substantial variance beyond the features of interdependence that form the basis for the present model. 10573875J Pers Soc Psychol; 1999 Nov; 77(5) 979-901999titleGarcia-Marques L, Mackie DM0The impact of stereotype-incongruent information on perceived group variability and stereotype change.abstract103Three experiments showed increases in the perceived variability of social groups after perceivers received stereotype-incongruent information about group members. In Experiment 1, participants generated flatter distributions after exposure to incongruent information, compared with equally deviant congruent information, in the form of typical verbal materials. Experiment 2 indicated similar changes in dispersion after the presentation of numeric information about a single group member. In Experiment 3, the authors manipulated cognitive load at encoding or at the time group judgments were requested. Under conditions of cognitive constraint, stereotype-incongruent information ceased to promote more dispersed group representations. These results are consistent with the idea that incongruent information triggers more deliberative and comprehensive retrieval and generation of exemplars. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for stereotype change.9606Speciesparticipants 10573876J Pers Soc Psychol; 1999 Nov; 77(5) 991-10031999titleDasgupta N, Banaji MR, Abelson RP0Group entitativity and group perception: associations between physical features and psychological judgment.abstract108Two experiments tested whether the perceived entitativity of groups (i.e., cohesiveness) influences judgments about those groups, in terms of both their observable physical properties and underlying psychological traits. Entitativity was manipulated with groups whose members were similar or dissimilar in skin color. Experiment 1 demonstrated that beliefs about entitativity elicited more accurate judgments of skin color for entitative than nonentitative social groups, although memory for individual members of entitative groups was relatively impoverished. Experiment 2 revealed that entitative groups were viewed as not only physically similar but also psychologically homogeneous and elicited strong negative trait and behavioral judgments. Together, these findings suggest that physical properties (e.g., similarity) can create perceptions of psychological "groupness" that have important consequences for group perception. 10573877J Pers Soc Psychol; 1999 Nov; 77(5) 1004-101999titleRudman LA, Glick P0Feminized management and backlash toward agentic women: the hidden costs to women of a kinder, gentler image of middle managers.9606Specieswomen9606Specieswomenabstract129Women who display masculine, agentic traits are viewed as violating prescriptions of feminine niceness (L. A. Rudman, 1998). By legitimizing niceness as an employment criterion, "feminization" of management (requiring both agentic and communal traits for managers) may unintentionally promote discrimination against competent women. Participants made hiring recommendations for a feminized or masculine managerial job. Agentic female job applicants were viewed as less socially skilled than agentic males, but this perception only resulted in hiring discrimination for the feminized, not the masculine, job. Communal applicants (regardless of sex) invariably received low hiring ratings. Thus, women must present themselves as agentic to be hireable, but may therefore be seen as interpersonally deficient. Ironically, the feminization of management may legitimize discrimination against competent, agentic women.9606SpeciesWomen9606Specieswomen9606SpeciesParticipants9606Specieswomen9606Specieswomen 10573878J Pers Soc Psychol; 1999 Nov; 77(5) 1011-251999titleHuguet P, Galvaing MP, Monteil JM, Dumas F0Social presence effects in the Stroop task: further evidence for an attentional view of social facilitation.abstract109In contrast with R. B. Zajonc's (1965) classic view about social facilitation-inhibition (SFI) effects, it was found that the presence of relatively unpredictable audiences and forced social comparison with a slightly superior coactor both facilitated performance in the Stroop task while inhibiting automatic verbal processing. Not only do these findings reveal that social presence can help inhibit the emission of dominant responses, providing further support for an attentional view of SFI effects, but they also demonstrate the power of social situations over what has been thought to be invariant automatic processing. As such, they are inconsistent with the view reiterated in more than 500 articles on Stroop interference over the past 60 years and suggest that more attention should be paid to the situations in which cognition takes place. 10573879J Pers Soc Psychol; 1999 Nov; 77(5) 1041-601999titleLyubomirsky S, Tucker KL, Caldwell ND, Berg K0Why ruminators are poor problem solvers: clues from the phenomenology of dysphoric rumination.Diseasedysphoric ruminationabstract95The phenomenology of dysphoric rumination and its consequences for problem solving were explored in 3 studies. In Study 1, self-focused rumination, compared with distraction, led dysphoric participants to rate their own biggest problems as severe and unsolvable and to report a reduced likelihood of actually implementing their solutions. Clues into the mechanisms behind these findings were explored in Study 2. The results showed that dysphoric ruminative thought is characterized by a focus on personal problems combined with a negative tone, self-criticism, and self-blame for problems as well as reduced self-confidence, optimism, and perceived control. Finally, Study 3 revealed a direct relationship between the negatively biased content of ruminative thoughts and reduced willingness to solve one's problems. Implications of these findings for the consequences of self-focused rumination are discussed.Diseasedysphoric ruminationDiseasedysphoric9606SpeciesparticipantsDiseasedysphoric 10573880J Pers Soc Psychol; 1999 Nov; 77(5) 1061-721999titleNolen-Hoeksema S, Larson J, Grayson C0Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms.MESH:D000275Diseasedepressive symptomsabstract57It was hypothesized that women are more vulnerable to depressive symptoms than men because they are more likely to experience chronic negative circumstances (or strain), to have a low sense of mastery, and to engage in ruminative coping. The hypotheses were tested in a 2-wave study of approximately 1,100 community-based adults who were 25 to 75 years old. Chronic strain, low mastery, and rumination were each more common in women than in men and mediated the gender difference in depressive symptoms. Rumination amplified the effects of mastery and, to some extent, chronic strain on depressive symptoms. In addition, chronic strain and rumination had reciprocal effects on each other over time, and low mastery also contributed to more rumination. Finally, depressive symptoms contributed to more rumination and less mastery over time.9606SpecieswomenMESH:D000275Diseasedepressive symptoms9606Speciesmen9606Specieswomen9606SpeciesmenMESH:D000275Diseasedepressive symptomsMESH:D000275Diseasedepressive symptomsMESH:D000275Diseasedepressive symptoms 10573881J Pers Soc Psychol; 1999 Nov; 77(5) 1073-861999titleRusting CL0Interactive effects of personality and mood on emotion-congruent memory and judgment.MESH:D008569Diseaseemotion-congruent memoryabstract86Prior research on emotion congruency has tended to focus on either the effects of mood states or of personality traits on cognition. The aim of the present research was to explore when and how personality traits and mood states interact to influence emotion-congruent memory and judgment. In Study 1, participants filled out measures of personality and natural mood and then completed a series of memory and judgment tasks. The same procedure was used in Study 2, except a positive or negative mood state was induced prior to completion of the cognitive tasks. Extraversion and positive affectivity were related to retrieval of positive memories and the tendency to make positive judgments. Neuroticism and negative affectivity were related to retrieval of negative memories and the tendency to make negative judgments. In addition, several significant personality by mood interaction effects on memory and judgment were obtained in Study 2, which suggests that personality and mood effects on cognition are not independent of one another. Discussion focuses on integrating mood-congruency theories with personality theories and specifying the conditions under which mood by trait interaction effects effects emerge.MESH:D008569Diseaseemotion-congruent memory9606SpeciesparticipantsDiseaseNeuroticism 10573882J Pers Soc Psychol; 1999 Nov; 77(5) 1087-1001999titleGunthert KC, Cohen LH, Armeli S0The role of neuroticism in daily stress and coping.Diseaseneuroticismabstract52The authors examined the influence of neuroticism (N) on the occurrence of different types of daily events, primary and secondary appraisals of those events, use of specific coping strategies, and end-of-day negative mood. College students completed questionnaires at the end of every day for 14 consecutive days. When reporting their most stressful event of each day, high-N individuals, compared with low-N individuals, reported more interpersonal stressors and had more negative primary and secondary appraisals and reacted with more distress in response to increasingly negative primary and secondary appraisals. Compared with low-N individuals, high-N individuals used less-adaptive coping strategies (e.g., hostile reaction) and reacted with more distress in response to some types of coping strategies. The appraisal findings, in particular, help to explain the chronic negative affectivity associated with neuroticism.DiseaseneuroticismMESH:D004342Diseasehostile reactionDiseaseneuroticism 10573883J. Acoust. Soc. Am.; 1999 Nov; 106(5) 2629-371999titlePrice GR, Kalb JT0Auditory hazard from airbag noise exposure.abstract44Airbag deployment includes very intense acoustic stimulation, yet almost no tests of auditory hazard have been done with real ears. Therefore 32 anesthetized cats, positioned at the driver and passenger locations in a pickup truck, were exposed in pairs to one airbag deployment (electrically initiated). Hearing was tested at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 kHz by evoked-response audiometry just before exposure, immediately after and at 1 month and 6 months. Exposure conditions included doors open, compartment closed, and closed compartment sealed with tape: seven exposures to passenger bag only and nine to driver and passenger bags. Peak pressures ranged from 167 to 173 dB with unweighted energies as high as 4000 J/m2 (or 8 hr LEQA = 95.5 dB). The immediate threshold shift averaged 60 dB at 4.0 kHz that resolved to an average permanent shift of 37 dB. By extrapolation, these data from cats may indicate that susceptible human ears risk permanent hearing loss from airbag noise.9685Speciescats9685Speciescats9606SpecieshumanMESH:D034381Diseasehearing loss 10573884J. Acoust. Soc. Am.; 1999 Nov; 106(5) 2669-781999titleStover LJ, Neely ST, Gorga MP0Cochlear generation of intermodulation distortion revealed by DPOAE frequency functions in normal and impaired ears.abstract117Distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) frequency functions were measured in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired ears. A fixed-f2/swept-f1 paradigm was used with f2 fixed at half-octave intervals from 1 to 8 kHz. L1 was always 10 dB greater than L2, and L2 was varied from 65 to 10 dB SPL in 5-dB steps. The responses were quantified by the frequency and amplitude of the peak response. Peak responses were closer to f2 in higher frequency regions and for lower intensity stimulation. Results from hearing-impaired subjects suggest that audiometric thresholds at the distortion product frequency, fdp, in addition to hearing status at f2, can affect DPOAE results. Results are discussed in terms of several manifestations of a second resonance model, as well as a dual source model for the generation of DPOAEs as measured in the ear canal of humans. It appears that a dual source model accounts for the data better than second filter models.MESH:D034381Diseasehearing-impaired ears8879Gene2897SPLMESH:D034381Diseasehearing-impaired9606Specieshumans 10573885J. Acoust. Soc. Am.; 1999 Nov; 106(5) 2679-921999PMC2346780titleMcKinney MF, Delgutte B0A possible neurophysiological basis of the octave enlargement effect.abstract70Although the physical octave is defined as a simple ratio of 2:1, listeners prefer slightly greater octave ratios. Ohgushi [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 73, 1694-1700 (1983)] suggested that a temporal model for octave matching would predict this octave enlargement effect because, in response to pure tones, auditory-nerve interspike intervals are slightly larger than the stimulus period. In an effort to test Ohgushi's hypothesis, auditor