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Small Group Tour to Windsor Castle and Stonehenge with entries and 2-Course Lunch
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Official National Gallery highlights 1-hour guided tour
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Indian Origin Magician Slams 'Mersal' Makers for Not Paying Him 2019-09-04 13:25:04
The film industry is surely not easy place work in. A Canada-based magician Raman Sharma worked for Vijay's Mersal team in the year 2017 and now he alleged that the makers are still not paying his dues. Raman recently took...
Keywords: raman sharma in mersal movie, Indian origin magician, mersal movie magic, raman sharma in mersal movieRead More
Mother India as a Mantra 2013-07-22 04:56:43
It is his birthday on August 15, India's Independence Day, and his films are well-known too for their consistent patriotic fervour. Action King Arjun, who has been in the movie business for more than three decades and done 200 films...
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Gemini Ganesan was a well-known South Indian actor during 1950s to 1970s. He was called `Kadhal Mannan` (King of Love) for the romantic roles that he played. Ganesan acted in numerous box-office hit movies in the Tamil cinema. He was...
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At Miami University in Oxford, Ohio she studied journalism and food science.
The The Comfort Table cookbook author added mirrored sunglasses Flay, who finalized his divorce from Stephanie March in July 2015 after 10 years of marriage, celebrated his one year anniversary with Yorke, in mid February.
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To be a Premier Institution of Excellence in Engineering Education and Research for Sustainable Development.
Government Engineering College, Thrissur is one of the most prestigious institutions in Kerala. Started in 1957 offering fewer courses, GEC Thrissur has marched ahead and one of the most sought after technical education centre in Kerala. Affiliated to University of Calicut , college campus is spread over an area of 75 acres and located at Ramavarmapuram, 5km from Thrissur town and 6km from Thrissur railway station.
1. The college is recognized by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), Council of Architecture (COA) and programs are accredited by the National Board of Accreditation (NBA).
2. The college is currently affiliated to the University of Calicut and APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University.
M.Tech/M. Plan Admission 2020 – 21
6th Biennial International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering Science and Technology


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The Shamgar Committee on Thursday presented Defense Minister Ehud Barak with its recommendations for guidelines for responding to future abductions of IDF soldiers.The panel recommended that Israel avoid conducting large-scale prisoner swaps for abducted soldiers like the one it carried out in October in exchange for Gilad Schalit in which 1,027 Palestinian prisoners were released by Israel.RELATED:Untangling the Web: Covering Schalit's release, onlineEditorial: An age-old dilemmaEx-Shin Bet chief: Prisoner exchanges are bad for Israel
console.log("BODY1. CatId is:"+catID);if(catID == 69 || catID == 2){console.log("BODY. YES for connatix script");cnxps.cmd.push(function () { cnxps({ playerId: '36af7c51-0caf-4741-9824-2c941fc6c17b' }).render('4c4d856e0e6f4e3d808bbc1715e132f6'); });}console.log("BODY2. CatId is:"+catID);if(catID==120){console.log("BODY. YES for anyclip script");document.getElementsByClassName("divConnatix")[0].style.display ="none";var script = document.createElement('script'); script.src = 'https://player.anyclip.com/anyclip-widget/lre-widget/prod/v1/src/lre.js'; script.setAttribute('pubname','jpostcom'); script.setAttribute('widgetname','0011r00001lcD1i_12258'); document.getElementsByClassName('divAnyClip')[0].appendChild(script);}else if(catID!=69 && catID!=2){console.log("BODY. YES for vidazoo script");document.getElementsByClassName("divConnatix")[0].style.display ="none"; var script = document.createElement('script'); script.src = 'https://static.vidazoo.com/basev/vwpt.js'; script.setAttribute('data-widget-id','60fd6becf6393400049e6535'); document.getElementsByClassName('divVidazoo')[0].appendChild(script); } The government will review the recommendations and vote on whether or not to accept them.The Shamgar Committee was established by Barak in July 2008 after the bodies of Ehud Goldwasser and Eldad Regev were returned to Israel in exchange for terrorist Samir Kuntar, four Hezbollah fighters and the bodies of nearly 200 Lebanese and Palestinians.The government held up publicizing the committee's recommendations until after a deal for Schalit was reached. If accepted and approved by the security cabinet, the panel's recommendations will limit the government's ability to conduct such swaps in the future.In addition to former Supreme Court justice Meir Shamgar, the other two panel members were Tel Aviv University Prof. Asa Kasher and former director-general of the Defense Ministry Amos Yaron.Barak has said in the past that once Schalit was released, Israel needed to draw up a new policy regarding future swaps, making clear both to the enemy and the Israeli public what price Israel would, and would not, be willing to pay in the future. Barak has also expressed concern that prisoner swaps undermine Israeli deterrence."We need to make it clear to the terrorist groups that abducting soldiers is not beneficial," Barak has said.Last week, the IDF Southern Command warned of increased motivation among Palestinian terrorist groups to kidnap another Israeli soldier now that the Schalit swap has been completed.The IDF said that a number of tunnels being dug along Israel's border with Gaza could be used one day to infiltrate Israel to kidnap a soldier.


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There are plenty of daddies on Tv right now, but very few of them represent real fathers as well or have the same gorgeous combination of gaiety and sweetness as Phil Dunphy from Modern Family.
RELATED: Modern Family Renewed For Season 11 At ABC, Will Be Final Season
The show has a large ensemble cast, but it's arguably Phil who's most people's favorite courage. Ty Burrell's winsome action steals this unique turn on the mockumentary format from the rest of the give- and that's some casting to plagiarize a substantiate from: Julie Bowen, Ed O'Neill, Sofia Vergara, Eric Stonestreet. So numerous talented actors. Anyway, for love of Modern Family, here are the 10 Best Phil Dunphy Quotes.
10 On Popularity
"Cheerleading in my college was cool. The football players were so wary they wouldn't even let me and my chums- Trevor, Scotty, and Ling- go to their parties."
Here, the joke is on Phil. But on another document, it's important in today's civilization that the producers of Modern Family have advocated a male character with so little masculine attributes. Phil is a successful working man who provides for his family and chooses things around the house, but he's too an ex-cheerleader who loves High School Musical and can't play boasts. He's also a "husbands " and parent of three, collecting two daughters and a son without countless traditional masculine traits.
9 On Turn-Ons
"I'll admit it- I'm turned on by powerful gals. Michelle Obama, Oprah, Condolezza Rice, Serena Williams…Wait a minute."
Ty Burrell's delivery of this pipeline is perfect, peculiarly the last part. He realizes what really turns him on at the same term we do and he plays it with "the worlds largest" improbably accurate facial expression. The timing is to work, more, as he delays for simply long enough for Phil to settle the cases together and figure out what else those four maidens have in common. It's skillful play, and it's likewise a well-written minute- one of the show's funniest ever.
8 On Tricking Life
"When life gives you lemonade, start lemons. Life will be all,' Whaaat? '"
There's no reference on TV right now who dishes out quite as much life opinion as Phil Dunphy- or, as he calls it, Phil's-osophy.
RELATED: What To Expect From Modern Family In 2019
From "The most amazing things that can happen to a human being will happen to you if you merely lower your possibilities, " to "Watch a sunup at least once a day, " that leather-bound notebook of Phil's life exercises has truly be published, so it can be unleashed upon the nations of the world. But it's this simple turn on the lemonade analogy, in which Phil intimates tricking life into giving you what the hell are you lust, that stands out the most.
7 On Emotionally Distant Fathers
"I ever felt bad for beings with emotionally distant papas; it is about to change I'm one of them. It's a miracle I didn't end up a stripper."
He pointed up has become a cheerleader, so he wasn't far off. Phil's relationship with "his fathers", played by the great Fred Willard, was always used to excellent comedic- and spectacular- aftermath over the years, which is what drew it so sad when his mother passed away. Not only was a beloved character's baby dying- a beloved character's partner was dying, too. Doubled affliction!
RELATED: Every Show Ending In 2019
The great thing about Phil realizing this is that it extends his relationship with his dad and likewise shows that he's worried about those kinds of things. Phil's a fabulous precedent of an emotionally involved dad.
6 On Romantic Cinema
"I love filmmaking and I cherish cherish. I guess you could say I experience making love on cinema and I adore doing it by myself."
Like most of Phil's arguments, this one couldn't perhaps ought to have worded in a more cumbersome or humiliating way. All he's trying to say is that he experiences watching romantic movies. He does cry every time he watches Dirty Dancing, so that's not a surprise. But he insinuates a number of other things- an astounding number of things for really one sentence- in his attempt to explain exactly what draws him to cinema's most romantic works.
5 On Fearlessness
"I am brave. Roller coasters? Love' em. Scary movies? I've pictured Ghostbusters, like, seven ages. I regularly drive through vicinities that have only recently been gentrified. So, yeah, I'm pretty much not afraid of anything."
Jay likes to jokingly question Phil's manhood, and in a hopeless attempt to gain his father-in-law's acceptance, Phil invariably tries to prove otherwise. At least he's always self-confident in himself, and he never falters in that respect.
RELATED: Modern Family's Big Season 10 Death Isn't Jay, Says Ariel Winter
Even after Jay intentionally hovers a mannequin airliner into Phil's face, Phil doesn't throw overboard trying to impress him, because he craves the two to get along. It's sweet, really.
4 On Technology
"The iPad comes out on my actual birthday. It's like Steve Jobs and God got together to say,' We love you, Phil.'"
Like most dads, Phil is haunted with engineering and he always wants to get the latest gizmoes on the day of exhaust. For Phil, on one particular year, the stars aligned. The iPad- which, back then, was the most wonderful brand-new item from Apple, promising to combine the easy of a touchscreen iDevice with the complex computing power and large screen of a laptop- was being exhausted on his birthday! Phil's a male of simple-minded desires, and this met his year.
3 On The Keys Of Success
"Success is 1% inspiration, 98% perspiration, and 2% attention to detail."
Phil's formula for success is an merger of so many other formulae for success that it doesn't even mathematically add together. Unless one of his other points, which isn't explicitly stated but is sort of implied, is that you are able to ever present 101%, in which suit it's a unique and original mantra for shooting for the stars.
RELATED: Matt LeBlanc Explains Turning Down Modern Family Role
The only classic component he left out that most people throw in there is "showing up." Woody Allen said 80% of success is presenting up. But then, Phil Dunphy is better guy to follow in the footsteps of than Woody Allen.
2 On The ABCs Of Real Estate
"Always Be Closing. Don't Ever Forget, Great Home Ideas Just Keep Lurking, Mostly Nearby. Often People Question Realtors Sincerity. Take Umbrage, Violators Will- ah, I always forget X."
The phrase "Always Be Closing" is an old-fashioned proverb in the sales play. But Phil Dunphy, being the real estate wiz that he is, has made that one stair farther and finished the alphabet with it- roughly. He stumbles on the "X, " but that's only 3 symbols away from completing the whole alphabet. He still managed to remember 23 of the words that he lives their own lives by, which is impressive enough.
1 On Being A Cool Dad
"I'm the cool daddy, that's my thang. I'm hip, I surf the web, I text. LOL: laugh out loud. OMG: oh my God. WTF: why the face."
NEXT: Modern Family Creator/ Showrunner Leaving Fox Due to Fox News
This was one of the character's first ever boundaries in the pilot occurrence. It's the excellent course to acquaint the character. He thinks he's cool without actually being cool- although his center is always in the best place. He's terribly adorable and demands respect in the eyes of his kids, and makes it pretty much only by trying. And he is so adorably innocent that he can't figure out what an "F" stands for in text slang.
Read more: screenrant.com


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Shortest distance between Bell Gardens and Riverside is 43.29 miles (69.67 km).
Flight distance from Bell Gardens, CA to Riverside, CA is 43.29 miles. Estimated flight time is 00 hours 06 minutes.
The driving distance from Bell Gardens, California to Riverside, California is: 51.73 miles (83.24 km) by car.
Driving from Bell Gardens to Riverside will take approximately 00 hours 59 minutes.
City in Los Angeles County, California, United States
|GPS Coordinates
|United States
County seat of Riverside County, California, United States
|GPS Coordinates
|United States
The distance between Bell Gardens and Riverside is 83 km if you choose to drive by road. You can go 00 hours 55 minutes if you drive your car at an average speed of 90 kilometers / hour. For different choices, please review the avg. speed travel time table on the below.
There is no time difference between Bell Gardens and Riverside. The current time is 08:15:48.
|Average Speed
|Travel Time
|30 mph (48.3 km/h)
|01 hours 43 minutes
|40 mph (64.37 km/h)
|01 hours 17 minutes
|50 mph (80.47 km/h)
|01 hours 02 minutes
|60 mph (96.56 km/h)
|00 hours 51 minutes
|70 mph (112.65 km/h)
|00 hours 44 minutes
|75 mph (120.7 km/h)
|00 hours 41 minutes
|80 mph (128.75 km/h)
|00 hours 38 minutes
A car with a fuel efficiency of 8.3 l/100 km will need 6.91 liters (1.83 gallon) of gas to cover the route between Bell Gardens and Riverside.
The estimated cost of gas to go from Bell Gardens to Riverside is $7.49 (diesel $8.85).
Take a look at our Gas Cost Calculator feature. It will figure out how much it will cost to drive this particular distance.
The average gas price per gallon of daily gas for calculations is $4.102 (Diesel $4.849) /gallon. Last changed prices on August 10, 2022.
The place names are translated into coordinates to approximate the distance between Bell Gardens and Riverside (latitude and longitude). Cities, states, and countries each have their own regional center. The Haversine formula is used to measure the radius.
Driving distance from Anaheim, CA to Bell Gardens 18.06 miles (29 km)
Driving distance from Bakersfield, CA to Bell Gardens 123.06 miles (198 km)
Driving distance from Chula Vista, CA to Bell Gardens 119.53 miles (192 km)
Driving distance from Fremont, CA to Bell Gardens 367.07 miles (591 km)
Driving distance from Fresno, CA to Bell Gardens 230.76 miles (371 km)
Driving distance from Irvine, CA to Bell Gardens 33.83 miles (54 km)
Driving distance from Laguna, CA to Bell Gardens 386.87 miles (623 km)
Driving distance from Long Beach, CA to Bell Gardens 17.25 miles (28 km)
Driving distance from Los Angeles, CA to Bell Gardens 10.66 miles (17 km)
Driving distance from Oakland, CA to Bell Gardens 382.24 miles (615 km)
Driving distance from Sacramento, CA to Bell Gardens 396.18 miles (638 km)
Driving distance from San Bernardino, CA to Bell Gardens 64.18 miles (103 km)


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Thesis Type: Doctorate
Institution Of The Thesis: Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Faculty of Education, Mathematics and Science Education, Turkey
Approval Date: 2012
Student: CEZMİ ÜNAL
Supervisor: ÖMER FARUK ÖZDEMİRAbstract:
The aim of this study is to investigate undergraduate students' scientific inquiry processes in a physics laboratory designed using problem-based learning. Case study, one of the qualitative research methods, was employed for this aim. Sixteen undergraduate students were participated in this study. Participants conducted inquiry activities for five weeks. The data sources were the observations of participants while they were doing inquiry activities and the laboratory work sheets filled by the participants. A framework suggested by Klahr and Dunbar (1988) in Scientific Discovery as Dual Search model was used to gain better understanding of scientific inquiry process. In this framework, inquiry process consist of three phases; hypothesis formation, designing and conducting experiments, and evidence evaluation. The variations on the participants' scientific inquiry processes were analyzed and categorized for each phase of inquiry. Participants' hypothesis formation processes were categorized based on the nature of sources used by the participants and how these sources were used. The emerging categories were labeled as "concept-based hypothesis formation", "equation-based hypothesis formation", and "context-based hypothesis formation". Participants' designing and conducting experiment processes were categorized into two types: "Systematic manipulations" and "unsystematic manipulations". "Haphazard manipulation of variables" and "using two manipulated variable simultaneously" were the two different types of observed unsystematic manipulations. Lastly, participants' evidence evaluation processes were categorized based on the driving sources: "Data-driven evidence evaluation" and "prior knowledge-driven evidence evaluation". Detailed descriptions of these categories were presented with examples.


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The running-inspired Nike Air Max Bolt features rich overlays, wavy design lines and a whole lot of visible Air. The foam midsole adds responsive cushioning, while the lightweight, durable materials make it a first-class essential. Dress it up, dress it down, wear it to the gym, wear it around town—this shoe keeps you in motion.
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Nike Air Max Bolt, brought as a gift for my son, he loves the look and says it's comfortable.
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Mercurial > dovecot > core-2.2
view TODO @ 4343:407e6c620d70 HEAD
dovecot-config now contains module_dir
|Timo Sirainen <email@example.com>
|Fri, 16 Jun 2006 12:25:19 +0300
line wrap: on
line source
- dbox is leaking index fds - Add S=size to maildir filenames - dd if=/dev/zero of=dovecot.index bs=1024 count=1 -> NOOP -> crash! - ACLs don't work properly with namespaces.. - deliver: delivering mail to box smaller than mbox_min_index_size give close() errors - per-user/ip limits.. - trying to select non-existing mailbox with LF in its name prints the LF in error reply. also should we try to prevent CR/LFs from being used in mailbox names completely?.. Warning: Our dotlock file /home/cras/.dovecot.convert.lock was modified (1143843911 vs 1143843915), assuming it wasn't overridden (kept it -4 secs) - convert-tool copied mbox INBOX into ~/Maildir/.inbox/ - convert-tool doesn't read dovecot.conf - dbox: append_offset in header shouldn't be trusted - dbox: show in index if there are expunge-flagged mails in the mailbox - dbox: pop3_lock_session doesn't work - controldir for mboxes too and place subscriptions file there? - ability to specify default password scheme with passwd-file - cache file can be broken quite easily with imaptest - Cache file code doesn't notice 32bit -> 64bit CPU change and crashes (shouldn't crash anyway!) - add imap_logout_format - quota code should probably be always doing some quota_set_critical() instead of using mail_storage_set_critical(), so that quota_last_error() would work properly - x search charset asdf all -> should fail - passdb passwd + passdb shadow -> passdb_password isn't reset to NULL - when pipelining login command + post-login commands, login process should pass the command to imap/pop3 process (at least one pop3 client does this) - lda: change "unsupported feature" error to something better - imaptest: imap-login: Master sent reply with unknown tag 1 - client closed connection at the exact same time master was logging it in? master_request_abort() - delete >30min old dovecot.index.log.2 files when opening index? - dict-server should have some config file which lists the allowed dicts - inetd: pop3-login logs in with imap executable - with blocking passdb we're not caching lookups if the password was wrong - LDA: empty mail gives an error. - LDA: "message <$MSGID> for $USER: $action" logging - if PAM child process doesn't finish within a minute, kill it - Support listening in multiple sockets?.. - Thunderbird+pop3 DELE error..? - calls fsync()s etc. less often (when copying). optionally disable them. - stop using atol(), atoi(), strtoul() etc. in places where we actually care about what they return, and rather create our own function which checks if the input overflows the integer, and if so call i_fatal() - when sorting maildir files, sort based on Mxxxx first so the files are sorted always in ascending order. required for proper out-of-quota uidlist handling - Panic: file mail-index.c: line 844 (mail_index_sync_from_transactions): assertion failed: (hdr.messages_count == (*map)->hdr.messages_count) - after some locking timeouts: mbox-lock.c: line 518 (mbox_lock): assertion failed: (lock_type == F_RDLCK || mbox->mbox_lock_type != F_RDLCK) - Corrupted transaction log file dovecot.index.log: record size wrong (type 0x4, 20 % 12 != 0) -> mail-index.c: line 841 (mail_index_sync_from_transactions): assertion failed: (hdr.messages_count == (*map)->hdr.messages_count) - subscribe #maildir -> LSUB "" * -> probably not listed? * 1807 EXISTS * 0 RECENT * OK [UNSEEN 1] First unseen. * OK [UIDVALIDITY 1106090975] UIDs valid * OK [UIDNEXT 38157] Predicted next UID x OK [READ-WRITE] Select completed. x store 500:* +flags.silent \deleted * 31 RECENT x OK Store completed. - dovecot-auth workers: create a separate dovecot-pam worker which shares pretty much all code with dovecot-auth worker but isn't linked against any libraries. or..? this might be difficult to do, especially because the workers currently can handle any kind of passdb/userb requests. perhaps there should be a completely separate simple PAM authenticator binary. - namespaces: add new "auto_disable" flag so if the mailbox can't be opened (eg. file doesn't exist), just ignore the problem and disable the namespace - auth master refcounting when handling user/request? - PAM / checkpassword should use passdb-blocking - deleting lots of messages for rarely opened box seems to cause trouble: IMAP(cras:17105): Cached message offset lost for seq 93 in mbox file /home/cras/mail/bugtraq IMAP(cras:21802): mbox sync: UID inserted in the middle of mailbox /home/cras/mail/bugtraq (816584 > 816580) IMAP(cras:21802): mbox sync: UID inserted in the middle of mailbox /home/cras/mail/bugtraq (816598 > 816580) - solaris sendfile is broken? mail-index-transaction.c: line 467 (mail_index_transaction_add_last): assertion failed:(idx == size || data[idx].uid1 <= update.uid1) - keywords: - add some limits to how many there can be - don't return \* in PERMANENTFLAGS when we're full - remove unused keywords? - caching - force bits should be used only for nonregistered fields - change envelope parsing not to use get_headers() so imap.envelope can actually be cached without all the headers.. - compression should drop fields with last_used < (latest_mail_index_date - month) - when parsing mbox or saving message, parse the mail through index-mail so things gets saved into cache immediately - we could try compressing same field values into a single location in cache file. - support caching all message headers. this could be useful when indexes are in local disk but actual mails are accessed through NFS. - mbox - size.physical isn't cached, but should it even be? .. - syncing existing indexes takes 4x longer than creating new one, why? - how well does dirty sync + status work? it reads the last mail every time? not very good.. - always add empty line. make the parser require it too? syncing should make sure there always exists two LFs at end of file. raw-mbox-stream should make sure the last message ends with LF even if it doesn't exist in the file - Quote "From ", unquote ">From " - COPY doesn't work to itself (lock assert crash) - keep mbox lock for two extra seconds after sync (do we really need to?) - move /var/mail/user to ~/mbox if ~/mbox exists.. supposedly this could be useful if /var/mail doesn't have quota, but ~/mail does. now, what do we then do if we can move only some of the mails?.. - if we can't create dotlock file for mbox, make sure it still can be selected in read-only state - maildir - if indexes exist but dovecot-uidlist doesn't, it's not tried to be recreated - rename foo foo.xyz -> infinite loop possible? - we probably shouldn't do duplicate detection/fixing?.. or at least stat() the old file before trying, because we might have just previously seen the old file and then new file and then we try to fix it.. - with pop3 don't move messages from new/ to cur/ before RETR - index - optimize initial left_idx in mail_index_lookup_uid_range() - if log file is lost, generate it from old and new index - transaction log: when replacing log with a same sequence, we remove it from log's file list, but we don't do anything to existing log views. this can crash later in mail_transaction_log_view_set() because 'first' is from log list, while we're comparing it into view->tail which it never is. also overwriting it leaks memory.. - read-only support for mailboxes where we don't have write-access - when mailbox is deleted/renamed and someone else had it open, we get stat() error messages in log file. - sort: we could create alternative indexes for different sort conditions. sort code itself already supports this optimization. - lib-storage - index_removal_timeout gets leaked in some conditions. how? - subscribe: IMAP(anonymous): open(anonymous/mail/.temp...) failed: Permission denied - subscriptions file should contain namespace prefixes. at least optionally. there's the subscriptions = yes setting now for namespaces.. do it so that if prefix = "" has subscriptions, it contains prefixes. otherwise not. - for shared/public namespaces default to "no" - should we allow following symlinks in mbox/maildirs? they are now. - if we implement shared mailboxes with shared indexes, never do that or others could symlink your personal mailboxes and see the indexes created for it which may contain envelope etc. data - this allows circular mailbox hierarchies which should be prevented by eg. allowing max. 20 hierarchies. - limit folder hierarchy levels? user can now create eg. a/a/a/a/... and then start renaming them from end to beginning, which probably will at some point start causing syscall failures which will fill up logs. - login - Digest-MD5: support integrity protection, and maybe crypting. Do it through login process like SSL is done? - x login foo bar x NO Authentication failed. x login cras pass * BYE Disconnected for inactivity. ^ but it's not disconnecting! (buggy dovecot-auth not replying) probably because userdb lookup didn't reply, and fd was already sent for master.. should imap-login be handling it anymore?.. - imap-login: Authenticate PLAIN failed: Authentication failed: Authentication server isn't connected, try again later.. [127.0.0.1] ^ NO Authentication failed. (should be Temporary login failure!) - if auth process dies, login process should retry authentication if possible. or if not, disconnect the client so it doesn't think the auth failed. - send client IP immediately after accept() to master process. make sure master shows the IP if login dies unexpectedly. master should probably also kill the login process if it doesn't kill itself soon enough.. or maybe just log the IP immediately. - auth - support specifying hex/base64 encoding in password scheme. for example {plain-md5.base64} - auth protocol: make sure values can't have tabs/lfs - auth cache: cache userdb data too. - remove system_user and allow returning multiple gids instead. - SIGHUP restarts auth processes .. but does it wait until they've finished with all requests? no. - post-login-sql-command (userdb command doesn't do because of dovecot-lda) - does dovecot-auth really break when it runs out of fds? - dovecot-auth should limit how fast authentication requests are allowed from login processes. especially if there's one login/connection the speed should be something like once/sec. also limit how fast to accept new connections. - support read-only logins. user could with alternative password get only read-access to mails so mails could be read relatively safely with untrusted computers. Maybe always send [ALERT] about the previous read-only login time with IP? - master - configurable syslog prefix - SIGHUP rather shouldn't restart listening sockets if they didn't change.. - if there are duplicate settings, complain about it - quota - if dovecot-uidlist can't be written, assume the new mails have UIDs beginning from uidlist.next_uid. Whenever mails are expunged, overwrite the next_uid field with the current highest next_uid. Whenever we have assumed UIDs and uidlist gets updated, throw the client out with "inconsist mailbox". - make sure all syscalls check for ENOSPACE (and ENOACCESS while at it) - ssl - add setting: ssl_options = bitmask. by default we enable all openssl workarounds, this could be used to disable some of them - gnutls support isn't working - search - message header search: we should ignore LWSP between two MIME blocks - message_body_search() could accept multiple search keywords so we wouldn't need to call it separately for each one (so we wouldn't need to parse the message multiple times). - message_body_search() could support NULL MessagePart and the searching could be done while parsing the message. this would need changes to message_parse() as well. - could optionally support scanning inside file attachments and use plugins to extract text out of them (word, excel, pdf, etc. etc.) - use a trie index for fast text searching, like cyrus squat? - Create our own extension: When searching with TEXT/BODY, return the message text surrounding the keywords just like web search engines do. like: SEARCH X-PRINT-MATCHES TEXT "hello" -> * SEARCH 1 "He said: Hello world!" 2 "Hello, I'm ...". This would be especially useful with the above attachment scanning. - lib-charset - utf8_toupper() is a must. and a bit difficult if we want to do it right. - add support for other things than iconv() as well? we could reuse the code from cyrus or courier - cache iconvs? they'd probably be faster if we just reset the conversion instead of opening new one every time. and there will likely be only one or two charsets which are used for nearly all conversions. - general - rfc2231 continuation support (useless?) - rfc2557 support for BODYSTRUCTURE, as specified by RFC3501 - lmtp server - is it needed? - create indexer binary - ~/.dovecotrc to override system wide settings. namespace settings should override all the previous namespace settings instead of adding new. - ESTALE handling for NFS safety - option to disable SORT, SEARCH and other memory/cpu-intensive features. defaults and per-user by dovecot-auth. - dotlock overriding is racy, but it's pretty difficult to fix it. Also overriding someone else's dotlock in shared folder isn't possible. These could be fixed by having separate lock process running as root, which would chown() the file for another uid and then unlink() it as that user. One problem with that is that if malicious user sets setuid+execute bits on for the file, he could run the file and get changed to the new uid. That hopefully shouldn't matter much since the new uid should be user with minimum possible privileges. Anyway, optional.. - things break if next_uid gets to 2^32 capabilities: - preferrably all should be possible to #ifdef away by a configure option (--without-capabilities=acl,namespace,...) - possibility to disable them from config file - THREAD=ORDEREDSUBJECT - although pretty useless I'd think. - acl (rfc2086, draft-ietf-imapext-acl), namespace (rfc2342) - probably do it like cyrus. "user.<username>" to access other users, with "" defaulting to "user.<myself>". these should be configurable however. - shared namespaces? maybe configurable in config file - easiest way to do ACL would be to use unix modes, but is that useful at all? Well, ACL2 has a bit better support for that, so maybe we could support it. - otherwise gets a bit trickly, we could keep all mail in "imapmail" group and 0600/0700 mode by default, but when mail is shared to others, the group read/write access bits would be set. or alternatively we could launch another imap process to handle it, which we should support anyway. ACLs could be stored into ".acl" ascii file in each folder. - support for private and shared flags, configurable by mailbox admin. this isn't in any draft yet, but ACL2 author was going to create one. [SHAREDFLAGS (...)] would specify which ones are shared, don't know yet how they would be configured. - quota (rfc2087, draft-cridland-imap-quota) - give filesystem values only to admins - support for Maildir++, probably no need to support more. quota capability supports complex quota configuration, but if no mailer supports them we probably shouldn't bother either - id (rfc2971) - must be configurable what gets sent, default to only name=Dovecot - separate pre/post-login settings - optionally log configured parts of the client information, but only once, probably at the same time as logging "Logged in", "Disconnected", etc. - remember to force truncating values longer than 30 chars, especially before logging - mailbox-referrals (rfc2193) - this is useful whenever we would otherwise need to make the connection ourself. for example load balancing and shared mailboxes requiring another UID to run. - this rfc defines no exact way for server to detect if client supports referrals or not. I don't think there's much point in supporting only referrals, as most clients don't support them. Instead we should return referrals when we know that client supports them, otherwise do the connecting ourself. If client issues RLIST or RLSUB command, it's safe to assume it supports referrals. - for load balancing this works just fine, but what about shared mailboxes which require different UID? If we login with our own username, we end up with our own UID instead of what we wanted. IMAP URLs don't support separated authorization id which would have made this very easy.. We could give the "userid@group" as userid, but clients probably treat it as different userid and ask the password again. - problems, problems, .. maybe not worth the trouble. - drafts: - http://www.imc.org/ids.html - annotate (draft-ietf-imapext-annotate) - per-message annotations. this will be major change. especially because currently there's no suitable storage for them, and they'll probably change all the time.. maybe if we moved into berkeley db to store the .data file and these annotations. - this is separate problem from index files. indexes are treated as temporary files, annotations are permanent data. we'd have to support non-db way to do this too, which would probably be just a simple (slow) text file. - annotatemore (draft-daboo-imap-annotatemore) - server and per-mailbox annotations. much easier than per-message annotations, but they'd be easier to place into db as well. - binary (draft-nerenberg-imap-binary) - perhaps not too useful. I'd like to make Dovecot fully binary-safe though. - view (draft-ietf-imapext-view) - slow, complex, luckily draft expired almost two years ago. i hope i don't have to implement this :) - can be done client-side just fine (evolution's virtual folders)


text:
We visited Acra Retreat in May for a 5-day breakaway with the kids. Not only were Norma and Holger fantastic hosts who catered to our every need, including organising activities, the house itself was warm and inviting. The room was perfect for us and the kids with spectacular views off the deck. The food was also a feast at every meal time! Thank you for making us feel at home on our holiday!
We spent Christmas at Acra mountain retreat with the whole family and it was magnifenct! Waking up to the beautiful mountain Vista cannot be topped, at least until breakfast, prepared with love, by the hosts. Norma and Holger are warm and attentive and always have an idea for your next adventure. Abseiling down the waterfall is a breathtaking experience, not to be missed. We will definitely be back.
We really enjoyed our stay at this quiet and tranquil little getaway. Lots to see and do in the area and not far from jhb. Service was outstanding and the food served of top quality. Will definitely go back.
A lovely location. Lovely garden. Lovely accommodation situated in a most spectacular position. In town but feels totally out of town. What a view of the mountains. Sunrise and sunset is spectacular. You must stay. The service is good and personal attention is made to your needs.
Acra is a gorgeous, private, intimate lodge in the most stunning location right there amongst the mountains. Norma and Holger looked after us like royalty. Their food is amazing and waking up to special German coffee in the morning was a real treat. The view is outstanding. The peace and tranquility is perfect for a relaxing get away. Can't wait to go again!
We stayed for one night at Acra Retreat. The lodge is very nice with beautiful mountain view. Norma and Holger are lovely hosts and very helpful. The 3-course dinner and the breakfast was fantastic! 10/10 - would crash again! :-)
Friendly owners and nice staff. We stayed on way from airport to Kruger. Had Hilda's chicken curry for dinner was perfect and a big breakfast was included inc waffles which went down well with the kids.
Perched on the edge of the escarpment , this property has a great view and is a little bit out of town . Very comforable well equipped unit - we had a 2 bedroom cottage with a nice outside area . Well stocked bar on the premises - will stay here again
I really expected a lot from Acra but was very disappointed. Overpriced, no hot shower in the morning as water cold and contrary to what reviews say not a very welcoming host..The standard curry and rice was ok , def not delicious and way overpriced. Left feeling disappointed that the reviews made it feel like heaven. Seems to attract foreigners who maybe just haven't realized how much better, in South Africa, you can get for that price. Would not recommend
My wife and I enjoyed a lovely stay at Acra this past Saturday. Incredible sweeping views, incredibly friendly and helpful staff, and a delicious three course dinner left us highly impressed. We stayed in the 'secret' room which was spacious, private and lovely. The only problem being the door to access the room
Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more.Claim Your Listing


text:
10 Biggest Christmas Fails, In Retrospect
6. Forgetting To Buy Batteries
I am proud to say we avoided that this year and had the right kinds laying around. It was like some kind of Christmas miracle. But I remember in years' past when we forgot and our TV remote just had to go silent for a few days until we got around to buying more.
7. Buying Toys With Too Many Parts
What the fuck are Beyblades and why did I buy them for my son, at his request? All these weird little wheelies I keep finding on the floor that I have no idea what to do with. Oh, and the bitty Monster High parts (their arms can pop out- how joyful) and the 8 million Legos. My brain and my feet hurt, in equal parts.
8. Agreeing To Visit Too Many People
We put a stop to this over the last year or two and it's been wonderful. Done are the days of making three or four stops over the course of Christmas Day and rushing home to our poor dog so he doesn't pee all over the place. If you went on the Grand Tour this year, you have my sympathies- I know it can be awful, particularly with kids in tow.
9. Waiting Until Christmas Eve To Assemble Toys
Like I mentioned the other day, we pulled an all-nighter putting together a train table and it was the worst. If you waited until 10 pm on Christmas Eve to put together your little one's giant dollhouse, I so feel your pain.
10. Three Weeks Of Garbage
When you start shoving all that cardboard, tissue and wrapping paper into the trash do you start to wonder about adopting a more minimalist lifestyle? I know I do but like I said, so many of these regrets are fleeting. By next year, we will be drowning in refuse again. Because apparently, I do not learn from pain.
(Image: k r e f/Shutterstock)


text:
The Indian men's hockey team bettered its already impressive head-to-head record against Canada to 27-4, flooring the side 8-0 in a Commonwealth Games Pool B encounter at the University of Birmingham. Manpreet Singh and Co, with seven points from three games, have now moved to the top of the group, and have one foot in the semifinals.
Vice-captain Harmanpreet Singh, having two of his early efforts from a penalty corner blocked, one of those fearlessly so by an onrushing Brendan Guraliuk, slotted home in the seventh minute to get India up and running.
A magical moment followed, three minutes later, as Varun Kumar set Amit Rohidas up with a pass for the ages from the right. Amit, trapping the ball at the edge of the circle, dribbled past a clueless Canadian defence to extend India's lead.
In the 20th minute, taking advantage of a goalmouth squabble after a penalty corner, Lalit Upadhyay dragged one onto the target, the ball palmed homeward by the goalkeeper's arm.
Gurjant Singh, who sat out the last 10 minutes of the previous game against England after seeing a yellow card, gave Indian fans more reasons to smile on this occasion as he slid valiantly across the turf to tap in a cross from Hardik Singh in the 27th minute.
At the halfway mark, India, ranked fifth in the world, led 4-0. The party, though, had just started.
In the 38th minute, Vivek Sagar Prasad opened the Canadian defence from the right for Akashdeep Singh to hammer in the fifth.
Harmanpreet moved to second on the individual scorers' tally in CWG, behind England's Nicholas Bandurak (7), with a sixth successful penalty corner conversion in the 56th minute.
Mandeep and Akashdeep fired in the seventh and eighth goals respectively to complete the annihilation of a Canadian side that looked mostly clueless throughout. The only bright spot, in what was a day to forget for the John Smythe-led team, was the individual performance from Guraliuk.
"It was important for us to score as many goals as possible after the draw against England (4-4 in the last outing. We missed quite a few chances today too. But we are happy with the result. It is a good score," India skipper Manpreet said after the game.
"There is no place for complacency. Our target is to score more, concede less and top the group."


text:
Album: The Old Time Way
Many times I m tried and tested
As I travel day by day.
Oft I meet with pain and sorrow
And there s trouble in the way.
But I have a sweet assurance
That my soul, the Lord will lead.
And in Him there is strength for every need.
When the tempter brings confusion
And I don t know what to do,
On my knees I turn to Jesus
For I know He ll see me through.
Then despair is changed to victory.
Every doubt just melts away
And in Him there is hope for everyday.
Oh, His grace is sufficient for me.
And His love is abundant and free.
And what joy fills my soul,
Just to know, just to know
That His grace is sufficient for me.
My heart can sing when I pause to remember
A heartache here is but a stepping stone
Along the trail that's winding always upward
This troubled world is not my final home
But until then my heart will go on singing
Until then with joy I'll carry on
Until the day my eyes behold that city
Until the day God calls me home
Until the day my eyes behold that city
Until the day God calls me home
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text:
Astrophysics > Astrophysics of Galaxies
[Submitted on 31 Oct 2020]
Title:The CARMA-NRO Orion Survey: Filament Formation via Collision-Induced Magnetic Reconnection -- The Stick in Orion ADownload PDF
Abstract: A unique filament is identified in the {\it Herschel} maps of the Orion A giant molecular cloud. The filament, which, we name the Stick, is ruler-straight and at an early evolutionary stage. Transverse position-velocity diagrams show two velocity components closing in on the Stick. The filament shows consecutive rings/forks in C$^{18}$O(1-0) channel maps, which is reminiscent of structures generated by magnetic reconnection. We propose that the Stick formed via collision-induced magnetic reconnection (CMR). We use the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) code Athena++ to simulate the collision between two diffuse molecular clumps, each carrying an anti-parallel magnetic field. The clump collision produces a narrow, straight, dense filament with a factor of $>$200 increase in density. The production of the dense gas is seven times faster than free-fall collapse. The dense filament shows ring/fork-like structures in radiative transfer maps. Cores in the filament are confined by surface magnetic pressure. CMR can be an important dense-gas-producing mechanism in the Galaxy and beyond.
Submission historyFrom: Shuo Kong [view email]
[v1] Sat, 31 Oct 2020 04:23:30 UTC (15,907 KB)
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text:
Breaking News
Science & Technology
Islamic Fashion
The demolition of a historic German church to clear the way for the expansion of an open-cast mine this week has outraged locals and environmentalists, as politicians moot giving up their own clean energy targets.
Built in large part by local people and consecrated in 1891, St Lambertus church in Immerath, North Rhine-Westphalia state, was ripped down by diggers' hydraulic arms on Monday and Tuesday, leaving a heap of rubble where the neo-Roman nave and twin towers once stood.
Police brought in reinforcements Monday to manage a crowd of protesters who held up the demolition for five hours, local newspaper Rheinische Post reported.
"Those who destroy culture destroy people too," a banner held up by Greenpeace demonstrators read.
Immerath and its church have been doomed since 2013, when Germany's constitutional court found that there was an overwhelming public interest in allowing energy firm RWE to expand its nearby Garzweiler open-cast brown coal mine.
Almost all the 900 villagers have long since quit their homes, among a total of 7,900 people from the region making way for the mine, while the Catholic church was deconsecrated in preparation for its destruction.
The demolition has drawn attention to the nation's mining of brown coal, as calls grow to reduce greenhouse emissions by ending use of the cheap but polluting fuel.
Germany has massively expanded renewable energy in recent years, part of its "energy transition" away from fossil fuels and nuclear power.
Environmentalists point out that at times of peak production energy firms now pay neighbouring countries to take surpluses generated from coal off their hands.
But power companies argue they need coal capacity as a stopgap for times when output from solar and wind is low.
Meanwhile, politicians are loath to impose an end to coal, an industry that still employed almost 20,000 miners in 2015 according to official figures.
As the towers fell in Immerath, talks between Chancellor Angela Merkel's conservatives and their historic rivals the Social Democrats were getting underway on renewing a left-right "grand coalition" that has ruled since 2013.
One of the first proposals to leak from the talks was giving up Germany's 2020 goal of cutting carbon dioxide emissions by 40 percent compared with 1990's level.
"Who is fighting for an exit from coal or a real reduction in CO2 emissions? No-one that I know of," prominent Greens party figure Robert Habeck told news agency DPA.
GMT 15:58 2018 Tuesday ,04 DecemberMultimedia works vie for Britain's 2018 Turner Prize for art
GMT 11:06 2018 Sunday ,02 DecemberGermany's Bundestag approves co-financing Egypt's new Minya Museum
GMT 13:55 2018 Monday ,26 NovemberBosra City restores its historical splendor and starts to receive its visitors again
GMT 15:13 2018 Thursday ,22 NovemberRehabilitation of al-Buzuriyah archaeological Souq to preserve its aesthetic features
GMT 16:37 2018 Wednesday ,14 NovemberMosaic painting dating back to Roman era uncovered in Homs northern countryside
GMT 14:37 2018 Sunday ,11 NovemberEgypt unearths 7 pharaonic tombs in Saqqara Necropolis near capital Cairo
GMT 12:05 2018 Thursday ,08 NovemberIsraeli archaeologists reveal 2,000-year-old engravings of ships, animals
GMT 15:27 2018 Wednesday ,07 NovemberLouvre Abu Dhabi unveils Roads of Arabia exhibition
Dubai-based label ASMARAÏA just launched its pre-fall 2019 collection — and it's all about cruelty-free, sustainable fashion with a festive edge. Checkmate The 15-piece collection features this checkered skirt-and-jacket ensemble that is giving us major "Clueless" vibes. Gold Rush 'Tis the season to sparkle and this dazzling, floor-length gold skirt will do the trick. Take note of the chic black bow detail at the waist — it's the ultimate party look. Feathered fashion The brand works with environmentally-friendly materials such as ...Read More
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Maintained and developed by Arabs Today Group SAL.
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text:
Building a better world for generations to come
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These Are The Top Dog And Cat Breeds (And Names!) This Year
Maine Coon cats are one of the biggest of the domestic cat breeds. They are also one of the oldest domestic breeds in North America, originating in Maine. They also have a variety of different coat colors.


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SAN ANTONIO — Christmas came early this year for the Bingham family. They already are the largest grower of Texas wine grapes — 245 acres and 30-plus acres that will be planted this spring — and on Nov. 6, they purchased Pheasant Ridge Winery near Lubbock. They were unable to comment until the sale was finalized.
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Arsenal and Tottenham have a chance to compete for Barcelona centre-back Clement Lenglet.
The Frenchman is likely to leave the Catalan giants this summer, as they are hoping to raise funds to reshape their squad.
According to Catalunya Radio, both Arsenal and Spurs have been informed of Lenglet's availability.
The centre-half is not in coach Xavi's plans, and wants to move on for first team football.
Spurs are interested, and The Times suggests that Arsenal are willing to hijack the deal and bring Lenglet to the Emirates Stadium.
Lenglet has been in and out of the Barca team over the past 12 months due to his inconsistent form.


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Dati Baba-Ahmed, the Vice Presidential candidate of the Labour Party for the 2023 election has explained the reason he accepted to team up with Peter Obi.
Baba-Ahmed during his unveiling on Friday, July 8, 2022, at the party's secretariat in Abuja said he decided to be Obi's running mate because he believes in his capacity to make Nigeria live up to its billing.
He also said he believes that Obi would not mismanage the nation's wealth.
Baba-Ahmed emerged as Obi's running mate after the Vice Presidential candidate placeholder and Director General of the Peter Obi Campaign Organization, Dr. Doyin Okupe, stepped down on Thursday.
Baba-Ahmed is the Proprietor of Baze University, Abuja and Baba-Ahmed University Kano.
The 46-year-old was a former lawmaker who represented Kaduna North Senatorial district.
You'll recall that the Labour Party and Senator Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso's New Nigeria Peoples Party, (NNPP) had planned to merge ahead of the 2023 election, but the merge talks collapsed.
The proposed merger was said to have collapsed due to the inability of both parties to agree on who would be the eventual flag bearer if the merger arrangements had happened.
Until recently, Baba-Ahmed was a chieftain of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP).


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Featherston Booktown Young Readers Programme in Schools 2022
What has:
1 bus
1 logging truck
19 presenters
26 events, and
1320 students?
Featherston Booktown Young Readers Programme in Schools 2022!
The Featherston Booktown Young Readers Programme in Schools is a three-day literary festival designed for Wairarapa students, and it's delivered right to their schools. From 8-10 June, some of New Zealand's greatest writers, illustrators, book makers and storytellers will run 26 creative events in local schools especially for the school children. The Young Readers Programme in Schools is a significant three-day literary festival, and it leads into the famous Featherston Booktown Festival which is held on 10-12 June this year.
From pre-schoolers to senior secondary students, children and young people throughout Wairarapa will have three days of literary mahi and creative exploration in their schools.
There's a Flash Fiction Workshop (Jack Remiel Cottrell) at Kuranui College, a Story Builders Workshop (Alan Dingley) at Carterton school, Story Craft (with Melinda Szymanik) at Greytown school, and a Keeping it Real writing workshop (Mary-Anne Scott) at Featherston school to keep young writers challenged and inspired. James Ladanyi and Matthew Staijen join St Matthew's College, Chanel College and Kuranui College to take classic New Zealand literature right off the page and onto the stage.
Kindergarteners will enjoy visits from Moira Wairama and her performances of Nga Taniwha i te Whanganui-a-Tara/The Taniwha of Wellington Harbour and The Puppet Box, and Sonya Wilson will lead workshops around her adventure book Spark Hunter at Pirinoa and Kahutara Schools.
For the kids who love an adventure and anything with wheels, Christopher Candy (a real, live bus driver) will drive his bus to several schools and read from his new book Comet the Red Bus. And the Wood is Good crew will invite kids to check out their logging truck and share forestry stories written by Erica Kinder.
Slam Poetry is back this year, and it's on fire. There will be two events at Wairarapa College where students will transform their poetry into spoken word, with help from award winning poets and epic performers Jordan Hamel, Rose Northey, Emma Sidnam and Vivienne Plumb.
All of the Young Readers Programme in Schools events are listed here. Please note that these events are only for students in schools, not for the general public.
The Featherston Booktown Trust started the Young Readers Programme in schools last year and reached 600 students. This year the programme has more than doubled to include 1320 students Wairarapa-wide. Combined with the children's events at the Featherston Booktown Karukatea Festival on 10-12 June, the Young Readers Programme will reach our goal of getting 1500 young people in front of some of New Zealand's most exciting children's and young people's writers, illustrators and poets.
"One of Featherston Booktown's goals is to promote literacy and encourage imaginations," says Peter Biggs, the Featherston Booktown Trust Chair. "This year, we are delighted to innovate and expand our Festival offering with the Featherston Booktown Young Readers Programme in Schools throughout the Wairarapa region. Our young people are the readers, writers and book shapers of tomorrow and we are excited about the range of experiences on offer through the schools leading up to the Featherston Booktown Festival and during the Festival weekend," Peter Biggs said.
Of course, it takes a village – we are deeply grateful to our valued funders for investing in local children: South Wairarapa District Council, Trust House Limited, Trust House Foundation, REAP-Wairarapa, ReadNZ Te Pou Muramura, Chicken and Frog Bookshop. And our heartfelt thanks to supporters Tranzit Coachlines and Southern North Island Wood Council, and to Wairarapa schools for embracing the Featherston Booktown Young Readers Programme in Schools.
Find the full programme here.


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Banks are commercial institutions and need to increase their business. Unlike other stores and shops, banks are selling services rather than products. Learn how banks get their funds and how they make money on services. Banks and other institutions play this critical role by performing services essential to the functioning of an economy. Safeguarding, transferring, lending, and exchanging money in various forms, along with evaluating credit-worthiness of customers, are the main functions that banks perform. Learn more about the role that banks play in shaping the economy.
Banks are commercial institutions and need to increase their business. Unlike other stores and shops, banks are selling services rather than products. Learn how banks get their funds and how they make money on services. Banks and other institutions play this critical role by performing services essential to the functioning of an economy. Safeguarding, transferring, lending, and exchanging money in various forms, along with evaluating credit-worthiness of customers, are the main functions that banks perform. Learn more about role that banks play in shaping economies.
Money is a medium of exchange and the basis of the modern economy. Banks play a huge role in the distribution of funds throughout society. Although there are many institutions involved in the movement of money today, banks remain fundamental to the flow of money that maintains local, national, and global economies. Banks and other institutions play this critical role by performing services essential to the functioning of an economy. Safeguarding, transferring, lending, and exchanging money in various forms, along with evaluating the creditworthiness of customers, are the main functions that banks perform. Each of these roles has a ripple effect in the economy that helps keep money moving.
Safeguarding the holdings of people may be the oldest bank function. Long before banks existed, people looked for ways to secure their valuables, whatever the medium of exchange. Many of these you may easily imagine. In some societies, such as Babylonia about 2000 B.C., people began to store money in temples, perhaps because they thought others would be less likely to steal from houses of gods. Ancient records indicate that about 4,000 years ago temples were in the business of lending and exchanging money. At that time, temples were acting as banks. You may think of a bank vault or a safe-deposit box when you think of safeguarding money, and those on- site measures are certainly ways of protecting valuable assets. Yet there is much more to safeguarding money than simply storing it in a secure place.
Record keeping is an important part of securing your money. Banks devote much time and attention to both the practice and technology of maintaining and storing accurate records. If banks expect you to let them hold and use your money, they know you expect them to keep careful track of it. The same principle applies to large transactions between banks and industry and between banking institutions and the government.
Identification is an important security function of banking. Obviously, you don't want unauthorized people walking in and taking money from your account, but the issue of security and identification goes far beyond the local branch. Identifying theft is a growing concern in the economy, and bank officials work closely with technology experts and law-enforcement agencies to prevent various forms of identity theft. Identity theft occurs when someone achieves financial gain by using another person's personal information to unlawfully assume the identity of the other person. An identity thief conducts transactions illegally for personal gain. With the increased reliance on the Internet for financial transactions, identity theft protections extend beyond conventional checking accounts to include online banking, automatic bill pay, and online shopping.
Enforcement is a part of safeguarding money that involves catching those who attempt to take it. Not only does this function involve physical security, but it also includes tracking down fraud, making collections, and pursuing legal actions against those who inflict losses on the bank. Robbers, white-collar embezzlers, or people who default on loans are all included in the group targeted by enforcement efforts.
Transfer security is important to banks. Although cash is still an important part of bank transactions, most money moves merely on computer screens. High-tech security measures are increasingly more critical to banking operations between banks and customers, between banks and banks, and between banks and the government. As all financial intermediaries become more dependent on electronic banking, technological security takes a more significant role.
Sound business practices also safeguard your money. Most of these involve good judgment and management of daily bank operations. Banks invest time and money to train employees in procedures and practices. Train¬ing goals include ensuring accuracy, encouraging good decision-making regarding the creditworthiness of prospective customers, and teaching how to make sound financial decisions. Federal and/or state bank examiners closely review the records of banks to protect consumers. Their examinations include not only the accuracy of records but also the prudence of banks' policies. These thorough examinations may take a week or more for a small bank, and a much longer time for a larger institution. You can see how these various ways of safeguarding your money work together within the local bank and the banking community at large to create a more secure financial environment. This system of checks and balances is important to the economy and to society.
Banks are critical to the economy. Although there are many ways that money moves around the economy, banks play a central role in establishing the financial environment. Transferring money to provide growth and stabilizing the money supply are important functions performed by banks. Lending by banks makes money available to consumers and businesses to make purchases they might not otherwise be able to make, or at least not for a very long time. Banks also help determine the creditworthiness of prospective customers so that good money is not lost on bad loans.
Banks move money. They move it between banks, between banks and individual customers, between banks and industry, between banks and governments, and sometimes between governments. Sometimes the sums involved are huge. This motion of money throughout the nation and the world allows businesses to have access to capital. With capital to invest, businesses expand, job creation occurs, products get manufactured, services are performed, and the economy grows. This large-scale transfer of assets is a feature of the modern economy particularly in an age of fierce competition and globalization. Industries seek out financing wherever they can find it, and banks seek out investment opportunities wherever they may be.
In international banking, exchange rates measure the relative strength of one form of the currency against another. These variable rates are often indications of the strength of a nation's economic position. The ability to transfer sums of money between financial institutions safely and effectively depends on the stability of the institutions, the stability of the countries where the banks reside, and the security of the money supply itself.
Lending makes up most of a bank's business. Many bank deals are more complex than automobile or home loans. In fact, banks lend money to businesses and governments in a wide variety of ways, with loan duration ranging from short terms to very long terms. Bank lending is the main reason that people are able to own homes and cars without waiting forever to buy them. A variety of loan products provides many choices for banks to transfer money into the economy. In the far-ranging and fast-shifting world of banking, strong management skill, and a thorough understanding of finance are required.
Credit cards issued by banks are another form of lending, and they are not only good business for the bank, but they also help the economy. People buy things with credit, and keep merchandise moving and manufacturing producing at a more rapid rate than if transactions had to take place in cash. Although there is a risk in the unwise use of credit cards by consumers, the judicious use of credit stimulates the economy.
Home loans still constitute an important part of the banking business. Loan decisions need to be made in a healthy, rational way to borrowers who are qualified for the loans they obtain. The automobile and housing industries have grown hand in hand with solid banking industry. Providing home loans to qualified borrowers is a very profitable business for banks and it stimulates the economy on one hand and raises the status level of the society on the other.
A creditworthy customer has a good credit rating, sufficient collateral for loans, and an ongoing income source sufficient to make timely loan pay¬ments. Evaluating the creditworthiness of customers, whether they are large industries, governments, or individual consumers, is a critical banking function that affects the economy. It is a good business practice for banks to evaluate loan applications carefully because of their profits, and in some cases, their survival depends upon being repaid the principal and the interest from loans. If banks were to overextend themselves with uncollected loans, they could begin to fail, and if they fail, the economy is at risk.
In most countries, banks and the government work together to form the banking system and to make sure the money supply is adequate, appropriate, and trustworthy. Much of this guarantee is backed through the central banking function of the Central Bank of the Country. Individual banks also work with the government to implement monetary policy, perform exchange functions for citizens, defeat counterfeiters of currency, and prevent identity theft. In addition, banks guarantee their own policies. Networks of banks agree to honor credit cards. If you write a check on your account, you can be sure that the recipient of the check will get his or her money from your bank, providing you have sufficient funds in your account to cover the check amount. These actions make the transfer of money between citizens and businesses easy, which helps to keep the economy going.
The functions that banking institutions perform do more than move money through the economy. They also provide a common system. A great part of an economic system is psychological. It is your belief and trust in the financial system that makes you willing to borrow and pay later for a car, to invest money in businesses you've never seen, to deposit money in banks, that is, in turn, is loaned to people you don't know, or to take on a 30-year mortgage. Banks are at the heart of this financial system, and their effect on your life cannot be calculated.
|Overview of Banking
|What is Bank
|Definition of Bank
|History of Banking
|Famous Banks
|Gold Standard
|Sectors in Banking
|Segments in Banking
|Different Types of Banks
|Banking Transactions
|Banking Operations
|Banking Business Model
|Banking Trends
|Banking Value Chain
|Banking Customers
|Banking Functions
|Bank Balance Sheet
|Bank Revenue Model
|Different Types of Payments
|Modern Banking Products
|Banking Regulations
|Banking Projects
|Banking Landscape
|Risks in Banking
|Types of Banks in India
|Islamic Finance
|Social Media in Banking
|Digital Channels
|Banking Challenges
|Technology Risk
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