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A First Look at
Identity Management Schemes
on the Blockchain*
Paul Dunphy and Fabien A. P. Petitcolas,
Innovation Centre,
VASCO Data Security
Abstract. The emergence of distributed ledger technology (DLT) based upon a
blockchain data structure, has given rise to new approaches to identity management
that aim to upend dominant approaches to providing and consuming digital identi-
ties. These new approaches to identity management (IdM) propose to enhance de-
centralisation, transparency and user control in transactions that involve identity in-
formation; but, given the historical challenge to design IdM, can these new DLT-
based schemes deliver on their lofty goals? We introduce the emerging landscape
of DLT-based IdM, and evaluate three representative proposals – uPort, ShoCard
and Sovrin – using the analytic lens of a seminal framework that characterises the
nature of successful IdM schemes.
Keywords: Distributed Ledger Technology; Identity and Access Management.
1 Introduction
Twenty-four years have passed since Peter Steiner first showed the world that "on the
Internet, nobody knows you're a dog", yet that famous drawing still stands to illustrate
the challenge to identify individuals online. Today, we are very far from the public
directory vision of the inventors of public-key cryptography in the seventies or the
grand scheme of hierarchical certification envisaged in the eighties. Identity manage-
ment (IdM) on the Internet still relies on what Cameron [1] called a decade ago a
"patchwork of identity one-offs" comprising several types of IdM systems that are re-
stricted to specific domains and do not interact much with each other. Centralised mod-
els of IdM currently face challenges due to the increasing regularity of data breaches
that lead to reputation damage, identity fraud, but above all a loss of privacy for all
concerned. These recurring events highlight a lack of control and ownership that end-
users experience with their digital identities [2]–[4].
The investigation of alternative approaches to IdM is being led by initiatives that
seek to expand the trustworthiness and reach of digital forms of identity. The United
States' National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace (NSTIC) aims to accel-
erate the development of novel technologies that can increase trust in online transac-
tions [5]. Also, ID2020 seeks to leverage emerging digital technologies to expand the
* To appear in IEEE Security and Privacy Magazine special issue on "Blockchain Security and Privacy" in 2018
reach of legal identities (mirroring the United Nations' goals to "provide [by 2030]
legal identity for all, including birth registration" [6]). The emergence of Bitcoin [7]
has also inspired fresh thinking about digital identity due to its underpinning distributed
ledger technology (DLT) not needing a central authority to validate transactions of its
native cryptocurrency. Thus, a globally decentralised network is able to reach
consensus on the current state of its book of transactions, the "ledger". The distributed
ledger itself is an append-only shared record of transactions that is maintained by en-
tities on a peer-to-peer network; while the often-cited "blockchain" is a cryptographic
data structure often employed in DLT that is constructed through successive crypto-
graphic hashing of blocks of transactions.
Given that DLT is suited to assuring consensus, transparency, and integrity of the
transactions that it contains, a number of benefits of applying DLT to IdM have already
been proposed:
– Decentralised – Identity information is referenced in a ledger that no single central
authority owns or control.
– Tamper-resistant – Historical activities in the DLT cannot be tampered with and
transparency is given to all changes to that data.
– Inclusiveness – New ways to bootstrap user identity can be conceived that expand
the reach of legal identities and reduce exclusion.
– Cost saving – Shared identity information can lead to cost savings for relying par-
ties along with the potential to reduce volume of personal information that is repli-
cated in databases.
– User control – Users cannot lose control of their digital identifiers if they lose ac-
cess to the services of a particular identity provider/broker.
But, given these proposed benefits of incorporating DLT into future IdM schemes, is
the path to new forms of DLT-based IdM really "inevitable" [2]?
2 Identity management on the blockchain?
Identity Management (IdM) encompasses the processes and policies involved in man-
aging the lifecycle of attributes in identities for a particular domain [8]. Most IdM
schemes today are centralised where a single entity controls the system. However, the
generated identities themselves can be federated beyond a single organisation, as when
governments issue national identity cards. In federated identity systems, users can use
identity information established in one security domain to access another. Single sign-
on schemes, such as Facebook Connect, can work this way. User-centric identity man-
agement places administration and control of identity information directly into the
hands of individuals. Examples include password managers (e.g., 1Password, Less-
Pass) that securely keep track of different website credentials.
Despite the different approaches, one function that is fundamental to IdM is securely
binding together an identifier: a value that unambiguously distinguishes one user from
another in a domain; and attributes (sometimes called certifications or claims): entitle-
ments or properties of a user such as name, age, credit rating etc. The first steps taken
to tailor the use of DLT for establishing a secure and decentralised identifier-attribute
mapping were taken in the design of Namecoin: the longest surviving software fork of
Bitcoin. Namecoin provides a human-readable, decentralised and secure namespace for
the ".bit" web domain. This achievement contradicted conventional wisdom that a nam-
ing system exhibiting all three characteristics could not be designed [9]. Blockstack [4]
has extended Namecoin's scheme, to create a decentralised public key infrastructure
(PKI): it registers bindings between a public key and a human readable identifier.
Recently, several decentralised identity schemes have emerged that extend beyond
naming and aim to provide a more complete suite of IdM functions. However, until
now, there has been no evaluation of these proposals. We were interested in whether
DLT-based IdMs have potential to go beyond previous approaches, or would simply
create new "identity one-offs".
2.1 Approach
We started our inquiry by searching for blueprints of DLT-based IdM proposals that
were technically scrutable (e.g., white papers, open source software, etc.). We excluded
schemes that only provided naming and found that all fell into one of two categories:
1 – Self-sovereign Identity: an identity that is owned and controlled by its owner with-
out the need to rely on any external administrative authority and without the pos-
sibility that this identity can be taken away. It can be enabled by a decentralised
identity eco-system that facilitates the recording and exchange of identity attrib-
utes, and the propagation of trust among participating entities. Examples include
Sovrin, uPort and OneName;
2 – Decentralised Trusted Identity: an identity that is provided by a centralised service
that performs identity proofing of users based upon existing trusted credentials
(e.g. passport), and records identity attestations on a DLT for later validation by
3rd parties. Examples include ShoCard, BitID, ID.me and IDchainZ.
In this paper, we focus on three particular DLT-based IdM schemes: uPort, ShoCard,
and Sovrin. We chose these three schemes in particular because individually they serve
as key exemplars of the prevalent design decisions and challenges found in their re-
spective genres, and together serve a similar purpose for the broader landscape of DLT-
based IdM. In addition, they have provided the most technical detail of their scheme
designs and are either underpinned by sizeable online communities or have notable
venture capital funding.
There is no definitive criterion to evaluate IdM schemes, so in order to generate early
insights about individual schemes we leveraged an evaluation framework known as the
"laws of identity" [1] which serve to pinpoint the successes and failures of digital iden-
tity systems. It is a widely-known framework, and represents a full spectrum of IdM
concerns, encompassing security, privacy and user experience. Furthermore, the laws
provide an inherent flexibility, which is ideal for application to the heterogeneous and
early-stage DLT-based IdM schemes we evaluated. The laws themselves are as follows:
1 – User control and consent – Information that identifies the user should only be
revealed with that user's consent.
2 – Minimal disclosure for a constrained use – Identity information should only be
collected on a "need-to-know" basis and kept on a "need-to-retain" basis.
3 – Justifiable parties – Identity information should only be shared with parties that
have a legitimate right to access identity information in a transaction.
4 – Directed identity – Support should be provided for sharing identity information
publicly or in a more discreet way.
5 – Design for a pluralism of operators and technology – A solution must enable
the inter-working of different identity schemes and credentials.
6 – Human integration – The user experience must be consistent with user needs and
expectations so that users are able to understand the implications of their interac-
tions with the system.
7 – Consistent experience across contexts – Users must be able to expect a consistent
experience across different security contexts and technology platforms.
In the text that follows, where we refer to a specific law, we use bracket notation to
reference the law number (e.g., (1), (5)).
3 uPort
uPort [3] is an open source decentralised identity framework that aims to provide "de-
centralised identity for all". Its use case is IdM for next generation decentralised appli-
cations (DApps) on the Ethereum DLT and for traditional centralised applications such
as email and banking.
3.1 Design
A uPort identity is underpinned by the interactions between Ethereum smart contracts:
bespoke code that can regulate the movement of data and ether (the native cryptocur-
rency) on Ethereum. Smart contracts are uniquely addressed by 160-bit hexadecimal
identifiers, and, when invoked are executed by the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)
installed on every Ethereum node. Two smart contract templates designed by uPort
comprise each uPort identity: controller and proxy. To create a new identity, a user's
uPort mobile application creates a new asymmetric key pair and sends a transaction to
Ethereum that creates an instantiation of a controller that contains a reference to the
newly created public key. Then, a new proxy is created that contains a reference to the
address of the just-created controller contract; only the controller contract can invoke
functions of the proxy; a constraint that is specified in the controller and enforced by
the EVM. The address of the proxy comprises the unique uPort identifier (uPortID) of
a user. A user is free to create multiple uPortIDs that are unlinkable. Figure 1 provides
an overview of an interaction between a uPortID and the smart contract of a decentral-
ised application on Ethereum.
The private key that controls a uPortID is stored only on the user's mobile device.
Therefore, an important aspect of uPort relates to its social recovery protocol for the
event of loss or theft of the user's mobile device. For that, users must nominate the
uPortIDs of trustees who can vote to replace the public key referenced in the controller
with one proposed by the user in need; once a quorum is reached between those trustees
on the new public key, the controller replaces the lost public key with the newly pro-
posed public key. This process enables the user to maintain a persistent uPortID even
after the loss of cryptographic keys.
A final aspect of the uPort scheme is its support for securely mapping identity attrib-
utes to a particular uPortID. The uPort registry is a smart contract that stores the global
mapping of uPortIDs to identity attributes. Any entity can query the registry, however,
only the owner of a specific uPortID can modify its respective attributes. Due to the
inefficiency of storing large volumes of data in a smart contract, only the hash of the
JSON attribute structure is stored in the registry. The data itself is stored on IPFS: a
distributed file system where a file can be retrieved by its cryptographic hash.
3.2 Analysis
uPort has no central server and does not authenticate the owner of a uPortID; this passes
the risk of unauthorised access to the local authentication methods on the user's mobile
device. While the social recovery protocol provides one method to recover ownership
of a lost or compromised uPortID, the trustees themselves could be one vector of attack
since their own uPortIDs are openly linked to the user's uPortID; this transparency
provides opportunities for collusion against a specific uPort user. If an attacker can
compromise a uPort application and replace trustees unnoticed via the controller, the
uPortID is compromised permanently. So while uPort does place more control over
uPortIDs in the hands of its users – a plus for (1) – a layer of added complexity and
responsibility is inevitably handed to users.
uPort does not require personal data disclosures to bootstrap an uPortID for a con-
strained use and also respects privacy in terms of the lack of inherent linkability be-
tween uPortIDs (2). However, the registry (if used) represents a point of centralisation
that can be probed for information about identifiers and identity data. So while specific
attributes within the attribute data structure can be individually encrypted, the overall
JSON data structure is still visible which could leak meta-data about specific attributes
or relationships with identity providers/relying parties. Thus there is a chance that over-
reliance upon the registry can compromise privacy (3).
A commerce application can widely advertise its uPortID, but uPort provides no
public directory to look up uPortIDs from arbitrary search criteria. Discreet disclosure
of a uPortID is possible if a user creates new uPortIDs for each new relying party that
they encounter and avoids the use of the registry (4). Although, since a uPortID equates
to a smart contract, an honest but curious Ethereum node could discover even non-
disclosed uPortIDs through analysis of the smart contract code stored at a given address
to determine if it is a uPort template. More work is needed to discover whether non-
disclosed uPortIDs are private in practice.
uPort does not perform any identity proofing but instead provides a framework for
users to gather attributes from an eco-system of trust providers; uPort simply specifies
the format of attributes that are stored in its registry. But as a consequence of the uPor-
tID owner alone having write-access to their own respective part of the registry, a user
can selectively discard negative attributes that they are given e.g. a poor credit score
etc. (5).
The mobile application of uPort provides a consistent user experience across all us-
age contexts (7) due to the scanning of a QR code to initiate interactions with a relying
party. However, the in-app education is not present relating to the implications of put-
ting representations of personally identifiable information on a DLT designed to prior-
itize immutability and transparency of data (6). The area of user education will become
pressing in this context as legislation such as European General Data Protection Regu-
lations (GDPR) come into force in Europe.
Figure 1: An overview of key elements of uPort: a user identity is comprised of a mobile
application and two smart contracts: controller and proxy. The registry is a smart contract
that provides a decentralised mapping of uPort identifiers to identity attributes. The regis-
try can be globally read, and can reference data stored in an off-DLT data store such as
4 Sovrin
Sovrin [2] is an open-source decentralised identity network built on permissioned DLT.
Sovrin is public, but only trusted institutions, called stewards – which could be banks,
universities, governments, etc. – can run nodes that take part in consensus protocols:
thus the ledger is permissioned. The non-profit Sovrin Foundation ensures the proper
governance of the stewards and their respect of a legal agreement called the Sovrin
Trust Framework. Sovrin provides the code-base to the Hyperledger Indy project.
Proxy ServiceController Calls Calls
Read/ write
Ethere um blockchain
4.1 Design
Sovrin enables a user to generate as many identifiers as needed to keep contextual sep-
aration of identities for privacy purposes; each identifier is unlinkable and controlled
by a different asymmetric key pair. Sovrin identifiers themselves are managed by the
user or an appointed guardian service, and follow the Decentralised Identifier (DID)
specification currently seeking IETF standardisation. A DID is a data-structure con-
taining the user identifier, cryptographic public key and other meta-data necessary to
transact with that identifier.
The Sovrin architecture can be summarised by the components as shown in Figure 2.
The key element is the Sovrin ledger. This contains transactions associated with a spe-
cific identifier and is, written, distributed and replicated among the steward nodes,
which run an enhanced version of the redundant Byzantine fault tolerant protocol of
Aublin et al. [10], called Plenum, for consensus.
There are two important consequences to the choice of permissioned ledger in Sov-
rin's design. First, no expensive proof-of-work computation is required to reach con-
sensus on the state of the ledger, reducing significantly the energy cost of running a
node and improving dramatically transactions throughput. Second, trust on Sovrin re-
lies on both people and code. Trust starts from the common root-of-trust formed by the
globally distributed ledger, but as new organisations and users join the network, they
can become trust anchors (i.e. allowed to add more users and organisations); a "web of
trust" is expected to evolve to support this decentralised network growth.
Users interact with Sovrin through a mobile application and control software agents
acting on their behalf to facilitate interactions with other agents on the network. Agents
are network endpoints that are always addressable and accessible. Users could run
agents on their own servers, but more likely, they will ask specialised intermediaries:
agencies, to do that for them, alike e-mail systems. Agents also provide a backup ser-
vice and encrypted storage of attribute credentials.
The mobile application also helps users manage cryptographic keys, which are stored
on the users' mobile device. As in uPort, Sovrin offers a mechanism for key recovery
that relies on the user selecting a set of trustees. When requested to do so by the user, a
specified quorum of trustees must sign a new identity record transaction that stewards
must verify.
4.2 Analysis
Sovrin aims to equip users to fully control all aspects of their identity. Each user can
select from the attribute credentials that they hold about themselves, which they wish
to share with a relying party (1). This is made possible through the use of anonymous
credentials. Although users can choose to store those attributes on the ledger, in general,
they will prefer to use the storage capabilities of their mobile phone or their agent to
transmit attributes to other parties through secure communication channels, and use the
ledger to identify the correct network endpoint to use. The use of attribute-based cre-
dentials allows users to only reveal credentials that they choose (2). Verifying the party
with whom data is shared, remains a challenge, which is partly addressed through the
web-of-trust, the governance of the Sovrin Foundation and the reputation of the stew-
Although there are no trusted third parties in the PKI-sense on Sovrin, users must
rely on agencies that will act on their behalf on the Sovrin network and on the stewards
maintaining the ledger. Depending on the choice of agent and its implementation, a lot
of information could potentially be in the hands of the agency. However, as agencies
are acting on behalf of the user, they have a "necessary and justifiable place" in the
identity relationship (3).
Sovrin supports both omnidirectional and unidirectional identifiers (4): public or-
ganisations can decide to publish their full identity on the network, while users may
choose to publish only identifiers and to use different identifiers and cryptographic key-
pairs with each party they interact with, avoiding emitting "correlation handles".
Today, Sovrin depends on a very small number of operators sharing the same imple-
mentation. As the systems gets traction, new agencies, and new stewards, will join. The
Sovrin Foundation expects in particular to build a market of agencies that will compete
on the features they offer, for instance interfaces with other (existing) identity sys-
tems (5).
Finally, one important issue not yet addressed by the Sovrin developers, is the user
experience. The history of security offers several examples of smart cryptographic sys-
tems, which have never been deployed widely because users found it too cumbersome
or difficult to understand – email encryption using PGP is a seminal example. So, hu-
man integration remains an open question for Sovrin. Considering that Sovrin is still in
the early development phase, evaluating it against laws (6) to (7) is tricky, but it is
illustrative that much work has considered the design of the scheme architecture itself,
but hardly any has considered the user experience.
Figure 2: An overview of key elements of Sovrin. At the base of Sovrin is a permissioned
ledger. Only stewards that legally abide by the Sovrin Trust Framework can write to the
ledger. Users and organisations rely on agents that are addressable network points. Identi-
fiers, keys and endpoint addresses are stored on the ledger.
5 ShoCard
ShoCard [11] provides a trusted identity that leverages DLT to bind a user identifier,
an existing trusted credential (e.g., passport, driver's license), and additional identity
attributes, together via cryptographic hashes stored in Bitcoin transactions. ShoCard's
primary use cases are verification of identity in face-to-face as well as online interac-
5.1 Design
ShoCard uses Bitcoin as a timestamping service for signed cryptographic hashes of the
user's identity information, which are mined into the Bitcoin blockchain. ShoCard in-
corporates a central server as an essential part of its scheme; this server intermediates
the exchange of encrypted identity information between a user and a relying party. The
scheme relies on three phases: bootstrapping, certification, and validation. Figure 3
schematises those phases.
Bootstrapping occurs at the creation of a new ShoCard. The ShoCard mobile appli-
cation generates a new asymmetric key pair for the user and scans their identity cre-
dentials using the device's camera. The scan and the corresponding data are encrypted
and stored on the mobile device; the signed hash of this data is also embedded into a
Sovrin ledg er
ID s ,%keys,%end-point%addresses
Controls Us er
User ( U) a gent
Data vault Policy & keys
Ledger client
Service provider ( S) a gent
Data vault Policy & keys
Ledger client
Direct communicatio n
Read/ write
Bitcoin transaction for later data validation purposes. The resulting Bitcoin transaction
number constitutes the user's ShoCardID and is retained in the mobile application as a
pointer to the ShoCard seal
Once a ShoCard is bootstrapped, the user can interact with identity providers to
gather additional attributes in a process called certification. In order to associate certif-
icates to a ShoCardID, an identity provider must first verify that the user knows both
the data hashed to create it, and the cryptographic keys that signed the seal. In a face-
to-face context, this can be achieved by the user providing the original identity data
forming the seal from their mobile device, a digitally signed challenge and presenting
the original trusted credential. The certificate takes the form of a signed hash of new
attributes (and its associated ShoCardID) in a Bitcoin transaction created by the pro-
vider. The provider must share the Bitcoin transaction number along with a signed
plaintext of the new attributes directly with the user. Since the user will later need to
provide the attributes to relying parties and may not want to lose them if the mobile
device is lost, a ShoCard server offers storage for encrypted version of certifications
(known as an envelope). ShoCard never learns the encryption key, which enables the
user to share certifications only with selected parties.
The validation phase occurs when a relying party must verify a certification to de-
termine whether a user is entitled to access a service (e.g. has checked in to a flight).
To validate the envelope the user must first provide the relying party with the envelope
reference and its encryption key. After retrieving the envelope from the ShoCard serv-
ers, the relying party performs a number of checks: i) that the envelope signature was
produced with the same private key that signed the seal; ii) that the certification signa-
ture was created by a trusted entity and the plain-text certification corresponds to the
one hashed and signed in the certification; iii) finally, that the identity data presented
by the user in the pending transaction match those signed and hashed in the seal.
5.2 Analysis
The ShoCard central server functions as an intermediary to manage the distribution of
encrypted certifications between ShoCard users and relying parties. In this way, Sho-
Card bears less risk of data breach than if it stored and distributed plaintext identity
data. Secure storage of identity information and appropriate sharing with relying parties
is controlled by the end-user (1). However, ShoCard's intermediary role does create
uncertainty about the longitudinal existence of a ShoCardID; if the company ceased to
exist, users of ShoCard would be unable to use the system with the certifications they
had acquired. This makes ShoCard more centralised in practice than its open reliance
on DLT might suggest.
Each ShoCard identity is bootstrapped with an existing trusted credential, such as a
passport or driving license. Such an approach may require users to embed more per-
sonal information in their ShoCard seal than they had originally intended. This may
make ShoCard less attractive for low value online accounts (2).
Since the user is in control of initiating sharing activities, and since ShoCard only
stores encrypted data, there can be some confidence that only justifiable parties are
involved in the identity data sharing transaction. However, the ShoCard server may be
able to associate a particular ShoCardID with a particular relying party, since envelopes
must be retrieved from ShoCard server by the relying party (3).
ShoCard only supports unidirectional identifiers and does not have the concept of a
public registry of ShoCardIDs. Although omnidirectional identifiers may be needed in
future to realise its vision of an eco-system of reusable certifications (4).
ShoCard does support a multitude of different identity providers through its certifi-
cation functionality, but those providers must create bespoke integration with Sho-
Card's own web services in addition to Bitcoin, which could be a barrier to uptake. The
decision to perform such integration could be driven by the trustworthiness of Sho-
Card's identity proofing of its users (5).
The scanning of identity documents and QR codes is a dominant interaction para-
digm in the ShoCard user experience: it is simple and consistent (7). However, it is
unclear what the user motivations would be to adopt this new type of digital identity,
and how users would be educated about the implications of referencing identity data on
a blockchain (6). Users are also not supported with cryptographic key management.
One final point concerns the overall deployability of ShoCard. Bitcoin transactions
take on average 10 minutes to be mined into the blockchain, and furthermore it is rec-
ommended to wait for six additional blocks to be mined before assuming the settlement
of a transaction. This could bring the waiting time for settlement to one-hour on aver-
age. If a context that depends upon real-time settlement of certifications, this speed
could create challenges for the user experience and adoption by vendors.
Figure 3: An overview of key elements of ShoCard. ShoCard uses Bitcoin to record a com-
mitment to personal data that was verified during identity proofing, and for storage of
hashes of certifications that build upon the user's Seal created by relying parties. The Sho-
Card server plays an active role as an intermediary between users and relying parties.
6 Discussion
Table 1 summarizes each scheme that we evaluated with respect to each law of identity.
An unshaded table cell indicates that we found evidence that suggests a scheme com-
plied with a specific law, and a shaded cell indicates that we didn't find evidence that
Create Seal
Create Certification
Envelope reference + Plain text identity
Bit coin blockchain
Prove seal ownership
Retrieve envelope
Read certification
& se al
SealT rans. # CertificationT rans. #
Identity Proofing
suggested compliance with a specific law. We additionally include a summary of Fa-
cebook Connect to provide contrast.
6.1 Decentralisation that relies upon centralisation and intermediaries
DLT is often seen as a remedy for system architectures dominated by central authorities
and intermediaries. But while each DLT-based IdM scheme we looked at leverages
techniques of decentralisation to different degrees, this served mainly to reshape the
role of centralisation and intermediaries, rather than to eradicate them. For example,
uPort's registry stores a secure mapping between uPortID and their attributes and also
relies upon central authorities as trust providers for identity attributes; the ShoCard
central server is an intermediary that stores encrypted identity attributes and mediates
between end-users and relying parties. Sovrin on the other hand embraces an open eco-
system of intermediaries (e.g., agencies, trust anchors).
So, while DLT applications often target the removal of the "middle man", this may
not be a realistic goal in IdM applications due the context of identity maintaining a
profound need for trust. Of course, this need for centralisation and intermediaries is not
necessarily a bad thing: there are numerous examples of centralisation and intermedi-
aries serving essential functions in an industry (see e.g., the SWIFT network). Elements
of needed centralisation or intermediation in a decentralised IdM may comprise:
– Capturing additional authentication factors from end-users;
– Backing-up and recovering cryptographic keys;
– Providing a secure namespace to facilitate lookup of entities and services;
– Storing securely the information hash pre-images needed to validate digital signa-
– Recovering compromised DLT-based identities.
The case of "The DAO" stands as an example of the risks of pursuing too much decen-
tralisation in a system design. The DAO was designed as an Ethereum smart contract-
based autonomous venture capital company but a flaw in its underlying code enabled
an attacker to steal $50 million of the funding that it collected [12]. The research chal-
lenge for DLT applications in IdM is therefore to explore the balance between central-
isation and decentralisation to create interoperable and privacy-respecting IdM that mit-
igates the risk of placing too much trust in any single authority.
6.2 Envisioned eco-systems of shareable identity attributes – but ad hoc trust
Support for the creation and sharing of identity attributes certified by 3rd parties is a
design feature of each scheme we evaluated. In ShoCard, 3rd parties can certify attrib-
utes of an identifier; uPort and Sovrin support both self-attestation of attributes and
those assigned by other entities.
Designing for reusable identity attributes aims to improve the granularity at which
users can disclose identity information and promotes reuse of attributes. However, due
to the lack of a central authority, trust of these attributes currently relies upon ad-hoc
trust establishment between organisations. ShoCard and Sovrin propose a "web of
trust" as the means by which attributes can be trusted. However, the challenges to de-
sign a web-of-trust are widely known where the network size is unbounded: difficulty
to quantify trust beyond a first-degree relationship especially if any entity can vouch
for any other, poor density of trust anchors on the network, lost or expired private keys,
slow propagation of endorsement between users, etc. DLT does not address any of those
challenges, but future research could focus on methods to achieve the building of trust
and reputation between entities in the context of DLT identity attributes. This could be
one way that DLT-based IdM responds to NSTIC [5] and delivers new interoperability
in IdM.
6.3 If it isn't usable it isn't secure
Dhamija's explains in her "7 flaws of identity management" [13] that for users "identity
management is not a primary goal". This has been reflected in the shrug that users have
largely given to single-sign on solutions: the main user-facing proposition of IdM. This
suggests that future IdM schemes with a novel technological underpinning but devel-
oped to the same blueprint of end-user interaction are unlikely to create widespread
uptake. A principal tenet of human-computer interaction is to design systems based
upon concrete knowledge of problems faced by end-users. So far we have seen that the
schemes we evaluated are generally not accompanied by a novel vision of user interac-
tion, and furthermore leave the perennial challenge to provide usable end-user key man-
agement [14] as largely unaddressed. Recent research has suggested that key manage-
ment remains to be a principal source of concern for users of Bitcoin [15]. While the
promising concept of key recovery was proposed in uPort and Sovrin, approaches to
digital identity that remove central authorities and depend upon effective key manage-
ment strategies from its users create the risk that non-technical users will be alienated
by the technology; and when things go wrong those users will be unable to recover
resources or reputation attached to lost keys.
7 Concluding remarks
Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is not a silver bullet solution for Identity Man-
agement (IdM). Our application of Cameron's evaluative framework provides an early
glimpse of the current strengths and limitations of applying DLT to IdM. Future work
in this nascent research area faces two particular hurdles:
Firstly, there is a noticeable lack of contextual understanding relating to the user
experience elements of the schemes we encountered. Usability is a particularly pressing
unknown since there appears to be a widespread assumption that users are equipped to
conduct effective cryptographic key management, and would intuitively understand the
implications of referencing identity data or attributes in a DLT.
Secondly, a tightening regulatory landscape for storing personal data. For example,
the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) grants end-users new powers over per-
sonal data, and places new obligations upon data controllers. This creates a challenge
for the design of immutable public ledgers that reference personal data, and that provide
inherent transparency to data that they store.
Delaying the advance of new approaches to secure and trusted identities on the In-
ternet was said to be an unacceptable course of action by the United States' NSTIC
strategy [5]. This might be due to the concern that the online adage that "on the block-
chain, nobody knows you're a fridge", may soon replace the prescience of Steiner's
original cartoon.
Table 1: A summary of uPort, ShoCard, Sovrin, and their relation to Cameron's laws of identity. Facebook Connect is provided for comparison. An unshaded table cell indicates that we found evidence that
a scheme complied with a specific law, and a shaded cell indicates that we currently see no evidence that a scheme complies with a specific law.
Facebook Connect
1 – User control and
User controls creation and disclosure of uPor-
tIDs and can prove ownership of uPortID with-
out a central authority. But attributes stored in
registry may leak information.
User controls creation and disclosure of ShoCar-
dIDs. Attributes are only accessible to a relying
party by invitation of ShoCardID owner. But,
ShoCard servers are necessary part of attribute
validation protocol.
By design, users can choose which IDs are used
and which attributes are revealed. A web of trust
that could be reinforced by a reputation system
helps protect users against deception.
Today, when using Facebook to log on to a ser-
vice the user can choose which data will be
shared by Facebook with the relying party.
2 – Minimal disclosure
for a constrained use
Users do not need to disclose personal data in
order to create uPort identifiers for low value ac-
ShoCardIDs are bootstrapped with a trusted
identity document (e.g., a government ID).
Support of anonymous credentials based on
zero-knowledge proofs allows users to share the
information "least likely to identity [them]
across multiple contexts" [1].
A user can create an empty Facebook profile and
progressively add identity information as is
3 – Justifiable parties
The JSON structure of attributes in the registry
is visible to all, which may leak information to
an honest-but curious attacker – even if en-
ShoCardID only revealed to a relying party at
the invitation of the ShoCardID owner. ShoCard
servers may learn identity of relying parties.
Attributes are only accessible to relying parties
that the user chooses, and to the agencies en-
trusted to act on their behalf.
Facebook always has access to the data stored on
a user's Facebook profile whether the data is
public or private. Facebook also creates and pro-
cesses its own attributes e.g. relationships with
4 – Directed identity
Supports unidirectional sharing of identifiers be-
tween parties, but does not prevent entities
broadcasting identifiers out of band e.g. on web-
Supports unidirectional sharing of identifiers be-
tween parties, but does not prevent entities
broadcasting identifiers out of band.
Omnidirectional identifiers are supported.
Omnidirectional identifiers are supported. A
user's Facebook profile can be made public or
private and profiles can be searched.
5 – Design for a plural-
ism of operators and
Agnostic to the types of attributes that 3rd party
identity providers create, yet use of a specific
data format is encouraged in the registry.
Supports parsing of existing trusted credentials
but relying parties must create bespoke integra-
tions with ShoCard centralised servers for attrib-
ute validation.
Expects to build a market for intermediaries
(agencies) between users and the Sovrin net-
work. Some could be interfaces with other iden-
tity systems.
Only one identity provider: Facebook. Uses a
bespoke method for authorisation to applica-
tions. But, Facebook has nearly 2 billion users.
6 – Human integration
Provides a mobile application. Social crypto-
graphic key recovery function shows promise.
Unclear usability and user understanding of
uPort privacy implications.
Provides a mobile application. The digital ID
card metaphor is easy to understand. Unclear us-
ability and user understanding of ShoCard pri-
vacy implications.
Implementation has been targeted so far towards
the underlying technology, not the user experi-
ence. Unclear usability and user understanding
of privacy.
Facebook is well known to users and usable in-
terface to single-sign is provided. However, us-
ers may be unaware of privacy implications of
Facebook Connect.
7 – Consistent experi-
ence across contexts
User interaction driven by the mobile applica-
tion. Consistently follows a QR code scanning
paradigm for all uses.
User interaction driven by the mobile applica-
tion. Consistently follows a QR code scanning
paradigm for all uses.
Not clear. This will highly depend on the market
of implementations of mobile device clients for
the Sovrin network.
Consistent and experience via the 'login with Fa-
cebook' button.
[1] Kim Cameron, 'The Laws of Identity'. Microsoft Corporation, 05-Nov-2005.
[2] Andrew Tobin and Drummond Reed, 'The Inevitable Rise of Self-Sovereign Identity'.
The Sovrin Foundation, 29-Sep-2016.
[3] Christian Lundkvist, Rouven Heck, Joel Torstensson, Zac Mitton, and Michael Sena,
'uPort: A Platform for Self-Sovereign Identity'. 21-Feb-2017.
[4] Muneeb Ali, Jude Nelson, Ryan Shea, and Michael J. Freedman, 'Blockstack: A Global
Naming and Storage System Secured by Blockchains', in 2016 USENIX Annual Technical
Conference (USENIX ATC 16), Denver, CO, 2016, pp. 181–194.
[5] The White House, 'National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace: Enhancing
Online Choice, Efficiency, Security, and Privacy', 2011.
[6] United Nations, 'Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development',
[7] Satoshi Nakamoto, 'Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system'. 2008.
[8] 'ISO/IEC 24760-1 – Information technology – Security techniques – A framework for
identity management – Part1: Terminology and concepts'. ISO/IEC, 2011.
[9] Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn, 'Names: Distributed, Secure, Human-Readable: Choose Two'.
[10] Pierre-Louis Aublin, Sonia Ben Mokhtar, and Vivien Quéma, 'RBFT: Redundant Byzan-
tine Fault Tolerance', in Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), 2013 IEEE 33rd In-
ternational Conference on, 2013, pp. 297–306.
[11] 'Travel Identity of the Future – White Paper'. SITA; ShoCard, May-2016.
[12] 'Not-so-clever contracts', The Economist, 30-Jun-2016.
[13] Rachna Dhamija and Lisa Dusseault, 'The Seven Flaws of Identity Management: Usabil-
ity and Security Challenges', IEEE Secur. Priv., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 24–29, Mar. 2008.
[14] Alma Whitten and J. Doug Tygar, 'Why Johnny Can't Encrypt: A Usability Evaluation
of PGP 5.0.', in 8th USENIX Security Symposium, 1999, pp. 169–183.
[15] Shayan Eskandari, David Barrera, Elizabeth Stobert, and Jeremy Clark, 'A First Look at
the Usability of Bitcoin Key Management', presented at the NDSS Workshop on Usable
Security 2015 (USEC 2015), San Diego, California, 2015.
Paul Dunphy is the lead researcher on the distributed ledger technology research
theme at VASCO Data Security, based at their Innovation Centre in Cambridge, UK.
Prior to joining VASCO he spent time at Atom Bank: the UK's first bank to deliver
services entirely via mobile applications that pioneered the use of mobile biometrics.
He joined during Atom's start-up phase and shaped the successful first launch of its
mobile applications, which in total have processed close to £1 billion in customer de-
posits. He completed a Microsoft Research funded PhD at Newcastle University (UK)
where his thesis focused on usable, secure and deployable user authentication. He has
also spent time leading research projects at Microsoft Research and Nokia Research.
His research interests are broadly at the intersection of privacy and security with hu-
man-computer interaction.
Fabien Petitcolas is research manager at VASCO Data Security, where he is contrib-
uting to grow and lead the recently established VASCO Innovation Centre. Prior to
joining VASCO, Fabien spent fifteen years at Microsoft where he took various roles.
He first became a member of the Security Group at Microsoft Research where he fo-
cused on digital watermarking. He later became head of Microsoft Research's intellec-
tual capital development programmes, before becoming director for innovation at Mi-
crosoft Europe, supporting the company's presence in E.U. policy and political dia-
logue for and around innovation and R&D. Fabien received a PhD in computer science
from the University of Cambridge (U.K.) under the guidance of Prof. Ross Anderson
FRS FREng. His research interests include information hiding, an area where he has
authored several publications and books, and, more recently, security issues related to
identity management and user authentication.


text:
Title: Riata and Spurs: The Story of a Lifetime Spent in the Saddle as Cowboy and Ranger
Author: Charles A. Siringo. Introduction by Gifford Pinchot
Description: Brown cloth boards stamped in gilt. Yellow top stain has some light dust soiling. Interior is clean and unmarked. Scarce 1931 dust jacket. DJ has some chipping and closed tears; in an archival mylar sleeve. xiv, 261 pages.
Binding: Hardcover
Condition: Very Good+
Jacket Condition: Very Good
Publisher: Houghton Mifflin Company
Place: Boston and New York
Year: 1931
Keywords: Old West, Billy the Kid, Pinkerton's, cowboy, detective, lawman, bounty hunter, outlaws,
1 business day
I'll do my best to meet these shipping estimates, but can't guarantee them. Actual delivery time will depend on the shipping method you choose.
Buyers are responsible for any customs and import taxes that may apply. I'm not responsible for delays due to customs.
Just contact me within: 14 days of delivery
Ship items back to me within: 30 days of delivery
Request a cancellation within: 24 hours of purchase
But please contact me if you have any problems with your order.
Buyers are responsible for return shipping costs. If the item is not returned in its original condition, the buyer is responsible for any loss in value.
Please contact me if you have any problems with your order.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
EOS Trilux Organic Latex Mattress
Never get stuck with a mattress you don't like again! EOS is fully customizable, even years later. Swap layers for free as many times as you need until it's perfect! Right and left sides independently configurable. Trilux version consists of 3 layers of 3" latex. No coils / springs / metal. 100% GOTS certified organic with no glues or adhesives. Passes flammability standards without fire retardants or added chemicals. Vegan option available (please call).
How does EOS offer different firmness levels in one mattress?
What is the ideal firmness for side sleepers / back sleepers / stomach sleepers?
What are the standard configurations for each comfort level?
"Extra-Firm" = medium latex over firm latex over firm latex
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"Medium" = soft latex over medium latex over medium latex
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How do I order my EOS Trilux Mattress?
Step 2: If ordering queen, king, or calking, select "Left Side Firmness" and "Right Side Firmness". If you want the firmness to be the same on both sides, make them the same.
Step 3: Optionally add a foundation.
Step 4: Click "Add to Cart". Your custom mattress will be generated and added to your cart!
How does the layer swap program work?
Can I buy individual layers separately?
How does the EOS mattress ship?
Queen / King / California King sizes - Ships in 4 boxes
All boxes ship via Fedex or UPS ground. Each box weighs between 30-40 lbs so the components can be easily carried to their final destination by one person.


text:
Nearby Schools
Vista PeakElementary School
Vista PeakMiddle School
Vista PeakHigh School
Beautiful 3 bedroom, 3 bath end unit townhome located in the Painted Prairie community. The main level great room opens up to the kitchen with all stainless steel appliances and large island perfect for entertaining. Upstairs is the spacious primary bedroom with bath which includes double sinks and a large walk-in closet. Two other bedrooms and full bath are also on the second level. The second level also has a loft that can be used as an extra living room, sitting room, or study. Located less than 1 block away from a 22 acre park. This award winning neighborhood is in close proximity to shopping and entertainment. Town Center coming soon. Gaylord Resort is a few blocks away. Near DIA and E470.
Listing Agent: Glennis Wyatt Courtesy of: HomeSmart Realty Listing Source: IRES - Information and Real Estate Services, LLC. Provided for limited non-commercial use only under IRES Rules. Copyright IRES. Information is provided exclusively for consumers' personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. Information deemed reliable but not guaranteed by the MLS. Updated: 17th August, 2022 4:34 PM (UTC)


text:
After a while, there is only so much reading of other people's playtest reports you can usefully do, and you have to get stuck into it yourself. I'd got myself a suitable discerning opponent and we would have several games over the course of a week. The first thing I wanted to do was toContinue reading "Playtesting with Martians, or changing the rules as you go along."
Tag Archives: Heat Ray
War of the Worlds and Hellfire
I wanted to do something which gave a feel for 'The War of the Worlds' as depicted by H.G. Wells. I wanted to stick as closely as I could to the classic book. Because of this I am trying to avoid the film treatments and similar. This isn't disapproval on my part. It's just thatContinue reading "War of the Worlds and Hellfire"


text:
- Brent Streeter
I woke up dead
I awoke to an inky black nothingness inside a claustrophobic space. My breath came as a gruff rasp, my lungs stiff as I drew in the shaky breath. A thought came to mind, how long had I been asleep for? I brushed the thought aside and uncurled my clenched, cramped fingers. The tension released with a satisfying cracking of joints.
My bones creaked and groaned, as I attempted to stretch out my arms above my head with difficulty. Thud. That was odd. Perplexed, I took a different approach, extending my cramped limbs like that of a bird with its wings spread in flight. Thud. Confused, I ran my fingers across the invisible surface that obstructed me. The surface was rough to the touch, reminding me of crudely cut wood. Panic flared in my mind as realization took root.
I was trapped within a box.
A multitude of thoughts screamed at me in a cacophonous din, making it difficult to think clearly. Had I been kidnapped? Who would go so far as to trap me within a box? The deafening thoughts continued their assault upon my fragile mind. It did not take long for the clamorous ringing to prove too great, and my mind spiraled out of control. My primal instincts awakened. I had to escape this box somehow, or it would truly become my coffin.
With that single thought as my anchor, I yelled and banged upon my wooden tomb. Perhaps someone was near, and they would hear my cry and take pity on me, releasing me from my prison. I kicked out in desperation and felt a string go taut around my toe. I heard the chiming of a distant bell coming from far above.
The thought struck me like a kick of a mule. This was no simple box. It was a coffin.
Time dragged on, and my voice grew hoarse. My throat burned as if it had been scrubbed raw with sand. After a while, all that I could muster was a feeble moaning. I must rest and conserve what little air was left within the coffin. I ceased my attempts at escape. No one was coming for me.
In my silence, I tried to recall the final moments before I had awoken to find myself in my current situation. My mind was hazy, and my memories were shattered and disjointed, making little sense.
I closed my eyes. It made no difference to my sight, but the action calmed me. I saw myself in the common room of an inn, the thrum of its evening patrons as familiar to me as the warmth of my wife's gentle touch. The memory faded, replaced by another. I stumbled down a narrow alley in a drunken stupor, babbling on as I went. The jarring clacking of my boots upon the cobbled stone echoed back at me with each shaky step, as if somebody was following me. A shattering of glass, from what I could only presume was a bottle being smashed against the wall behind, caused my pace to quicken. The crunch of heavy boots upon fallen shards and the scraping of glass across the wall followed close behind. I ran, drawing deep gulps of air as the beating of my heart pounded against my eardrums. Then... then nothing. Had I passed out?
I was drawn from my ruminating by the briefest sound coming from somewhere above me. So fleeting that I almost thought nothing of it, but the chance that it was something was too good to pass up. It had sounded like the earth that encapsulated my prison was being scratched away. I quietened my ragged breathing and strained to hear the sound once more.
The following silence was palpable.
Perhaps it was simply my mind playing tricks on me?
I heard it again, this time closer. My breath quickened. Something was scratching at the earth! Had somebody found me? Or was it some sort of carrion beast come to dig me up? I continued to listen with bated breath, relishing the thought of freedom as the scratching came closer, growing louder with each interval. It was right on top of me when I heard a loud thud and the sound of metal scraping across earth and wood. There was a pause, followed by several more scrapes across the lid of my coffin.
My spirits soared as I heard nails being torn from the wood that held me prisoner, followed by the creaks and groans of the wooden lid taking strain before it too was torn away. The cold, blinding light of a full moon washed over my now exposed body as an orchestra of the night's creatures greeted me. I felt a rush of jubilation flow through me. I was free. I had been saved!
The silhouette of a man blotted out the full moon a moment later. I felt his eyes examining me, and then he drew back, allowing the pale moonlight to wash over his features. A smile crawled across his gaunt face, pulling taut paper-thin lips that revealed two rows of crooked and yellow stained teeth.
"Looks like I found myself a fresh one," The man said with a maddening cackle. "And in good condition, too, hardly any signs of decomposition." A blackened tongue slid across his lips. "Yes, you'll serve nicely indeed."
Horror dawned across my face as I watched the man scramble out of the pit. Standing above me like a towering god, he rose to his full height, arms outstretched. It cannot be. Please let it not be true!
"Rise, my thrall!" The man screamed in giddy glee.
I could do naught but obey.


text:
Fraud, Deceptions, And Downright Lies About Mexican Wife Revealed
Loyalty is another essential trait of Mexican women. They respect their husbands and know the method to be loyal.
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Mexico boasts an unlimited number of lonely girls on the lookout for men abroad. By choosing online lading, you get a chance to satisfy numerous eye-catching Mexican brides for American males to flirt and create a long-lasting connection. Just choose a reputable relationship website, fill out a portfolio and luxuriate in the best mail order bride service.


text:
River City Limits presents:
Twain, "Working"
from Adventure
Egghunt Records - 2019
Armwood, "Omega Man"
from Omega Man
Independent - 1998
Murdersome, "Living Is Illegal"
from Murdersome II
Saint Diablo, "Devil Horns and Halos"
Eclipse Records - 2015
Nosebleed, "No Bite"
from Outside Looking In
Independent - 2019
Roy Batty, "A Quality Of Mercy"
from Roy Batty
Independent - 2019
Beeline, "Trails"
from Trails / No Big Deal - Single
Independent - 2019
Beeline, "No Big Deal"
from Trails / No Big Deal - Single
Independent - 2019
Big Fundamental, "Killing Knife"
from You Belong Here
Big Fundamental - 2019
Gnawing, "Worry"
from S/T
Independent - 2019
Camp Howard, "Don't Say Sh*t You Don't Mean"
from Canon
Independent - 2019
Alice and the Reverie, "Midnight Hour"
from The Way We Go
Alice and the Reverie - 2018
Recluse Raccoon, "Dark Void"
from Recluse Raccoon
Citrus City Records - 2018
Sammi Lanzetta, "Nude Hugs, Love Keith"
from Ceiling Mirror
6131 Records - 2019
Piranha Rama, "Bunny Man"
from S/T
Trrrash Records - 2018
Transylvania Stud, "Three Fold (feat. Andy Herrin)"
from White Witch
552132 Records DK2 - 2019
Book of Wyrms, "Spirit Drifter"
from Remythologizer
Twin Earth Records - 2019
Humungus, "Warband"
from Warband
Humungus - 2015
Inter Arma, "Citadel"
from Sulphur English
Relapse Records - 2019
Station Aries, "Awful Things"
from single
Independent - 2019
RPG, "Southern Girls"
from single
Dumb Waiter, "Vegan Mustache Jazz"
from Is This Chocolate?
Independent - 2015
Jaguardini, "Pound of Flesh"
from single
The Mitras, "Sandpaper"
self-released - 2019
Landon Elliott, "By Now"
from Domino
self-released - 2019
Future Prospect, "Dahlia"
from The Climb
Jellowstone - 2016
smack River City Limits December 7th, 2019
Posted In: Music, Music Shows
Tags: rvamusic, smacksound, studiobrva, WRIR


text:
Did you know that October 27, 1931 was not only a very special day, but also a very unique one? Here are 14 funny facts about this unique day that will help you understand why it's so special. It's very important to pay attention to these facts because otherwise you might miss out on something truly amazing.
Table of Contents
If you forget what day you were born, we will tell you that you were born on Tuesday, 27th of October 1931. Exactly, it was the 300th day of 1931 which was 44th week of that year. Tuesday babies are born fighters. They are ready to take on the world with their fiery energy. Impatient, energetic, active, and ambitious, Tuesday's children are driven to succeed and are sometimes too hard on themselves.
Countdown to Your 91st Birthday-- days-- hours-- minutes-- seconds
This year will increase your age. You will celebrate your 91st birthday on Thursday. Get ready, maybe you will get gifts and surprises from your family or friends. It will be a very pleasant day that you will remember for the rest of your life. You can also prepare to make a festive party on your birthday, celebrating in a beautiful place with family and friends will certainly be a pleasant memory.
Did you know that people born on October 27th, 1931 will be 34,000 days old on November 27th, 2024? How do you plan to celebrate your 34000th day? This is an excellent opportunity to celebrate your birthday in a different way.
We have calculated and figured out your birthday for the next 10 years. Prepare yourself to welcome your upcoming birthdays with your family and close friends. You will get many gifts from people who love and care about you. There are 443 days until your next birthday. By then, you will be 92 years old. There have been 33160 days since the day you were born. If you slept for 8 hours each day since birth, you have slept for a total of 11054 days, which is equivalent to 30.28 years. You spent 33.64% of your life sleeping!
|Your Age
|92 Years Old
|93 Years Old
|94 Years Old
|95 Years Old
|96 Years Old
|97 Years Old
|98 Years Old
|99 Years Old
|100 Years Old
|101 Years Old
According to western astrology, the zodiac sign of people born on October 27th, 1931 is Scorpio and grouped into Water element. Scorpios are passionate, brave, and assertive people. They approach life with fierce tenacity. They value honesty and will keep your secrets. They are known for their calm behavior, mysterious aura and their hatred of dishonesty.
According to ancient lore, opal is a birthstone of people born on 27th of October 1931. It's supposed to be protective, good at keeping people safe and faithful. They're loyal to their tribe, and they're the ones volunteering for community projects. They inspire positivity everywhere they go, making them good leaders and mentors. They're concerned with the good of everyone — not just themselves.
October 27th is a special day for many famous people. It's the birthday of Kedrik Merwin Jr., Yahweh Ben Yahweh, Kandie, Yolanda Meow, Danijel Subasic and others.
Born on October 27, 2003
Born on October 27, 1935
Born on October 27, 1994
Born on October 27, 1983
Born on October 27, 1984
Born on October 27, 1976
Born on October 27, 1970
Born on October 27, 1990
Born on October 27, 1997
Born on October 27, 1994
When you were born, there were many famous people in history who were born on the same day as you but in different years. The following are famous people in history who commemorate birthdays on October 27th.
|Bonnie Lou, American singer-songwriter (d. 2015)
|Jane Connell, American actress and singer (d. 2013)
|Monica Sims, English radio host and producer (d. 2018)
|Paul Fox, English broadcaster
|Warren Christopher, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 63rd United States Secretary of State (d. 2011)
|Boris Chetkov, Russian painter (d. 2010)
|H. R. Haldeman, American businessman and diplomat, 4th White House Chief of Staff (d. 1993)
|Henri Fertet, French Resistance fighter (d. 1943).
|Takumi Shibano, Japanese author and translator (d. 2010)
|Dominick Argento, American composer and educator (d. 2019)
Did you know that on October 27th in history, many notable people were died? This list will remind you of the deaths of these important historical figures.
|Stephanie Tyrell, American songwriter and producer (b. 1949)
|Lester Lanin, American bandleader (b. 1907)
|Paulo Sérgio Oliveira da Silva, Brazilian footballer (b. 1974)
|Zdenko Runjić, Croatian songwriter and producer (b. 1942)
|Jerry Cooke, Ukrainian-American photographer and journalist (b. 1921)
|Brad Will, American journalist and activist (b. 1970)
|Joe Niekro, American baseball player (b. 1944)
|Jozsef Gregor, Hungarian opera singer (b. 1940)
|Marlin McKeever, American football player (b. 1940)
|Reko Lundán, Finnish journalist and author (b. 1969)
History has been made on your birthday. The following are important historical events that occurred on October 27th.
|Constantine is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross.
|Æthelstan, the first king of all England, dies and is succeeded by his half-brother, Edmund I.
|Traditional founding of the city of Amsterdam.
|French troops lay siege to Pavia.
|Condemned as a heretic, Michael Servetus is burned at the stake just outside Geneva.
|Second Battle of Newbury in the English Civil War.
|Philadelphia is founded in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
|King George III expands on his Proclamation of Rebellion in the Thirteen Colonies in his speech from the throne at the opening of Parliament.
|The United States and Spain sign the Treaty of Madrid, which establishes the boundaries between Spanish colonies and the U.S.
|The French Army enters Berlin, following the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt.
In 1931, there were many popular baby names. For baby boys, Robert is the most used. A total of 60,518 baby boys were named Robert in 1931. The rest were named James, John, William and Richard. While the popular baby girl name in 1931 was Mary. There were 60,295 baby girls named Mary that year. While the rest were named Betty, Dorothy, Barbara and Joan. These statistics are obtained from ssa.gov which compiles popular baby names of the last century in United States.
Florida Man is a meme that originated in 2013. It's applied to anyone who commits a strange or insane crime. The meme is often attributed to Florida, though it can also refer to other states. It became a popular challenge on internet and social media called #FloridaManChallenge. To find out what florida man did on October 27, 1931, type the phrase "florida man October 27, 1931" into your favorite search engine. You will find a lot of news related to Florida Man that you can share on your social media accounts.
We have collected some interesting news headlines related to what florida man did on October 27, 1931 which we found on google search engine. You can use the headlines below as material for your meme that you can share on your birthday.
Tim Sloan/Getty An illustration of Two, 7-Eleven Slurpees on October 27, 2010 in Washington, DC. A man in Florida was recently jailed after ...
Source: www.msn.com
... flashes Lowe's customer, police say. Terry Brothers, 52, arrested in Palm Bay. Published: October 27, 2017 12:39 pm. Tags: Brevard County. ,. Strange Florida.
Source: www.clickorlando.com
by Compiled by Democrat-Gazette staff from wire reports | October 27, 2018 at 4:30 a.m. | Updated October 27, 2018 at 10:24 a.m.. FBI agents replace a tarp ...
Source: www.arkansasonline.com
Police in Sarasota, Florida, arrested a man accused of trying to run down Rep. Katherine Harris and her supporters with a car Tuesday, a police ...
Source: www.cnn.com
October 27th is a happy day for you. We also want to make you happier by making some birthday wishes for you. We wish you happy and always happy.
Add your opinion about Funny Birthday Facts About October 27, 1931 or share your experience celebrating your birthday on October 27th.
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Is there a place for the positive in crime fiction? Regular readers of my novels know I believe the answer is yes. We must extrapolate a bit, but it seems Alexander McCall Smith, author of the hugely successful Ladies No. 1 Detective Agency series, may agree. In an article published this month titled "Beauty Locked […]
Tag Archives | fiction
Trailblazers: Jane Austen and Alexander McCall Smith
Do you see what we see?
Ability to grasp the obvious is an essential life skill. Failure to perceive can be fatal. Or, as Judge Willa Carson says, "You never see the bullet that gets you." It's no wonder then, that it took me a while to grasp why artists on two continents chose mysterious eyes to adorn my novel covers. […]
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I had John and his crew fabricate a new canvas top for my 27 ft Bostin... read more I had John and his crew fabricate a new canvas top for my 27 ft Bostin Whaler. I am very please with his workmanship and products. I smile everytime I snap on the cover as every snap always fits. Once you remove the cover a few times you will see instantly how much thought really goes into the canvas making process!! I would highly recommend Johns custom canvas. He also performed as he said when its your turn he will give your boat 100 % of his undivided attention!!! You wont be disappointed! Thanks again John for a great job done!! James Paul Great Lakes Welding LLC
Not even worth ANY STARS!! **DO NOT GO TO SEAT COVER KING** Did a very... read more Not even worth ANY STARS!! **DO NOT GO TO SEAT COVER KING** Did a very disappointing job! Took my hot rod there seeing pictures on the Internet thinking the job would be flawless... Well it was everything but flawless. They damaged my interior.. Window tint was cut.. Scratches and cuts everywhere.. New paint Job on car was damaged I had to take it back for them to repair their carpet mess ups... They had my car for 2 additional weeks defiantly was not put on their priority list... Until 2days before I picked it up... To only be thrown together once again in disappointing shape. Finally when picking up the car still not worth the money that I paid .. Meeting with the manager Curt that was doing all the work on my car... Seemed to know what was going on .. HE DID NOT.. He ruined my car.. He doesn't have a clue.. No heart and time put into the interior work. just all pieced carpet like a puzzle.. nothing was RESOLVED owner still did nothing. And fingers were pointed at everyone else ... When I picked up my car they had a paper they wanting me to sign to say they weren't responsible for damages. .. And only offered to give $250 when there is WELL OVER $3,200 worth of damages!! Leaving there I was still so disgusted I stopped 2 blocks down the street to Paul's interior.. There's where to go!! NOT SEAT COVER KING.. IT SHOULD BE CALLED SEAT COVER JOKER.. Because it all a joke over there!!
Amazing quality & service! I've delt with Steve at Quality Canvas on m... read more Amazing quality & service! I've delt with Steve at Quality Canvas on my last 2 smaller boats & now my 440 Sea Ray. He couldn't be more professional & his attention to detail is second to none! He pretty much does all the boats at Beacon Cove Marina & a lot at MacRay Harbor. My boats have been at both locations & the wife & I would never use anyone else. He always beat Dockside & Millers quotes I gave him & his quality was identical or better than there's. He works with his customers


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Arthur Krupp 4 Shade Sea Dinner plates cm. 20
Set of 4 dinner plates with a diameter of 20 cm, belonging to the Shade Sea collection, made of fine decorated porcelain. Each plate is characterized by trendy shades, the blue of the edge creates a fantastic contrast with the white, generating a pleasant optical effect, deliberately imprecise. Perfect for outdoor or casual-chic locations, Shade Sea plates offer your table style, quality and timeless elegance. These dishes are dishwasher safe. Made by Arthur Krupp.
Inspired by the colors of the sea and the earth, Arthur Krupp evokes the charm and warmth of handmade porcelain. Shade Sea & Earth is a collection that is the result of cutting-edge technologies, a perfect combination of the resistance of the porcelain and the durability of the underglaze decoration. Plates, glasses, cups and many other accessories inspired by the fashions of the moment, with trendy textures and shades and a strong aesthetic impact. The colors that generate the shades are therefore inspired by natural elements and manage to keep the warm style of the ceramic alive, extraordinarily enriching each object. Shade Sea & Earth are ready to become one with your environment, opening up to unique combinations able to stand out on any mise en place. What are you waiting for? Let yourself be fascinated by all the elegance of the Shade Sea & Earth collection! Discover the other fantastic Arthur Krupp products here, on Newpop.it!
Dimensions: Diameter 20 cm
Materials: Porcelain
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M. Todd Henderson on What the Impeachment Process Should Borrow from Corporate Law
What corporate law can teach us about impeachment
If you believe the several law professors who testified before the House Judiciary Committee, it is a "high crime or misdemeanor" for a president to call for an investigation of a political rival. Harvard professor Noah Feldman declared: "The abuse of power occurs when the president uses his office for personal advantage or gain."
This argument is too rich. Every time the president acts it is in part for their personal gain. If serving one's own purposes were impeachable, politicians would be out of business. If it was forbidden to investigate other politicians, it would open up massive loopholes. After all, the Obama Administration investigated then-candidate Trump. The key question, which is being ignored in the impeachment proceedings, is how do we sort between decisions that are purely selfish and those that are not?
One approach can be found in the law's treatment of another type of chief executive — the corporate CEO. Any corporate decision might serve the CEO's personal interests, the company's interests, or both. Most CEO decisions are not reviewable, because it is thought that what benefits the CEO flows from what benefits the company. Making profits may cause the CEO's pay to rise, but this is good for everyone. But there are checks on CEOs — directors, shareholders, and, of course, the stock price.
Read more at The Hill


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Love Without Reason: The Lost Art of Giving a F*ck
Larayia Gaston (Author)
Buy new or used from an indie through our partner Biblio:
Activist, documentary filmmaker, and founder of the nonprofit Lunch on Me, LaRayia Gaston offers inspiring and practical guidance for bringing kindness, generosity, and love to a world in need.If the world's problems feel overwhelming and making a difference seems impossible, you're not alone. So many of us wish we could be doing something good and purposeful, but we get stuck. We think that what we do won't matter, or that we'll do it wrong, or that we don't have enough time or resources to begin with. But caring about each other is a natural instinct all humans have--what is it doing to our minds, bodies, and souls to ignore this part of our humanity? In Love without Reason: The Lost Art of Giving a F*ck, Gaston shares an inspiring and actionable guide to help us connect with our hearts, reawaken our innate desire to make a difference, and then make that difference in a way that not only helps others but also nourishes our own joy. Through Gaston's inspiring stories and practical guidance, you will: - Dismantle the blocks that stop you from reaching out to your fellow humans--both personal fears and societal obstacles
- Learn how to help in a good way--a way that's needed, matches your gifts, and feels uplifting for you and those you serve
- Create positive energy exchanges--the energy behind how we give is as important as what we give
- Identify the places you can bring more kindness and caring into the world--to your community, your loved ones, and yourself
- Reconnect with your natural instincts for empathy and service--and experience the joy that arises when you do
- Explore a list of dozens of micro-gestures--simple, intentional acts of caring for another person that can be done by anyone, anywhere, at any time Filled with profound heartwork exercises, journaling prompts, and real-world practices, Love Without Reason helps you discover that showing you care--showing you actually give a f*ck--doesn't have to be difficult and isn't about sacrifice. It's about joy, and it's about love.
Product Details
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Publish Date
March 16, 2021
6.2 X 9.2 X 0.7 inches | 0.8 pounds
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About the Author
LARAYIA GASTON is a former model, actress, and founder of the nonprofit Lunch On Me, an organization dedicated to feeding organic, healthy food and holistic healing to those experiencing homelessness. She's also a regular public speaker, podcast guest, and activist. She filmed a documentary 43 Days on Skid Row, which shows her time living with LA's skid row residents and offers up a true picture of what life is really like in one of America's largest homeless communities. She resides in Los Angeles. For more, visit lunchonme.org.


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Mayada Mohamed Abdel Ghaffar, researcher in the Department of Food Sciences, Food Technology Research Institute at the Agricultural Research Center, confirmed that the month of Ramadan is accompanied by many changes in our behaviors and lifestyle, so students and their parents fear a decrease in concentration, comprehension and academic achievement during fasting.
She added, in particular, that exams will be held, whether monthly or at the end of the year, during the month of Ramadan, in addition to that high school students are preparing for the exams at the end of the year.
She stressed the need to organize time so that we can achieve our goals, in addition to winning the month of Ramadan without shortening.
The researcher added that each individual's body works differently when fasting, as some can focus better immediately after suhoor, while some prefer to study at night before suhoor, so each student needs to self-evaluation and determine the time of the day in which he can work to the maximum benefit.
And she added, "A healthy mind resides in a healthy body."
Drinking liquids and natural sugars (water, beans, natural fruit juices, warm milk and dates).
Eat the soup and then pray, so that ten minutes pass before eating the main dish so that the stomach regains its activity.
– Breakfast should contain the basic elements, which are proteins (meat, chicken or fish) and carbohydrates (rice, pasta, or bread, cooked vegetables and a lemon salad dish, taking into account the avoidance of heavy and fatty meals.
Natural fruits are eaten instead of fatty Ramadan sweets.
Dr. Mayada Muhammad Abdul Ghaffar added that the suhoor meal is very important for the human body, so the Messenger of God, may God's prayers and peace be upon him, said: "Have Suhoor, for there is a blessing in Suhoor." From this hadith, we make sure that it is necessary to pay attention to it, because it is no less important than breakfast, as it provides the body with the energy it needs throughout the day. .
It is preferable to eat protein, such as cheese and eggs, because they provide the body with energy, and it is not preferable to eat beans in abundance for students, because it takes time to digest and causes them to be lethargic, especially if some students have an exam in the morning or they will study after Suhoor and Fajr prayer, so they need activity.
It is preferable to eat yogurt daily at Suhoor because it has a benefit that helps prevent digestive problems, in addition to feeling not thirsty during fasting, which helps focus.
Eat any kind of baked goods.
– Eat a fruit (banana and apple.), in addition to eating some nuts according to what is available to each family, such as (peanuts, walnuts, and almonds.) due to its richness in vitamins and omega-3 as well as antioxidants, which helps focus and improve memory in addition to strengthening the immune system .
– A cup of warm milk, the most important drink
Drink plenty of water 2 liters (8 cups) daily during the iftar period until Suhoor to avoid dehydration and poor concentration.
Drinking star anise, ginger, or mint is preferable to a variety of them, and a cup should be taken before studying.
Orange juice, because it contains vitamin C, fights stress and anxiety and helps focus.
She added that we must warn our sons and daughters to completely stay away from eating fast food and drinking carbonated water because of their impact on poor concentration.
Rest periods can also be scheduled to calm the mind between studying about the five daily prayers, gaining more time for prayer, winning the blessings of the holy month of Ramadan, and being patient and trusting in God.
Read also| "Agricultural Research" organizes a training course on "dairy industry technology"


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Max Life Insurance hires 2,000 executives via digital medium during COVID-19
Max Life Insurance said it has hired over 2,000 executives during the first half of this fiscal in midst of the COVID-19 pandemic.
By efficiently digitizing its recruitment and onboarding process, the life insurer has been able to deliver a seamless employee hiring and onboarding experience in a predominantly remote work set-up, the insurer said in a statement. With the addition, the total workforce strength rose to about 15,000.
Hiring was done across diverse verticals such as agency, bancassurance, and internal operations, it said. In the last six months, Max Life has also proactively engaged with more than 500 candidates digitally to create a talent pool for future hiring, it added.


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- High quality white Willow
- Size out of ground – 27" as recommended by ECB for Junior cricket
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The cheapest times to fly from EWB to SEA are
- January 1st to March 18th
- October 29th to November 18th
based on data collected exclusively by Champion Traveler across tens of millions of flights. Among all the dates above, the very cheapest time to fly from EWB to SEA is late January. Prices can be as high as $1402 for Friday flights during mid April, or as low as $657 for Tuesday flights around late January.
When to Fly to Seattle
Flying from New Bedford/Fall River, MA (EWB) to Seattle, WA (SEA) will usually cost between $687 to $1272 per person if booking more than four weeks in advance. On average the very cheapest time to fly is late January with an average ticket price of $687. Due to high demand the most expensive time to fly is mid April, with an average price of $1278. Planning your trip to low-cost times can easily save you $591 on economy flights and even more on first-class flights. Generally, any price below $862 can be considered a good price for a round-trip EWB to SEA flight.
See below for a graph of average weekly prices for the EWB to SEA route. All prices are for round-trip tickets in USD.
Compared to other flights, the EWB to SEA flight is cheaper than the average and costs much less than the average flight leaving from New Bedford. The average price per mile (for a direct flight) is $0.21, which is below average.
Flight Prices by Day of the Week
Tuesday is usually the cheapest day to depart and return on this flight. Fridays are the most expensive days to fly to Seattle, and Sundays are the most expensive days to return to New Bedford. Selecting flights on the least expensive days could save you up to $110 (11%) on this flight.
Departing prices are for round-trip flights returning on the day of departure. For example, a flight departing on Tuesday and returning a week later will cost an average of $845. Return trip prices are from the SEA to EWB flight, and often highlight the quality of our data in showing the same trend.
Departing Prices by Day
Return Trip Prices by Day
Nonstop Flights and Layovers
Travelers looking to fly from EWB to SEA can generally find a 2-layover flight. Because there is not usually a direct flight option the real-world direct flight time of 5 hour 30 minutes may not be realistic.
Flight Questions Answered
Still have questions about flying from EWB to SEA? We've got answers.
Which airlines fly this route?
You can find 4 major airlines flying this route most often: Alaska, Cape Air, Delta, JetBlue, and potentially more during busy seasons.
How far away is it from Seattle/Tacoma International Airport to New Bedford Regional Airport?
The distance between the two airports is roughly 2512 miles or 4043 kilometers.
How long does it take to fly from EWB to SEA?
The real-world flight time for a nonstop EWB to SEA flight is about 5 hour 30 minutes.
How many flights go between New Bedford/Fall River, MA and Seattle, WA?
It depends on the day of the week and the date, but a typical day might have around 20 available flights from EWB to SEA.
Airport Location Info
Departing Airport
|Origination code
|Origination airport name
|New Bedford Regional Airport
|New Bedford/Fall River, MA
|the United States
Return Airport
|Destination code
|Destination airport name
|Seattle/Tacoma International Airport
|Seattle, WA
|the United States
Other Resources
Flights to SEA
Flights from SEA
Popular Flights
Flights to EWB
Flights from EWB
Please note that while we've worked hard to analyzed tens of millions of flights to get you this data, we do not calculate current live prices or guarantee pricing. Please see our partners using the links above for current offers.


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Win A $100 Trendhim GiftCard ~ Giveaway Ends 7-28
Do you remember me talking about Michael's beautiful phantom watch I told you about last month? It was sent to us from Trendhim. They have some of the nicest men's accessories I've found. How would you like to win a $100 Trendhim giftcard so that you can see how great their products really are.
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I love Trendhim's Vision Statement:
We've been selling jewelry and accessories for men since 2007, and what a journey it's been. In all honesty, the early years were purely about survival. But as we've grown as men, so has our view of the world and our vision for Trendhim. To us, accessories are not about dressing up for special occasions, nor are they reserved for a specific group of men. It's not about gimmicks or necessarily looking good. It's about expressing what makes you your own, and one way to do that is through the smaller things you wear. We want to help every man be his own.
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