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Neural information retrieval: introduction to the special issue
Information retrieval (Boston)
We further like to thank all the authors who submitted their work and the reviewers who spent time and effort providing invaluable feedback in the making of this special issue. ... Acknowledgements We thank Charles Clarke, co-editor of the journal, for his guidance during the editing of this special issue. ... Introduction The applications of neural network models, shallow or deep, to information retrieval (IR) tasks falls under the purview of neural IR. ...doi:10.1007/s10791-017-9323-9 fatcat:xzl5wtc67bgwhiru2prdw4k6oe
Language and Emotion: Introduction to the Special Issue
Affective Science
The work that fills the pages of this special issue draws from interdisciplinary domains to weigh in on the relationship between language and emotion in semantics, cross-linguistic experience, development ... , emotion perception, emotion experience and regulation, and neural representation. ... In this brief introduction to the special issue, I discuss why these findings are so fascinating and important by situating them in the existing literature and looking to still-unanswered questions. ...doi:10.1007/s42761-021-00049-7 pmid:34056621 pmcid:PMC8144866 fatcat:4afncoqh3fgqhac2ym5ttbfngi
Introduction to the JINS Special Issue: Motor Cognition
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
Introduction to the JINS special issue: motor cognition Fig. 1 . 1 Aspects of motor cognition and associated clinical phenomena. ... The last two studies of this special issue pertain to more theoretical questions with regard to motor cognition. ...doi:10.1017/s1355617717000078 fatcat:sfi2jutirzed5mn4ybrjo6pqoq
Introduction to the special issue on learning semantics
Machine Learning
Computational linguists use the term semantics (Lewis 1970) to refer to the possible interpretations of natural language sentences. ... A key ambition of AI is to render computers able to evolve and interact with the real world. ... This special issue would not have been possible without the contributions of many people. We wish to sincerely thank all the authors for submitting their work to this special issue. ...doi:10.1007/s10994-013-5381-4 fatcat:7i5ubznmabewldc5asxj3xqfru
Formal Distributional Semantics: Introduction to the Special Issue
Computational Linguistics
And we most heartily thank the authors and reviewers of the Special Issue for their hard work, as well as the journal editor, Paola Merlo, for her guidance and support. ... This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no 655577 (LOVe) as well as the ERC 2011 Starting ... Introduction to the Articles in this Special Issue We started this introduction with an example that illustrated the many complex layers of semantics that are necessary to understand a text fragment. ...doi:10.1162/coli_a_00261 fatcat:ie3l5wdkdffydhrenkn3ubp5mq
HYPO'S legacy: introduction to the virtual special issue
Artificial Intelligence and Law
I am also grateful to all the members of the AI and Law community, too numerous to mention individually, with whom I have worked on, and talked about, reasoning with legal cases over the past thirty years ... , and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. ... to kick-start (seed) an information retrieval system. ...doi:10.1007/s10506-017-9201-1 fatcat:sk66tzozc5gxpalm6jtqg7f6pm
Bridging divergent neural models of recognition memory: Introduction to the special issue and commentary on key issues
This special issue as a whole should thus facilitate advancements in the future study of the neural mechanisms of recognition. V V C 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. ... As the articles in this special issue make clear, great strides have been made in understanding how organisms are able to appreciate repetition. ... Retrieval can occur for context information other than the specific information that is probed by the memory test. ...doi:10.1002/hipo.20851 pmid:20882547 fatcat:sx3lg6djijfkfjvatjuieeqtma
Introduction to the special issue on word sense disambiguation
Computer Speech and Language
In this Special Issue V eronis' paper on ''HyperLex: Lexical Cartography for Information Retrieval'' is an example of an applicationbased evaluation of WSD. ... One of the important contributions of this work is to demonstrate that the HyperLex system can be used to enhance the performance of an information retrieval system. ...doi:10.1016/j.csl.2004.05.005 fatcat:nwastybu55h6xo6htx2sjdd2gy
Improving Biomedical Information Retrieval with Neural Retrievers
In this paper, we seek to improve information retrieval (IR) using neural retrievers (NR) in the biomedical domain, and achieve this goal using a three-pronged approach. ... Second, we develop two novel pre-training tasks that are closely aligned to the downstream task of information retrieval. ... The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the funding agencies and employers. ...doi:10.1609/aaai.v36i10.21352 fatcat:a3nmdcdqsvayvahgt2lkolyuqm
Improving Biomedical Information Retrieval with Neural Retrievers
In this paper, we seek to improve information retrieval (IR) using neural retrievers (NR) in the biomedical domain, and achieve this goal using a three-pronged approach. ... Second, we develop two novel pre-training tasks that are closely aligned to the downstream task of information retrieval. ... Any opinions, findings, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the supporting agencies. ...arXiv:2201.07745v1 fatcat:u4x346mylvhjbcuvezdgkitkky
New perspectives on childhood memory: introduction to the special issue
INTRODUCTION New perspectives on childhood memory: introduction to the special issue Qi Wang a and Sami Gülgöz b a Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; b Department of ... Several studies in the special issue have examined the estimated age of adults' earliest childhood memories. ...doi:10.1080/09658211.2018.1537119 fatcat:rdc4cfg77jfwdd6qemqjdqysr4
Introduction to the Special Issue on Cross-Language Algorithms and Applications
The Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
In this introduction, we provide the reader with the motivation for this special issue and summarize the contributions of the papers that have been included. ... parsing, information retrieval and knowledge representation. ... Acknowledgements The authors want to thank Dan Roth, Mark Sammons and an anonymous reviewer for their useful comments and suggestions on previous versions of this document. ...doi:10.1613/jair.5022 fatcat:h63kjmerufgkxh3qstvegklcyy
Introduction to the 2004 Rumelhart Prize Special Issue Honoring John R. Anderson
Cognitive Science
Perhaps best known for his contributions to connectionist or neural network models, Dr. ... to the formal analysis of human cognition." ... The Special Issue on Theoretical Advances and Applications of Unified Computational Models This special issue of Cognitive Science features work by John Anderson's students, colleagues, and collaborators ...doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0000_21 pmid:21702776 fatcat:xjijybaa6zghnfgh7bqkp7be2a
Thirty years of Speaking: An introduction to the Special Issue
Language, Cognition and Neuroscience
The contributions in this Special Issue are closely related to the presentations given at the workshop. ... During the 10th International Workshop on Language Production held at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen in July 2018, researchers reflected on the impact of the book in the field ... Acknowledgements The workshop and this Special Issue would not have materialised without the kind support of many colleagues and friends. ...doi:10.1080/23273798.2019.1652763 fatcat:buyuetmqybdh5fcvv56te5p3qy
Handling vagueness, subjectivity, and imprecision in information access: an introduction to the special issue
Information Processing & Management
Editorial Handling vagueness, subjectivity, and imprecision in information access: an introduction to the special issue Information access technologies like for example information retrieval (IR), information ... This special issue presents some recent works which apply soft computing techniques for handling vagueness, subjectivity and imprecision in the definition of systems for information access. ... Finally, thanks to Tefko Saracevic, the Information Processing and Management Editor in Chief, for proposing the preparation of this special issue and for his continuous encouragement and support. ...doi:10.1016/s0306-4573(02)00086-9 fatcat:hauwfgoidrg47bpmtkrbwb53ea
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Jan 07, 2020 · The University of Adelaide Library is proud to have contributed to the early movement of free eBooks and to have witnessed their popularity as they grew to become a regular fixture in study, research, and leisure. There are a number of reputable alternatives for free access to material within the public domain: Project Gutenberg; Internet Archive
"Virginia Woolf's peculiarities as a fiction writer have tended to obscure her central strength: she is arguably the major lyrical novelist in the English language. Her novels are highly experimental: a narrative, frequently uneventful and commonplace, is refracted—and sometimes almost dissolved—in the characters' receptive consciousness.
The counterculture of the 1960s was an anti-establishment cultural phenomenon that developed throughout much of the Western world between the mid-1960s and the mid-1970s. The aggregate movement gained momentum as the civil rights movement in the United States continued to grow, and with the intensification of the Vietnam War, it would later become revolutionary to some.
Jul 16, 2009 · There are only four words in the English language which end in "dous": tremendous, horrendous, stupendous, and hazardous. The word "SWIMS" upside-down is still "SWIMS." The word "WE" upside-down becomes "ME." "Dreamt" is the only English word that ends in the letters "mt".
Feb 28, 2022 · In 1687 John Phillips, Milton's nephew, produced a "Don Quixote" "made English," he says, "according to the humour of our modern language." His "Quixote" is not so much a translation as a travesty, and a travesty that for coarseness, vulgarity, and buffoonery is almost unexampled even in the literature of that day.
Nov 06, 2008 · Chapter III. The old gentleman. After the adventure of Peter's Coal-mine, it seemed well to the children to keep away from the station—but they did not, they could not, keep away from the railway. They had lived all their lives in a street where cabs and omnibuses rumbled by at all hours, and the carts of butchers and bakers and candlestick makers (I never saw a candlestick-make
Aug 14, 2022 · Now either I paint a nose, eyes, and mouth on it and pretend I've got two heads, or you take it off. Julian Bashir: I'll get you some paint. Miles O'Brien: Julian! Get it off me! Julian Bashir: Alright, alright. But you know what they say: two heads are better than one. Miles O'Brien: Julian, I'm waiting!

subset: commoncrawl


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Hi i am new and wondered when the software indicates "value disappeared" aside from bookies lowering the odds, does this mean that value odds are the actual odds?
Welcome to the community!
It means the true/sharp odds increased, so it's no longer a value bet (above 1%).
It does not necessarily mean the soft odds align perfectly with the sharp odds.


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Penyakit periodontal sangat sering dihadapi oleh dokter hewan praktisi, haltersebut membuat klien menanyakan penyakit periodontal pada hewankesayangan mereka. Faktor yang menyebabkan timbulnya penyakitperiodontal adalah kebiasaan menggigit, grooming, status kesehatan,perawatan di rumah, bakteri yang aktif di ruang mulut, serta jenis pakanyang diberikan. Penyakit periodontal dapat menyebabkan kualitas hiduphewan berkurang. Penyakit periodontal juga dapat menyebabkan hewanmengalami kesulitan makan, bau mulut, dan kesulitan membersihkandirinya (grooming). Penyakit periodontal dapat menyebabkan penyakitsistemik seperti komplikasi kardiovaskular, rheumatoid arthritis, gangguankehamilan dan artherosclerosis. Penanganan penyakit periodontal yangutama adalah mengurangi mikroba patogen. Tindakan yang dilakukanuntuk mengurangi mikroba antara lain scaling, root planning. Penangananpada penyakit gigi hewan yang umum dilakukan adalah ekstraksi danscaling gigi. Ekstraksi gigi merupakan pencabutan gigi dari soketnya padatulang alveolar dan scaling gigi adalah proses pembersihan karang gigi.
ii KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur penulis panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa karena atasberkat rahmat-Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas paper Ilmu Bedah KhususVeteriner yang berjudul Teknik Operasi Ekstraksi dan Scaling Gigi.
Segala kritik dan saran sangat penulis harapkan demi kebaikan dari tugas ini.Terimakasih kepada dosen pengampu yang memberikan materi pada saat perkuliahandan praktikum, teman kelompok yang sudah banyak membantu dalam prosespengerjaan paper ini. Dan tak lupa penulis mengucapkan banyak terima kasih kepadasemua pihak yang telah membantu penulis.
iii DAFTAR ISIHALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................. iRINGKASAN .......................................................................................................... iiKATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................. iiiDAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................... ivDAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................... vDAFTAR LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................... viBAB I PENDAHULUAN......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Latar Belakang ..................................................................................... 1 1.2 Rumusan Masalah ................................................................................ 2BAB II TUJUAN DAN MANFAAT TULISAN ....................................................... 3 2.1 Tujuan Tulisan .................................................................................... 3 2.2 Manfaat Tulisan .................................................................................. 3BAB III TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ............................................................................. 4 3.1 Anatomi Gigi .................................................................................... 4 3.2 Penyakit Pada Gigi ............................................................................ 6 3.3 Ekstraksi Gigi.................................................................................... 6 3.4 Scaling Gigi ...................................................................................... 7BAB IV PEMBAHASAN ........................................................................................ 8 4.1 Managemet Pre-Operasi ....................................................................... 8 4.2 Tindakan Anestesi................................................................................ 9 4.3 Teknik Operasi .................................................................................... 9 4.3.1 Ekstraksi Gigi ........................................................................ 9 4.3.2 Scaling Gigi ......................................................................... 12 4.4 Management Pasca Operasi................................................................ 15BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN ....................................................................... 16 5.1 Simpulan ........................................................................................... 16 5.2 Saran ................................................................................................. 16DAFTAR PUSTAKA............................................................................................. 17LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................................... 18
iv DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1 ........................................................................................................ 4Gambar 2 ........................................................................................................ 5Gambar 3 ........................................................................................................ 5Gambar 4 ........................................................................................................ 10Gambar 5 ........................................................................................................ 10Gambar 6 ........................................................................................................ 10Gambar 7 ........................................................................................................ 11Gambar 8 ........................................................................................................ 11Gambar 9 ........................................................................................................ 12Gambar 10 ...................................................................................................... 12Gambar 11 ...................................................................................................... 13Gambar 12 ...................................................................................................... 13Gambar 13 ...................................................................................................... 14Gambar 14 ...................................................................................................... 14Gambar 15 ...................................................................................................... 15
v DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
vi BAB I PENDAHULUAN1.1 Latar Belakang
Manfaat memelihara anjing dan kucing dapat terasa secara fisik dan mental.Anjing dan kucing merupakan hewan yang dekat dengan manusia sehinggaperawatan harus selalu diperhatikan, Perawatan yang kurang baik dapatmenyebabkan penyakit. Salah satu penyakit yang sering diderita anjing adalahpenyakit periodontal.
Penyakit periodontal sangat sering dihadapi oleh dokter hewan praktisi, haltersebut membuat klien menanyakan penyakit periodontal pada hewan kesayanganmereka. Faktor yang menyebabkan timbulnya penyakit periodontal adalah kebiasaanmenggigit, grooming, status kesehatan, perawatan di rumah, bakteri yang aktif diruang mulut, serta jenis pakan yang diberikan (Gawor et al. 2006).
11.2 Rumusan Masalah
1. Untuk memahami apa yang dimaksud dengan ekstraksi dan scaling gigi 2. Untuk mengetahui manajemen pre operasi ekstraksi dan scaling gigi 3. Untuk memahami teknik operasi ekstraksi dan scaling gigi 4. Untuk mengetahui manajemen pasca operasi ekstraksi dan scaling gigi
Penulis berharap melalui paper yang kami yang buat berjudul Teknik Operasi Ekstraksi dan Scaling Gigi dapat memberikan informasi dan pengetahuan kepada pembaca, sehingga pembaca dapat mengetahui definisi dan bagaimana prosedur dan teknik ekstraksi dan scaling gigi, yang baik dan benar sehingga dapat menerapkannya dalam prakteknya.
Struktur primer dari ruang mulut terdiri atas gigi, gusi, lidah, palatum durum,dan palatum nuchae. Setiap spesies memiliki formula gigi yang berbeda. Formulagigi adalah jumlah dan tipe dari gigi pada mulut yang normal. Mamalia umumnyamemiliki dua jenis gigi yaitu, gigi primer atau deciduous dan gigi permanen. Kucingmemiliki empat tipe gigi yang terdiri dari gigi incisivus, caninus, premolar danmolar (Perrone, 2013). Deciduous anjing sebanyak 28 buah (12 incisor, 4 caninus, 8premolar dan 4 molar), sedangkan gigi permanen sebanyak 42 buah (12 incisor, 4caninus, 16 premolar dan 10 molar) (Pieri e al. 2012).
Gambar 1 Diagram Gigi Kucing (Crossley 2002). Gigi 101 109 adalah gigi padamaxilla kanan, gigi 201 209 adalah gigi pada maxilla kiri. Gigi 301 -309 adalahgigi pada mandibular kiri dan gigi 401 409 adalah gigi pada mandibular kanan
4 Gambar 2. Diagram Gigi Anjing (Crossley 2002)
Struktur anatomi gigi terdiri atas crown, enamel, cementum, dentin, pulpa,dan akar. Crown adalah bagian gigi yang terletak di atas gusi dan akar gigi adalahbagian gigi yang berada di bawah gusi. Enamel adalah bagian yang melindungicrown dan cementum adalah bagian yang melindungi akar gigi. Pulpa terdiri atasjaringan ikat, nervus, dan pembuluh darah (Perrone, 2013).
53.2 Penyakit Pada Gigi
Meskipun tujuan utama dari dentistry harus pemeliharaan gigi, untuk alasanyang berbeda-beda, pencabutan gigi mungkin pilihan terbaik dari masing-masingyang terkena masalah klinis. Selain itu, pencabutan gigi adalah jauh prosedur bedahmulut yang paling umum dilakukan di manusia (Batenburg et al., 2000) dan hewandomestik seperti kuda, anjing, kucing, Lagomorpha (kelinci) dan tikus (Gaughan,1998; Bellows, 2004).
6 Indikasi umum untuk menghilangkan gigi cukup mirip dalam semua spesiesdan termasuk pulpitis atau infeksi periapikal yang disebabkan oleh kerusakan gigiatau terbukanya pulpa traumatis, penyakit periodontal yang parah (Scheels andHoward, 1993; Legendre, 1994; Dixon, 1997a; Wiggs and Lobprise, 1997a; Sullivan,1999; Alsheneifi and Hughes, 2001; Richards et al., 2005).
Management pre operasi yang perlu dipersiapkan pada operasi ektraksi danscaling gigi adalah :
8 gingivitis diperiksa dengan bantuan probe. Gingival resection diperiksa dengan bantuan probe. Furcation diperiksa dengan bantuan hook explorer.
Contoh teknik operasi ekstrasi gigi sebagai berikut. Pasien merupakan seekoranjing Corgi berusia empat tahun yang mengalami fraktur premolar keempat disertaidengan adanya tartar. Pasien diperiksa kondisi fisik secara umum lalu dianastesikemudian pasien diletakan di meja operasi dengan posisi dorsal recumbency, lalumasukkan endotracheal tube ke mulut pasien.
9 Gambar 4. Fraktur premolar keempat disertai dengan adanya tartar
Gusi diinsisi terlebih dahulu dari depan ke belakang untuk membuat suatupenutup yang dapat dijahit setelah gigi diekstraksi.
10 Gigi premolar keempat merupakan gigi terbesar pada anjing, sehingga harusdibelah terlebih dahulu untuk memudahkan proses pencabutan serta meminimalisirkerusakan pada tulang rahang dan gusi. Saat gigi sudah terbelah, setiap potong gigibeserta akarnya dapat dilepas dari gusi dan rongga gigi dengan menggunakanextraction forcep.
11 Gusi dijahit dengan menggunakan benang monocryl ukuran 4.0 dengan polajahitan simple interrupted.
Pasien merupakan seekor anjing Labrador berusia tiga tahun yang mengalamitartar dan plak diseluruh gigi. Pasien diperiksa kondisi fisiknya secara umum laludianastesi kemudian pasien diletakan di meja operasi dengan posisi dorsalrecumbency, lalu masukkan endotracheal tube ke mulut pasien. Setelah pasienteranastesi, dilakukan pemeriksaan secara menyeluruh terhadap gigi pasien.
12 Gambar 11. Pemeriksaan gigi pasien
Plak dan tartar pada bagian bawah dan atas gusi serta di permukaan danbagian belakang gigi dibersihkan dengan menggunakan alat dental scaler.
13 Gambar 13. Pembersihan plak dan tartar menggunakan dental scaler
Setelah tartar dan plak pada gigi dibersihkan, gigi dipoles untukmembersihkan plak residual dan menghaluskan permukaan gigi. Hal terakhir yangdilakukan adalah penambahan fluoride pada gigi pasien sehingga gigi pasien lebihkuat dan tidak cepat berlubang.
14 Gambar 15. Penambahan fluoride
Setelah operasi, hal hal yang perlu dilakukan adalah memberikan obatanalgesia serta antiseptic oral gel (zinc ascorbate) dapat diberikan selama limasampai tujuh hari untuk mengurangi rasa sakit serta mencegah infeksi. Pakan yangdiberikanpun harus pakan yang konsistensinya lembut, hal ini dapat dilakukanselama dua minggu hingga kondisi pasien kembali seperti semula, Jika terjadiperdarahan pada mulut, pemilik harus segera membawa pasien ke dokter hewan.
5.1 Simpulan
5.2 Saran
Fernandes LA, Martins TM, Almeida JMD, Nagata MJH, Theodoro LH, Garcia VG, Bosco AF. 2010. Experimental periodontal disease treatment by subgingival irrigation with tetracycline hydrochloride in rats. J Appl Oral Science. 18(6):635-40. doi: 10.1590/S1678-77572010000600017.
Gawor JP, Reiter AM, Jodkowska K, Kurski G, Wojtacki MP, Kurek A. 2006. Influence of diet on oral health in cats and dogs. J Nutrition. 136(7):2021 2023.
Kyllar M, Witter K. 2005. Prevelence of dental disorders in pet dogs. Original Paper Vet. Med 50, 11:496-505
Perrone JR. 2013. Small Animal Dental Procedures for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses. Iowa (US): J Wiley. hlm 4, 5, 14, 15, 25, 26, 96, 97..Reiter, Alexander M and Maria M Soltero-Rivera. 2014.Applied Feline Oral Anatomy And Tooth Extraction Techniques. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery.16, 900913
18Original Paper Vet. Med. Czech, 50, 2005 (11): 496505
ABSTRACT: Oral disorders of the dog represent for veterinarians a medical challenge and an important field ofinterest from the economical point of view. Although many epidemiological studies on dental diseases in beaglesbred under controlled conditions have been realized, information on frequency of these alterations in populationsof pet dogs, especially in Central Europe, is far from complete. The aim of our study was to assess the prevalenceof the most common oral diseases in dogs in a Czech urban region. A total number of 408 dogs, presented ata private Czech urban veterinary hospital for different reasons, were analyzed. Site specificity and severity ofdental diseases were assessed using modified indexing systems. Dental alterations could be found in 348 out of408 dogs (85.3%). The most frequent diseases were (i) periodontitis (60.0% of 408 dogs), (ii) calculus (61.3%), (iii)missing teeth (33.8%), and (iv) abnormal attrition (5.9%). Furthermore, single cases of caries, tumors and enamelhypoplasia could be observed. Periodontitis occurred preferentially in the upper jaw of small dogs and increasedwith age. The labial/buccal side of teeth was affected more severely than the lingual/palatinal side. Differencesbetween left and right side could not be observed. Malocclusion and insufficient oral hygiene care seem to predis-pose to periodontitis. As periodontitis, dental calculus occurred preferentially in small dogs and increased with age.The prevalence of calculus formation did not differ between left and right side. However, the upper jaw showeda higher degree of affection than the mandible. On the labial/buccal side of the teeth, a thicker calculus layer couldbe observed than lingually/palatinally. Interestingly, the degree of calculus formation and of periodontitis did notcorrelate in all cases, supporting the hypothesis that supragingival calculus per se is not an irritant. The pattern oftooth loss was the same between left and right side and between upper and lower jaw. Most commonly, the firstpremolars were missing followed by incisors and other premolars and molars. Tooth loss for other reasons thanperiodontitis and single cases of tooth agenesis has not been detected in our study. (Abnormal) tooth wear wasdetected only in older dogs and affected mostly canines and premolars of large breeds. Age estimation based ondental attrition should be carried out with care, because tooth wear depends on keeping conditions and feedingof the dog. Our study confirmed the high prevalence of oral diseases in dogs. Veterinarians could improve theeffectiveness of treatment concentrating their diagnostic efforts on age groups and types of teeth at highest risk,as assessed in this and other reports.
Keywords: periodontitis; periodontal disease; calculus; missing teeth; tooth loss; attrition; tooth wear; diagnosis
Oral disorders are of major clinical importance in al., 1991; Hoffmann and Gaengler, 1996; Harvey,the dog. From a survey made in the United States re- 1998; Lund et al., 1999). Other important altera-sulted that only 7% of the dog population can be con- tions are missing teeth, (abnormal) attrition, cariessidered healthy (Lund et al., 1999). Epidemiological and tumors (Hale, 1998; Lund et al., 1999).studies have shown that periodontal disease and Periodontal disease is the predominant disorderdental calculus are the most common oral diseases of the oral cavity not only in dogs, but also inin the dog (Page and Schroeder, 1981; DeMeijer et other animals (Page and Schroeder, 1982; Genco
496Vet. Med. Czech, 50, 2005 (11): 496505 Original Paper
et al., 1998). They are mostly considered diet- Oral tumors account for six percent of all caninerelated disorders (Krasse and Brill, 1960; Page tumors. The most frequent oral tumor is the squa-and Schroeder, 1982; Genco et al., 1998; Gorrel, mous cell carcinoma (20% of oral tumors), followed1998; Harvey, 1998; Lund et al., 1999). A soft diet by fibrosarcoma (10%), and other oral neoplasmscauses accumulation of bacterially colonized den- (Ramos-Vara et al., 2000)tal plaque. Periodontal inflammation is a process Oral disorders in the dog represent for veterinar-affecting the tissues surrounding the tooth. It is ians both a medical challenge and an importantinduced either experimentally or occurs sponta- field of interest from the economical point of view.neously, and is correlated to the occurrence of Therefore, in dogs have been realized numerousgingival inflammation. The lack of oral hygiene studies on periodontal disease with large param-causes plaque deposition and calculus formation, eters (Heijl and Lindhe, 1980; Syed et al., 1980;which harbors the bacteria and eventually induces Newes et al., 1997; Hennet, 1999). However, mostgingival inflammation (Lindhe et al., 1975; Page of them deal with beagle dogs bred in controlledand Schroeder, 1982). It has been suggested for environment (Rosenberg et al., 1966; Saxe et al.,a long time that these disorders are detrimental 1967; Lindhe et al., 1975), whereas information ononly to the oral cavity. However, recently showed oral disorders in pets is far from complete. Sitesome studies a close association of these disorders prevalence and severity of affections is assessedwith the general health of the animal. The per- only rarely. Available extensive epidemiologicalsistent infection of the oral cavity does not only studies concerning dental disorders in humansdiscomfort the affected animal, but may also cause could serve as a model for such research in animalsdiseases of distant organs (DeBowes et al., 1996). (Genco et al., 1998).Overt bacterial infections are seen only rarely, but The purpose of this retrospective study was tothe inflammatory response, which they elicit in document the prevalence of the most common oralthe gingival tissue, is ultimately responsible for diseases in dogs that were presented at a Czecha progressive loss of collagen attachment of the urban veterinary hospital and to assess whichtooth to the underlying alveolar bone. The conse- teeth are preferentially affected. The results of thisquence is the loosening or even loss of the tooth study should alert practitioners to the main oral(Loesche and Grossman, 2001). While feeding problems of dogs and help to communicate withsoft diets has recently become very popular with the clients/pet owners regarding these importantdog owners, proper oral hygiene care (e.g., tooth disorders.brushing), which is proven to prevent effectivelyperiodontal and other oral diseases, is rarely pro-vided (Hamp and Loe, 1973; Lindhe et al., 1973; MATERIAL AND METHODSHennet, 2002). A decrease of tooth number in dogs can be caused Animalsby agenesis (mostly in small, brachycephalic breeds)or by tooth loss in consequence of periodontal dis- This study was realized during the period ofease or mechanical affection. Mostly are lost the 20032004. A total number of 408 dogs, which hadlower third molar, upper and lower first premolar been presented at a private Czech urban veterinaryand the incisors, usually due to periodontal disease hospital for different reasons, was analyzed for al-(Harvey et al., 1994). The lower first premolars are terations of the oral cavity. The dogs were classifiedoften missing in young dogs, usually due to agen- into groups according to their age (as reported byesis (Harvey et al., 1994; Hoffmann and Gaengler, the owners): 14 years of age, 58 years of age,1996). 911 years of age, 1213 years of age; and accord- Abnormal attrition is mostly observed in work- ing to their size: small breeds of less than 10 kg,ing dogs, in dogs fed a hard diet, in dogs that love medium sized breeds 1030 kg, and large breeds ofto play with stones, and in so called wire-biters more than 30 kg body mass (Table 1). The standard(Van Foreest and Roeters, 1998) tooth formula of the permanent dentition of the Dental caries is a rare disease compared to other dog, which was used for determination of miss-dental disorders in the dog. The teeth most com- ing teeth and sites of other pathological changes ofmonly involved are the last premolar and the first the dentition, is I3/3, C1/1, P4/4, M2/3 (Page andmolar teeth (Hale, 1998). Schroeder, 1982).
497Original Paper Vet. Med. Czech, 50, 2005 (11): 496505
Table 1. Age and size distribution of the examined dogs (number of the dogs)
Figure 1. Stages of periodontal disease according to the Silness and Loe plaque index. (A) Stage 0, Healthy gingiva.Gingiva clinically not inflamed, firm, pale pink in color (unless pigmented), minimal dental deposits (plaque andcalculus). No bleeding on gentle probing, probing depth 0.01.0 mm. (B) Stage 1, Gingivitis. Slight swelling of thegingiva, hyperemia, color of turning reddish. Slight bleeding on probing, probing depth 0.01.0 mm. (C) Stage 2,Early periodontitis. Gingiva swollen and red due to severe hyperemia. Teeth usually with dental deposits (redundantplaque and/or calculus). Bleeding on probing, probing depth 1.02.5 mm. (D) Stage 3, Moderate periodontitis.Inflamed gingiva, teeth with dental deposits. Bleeding on probing, probing depth up to 5.0 mm. The gingival mar-gins begin to recede. (E) Stage 4, Severe periodontitis. Signs of clearly inflamed gingiva. Gingival recession resultsin visible root surfaces and furcation involvement. Probing depth either more than 5.0 mm or very low due to areceded gingiva
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disease with swelling and red mucosa, often with Tooth crown abrasion was classified as follows,hemorrhages, probing depth of less than 5.0 mm; (0) No abrasion of the dental crown; (1) Abrasion(4) Severe periodontal disease with red and swollen of less than one third of the crown; (2) Abrasion ofmucosa, alveolar bone loss, probing depth more more than one third of the crown.than 5.0 mm (Figure 1). The degree of gingival in- In addition, all dogs, if possible, were checked forflammation was examined separately for each tooth history of dental treatment and its details.class region (e.g. incisor, premolar, molar region)and for labial/buccal and lingual/palatinal side. Formation of dental calculus was examined and RESULTSscored by a calculus indexing system (Greene andVermillion, 1964) as follows, (0) No dental calculus; A total of 348 out of 408 dogs (85.3%) presented(1) Supragingival calculus covering less than one to the small animal clinic showed dento-gingivalthird of crown surface; (2) Supragingival calculus alterations. In some but not all cases, these altera-covering more than one third but less than two tions were the reason why the owners did consultthirds of the dental crown; (3) Supragingival cal- a veterinarian.culus covering more than two thirds of the dental The following dental and gingival alterationscrown. Dental calculus was examined separately could be observed: (i) periodontal disease (60.0%on both labial/buccal and lingual/palatinal surfaces of 408 dogs), (ii) calculus (61.3% of 408 dogs), (iii)of the teeth. missing teeth (33.8% of 408 dogs), and (iv) abnor-
Table 2. Prevalence of dental disorders in pet dogs presented at a Czech urban veterinary hospital for differentreasons in dependence on age and body size
499Original Paper Vet. Med. Czech, 50, 2005 (11): 496505
Periodontal index (degree) 0 1 2 3 4 0
80 Lower jaw
mal attrition (5.9% of 408 dogs). The prevalence hypoplasia. These cases were so rare that they wereof these diseases depending on age and size of the not further analyzed.dogs is shown in Table 2. Furthermore, there were Alterations of the periodontium represented thesingle cases of dental caries, tumors and enamel most common oral disease in the dogs under study
Upper jaw * ODJ TPS S FHJ PO $ BOJ OF S FHJ PO 1 S FN PM BS S FHJ PO . PM BS S FHJ PO
Number of dogs (out of 123)
Periodontal index (degree) 0 1 2 3 4 0
40 Figure 3. Prevalence and localization of Lower jaw periodontal disease in dogs (age group 58 years) assessed by a periodontal 60 indexing system
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10 -
Periodontal index (degree) 0 1 2 3 4 0
40 Lower jaw
where 245 out of 348 dogs with dento-gingival disor- creased with the age of the animal (Table 2). Theders were found to be positive. Dierences between prevalence of calculus formation did not differleft and right jaw quadrant could not be observed. between left and right side, however, it did differThe frequency of periodontal alterations as well between upper and lower jaws with a higher degreeas the degree of inammation increased with age. of affection of the upper jaw. Generally, on the la-Earliest signs occurred rst in small breed dogs. bial/buccal side of the teeth, thicker calculus layers Figure 1 shows typical features of gingival inam- could be observed than lingually/palatinally.mation scored as degree (0), (1), (2), (3) and (4) The distribution pattern of dental calculus indexin the examined dogs. The single degrees of peri- was about the same between the left and right sideodontal disease were represented by increasingly and between upper and lower jaw. However, theswollen and reddish gingiva and deep gingival sulci, dental calculus index was lower in large dogs com-sometimes with soft deposits. Radiographs, which pared to small dogs and increased with age.were made in some severe cases of periodontal Tooth loss increased with age (Table 2) and withdisease, revealed in every case a certain degree of increasing degree of gingival inflammation. Thealveolar bone loss. pattern of tooth loss was about the same between Assessment of the Silness and Loe index of peri- left and right side and between upper and lowerodontal disease revealed that the labial/buccal jaw. The teeth most commonly missing were thesurface of the tooth was more affected than the first premolars followed by incisor teeth and thenlingual/palatinal surface. Periodontal alterations by other premolars and molars. Premolars followedand gingival inflammation started mostly in the by incisors were most often missing in small sizedpremolar region of both upper and lower jaw and breeds. Medium sized breeds often lost premolarspread with increasing age first to the molars and and molar teeth, in contrast to large sized breeds,later to other regions of the jaws (Figures 25). where only premolar teeth were frequently miss-Periodontal disease was more frequent and more ing. The sites of missing teeth correlated with thesevere in the upper jaw in comparison with the sites of periodontal disease. There were only singlemandible (Figures 25). cases of tooth agenesis in young dogs. Dental calculus in young age was observed mostly Dental attrition was observed only in older dogs.in small dogs. The degree of dental calculus in- Abrasion increased with age, in single cases reach-
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Periodontal index (degree) 0 1 2 3 4 0
Lower jaw 20
ing degree 2 in dogs older than eight years of age. Interestingly, recent studies (DeMeijer et al., Large breeds were generally more affected than 1991; Hoffmann and Gaengler, 1996; Harvey, small and middle breeds (Table 2). Tooth wear did 1998; Lund et al., 1999) reveal in general a higher neither differ between left and right side nor be- prevalence of oral disorders in dogs compared to tween upper and lower jaw. Abrasion started in older studies, which concerned, however, mostly canines and premolars. These teeth were also most beagle colonies (e.g., Rosenberg et al., 1966; Saxe severely affected. et al., 1967). This can be explained either as a re- The percentage of dogs that had received home sult of increasing prevalence of these disorders or oral hygiene care was very low. It mostly consisted as a virtual increase, because veterinary clinicians of daily tooth brushing using a tooth paste designed are more often requested for dental treatments in for animals and regular scaling of dental calculus dogs. It might be also a misinterpretation because by veterinary surgeons. of different approaches to epidemiological studies (Preshaw et al., 2004). Periodontal disease seems to be one of the most DISCUSSION common oral disorders in small animals (Gorrel, 1998). We observed an increasing prevalence and This study aimed to assess the prevalence of severity of periodontal disease with increasing age oral diseases of pet dogs in a Czech urban region. of the dogs. These ndings are in agreement with Periodontal disease, dental calculus and tooth loss previous experimental studies on beagle colonies were the most frequent alterations found in this (Rosenberg et al., 1966; Saxe et al., 1967) as well as study. Similar results were also reported by other with retrospective studies in pet dogs (Harvey et al., authors (Lindhe et al., 1973; Page and Schroeder, 1994; Homann and Gaengler, 1996; Harvey, 1998; 1982; DeMeijer et al., 1991; Harvey et al., 1994; Lund et al., 1999). Interestingly, these studies revealed Hoffmann and Gaengler, 1996; Genco et al., 1998; that the disease develops spontaneously in dogs fed Gorrel, 1998; Harvey, 1998; Lund et al., 1999). with both homemade and commercial-type diet. Additionally, our study revealed few cases of other We observed a higher frequency and earlier onset oral disorders such as oral tumors, enamel hypo- of periodontal disease in small breed dogs compared plasia, tooth attrition and dental caries, which have to large breeds. This state could be explained by ge- also been described to be found in dog populations netic predisposition, which render the gingiva more (DeMeijer et al., 1991; Lund et al., 1999). susceptible to periodontal disease. Also malocclu-
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sions, which are very common in small breeds, ex- status of the periodontal tissue. These authorspose the teeth to deposition of subgingival plaque observed that about 95% of pet dogs fed either aresulting in periodontal disease. Some reports show homemade or commercial type diet show heavythat all dogs older than 5 years of age suer from calculus deposition at the age of 26 months and thatsome degree of periodontal disease (e.g., Hamp and the gingival inflammation becomes more severeLoe, 1973; Homann and Gaengler, 1996). with increasing age. However, calculus itself does The most often inflamed site of gingiva in dogs not seem to be an irritant. In fact, it has been shownis apparently the premolar region followed by the that under certain conditions a normal attachmentmolar and then the incisor region. The labial/buccal may be seen between the junctional epithelium ofgingiva is more affected than the lingual/palatinal the gingiva and calculus (Fitzgerald and McDaniel,gingiva. In contrast to the dog, the molar region is 1960). Autoclaved calculus can be encapsulated inmost predilected for periodontal disease in the hu- connective tissue without causing marked inflam-man (Loesche and Grossman, 2001; Newman and mation (Allen and Kerr, 1965). Our study supportsCarranza, 2002), probably because it is difficult to this information, since thick calculus deposits haveremove plaque by simple brushing in this region been found in many examined dogs with only a(Newman and Carranza, 2002). Dogs usually do light degree of gingival inflammation. Apparently,not receive oral hygienic treatment. supragingival calculus per se is not directly involved According to our study, the gingiva seems to be in the etiology or even pathogenesis of periodontalmore often inflamed in the upper jaw than in the disease and is mainly of cosmetic significance ifmandible. These results are, however, in contradic- plaque is not too large (Lang et al., 1997). However,tion with most other reports (Hamp and Loe, 1973; plaque can be indirectly responsible for gingivalHarvey et al., 1994; Hoffmann and Gaengler, 1996) inflammation as a result of the immune responseindicating the same prevalence in both areas. of the host (Bascones et al., 2004). Development of periodontal disease varies at dif- Loosening of teeth and following tooth loss isferent sites. The same dentition may show both often elicited by inflammatory response in thenormal sites and sites with gingivitis and perio- gingival tissue, which leads to a progressive lossdontal disease. For planning and evaluation of the of collagen attachment of the tooth to the un-effect of treatment, diagnosis should be therefore derlying alveolar bone (Loesche and Grossmann,site specific (Harris, 2003). In our study, there were 2001). Our study revealed a relatively large numberno differences between right and left side, but be- of missing teeth in the examined dogs. The sitestween the individual tooth regions. The sites of of missing teeth agreed with other reports (Pagemost severe affection differed in dependence on and Schroeder, 1981): the first premolars; then thethe animal group. other premolars and incisors, and finally molars en- Simple periodontal disease indicators (scores) al- suing. Interestingly, the sites of marked periodontallowing to choose appropriate treatment methods disease were similar to those of missing teeth. Theand to predict clinical outcome, which are suitable number of missing teeth increased with the pro-for the screening of large animal populations, are gression of periodontal inflammation and with age,still lacking (Harvey et al., 1994). Whether index- suggesting a causal relationship between these twoes adapted from human medicine (e.g., Loe and alterations (Page and Schroeder, 1982). Tooth lossSilness, 1963) will be helpful remains to be tested. for other reasons than periodontal disease or toothBiopsy of apparently diseased tissue followed by agenesis has not been detected in our study. Somehistological examination might be useful as an ad- studies present also other causes of missing teeth,ditional diagnostic tool (Johnson et al., 1988). such as traumatic tooth loss (Bittegeko et al., 1995; Accumulation of dental calculus increases, simi- Dole and Spurgeon, 1998).larly as periodontal disease, with the age of the Attrition of teeth becomes apparent in older dogsanimal. Our study revealed that dental calculus ap- (older than eight years of age). The age of dogs canpeared in some small breed dogs as early as at one be estimated based on the degree of dental attri-year of age. These dogs had persistent deciduous tion. This method is, however, highly speculative,teeth, which caused malocclusion and thus cre- because tooth wear depends on feed and keepingated an optimal surface for plaque accumulation. conditions (Berglundh et al., 1991).According to Rosenberg et al. (1966), the pattern In agreement with a previous report (Hoffmannof calculus formation matches the inflammation and Gaengler, 1996), our study revealed no den-
503Original Paper Vet. Med. Czech, 50, 2005 (11): 496505
tal caries in the examined dogs. The scarcity of ing canine distemper infection. Journal of the Ameri-dental caries contrasts with the high prevalence can Animal Hospital Association, 31, 4245.of periodontal disease and calculus formation. The DeBowes L.J., Mosier D., Logan E., Harvey C.E., Lowryreason is unexplained at present. It is speculated S., Richardson D.C. (1996): Association of periodontalthat the oral condition of the dog including the disease and histologic lesions in multiple organs fromoral bacterial flora may be suitable rather for the 45 dogs. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, 13, 5760.development of periodontal disease than for dental DeMeijer L.M., Van Foreest A.W., Truin G.J., Plasschaertcaries formation (Gorrel, 1998; Hale, 1998). The A.J. (1991): Veterinary dentistry in dogs and cats; aanatomical conformation of the tooth crown and survey among veterinarians (in Dutch). Tijdschriftthe thicker layer of enamel compared to human voor Diergeneeskunde, 116, 777781.teeth could be another reason. However, there is Dole R.S., Spurgeon T.L. (1998): Frequency of supernu-no evidence to support this assumption so far. merary teeth in a dolichocephalic canine breed, the Our study as well as many others showed the high greyhound. American Journal of Veterinary Research,prevalence of oral diseases in dogs and confirmed 59, 1617.that periodontal disease is the most common oral Fitzgerald R.J., McDaniel E.G. (1960): Dental calculus incondition in dogs. It is well known from human the germ-free rat. Archives of Oral Biology, 2, 239240.studies that a majority of dental disorders can be Genco C.A., Van Dyke T., Amar S. (1998): Animal mod-prevented by daily oral hygiene. Periodontal disease els for Porphyromonas gingivalis-mediated periodon-is almost always significantly associated with the tal disease. Trends in Microbiology, 6, 444449.overgrowth of bacteria in the subgingival plaque. Gorrel C. (1998): Periodontal disease and diet in domes-This overgrowth can be periodically suppressed tic pets. The Journal of Nutrition, 128, 2712S2714S.by mechanical periodontal debridement. The oral Greene J.C., Vermillion J.R. (1964): The simplified oralflora can also be altered by the judicious use of an- hygiene index. Journal of the American Dental As-timicrobial agents (Loesche and Grossman, 2001). sociation, 68, 713.Appropriate instructions concerning dental hygiene Hale F.A. (1998): Dental caries in the dog. Journal ofto the pet owners should be helpful to lower the Veterinary Dentistry, 15, 7983.incidence of dental disorders in a dog population. Hamp S.E., Loe H. (1973): Long term effects of chlo-Clinicians could also improve the effectiveness of rhexidine on developing gingivitis in the beagle dog.treatment concentrating their diagnostic efforts Journal of Periodontal Research, 8, 6370.on age groups and types of teeth at highest risk, Harris R.J. (2003):Untreated periodontal disease: A fol-as assessed in this and other reports. Follow-up low-up on 30 cases. Journal of Periodontology, 5,studies will be necessary to test the effectiveness 672678.of pet owner education, training and alerting of Harvey C.E. (1998): Periodontal disease in dogs. Etio-veterinarians and improved dental hygiene care in pathogenesis, prevalence, and significance. The Vet-a given dog population. erinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice, 28, 11111128. Harvey C.E., Shofer F.S., Laster L. (1994): AssociationREFERENCES of age and body weight with periodontal disease in North American dogs. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry,Allen D.L., Kerr D.A. (1965): Tissue response in the 11, 94105. guinea pig to sterile and non-sterile calculus. Journal Heijl L., Lindhe J. (1980): Effect of selective antimicrobial of Periodontology, 36, 121126. therapy on plaque and gingivitis in the dog. Journal ofBascones A., Gamonal J., Gomez M., Silva A., Gonzalez Clinical Periodontology, 7, 463478. M.A. (2004): New knowledge of the pathogenesis of Hennet P. (1999): Review of studies assessing plaque ac- periodontal disease. Quintessence International, 35, cumulation and gingival inflammation in dogs. Journal 706716. of Veterinary Dentistry, 16, 2329.Berglundh T., Lindhe J., Sterrett J.D. (1991): Clinical and Hennet P. (2002): Effectiveness of a dental gel to reduce structural characteristics of periodontal tissues in plaque in beagle dogs. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, young and old dogs. Journal of Clinical Periodontol- 1, 1114. ogy, 8, 616623. Hoffmann T., Gaengler P. (1996): Epidemiology of peri-Bittegeko S.B., Arnbjerg J., Nkya R., Tevik A. (1995): odontal disease in poodles. The Journal of Small An- Multiple dental developmental abnormalities follow- imal Practice, 37, 309316.
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Corresponding Author
Michal Kyllar, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universityof Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 13, CZ-612 42 Brno, Czech RepublicTel. +420 541 562 204, fax +420 541 562 217, e-mail: email@example.com
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Alexander M Reiter Dipl Tzt Dr med vet DAVDC DEVDC* Maria M Soltero-Rivera DVM DAVDC Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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To o t h f o r m u l a s a n d d i r e c t i o n a l t e r m s The anatomical names of teeth are (right or left), (maxillary or < Left mandibular quadrant 300 (700 when referring to mandibular), (first, second, third or fourth), (incisor, canine, deciduous teeth) premolar or molar), as applicable, either written out in full or < Right mandibular quadrant 400 (800 when referring to abbreviated. deciduous teeth) Beginning with the first incisor (01), teeth are numbered from Modified Triadan system mesial to distal along the dental arch. Evolutionarily missing The modified Triadan system numbers each jaw quadrant as teeth result in gaps in the numbering sequence (Figure 2). follows: The maxillary first (05) premolars and mandibular first (05) and < Right maxillary quadrant 100 (500 when referring to second (06) premolars are absent in the cat. The maxillary and deciduous teeth) mandibular canines (04), maxillary fourth premolars (08) and < Left maxillary quadrant 200 (600 when referring to mandibular first molars (09) are large reference teeth that allow deciduous teeth) counting forward or backward when numbering all other teeth.13
Figure 2 Modified Triadan tooth numbering system for the maxillary (A) and mandibular (B) permanent teeth in the cat
Figure 3 Directional terminology for maxillary (A) and mandibular (B) teeth in the cat. M = mesial; La = labial; B = buccal; D = distal; P = palatal; Li = lingual
Rostral Towards the tip of the nose Lingual Facing the tongue Caudal Towards the tail Palatal Facing the hard palate Ventral Towards the lower jaw Occlusal Facing an opposing dental arch Dorsal Towards the top of the head or the muzzle Coronal Towards the tip of the crown Mesial Towards the midline along the dental arch Apical Towards the apex of a root Distal Away from the midline along the dental arch Subgingival Apical to the gingival margin Labial Facing the lip Supragingival Coronal to the gingival margin Buccal Facing the cheek
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portion of the tooth. dentin makes up the bulk Bones, joints and muscles of the mature tooth. The pulp cavity, which Mesaticephalic cats have a head of medium contains the pulp, is divided into the pulp proportions. Persians are brachycephalic with chamber in the crown and the root canal(s) in a short, wide head. Siamese are dolicho- the root(s). The feline pulp connects with peri- cephalic with a long, narrow head. apical tissues through several foramina in the The upper jaw and face consist of the paired root apex (apical delta). Non-apical ramifica- incisive bones, maxillae, palatine, nasal, zygo- tions exist in the furcation and other areas of matic and temporal bones, and the unpaired the root. odontoblasts at the pulps periphery vomer bone. The incisive bones carry the max- produce dentin throughout life in a vital illary incisors, and the maxillae carry the tooth. Therefore, permanent teeth of young maxillary canines, premolars and molars. The cats have a much wider pulp cavity and thin- infraorbital canal contains the infraorbital ner dentinal walls (Figure 1) compared with artery, vein and nerve (sensory), and lies dor- permanent teeth of old cats.13 Figure 4 Different types of sal to the maxillary fourth premolar and first incisors and canines are single-rooted teeth. oral mucosa in the upper (A) molar; the neurovascular bundle exits the and lower (B) jaws of a cat. Permanent maxillary second premolars and Note the unpaired incisive canal at the infraorbital foramen about 1 cm first molars often have two roots fused to papilla immediately caudal dorsal to the maxillary third premolar.1,3 to the maxillary first incisor each other (allowing them to be extracted teeth (arrowhead) and The lower jaw consists of the paired without tooth sectioning). Permanent the lingual molar gland mandibulae, carrying all the mandibular contained within a mandibular third and fourth premolars and membranous pad teeth. The mandibular canal contains the infe- first molars have two roots, while the maxil- caudolingual to the rior alveolar artery, vein and nerve (sensory), mandibular first molar tooth lary fourth premolars have three roots. The (arrow). The dotted line which exit at the caudal, middle and rostral two-rooted permanent maxillary third pre- depicts the approximate mental foramina. The mandibular symphysis, molars occasionally have a third root.4 The course of the mucogingival junction furcation is where two or more roots meet at the crown.13
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Tongue The cat uses its muscular tongue to lap fluids, form food boluses and groom the fur. The ros- tral two-thirds are the body of the tongue; the caudal one-third is the root of the tongue. The rough dorsal tongue surface has firm papillae pointing caudally. The lingual frenulum con- nects the lingual body to the floor of the mouth. The mandibular and sublingual ducts open at the sublingual caruncles at the rostroventral base of the frenulum. The paired lingual arteries supply the tongue. The lingual and facial nerve provide sensory function, while the hypoglossal nerve is responsible for motor function.1,3
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Figure 7 Feline tooth extraction kit. Root fragment elevators (A), winged luxating elevators (B), extraction forceps (C), root tip forceps (D), needle holder (E), suture scissors (F), curved Metzenbaum scissors (G), Adson thumb forceps (H), scalpel handle (I), surgical curette (J) and periosteal elevators (K)
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fully close but still fit the circumference of Tooth extraction techniques feline teeth, thus reducing the risk of tooth Practical fracture when a tooth or crownroot segment considerations Closed extraction is grasped as far apically as possible for its < If a tooth needs Closed extraction in the cat is primarily removal.11 to be extracted in performed for maxillary and mandibular Surgical curettes are used for removal of the area of previous incisors, maxillary second premolars, maxil- debris and granulation tissue from an alveolar radiation therapy, lary first molars, and mobile teeth presenting socket after tooth extraction. Curved, blunt- the procedure with significant attachment loss. Employing a ended Metzenbaum scissors with serrated should be closed extraction technique for other teeth blades are used for dissecting the connective performed soon risks their fracture, which then warrants an tissue side of oral flaps and fine cutting of after the acute side open extraction technique in order to remove their edges prior to wound closure. Specific effects have worn root remnants. suture scissors or a designated pair of Mayo off (eg, after 68 The gingival attachment around the tooth is scissors should be reserved for cutting weeks) rather than incised with a number 15 scalpel blade. A den- sutures.10 Halsey or deBakey needle holders waiting months or tal elevator with a curved blade that best fits with serrated jaws are used to lock onto years, as the the circumference of the tooth is selected. The curved needles by a ratchet mechanism. The potential for wound instrument is inserted into the periodontal lig- authors prefer a size 5-0 synthetic, absorbable healing will not ament space between the tooth and alveolar monofilament material with a swaged-on, improve but bone. Careful and steady rotation of its handle taper-point round, non-cutting needle for become will create pressure on the tooth and causes suturing tooth extraction sites in cats (Figure progressively the periodontal ligament to stretch and tear.3 10). Square or surgeons knots should be worse. (Note that performing a wiggling motion has followed by four more throws to ensure knot < Obtaining the potential to crush adjacent alveolar bone.) security.9 signed or As the periodontal ligament space is widened, Chlorhexidine gluconate (0.12%) is used for witnessed verbal the dental elevator can be advanced apically rinsing the mouth prior to tooth extraction. consent from the and rotational pressure is repeated. The instru- The results of a study conducted on canine client about the ment should be inserted at other sites around fibroblasts suggest that the least toxic solution number of teeth the tooth until it is mobile enough for retrieval for rinsing open wounds is lactated Ringers to be removed is with an extraction forceps. The apex of the solution.9 Autogenous bone (cancellous bone important prior to extracted tooth is inspected and palpated, and cortical bone chips) as well as allograft- performing any ensuring no fracture has occurred. The extrac- based (demineralized bone of the same tooth extraction. tion site is debrided with a surgical curette, species) and ceramic-based (calcium phos- and sharp bony edges are smoothed. The phate, calcium sulfate and bioglass) bone graft wound is rinsed and then sutured closed in a substitutes are most commonly used in veteri- simple interrupted pattern.6,14 nary dentistry, although they are not routinely Sectioning of multi-rooted teeth provides needed in extraction sites.12,13 Gauze swabs two or more single-rooted crownroot seg- (size 3 x 3 inches, 7.5 x 7.5 cm) allow digital ments that are extracted as if they were single- control of hemorrhage during tooth extraction rooted teeth. Gentle reflection of the gingiva procedures. Lavage with refrigerated lactated with a periosteal elevator will reveal the exact Ringers solution may also provide good location of the furcation, decreasing the risk of hemostasis. Excessive bleeding from tooth damage to the gingiva during tooth section- extraction sites near tubular structures such as ing. Sectioning is accomplished with a fissure the mandibular and infraorbital canals can bur, starting from the furcation and progress- effectively be controlled by packing the alveo- ing through the crown.3 Two-rooted teeth are lar sockets with a small amount of bone wax (a separated into two single-rooted crownroot sterile beeswax-based compound).9 segments. The three-rooted maxillary fourth premolar tooth is separated into three one- rooted crownroot segments. in addition to vertical advancement of a dental elevator into the periodontal ligament space, the instru- ment can also be inserted horizontally in between the sectioned crownroot segments to lever them out of their alveoli.6,14
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Open extraction of left maxillary canine (204) and cheek teeth (206209) in a cat
Figure 11 A vertical releasing incision is made into gingiva and alveolar mucosa at the mesial aspect of the canine tooth (A). A triangular oral flap is raised with a periosteal elevator (B and C); note the position of the infraorbital neurovascular bundle as it exits the infraorbital canal at the infraorbital foramen (arrow). Alveolectomy is performed with a round bur (D)
Figure 12 Narrow slots are created with a round carbide bur at mesial and distal aspects of each root (A). Multi- rooted teeth are sectioned with a cross-cut fissure bur (B). The mesiopalatal crownroot segment must be separated from the mesiobuccal crownroot segment of the fourth premolar tooth (C and D)
Continued on pages 907910
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Continued from page 906
Figure 13 A dental elevator is inserted into the periodontal ligament space between the canine tooth and alveolar bone, and rotated to stretch and tear the periodontal ligament (A and B). Once the tooth is mobile enough, it is grasped as far apically as possible with an extraction forceps and removed (C and D)
Figure 14 Fracture of the mesial crownroot segment of the third premolar has occurred (A). Additional alveolar bone around the root remnant is removed with a round carbide bur (B). A special root tip elevator is used to elevate and retrieve the root remnant (C and D)
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Continued from pages 906907
Figure 15 The mesiopalatal crown-root segment of the fourth premolar is still in place (A). The septal bone separating the already extracted mesiobuccal crownroot segment from the mesiopalatal crownroot segment is reduced with a round carbide bur (B). The mesiopalatal crownroot segment is elevated and removed (C and D)
Figure 16 The first molar tooth is extracted (A). The gingiva on the palatal aspect is elevated (B). Sharp bony edges are smoothed with a round medium- coarse diamond bur (C), and the alveolar sockets are debrided with a surgical curette (D)
Figure 17 Irregular wound margins are trimmed with tissue scissors (A). The periosteum at the base of the flap is incised with a blade (B) and bluntly dissected with tissue scissors (C). The flap is sutured to the palatal gingiva in a simple interrupted pattern (D)
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Continued from pages 906908
Figure 19 A vertical releasing incision is made into gingiva and alveolar mucosa at the mesial aspect of the canine tooth (A). A triangular oral flap is raised with a periosteal elevator (B and C); note the position of the middle mental neurovascular bundle as it exits the mandibular canal at the middle mental foramen (arrow). Alveolectomy is performed with a round bur (D)
Figure 20 Narrow slots have been created with a round bur at mesial and distal aspects of each root (A). Multi- rooted teeth are sectioned with a cross-cut fissure bur; note that the furcation of the first molar is distal to the middle of its M-shaped crown (B). The canine tooth is elevated and removed (C and D)
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Continued from pages 906909
Figure 21 The sectioned crownroot segments of the first molar are elevated and removed (AC). The gingiva on the lingual aspect is elevated (D)
Figure 22 The gingiva on the lingual aspect is elevated up to the empty alveolus of the extracted canine tooth to facilitate suture placement (A). Sharp bony edges are smoothed with a round medium- coarse diamond bur (B). Irregular wound margins are trimmed with tissue scissors (C). The flap is sutured to the lingual gingiva in a simple interrupted pattern (D)
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Postoperative management Pain control and wound care are accomplished with analgesic medications and antiseptic oral gels. Cats seem to tolerate the taste of zinc ascorbate gel better than that of chlorhexidine gluconate products.3 Soft food should be given for 2 weeks. Cats with stomatitis undergoing partial or full-mouth Figure 25 (A) Preoperative radiograph of the left maxillary canine tooth from Figure 24, tooth extraction may benefit from placement of an showing root replacement resorption (asterisk). (B) Postoperative radiograph following crown amputation, showing reduction of the resorbing root to about 12 mm below the level of the oesophagostomy feeding tube.23 alveolar margin (double-ended arrows)
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KEY POINTS < The veterinarian should be familiar with the tissues that hold the teeth in the jaws. < The client must consent to the number of teeth to be removed prior to the procedure being performed. < Proper instrument handling is paramount in avoiding iatrogenic injury. < Feline teeth are quite delicate and become brittle when affected by resorption. < The entire tooth must be removed in order to avoid local or systemic infection. < Tension is the most common reason for flap dehiscence. < Roots remaining in the jaws must be recorded in the patients medical record.
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text:
Ghanaian Rapper Desmond Blackmore paid a visit to popular Turkish chef and Restaurateur Nusret Gökçe, nicknamed Salt Bae.
D-Black is on a luxurious vacation in the Arab's Emirates and used the chance to visit Salt Bae's Nusr-Et restaurant.
Salt Bae became widely known through series of viral Internet videos and memes from January 2017 which shows him suavely cutting meat and sprinkling salt. a moment that caught the eyes of many celebrities around the worlds.
Iconic footballers such as Cristiano Ronaldo,Paul Pogba among others have all once travelled miles to visit the popular restaurant.
READ ALSO: Ghanaian acts would have conquer the world if they receive the same support Efia Odo is giving to Kwesi Arthur - Guy
Source: celebritiesbuzz.com.gh


text:
Aug 17
Our next Open Day is Saturday 24 September 2022. Come & discover the many benefits of a Blackheath Prep education, see our superb facilities and meet the Head, Alex Matthews. Register for a place via the link in our bio.
#Blackheath #Blackheathvillage #Greenwich #Eltham #Lewisham #Kidbrooke #Charlton #SELondon #Greenwichmums #SELondonparents #Blackheathmums #SE3 #SE10 ...
Jul 6
Farewell to our fabulous Y6 who leave us today. Many of them have been at Blackheath Prep since they were 3 years old and it's been a privilege to watch them grow over the years into the wonderful, talented young people they are. They will always be part of the Blackheath Prep community and we wish them well in the next exciting chapter in their lives.
#BeBlackheathPrep ...
Well done to all our pupils who did a great job competing at Sports Day for their Houses, and an extra special well done to all the Sports Day medal winners this year!
#BeBlackheathPrep ...
Jul 5
Giant snails, snakes and huge toads were just some of the (not so small) mini beasts that visited Reception pupils in class today. Well done to them all for showing great courage in getting up close and being curious about the wonderful collection of creatures.
#Courage #Curiosity
#BeBlackheathPrep ...
A fantastic Sports Day for our Pre-Prep and Prep pupils, with plenty of courage, ambition and joy shown out on the field. A superb effort everyone!
#BeBlackheathPrep ...
Jul 4
Pupils created a fabulous Garden of Hope in school last week, made entirely from egg boxes, newspapers, corks, bottles, cereal packets and other discarded material. Pupils re-purposed these recyclable and waste materials and created something beautiful to highlight global waste, plastic pollution and the links between hope, action and change.
@bbclondon @greenpeaceuk
#Ambition #BeBlackheathPrep #recycling #schoolart
#plasticfreejuly #plasticpollution ...
Our Reception pupils enjoying a fantastic trip to Leeds Castle last week. A great time was had by all!
#BeBlackheathPrep ...
During Cross-Curricular Week pupils produced a phenomenal amount of work using the Philippines and the theme of 'We Are All Changemakers' as their inspiration, with a particular focus on issues of environmental pollution and sustainabilty.
#Curiosity #Community
#environment #recycling #schoolart #sustainability
#plasticpollution #plasticfreejuly ...
Jul 1
For Cross Curricular Week pupils have been learning about the Philippines, from the culture and food, to the landscape and environmental sustainabilty.
To end their week, pupils enjoyed some traditional Filipino games, learnt the Itik-Itik folk dance and enjoyed some treats.
Thank you to our PTFA for organising such a fun end to a fantastic week of learning and activities.
#Joy #Freedom
#BeBlackheathPrep ...
Thank you to all our parents who attended the annual Summer Garden Party last night. It was great to be able to celebrate together as we reach the end of a busy and exciting academic year.
#Community #Joy
@holroydhowe ...
Jun 30
The serious business of balancing an egg on a wooden spoon! Admirably demonstrated by pupils at the Nursery & Reception Sports Day
#Ambition #Courage #Community
#BeBlackheathPrep ...
Jun 29
As part of their Cross Curricular Week activities, pupils have been creating a Garden of Hope from recyclable materials and items usually discarded as rubbish.
Encouraging them to have an awareness of sustainabilty and the environment, pupils are learning how materials can be re-purposed to create something wonderful that gives hope and joy.
#recycle ...
Jun 28
A superb production of Matilda performed by Y6 last week. Well done to all our stars for their wonderful performances
#Joy #Courage
#matildathemusical ...
Jun 27
Summer Art Exhibition 2022 ...
It's the start of Cross Curricular Week and this year's theme is We Are All Changemakers.
All week pupils will be learning about life in the Philippines, from the language, landscape and culture to environmental issues, deforestation and sustainability.
Through a host of exciting activities pupils will learn about the positive impact they can have in the world, and raise money to plant new forests and support school pupils in the Philippines.
#BeBlackheathPrep ...
Jun 24
It's the Blackheath Prep PTFA Summer Fair tomorrow - Saturday 25 June 2022 11am - 2pm
Packed full of family fun to enjoy - a talent show, inflatables, giant bubble making, penalty shoot outs, games, art exhibition, storytelling, pizza and ice cream vans, gourmet burgers, Pimms, Prosecco, craft beers and much more...
Open to everyone in the local community. Do come and join us!
#Blackheath #Blackheathvillage #Blackheathmums #SE3 #SE10 #Greenwich #Greenwichmums #Greenwichparents #SELondonparents #Kidbrooke #Charlton
#BeBlackheathPrep ...
Jun 23
Our Y3 Strings group performed a medley of nautically themed pieces for parents today. Well done to all our musicians who have practised so hard this term!
#BeBlackheathPrep ...
Jun 22
Y6 were assessed for their Young Leaders programme today and showed great leadership, communication and teamwork skills as they coached and encouraged Y2 pupils in a variety of PE activities.
Well done to all our young leaders!
#BeBlackheathPrep ...
Jun 20
We have a limited number of Y5 places available for families wishing to join our outstanding school in September 2022.
Discover more about the broad education, superb pastoral care and rich extra-curricular programme we offer our pupils via the link in our bio
#Blackheath #SE3 #Blackheathvillage #Blackheathmums
#Greenwich #SE10 #Greenwichmums
#prepschool ...
Jun 17
Big adventures in Epping Forest for our Y3 today at the @suntrapforestcentre. Pond dipping, learning about habitats and eco-systems, identifying insects and the opportunity to handle snakes and bugs!
#Curiosity #Freedom
#BeBlackheathPrep ...
Jun 15
A great time had by Y4 on their residential trip to @hindleap.warren learning new skills, practising teamwork and being courageous
#BeBlackheathPrep ...
Jun 14
Perfect weather for some outdoor activities in Ashdown Forest on the Y4 residential trip to @HindleapWarren.
No sightings of heffalumps though...
#BeBlackheathPrep ...
Jun 8
Reception pupils have been writing about what they think may be hatching inside the giant blue egg in their classroom. Some imaginative suggestions include a rainbow penguin and a baby unicorn. We'll have to wait and see...
#BeBlackheathPrep ...
Jun 2
Wishing our families, and the whole nation, happy celebrations over the bank holiday weekend
#BeBlackheathPrep ...
May 27
What a day of celebration for the last day of term! Tea parties, royal quizzes and some truly fabulous, creative and joyful hats in school today 👏👏👏
#BeBlackheathPrep ...
May 24
We are delighted that from next academic year there will be a brand new look for Blackheath Prep's uniform, offering unisex choices and plenty of flexibility for pupils to mix and match items to their personal taste.
Our pupils are very excited about their new uniform and we can't wait to see them wearing it to school in September!
#BeBlackheathPrep ...
May 23
Great to be joined by pupils from John Ball school today for the highly entertaining Yeah Yeah Yeah singing workshop, run by the Goethe Institut. It certainly made learning German a lot of fun!
#Joy #Community
#BeBlackheathPrep #Blackheath ...
May 20
A splendid array of fruit, vegetables and herbs have been planted and tended by our young gardeners in recent weeks. Lots more seedlings now ready for planting out in our Kitchen Garden!
#Joy #BeBlackheathPrep
#allotment #kitchengarden #growyourown ...
May 19
Y1 have made a wonderfully decorative bird feeding station outside their classroom and have been recording data to show which birds visit their feeders at different times of the day
#BeBlackheathPrep ...
May 17
A glimpse of just some of the exciting activities that take place at Blackheath Prep.


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Micro 19
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Who was Semmelweis
A hungarian who traveled to Vienna to study medicine
Made the connection between transferring "poison" between cadavers and women in childbirth
Was before Pasteur and Koch, was rudely discarded and forced to go back to Hungry
study of disease patterns in populations
epidemiologists are "disease detectives"
attack rate
describes percent of people who become ill in population after exposure to infectious agent
incidence of a disease
Prevalence of a disease
the number of new cases in a specific time period in a given population
the total number of cases at any time or for a specific period in a given population
Morbidity vs mortality
morbidity refers to the incidence of disease in a population at risk
Mortality refers to the overall death rate in population
case-fatality rate
percentage of population that dies from a specific disease
endemic disease
diseases that are constantly present in a given population
: common cold is endemic in US
Sporadic disease
when cases occur only from time to time
when there is an unusually large number of cases in population
May be causes by diseases not normally present in population
describes a cluster of cases occurring during a brief time interval and affecting a specific population
may herald the onset of an epidemic
when an epidemic spreads worldwide
reservoir of infection
the natural habitat of a pathogen
sum of the potential sources of an infectious agent
portal of exit
the body orifice or surface from with a microbe is shed
portal of entry
the means of which the microbe enters through a body surface or orfice
horizontal transmission
transmission of a pathogen from one person to another through the air, by physical contact, by ingestion of food or water, or via a living agent such as an insect
vertical transmission
the transfer of a pathogen from a prego woman to fetus, or from mother to her infant during childbirth or breast feeding
inanimate objects such as clothing, table-tops, drinking glasses
can transfer pathogens via indirect contact
droplet transmission
way people can spread respiratory disease
People in close proximity can inhale droplets
results when pathogens from one food are transferred to another
droplet nuclei
composed of microbes attached to a thin coat of dried material
can remain suspended in air indefinitely in presence of even slight air currents
mechanical vector
moves microbes from one place to another
: if the fly lands on poo and picks up intestinal pathogens on it's legs, and then lands on your food
E. coli spread this way
biological vectors
Participates in the life cycle of pathogen and provides place for it to multiply
Malaria is spread this way. Mosquitos transmits but also provides place for it to multiply
who was John Snow
british physician who illustrated power of epidemiology 150 yrs ago
documented that cholera epidemics plaguing england were due to contaminated water
descriptive study
study done when a disease outbreak occurs
collect data that characterize the occurrence, from the time and place of the outbreak to the individuals affected
Info is used to compile list of possible risk factors involved in spreading disease
: the person(s), place, and time
common-source epidemic
refers to the timing of an outbreak
when a rapid rise in the numbers who become ill suggests they were all exposed to a single, common source
: contaminated chicken at picnic
propagated epidemic
refers to the timing of an outbreak
numbers of ill people rise gradually
disease is likely contagious, with one person transmitting it to several others, with then transmit it to several more
index case
the first case in an outbreak (propagated epidemic)
time btwn onset of sx and next cases reflects incubation period
analytical studies
designed to determine which of the potential risk factors identified by the descriptive studies are actually relevant in the spread of disease
cross-sectional study
surveys a range of people to determine the prevalence of such characteristics as infection, presence of risk factors associated with disease, or previous exposure to a disease-causing agent
May suggest associations btwn risk factors and disease
does NOT attempt to establish cause of disease
retrospective study
done following a disease outbreak
actions and events surrounding clinical cases (those who developed disease) are compared to those surrounding appropriate controls (who remained healthy)
case-controled study
starts with disease and attempts to id causative chain of events leading to it
prospective study
looks ahead to see if the risk factors identified by retrospective study predict a tendency to develop the disease
cohort groups
study groups that have a known exposure to the risk factor
selected and followed over time
experimental study
used to judge the cause-and-effect relationship of the risk factors, or more commonly, the preventive factors, and the development of disease
double blind study
neither researchers nor pt's know who is receiving experimental tx
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
provides support for infectious disease lab in US and abroad and collects data on diseases that impact public health
puts out weekly
Morbidity and mortality weekly report (MMWR)
which summarizes the status of many diseases
what is the most commonly reported infectious disease in us
What all does CDC do
also conducts research relating to infectious diseases
can dispatch teams worldwide to assist with identifying and controlling epidemic
Provides refresher coures for lab and infection control personnel
Acinetobacter baumannii
Common healthcare-associated infection
Environmental bacterium found on skin of healthy people
resistant to many antimicrobial meds
Causes variety of HAI including bloodstream and surgical site infections and pneumonia
Candida species
Yeasts, part of normal microbiota, common cause of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections
Some are resistant to number of antifungal meds
C diff
Toxin-producing strans of bacterium can cause diarrhea and colitis in people taking antibiotics
Because bacterium produces endospores, which can't be killed by disinfectants, thorough handwashing is important means of preventing transmission
Enterococcus species
These bacteria, part of normal intestinal microbiota, are common cause of nosocomial UTI as well as wound and bloodstream infections
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Micro 19
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Love Holds Heart Bracelet
Final Sale Item
Dangling from a bold, large rolo style bracelet, a textured sterling silver heart is swaddled by exquisitely sculpted fabric. Etched in the folds of the fabric are the words "LOVE HOLDS", evoking feelings of comfort, nurturing, closeness and warmth.
Sterling Silver
1" Charm | 7" - 8.25" Bracelet


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Check out these top BEST MMO OF 2020 list, We have listed all BEST MMO OF 2020 as per the user voting & reviews.
All the listing are based on user interest measured by our AI algorithms. We trying our best to provide you the BEST MMO OF 2020, to make it easy for your selection.
Url: www.techspot.com
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23 hours ago
· Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game. Lord of the Rings Online. Click on image for gameplay video. EVE Online. Black Desert Online. World of Warcraft…
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Url: twinfinite.net
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Url: mmo-population.com
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· Best MMORPGs to Play 2020 Guild Wars 2 is one of the most popular MMORPGs in the world and is still committed to the Living World model that has dominated the last few years of content.
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132 rows · Top MMOs in 2020. MMOs with the most active subscribers, and highest total population …
Url: www.techradar.com
31 hours ago
Shadowbringers has often been praised as the best MMO expansion of all time. The fact that six months on from the release of the expansion players are still singing its praises is also something of a wonder these days. There is no doubt that as of the time of writing it, in January 2020 Final Fantasy XIV …
Url: www.gameskinny.com
28 hours ago
· Explore vast, fantastical worlds with the best MMO games 2020 has to offer. MMOs are Massively Multiplayer Online games and offer a gaming experience like no other.
Url: www.nerdmuch.com
12 hours ago
World of Dragon Nest. Developer: Eyedentity Games Platforms: PC, Mobile Release date: 08 Jan 2020 World of Dragon Nest is a cross-platform MMORPG for PC and mobile devices, which is a sequel to …
Url: www.gamersdecide.com
27 hours ago
· New MMORPGs 2020: New & Upcoming MMOs (Updated!) 1 New World MMO. Release Date: May 2020 DELAYED to August 25, 2020 DELAYED TO SPRING 2021 Newly formed Amazon …
Url: www.reddit.com
30 hours ago
· Top 10 Ultimate Best MMORPGs To Play in 2019/2020. We've all been there, that tough moment after getting done playing another MMORPG. Now we have to conduct research to find the next best mmorpg that we're going to dominate. Top 10 Ultimate Best MMORPGs To Play in 2019/2020
Url: www.thelivemirror.com
7 hours ago
· Which is the best MMORPG to get into in mid 2020? So to explain im a huge MMORPG fan but recently it just seems like the genre is lacking. Due to the pandemic I have tons of time and I …
Url: beebom.com
33 hours ago
· Best MMO & MMORPG to play 2019: The full form of (MMORPG) is Massively multiplayer online role-playing game in which players get an opportunity to play someone's role and interact with others throughout the world.No one across the world can deny the popularity of MMORPG…
Url: mmopulse.com
32 hours ago
· GREAT article! Two thumbs up and 5/5 stars! Thanks for sharing your wisdom with regards to the best MMORPGs available to play free in 2020. I play GW2 mainly right now, but played …
Url: thetecsite.com
33 hours ago
The Best MMORPG Graphics Of All Time As of 2020 – MMORPG Top Lists – MMOPulse. We've combed through all of the MMORPGs that has shown up in the past two decades and chosen the …