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Global Single Loop Controller Market is expected to reach US$ 112.04 Mn. by 2027 at a CAGR of 2.19 during the forecast period.
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Full text of "NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 20100012877: A Simulation-Based Approach to Training Operational Cultural Competence"
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A Simulation-Based Approach to Training Operational Cultural Competence Dr. W. Lewis Johnson Alelo, Inc. ljohnson@alelo. com Abstract. Cultural knowledge and skills are critically important for military operations, emergency response, or any job that involves interaction with a culturally diverse population. However, it is not obvious what cultural knowledge and skills need to be trained, and how to integrate that training with the other training that trainees must undergo. Cultural training needs to be broad enough to encompass both regional (culture-specific) and cross-cultural (culture- general) competencies, yet be focused enough to result in targeted improvements in on-the-job performance. This paper describes a comprehensive instructional development methodology and training technology framework that focuses cultural training on operational needs. It supports knowledge acquisition, skill acquisition, and skill transfer. It supports both training and assessment, and integrates with other aspects of operational skills training. Two training systems will be used to illustrate this approach: the Virtual Cultural Awareness Trainer (VCAT) and the Tactical Dari language and culture training system. The paper also discusses new and emerging capabilities that are integrating cultural competence training more strongly with other aspects of training and mission rehearsal. 1. INTRODUCTION There is a growing awareness of the need for intercultural knowledge and skills across a wide range of disciplines. Recent conflicts in Iraq, Afghanistan, and other countries have highlighted the importance of cultural issues in 21 st century military operations [14]. Multicultural workplaces, health care and educational settings, and emergency response teams are just some of the other contexts in which intercultural knowledge and skills have been found to be important [5], [10], [15], [16], [17]. This need for intercultural knowledge and skills poses a significant training challenge. Experts in the language education community, such as the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL), commonly assert that true cultural competence arises only after years of immersion in the target culture, as part of a language education program [13]. Unfortunately, relatively few specialists get the opportunity to devote that much time to cultural training. For example, many service members deploying to Iraq and Afghanistan get just a few hours of cultural awareness training, and some get none at all [9]. This paper describes a simulation-based approach to cultural competency training realized in the Alelo family of training products. It is intended to help trainees who may not be cultural specialists quickly develop cultural skills they need to be effective in intercultural settings. This includes the knowledge and skills necessary to handle common intercultural interactions, as well as the adaptability needed to cope with unexpected intercultural interactions. Crucially, it utilizes simulations of intercultural situations that trainees are likely to encounter in the course of carrying out their jobs or missions, which helps trainees develop the skills and confidence necessary to apply intercultural skills in those situations. The approach also supports the assessment of cultural competence by testing trainees in simulated intercultural encounters. Although intercultural skill is an important outcome of this training, it is not the only desired outcome. Researchers in cross-cultural competence such as Abbe, et al. [2], have argued that intercultural competence has knowledge and affective components as well as skill components, and that all three should be promoted in culturally competent individuals. Therefore, the Alelo training method does not rely solely on simulations, but integrates simulation-based training with multimedia instruction and affective elements, employed in a coordinated fashion to help trainees develop robust intercultural competence. We have developed a cultural analysis and instructional design methodology, called the Situated Culture Methodology (SCM), which facilitates the creation of training courses that utilize this approach. SCM focuses sociocultural data collection and instructional design on situations that trainees are most likely to encounter in the context of their work activities. This provides a necessary focus to the cultural training. Cultural training courses can have a tendency to turn into a litany of facts about the target culture — of interest to the cultural specialist, but of questionable value to the ordinary intercultural practitioner. SCM focuses on culture relevant to the job or mission context, resulting in training that is more coherent and effective in achieving its intended learning outcomes. This approach has been employed to develop a variety of Alelo training courses, such as the Tactical Language family of language and culture training courses [8] and the Virtual Cultural Awareness Trainer (VCAT) [4]. Tens of thousands of trainees have made use of these courses to date, with demonstrated positive impacts on cultural competence as well as overall operational effectiveness [11]. 2. EXAMPLE TRAINING MATERIALS Two courses will serve as examples for following discussion: Tactical Dari and VCAT. Tactical Dari is a PC-based serious game that helps learners acquire 187 operational knowledge of the Dari language and Afghan culture. VCAT helps trainees develop pre-deployment cultural awareness of the Horn of Africa. Both provide training in language and cultural skills, although Tactical Dari places greater emphasis on language skills and VCAT puts greater emphasis on cultural awareness and operational cultural knowledge. Figure 1. Tactical Dari nonverbal interaction quiz Tactical Dari includes interactive lessons that focus on common skills relating to interpersonal interaction in a Dari-speaking context, such as greetings, introductions, arranging meetings. discussing business with counterparts, etc. The course addresses all aspects of interpersonal communication in such contexts, including appropriate forms of address, gestures and body language, and social norms for hospitality and relationship building in conducting business. These concepts are all taught in the context of interactive lessons and exercises. Figure 1 shows one such exercise. Here the learner is asked to identify appropriate gestures and body language for men greeting each other for the first time in Afghanistan. Tactical Dari then gives learners opportunities to practice their intercultural skills in simulated encounters with Afghans. Figure 2 shows such a simulated meeting. The player character, gesturing on the left, is leading a team engaged in discussions with the village leader and other elders (right) about collaborating on a reconstruction project. The trainee plays his role by speaking into a headset microphone in the Dari language and selecting appropriate gestures for his or her character. The built-in speech processing system interprets the trainee's speech in context and causes the non-player characters to generate socially and culturally appropriate responses. In order to succeed in a scene such as this, trainees must employ a wide range of cultural skills. For example, they should remember to introduce everyone in their team. They should inquire about the elder's family, but not in a way that causes embarrassment (e.g.. by inquiring inappropriately about female family members). They should make appropriate use of Dari phrases expressing respect and humility, at socially appropriate times. For example, they should make use of the Dari phrase /naame khudaa/ (Thanks be to God) in acknowledging the leader's good fortune as well as one's own. Trainees thus learn not just to understand and recognize culturally appropriate behavior, but are able to practice until they become skilled at behaving the right way at the right times. Figure 2. Meeting with Afghan village elders VCAT is a Web-based training course, accessed via Joint Knowledge Online. When trainees start the course they indicate the particular country they will deploy to, their level of seniority, and the type of mission they are likely to undertake in the region. VCAT then automatically selects a tailored curriculum that focuses on their particular needs. Figure 3. VCAT culture-general feedback HoA range from 90* F to i06« F. 7h*s makes the region one of the Figure 4. Introduction to the physical environment in the Horn of Africa 188 At the start of the course trainees are given a general introduction to culture — what it is, and why it is important. They are also introduced to six general dimensions of culture: physical environment, social structure, political structure, economic structure, and cultural perspectives and practices. This provides learners with a conceptual framework for understanding culture and how it applies to their mission and activities in country. Figure 3 shows feedback from a quiz at the end of this section, where the learner is tested on these general cultural concepts. VCAT then introduces trainees to the culture of their region of interest. Like Tactical Dari, it includes lesson modules that introduce cultural concepts. These touch on the various dimensions of culture relevant to operations in the Horn of Africa. For example. Figure 4 shows part of the course that introduces trainees to the physical environment of the Horn of Africa, particularly the hot climate. Climate is important in HO A in part because it affects when and how people work and conduct business. People are less likely to be available to work at the hottest times of the day. and offering and receiving drinks is an important aspect of hospitality when meeting with people in the region. As in Tactical Dari, trainees get opportunities to practice their cultural skills in immersive simulations. Trainees are not required to speak in the local language on behalf of their avatar, but they are required to make choices in the context of the situation, and thereby become skilled at behaving appropriately in that situation. Figure 5 illustrates one such scenario. Here the trainee character (right) is engaged in a meeting with the local health minister to discuss a mission to deliver medical supplies. The minister has offered the trainee water to drink, and the trainee must decide whether to accept it. The trainee must consider the health risks of drinking water that may be contaminated, the health risks of not drinking fluids in such a hot climate, as well as the risk of offending the health minister by declining the offer. Such situations require trainees to apply their cultural knowledge in complex situations where multiple factors are involved. Thus they are more likely to be prepared when they are required to put their cultural skills into practice. Figure 5. Practicing cultural skills 3. THE SITUATED CULTURE METHODOLOGY A key challenge in developing such culture courses is determining what cultural information is relevant to the trainee's needs and presenting it appropriately. Cultural literacy approaches (e.g.. [3]) tend to present a range of facts about the culture, but do not give much consideration to which of those facts might be relevant to trainees and contribute to useful intercultural skills. Cultures are rich and varied, and so descriptions of a given culture can easily become very large and wide- ranging. An effective cultural training approach needs to take cultural information, which may be interesting in its own right from an anthropological perspective, and focus on the material most relevant to trainee needs in specific contexts. Military approaches to teaching culture, such as the Marine Corps's notion of operational culture [14], are a step in the right direction. They focus on cultural information that is relevant to military operations. But even that provides insufficient focus for the purpose of intercultural-skills training. In the military case, for example, successful intercultural-skills training requires knowing about culture that is operationally focused as well as operator-focused \ i.e., focused on what an individual military operator (servicemember in the field) needs to know' and be able to do to be effective in the intercultural situations they are likely to encounter in military operations. Similar concerns arise in nonmilitary courses, such as our goEnglish course (www.goEnglish.me), developed to teach American English and American Culture worldwide. The focus there is to provide learners with an understanding of culture and communicative skills they are likely to need in everyday situations they are likely to encounter when they come to the United States. These concerns led Alelo to develop a methodology for designing intercultural competence courses known as the Situated Culture Methodology (SCM). An overview of the SCM approach is shown in Figure 6. 3.1 Focus on operational context SCM focuses the curriculum on the operational context: the range of situations in which the trainee is expected to apply the cultural knowledge being taught. The factors involved in considering operational context are depicted in the top left of Figure 6. First, it is necessary to determine the desired scope of the course: the size of the region that trainees are being trained for, the degree of cultural proficiency sought, and the range of jobs and missions the trainees are being prepared for. In most training courses, the scope of the course is constrained by the amount of time available to train, which is typically quite limited. For example, trainees who train using the VCAT course are expected to have an average of only four hours of training time. The program of instruction for each trainee must therefore by very narrow in scope. 189 Social arid Cult u rai L Cnntpxt I Far.tnre 1 a r Scope Scenario Mission _i >v Situated Culture L. 1 Integration of Language & Culture V r Situated Culture Learning Objectives J Cross- Cultural Competence Performance Objectives Teach, Observe, * Detailed Situated Culture Practice Learning Objectives Curriculum Figure 6. Situated Culture Methodology To maximize training effectiveness for each trainee while complying with stringent limitations on training time, we generally adopt an approach in which the scope of the course is adapted for each individual trainee through tailored programs of instruction. When trainees begin a course, they complete a brief questionnaire in which they indicate the nature of their job and anticipated overseas assignment. The training software platform then dynamically configures the curriculum to fit those job requirements. In the case of Tactical Dari, the servicemember's rank and specialty help to determine the scope of the curriculum. In the case of VCAT, seniority helps to determine the curriculum focus, as well as the specific country in the Horn of Africa that the servicemember is deploying to. This means that the curriculum designer needs to plan for not just one course scope, but multiple scopes, each of which may involve different learning objectives. To determine the cultural knowledge associated with a particular scope, instructional designers identify scenarios and missions that are typical for a given rank or specialty in the cultural region of interest. These, in turn, suggest common situations that trainees are likely to encounter, e.g., meetings with local leaders and counterparts, chance encounters with children in the street, or patient interviews in a medical clinic. These situations are what provide the primary context and focus for the courses. The cultural training course is successful if it can properly train people to be effective in the intercultural exchanges they are likely to encounter in those situations. Those situations also help to determine the specific learning objectives that are captured in the curriculum design. These typically include both cultural-competence objectives as well as language-skill objectives, since both may be necessary tn rnnp with a oivpn crpnnri n Although the scope of the curriculum depends upon the responsibilities of the individual trainee, there is typically a significant amount of overlap in each individualized curriculum. Some cultural skills, such as culturally appropriate greetings, are likely relevant regardless of the trainee's job. Some skills, particularly cross-cultural competence skills, are relevant regardless of the target culture. In some cases the trainees' job responsibilities cannot be anticipated with precision. Moreover, in practice there are limitations to the amount of individualized training materials that can be authored and developed. These factors serve to limit the variability in the situated-culture training objectives. 3.2 Organize around cultural dimensions and factors Once the situated-culture learning objectives are identified, the next step is to identify cultural information that addresses those learning objectives, and organize it for inclusion in the training course. To help make it easier for trainees to understand what cultural information is relevant for operational purposes, we organize the cultural material along six dimensions: social structure, physical environment, political structure, economic structure, perspectives, and practices. The social, physical, political, and economic factors are concerned more with the macrosocial aspects of culture. Perspectives and practices are concerned more with factors relating to the microsocial, or one-on- one interactions, and provide more of an individual- or operator-oriented view. Perspectives include time orientation, individualism vs. collectivism, task-oriented vs. relationship-oriented working relations, and other attitudes toward personal relations. Practices include discourse genres, conversational culture, nonverbal communication, politeness norms, formalitv vs. 190 informality, and other factors influencing cultural action. To ensure that the cultural material under each cultural dimension is relevant to the operational context, each cultural dimension is subdivided into cultural factors, which are a set of cultural topics that are frequently relevant to operational applications. For example, the physical environment dimension includes the following topics: division of the terrain into cultural regions, patterns of land use across the region, patterns of human movement and contact between regions, access to drinking and irrigation water, and access to energy and fuel. By working through the target scenarios with subject matter experts, it is possible to identify cultural factors that are likely to be relevant. For example, in a humanitarian assistance scenario in VC AT, access to potable water and electrical power turned out to be critical factors in locating a site for a medical relief station. To further focus the research and identify relevant cultural information, we consider operational cultural questions associated with each factor. Operational culture questions are questions pertaining to a cultural factor that commonly arise in the context of a given type of operation. We have gathered operational culture questions from military culture resources, (e.g., [14]), and extend the set of such questions as needed to serve the goals of the course curriculum. Using these questions in interviews with subject matter experts can help uncover additional cultural factors that need to be considered in the course. For example, a number of operational culture questions pertain to water and power, such as who has access to it, who provides or controls access to it, and how local people deal with shortages of it. In addition to identifying relevant cultural factors and skills, we seek to identify optimal metacultural skills - knowledge and skills that are useful in any cross- cultural situation. The successful use of these skills is commonly referred to as cross-cultural competence. Cross-cultural competence can come into play in explaining why particular cultural factors pertain in a particular situation and to draw lessons that learners can apply in the future to similar situations. Consider for example the case of a humanitarian relief scenario in which local officials make requests or proposals that, from an American perspective, are considered inappropriate, such as asking for preferential treatment for their family or tribe. This affords the trainee opportunities to reinforce metaskills such as perspective taking and not being judgmental about differences in social norms and attitudes. 3.3 Design performance-oriented curriculum Once the cultural learning objectives have been identified and the cultural content has been researched and organized, we then design the cultural curriculum materials. Based on the analysis of relevant cultural factors described above, a detailed set of situated- culture learning objectives are defined. Most social and cultural factors involve a combination of knowledge-oriented learning objectives (e.g., the ability to recall cultural facts about the region of interest) and skill-oriented learning objectives (the ability to apply cultural knowledge in specific settings to achieve particular objectives). This typically results in a coordinated set of learning materials to cover each cultural topic: presentation materials and exercises that help ensure that trainees understand the relevant cultural concepts and how they apply to task objectives, and dramatized scenarios that help learners to develop the necessary skills and the ability to apply them in typical situations at a desired performance level. Simulation therefore plays an essential role in the resulting courses, particularly in developing and reinforcing the intercultural skills. However, simulation-based activities must be supported by other learning activities that help develop the underlying cultural knowledge. This motivates the hybrid instructional designs of training products such as Tactical Dari and VC AT, which interleave interactive multimedia instruction and simulation-based training. Although the emphasis of this discussion has been on learning cultural skills, it should be evident that language skills are involved as well. Many of the detailed skills involve communicating with host nationals to achieve particular objectives. For this reason, foreign language skills are an essential part of the courses that we develop. This is a controversial point in some circles; for example, some in the military have argued that military operators can rely on interpreters, or even translation devices, and therefore have little need for language skills beyond some minimal vocabulary [1]. Recent experience in operations in Iraq and Afghanistan give reason to call that position into question. For example, a Marine Corps Center for Lessons Learned (MCCLL) study of the use of Tactical Iraqi training by the 3 rd Battalion, 7 th Marines indicated that there were not enough interpreters assigned to the battalion to support every encounter between Marines in the unit and host nationals, so that it was beneficial to make sure that every squad had at least one or two individuals with Arabic language training. The MCCLL study [11] showed also that even basic language skills facilitated operational culture objectives, because it demonstrated that the Marines were knowledgeable about the host nation culture and were open and receptive to intercultural interchange. We believe that one reason why the language training in Alelo's courses is effective is because, unlike most conventional language courses and language learning software, the language-learning objectives are so closely tied to cultural-learning objectives and situated- task objectives. The language-learning objectives are in support of particular intercultural communicative skills. Popular language-learning software packages, such as Rosetta Stone, deliberately disregard cultural factors to make it easier to create a family of language courses that all teach in a uniform way. Alelo courses also contrast with language courses that promote general language proficiency, regardless of task application. 191 The design methodology described above assumes that when training time is limited, a more efficient training approach may be to focus on language skills that are involved in the specific communicative skills of interest. Because intercultural skills are applied in particular situational and task contexts, it is appropriate to consider integrating cultural-skills training with other skills training. A recently developed capability, named Virtual Role Players (VRP), makes precisely that possible. Small units may practice missions in immersive simulations where they can practice their culture and language skills in encounters with simulated non-player characters. Once this capability is more broadly put to use, intercultural communication skills will simply become part of the broader range of skills that trainees employ to carry out their training exercises. The SCM methodology is an iterative design approach. Once early versions of cultural training products are developed, they undergo pilot testing with representative users. Revisions are then made to scenarios, situations, learning objectives, or learning content to reflect end-user needs and feedback, as appropriate. 4. THE ROLE OF SUBJECT MATTER EXPERTS Subject matter experts (SMEs) play critical roles throughout the SCM development process. There are three main types of subject matter experts: task experts, culture experts, and language experts. Task experts are familiar with how to conduct the scenario or mission; typically they have experience conducting missions in the area of focus, and understand how the local culture can influence the conduct of the mission. Culture experts are native to the region, and ideally have some expertise in analyzing and explaining culture. Language experts have native or near-native proficiency in the target language, and ideally have the metalinguistic skills to reflect on language forms and the language- teaching skills to explain them to learners who are unfamiliar with the language. Sometimes a SME may play more than one role at once, e.g., a culture SME may have linguistic knowledge, or may have worked as an interpreter in the region of interest and therefore may have some mission experience. The more specific and remote the region of interest, the more difficult it can be to find culture and language SMEs who have expertise that is accurate and up-to- date, and also have the ability to reflect on and explain it. To cope with this problem, we typically rely on multiple SMEs with overlapping knowledge, and triangulate between SMEs, as well as between SMEs and other resources. We typically start with one or more SMEs who have broad knowledge of the general area and good ability to articulate and explain it. These individuals can help provide general background, as well as identify important dimensions of cultural variability and diversity in the region. We then refine this with specific information obtained from SMEs with more local knowledge. We try to interview both male and female SMEs, in order to get a well-rounded picture of the target culture. Triangulating between SMEs is particularly helpful in developing learning materials for courses with multiple overlapping scopes (e.g., multiple countries or local regions within the same area) or whose scope overlaps with that of a previous course (e.g., cultural factors in the Tactical Dari course overlapped with those in an earlier Tactical Pashto course, since the two languages are spoken in the same region). In the case of task expertise the requisite knowledge is more widely available and tends to be well documented, at least for military task expertise. However, SMEs who have the most specific and in-depth knowledge are often active-duty personnel with limited availability. So we typically try to rely on a combination of multiple SMEs here as well. Task SMEs with the most current and accurate knowledge help define the task requirements and validate scenario designs for accuracy. Then we may rely on other task SMEs who are retired and no longer currently involved with such missions, but who have access to current resources and reports, to add further detail to the task descriptions, as needed. Work with SMEs progresses in stages, to inform the design process as well as possible and to aid in validation of the content. In the first stage, the focus of discussion with SMEs is on outlines of the task and scenarios (in the case of task SMEs) and cultural and linguistic topics (in the case of culture and language SMEs, respectively). This may initially consist only of a summary of common subtasks to perform, and common phrases and communication requirements. This is used as the basis for creating outlines of the curriculum scenarios. We then ask SMEs to review and approve these outlines. The culture researchers on the team then conduct preliminary research from Internet and library resources, and then follow up later with the SMEs for additional information gathering and review. The primary method for gathering detailed cultural information from cultural SMEs is ethnographic interviews. In principle, ethnographic observation in real-world contexts is desirable, but is often impractical, particularly in hazardous overseas locations. Role- playing exercises are also helpful to elicit further details about cultural practices and this method is used for targeted information gathering. This method is particularly valuable in gathering information about nonverbal communication and other aspects of culture that are implicit or tacit and need to be made more explicit. We also ask SMEs to write dialogs in the foreign language that are typical for the target scenario; this helps to clarify what specific language skills and cultural skills are involved. During the authoring phase, it is desirable to have SMEs available on an ongoing basis to answer specific questions and review authored content for accuracy. Often some of these SMEs become members of the authoring team, and help edit and review material. 192 5. ADDRESSING CROSS-CULTURAL COMPETENCY STANDARDS Cultural competency training is an evolving field, and broadly accepted standards are not yet established. However, cultural training standards are emerging in the military training arena, and so it is worthwhile to compare military courses developed using the SCM approach against these standards. Other disciplines such as medicine and education have their own cultural competency standards, and so courses developed in those fields would need to be compared against those standards. The Defense Regional and Cultural Capabilities Assessment Working Group (RACCA WG) [12] has identified forty cultural competencies relevant to military training. These were intended to be oriented to the cultural training needs of junior military personnel, and so are not precisely suited for all of Alelo's courses. Nevertheless, they provide a useful basis for comparison. VCAT, in particular, does a fairly good job of addressing the RACCA learning objectives. Of the forty cultural competencies identified by the RACCA WG, VCAT addresses twenty-six of them, and partially addresses an additional nine. The remaining objectives are primarily culture-general and not oriented toward foreign military operations (e.g., focusing on American military culture). The ability to meet the full range of RACCA WG learning objectives within a given course is constrained by the amount of available training time. VCAT, in particular, is designed to be completed in a short period of time and this necessitates focusing strongly on cultural skills that can be put to immediate use in overseas deployments. If, in the future, cultural training is given greater emphasis and, therefore, training time, it will be possible to incorporate more cross-cultural competence skills within the SCM framework. Older Tactical Language courses, such as Tactical Iraqi and Tactical Dari, cover a more limited range of cultural skills, in part because they give greater emphasis to language skills. However, we are taking lessons from VCAT and supporting a wider range of cultural learning objectives in current language and culture courses. For example, the new Operational Indonesian course includes a module on culture and metacultural skills, and provides learners with a framework for understanding culture in general as they learn about the particular cultures and languages of Indonesia. 6. TECHNOLOGY IMPLICATIONS A range of software tools and instruction delivery technologies can be employed to support the methodology described above. Alelo has already developed many of these technologies and others are the subject of ongoing research and development. • Cultural information management tools are needed to gather, annotate, and organize cultural information. We currently use Google Notebook for initial data collection and Fedora for managing media assets. • Authoring tools are needed to specify the content to be delivered. These should support collaborative authoring, including participation by SMEs. It should support both interactive multimedia authoring and interactive simulation authoring. We have developed a Web-based authoring portal named Kona, to meet this need [7]. • The authoring tools and content delivery tools should support tailoring of the content for the needs of individual trainees. We have therefore incorporated such tailoring functions into each of our content delivery systems [8]. For courses that are delivered using SCORM- compliant learning management systems, such as VCAT, we rely on the advanced sequencing functions in SCORM to tailor the curriculum. • Since trainees typically have limited time to train, it is desirable to provide trainees options for continuing their training and maintaining their skills. Ideally, these should provide trainees the option of training anywhere, anytime, to maximize their available training time. To meet this need, we have developed multi-platform content delivery systems to deliver content on whichever delivery platform trainees find most convenient, including the handheld platforms [6]. • Since cultural skills training developed using the SCM method is closely aligned with task training, it is useful to provide the option of training intercultural skills and task skills together. Alelo's Virtual Role Player training capability, that integrates artificially intelligent virtual role players into multiplayer training systems, helps to meet this need. 7. SUMMARY This paper has presented an approach for cultural competency training, which is designed to help trainees quickly acquire useful intercultural skills. An authoring methodology, Situated Culture Methodology, has been created to develop these courses. This methodology results in courses that are tailored to the needs of individual trainees, and provides good coverage both of regional cultural competency and cross-cultural competency, in a limited amount of training time. Courses designed using this method are available for download from the Alelo support Web site, as well as on Joint Knowledge Online. 8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to acknowledge various members of the Alelo team who contributed to the work described here, including Dr. Suzanne Wertheim, Dr. Andre Valente, Michelle Flowers, Rebecca Row, LeeEllen Friedland, and Kristen Russell. Thanks to LeeEllen Friedland for her comments on this article. 193 This work was funded by the US Joint Forces Command, USMC Program Manager for Training Systems, the Office of the Secretary of Defense, and the Defense Language Institute. Opinions expressed in this article are those of the author, and not of the US Government. 9. REFERENCES 1. Abbe, A. (2008). Building Cultural Capability for Full-Spectrum Operations. U.S. Army Research Institute technical report, study report 2008-04. 2. Abbe, A.; Gulick, L.M.V.; & Herman, J.L. (2008). Cross-Cultural Competence in Army Leaders: Conceptual and Empirical Foundation . U.S. Army Research Institute technical report, study report 2008- 01 . 3. Arvizu, S.; & Saravia-Shore, M. (1990). "Cross- cultural literacy. An anthropological approach to dealing with diversity". Education and Urban Society 22 (4) 364-376. 4. Camacho, J. (2009). "Next Generation JKO". Military Training Technology 14 (5), September- October. Available at http://www.military-training- technology.com/mt2-archives/197-mt2-2009-volume- 14-issue-5-/l 925-next-generation-jko.html. 5. Earley, P.C. (1987). "Intercultural training for managers: A comparison of documentary and interpersonal methods". The Academy of Management Journal 30 (4), 685-698. 6. Johnson, W.L.; Valente, A.; & Heuts, R. (2008). "Multi-platform delivery of game-based learning content." New Learning Technologies 2008 Orlando SALT Conference. 7. Johnson, W.L. & Valente, A. (2008). "Collaborative Authoring of Serious Games for Language and Culture". In Proceedings of SimTecT 2008. 8. Johnson, W. L. & Valente, A. (2009). "Tactical Language and Culture Training Systems: using AI to teach foreign languages and cultures". In AI Magazine 30 (2), 72-84. 9. Khatchadourian, R. (2009). "The Kill Company". The New Yorker , July 9, 2009. 10. Kosoko-Lasaki, S., Cook, C.T., & O'Brien, R.L. (2008). Cultural Proficiency in Addressing Health Disparities . Boston: Jones & Bartlett. 11. MCCLL (2008). "Tactical Iraqi Language and Culture Training System" Marine Corps Center for Lessons Learned Newsletter 4 (8), 4. 12. McDonald, D.P., McGuire, G.; Johnson, J.; Selmeski, B.; & Abbe, A. (2008). Developing and managing cross-cultural competence within the Department of Defense: Recommendations for learning and assessment. Technical report, RACCA WG. 13. National Foreign Language Center (NFLC) (2007). Cultural Proficiency Guidelines (3.2). On line at www.nflc.org/culture-prof-guide_3-2.pdf. 14. Salmoni, B.A. & Holmes-Eber, P. (2008). Operational Culture for the Warfighter: Principles and Applications. Quantico, VA: Marine Corps University Press. 15. Schneider, P. & Sadowski, D. (2009). "The effects of intercultural collaboration strategies on successful PhD education". Proc. of IWIC 2009. New York: ACM Press. 16. Sorcher, M. and R. Spence. 1982. "The interface project: Behavior modeling as social technology in South Africa". Personnel Psychology 35(3), 557-581. 17. US Dept, of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) (2008). Cultural competency curriculum for disaster preparedness and crisis response. On line at https://cccdpcr.thinkculturalhealth.org/ 194


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36 Secrets of Courtship
36 Secrets of Courtship
Three lotharios vie to become principal of the Macho Man Training School, an extremely non-monastic institution dedicated to extremely non Shaolin-types of physical exertion, in this strange and erotic farce of the classic 36th Chamber Of Shaolin.36 Secrets of Courtship featuring Ai Ti and Ling Tai is not currently available to stream, rent, or buy but you can add it to your want to see list for updates. It's a comedy movie with a less than average IMDb audience rating of 4.8 (28 votes).
Where to Watch 36 Secrets of Courtshipi
Cast & Crew
Reelgood Watch Guide
Not available to watch free online.
Not available to stream on a subscription service.
Not available to stream on a TV everywhere service.
Not available to rent or buy.
#29790 Ranked in Comedy Movies
36 Secrets of Courtship has a less than average IMDb audience rating of 4.8 (28 votes). The movie is somewhat popular with Reelgood users lately.


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On Air Now
The Capital Late Show with Marvin Humes 10pm - 1am
Three Peas join Roberto on the Jingle Bell Ball couch for a brilliant interview. Watch it now.
Will.i.am, Taboo and apl.de.ap joined Roberto on the Jingle Bell Ball couch ahead of their headline set at The Jingle Bell Ball. Watch the interview below.
See more Black Eyed Peas Music


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Memory Muscles
About a year ago, I was getting increasingly frustrated and concerned by my failing memory. I was constantly losing my keys, my phone, water bottle, etc. And when I'd go to look for something, I'd forget what I was looking for! Or I'd walk into a room and not remember why I'd walked in there. Several years before, I'd taken voice lessons and, struggle as I might, I could not memorize the songs I was learning. I would hit the same wall with pieces I was learning on piano. And with people, I'd forget names. With books, I'd get to the end and not remember what I'd read. Old age, I guess. But I wasn't happy because I'd once had an excellent memory. An uncannily excellent memory. My brain was a bank of phone numbers, birthdays, names, faces, directions, and more. When I was 14 and we were starting "A Tale of Two Cities" in English I, Mrs. Edwards told us never to forget that Gaspard was the name of the tall joker who wrote "Blood"


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Right here is the top penis pump we suggest based on our research:
Bathmate Length Gains
Top Recommendation: The Bathmate HydroX
Bathmate Length Gains
What happens if I told you there is a pump that makes your penis larger as well as more difficult without any effort, pain, or risk to your sex-related health?
It just takes fifteen mins a day (that's likely how long you invest in the bathroom or shower).
Complying with the Bathmate regular on a regular basis is all you have to do to enhance your penis size both in length/width as well as enhance your erection firmness by 30%.
Penis pumping. It sounds scary, best? I make sure you've found out about those vacuum cleaner penis pumps that are marketed in sex shops. What are they for?
In this post, we will discuss the Bathmate Hydromax pump, which was established to expand the penis both in size as well as width. Hydromax also assists guys to enhance their erection at the same time.
Have you tried any type of penis augmentation tablets, gadgets, or extending techniques? Have you seen those penis augmentation frauds all over the net?
I make certain you are pretty unconvinced regarding any all-natural penis enhancement technique or item available on the market. In this write-up, we will damage all the misconceptions concerning penis enhancement.
Why choose the Hydromax penis pump?
The Bathmate Hydromax penis pump is for you if you satisfy the adhering to criteria:
You have no time to wear penis enhancement gadgets (six to nine hrs a day).
You do not wish to risk your health and wellness by using a device.
You do not intend to take pills that increase your erection without irreversible outcomes.
You do not intend to perform any kind of penis augmentation experiments.
You do not require to spend for specific shipment. Your package can be shipped to any type of country cost free.
Before we begin to talk about the Hydromax penis pump advantages and any type of feasible buy from the main site of the supplier, I want you to comprehend why it is so important to expand your penis as well as boost erection solidity:
It is very important to feel great when revealing your penis to your sexual partner.
You ought to intend to raise your partner's need.
You need to want to please her by getting to the G-spot and also providing her a remarkable orgasm.
Women do not such as men with small penises, because they really feel unpleasant with them. Every girl wants to tell her close friends regarding her sexual experiences. And also the first thing they talk about is the dimension of the penis.
You have to stay hard during intercourse to satisfy your partner.
If you are a regular guy, you'll want to discover the easiest service to enlarge your penis without investing excessive money, time, and effort.
You desire quickly, assured, as well as permanent results. Can you achieve this with the Bathmate Hydromax pump? Absolutely. You remain in the ideal location. In this write-up, you will discover the following:
Pros of Bathmate Hydromax
Increased Penis Size
Stronger & Harder Erections
Natural & Safe to Make use of
Irreversible Results
Enhanced Penis Girth
Optimized Sexual Wellness
One-time Investment
No Pills or Supplements
Cons of Bathmate Hydromax
Demands Solid Decision
Demands to Cut More Frequently
Regular Cleaning of Device
Takes Some Time to Program Outcomes
Bathmate Length Gains
Types of Bathmate Gains
Short-term Gains
After making use of the pump for 10-15 mins, you'll promptly find 0.25 inches gain in size and also 0.75 inches in girth.
This short-term development will certainly last for one day only. And also, it 'd best if you use a couple of hours prior to making love.
Long-term Gains
The outcomes that you instantly comes to be long-term if you use the pump for a longer time period.
You can get a rise of as much as 1.5 inches and also in some cases equalize to 2 inches after simply 6 months of use.
Just how to Use
Well, the pump is very easy to utilize.
Just adhere to these basic steps to understand Exactly how to Utilize the Bathmate Penis Enlargement Pumps:
Step 1 – Stand up in the Shower
Action 2 – Fill Up the Pump with Water
Action 3 – Area Penis Inside the Pump
Step 4 – Produce Vacuum using Handball
Tip 5 – Leave for 10-15 Minutes
Step 6 – Safely Remove the Pump
Please note that the Handball to create vacuum cleaner exists only in the Bathmate HydroXtreme Collection.
In other collection, you will have to develop vacuum cleaner manually by pushing the pump towards your pubic bone.
Which Bathmate Pump is Much Better
Presently, Bathmate supplies 3 sorts of penis pumps, which are:
Hydro Collection
Hydromax Series
HydroXtreme Series
So, which pump should you pick for much better outcomes?
The initial Hydro pumps still function, but somehow they have ended up being obsolete and replaced by the HydroMax and also HydroXtreme series pumps.
The pumps of HydroXtreme Collection features the Hand Pump (Handball) which is a great addition for those that are looking for the supreme pressure adjustment, and it gives you better outcomes as compared to the Hydro or HydroMax collection.
To acquire the very best suitable pump, you require to understand the dimension of your penis. As well as, the listed below area will help you to pick the right pump for you.
If Existing Dimension: as much as 5 inches
Hydromax5 makes use of an one-of-a-kind water-based system in order to generate actual, long-term modifications. With 92% customer satisfaction, expect actual success with this product!
For those looking for a much more powerful alternative, HydroXtreme5 includes a handball device, which allows you easily make the most of the pump's stress for definitely unparalleled gains.
If Present Dimension: from 5 inches to 7 inches
Bathmate Length Gains
The globe's most preferred penis pump, Hydromax7 supplies effective, permanent length as well as girth gains, with a complete 92% fulfillment price.
With a handball set, it's much easier than ever before to unlock maximum Bathmate power as well as maximize gains with HydroXtreme7.
If Present Dimension: from 7 inches to 9 inches
With 92% of users pleased with the Hydromax collection, it's the globe's most popular penis pump for a factor.
By adding a handball for managing pump stress, the HydroXtreme9 makes it simple to increase stress.
If Present Size: more than 9 inches
It's truly worth explaining simply how big the HydroXtreme11 is. It's estimated that less than 0.01% of people have a penis over 9 inches long– the minimal length required to get maximum arise from the HydroXtreme11.
In case you are not satisfied with the outcomes, you can always return the product and also obtain your money back because it supplies 60 days no-questions-asked money-back warranty.
There are no opportunities of shedding your money.
The important point regarding the Bathmate Pumps you will certainly like one of the most is that you can see it working the very first time you use it. As well as, if you utilize consistently then you can make real gains.
Whether you're trying to find a fast pump prior to a day, or you really intend to make some irreversible gains; all we can state is you've reached give the Bathmate Pumps a try since it works.
It's mosting likely to take a while however it'll be totally worth it in the end.
Bathmate Length Gains
Introduction to Which Pump is Much better?
Before we begin the comparison, it should be recognized that both the Bathmate as well as Penomet are wonderful male improvement products that share some commonness within their characteristics. If you utilize these instruments every day and regularly, then eventually you will certainly wind up obtaining the same if not a minimum of similar results, as long as you do not avoid workouts. The sessions take anywhere from 10 to twelve mins and are exceptionally enjoyable for a male to use.
Main Factors When Selecting Between the Two Pumps
Just how much cash you can actually manage to spend on a male improvement tool: If you can not also manage to acquire either a Bathmate or a Penomet, after that do refrain so. You can acquire in development as well as dimension by just doing jelquing and also stretching. If you can manage a penis pump, nevertheless, after that recognize that you will be seeing even more gains promptly than if you were just doing stretches.
The Bathmate Hercules and also Bathmate Hydromax x30 are both reasonably valued, with the hercules setting you back a little bit less than the Hydromax x30. The Bathmate products will show you the very best outcomes quickly. Nonetheless, the very best item bundle over all comes from the Penomet Costs plan: you will receive three tubes of pump cleanser and 5 gaiters in this package making it extra worth the additional cash.
What your starting erection size is: If you are new to penis pumps and also male improvement in general, after that you should most definitely choose the Bathmate Goliath– especially if you have a tiny erection dimension. The Penomet Costs package is likewise a rewarding expense if this situation seems like you, too, as well as if you can afford it. You will certainly greater than likely match the Bathmate Hercules or Bathmate Hydromax x30 better than the bigger male improving pumps from the Bathmate and also Penomet brand names, but it will not be excessive longer until you will no longer be able to match those smaller sized pumps. It is better to leave your penis some space to grow.
Bathmate Length Gains
Similarities In Between the Bathmate as well as Penomet Products
There are several sorts of Bathmate and Penomet male improvement items that give you with the exact very same results; specifically the Bathmate Goliath as well as Penomet MAX. Given that both companies need to adhere to the safety and security procedures established by the male improvement market, that might potentially be why both brand names have similar effects on the development of different kinds of penises.
Which Pump is Best For Me?
Ultimately, it is up to you in relation to the argument over Bathmate and Penomet male improvement products. In the end, both Bathmate and Penomet products have the very same quantity of various toughness that the various other gadget might lack. If you have the cash to invest in either of the products, choose the Bathmate Xtreme for better suction and faster development and if you do not have the funds, go on as well as pick the complete Penomet package. No matter which pump you choose, you will enjoy with the growth results.
A revolutionary penis augmentation item– developed by market professionals– produced to offer an one-of-a-kind, effective as well as tried and tested technique of expanding your penis. Penomet Pump is a penis enlarger to prolong the dimension of the penis, obtain more powerful erections and can likewise assist individuals who have impotence issues. Furthermore, Penomets are extensively suggested to obtain a bigger penis without using any type of medication or surgery.
Penomet Pump
Penis size as well as Erection high quality are vital things that directly identify your sex-related confidence. Impotence (ED) endures the most from fighting with weak erection top quality.
Tension, lifestyle, food, the environment, as well as several various other factors indirectly affect the high quality of erection.
Thanks to the fact that scientific research has progressed a lot, some intense minds had a cutting-edge concept to boost erection using a "Penis pump."
Below we introduce you to 'Penomet Pump' a comfort for millions of people that have impotence and also tiny penis.
What is Penomet?
Penomet is an innovative gadget that is easy to use and makes abuse practically difficult. The Penomet plan includes an exercise strategy that notifies you regarding its usage and also the wanted outcomes.
The Penomet has attained outstanding complete satisfaction as well as security, and it is a valid seal of quality that fulfills the manufacturing standards of the European Union as well as has a test for two years prior to its launch.
The sector has actually recently awarded Penomet a number of honors, notably the very best Brand-new German Male Growth Tool 2013 and the Venus Awards for Best New Item 2013.
Bathmate Length Gains
=Something we can extract from Penomet's criticism:
Easy to use
Simple layout
Detachable bellows assist you discover gains and also extensions gradually.
Advantages of Penomet
This item helps induce a synthetic erection for those who struggle with erectile dysfunction.
Penomet can boost penis size when used long term according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
It is likewise efficient in the therapy of Peyronie's disease.
Enhance your Erection.
Bathmate Length Gains
Just how does this item job?
Penomet works making use of the vacuum production principle, therefore forcing blood to rush into the penile tissue.
Clinically speaking, metabolic stimuli can not start an erection, which may result from a problem with hormonal agents, nerves, muscular tissues, mind signals, and so on. By developing a fabricated erection, the person can take pleasure in sex as he typically does.
Penomet has approximately three vital components: bellows guard, chamber, and also shutoff. The chamber is large sufficient to accommodate the entirely set up penis, as well as the bellows protector in the opening has two functions, one to make a tight seal as well as 2 to pump.
When the flaccid penis is inside the chamber, the uncommon activity of the chamber will certainly displace the water producing a vacuum.
This vacuum dilates the blood vessels and networks the circulation to the penis chamber to create an erection.
The guards are made from high-quality rubber and also develop an impermeable seal to make sure the accumulation of vacuum stress.
When a vacuum pressure develops inside the chamber, the capillary within the penile cells broaden, and also, consequently, blood hurries against the slope, thus giving a man-made erection.
Launch the water through the shutoff to loosen the chamber to make sure that the Penomet can be removed.
To get rid of the Penomet or to launch stress, gently press the shutoff at the end of the Penomet cyndrical tube sideways.
The outcomes can be long-term if you do what the producer recommends.
Penomet is a wonderful penis pump that will certainly aid you achieve a fantastic erection presently, once the penis comes to be flaccid, you may require the pump again.
However, the advantage is that, if made use of continually for a long term period, the erection can last much longer and also can also decrease impotence.
Penomet pump has a variety of guards, as well as they have an exercise program for the penis. If you utilize it for concerning 10 weeks, you will see an impact that will be kept completely.
Research studies have revealed that the Penomet penis pump can boost penis evaluate to 1.5 ~ 2 inches, which is the outcome of long-lasting use, as well as those outcomes are permanent.
There are numerous testimonials and user testimonials that claim the reversal of impotence in several people, which is practically possible with a penis pump.
Is Penomet safe?
Yes, the Penomet pump is 100% risk-free and also suggested by the medical neighborhood to:
Improve erection top quality.
Battle versus erectile dysfunction.
To boost the thickness as well as size of the penis.
Make better blood circulation in penile tissue.
Numerous scientific studies sustain the fact that air pump for the penis are the most effective alternative to deal with light to modest erectile dysfunction, and some researches even reveal the reversal of impotence in numerous clients.
Aside from that, the Penomet building and construction design is of the highest level of comfort designs, which assures a perfect fit and excellent outcomes for a penis between 4 and also 8 inches in size.
There is a 360 ° shutoff at the Penomet tip that is a double safety valve with a pressure managing valve that will assist you maintain sufficient vacuum inside the cylinder.
Penomet has actually won numerous honors in the best product segment and has actually shown up on several internet sites, publications, and also e-commerce sites.
Every little thing You Would Like To Know Prior To Purchasing the New Bathmate Hydromax
With many male enhancement tools on the marketplace today, many people still question the results that penis pumps can deliver. To be reasonable, there are countless pump makes around that are more advertising and marketing gimmicks than actual enhancement products.
Today, we check out Bathmate Hydromax, a penis pump that is changing the landscape of how male enhancement items job as well as what makes it stand apart from the rest.
Bathmate Hydromax: What is it?
Bathmate Hydromax is a cutting-edge penis pump that makes use of the power of water stress to enhance the shape and size of your penis. The name, 'Hydro.'.
Using the power of water pressure, Bathmate Hydromax delivers real and visible results in less time when compared to the competitors. Possibly the best part is that Bathmate's results are distinct and last for the long run.
The device does not concentrate just on increasing your penis dimension. Additionally, the stamina of erection, satisfaction in sex, and also overall state of confidence all boost, according to reports given by long-time users.
The style was originally conceived and also developed in 2006 as the Bathmate Hydro collection. As the userbase raised, the developers imagined a lot more effective and also enhanced styles that improved upon the original Hydro collection. Therefore, advanced variations like the Bathmate Hydromax and also Bathmate HydroXtreme were developed.
Today, each of these Bathmate variations caters to a specific population analysis of men with specific demands. The varied usability of these products reveals that anyone may have something to gain by utilizing them.
Just How Does Bathmate Hydromax Job?
Prior to we enter the other details, getting a good understanding of exactly how Bathmate Hydromax works will certainly be a great location to start.
Bathmate Length Gains
Water-based stress is the central principle behind the Bathmate pumps. In comparison, standard penis pumps usually make use of atmospheric pressure to attempt and also extend the penis, which may result in negative effects as well as unintentional injuries in the future. With the Bathmate products, the water acts as the medium making it much safer and also supplying a much more regulated setting for the enhancement to take place.
When guys experience stimulation, the surrounding nerves around the penis get stimulated. These energetic nerves can ease the muscle mass and blood vessels in the penis. The unwinded tissues permit a bigger flow of blood right into your organ, making it presume a hard and also rigid erection. When you put on the Bathmate pump, television is already loaded with water. This creates a risk-free vacuum around your penis. The vacuum, in turn, creates pressure on your penis, making it grow in length and also girth.
The growth may be short-term. Your penis may really feel pumped as well as bigger quickly after utilizing the Bathmate pump. You may locate that it withdraws to its initial dimension after some time. Consistent and authoritative usage of the pump permits the blood vessels to grow larger. So, there's even more space for blood to stream and continue to be in your penis throughout erections. Over time, you'll find that your erections have actually presumed a brand-new and bigger dimension, and the outcomes are typically permanent if the pump is utilized correctly and also consistently.
Parts of Bathmate Hydromax.
Like any other tool, the Bathmate pumps are comprised of identifiable parts that work together to execute the pumping mechanism and also provide you the wanted penis size.
The Comfort Ring.
The convenience ring is found at the opening of the pump, where you place your penis. This part behaves as a seal in between your skin as well as the pump, which creates the tight vacuum cleaner needed to extend your penis.
The ring is developed so that it doesn't produce any discomfort versus your skin or the testicles. This comfort attribute is a preferred component for numerous users who understand that tight pressure is required for the gadget to properly function.
The Tube.
The main tube is what offers the Bathmate pump its form. Made to suit any kind of penis size, television is a cylindrical covering that tightens out right into a pointy electrical outlet at the suggestion. It's where your penis stays when the actual pumping activity happens.
The Pump.
The penis pump is located at the pointer of television on the contrary end of the convenience ring. As television pushes against your pelvic base, television begins to disperse small amounts of water, producing that pulling stress against your penis. The amount of water got rid of identifies the stress that acts on your penis. And also you have complete control over this pressure since the pump is entirely hand-operated.
The Valve.
The valve, or latch shutoff to be more precise, is the system that enables you to take care of the amount of power and pressure produced by the pump. In addition to the convenience ring as well as the pump, the valve lets you regulate the degree of stress as well as pumping you want to relate to your penis.
Types of Bathmate Penis Pumps.
The Bathmate penis pumps come in 3 major kinds. Let's check out each Hydropump collection that Bathmate offers today.
Bathmate Hydro.
The Bathmate Hydro is the initial penis hydro pump that started off the long series of pumps afterwards. Built with the cutting edge hydro pump design, this beginning design was what helped Bathmate rise with the ranks of various other traditional penis pumps that swamped the market at the time.
Proclaimed as the very first hydro pump for penis enlargement, this model is essentially the frontrunner among innovative designs that are readied to replace traditional air pumps. It.
work with improving your penis size, boosting size and also expanding the girth, all in one basic workout.
Bathmate Length Gains
Producers claim that the Hydro 7 (Hercules) is about 250% more efficient and also successful compared to ordinary air pumps. And also the success rate thus far has actually hovered around 95%. Those numbers are impressive provide just how the Hydro 7 was considered an innovative fringe aspect when it initially appeared.
The standard Bathmate Hydro can be found in one single layout currently. It's called the Hydro 7, and anyone with a penis dimension of 5 to 7 inches can utilize it. The version can be found in red, blue, or white, depending upon your preference.
Bathmate Hydromax.
The Hydromax series resembles an upgraded version of the original Hydro collection. Although it sporting activities the exact same functional components as the first Hydro style, the Hydromax versions have an extra effective pump that provides it even more power as well as efficiency.
Contrasted to the Hydro series, the Hydromax designs can churn out over 35% even more power when pumping. Outcomes are quicker and less complicated to sustain for a longer duration. In regards to hydro-pump technology for penises, the Hydromax series upped the game with its superior pumping capability and more durable outcomes.
The Hydromax series is available in three various variants depending on penis dimension. They are the Hydromax 5, Hydromax 7, as well as Hydromax 9. While the very first one is ideally suggested for penises of about 5 inches, the Hydromax 7 is for penises that reach up to 7 inches when totally set up. As the name recommends, the Hydromax 9 is far better matched for longer penises that get to 9 inches during arousal.
Rates for the Hydromax collection can begin with concerning $140 as well as increase to $193, depending upon the alternative and model.
Bathmate Hydroxtreme.
The most up to date design in Bathmate's checklist of penis pumps is the HydroXtreme. This model boosts further on the Hydromax collection and delivers even more power along with raised convenience.
The HydroXtreme might be on the greater side when it involves pricing. The results and lasting development in the penis is apparent. This series features two main technologies that make it far better than the older Hydro versions. For one, the brand-new shutoff design delivers enhanced stress when eliminating water. This suggests your penis augmentation is additionally quicker as well as much more noticeable. The HydroXtreme comes with a hand ball pump that offers you full regulatory control over the intensity of the workout.
Assembled, these new attributes make the HydroXtreme the excellent option for individuals who prepare to dive into extensive as well as result-oriented workouts that reinforce their erection. Users additionally report that the period of erection and satisfaction during climax is additionally much better than previously.


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Color: Yellow + Black
Wire: 18 AWG
Connector A: Dual Mini 6 Pin Male
Connector B: 8 Pin Male
Suitable For: For Mac Pro Video Card Power Cable
Length: 37 cm
It is used to replace your broken,damaged,cracked,unusable power cable.
Compatible with for 18AWG Dual Mini 6pin male to 8Pin male PCI-e For Mac Pro Video Card Power Cable.
Package Included:
1 x Graphics Card Power Cord


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Finest Information Mining Instruments & Software program
Information mining instruments are having fun with a dramatic enhance in curiosity, because of information traits driving immediately's companies. Clearly, information analytics is now firmly embraced by companies of all sizes and styles, and information mining is a core apply of digital transformation.
Success in information mining is all about two elements:
First, it's about which information mining strategies you utilize to extract significant insights from an unlimited ocean of information. That is completed by gathering and prepping uncooked information from innumerable sources and subjecting them to algorithms and evaluation to seek out patterns and customary components. Moreover, it's about which information mining instruments you utilize. To make certain, there's an unlimited quantity of selection in information mining instruments. So let's dive in.
What's Information Mining?
Information mining is classed as a sophisticated information evaluation method. It finds the hidden relationships and patterns that different sorts of evaluation would possibly miss. It incorporates synthetic intelligence (AI) and machine studying to identify buyer wants, discover methods to spice up income and profitability, and interact extra successfully with audiences.
Nowadays, information mining is extra highly effective than ever. It might now make the most of plentiful compute energy, and reminiscence to crunch numbers and information quickly and with extra accuracy.
What are Information Mining Instruments?
Information mining instruments will be deployed on-premises on within the cloud. Some are supplied as conventional software program, some are open supply, and lots of exist as software program as a service (SaaS) options.
These instruments use machine studying algorithms and statistical fashions to make sense of large information units. Whether or not it's social media platforms, CRM techniques, web site analytic instruments, cell functions, organizational databases, or different enterprise techniques, information mining software program helps make selections smarter, and supply higher information on which to base technique.
Not all instruments use the identical strategy. A few of the information mining strategies used are descriptive analytics, cluster evaluation, rule studying, classification, predictive analytics, regression evaluation, forecasting, and threat evaluation. Some instruments favor one strategy. Others mix a number of.
High Information Mining Instruments
eWeek evaluated many various information mining instruments. Listed below are our high picks, in no specific order:
SAS Visible Information Mining and Machine Studying
SAS Visible Information Mining and Machine Studying (VDMML) is a complete visible – and programming – interface that helps the end-to-end information mining and machine studying course of. SAS VDMML, which runs in SAS Viya, combines information wrangling, exploration, function engineering, and trendy statistical, information mining, and machine studying strategies in a single, scalable in-memory processing setting.
Key Options
- Entry, profile, cleanse and rework information with self-service information preparation capabilities with embedded AI. Can mix unstructured and structured information in built-in machine studying packages.
- Finest practices templates allow a constant begin to constructing fashions. Analytical capabilities embody clustering, regression, random forest, gradient boosting fashions, assist vector machines, pure language processing, matter detection.
- Customers can visually discover information and create and share visualizations and interactive experiences.
- Community algorithms discover the construction of networks – social, monetary, telco and others.
- Modelers and information scientists can entry SAS capabilities from their most well-liked coding setting – Python, R, Java or Lua.
- Contains entry to a public API for automated modeling; or use an API to construct and deploy customized predictive modeling functions.
- Routinely generate insights, together with abstract experiences a few undertaking and champion and challenger fashions. Easy language from embedded pure language era facilitates report interpretation and reduces the training curve.
- Automated function engineering selects the very best set of options for modeling by rating them to point their significance in remodeling information.
- Generative adversarial networks (GANs) generates artificial information, each picture and tabular, for deep studying fashions.
- Scalable in-memory analytical processing gives concurrent entry to information in reminiscence in a safe, multiuser setting and distributes information and analytical workload operations throughout nodes – in parallel – multithreaded on every node for very quick speeds.
- As the large title in analytics, SAS is often costlier than different instruments
- There are an important many instruments and sub-tools inside the SAS ecosystem. Nice for information scientists and analytics consultants, however it could possibly generally be difficult for the much less expert.
Oracle Machine Studying on Autonomous Database
Oracle Machine Studying on Autonomous Database makes use of greater than 30 in-database scalable machine studying algorithms accessible from SQL and Python APIs (together with OML4SQL and OML4Py). It helps classification, regression, clustering, affiliation guidelines, function extraction, time sequence, anomaly detection, amongst different machine studying strategies.
Key Options
- Built-in pocket book setting helps SQL, PL/SQL, Python, and markdown interpreters, the place the identical pocket book can include SQL and Python paragraphs – permitting customers to decide on the best language for the duty– and customers can model notebooks and schedule notebooks to run.
- Automated machine studying (AutoML) from a Python API (OML4Py) and no-code consumer interface (OML AutoML UI).
- Python API (OML4Py) for scalable information preparation and exploration, and mannequin constructing, analysis, and scoring.
- Retailer Python scripts and objects within the database for unified safety, backup, and restoration, and use with embedded Python execution.
- Run user-defined Python features in database spawned and managed Python engines (embedded Python execution), with built-in data-parallel and task-parallel options.
- Deploy in-database and third-party ONNX format fashions for real-time scoring through a RESTful service for mannequin administration and deployment.
- Deploy fashions from AutoML UI on to OML Providers.
- Decrease or get rid of information motion for Oracle Autonomous Database information.
- Rating information utilizing in-database fashions with built-in SQL prediction operators in SQL queries.
- Information and mannequin governance through Oracle Autonomous Database safety fashions in improvement and manufacturing.
- On-premises and cloud availability for ML capabilities.
- Oracle instruments integration, together with Oracle Analytics Cloud, Oracle Streaming Analytics, and Oracle APEX.
- Use circumstances requiring GPU compute, reminiscent of deep studying picture CNNs, usually are not supported.
- OML Notebooks, OML AutoML UI, and OML Providers can be found on Oracle Autonomous Database – Shared solely.
- Resolution is optimized for information residing in Oracle Autonomous Database so it's best for this platform.
Talend Information Cloth
Talend Information Cloth is a single, unified platform that centralizes information integration, high quality, governance and supply. It's distinctive in that it's designed to consolidate information actions, offering intelligence and collaboration capabilities to satisfy information employees at their technical stage, in a cloud-based platform.
Key Options
- 1,000+ inbuilt connectors and parts to main SaaS and on-prem functions, together with: Marketo, Workday, Salesforce.com, SAP, ServiceNow.
- Information high quality, preparation, and governance in a unified platform.
- Utility and API integration for microservices.
- Helps most databases and storage together with: AWS, Azure, Google Cloud, Snowflake, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Greenplum, SAS, Sybase, Teradata; and massive information platforms together with: Cloudera, Databricks, Google Dataproc, AWS EMR, Azure HDInsight.
- Native Spark streaming to assist real-time large information messaging techniques.
- Talend Information High quality Service scales the usage of wholesome information utilizing automated frameworks to ascertain a knowledge high quality framework.
- Prepared-to-use dashboards, ongoing monitoring and reporting.
- Belief Rating for Snowflake: the one answer that profiles whole datasets inside Snowflake Information Cloud utilizing native Snowflake processing to make sure information professionals can assess high quality at scale for wholesome, analytics-ready information.
- Self-service information APIs make creating and operationalizing compliant, no-code APIs occur quick.
- These with out Java experience could discover it difficult.
- The training curve will be steep.
RapidMiner is a enterprise analytics workbench with a give attention to information mining, textual content mining, and predictive analytics. It makes use of all kinds of descriptive and predictive strategies to offer the perception to make worthwhile selections. RapidMiner, along with its analytical server RapidAnalytics, additionally presents full reporting and dashboard capabilities.
Key Options
- As an alternative of holding full information units within the reminiscence, solely elements of the info are taken via an evaluation course of and the outcomes are aggregated in an appropriate location afterward.
- Quick efficiency because it takes the algorithms to the info as a substitute of the opposite method round.
- Graphical connection of Hadoop for the dealing with of huge information analytics.
- Meta information propagation to get rid of trial and error.
- RapidMiner can frequently observe the storage and runtime habits of study processes within the background and determine potential bottlenecks.
- No software program license charges.
- Versatile/reasonably priced assist choices.
- Quick improvement of advanced information mining processes.
- Set up takes lower than 5 min.
- Could be a steep studying curve.
IBM SPSS Modeler
IBM SPSS Modeler is a visible information science and machine studying answer designed to hurry up operational duties for information scientists. Organizations use it for information preparation and discovery, predictive analytics, mannequin administration and deployment, and machine studying to monetize information belongings.
SPSS Modeler can also be obtainable inside IBM Cloud Pak for Information, which is a containerized information and AI platform that permits you to construct and run predictive fashions on cloud and on-premises.
Key Options
- Finds patterns in textual content, flat information, databases, information warehouses, and Hadoop distributions in a multi-cloud setting.
- 40+ out-of-box machine studying algorithms.
- Combine with Apache Spark for quick in-memory computing.
- Pace information evaluation within-database efficiency and minimized information motion.
- Takes benefit of open source-based instruments reminiscent of R and Python.
- Empowers information scientists of all expertise, programmatic and visible.
- Facilitates a hybrid strategy — on-premises and within the public or personal cloud.
- Begin small and scale to an enterprise-wide, ruled strategy.
- Might be costly.
- Customization will be difficult.
The Konstanz Data Miner or KNIME is an open-source information analytics, reporting, and integration platform. It integrates varied parts for machine studying and information mining via modular information pipelining based mostly on a building-block strategy.
Key Options
- KNIME Analytics Platform is open supply software program for information science and information mining.
- An lively neighborhood is repeatedly integrating new developments.
- KNIME makes an attempt to make understanding information and designing information science workflows and reusable parts accessible to everybody.
- KNIME Server is for team-based collaboration, automation, administration, and deployment of information science workflows as analytical functions and companies.
- Non consultants are given entry to information science through KNIME WebPortal or can use REST APIs.
- Drag and drop type interface with out the necessity for coding.
- Fashions every step of a knowledge evaluation, controls the stream of information, and ensures work is present.
- Mix instruments from totally different domains with KNIME native nodes in a single workflow, together with scripting in R and Python, ML, and connectors to Spark.
- Interface is a bit clunky.
- Can hog reminiscence assets.
Orange is an open-source machine studying and information visualization instrument. It helps to construct information evaluation workflows visually, and comes with giant toolbox.
Key Options
- Carry out easy information evaluation with information visualization.
- Discover statistical distributions, field plots and scatter plots, or dive deeper with resolution timber, hierarchical clustering, heatmaps, and linear projections.
- Interactive information exploration for fast qualitative evaluation.
- Deal with exploratory information evaluation as a substitute of coding.
- Defaults make quick prototyping of a knowledge evaluation workflow simple.
- Straightforward to be taught so is used at faculties, universities and in skilled coaching programs.
- Superior evaluation will be difficult for some customers.
- Graphics could possibly be improved.
Qlik Sense is a knowledge analytics and information mining platform that features an associative analytics engine, AI capabilities, and operates in a high-performance cloud platform. It empowers executives, decision-makers, analysts, and anybody else with BI that customers can freely search and discover to uncover insights.
Key Options
- Create a knowledge literate workforce with AI-powered analytics.
- Perception Advisor, an AI assistant in Qlik Sense, presents perception era, process automation, and search & natural-language interplay.
- Obtainable as SaaS or a selection of multicloud or on-premises.
- Associative Engine permits folks to discover in any path.
- Mix and cargo information, create sensible visualizations, and drag and drop to construct analytics apps.
- Perception Advisor offers urged insights and analyses, automation of duties, search and pure language interplay, and real-time superior analytics.
- Interactive cell analytics.
- Embedded Analytics
- Fundamental customers could wrestle to be taught it at first


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Knight offense too powerful for Redskins
With 31 total aces against Oriskany on Thursday, the Frankfort-Schuyler Knights swept the Redskins 3-0.
Frankfort-Schuyler (8-4) beat Oriskany by 15 points or more after the first game, which the Knights won by nine (25-16). In game two the Knights won by 15 (25-10) and in game two they won by 17 (25-8).
Playing well for the Knights in the sweep were Leea Tripple, Mariah Walker, Jessica Briggs, Kali Streeter, Elaina Zito and Jamie Seaman.
Tripple finished the match with 14 aces and five kills. Walker finished the match with three aces, one assist, three kills and one dig. Briggs finished the match with one ace, seven assists, one kill and three digs. Streeter finished the match seven aces, one assist, one kill and three digs. Maneen finished with two aces, two kills and two digs. Zito finished with two aces, one assist, two kills and two digs. And Seaman finished with one ace and four digs.
Newcomer Celia DeJohn also contributed for the Knights on Thursday. DeJohn earned her first varsity ace against the Redskins.
Frankfort-Schuyler's next match is against Mohawk today. The Knights will finished their three-game road skid at Mohawk High School at 7 p.m. The Knights are 2-0 in their last two games.
Frankfort 3
Oriskany 0
FRANKFORT-SCHUYLER (4-4, 8-4) Leea Tripple 14 aces, 5 kills; Mariah Walker 3 aces, 1 assists, 3 kills, 1 dig; Jessica Briggs 1 ace, 7 assists, 1 kill, 3 digs; Kali Streeter 7 aces, 1 assist, 1 kill, 3 digs; Megan Maneen 2 aces, 2 kills, 2 digs; Elaina Zito 2 aces, 1 assist, 2 kills, 2 digs; Jamie Seaman 1 ace, 4 digs; Celia DeJohn 1 ace (first of varsity career); Emma Plouff 1 dig


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So for vast sectors of the legal, political and journalistic community in Missouri, it took some time to understand that when you got a call from Judge Richard B. Teitelman of the Supreme Court of Missouri, his praise for whatever it is that you did was unadorned and genuine, a prelude to nothing more than continued good fellowship.
And when he wandered out to greet the courtroom before arguments, he clearly had no hidden agenda. As the first ever legally blind judge of the Supreme Court, he would approach you with his hand extended, and it wasn't until he'd closed to within a few feet that your face would come into focus and he'd cry "Oh, hi!" He seemed to have no idea, nor any particular concern, if he was approaching an old friend or a complete stranger. No matter how many times you had met Judge Teitelman, you were always and forever a delightful surprise to him.
We at Missouri Lawyers Weekly had already settled on Teitelman as our Lawyer of the Year when, on Nov. 29, we along with the rest of the state learned of his death. Sadly, we never got a chance to tell him in person. But there was no question that his death, less than a year ahead of his forced retirement from the bench he loved, did not in any way diminish the reasons to give him the award.
Perhaps his most enduring legacy is not his important jurisprudence, of which there are many examples, or his ideological place on the court, which favored the poor, the downtrodden, the little guy. It was his unique personality, which disarmed potential enemies and friends alike. In a way, Judge Teitelman made a judicial philosophy out of kindness.
He, of course, would probably prefer the term "justice," perhaps his favorite word. When he was formally sworn in to the Supreme Court in 2002, Teitelman paraphrased Helen Keller in telling the crowd, "For a committed life, one has to have fidelity to a noble purpose, and for me, that purpose has been the fight for justice."
"Fight," however, was a relative term. By nature and training, most judges aren't terribly confrontational, especially in public settings. But Teitelman seemed particularly averse to waging arguments in public. His questions on the bench were rarely sharp or critical. When he served as chief justice from 2011 to 2013, his major speeches tended to be paeans to the work of the justice system rather than pleas for or promises of some kind of policy change.
"A wise man once said the worst kind of death is being talked to death," Teitelman joked in his 2012 state of the judiciary address, which the chief justice gives annually to the Missouri General Assembly. (That short speech was perhaps most memorable for the knishes he made sure were served at the post-speech lunch. The traditional Jewish dish was a nod to his status as the first and only Jewish judge on the Supreme Court, as well as to his well-known love of food.)
Sometimes on the bench, Teitelman would launch into meandering discussions of precedents that weren't cited in the briefs and other topics that seemed only tangentially related to the case at hand. Michael Wolff, the retired dean of Saint Louis University School of Law and a former colleague of Teitelman's on the Supreme Court, said those seemingly off-topic discussions — say, the details of a truth-in-lending case he'd once handled during his long career as a Legal Services lawyer — also cropped up in conference when the judges voted on cases. They served a purpose, Wolff said, almost like a filibuster.
"What it really was about was giving everybody a chance to pause and think again about what we were really talking about," Wolff said. "I thought it was very strategic, just in terms of how a group dynamic works. If people are getting focused on their disagreement, he'd say, 'Hey, I'm going to talk about something else for a while.'"
Edward "Chip" Robertson Jr., a former Supreme Court judge, never served alongside Teitelman and freely admits that they likely wouldn't have voted the same very often. Yet they had a friendship that went back to a dinner they shared years ago where Robertson nicknamed Teitelman the "Lumbering Gourmet."
"He was the most gregarious of the probably 30 Supreme Court judges that I've personally known, and for that reason he was good for the court," Robertson said. He said Teitelman espoused a "gentility" that has become rare these days. "I hope it's not gone, but one of its great symbols is gone," he added.
Yet Teitelman was hardly a go-along, get-along judge afraid to make waves. He authored numerous cases in which the court split over weighty topics, ranging from the death penalty to legislative limits on jury verdicts. He was also its most prolific dissenter and the judge least likely to be in the majority.
During Teitelman's tenure, about 24 percent of the court's rulings resulted in a split vote, but that number might have been quite different without him. He was the author of a quarter of the 290 dissents issued between April 2002 and November 2016. Other judges, who perhaps would have seen the case differently in the absence of Teitelman's point of view, joined him in most of those. But in 32 of those cases — amounting to more than one in 10 of all dissents published in that time — Teitelman acted alone. (In a handful of other cases, he wrote separately from both the majority and other judges who wrote their own dissents.)
Teitelman's decisions, whether unanimous or dissenting, tended to be short; his opinions averaged just eight and a half pages. (The court's long-term average is about 11 pages.) Wolff said that was no accident. Teitelman loved lawyers, but his real interest was in the people they represented.
"He wanted to make the law understandable," he said. "Some long discussion that would be worthy of a law review article, he wasn't be interested in it, and he didn't think the lawyers wouldn't be interested in it, and he knew damn well that the clients wouldn't be interested in it."
Above all, Teitelman was a people person, even with people who don't regard themselves as people persons. In 2012, Teitelman, then the chief justice, played a key role in persuading Bill Thompson to switch from his longtime position as general counsel and instead be the court's clerk. Thompson — who was replacing the legendary Tom Simon, who'd held the clerk's job for nearly 40 years — resisted. But Teitelman insisted that Thompson, who'd been there nearly as long as Simon had and knew most of the court's inner workings, was just what the court needed.
"It's an example of his openness, his generosity," said Thompson, who recently retired.
Thompson had a habit of singing the old Kellogg's cereal jingle — "Good morning, good morning, the best to you each morning …" — to Teitelman as a way to start the day. Teitelman, he said, was delighted.
"He's just a wonderful example for me," Thompson said. "I'm not the most gregarious person. I would be encouraged that you can go out and meet people, and they would be nice people. You just have to engage with them the right way."