text:
Limes is used here to mean frontier of the Roman Empire.
|Part of a series on the
|Military of ancient Rome
|UNESCO World Heritage Site
The limes Germanicus, 2nd century
|Germany and United Kingdom
|Hadrian's Wall (including the Aesica aqueduct, Arbeia, and Corstopitum), Roman defenses along the Cumbrian coast, and the Limes Germanicus; the Antonine Wall is a later addition to this site
|Cultural ii, iii, iv
|1987 (11th Session)
|2005, 2008
|526.9 ha
|Buffer zone
|5,225.7 ha
Originally the Latin noun līmes (English: /ˈlaɪmiːz/;[1] Latin pl. līmitēs) had a number of different meanings: a path or balk delimiting fields, a boundary line or marker, any road or path, any channel, such as a stream channel, or any distinction or difference.[2] The term was also commonly used after the 3rd century AD to denote a military district under the command of a dux limitis.[3]
Limes has sometimes been used in modern times primarily for the Germanic border defence or delimiting system of Ancient Rome marking the Borders of the Roman Empire, but it was not used by the Romans for this purpose.[4]
Some experts suggested that the so-called Germanic limes may have been called Munimentum Traiani (Trajan's Bulwark) referring to a passage by Ammianus Marcellinus, according to which emperor Julian had reoccupied this fortification in 360 AD.[5]
Some limites
The frontier stretched for more than 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi) from the Atlantic coast of northern Britain, through Europe to the Black Sea, and from there to the Red Sea and across North Africa to the Atlantic coast. The remains of the limites today consist of vestiges of walls, ditches, forts, fortresses, and civilian settlements. Certain elements of the frontier have been excavated, some reconstructed, and a few destroyed. The two sections of limes in Germany cover a length of 550 kilometres (340 mi) from the north-west of the country to the Danube in the south-east. The 118 km long Hadrian's Wall was built on the orders of the Emperor Hadrian c. AD 122 at the northernmost limits of the Roman province of Britannia. It is a striking example of the organization of a military zone and illustrates the defensive techniques and geopolitical strategies of ancient Rome. The Antonine Wall, a 60 km-long fortification in Scotland, was started by Emperor Antoninus Pius in AD 142 as a defense against the "Barbarians" of the north. It constitutes the northwestern-most portion of the Roman Limes.
The most notable examples of Roman frontiers are:
- Hadrian's Wall – Limes Britannicus (UNESCO World Heritage ID 430bis–001)
- Antonine Wall – in Scotland (UNESCO World Heritage Site[6][7])
- Saxon Shore, late Roman limes in South-East England
- Limes Germanicus, with the Upper Germanic & Rhaetian Limes (UNESCO World Heritage ID 430bis–002)
- Limes Arabicus, the frontier of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea facing the desert
- Limes Tripolitanus, the frontier in modern Libya facing the Sahara
- Limes Alutanus, the eastern border of the Roman province of Dacia
- Limes Transalutanus, the frontier in the lower Danube
- Limes Moesiae, the frontier of the Roman province Moesia, from Singidunum Serbia along the Danube to Moldavia.
- Limes Norici, the frontier of the Roman province Noricum, from the River Inn along the Danube to Cannabiaca (Zeiselmauer-Wolfpassing) in Austria.
- Limes Pannonicus, the frontier of the Roman province Pannonia, along the Danube from Klosterneuburg Austria to Taurunum in Serbia.
- Fossatum Africae, the southern frontier of the Roman Empire, extending south of the Roman province of Africa in North-Africa.
A mediaeval limes is the Limes Saxoniae in Holstein.
Etymology and sentiment
The stem of limes, limit-, which can be seen in the genitive case, limitis, marks it as the ancestor of an entire group of important words in many languages, for example, English limit.
An etymology was given in some detail by Julius Pokorny, Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. According to him, it comes from Indo-European el-, elei-, lei-, "to bow", "to bend", "elbow". The Latin meaning was discussed in detail by W. Gebert.[8]
According to Pokorny, Latin limen, "threshold", is related to limes, being the stone over which one enters or leaves the house. Some scholars have viewed the frontier as a threshold. The Merriam–Webster dictionaries take this view, as does J. B. Hofmann in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Griechischen under leimon. The White Latin Dictionary denies any connection, deriving limen from *ligmen, as in lien from *leig-, "tie". In this sense, the threshold ties together the doorway. The American Heritage Dictionary does not go further than Latin limes.
The limes was a cross-path or a cross-wall, which the Romans meant to throw across the path of invaders to hinder them. The Romans never built limites where they considered themselves free to attack. As the emperor had ordered the army to stay within the limites, except for punitive expeditions, these were as much a mental barrier as material. The groups of Germanic warriors harrying the limes during summer used the concept to full advantage, knowing that they could concentrate and supply themselves outside the limes without fear of preemptive strikes.
Roman writers and subsequent authors who depended on them presented the limes as some sort of sacred border beyond which human beings did not transgress, and if they did, it was evidence that they had passed the bounds of reason and civilization. To cross the border was the mark of a savage. They wrote of the Alemanni failing to respect the limes as if they had passed the final limitation of character and had committed themselves to perdition.
The Alemanni, on the other hand, never regarded the border as legitimate in the first place. They viewed the Romans as foreigners, who changed native place names and intruded on native homes and families (see under Alemanni). They were only to be tolerated because they were willing to pay cash for the privilege and also offered the blandishments of civilized life.
Limes in the Roman Empire
Britain and Gaul
This section of limes existed from the 1st to the 5th century AD and ran through the provinces of:
- Britannia Inferior
- Britannia Superior
The limes in Britain (Limes Britannicus) is on the territory of the present-day United Kingdom in England, Scotland and Wales. From the 1st to the 2nd century, the Gask Ridge and the Stanegate, with their chains of Roman camps and watchtowers, marked the northern boundary of Britannia. Later the isthmuses in the north between the Firth of Forth and Firth of Clyde were guarded by the defences of the Antonine Wall and the line between the mouth of the Tyne and Solway Firth by Hadrian's Wall. The perimeter defence of Hadrian's Wall was achieved through the construction of camps (castella) on the lowlands, which were built along the most important roads in the north. Security and monitoring on the coasts in the west and southeast was achieved by camps and by chains of watchtowers or signal towers, both along the coastline and along main roads in the interior.
The occupying forces, Exercitus Britannicus, consisted mostly of cohorts of auxilia. The strategic reserve comprised three legions based in Eburacum (York), Isca Silurum and Deva. The observation and surveillance of the waters around the British Isles was the responsibility of the Classis Britannica, whose headquarters was in Rutupiae(Richborough). Legions auxilia cohorts and the fleet were commanded by the provincial governors. From the 3rd century, units of comitatenses, limitanei and liburnaria (marines) came under the command of two generals:
Saxon Shore
This section of the limes existed from the 3rd to 5th centuries AD and covered the provinces of:
- Britannia Inferior
- Belgica
- Lugdunensis
- Aquitania
This limes of the Late Antiquity ran through the territory of the present-day United Kingdom and France. In the 3rd century, a separate military district, the Litus Saxonicum, was established on the British side of the English Channel between the estuaries of the Wash and the Solent, to repel Saxon pirates and plunderers. The Gallic side of the English Channel and Atlantic coast were included therein. Monitoring and coastal surveillance were carried out by a chain of watchtowers or signal towers, camps and fortified ports (Gaul). Most of the Saxon Shore camps probably served as naval bases.
The garrisons of the camps were composed of infantry and several cavalry regiments. Monitoring and surveillance of the Channel were the responsibility of the Classis Britannica and Classis Sambrica, whose headquarters were in Locus Quartensis (Port d'Etaple), guarding the mouth of the River Somme. The units of comitatenses, limitanei and liburnaria in this area came under the command of three generals:
- Comes litoris Saxonici per Britanniam (Count of the Saxon Shore)
- Dux Belgicae secundae
- Dux tractus Armoricani et Nervicani
Lower Germania
This section of limes existed from the 1st to the 5th century AD and ran through the province of Lower Germania (Germania Inferior).
It lies on the territory of today's Netherlands and Germany. This limes was a river border (limes ripa) on the Rhine, defended by a chain of camps, that ran from the North Sea (Katwijk-Brittenburg camp) to Vinxtbach (opposite Rheinbrohl fort on the Upper Germanic Limes, forming the border between the Roman provinces of Germania Inferior and Germania Superior. By contrast with the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes, it was not marked by a solid palisade or wall. Neither can any defensive ditch or rampart be identified. The guards were stationed in nearby castra and watchtowers usually built immediately on the Rhine. The limes was served by a well-developed military road. Each camp had its own river port or landing stage and a storage area, because the Rhine not only formed the border but was also the most important transport and trade route in the region. In the first section, between the camps of Rigomagus (Remagen) and Bonna (Bonn), there were only a few camps. In the second, middle, section between Bonna and Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum (Nijmegen), there were considerably more. Here there were also larger legion camps; with one exception, all were cavalry barracks. The landscape of the third section between Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum and Mare Germanicum (the North Sea) was characterised by numerous small streams and boggy marshland. Consequently, in this area there was only one cavalry camp. Border security here consisted mainly of tightly packed, relatively small cohort forts.
The occupying troops, Exercitus Germaniae Inferioris, consisted mostly of auxilia cohorts. From the 2nd century, the strategic reserve comprised three legions stationed in Bonna/Bonn, Novaesium/Neuss, Vetera/Xanten and Noviomagus/Nijmegen. The control and surveillance of the waters of the North Sea, the Rhine estuary and the Lower Rhine was the responsibility of the Classis Germanica whose headquarters was in Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium/Cologne. Legions, auxilia and fleet units were commanded by the respective provincial governor. From the 3rd century the ripenses (river guards), comitatenses, and liburnaria were under the command of the Dux Belgicae secundae.
Upper Germania and Rhaetia
This limes existed from the 1st to 5th centuries AD and guarded the provinces of:
It lay on the territory of the present German states of Rhineland-Palatinate, Hesse, Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria. To the north, it bordered those parts of the Roman province of Rhaetia that lay north of the Danube and guarded the eastern border of that part of Germania Superior that lay east of the Rhine. In Upper Germania the border defences initially consisted only of a post road. From about 162/63 AD, the Romans constructed a defensive barrier with watchtowers and signal towers, palisades, ditches and earthworks. On one short section of the Rhaetian Limes, a solid stone wall was erected. In its final stages, the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes was about 550 kilometres long and ran from Rheinbrohl, in the county of Neuwied in northern Rhineland-Palatinate, as far as Hienheim on the Danube. Between the villages of Osterburken and Welzheim, the limes ran for 81 kilometres almost in a straight line southwards.[9] In the scholarly literature, this unusual section is considered as evidence that this type of boundary wall had never been used for defensive purposes.
The land of Agri Decumates that was guarded by this limes had to be vacated by the Romans in 260-285 AD. They moved their bases back to the banks of the Rhine and Danube, which were much easier to defend militarily. The exact route of the limes along the border between Upper Germania and Raetia has not been fully explored. In the late 4th and early 5th centuries, the Rhaetian Limes was reorganized and divided into three sections. The northern border of Rhaetia formed the pars superior (upper part), the western border was the pars media (central part) with the fortified town of Cambodunum and bases from Vemania (Isny im Allgäu) to Cassilacum (Memmingen); the pars inferior (lower part) was the section between Castra Regina (Regensburg) and Batavis (Passau).
The defending troops, Exercitus Germaniae superioris and Exercitus Raeticus, consisted mostly of auxilia cohorts. From the 2nd century, the strategic reserve was formed from three legions stationed in Mogontiacum/Mainz, Argentorate/Strasbourg and Castra Regina/Regensburg. The monitoring of the Upper Rhine was the responsibility of the Classis Germanica; that of the Rhaetic Danube came under the Classis Pannonia, whose headquarters was in Aquincum/Budapest. Legions and auxilia cohorts were under the command of the governor. From the 3rd century the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian border troops (comitatenses, repenses, and liburnaria), were commanded by three generals:
- Dux Raetiae,
- Dux Mogontiacensis
- Comes tractus Argentoratensis
Danube-Iller-Rhine Limes (DIRL)
This limes existed from the 3rd to the 5th centuries AD and guarded the provinces of:
It lies on the territory of present-day Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein. As early as the period 15 BC to about 70 AD, the border between Rome and Germania ran mostly along the line of the late antique Danube-Iller-Rhine Limes (DIRL) before the Romans advanced further north into the Agri decumates. Because of troop withdrawals and massive barbarian invasions, the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes were abandoned in the late 3rd century and the Roman forces pulled the border back to the banks of the three rivers. Especially around the year 300, the Emperor Diocletian had new fortifications built directly on the river banks or on major roads in the hinterland here. Around 370 AD, the line of fortifications was considerably strengthened under the Emperor Valentinian I to counter the Alemanni, who were steadily advancing southwards. By contrast with the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes, the DIRL primarily fulfilled defensive purposes; its camps had much stronger and higher walls than their High Imperial predecessors. Furthermore they had in most cases been built to conform to the local topography. This meant that they could not be built in the classical 'pack of cards' shape. Between them a dense chain of watchtowers and signal towers was constructed to provide an additional security measure (burgi).
Flotillas of patrol boats were stationed on the large lakes in this region.
- Lake Constance: Numerus Barcariorum (HQ at Brigantium/Bregenz)
- Lake Neuchâtel: Classis Barcariorum (HQ at Eburodunum/Yverdon).
Comitatenses, ripenses, and liburnaria in this section of the limes were under the command of four generals:
- Dux Raetiae
- Dux provinciae Sequanicae
- Comes tractus Argentoratensis
- Dux Germaniae primae
This section of the limes existed from the 1st to the 5th century AD and guarded part of the Roman province of Noricum.
It is on the soil of the present-day Austrian states of Upper and Lower Austria. It ran along the Danube from Passau/Boiodurum to Zeiselmauer/Cannabiaca. This is also a ripa (river border), which was guarded by a loose chain of cohort forts. The main road on the Norican Limes was the via iuxta amnem Danuvium. The initially simple wood and earth structures were systematically converted under Emperor Hadrian into stone encampments. During the 4th century, they were brought once more up to date and massively reinforced. Between the camps, in strategic places or good points of observation, were watchtowers or signal towers and, in the Late Antiquity, burgi. In the middle section, between the camps of Favianis and Melk, watchtowers were built only sporadically. Here the narrow valley of the Wachau, with its densely forested escarpments, made access to the riverbank more difficult, providing some defensive function. Every camp had its own river port or landing stage and a storage area because the Danube was not only border zone, but also the most important transport and trade route in the region. Over time civilian settlements or vici were established immediately next to the camps. In the immediate hinterland of the limes, walled towns or municipia were founded - for example, Aelium Cetium or Ovilava (Wels). They were the administrative or commercial centres of the region. In late antiquity, the Norican area was divided into two parts (pars inferior and pars superior).[10] It is probable that a second, defensive line was created to the rear (Castrum Locus Felicis).
The occupying troops, Exercitus Noricus, consisted mostly of auxilia cohorts and a legion stationed in Lauriacum/Enns acted as the strategic reserve. The surveillance and security of the Danube and its tributaries were the responsibility of the Classis Pannonia. Units of the legions, naval and auxiliary forces were commanded by the respective governors. In late antiquity - according to Notitia Dignitatum - four newly established flotillas undertook this task. From the 3rd century, the Norian comitatenses, ripenses and liburnari were under the command of two generals:
- Comes Illyrici,
- Dux Pannoniae Primae et Norici Ripensis
This stretch of limes was in use from the 1st to the 5th centuries AD and helped to guard the provinces of:
- Pannonia inferior
- Pannonia
The Pannonian Limes is situated on the territory of present-day Austria, Slovakia and Hungary. Although this section of the frontier was relatively well protected by the Danube river border or Ripa, the Roman military presence here was always exceptionally strong (three military camps in Pannonia, but only one in Lower Pannonia) because especially after the abandonment of Roman Dacia in the late 3rd century, the pressure of migrant peoples from the east on this section of the limes intensified. The tributaries emptying into the Danube offered cheap transport routes, but also made good approach routes for invaders and raiders. The military camps were therefore built by the most important fords or confluences and road termini. The legion- and auxilia camps were mainly located in the immediate vicinity of the riverbank. The initial wood and earth structures, were systematically converted under Emperor Hadrian into stone barracks and, in the 4th century, redesigned and massively strengthened in order to match new strategic requirements. The gaps between the camps were closed by a chain of watchtowers or signal towers. In late Roman times huge inland camps were built and towns in the hinterland were fortified to create a second line of defence. In addition, at vulnerable points, units of the Danube fleet were stationed. In the time of Emperor Marcus Aurelius the first mention is made in Pannonia of stone watchtowers (burgi, panelled towers and fortlets (praesidia). In late antiquity, the Pannonian military district was divided into two parts (pars inferior and pars superior).[10] Advance defences were provided by bridgehead camps (e.g. Castra Contra Aquincum or Celemantia) and military stations on main transport routes in the Barbaricum (e.g. near Musov).
The southern borders
At the greatest extent of the Empire, the southern border lay along the deserts of Arabia in the Middle East and the Sahara in North Africa, which represented a natural barrier against expansion. The Empire controlled the Mediterranean shores and the mountain ranges further inland. The Romans attempted twice to occupy the Siwa Oasis and finally used Siwa as a place of banishment. However Romans controlled the Nile many miles into Africa up to the modern border between Egypt and Sudan.
In Africa Romans controlled the area north of the Sahara, from the Atlantic Ocean to Egypt, with many sections of limes (Limes Tripolitanus, Limes Numidiae, etc).[11]
The Fossatum Africae ("African ditch") of at least 750 km controlled the southern borders of the Empire and had many similarities of construction to Hadrian's Wall.
There are similar, but shorter, fossatae in other parts of North Africa. Between the Matmata and Tabaga ranges in modern Tunisia there is a fossatum which was duplicated during World War II.[12] There also appears to be a 20-km. fossatum at Bou Regreg in Morocco although this would not have been within the scope of the proclamation of the Codex Theodosianus because at that time the province was not in Africa, administratively speaking.[13]
In the south of Mauritania Tingitana the frontier in the third century lay just north of Casablanca near Sala and stretched to Volubilis.
Septimius Severus expanded the "Limes Tripolitanus" dramatically, even briefly holding a military presence in the Garamantian capital Garama in 203 AD. Much of the initial campaigning success was achieved by Quintus Anicius Faustus, the legate of Legio III Augusta.
Following his African conquests, the Roman Empire may have reached its greatest extent during the reign of Septimius Severus,[14][15] under whom the empire encompassed an area of 2 million square miles[14] (5.18 million square kilometers).
Fossatum Africae
Fossatum Africae ("African ditch") is a linear defensive structure (limes) that extended over 750 km or more[16] in northern Africa constructed during the Roman Empire to defend and control the southern borders of the Empire in the Roman province of Africa. It is considered to have many similarities of construction to Hadrian's Wall at the northern border of the Empire in Britain. Generally the Fossatum consists of a ditch and earth embankments on either side using the material from the ditch. Sometimes the embankments are supplemented by dry stone walls on one or both sides; rarely, there are stone walls without a ditch. The width of the Fossatum is generally 3–6 m but in exceptional cases may be as much as 20 m. Wherever possible, it or its highest wall is constructed on the counterscarp. Excavations near Gemellae showed the depth there to be 2–3 m, with a width of 1 m at the bottom widening to 2–3 m at the top.[17]
The Fossatum is accompanied by many small watchtowers and numerous forts, often built within sight of one another.
The Limes in fiction
See also
- Great Wall, structures of similar scale and function, built by various dynasties in China
- Borders of the Roman Empire
- Limitanei, soldiers on the late Roman and early Byzantine limites
- March (territorial entity)
- The Pale
- Romans in Arabia
- Oxford English Dictionary (1989)
- Benjamin Isaac, "The Meaning of 'Limes' and 'Limitanei' in Ancient Sources", Journal of Roman Studies, 78 (1988), pp. 125–147
- Benjamin Isaac, "The Meaning of 'Limes' and 'Limitanei' in Ancient Sources", Journal of Roman Studies, 78 (1988), pp. 125–147; Benjamin Isaac, The Limits of Empire: the Roman Army in the East (Oxford: Oxford University Press, revised edition 1992).
- Great Walls and Linear Barriers, Peter Spring, Pen and Sword, 2015, Chap. 24. ISBN 1473853842, 9781473853843
- Hessian state archaeologist Prof. E. Schallmeyer, quoted in Schmid, A., Schmid, R., Möhn, A., Die Römer an Rhein und Main (Frankfurt: Societäts-Verlag, revised edition 2006).
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre. New Inscribed Properties
- "Wall gains World Heritage status'" BBC News. Retrieved 8 July 2008.
- W. Gebert, "Limes", Untersuchungen zur Erklärung des Vortes und seiner Anwendung, Bonner Jahrbücher Bd. 119, No. 2, 1910, 158–205.
- M.J.T. Lewis: Surveying Instruments of Greece and Rome, Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-521-79297-5, pp. 242 245.
- ND occ.: XXXIV
- Map of Roman Africa
- Baradez (1949) p. 146.
- Baradez (1949) p. 114.
- David L. Kennedy, Derrick Riley (2012), Rome's Desert Frontiers, page 13, Routledge
- R.J. van der Spek, Lukas De Blois (2008), An Introduction to the Ancient World, page 272, Routledge
- This figure depends very much on the way it is measured over the intervals where the Fossatum was not constructed or has disappeared, and includes a significant section which may not be a fossatum.
- Baradez (1949) p. 93.
- The Romanike series, Codex Regius (2006-2014) Archived 2016-08-06 at the Wayback Machine
- Bryher, Winifred (1954). Roman Wall: A Novel. Pantheon. ISBN 978-0394443249. Retrieved Sep 24, 2019.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Limes (frontier).
- Frontiers of the Roman Empire: UNESCO Official Website
- Official website of the Verein Deutsche Limes-Straße (in German)
- German site with nice maps
- Vici.org Interactive map with the limes and other Roman castles and sites
- Livius.org: Limes
- Livius.org: Limes Tripolitanus
- Antikefan: Roman Limes (German)
- Derlimes.at Official website of the Limes group in Austria) (in German, Serbian, Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin)
- Limes, Italian Review of Geopolitics (Italian)
- Official website of the Saalburg, the only fully reconstructed Limes fort (in German, English, French)


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Keypoint Intelligence – Buyers Lab, the world's leading independent evaluator of document imaging software, hardware, and services, today announced that Xerox Corporation has won Buyers Lab's coveted 2019 Document Imaging Software Line of the Year award. Given once a year, this award recognizes the vendor that offers the most complete software portfolio across the range of document imaging solutions categories that Buyers Lab covers on its bliQ subscription service.
Click here to read the full story!

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|View Jeffrey Davison's profile
Folk; old-timey; blues; psych, avant and acid folk old and new; ambient and electronic; lots of guitar; detours elsewhere.
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Dr. Tobias Rudolph, Lawyer
Dr. Rudolph is a passionate criminal lawyer. His motivation to work for the client stems from his conviction that law is constantly changing. It is the task of the lawyer to defend the core of the law again and again in this process. Humanity, fairness and the control of state power are not just catchwords for the A-Grade lawyer Dr. Rudolph, but fundamental cornerstones of human coexistence.
This motivation emanates from the particular interest in criminal law – and also in fiscal law. In both fields of law, the conflict between the pragmatic desire of society for a "fast process" and the often excruciating search for the truth and for justice for the individual is becoming particularly clear.
Similarly, Dr. Rudolph is fascinated by those issues which, due to technical and social change, constantly present new challenges. He feels it is a privilege to actively contribute towards the answers of the law to current issues. At present, for example, it still remains fully unclear how legislation will solve the challenges caused by the Internet in the field of copyright (keyword file sharing).
Dr. Tobias Rudolph was the first lawyer in Nuremberg to have the qualification of being a lawyer specializing in criminal law and fiscal law (titles: "Fachanwalt für Strafrecht", "Fachanwalt für Steuerrecht"). There are very few specialists with both of these qualifications.


text:
You can buy pretty much anything online. While a majority of people confine their purchases to mundane items like video games, clothes, or the occasional book, there are those consumers who seek more outre novelties.
According to the Bristol Post in England, a man named Tom Rygol recently took to Facebook in order to advertise the sale of a "second-hand body condom." The apparently used item is a flesh-colored, fully latex suit designed to be worn by naked males.
The suit, which Mr. Rygol is selling for the reasonable price of £20, received numerous responses online. Many asked why the odd item was being sold in the first place. Mr. Rygol explained that:
I bought it [the bodysuit] a few weeks back, but it's a bit snug around the crotch…
Sadly, for those genuinely interested in the item, the whole thing appears to be a light-hearted prank. The picture displayed in the advertisement has been on the internet for several years. It is likely that Mr. Rygol is enjoying a chuckle at everyone's expense.
Featured image via: Konbini.com


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Harlingen Medical Center Observes National Heart Month With Doc Talk Lectures
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- Posted On:
Harlingen – One in every four deaths is linked to heart disease. It is the leading cause of death for both men and women. Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is the most common type of heart disease affecting Americans right now. More than 700,000 Americans will have a heart attack this year alone. The most important defense against this disease is education and knowing when you need to act! Harlingen Medical Center, a leader in cardiovascular care, in conjunction with National Heart Month (February), will devote a month-long series of its Doc Talk Lectures to some of the most important medical topics related to your heart – starting Wednesday, February 3, 2016, at 6:00 p.m., in the Harlingen Medical Center Medical Office Building (MOB) Conference Room, and it is open to the public.
"Heart disease can affect just about anyone. That includes adults and children," said Linda Bull, Director of The Catheterization Laboratory at Harlingen Medical Center. "Heart disease knows no limits essentially because this is a condition that develops in the arteries. A substance called plaque builds up in the arteries and over time it can narrow an artery causing a reduction in the blood flow to the heart, which can lead to a heart attack."
According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention, symptoms of heart disease vary depending on the type of disease, which may include chest discomfort or a heart attack. Someone having a heart attack may experience several symptoms, including:
- Chest pain of discomfort that doesn't go away within a few minutes.
- Pain or discomfort in the jaw, neck, or back.
- Weakness, light-headedness, nausea, or a cold sweat.
- Pain or discomfort in the arms or shoulder.
- Shortness of breath.
Heart disease can be managed and even prevented, declares the CDC. It's all matter of knowing what you need to do – to keep the disease away.
The CDC summarizes that if you smoke, consume unhealthy food, and do not exercise (physical activity) – your chances of developing heart disease increase. But, if you do not smoke, maintain a healthy weight, eat a healthy diet, exercise regularly, you are less likely to develop the disease.
Heart disease refers to several types of heart conditions that include: coronary artery disease, malfunction of valves in the heart, the inability of the heart to pump correctly, and abnormal heart rhythms. And, this February, specialty physicians (cardiologist and electrophysiologist) from Harlingen Medical Center's Cardiovascular Center will host heart-related educational lectures.
The first Doc Talk Lecture, scheduled for Wednesday, February 3rd, will feature one of the most experienced cardiologists in the region, Dr. Shereef Hilmy. His lecture, titled "Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm" will define what this condition is, how you can identify it ahead of a serious medical issue, and how it can be treated.
The second Doc Talk Lecture, scheduled for Thursday, February 11th, will feature a well sought after cardiologist, Dr. Eduardo Flores. His lecture will spotlight the usage and need for the world's smallest heart pump, the "Impella® 2.5 Catheter." The Impella® 2.5 Catheter is a blood pump that creates a vortex inside the heart chamber by moving blood from the heart and out to the rest of the body. His lecture will clarify how this tiny pump is helping patients survive needed surgery.
The third Doc Talk Lecture, scheduled for Wednesday, February 17th, will feature the only, highly-experienced, electrophysiologist in Cameron County, Dr. Frank Mazzola. His lecture, titled "Abnormal Heart Rhythms" will define what this condition is, how you can identify it in advance of a serious medical issue, and the treatment options available, right here, at Harlingen Medical Center.
The last and fourth Doc Talk Lecture, scheduled for Wednesday, February 24th, will feature Dr. Juan Villarreal, a Harlingen dentist and Partner-In-Care to Harlingen Medical Center. His lecture will make the connection between a healthy mouth and a healthy heart, including how a dental appliance can help prevent sleep apnea.
Heart disease, generally, may be diagnosed in your primary care physician's office, according to the CDC. Your family physician can perform a chest X-ray, coronary angiogram, electrocardiogram (EKG), and exercise stress test. But, you must discuss, with your physician, which test is right for you.
The Cardiovascular Center at Harlingen Medical Center offers progressive treatments for cardiovascular disease. The award-winning and nationally recognized hospital specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac patients. It features a top-ranked heart team, which includes cardiologists, an electrophysiologist, and cardiothoracic surgeons, that provides minimally-invasive diagnostic testing and treatment, as well as advanced cardiac and vascular interventions, such as angioplasty, stenting, cardiac ablation, open heart surgery, minimally invasive heart valve repair and replacement, and coronary artery bypass graft.
To attend any of the scheduled Doc Talk Lectures, please RSVP at the Business Development and Marketing Office at 956-365-1848, or at email@example.com.


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What is your mental picture when the word family is mentioned? Do you think of the family in which you grew up or do you focus on the family you've established? Is your image of family more like "Father knows best" or "The Cosby's" or is it more like "The Family Guy" or "The Simpsons"? As families change and a majority of children grow up in families where the father is absent the mental image is changing. It is certainly a different image today than it was when I was growing up in Rural Alabama in the fifties and early sixties.
But if one went back to Old Testament times and looked at families described there it would be obvious things have made significant changes and at least many of those changes are for the better. Think of the heroes of the Old Testament and it is obvious most of them had multiple wives and children from each of the wives who didn't often get along very well. That isn't the case with all the people, but it is with many. Think about Abraham, Jacob, David and Solomon. Also consider God telling Hosea the prophet to go and marry a woman of prostitution or of telling Jeremiah you can never marry or have children. It is also true that many of the heroes were men who didn't behave well morally even when they had multiple wives. God asked David after his sin with Bethsheba, why he went after his neighbors wife when He had given him the wives of Saul and would have given him others if he had asked.
While the New Testament picture of marriage is far different than what is described in the Old, it is also true that it was a time when family was in deep trouble in both Roman and Greek culture. Jesus stressed, "What God has joined together, let no one separate." Paul painted the beautiful picture of marriage and family in Ephesians 5:22-6:4. He told wives to allow thier husbands to lead in the family and husbands to love their wives as Christ loved the church and gave himself for it to sanctify and cleanse it by the washing of water by the Word, so he could present it to himself as a glorious church, without spot or wrinkle or any such thing. He told children to obey their parents in the Lord for this is right and fathers to bring their children up in the training and discipline of the Lord.
Jesus clearly taught that families were to carry their respect for those who were older all through their lives. When he talked about the practice of the Jews of dedicating their money to the temple so they wouldn't be obligated to take care of aged parents he declared their worship was useless when they taught for doctrines the commandments of men. (Matthew 15:1-9) Paul would say if a man doesn't provide for his own, especially his own family he has denied the faith and become worse than an unbeliever. (I Timothy 5:8)
Real families come in all shapes and sizes. There are good families in which the father or mother are missing and some in which children never came.
In our world there is a huge push underway to redefine the family to include couples who live together without getting married and often have children together, to include two adults of the same sex who are true to each other and maybe even raising a child together. I suspect that our tolerance for so many different definitions of family has been elevated by seeing and hearing of all the Hollywood couples having numerous children together without getting married. The shows on TV and the movies often picture such "live in" families as very normal and acceptable relationships.
What should a Christian's attitude be when states pass laws recognizing civil unions so that unmarried couples, living together can have the same legal status as married couples and so that such couples, whether homosexual or heterosexual, my collect on one another's insurance?
I would certainly prefer that the law of the land uphold the Biblical standards of every man having his own wife and every woman having her own husband (I Corinthians 7:1-4). But I do need to remember that when Jesus and Paul laid out the clear teaching about marriage for a man and woman so they could be one flesh and avoid sexual immorality it was during a time when the laws of Rome would not have been supportive of such exclusive relationships at all. Even among the Jews the big discussion was whether one could divorce a wife for just any reason or did it have to be for some immoral act.
I suspect that the laws of the land will tend toward acceptance of what the Bible describes as immoral relationships. I would hope that different leaders might be moved by conscience or by the push of moral people to turn things back in the other direction. But the fact of the matter is, what the states do or what congress passes, the president signs or what the supreme court declares on the subject, should have absolutely no affect on how Christians live and act. We are subject to a higher law than the law of the land.
Our place isn't to try to force others to legislate what we believe but to live what the Bible teaches in such a way that it influences even the ones who disagree in the right direction. All the laws and political arguments in the world won't improve the attitude of the world toward marriage, if what the children see in their home as they grow up is either a disdain for marriage or a miserable marriage in which people stay married and pretend to the world that everything is all right even when love moved out years ago. Our best witness for marriage and a family with mom and dad and the children who love each other and help each other, is the examle of having such a marriage and family that our children experience, leading them to want the same thing in their own life.
Certainly we need to be good citizens, vote and stand for what we believe. But don't expect government or politics to teach people about moral conduct or a godly family.


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Create an Account - Increase your productivity, customize your experience, and engage in information you care about.
The explorer post is a program available to high school aged youth in the Minot area. The program will allow explorers to get hands on experience with all aspects of the Minot Fire Department. The Explorers will have the opportunity to train in all the areas that our career firefighters train in. Being in an explorer post provides kids unique opportunities to learn teamwork and leadership skills that can be used as experience for their future endeavors .
We generally meet once every other week for approximately 2 hours at a time. The location will depend on the topic of the meeting. Most of the time we will be meeting at the Minot Fire Stations but we will use other facilities if need be. The fee to sign up is $25. Throughout the year we will assist with certain public events such as parades, the blood drive, and various other activities.
Join us on Facebook! Click on the link to view upcoming events and to view training opportunities.Explorer Post #9463
If you would like additional information, please call SRFF Jacob Filkins at 701-340-7729


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Aswan is an oasis of peace and tranquility. This lush and relatively untouched land remains a beloved favourite with all who have passed through it. Here the Nile is at its most picturesque, stunning and deep blue, fringed with exotic plants, impressive black granite boulders and the simple life of the friendly laid-back locals. Colourful Nubian villages and palm fringed islands stand out against the desert mountain backdrop, all creating a peaceful environment that will make you fall in love with this timeless city.
With countless historical sights to see, including the wonderful feat of engineering epitomised by the Aswan Dam, you may need more than one visit to see all that Aswan has to offer. The first sight of Abu Simbel across Lake Nassar is one that you will never forget. In addition, Philae Temple and Isis Temple are just two of the many sites that will leave you spellbound. The best local market 'souk' outside of Cairo is just waiting to be explored and together with all the small local delights you are sure to experience the best insight into traditional Egyptian life.


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The World Peace Café in Huddersfield is open on Thursdays through Sundays, 11am - 4pm.
Our café is a tranquil and friendly environment built from loving kindness whose goal is to provide a place of peace and relaxation - Everyone is welcome, you don't need to be a Buddhist!
Come in and unwind in our charming and peaceful lounge as you indulge over our soothing selection of coffees, teas, drinks and our simple but delicious choices of vegetarian/vegan treats.
We are always seeking volunteers to help, If you'd like to help others within a warm, cheerful and serene setting, please send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com
World Peace Café
Wheathouse Terrace
Huddersfield HD2 2UY
Tel. 01484.943119


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AOFM offers 30 currently working make up and hair artists, represented by 8 of London's leading agencies. We are able to show a much wider selection of portfolios from beauty editorial to high fashion Avant-garde so you can see examples of how you can create the same. In this FREE masterclass we talked about building your book and how to place images, as well as where to buy one and how to put one together.
AOFM invited in a professional portfolio company to the swanky Crystalized Lounge in central London for an exclusive preview of there portfolios. The AOFM graduates were given the opportunity to go through and order their new portfolio at an exclusive discounted rate!


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Wednesday, March 02, 2011
Editorial Suggestions
Last weekend, Grace suggested that I write a non-fiction book about _________________,* a topic that's long been dear to my heart. I was really excited and when I got home, instead of taking my usual time to re-adjust after having been away, I got started. I finished a rough draft in one day.
Why hadn't *I* thought of writing this book? I don't know....maybe some of us don't know ourselves that well, or maybe some things are so obvious we don't think of them. I don't know and it doesn't matter.
The point is, sometimes other people do know best. Think of these books:
Grace has told the story of how she sent some illustrations to a publisher, and he wrote back asking if she had a story to go with them -- the result was THE UGLY VEGETABLES.
A publisher suggested that Louisa May Alcott, who up to that point had been writing trashy melodramas for adults, write a story for girls. She did -- the bachelor publisher to whom she sent it (maybe not the same one?) found it incredibly boring, and was going to reject it....until he came downstairs to find his ten-year old niece sobbing over the ms. (LITTLE WOMEN).
One of my childhood favorites, THE TREASURE SEEKERS came into being when an editor asked E.Nesbit to write a story about her schooldays....she did, and that led to THE TREASURE SEEKERS, which was first published in PUNCH. People weren't sure if it was for adults or children, but they finally decided -- kids, and it came out in book form around 1900. It hasn't been out of print since.
HARRIET THE SPY was suggested to Louise Fitzhugh by the great Ursula Nordstrom.
I'm not saying my book is at this level -- I should be so lucky! But it IS interesting, how sometimes other people (especially good editors) know us and our talents better than we know ourselves.
Of course, not all editorial suggestions are good ones. When I'm the editor, I tell my clients that if (after I've explained what I mean as clearly and forcefully as I can), they think about it and decide I'm wrong -- I AM wrong. Whether I'm the author or someone else is: we, the authors, always know the truth, even if it's bured under the excuse that we're just being too hard on ourselves (or whatever). We really do know. But sometimes we can't see it until someone else says it.
If someone makes a suggestion and I instantly agree with it and get excited about it, SHE'S RIGHT.
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The APT is a non-profit organization that sponsors and promotes continuing education activities and professional networking opportunities for pediatric occupational therapists, physical therapists, and speech and language pathologists.
APT membership is limited to occupational and physical therapists, speech/language pathologists and students in any of those fields. Membership entitles you to discounts for APT sponsored courses, library privileges (borrow books, test kits, and DVDs), and access to job and course listings on the website. Membership is valid for one year. An annual reminder email will be sent the month before your 1-year membership expires. Members who renew after their expiration date may experience a disruption in services.


text: Look at the adorable beach cottage in this month's House Beautiful. I will pointedly not mention the refrigerator since it's never fun to be overly predictable. I will, however, point out the scalloped countertop which is oh so cute. This house really inspires me to do something for my apartment this week, such as find a hanging spot for Junior's train table downstairs, rehang all the paintings that Junior has pulled down, or finish my new hacked aqua polka dotted with a pink back and red rickrack knitting chair from Ikea. Oh yeah, you read that right: A 50% off impulse purchase as a tired mom sank into aforementioned chair to close her eyes for a minute in the Ikea bargain basement, and just couldn't tear herself away.


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AMITA Health
Why Join AMITA?
AMITA Health is a joint operating company formed by the Adventist Health System in Altamonte Springs, FL and St. Louis, MO based Ascension.
AMITA Health is the largest health system in Illinois, comprising 19 hospitals and more than 230 sites of care. The health system has 900 providers in its medical groups, more than 26,000 associates and 7,000 physician partners and serves over 4.3 million residents in the greater Chicagoland area.
What You Will Do
As an Associate with AMITA Health, you will have the opportunity to providedirect patient care to behavioral health patients in accordance with the established policies and procedures of the facility.
What You Will Need
Work Experience:
Equal Employment Opportunity
AMITA Health will provide equal employment opportunities (EEO) to all associates and applicants for employment regardless of race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identification or expression, age, disability, marital status, amnesty, genetic information, carrier status or any other legally protected status or status as a covered veteran in accordance with applicable federal, state and local laws.
by Jobble


text: The Spy Who Came in from the Sea (2001)From School Library JournalGrade 4-8-Frank Hollahan, 14, and his mother have moved to Florida in order to join up with his father, a navy seaman fighting against the Germans. When his dad fails to meet them at the train station, Frank and his mother create a new life for themselves until the family can be reunited. The boy's tendency to exaggerate builds him a reputation in school as a teller of tall tales, so it's no surprise when his friends, mother, and teacher refuse to believe him when he informs them that he has spotted a German submarine out in the ocean, and what appears to be a spy on the beach. With the aid of a classmate who believes him and Wanda, a mysterious beach recluse, Frank sets out to prove the spy's existence and warn his neighbors of impending danger. He wins Wanda's trust and confidence and helps her overcome her stuttering and shyness, allowing her the opportunity to help him capture the spy and complete her education. This adventure story captures the essence of life during World War II. Secondary characters are believable and likable. Friendship and strong family ties are an integral part of Frank's new life. Using factual information about German spies landing along the Florida coast, Nolan has created a fast-paced adventure that is a real page-turner.Janet Gillen, Great Neck Public Library, NY Copyright 2000 Reed Business Information, Inc. Learn more about Peggy Nolan. Check out more Children's fiction books set in Florida. Visit It Takes Place in Florida and discover more books with a Florida setting. More pages


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Nelson NseAbasi
It was indeed a pleasure for many to receive popular internet comedy sensation, Silky Gifty (Eno-Obong Effiong) into the Akwa Ibom entertainment family in Uyo on Tuesday, August 11, 2020.
Silky Gifty is a Lagos based Actor, Scriptwriter, Comedienne, Producer from Ikono Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State who is making so much waves on social media through her funny skits. She is currently in the state to expedite plans for the shoot of her feature film, 'EDIDIONG'.
Miss Effiong was received to a warm reception during the Breakfast Meeting hosted by the Special Assistant to Governor Udom Emmanuel on Entertainment Industry, Mr David Sergeant (Utang Akwa Ibom) where she expressed immense joy for the show of love and appreciation.
Utang Akwa Ibom played host to members of the Akwa Ibom State Entertainment Working Committee and friends in the media as he is set to commence entertainment events, following the re-opening of leisure activities in the state by his boss.
The Breakfast Meeting with key players in the entertainment industry was conceived by the governor's aide to foster a good working relationship between entertainers and the media, as the industry gradually recovers from COVID 19.
At the occasion, Gifty commended the unity of purpose amongst entertainers in the state and gave her assurances to be a part of the revolution, which is producing more talents from the state to the mainstream of the Nigerian entertainment industry.
Also in attendance were the Special Assistant to Governor on Project Monitoring, Godfada Uko and the Special Assistant to Governor on Talent Hunt, Mr Emmanuel Owuala ( Emma Solution).
Follow her on Instagram @silkygifty to stand a chance to feature in the movie.


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1. assign
The command redirects requests for disk operations on one drive to a different drive.
assign [x[:]=y[:][…]]
assign /STATUS
* x The drive letter to reassign.
* y The drive letter that x: will be assigned to.
* /STATUS Displays the current drive assignments.
If typed without parameters then all drive letters are reset to original assignments.
The command is available in MS-DOS 5.00.
2. append
Display or sets the search path for data files. DOS will search the specified path(s) if the file is not found in the current path. This had some creative uses, such as allowing non-CD based games to be run from the CD, with configuration/save files stored on the HD.
append [d:]path[;][d:]path[…]
append [/Xn|off][/E]
Change or view the attributes of one or more files. It defaults to displaying the attributes of all files in the current directory.
* To add an attribute attach a '+' in front of it.
* To remove an attribute attach a '-' in front of it
* Attributes include
o R – Read-only
o A – Archive
o S – System
o H – Hidden
attrib [+|-ahrs] [filespec]
Directory Attrib Functions: It is also possible to use ATTRIB across directories.
Specifies a file or files for attrib to process.
o /D – Process folders as well.
o /S – Process matching files in the current folder and all subfolders.
Roughly equivalent to the Unix commands chattr and lsattr.
4. call
Calls one batch program from another. A new batch file context is created with the specified arguments and control is passed to the statement after the label specified.
call [filespec][batch file parameters]
* filespec: name and if necessary path of the new batch file
* parameters: switches
5. cd or chdir
Change current directory. Displays the current working directory when used without a path parameter.
displays the current working directory on the current drive.
cd f:
displays the current working directory on F:.
cd directory
changes the working directory on the current drive to directory.
chdir e:directory
changes the working directory on E: to directory.
cd ..
changes the working directory to the parent directory (up one directory level).
cd \
changes the working directory to the root (top level) directory of the current drive.
Equivalent to the Unix command cd (with a path parameter), or pwd (without a parameter). cd .. changes to the parent directory.
6. chcp
Changes the code page used to display character glyphs in a console window.
chcp [codepage]
With a numeric parameter, this command changes the codepage setting to codepage. Without a parameter, the command displays the currently active codepage.
7. chkdsk
Verifies a hard disk or a floppy disk for file system integrity.
* /P : Forces a full disk verification
* /R : Searches for defective sectors and recovers legible information (applies /F)
chkdsk drive [[path]filename] [/F] [/V]
Equivalent to the Unix command fsck
8. choice
Allows for batch files to prompt the user to select one item from a set of single-character choices.
Introduced in MS-DOS 6;[1] DR-DOS 7.03.[2]
9. cls
Clears the screen.
Equivalent to the Unix clear.
10. copy
Copies files from one location to another. The destination defaults to the current directory. If multiple source files are indicated, the destination must be a directory, or an error will result.
copy filespec [destination]
Files may be copied to devices. For example, copy file lpt1 sends the file to the printer on LPT1. copy file con outputs file to the screen ("console"), which can also be done using type file. Devices themselves may be copied: copy con file takes the text typed into the console and puts it into file, stopping when EOF (Ctrl+Z) is typed.
Files may be concatenated using +. For example, copy file1+file2 file_cat will concatenate the files and output them as file_cat. There are two switches to modify the command's behaviour, /a (text mode, the default) and /b (binary mode). In text mode, copy will stop when it reaches the EOF character; in binary mode, the files will be concatenated in their entirety, ignoring EOF characters. Examples:
copy /a alpha.txt + beta.txt gamma.txt
copy /b alpha.mpg + beta.mpg gamma.mpg
Equivalent Unix commands are cp (for copying) and cat (for concatenation). Device files may be copied in Unix as well, e.g. cp file /dev/tty will display a file on the screen (but cat file is more commonly used here).
Equivalent RT-11/RSX-11/OpenVMS command is copy.
11. defrag
(in MS/PC-DOS; diskopt in DR-DOS)
Defragments a disk drive.
* -A – Analyses the fragmentation of a disk drive
* -F – Force defragmentation even if disk space is low
* -V – Verbose output mode
Example of usage:
defrag driveletter: -a -v
No Unix equivalent.
12. del or erase
Deletes one or more files.
del filename
erase filename
Equivalent to the Unix command rm.
Equivalent in RT-11/RSX-11/OpenVMS operating systems line is delete command which can be contracted to del.
13. deltree
Deletes a directory along with all of the files and subdirectories that it contains. Normally, it will ask for confirmation of such a drastic action.
deltree [/y] directory
The /y parameter, if present, tells the deltree command to carry out without first prompting for confirmation.
The deltree command is not included in recent Microsoft Windows operating systems. Deleting a non-empty directory in those versions of Windows where the command is not included, can be achieved by using the rmdir command as in the following example:
rmdir /s [/q] directory
In Unix, the functionality of deltree is provided by the rm command with the parameter -r (or -rf for the /y switch).
14. dir
Lists the contents of a directory.
The dir command typed by itself, displays the disk's volume label and serial number; one directory or filename per line, including the filename extension, the file size in bytes, and the date and time the file was last modified; and the total number of files listed, their cumulative size, and the free space (in bytes) remaining on the disk. The command is one of the few commands that exist from the first versions of DOS.
dir [drive:][path][filename] [parameters]
Most commonly used parameters of dir include:
* /W : Displays the listing in wide format, with as many as five filenames or directory names on each line.
* /P : Pause at every page
* /S : Also look in subdirectories
* /Axx: Display files with the specified attributes only
* /Oxx: Modifies sort order
* /B : Uses bare format (no heading information or summary)
* > [drive:][path][filename] : To Store Result in a text file;(c:\dir > c:\fileList.txt)
Possible attributes for the A parameter are D (directories), R (read-only files), H (hidden files), A (files/directories with the archive bit on), and S (system files). The prefix – negates an attribute; attributes can be combined (e.g. /AA means directories with the archive bit on).
Possible sort orders are N (name), S (size), E (extension), D (date and time), A (last access date), and G (group directories first). The prefix – reverses the order.
Other less commonly used parameters of dir include:
* /D : Display wide format but sorted by column
* /L : Display forced into lowercase
* /N : Display forced into long file name format instead of 8.3
* /Q : Displays the owner of each file
* /X : Display shows 8.3 names next to long file names
The default parameters of dir can be set using the DIRCMD environment variable.
Equivalent to the Unix command ls (the option -l is "long" list format, it works the opposite way from /w.)
Equivalent in RT-11/RSX-11/OpenVMS operating systems line is directory command which can be contracted to dir.
15. echo
Prints its own arguments back out to the DOS equivalent of the standard output stream. Usually, this means directly to the screen, but the output of echo can be redirected like any other command. Often used in batch files to print text out to the user.
echo this is text Outputs 'this is text'
echo. Outputs a blank line
Another important use of the echo command is to toggle echoing of commands on and off in batch files.
echo on turns on echoing of commands
echo off turns off echoing of commands
Traditionally batch files begin with the @echo off statement. This says to the interpreter that echoing of commands should be off during the whole execution of the batch file thus resulting in a "tidier" output. The @ symbol declares that this particular command (echo off) should also be executed without echo. For example the following 2 batch files are equivalent:
@echo off
echo The files in your root directory:
dir /b /a-d c:\
@echo The files in your root directory:
@dir /b /a-d c:\
Echo can be used to write to files directly from the console, by redirecting the output stream:
echo text > filename
Echo can also be used to append to files directly from the console, again by redirecting the output stream:
echo text >> filename
To type more than one line from the console into a file, use copy con (above).
Equivalent to the Unix command echo.
16. exe2bin
Converts an executable (.exe) file into a binary file with the extension .com, which is a memory image of the program.
The size of the resident code and data sections combined in the input .exe file must be less than 64KB. The file must also have no stack segment.
17. exit
Exits the current command processor. If the exit is used at the primary command, it has no effect unless in a DOS window under Microsoft Windows, in which case the window is closed and the user returns to the desktop.
Exit also exists in Unix-shells. If an exit command is used in the primary command shell under Unix, however, it will logoff the user, similar to the control-D keystroke.
18. fastopen
Main article: FASTOPEN
19. fc or comp
Compares two files or sets of files and displays the differences between them.
FC [/A] [/C] [/L] [/LBn] [/N] [/T] [/W] [/nnnn] [drive1:][path1]filename1 [drive2:][path2]filename2
FC /B [drive1:][path1]filename1 [drive2:][path2]filename2
/A Displays only first and last lines for each set of differences.
/B Performs a binary comparison.
/C Disregards the case of letters.
/L Compares files as ASCII text.
/LBn Sets the maximum consecutive mismatches to the specified number of lines.
/N Displays the line numbers on an ASCII comparison.
/T Does not expand tabs to spaces.
/W Compresses white space (tabs and spaces) for comparison.
/nnnn Specifies the number of consecutive lines that must match after a mismatch.
[drive1:][path1]filename1 Specifies the first file or set of files to compare.
[drive2:][path2]filename2 Specifies the second file or set of files to compare.[citation needed]
Equivalent to the Unix commands comm, cmp and diff.20. fdisk
Manipulates hard disk partition tables. The name derives from IBM's habit of calling hard drives fixed disks. When run from the command line, it displays a menu of various partitioning operations:
1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive
2. Set active partition
3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive
4. Display partition information
5. Change current fixed disk drive (only available if the computer has more than one hard drive)
FDISK /MBR installs a standard master boot record on the hard drive.
FDISK /MBR #: where # is other partition on system. Completes above command on indicated partition.
eg: "C:\FDISK /MBR D:" would install boot record on D:\ partition.
Fdisk exists under Unix with the same name, but it is an entirely different program. However they share purposes.
21. find
A filter to find lines in the input data stream that contain or don't contain a specified string and send these to the output data stream.
Find may also be used as a pipe.
find "keyword" < "inputfilename" > "outputfilename"
Searches for a text string in a file or files.
FIND [/V] [/C] [/N] [/I] "string" [[drive:][path]filename[ …]]
/V Displays all lines NOT containing the specified string.
/C Displays only the count of lines containing the string.
/N Displays line numbers with the displayed lines.
/I Ignores the case of characters when searching for the string.
"string" Specifies the text string to find.
[drive:][path]filename Specifies a file or files to search.
If a pathname is not specified, FIND searches the text typed at the prompt
or piped from another command.
Equivalent to the Unix command grep. The Unix command find performs an entirely different function.
22. format
Delete all the files on the disk and reformat it for MS-DOS
In most cases, this should only be used on floppy drives or other removable media. This command can potentially erase everything on a computer's hard disk.
/autotest and /backup are undocumented features. Both will format the drive without a confirmation prompt.
format [options] drive
FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/F:size] [/B | /S] [/C]
FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/T:tracks /N:sectors] [/B | /S] [/C]
FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/1] [/4] [/B | /S] [/C]
FORMAT drive: [/Q] [/1] [/4] [/8] [/B | /S] [/C]
/V[:label] Specifies the volume label.
/Q Performs a quick format.
/F:size Specifies the size of the floppy disk to format (such
as 160, 180, 320, 360, 720, 1.2, 1.44, 2.88).
/B Allocates space on the formatted disk for system files.
/S Copies system files to the formatted disk.
/T:tracks Specifies the number of tracks per disk side.
/N:sectors Specifies the number of sectors per track.
/1 Formats a single side of a floppy disk.
/4 Formats a 5.25-inch 360K floppy disk in a high-density drive.
/8 Formats eight sectors per track.
/C Tests clusters that are currently marked "bad."
Known as a joke among UNIX users of that time since every user on the machine could easily cause damage with just one command. Therefore, it was known in the UNIX community as "The big DOS timesaver".
There is also an undocumented /u parameter for "unconditional" that will write strings of zeros on every sector.
Equivalent to the Unix command mkfs.
Equivalent in RT-11/RSX-11/OpenVMS operating systems line is format command which can not create filesystem. After formatting one should use initialize (contracted to init) command to create filesystem (Equivalent to MS-DOS command format /q or "quick format").
23. help
Gives help about DOS.
help 'command' would give help on a specific command. By itself, it lists the contents of DOSHELP.HLP. Help for a specific command invokes the command with the /? option. In MS-DOS 6.x this command exists as FASTHELP.
MS-DOS 6.xx help command uses QBASIC to view a quickhelp HELP.HLP file, which contains more extensive information on the commands, with some hyperlinking etc. The MS-DOS 6.22 help system is included on Windows 9x cdrom versions as well.
PC-DOS 7.xx help uses view.exe to open OS/2 style .INF files (cmdref.inf, dosrexx.inf and doserror.inf), opening these to the appropriate pages.
In DR-DOS, help is a batch file that launches DR-DOS' online reference, dosbook.
Microsoft Windows
Windows NT, all versions, uses DOS 5 style help, but versions before VISTA have also a Windows help file (NTCMDS.HLP or NTCMDS.INF) in a similar style to MS-DOS 6.
FreeDOS uses an HTML help system, which views HTML help files on a specified path. The path is stored in HELPPATH environment variable, if not specified, default path is \HELP on the drive which HELP is placed.
Partially equivalent to the Unix command man.
24. intersvr & interlnk
(in MS-DOS; filelink in DR-DOS)
Network PCs using a null modem cable or LapLink cable. The server-side version of InterLnk, it also immobilizes the machine it's running on as it is an active app (As opposed to a TSR) which must be running for any transfer to take place. DR-DOS' filelink is executed on both the client and server.
New in MS-DOS 6.[3]
No direct Unix equivalent, though some Unices offer the ability to network computers with TCP/IP through null modem or Laplink cables using PLIP or SLIP.
25. join
Attaches a drive letter to a specified directory on another drive.[3]
JOIN d: [d:\path]
JOIN [/D] (removes drive assignment)
If JOIN a: c:\floppy were executed, c:\floppy would display the contents of the a: drive. The opposite can be achieved via the subst command.
26. label
Changes the label on a logical drive, such as a hard disk partition or a floppy disk.
In Unix and Unix-like systems, this differs from filesystem to filesystem. e2label can be used for ext2 partitions.
27. loadfix
Loads a program above the first 64K of memory, and runs the program.
loadfix [drive:][path]filename
Included only in MS/PC-DOS. DR-DOS used memmax, which opened or closed lower, upper, and video memory access, to block the lower 64K of memory.[4]
28. md or mkdir
Makes a new directory. The parent of the directory specified will be created if it does not already exist.
md directory
Equivalent to the Unix command mkdir.
29. mem
Displays memory usage.
o /CLASSIFY or /C – Lists the size of programs, provides a summary of memory in use and lists largest memory block available.
o /DEBUG or /D – Displays status of programs, internal drivers, and other information.
o /PROGRAM or /P Displays status of programs currently loaded in memory.
Equivalent to the Unix command free.
30. memmaker
Starting from version 6, MS-DOS included the external program MemMaker which was used to free system memory (especially Conventional memory) by automatically reconfiguring the AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS files. This was usually done by moving TSR Programs to the Upper memory. The whole process required three system restarts. Before the first restart the user was asked whether he wanted to enable EMS Memory or not.
The use of MemMaker was popular among gamers who wanted to enable or disable Expanded memory in order to run a game which required EMS or not. Better results could be achieved by an experienced user manually configuring the startup files to achieve greater free memory yield.
* /BATCH Runs MemMaker in batch (unattended) mode. In batch mode, MemMaker takes the default action at all prompts.
* /UNDO Instructs MemMaker to undo its most recent changes.
PC-DOS uses another program RamBoost to optimize memory, either the HIMEM/EMM386 or a third-party memory manager.
31. mode
Configures system devices. Changes graphics modes, adjusts keyboard settings, prepares code pages, and sets up port redirection.[5]
32. more
Pages through the output so that you can view more than one screen of text.
command | more
Equivalent to the Unix commands more and less.
More may also be used as a filter.
more < inputfilename
33. move
Moves files or renames directories.
move filename newname
move driveletter:\olddir driveletter:\newdir
Example: move c:\old c:\new
Equivalent to the Unix command mv. DR-DOS used a separate command for renaming directories, rendir.
34. msd
Main article: Microsoft Diagnostics
Provides detailed technical information about the computer's hardware and software.
New in MS-DOS 6;[6] the PC-DOS version of this command is QCONFIG.[citation needed]
No Unix equivalent, however in GNU/Linux similar type of information may be obtained from various text files in /proc directory.
35. pause
Suspends processing of a batch program and displays the message 'Press any key to continue. . .'.
36. pcpark
Parks the hard disk heads in order to enable safe shutdown; only used on early versions.
No Unix equivalent.
MS-DOS 3.2 (and possibly others) used the command HHSET
37. print
Adds a file in the print queue.
* /D device : Specifies the name of the print devices. Default value is LPT1
* /P filename : Add files in the print queue
* /T : Removes all files from the print queue
* /C filename : Removes a file from the print queue
This command was introduced in MS-DOS version 2. Before that there was no built-in support for background printing files. The user would usually use the copy command to copy files to LPT1.
Equivalent to the Unix command lpr
38. rd or rmdir
Remove a directory, which by default must be empty of files for the command to succeed (the /s flag removes this restriction).
rd directory
Equivalent to the Unix command rmdir.
39. rem
Remark statement, normally used within a batch file. An alternative way not to run a specific statement in a batch file is creating a label that will never be used, ::.
On the command line, rem can also be used to create a zero length file by redirecting an empty remark statement to a filename.
rem > newfilename
In Unix, the # sign can be used to start a comment; the zero-length file can be achieved using various methods, such as the touch command or dd.
40. ren
Renames a file. Unlike the move command, this command cannot be used to rename subdirectories, or rename files across drives.
ren filename newname
You can rename files in another directory by using the PATH parameter:
ren [path]|[filename] [newfilename]
An example could be:
ren c:\Windows filex.txt filey.txt
On DOS with long filename support, care must be taken when directories have spaces in their names like "Documents and Settings". In these cases double-quotes are used to enclose them:
ren c:\"Documents and Settings"\"All Users"\Desktop filex.txt filey.txt
Mass renames can be accomplished by the use of wildcards. For example, the following command will change the extension of all files in the current directory which currently have the extension htm to html:
ren *.htm *.html
In Unix, this functionality of a simple move is provided by the mv command, while batch renames can be done using the rename command.
41. scandisk
Disk diagnostic utility. Scandisk was a replacement for the chkdsk utility, starting with later versions of MS-DOS. Its primary advantages over chkdsk is that it is more reliable and has the ability to run a surface scan which finds and marks bad clusters on the disk. chkdsk had surface scan and bad cluster detection functionality included, and was used again on Windows NT based operating systems.
Equivalent to the Unix command fsck.
42. set
Sets environmental variables. See Environment variable.
Since Windows 2000 it can be even used for command line inputs by using Parameter /P
set /p choice=Type your text.
echo You typed: "%choice%"
43. share
Installs support for file sharing and locking capabilities.
share [/F:space] [/L:locks]
/F:space Allocates file space (in bytes) for file-sharing information.
/L:locks Sets the number of files that can be locked at one time.
44. smartdrive
45. sort
A filter to sort lines in the input data stream and send them to the output data stream.
sort < inputfilename > outputfilename
Equivalent to the Unix command sort.
46. subst
A utility to map a subdirectory to a drive letter.[3]
subst <d:> <path>
subst <d:> /D (Deletes the substitute drive)
If SUBST e: c:\edrive were executed, a new drive letter e: would be created, showing the contents of c:\edrive. The opposite can be achieved via the join command.
47. sys
A utility to make a volume bootable.
48. time and date
Display and set the time and date
When these commands are called from the command line or a batch file, they will display the time or date and wait for the user to type a new time or date and press RETURN. The command 'time /t' will bypass asking the user to reset the time.
The Unix command date displays both the time and date, but does not allow the normal users to change either. Users with superuser privileges may use date -s <new-date-time> to change the time and date.
The Unix command time performs a different function.
49. tree
Shows the directory tree of the current directory
/F (Displays the names of the files in each folder.)
/A (Use ASCII instead of the extended characters.)
/? (Shows the help)
tree [options] [directory]
50. truename
truename drivename
truename filename
truename pathname
If typed without a parameter then the current active drive pathname is displayed.
If typed with a parameter then the command outputs the entire path (full directory and filename) of the path or filename. For example, if the working drive and directory were C:\PROGRAMS and one typed truename fish, the output would be C:\PROGRAMS\FISH. This command also displays the UNC pathnames of mapped network or local CD drives.
This command is an undocumented DOS command. The help switch "/?" defines it as a "Reserved command name". It is available in MS-DOS 5.00.
This command is similar to the Unix which command, which, given an executable found in $PATH, would give a full path and name. The C library function realpath performs this function.
51. type
Display a file. The more command is frequently used in conjunction with this command, e.g. type long-text-file | more.
type filename
Equivalent to the Unix command cat.
52. undelete
Restores file previously deleted with del. By default all recoverable files in the working directory are restored. The options are used to change this behavior. If the MS-DOS mirror TSR program is used, then deletion tracking files are created and can be used by undelete.
* /list : lists the files that can be undeleted.
* /all : Recovers all deleted files without prompting. Uses a number sign for missing first character.
* /dos : Recover only MS-DOS aware files, ignore deletion tracking file.
* /dt : Recover only deletion tracking file aware files.
undelete [filespec][/list|/all][/dos|/dt]
In Unix and Unix-like systems this differs from filesystem to filesystem. People who use the ext2 filesystem can try the command e2undel.
53. ver
Shows the version of MS-DOS you are using.
Some versions of MS-DOS support an undocumented /r switch, which will show the revision as well as the version.
ver [/r]
Roughly equivalent to the Unix command uname.
54. verify
Enables or disables the feature to determine if files have been correctly written to disk.
If no parameter is provided, the command will display the current setting.[7]
verify [on|off]
55. xcopy
Copy entire directory trees.
xcopy directory [destination-directory]
Equivalent to the Unix command cp when used with -r parameter.


text:
The last four years I have travelled out of town to run a fall marathon. After having a good time in Philadelphia last year I was hoping to be able to do that again this year. For a little over a week now I have had my sights set on the the option I want to do in the fall.
My decision was made after the Chicago Marathon announced its registration process for this year. While many people have been debating the choice to opt for a lottery another aspect caught my eye, direct entry via time qualifier. According to the new process, men can gain direct entry if they have run a sub 3:15 marathon on or after January 1 2012. That means my time here in Ottawa qualifies me for direct entry.
My wife and I have nit been to Chicago before and it was on our list of cities to visit and now we have an excuse to go this year. It is also one of the major marathons in the world and of the American ones Boston is still a work in progress for me and New York might not be attainable given the tighter qualifying standards and cost involved with running the New York City Marathon.
Chicago will be an amazing experience both in terms of running and visiting. There will be plenty to see and race day will be equally as impressive. Both times I ran the Philadelphia Marathon The first thing I ate after I finished was a cheesesteak. In Chicago I plan to find the best place for deep dish pizza and make that my first stop after I get showered and changed.
Of course Chicago will not be a cheap trip either, considering we will need to pay for airfare and accomodations. That means I will have to find a way to finance the trip. Starting now I am saving all of my change and rolling it. This money will go into my Chicago fund that I will cash in before the marathon in October. Hopefully between now and then I will be able to put away a decent amount to help pay for the cost of the trip.
Now that I have identified my plan to run the Chicago Marathon I would be interested in hearing any feedback you may have both in terms of running the marathon and visiting the city.


text:
It's officially Spring but who's still walking around, all dressed in black… Sighs, indeed. I am. I can't seem to let go of all the blackness for now but who's to blame. This weather is simply sad. But before you guys think I'm struggling with a depression (don't worry, I'm not) and this starts to sounds way too negative: those all-black looks actually work out every time! And great outfits means more confidence. And more confidence means extra smiling.
Now, to avoid that my all black outfit implies I'm ready to leave for a funeral, I always add some details to cheer up the look. Some (pink) golden accents, some minimalstic accessories, an eye catcher like my Eleven Paris shirt and a happy subtle color on the lips can do the trick. Because a colored purse is not really my most go-to bag, I've picked a black and white one to join the party. It's also fun to mix classic pieces like this long blazer with more edgy items such as the ankle boots. Want to make it more bold? Go for smokey eyes or a good old fashion thick eyeliner with a nice wing and add more bracelets.
What I'm wearing: River Island blazer with leather details, Eleven Paris black Kate Moss top, Zara black denim, Primark ankle boots, Zara scarf, Daniel Wellington watch (buy your own with 15% discount using the code 'lovelifelovefashion'), H&M cross-body bag.
What about you? Are you already letting go of that winter wardrobe? My love for the all black looks only seems to grow stronger. Although, I ordered a white denim this weekend! That will get interesting. ;)


text:
After-sales Service: Warranty Practices in the Retail Market15 November 2013 Products & Quality Assurance Tanzania
This Market Intelligence Note provides a snapshot of existing warranty practices in the retail chain in Tanzania along with suggestions on ways to offer a more effective warranty. These findings are based on surveys conducted with 149 retailers in April and May 2013.
16 pages
Language: englishRead as PDF


text:
As costs continue to rise for addressing increased regulatory expectations, upgrading technology, and maintaining convenient locations and a skilled work force, how can community banks and credit unions reign in expenses while continuing to maintain a competitive operation?
When you stop and think about it, reducing expenses continues to be a constant concern for most financial institutions. For many the obvious extras and non-essentials were discontinued long ago. Now, the concern for many is how to further reduce expenditures without sacrificing the quality of member services or missing out on new technologies and strategies that may be just over the horizon.
If your bank or credit union is looking for additional ways to reduce expenses – without jeopardizing your service quality – following are three areas where an unbiased operational review can discover potential savings, improved service and the opportunity for increased revenue that can provide a significant performance boost – both immediate and for the long-term.
1. Uncover your untapped potential
A process improvement study – conducted by an expert in business process re engineering – will identify changes that, once implemented, can result in maximum productivity and business efficiency. An assessment includes a thorough review of your business structure, workflow, personnel, plus income and expenditures.
Once areas for improvement have been identified, study results will provide recommended next steps – based on your unique situation – along with a road map that outlines the most effective ways to re-analyze your processes. You'll no doubt see immediate improvements but also gain the ability to maintain long-term initiatives to exceed goals.
2. Shore up your staffing model
As technology plays a larger role in how consumers access financial services, maintaining a right-sized staffing model can be challenging. Indeed, your account holders may be spending more time conducting their financial business on their computer or mobile phone. But when they have a question or need a service that requires human interaction, they expect and deserve the highest level of service.
A staffing study can help to facilitate appropriate staffing levels and scheduling – both now and as your personnel needs fluctuate in the future. Findings can help you reduce overtime and redistribute human resources during peak and non-peak business hours. In some cases, when it leads to greater efficiency's', this might include replacing full-time staff with part-time resources – which can result in substantial cost savings. The money you save can fund new services, upgrade benefits or add personnel to an under-staffed department. Or, expense reductions can be returned straight to the bottom line.
3. Take your service contracts off autopilot
When was the last time you reviewed your service contracts? I know this can be an overwhelming task – especially if no one on staff is knowledgeable about contract terms and cost structures. But allowing a legacy contract to renew without reviewing the costs and terms associated with the agreement is a sure way – in many, many cases – of letting potential savings, signing bonuses and improved service slip away.
An analysis of all your vendor contracts can likely uncover better savings and terms – well beyond what a vendor might have described to your institution as it's "best and final" offer – on services you use every day, such as your debit card and credit card processing, card brand agreements with Visa, MasterCard and Discover, core data processing, internet banking and more.
Then, you can decide which opportunities to pursue with a full-on contract negotiation. In the end, you have nothing to lose and potentially a great deal to gain in regards to better service and reduced expenses.
In today's highly competitive environment, just think about the great things you can do in your community with a fine-tuned organization and additional resources.


text:
Seamfree, supportive comfort is now obtainable for the fuller busted girls (G-K cups)! The Sugar Candy bra is ideal as a maternity or nursing bra and as a sleep bra. It is patent pending for its technology and use of highly engineered constructive support panels, heat moulded cups and concealed elastic underband. With graducated straps & bands, you'll love the security and shape that Sugar Candy offers!
With a tagline, "Love the body you're in" the Cake Lingerie line is a welcoming fit of perfection to match your changing needs.
Select a row below to filter reviews.


text:
Choosing a college will be one of the toughest choices you'll make. Some important factors to take into consideration while on your journey, will be: location, environment, size, admission requirements, academics, college expenses, financial aid, housing, and facilities.
How do I even begin searching for a college that's best for me? Watch this video for tips.
Ask yourself these important questions to start.
- Is location important?
- Cost of tuition?
- Am I interested in a major that is very specific?
- Do I want to play sports, participate in clubs and extra curricular activities?
- What kind of weather do I want to enjoy?
Answering these questions should get you focused on more likely candidates for your college experience.
Now your ready for the next step.
Visit, CaCareerzone, start with the Explore section, go to, Find a College in Your Area. Explore colleges and get better acquainted with your options and goals. Plan to start by calling the top colleges in your list. Talk to student embassadors, program representatives, and admissions counselors to find out all the details that will make a difference to you. Like, how is the student culture? What is the general vibe of the program and what kind of support is available for new students? Then if a college has made it past your criteria, schedule a visit. Try to have a student ambassador take you and your family for a tour. You will get insider tips on all kinds of imortant aspects of the college.
Your Future Is Our Business (YFIOB), is a great way to gain insight into a career area. Through meaningful work-based learning opportunities like internships and job shadowing, students gain practical experience within a career path of their choice. Visit, Your Future Is Our Business, for more information.
- Putting it all together and on time! Are you going to a public, private, college, university or a two year community college? Colleges have many varying requirements and deadlines that are specific for each.
- College admission advice
- Tips from students to students
- College Board- Big Futures
- Anatomy of a college application


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Reuters: UAE-based supermarket chain Lulu Group said on Monday it plans to invest $200m on halal-only outlets in Malaysia in the next two years ahead of expanding into other south Asian markets. Owned by Yusuff Ali MA, who was ranked ...Read More »
Branding & Marketing
Out of halal certification chaos comes criticism and Islamophobia?
By Annie-Rose Harrison-Dunn The sensationalist media coverage around so called 'stealth halal' is only fuelled by the lack of certification harmonisation, Food Navigator's Annie-Rose Harrison-Dunn argues. The British press has been a-buzz this past week as it was 'revealed' that ...Read More »
Islamic compliant halal travel and Serendipity Tailormade
According to the '2013 state of the Global Islamic Economy' by Thomson Reuters and Dinar Standard, the Muslim travel sector is worth an estimated 137 billion US dollars. Clearly a want and need is present for Islamic compliant travel and ...Read More »
Opinion: Fashion's Missed Muslim Market Opportunity
By Robin Mellery-Pratt Socio-economic and political developments, aided by the connectivity of the Internet, have galvanised a newly emergent Muslim consumer demographic, creating significant, if complex, opportunities for international fashion brands. LONDON, United Kingdom — Muslim fashion. Simply juxtaposing these ...Read More »
Opinion: Multiples' drive into Halal meat market shows growing importance of ethnic shoppers
By Fiona Briggs The announcement Tesco and Sainsbury's are stepping up their Halal meat offerings with new branded fixtures in store reinforces the importance and potential of ethnic shoppers to both suppliers and retailers. Category and shopper management specialist Bridgethorne says ...Read More »


text:
There is so much future in Audi e-tron Sportback.
The comfortable space, the design, the lights and the quietness of the driving experience
will make you think you're off to space anytime you drive to your destination.
Our task was to give you a taste of that feeling of calm acceleration and interior peace.
Client / Audi
Art Direction, CGI and Ph. Editing / Edvig De Stefano
Copy / Nicola Aschero
Photographer / Dmitry Bocharov
HDRI and BACKPLATES / CTC Creative Studio
Drive different.
The electric drive gives a totally different experience: the outside will be changed by the inside.
The car is passing by an empty city. The silence inside and outside the vehicle is something peaceful and
leaves the driver and the viewer with an estatic moment to enjoy.
Vertigo feel. Visionary sight.
There is something electric between this two people gazing at the horizon. It seems they are waiting for
something very close at hand, yet to discover.
Fueled by silence.
Audi E-tron Sportback is speeding fast leaving just green energy on the road.
Once you could recognize the model of the car by its noise, now by its silence.


text:
Every year, Balboa Park hosts a terrific holiday event. December Nights is the first Friday and Saturday of December, from 5-9pm. All of the Balboa Park museums are open and free. There's music at the Spreckels Organ Pavilion and elsewhere throughout the park. There are vendors of all types. The Spanish Village has all kinds of art for sale. It's really cool.
My favorite part has always been the International Houses, though. The International Houses each set up a food booth, featuring specialty foods from the nations that are represented. There's cannoli and tiramisu at House of Italy, pastries and haggis at House of Scotland, crepes at House of France, and so forth. Uncle Pasto and I try to go and find new foods we haven't tried before. It's great fun. (:
What we had this year:
House of Argentina: choripan and alfajores. I am rather amused that choripan sounds Japanese, and kind of functions the same way as many Japanese portmanteaus, in that it's a grilled chorizo sausage (chori-) on crusty bread (pan). It's topped off with chimichurri sauce … yum!Alfajores are sandwich cookies. The cookies are made with flour, honey, and nuts, and they're filled with dulce du leche, and the edges are rolled in coconut. I'd like a little lemon or something in the cookie to cut the sweet just slighty, but they are still really tasty.
House of Ukraine: Uncle Pasto and I like sausages. At House of Ukraine, we got the kovbasa sandwich with kapusta. Kovbasa is similar to a kielbasa, and kapusta starts with sauerkraut, but adds other vegetables. In this case, we noticed carrots and onions. It was tasty. We also got the varenyka, which is kind of like potato-stuffed ravioli. The dough is thick and chewy, and the potato filling is soft. It's sauced with butter and sauteed onions, and topped with sour cream. Fantastic. Probably a good thing we limited ourselves to one, or we'd never have made it to …
House of Finland: where we got lihapullat and kastike, the Finnish take on meatballs and gravy. The meatballs were pretty normal, but the kastike was terrific — a savory pepper gravy, which neither of us had thought to pair with meatballs before. We also got rosolli, a chopped salad of beets, apples, carrots, onions, and sour cream. I am pleased to note that we now have a new favorite beet dish. Rosolli is delicious! We also picked up a "Finnish doughnut" — they didn't have listed what the actual Finnish word was for it. It was a spongy fried bread dough, dusted with cinnamon sugar.
On to House of Panama: Oh, how we love House of Panama, and we were rather sad that we got to them late, because the arroz con coconut y pollo smelled amazing. But we were both pretty full, so we settled for a bacalaito and a small batch of yuca frita. Bacalaito is a deep-fried codfish fritter which totally screams Christmas at me — it's also similar to Italian fried dough, which we make on Christmas Eve. My family puts anchovies in them instead of baccala (salt cod). Yuca frita is just as it sounds — deep-fried cassava root. Yes, that's the same stuff they use to make tapioca. Yuca frita is pretty bland, but kick it up with Panamanian hot sauce, and look out. Panamanian hot sauce is a mix of habanero, mustard, onion, garlic, and sometimes turmeric. It's utterly incendiary and absolutely delicious.
We finished off our noshing at the Houses of Czech and Slovak. We did this on purpose because we know they usually have kolaches, and they did not disappoint. Kolaches are a sweet roll made with a yeast dough, and topped with jam or poppyseeds, or occasionally stuffed with sausage. We got three utterly scrumptious apricot kolaches and ate them all up. I had my first real kolaches ever at the Czech Stop in Texas, and have loved them ever since. They're not a common food here in San Diego, so it's a real treat getting them at December Nights.
It was a wonderful experience, and I wholeheartedly encourage you, if you are local, to pay a visit to the International Houses the next time you go to December Nights (next year, right? (; ). It is totally worth it. Bring cash and an open mind and empty stomach!