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'Diamonds are a girl's best friend,' a phrase and song made famous by the 1949 movie Gentlemen Prefer Blondes in which Marilyn Monroe first performed the song. Today the saying is very much true, but traditionally gold bands were used for the symbol of a wedding union until 1938 when DeBeers launched their advertising campaign "A Diamond is Forever". The ad campaign is regarded as one of the most successful in history and changed the general public's perception of diamonds. No longer were diamonds seen as a gem reserved only for Royalty and the highest of society, they came to represent love, affection and faithfulness. Nowadays Diamond engagement rings are not only glamorous they have a very special meaning attached to them, they symbolise commitment and the next chapter in a couple's life, which combined with their beauty is why they are so desirable. For years the price of diamonds were kept artificially high by carefully controlling the quantity of diamonds that were allowed to reach the market place by one company who had a monopoly over their distribution. Today this is no longer the case as diamonds are available from various channels around the world where their price is governed by globalized market economies. There is still a growing demand for diamonds and with their diminishing supply and extremely high costs other less expensive substitutes are used in their place.
Unlike other gemstones diamonds are formed in the earths mantle a semi-molten layer between the earths outer core and crust that's subject to extreme heat and pressure. At depths of over 100 miles below the earth's surface the simple carbon containing minerals were transformed into diamonds by the heat and pressure of their surroundings. All of this happened between 1 billion to 3.3 billion years ago when the earth was much hotter than it is today. We can't mine down far enough to reach the earth's mantle but fortunately volcanic eruptions have done the job for us. The last of these magma volcanic eruptions occurred over 20 million years ago which brought up diamonds close enough to the surface so that they could be mined.
Real Diamonds
Diamonds are naturally occurring gems that are composed of carbon atoms arranged in a particular structure. They are extremely hard and until recently were regarded as the worlds hardest natural material with a rating of 10 on the Mohs hardness scale. Although diamonds are extremely expensive their price is very much governed by what's known as the four Cs, carat, cut, colour, and clarity. It's very rare to find a diamond that doesn't contain flaws which is why such diamonds demand a high price the same can be said for colour. Most diamonds along with having small amounts of defects or impurities will have a tinge of yellow or brown which is why truly colourless diamonds are so rare.
Diamonds have a high refractive index of 2.417 and a dispersion of 0.044 which means that when light passes from air to a diamond which has a different density to air the speed of light slows down and bends the light due to the angle of refraction. The different colours that make up a white light slow at different speeds and are split up or separate once they enter the diamond. This separation of the colour spectrum is called dispersion and as light leaves the diamond material and enters the air the angle of refraction again bends and the dispersion, which is the separation of white light into different colours (which the light already contains) increases and gives us a colour spectrum. A Diamond is also an electrical insulator but the best natural thermal conductor known being 4/5 times more conductive than copper. Diamonds have a specific gravity of between 3.5 – 3.53 which is the density of the material in comparison to the same amount of water and is useful for gem identification by gem buyers and gemologists.
Cultured Diamond
Cultured diamonds or synthetic diamonds as they are sometimes called have been in production since the mid 1950's although the technology could only produce small diamonds. Over the past few years the technology has rapidly advanced and now two companies are able to produce diamonds that are identical in hardness, dispersion, gravity, refraction and chemical composition to the highest quality mined diamonds available. Where as a one-carat top quality diamond would cost thousands of pounds to buy, the same quality man made diamond could be made for less than £5. This will obviously have a huge impact on the diamond industry over the next few years as when comparing a cultured and mined diamond side by side they are virtually undistinguishable, however they can be differentiated by spectroscopy, infrared, ultraviolet, or X-ray wavelengths. Cultured diamonds can be grown from a single crystal by using a technique called chemical vapor deposition. The technique works by placing cultured crystal seeds in a chamber where hydrogen and methane gases are passed through. The chamber is subject to high heat and pressure which causes hydrogen and methane deposits to collect on the diamond crystals steadily growing them in the process.
Cubic Zirconia
Cubic Zirconia is currently the most popular substitute to a diamond because to the untrained eye they look identical. Cubic Zirconia or CZ as it is referred to is made from zirconium dioxide a different material than diamonds, which although a different chemical composition comes closer than any other gem to matching the characteristics of a diamond. Natural CZ was first discovered in 1899 but it wasn't until the late 70's that man made CZ first came into production for use in jewellery. CZ on first impression looks just like a diamond but under close inspection there are differences, it has a gravity of between 5.6 and 6.0 which means it's 1.6 times the weight of a diamond. It has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, a refraction index of 2.176 and a dispersive power of 0.060, which means that it's not as hard as a diamond, it's slightly less sparkly but displays more prismatic fire which means more colour sparkles within the gem. Another point to note is that natural diamonds display impurities which CZ doesn't its also clear in colour which most diamonds aren't, but they can be coloured by adding metal oxides in the production process. Unlike diamonds CZ are good thermal insulators which mean they become warm but can't withstand the same kind of heat a diamond can, which is one test that is used to distinguish diamonds from CZ. Caring for CZ is important because they are more brittle than diamonds and susceptible to wear and tear such as chipping and scratches over time.
Moissanite is another diamond substitute which is a rare mineral that can be found naturally in small quantities although jewellery Moissanite is artificially made. It's made from Silicon Carbide which means it's able to withstand high temperatures and is very hard with a Mohs scale reading of 9.25. There is currently only one manufacturer of Moissanite gemstones, Charles & Colvard who have a patent that will expire in 2015. Once the patent expires it will likely become more readily available at a cheaper price when competitors can also manufacture the gemstone. Moissanite is slightly lighter than a diamond with a gravity of 3.21 which isn't that noticeable but it has a refraction index of 2.65-2.69 and a dispersion of 0.104. This means that Moissanite is noticeably much sparklier and displays more prismatic fire than a diamond which is noticeable even to an untrained observer. Moissanite does have inclusions like a diamond and it may also have a greenish tinge to its colour.
Swarovski Crystal
Swarovski Crystal isn't a gemstone or even a crystal it's a form of glass that's made at high temperatures by melting silicon oxide powders with lead to form what is known as lead crystal. The exact process is one that's patented by Swarovski but it has approximately 32% lead content to increase the crystals refraction index to resemble that of a diamond. To produce a diamond like effect the crystal glass is precision cut and then polished again by a Swarovski patented process that gives the crystal a high quality finish. The crystals are often further enhanced by coating the glass with an Aurora Borealis or AB coating that gives the surface a rainbow like appearance to simulate dispersion from a diamond. Swarovski crystal has a Mohs hardness of between 6-7 so its susceptible to scratches and chipping from wear and tear but at the same time it's harder than standard glass. The lead content in the crystal increases the refraction index of the glass from 1.5 to 1.7 to give the faceted faced a more sparkly appearance.
Whichever gem or crystal you decide to use for your jewellery designs you can be sure that any of the above will provide the beautiful sparkle they are all intended for. For most the choice will come down to cost Swarovski is undoubtedly the most cost effective diamond alternative. It's a brand that's synonymous with quality and elegance which is why it's used by so many of the top fashion houses around the world both in their designs and in conjunction with promoting their own brand. Cubic Zirconia on the other hand doesn't have the brand name of Swarovski, costs slightly more but can offer a more hard-wearing solution for adding a diamond substitute to your jewellery designs. It's worth noting that Swarovski make a CZ range which is worth looking into as you get the brand coupled with a high quality gemstone without the stigma of a CZ fake diamond. As we see more cultured Diamonds enter the market and become more readily available it's likely that we will see a price drop in the genuine article. Or maybe people will become perfectly happy to accept a man made version in its place because after all it's appearance that's important when you are looking for an engagement ring not the rings history. View our range of Swarovski Crystals
Author: Crystal and Glass Beads


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"So whether you eat or drink or whatever you do, do it all for the glory of God. Do not cause anyone to stumble, whether Jews, Greeks or the church of God— even as I try to please everybody in every way. For I am not seeking my own good but the good of many, so that they may be saved."
- 1 Corinthians 10: 31-33 (NIV)
Peace and blessings,
Below are a few news updates. The first link discusses Brittany Spears' pics for her new album, which includes in seductive positions with a man acting as a Catholic priest. I want to make a couple of brief comments about the pics and why I have issues with them. For one, despite what the headlines say, it should be assumed (unless evidence proves otherwise) that the man in the pic is merely acting as a priest, and is not actually a priest. I know on the surface this disctinction may be seem unnecessary to make (e.g. A real priest wouldn't put themselves in that position to begin with), but I felt that I had to put that out there. Second, I feel that another disctinction must be made between the notion of human susceptibility to temptation, and how that temptation is portrayed by forms of media such as these pics. My problem with these pics is not based on a belief that priests are too "holy" to be tempted. On the contrary, I believe that we are all tempted, and to the extent that we are earnestly trying to follow Christ through our living, we are tempted more. However, the problem with how temptation is portayed in these pics is that Brittany and the priest are positioned in a way to where Britanny (via her "seductiveness") is in control, and the priest is at her mercy. Therefore, people who look at these pics first glance may only see a priest being seduced, and this pic alone is powerful enough to influence some viewers' perspective on God and faith more broadly. In particular, these pics may further contribute to the growing perception of Catholicism as "suspect" given the incidents of the sexual molestation of children. While these incidents are evidence that even priests can succomb to sin, the "big picture" doesn't end there. The big picture is that our susceptibility to sin is more proof that we need God, and that even if there is a time where we succomb to temptation, that God can, in the words of Marvin Sapp, make us "stronger," "wiser," and "better." It's funny how when it comes to people of faith, the moments of weakness are always heavily publicized, but the examples of righteous living (e.g. promoting social justice, representing the faith, healing hearts, minds, and souls, loving and caring for others) rarely gets media attention. But it's cool, because as Jesus' prayer told us what to expect:
"I am coming to you now, but I say these things while I am still in the world, so that they may have the full measure of my joy within them. I have given them your word and the world has hated them, for they are not of the world any more than I am of the world. My prayer is not that you take them out of the world but that you protect them from the evil one."
-John 17: 13-15 (NIV)
Furthermore, whether or not it's true that
The second clip is about a mathematician who claims that through a mathematical formula, he can characterize marriages and "predict," with extremely high accuracy, whether a marriage will succeed or fail. I found this funny and interesting. What do you think? Take care, have a blessed day, and speekonit...


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Moral responsibility now shifts to libertarians
Now that the BN government has promised not to impose any Internet filters even on sites with violent and/or pornographic contents, those who have succeeded in their opposition campaign should also suggest alternative ways and means to keep kids away from on-line computer games that glorify individualistic and criminal violence and also those pornographic materials that normalise some anti-social acts of sexual relations such as rape, pedophilia, incestous intercourse or bestiality. These websites are quietly mushrooming in the borderless cyberspace and imperceptibly challenging the human civilisation to the very core. Libertarians' good intention may pave the roads leading us all to 'hell'.


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Ashikaga Personals : 精选个人档案
Fridae's free Ashikaga gay personals help you meet other Ashikaga gay men and Ashikaga lesbian women. If you're from Ashikaga, find and make new gay and lesbian friends in Ashikaga with Fridae. The next friend you make could become your special someone. For those visiting or planning a visit to Ashikaga, you will find that gays and lesbians in Ashikaga are one of the friendliest people in the world. So chat with other gay and lesbians around Ashikaga. So start browsing around below.


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- This event has passed.
Loon Pontoon Tour on Lake Owen
August 5, 2021 - 9:00 AM to 12:00 PM
|Recurring Event (See all)
An event every week that begins at 9:00 AM on Thursday, repeating until August 26, 2021
Learn amazing facts about these ancient birds and the beautiful lakes where they live while touring on a pontoon boat. A Museum naturalist will share stories about the facts and fantasies behind this Northwoods icon. Meet at the Cable Natural History Museum at 9:00 a.m. and return by noon. For your safety, we are limiting both the number of families and total number of people for each tour. Registration required by calling 715-798-3890 $38 member/$43 non-member. Social distancing guidelines will be practiced.


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Digital Marketing Jobs in Dubai
Digital Marketing Executive
Sigma Digital are a small but rapidly growing digital marketing and web design agency based in Dubai. We're currently looking for an entry-level Digital Marketing Executive to join our team.
The ideal candidate will have at least 1 year of hands-on experience managing clients social media accounts and creating engaging content.
Experience working on the following platforms is essential;
Primary Responsibilities
Set up and manage digital campaigns on a day-to-day basis across Facebook, Google and various social platforms.
Assist in preparing and updating marketing collateral such as case studies and presentations.
Create marketing content such as blogs, articles and press releases.
Communicate with clients on a day-to-day basis regarding campaigns.
Liaising with external suppliers, designers and internal team members for campaign fulfilment.
Produce monthly reporting for all campaigns.
Keeping up with the latest technical and functional advancements on all platforms and suggesting new and efficient ways of achieving campaign goals.
Google Adwords certification or Facebook Blueprint certified (or must be working towards achieving it).
Google Analytics certification (or working towards it).
Blogging experience in a professional capacity.
Person Specification
Must be able to demonstrate at least 2 years of hands-on social media/content marketing experience.
A solid understanding of Google Analytics (certification a plus).
Excellent verbal and written skills in English. (highly essential).
Client management experience.
At least 1-2 years of digital marketing experience gained through paid employment.
And finally, an attitude to get the job done and a desire to provide nothing but the best to our clients. (We're a small company and we pride ourselves on providing an exceptionally high level of customer service).
Benefits include;
"Work Hard, Play Hard" rewards program includes such things as climbing the Paintballing, Adrenaline days, Helicopter Flying Lessons and the famous Sigma Marketing Experience in Dubai.
Attractive salary above industry averages.
Business introduction bonus scheme, if you find the company a new client then you will receive a bonus!
We are here to help you grow, with that each team member will create a personal development plan that they will work alongside their line manager to achieve.
Quarterly team building and business reflection day, here you have the chance to share ideas on how we can all work better together.
Years of experience required: Minimum 1 year
Salary Range: 12,000 – 25,000 dependent on experience


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Disney's Live-Action 'Christopher Robin' Has Cast Winnie the Pooh, Eeyore and More
This return to the fictional world created by A.A. Milne will star Ewan McGregor as a grown-up Christopher Robin opposite Hayley Atwell, with his cuddly toy bear to be voiced by longtime Pooh voicer Jim Cummings. Brad Garrett will bray as Eeyore, while Alan Tudyk bounces along as Tigger. The plot will be a bit like 1991's Hook, with a disillusioned adult Christopher reconnecting with his "imaginary" friends. No release date announced.
This project is not to be confused with Fox Searchlight's upcoming Goodbye Christopher Robin, which retells the true story behind the birth of the books and looks like a real emotional gut-punch per the recently debuted trailer. This film stars The Force Awakens villain Domhnall Gleeson as Milne, Margot Robbie as his wife Daphne and Will Tilston as the young Christopher Robin, with Kelly Macdonald, Stephen Campbell Moore, Alex Lawther, Richard McCabe, Nico Mirallegro, Geraldine Somerville, and Phoebe Waller-Bridge. (Oct. 13)
Pocket.Watch Expands Leadership Team, Names Former Genius Brands President as Chief Revenue Officer
Nascent kids' media brand brings on Stone Newman, who will focus on brand integration sales of pocket.watch's YouTube channels and creator partnerships, driving L&M initiatives, and bringing new premium series to the global TV and streaming market. Newman joined Genius Brands in 2014 and rose up the ranks over the ensuing years.
Inaugural SCAD AnimationFest Wraps in Atlanta, GA
Savannah College of Art and Design marked its first animation event with the US premiere of Weinstein Co.'s Leap! (out Aug. 30) and welcomed the film's animation director Ted Ty of L'Atelier Animation. Industry panelists also included reps from Blue Sky, Fox Animation, Primal Screen, Original Force and others.
AUDIO: 'The Ryan Tubridy Show' Featuring Cartoon Saloon's Nora Twomey
Monday's edition of the RTE Radio show in Ireland welcomed the celebrated director to discuss her latest project, The Breadwinner. The film will have its World Premiere at TIFF next month and will be released by production partner GKIDS in the States this fall.


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Hibike! Euphonium Sound! Euphonium
- Drama
- Music
- School
- Slice of Life
- Yuri
After swearing off music due to an incident at the middle school regional concert band competition, euphonist Kumiko Oumae enters high school hoping for a fresh start. As fate would have it, she ends up being surrounded by people with an interest in the high school brass band. Kumiko finds the motivation she needs to make music once more with the help of her bandmates, some of whom are new like novice tubist Hazuki Katou; veteran contrabassist Sapphire Kawashima; and band vice president and fellow euphonist Asuka Tanaka. Others are old friends, like Kumiko's childhood friend and hornist-turned-trombonist Shuuichi Tsukamoto, and trumpeter and bandmate from middle school, Reina Kousaka.
However, in the band itself, chaos reigns supreme. Despite their intention to qualify for the national band competition, as they currently are, just competing in the local festival will be a challenge—unless the new band advisor Noboru Taki does something about it.
From the studio that animated Suzumiya Haruhi no Yuuutsu, Kyoto Animation's Hibike! Euphonium is a fresh and musical take on the slice-of-life staple that is the high school student's struggle to deal with their past, find romance, and realize their dreams and aspirations.
More Information
Avg. Score
Release Date
08 Apr 2015
Eps. Duration
*Episode count includes sequel movies and seasons. Information compiled from AniList and MyAnimeList.
*Trailer may be unavailable in certain regions.
Watch this anime on
*Streaming service availability is determined based of United States licensing due to my lack of proper methods to check other countries/regions. Apologies for the inconvenience.


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The Ultimate Challenge.
Tis a lesson you should heed
Try, try, try again
If at first you don't succeed
Try, try try again
Accredited to W E HICKSON
This is an exercise for the creative mind; I did not give up, I remembered this proverb I learnt in primary school, but I think there is another line unless I made it up-"You will succeed at last".
Well, well, well I did not give up on the ultimate challenge, a good exercise for the critical thinking. Read the instructions carefully.
Create NINE Equations using the numbers ONE to NINE only.
The numbers are presented in three columns insert the math signs and numbers in the correct places to form the Equations.
PS It is mathematically possible? See exercise 025


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5 Food Swaps You Can Make That Are Good For the Planet
5 Simple Food Swaps You Can Make That Are Good For the Environment
5 Simple Food Swaps You Can Make That Are Good For the Environment
Most of us want to take care of our planet so that future generations can have a nice place to live, right? We do our part by recycling, sporting our reusable tote bag to the grocery store, and swapping out plastic straws for environmentally friendly options (or go straw-less altogether). While we all try and do our part, it may come as a surprise that some food choices are actually much better than others when trying to take care of Mother Earth.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, "what and how much we eat directly affects what and how much is produced." It's a simple equation of supply and demand, and when we demand more eco-friendly foods, more of these options will likely be offered.
To help ensure we have enough food to nourish the human race and to help keep our natural resources available, we can make some simple food choices to do our part. Some general tips people can follow include:
- Choosing foods that are lower on the food chain.
- Choosing foods that use less water for production.
- Buying local when possible.
- Choosing organic foods.
- Picking fresh foods with the fewest process steps. Freezing, packaging, processing, transporting, and refrigerating food all impact energy use.
Keep reading for specific food swaps you can be making that will help this little planet we call home.


text: Celebrity Parents Rumor: Is Jennifer Garner pregnant? By Staff Author Published on September 12, 2006 10:00 AM Share Tweet Pin Email Update: A source close to Ben tells us that the couple is not currently expecting. Originally posted September 11th: Rumors are once again flying that actress Jennifer Garner, 34, is pregnant with her second child. She made an appearance alongside husband Ben Affleck, 34, on the red carpet and in many eyes seems to be expecting. Garner and Affleck have daughter Violet, 9 months. More pictures can be seen at Teddy & Moo's. It might be a bad camera angle or the wrong kind of a dress or maybe she really is pregnant. Does Jennifer Garner look pregnant to you? Sources: People.com and Teddy & Moo's Celebrity Gossip Thanks to CBB readers Amy, Christine, Michelle, Bella and Aimee.


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Links 1 - 5 of 5 refined by Contact Lenses, Health, Shopping and Vision:
Remove: Contact Lenses | Health | Shopping | Vision
Find the right contacts for you and your family. Get designer brands, styles and colors that suit you, at discount prices.
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Pages: 1


text: St. George's has participated in the CROP hunger walk for the past ten years. This is a great outreach program that helps thousands of people. Please click on the link below for more information and registration information. The event will take place at St. Joseph's Church location at 11901 Acacia Avenue in Hawthorne. Registration is at 7am and the walk will start at 8am.


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Prep Spotlight: Pittsfield to apply for Sangamo in football
Pittsfield to apply for Sangamo football
PITTSFIELD — Pittsfield High School athletic director and football coach Don Bigley said Wednesday night that the Pikeland Board of Education has given its approval for the high school administration to apply for football membership in the Sangamo Conference beginning in the 2014-15 school year.
Pittsfield, which co-ops with Griggsville-Perry for football, is Class 3A in that sport and has played in the West Central Conference for several years. Bigley said the application to join the Sangamo would be for football only.
Bigley said his school plans to send a letter to Sangamo representatives later this week. He hopes the Sangamo will consider Pittsfield's application by sometime next month so Pittsfield can notify the West Central of its intentions.
With Pawnee's expected move from the Sangamo to the Prairie State in 2014, the addition of Pittsfield would keep the Sangamo's football membership at 10 schools.
Routt edges Unity
JACKSONVILLE — Brent Long scored 16 points and grabbed nine rebounds to lead Jacksonville Routt to a 48-47 win over Mendon Unity in the Country Financial Prep Showcase at Illinois College Wednesday night.
Ryan Lindsey added 12 points and six rebounds for the Rockets, who trailed 24-22 at halftime but tied the score 35-35 through three quarters.
Toppers rout Oilers
HILLSBORO — Kennah White scored a game-high 17 points while Shelby Gray added 15 Wednesday night to lead Hillsboro to a 60-17 victory over East Alton-Wood River.
The Hiltoppers (10-4) led 24-4 after one quarter and 32-5 at halftime as the Oilers fell to 1-8.
White drained four 3-point field goals for Hillsboro, while Gray hit a pair and was also 5-for-5 at the free-throw line.


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Aesthetic Rehabilitation of Oligodontia in Primary Dentition with Adhesive Partial Denture
The primary teeth are essential for bone development and establishment of the arches on occlusion. Thus, the congenitally absence of teeth may trigger a shift in the balance of the occlusion, promoting disharmony in the structures of the maxilla-mandibular system. However, some interventions are possible to be performed in these cases even in pediatric patients, to redirect growth, preventing growth deviations and reestablishing the aesthetic. The aim of this paper is to report the treatment of a 4-year-old child presenting congenitally absence of mandibular central and lateral incisors and maxilla lateral incisors, which consequently compromises aesthetics, occlusal function, and the development and the functional growth of the bones. The oral rehabilitation was performed with an adhesive partial denture, which was able to restore the aesthetic and the occlusal function, therefore being a viable alternative in the treatment of this patient of little age.
1. Introduction
The dental agenesis is a common developmental anomaly that affects approximately 20% of the population and results in a reduction of the number of teeth present in the oral cavity [1, 2]. Dental agenesis is classified according to the number of teeth involved and may be classified into hypodontia, oligodontia, and full anodontia. Thus, hypodontia is defined as the congenital absence of less than six permanent teeth, oligodontia as the congenital absence of more than 6 teeth and full anodontia as the absence of all permanent teeth [3]. The dental agenesis is the result of disturbances in the stages of initiation and proliferation during the formation of teeth. Its etiology is associated with environmental factors such as infections, trauma, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and genetic causes [4, 5].
The most commonly used method of, diagnosis of dental anomalies is clinical examination accompanied by radiographic examination. The periapical and the panoramic radiographs are generally used for the radiographic diagnosis of dental agenesis [6–8].
There are several treatment options for adult and young patients with agenesis, although there are few studies demonstrating treatment in pediatric patients [9]. A specialist with the patient together must make the decision regarding treatment, since it is based not only on which teeth are missing, but also on the arc length, on the position of the incisors and lips, and on the aesthetic profile. The early diagnosis and treatment are important to improve masticatory function, speech, and self-appearance to reduce the psychosocial impact [9, 10]. Thus, this paper reports the oral rehabilitation treatment of a 4-year-old patient with agenesis of six teeth in primary dentition.
2. Case Report
A mother of a girl of 4 years old reported to the pediatric clinic of School of Dentistry in Araraquara (State University of São Paulo) complaining about the aesthetic involvement caused by the absence of primary mandibular incisors of the child. The mother of the patient said during the anamnesis the following statement: "My daughter did not smile anymore and every time she did it, she put the hand in front of the mouth", which demonstrated the social and mental involvement that the absence of teeth was causing.
During clinical examination, besides the absence of mandibular incisors, the absence of upper lateral incisors was noted (Figure 1). The patient was caries-free and had no history of trauma or even any conical tooth, deciduous teeth impacted or delay in eruption of them. In view of those clinical findings, a panoramic radiograph was requested to detect the absence of permanent teeth especially. The analysis of panoramic radiograph detected the agenesis of permanent teeth as lower incisors, upper lateral incisors, and upper and lower premolars (Figure 2). Moreover, the patient had no clinical signs of any syndrome or disorder like ectodermal dysplasia or Down syndrome, which are usually syndromes related with oligodontia in primary dentition.
The treatment plan involved the installation of an adhesive partial denture for restoring only the lower incisors due to the lack of space for construction of an upper dental prosthesis (Figures 1 and 2). The choice of an adhesive prosthesis was due to the difficulty of the patient's adhesion to use a removable appliance.
In the first appointment, the clinical procedure was carried out as follows: upper and lower molding, interocclusal record in wax, and confection of partial dental prosthesis with lower incisors. The partial prosthesis had rods made of metallic steel wire located on each side of their lateral extremity (Figure 3). These rods were designed to be fixed into the lingual surface of the canine and into the first deciduous molar lower with composite resin.
In the second appointment, the partial prosthesis was installed as follows: etching acid of the enamel of canine and first deciduous lower molars with 35% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds, the enamel was rinsed and dried to apply only the Scotchbond Multi-purpose Plus adhesive (3 M/ESPE, USA) according to the manufacturer's directions, and finally, the rods of partial prosthesis were bonded to the surface of these teeth with a thick layer of Z250 (3 M/ESPE, USA) and the occlusion was checked. Figure 4 demonstrated the final result of this case. Adequate care with adhesive dental prosthesis and oral hygiene was given to the mother of the patient.
3. Discussion
The absence of primary teeth is an uncommon condition, being present in 0.5 to 1% of the population [11]. However, when it occurs, it usually affects the upper lateral incisors or the lower incisors and is also generally associated with the absence of the permanent successor [12–14].
The etiology of dental agenesis is related to environmental factors such as rubella [15], different types of traumas to the alveolar processes [12], use of chemical substances or drugs, as thalidomide and chemotherapy [15], radiotherapy [16, 17], and disturbances in the innervation of the jaw [18, 19]. Based on current knowledge of genes and transcription factors that are involved in the development of teeth, it is assumed that different forms of dental agenesis phenotype observed clinically are caused by mutations in different genes which play distinct roles in the intracellular signaling cascade [20]. This knowledge has led us to the understanding of a wide variety of patterns of agenesis. Currently, the list of genes involved in nonsyndromic hypodontia in humans includes genes encoding transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and transcription factors (MSX1 and PAX9), which play a critical role during the craniofacial development, as well as genes encoding a protein involved in Wnt signaling pathway (AXIN2) [5, 20]. MSX1 and AXIN2 genes, involved in the early stages of odontogenesis, are associated with tooth agenesis in individuals with disorders such as cleft palate and colorectal cancer [21].
The absence of teeth is a clinical and public health problem [22], since the patients in these conditions may present several signs and symptoms as reduction of the chewing ability, malocclusion, problems in articulating words, and also the aesthetic may be compromised. These complications may affect self-esteem, behavior pattern, and social life of these patients [22, 23].
Regarding the diagnosis of oligodontia, it is normally based on radiographic evidence and routine clinical examination, detecting absence of teeth or delayed eruption of them. The panoramic radiography is the most indicated for the diagnosis and study of agenesis, due to this radiographic exam register all maxilla-mandibular regions as well as the development of the tooth germ of the patient with minimal radiation. This panoramic radiograph may be preferentially requested as soon as possible, that is, around the three and a half years old [7, 8].
The treatment goals are to keep the remaining teeth, recover the masticatory function and aesthetics, improve speech, and reestablish the emotional and psychological wellbeing [9, 11]. Regarding the prosthetic treatment, its objectives include restoring the masticatory function, maintaining the position of adjacent natural teeth preventing undesirable movements, such as inclination, extrusion, or migration, improving aesthetics, avoiding social problems to the patient, especially in adolescence, replace the missing teeth without interfering in the growth of the mandible and maxilla [24]. Considering all possibilities for oral rehabilitation of the referred patient, the prosthetic treatment of choice was the placement of adhesive partial denture due to the difficulty of the patient's adhesion to use a removable appliance. This type of prosthesis allows the restoration of function and aesthetics of missing teeth and does not interfere with bone development.
4. Conclusion
The congenital absence of teeth may occur as an isolated condition or may be associated with a systemic condition or syndrome clinically recognized. The clinical and radiographic examinations are the best way which the clinicians may detect anomalies in primary and permanent dentition. When cases of dental agenesis are diagnosed, treatment should be performed to restore the masticatory function and aesthetics regardless of age or missing teeth. Hence, the following case report summarized an alternative treatment of a 4-year-old patient with agenesis of six teeth in primary dentition. Besides the consequences caused by dental agenesis already mentioned, the emotional and psychological wellbeing of the child in this case was an important factor to perform an early intervention.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
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The most convenient way to watch a DVD video on diverse range of display devices is by ripping it. Among various DVD ripping utilities offered by a number of vendors, DVD Ripper Software from DVDFab is the one preferred by most experts. This software is entrenched with high range of tools, features and options, enabling you to rip and convert DVDs into the most favorite media formats. Given below is a set of brief but complete information about this software that will help you in associating the application according to your own needs.
Basic Features
To rip the content of a DVD, it is required to pass through the encrypted environment of the disc. DVDFab DVD Ripper, without any glitches, intervenes to this protected environment and source out the data within. Further features of the latest version ( DVD Ripper 126.96.36.199) include its ability to generate a number of audio and video formats, high level customization, and reduced processing time.
Supported Formats and Devices
The software under discussion can rip DVD into a number of desired video formats including MPEG-4, FLV, H.264, DivX, AVI, Xvid, WMV, etc. These formats provide a great video streaming experience on varied devices like PS3, PSP, Xbox, NDS, iPad, iPhone, iPod, ZUNE, TV, PDA, PVP, and other tablets and smartphones. Moreover, the DVD can also be converted into certain audio formats like WMA, AC3, MP4, MP3, WAV, DTS, and M4A. The software holds more than 100 pre-defined conversion profiles in 20 output modes, which means you can leave it all up to the application by just selecting your display device.
You have a complete grip over entire ripping process that allows you to not only identify the output video format, but also to adjust the specific video characteristics like bitrate, frame rate, resolution, cropping, aspect ratio, resizing, and deinterlacing. The video can further be polished by adding certain effects like automatic and customized cropping, resetting frame size, and Pan&Scan.
Reduced Processing Time
DVDFab DVD Ripper is supposed to accomplish assigned tasks with real time convenience. With batch conversion among the specialties, the software has a perfect idea what to do next. You have to clearly command it just once and stay relieved. The application also supports latest processing technologies like multi-core CPU, NVIDIA CUDA, and Intel Quick Sync. DVDFab DVD Ripper makes use of such ultra-fast mechanisms to convert high MBs in a very short time.
Enhanced UI Screen
Although the user interface of previous DVDFab DVD Ripper versions was highly commended as easy to use, v220.127.116.11 has been introduced with new enhancements in displaying the options and settings. Improved preview screen now displays larger pictures with all adjustments under quick control. The UI screen can also be tailored according to your own preferences.
DVDFab DVD Ripper is compatible with two of the most used operating systems, Windows and Mac. The Windows version of the application is operable on XP, Vista, 7 and 8, while the Mac version runs efficiently on v10.6, 10.7, 10.8, and 10.9.
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To have a preview of the overall functionality, follow the download link of this application and acquire free version. If you think it has got what was anticipated, pay $49 and update to a full or premium version.
After reviewing all these contained subjects, I could hardly find an area that is missed by this application. At a very realistic price, DVDFab is offering one of the finest DVD Ripper tools available to date.


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Colors can rouse personal feelings, solicit nostalgia, and trigger sense memories. When an artist has a strong understanding of the mechanics behind how color usage works, his or her work will have the power to influence an audience's mood. The principles behind the treatment and application of color is called color theory.
Color theory is a set of structured principles to create color combinations. More specifically, color theory speaks to the psychology behind the application of color groups. Three colors used in a composition can get a different reaction than a different trio of colors used in the same composition. When composing a visual work, color choices must be considered when the artist wants to express a specific mood or tone.
The Color Wheel Is the Foundation of Color Theory
The color wheel is a circular graph that represents a spectrum of hues. Artists use color wheels to select color combinations. Traditionally, there are color groups called "color chords" or "color harmonies" that have proven to be the most aesthetically successful when composing a work of art.
It's no coincidence that color studies have adopted musical terminology. The first color wheel was invented by Sir Isaac Newton. He created the wheel to break down the colors of white into red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, and blue beams; and joined the colors to show the progression of the spectrum. He associated each color with a note of a musical scale.
About 100 years after Newton turn colors into chords, Johann Wolfgang Goethe took it a step further, and created a color wheel showing the psychological effect of colors. He split the colors into two groups. Colors from red to yellow were classified as the plus side and green through violent were part of the minus side. Goethe concluded that plus side colors produce energetic and jovial feelings. Conversely, he found that minus side colors are associated with melancholy and despair.
Most contemporary artists use the color wheel created in the 20th century by Johannes Itten, an art and color theory professor from the Bauhaus school. Itten modified the original color wheel by further developing the concept of color chords. The core elements of the color wheel remain the same, and are comprised of primary, secondary, and tertiary colors.
Primary Colors
Primary colors refer to the 3 main hues of the color wheel spectrum. These colors are red, yellow, and blue (RYB). Primary colors are essential building blocks of the spectrum, because they cannot be created by mixing any other colors. However, all other colors are derived from combining red, yellow, and/ or blue.
Secondary Colors
Secondary colors are derived from combining primary colors. This mixture includes red and yellow to create orange, blue and red for purple, and blue with yellow to create green. Black can be created by mixing all three of the primary colors. Secondary colors are the next step in creating images that are both dynamic and harmonious.
Tertiary Colors
Finally, tertiary colors combine the primary colors with secondary to create multiple hues, such as yellow-green, blue-purple, red-orange, and so on. While these colors still use the primary spectrum at their core, the ability to expand on these colors creates a creative effect that can mimic that of a natural setting.
Color Harmony/Complimentary Colors
Color harmony at its main prospect promotes the balance in a visual experience. Certain hues in a painting can create a sense of joy, such as orange and reds, while purples and blues will create a sense of serenity. Painters must be aware of what will be pleasing to the eye, with over stimulation and under-stimulation in mind.
Over stimulation occurs when complexity occurs in the color scheme. While our brains are trying to make sense of the painting, chaotic colors can make us not want to look at the source of the overstimulate. Additionally, if a scheme is too harmonious, we can experience and underwhelming experience of which would cause disinterest in the painting.
The same can also be said for music compositions in relation to color theory. Using harmony when creating a masterpiece can help the acceptance of the project by avoiding under or over stimulation. To create this effective concept, it should use three types of color schemes: complimentary, analogous, and triadic. Sticking to these three concepts ensures that the person viewing the work will feel that sense of harmony.
Complimentary colors take the thought process behind color harmony and create a realm that is easier for the viewer to relate. To connect complimentary hues, look at the color wheel and connect opposing sides. For example, red and green are opposite on the color wheel but can create a complimentary experience. Complimentary colors are exactly as they sound, and can easily create a harmonious experience.
Combining colors of which are on the same side of the color wheel are analogous to one another and promote the main color with two supporting colors. Blue, purple and green are an example of an analogous color scheme.
Triadic color combinations include evenly spaced color combinations of three and compliment one another. As such, they are in different but equal spacing on the color wheel such as purple, green, and orange.
Adding in too many of the opposing colors will create a chaotic overstimulating effect, possibly rendering the image difficult to view. When the brain sees such a chaotic image, it immediately wants to look away. This reaction is because we are wired to remove ourselves from chaos for our safety. Occasionally, various creators use this to send a message, overall it is not a welcoming experience.
An ideal example of over stimulation is a website that has too many ads. When you first look at the website you do not know exactly what caught your attention first, and can often decide that it is best to seek another website for the answer you were looking for if you didn't forget why you were there in the first place. This overwhelming sensation of too many colors causes it to overrun the brain with too many sensations. Much like a chaotic environment, your brain will want to end this over stimulation as quickly as possible.
With that said, using tint, tone, and shading can help keep the piece of art from being under-stimulating. The tint is created by adding white, shading by adding black. Tones can add effects through gray scales. Through the addition of these effects, the work can become dynamic as well as incorporate an aspect of realism. White, black, and grays are more neutral colors and can be mixed with the color spectrum to create even more variations of those colors.
Psychologically, colors can also promote certain feelings. In color theory, red is an exciting color, yellow energizes, and blue calms. As a full mixture, black promotes sophistication or rebellion, depending on how much black is used. Orange is a fun color while green balances and dark purples are luxurious.
When promoting a brand, the colors chosen should reflect that of the feelings the brand wants to incorporate. With that said, there shouldn't be too many colors added to a certain branding, as there will be an overabundance of feeling stimulation, thus creating the opposite effect.
Another aspect to consider is the personal experiences that people associate with certain colors. If a brand uses red in overabundance, this can cause a negative feeling toward the brand because of red's over exciting tendencies. The thought behind also using complementary colors offsets the overuse of one color. The same can be said for the use of too much blue for its calming tendencies. Using the complementary color of orange can help make a branding more dynamic in its call to action, or the part of the page that engages the reader in a website.
Sir Isaac Newton created the first color wheel, of which now has quite the expansion, by relating colors to his music. Johann Wolfgang Goethe could then expand on this knowledge by looking into the psychological effects color has on people. Johannes Itten made the final expansion to the color wheel by creating color chords. Noting how these colors work in color theory and harmony can help a person create a stimulating experience. Using the thoughts of how our brains react to various color combinations will help make the work of art more readable.
Furthermore, adding in primary, secondary, and tertiary color schemes that compliment one another will create a harmonious balance to the work of art. Avoiding over stimulation and under-stimulation are key points to achieving the harmony that will make the work dynamic and easily enjoyed by the viewer.
Finally, adding tones, shading, and tints can create the effects necessary to increase interest. Whether creating a website, business card, or painting; harmony promotes the psychological feelings associated with the piece. In using the psychological effects of colors and complementary versions of those colors, we look to satisfy the harmony that the brain seeks and use these effects to promote the masterpiece.


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Electric treatment bed white LUX PEDI
Multifunctional 3-section white electrical (3 motors) treatment bed with splitted leg / foot rest perfect for beauty treatments, foot care / pedicure / nail care, massage and tattoo. Seat height, backrest and footrest are adjustable with help of electric motors and full remote control. The armrests are made of wood, easily disassembled if necessary, and the hole in the headrest allows for massage. Made of PU (synthetic leather) with high quality clothing and easy to clean


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As more ways to stream and download music become available from the likes of iTunes and Spotify, one that has been around longer Napster is no more as it gets swallowed up by Rhapsody. When the service was first born it allowed users to illegally share such music but has now been merged into Rhapsody.
A deal was first announced back in October and according to Cnet meant that all of Napster's subscribers and assets were to be taken over by the company. Napster was started in 1999 by Shawn Fanning who at the time was a nineteen year old student. Users were able to share MP3 files via the internet free but led to big losses to the recording artists and industry.
This saw the company hit with various lawsuits that eventually spelt the end of Napster in its then current guise. The Digital Millennium Copyright started proceedings off in April 2000 with Metallica being a vocal opponent to the service. Rap artist Dr. Dre also joined the campaign against the company with his own lawsuit.
Napster began the process of blocking illegal music swapping after receiving a federal court order, which led to the amount of content available on the site dropping. The service was dead in the water in 2002 after another takeover was blocked.
The service made a comeback in 2003 but had little in common with the original service as it was now a legitimate service. Users could now legally download music from the site after the name was purchased from the bankruptcy court for $5 million by Roxio.
It struggled along for years before Best Buy snapped the service up for $121 million, before the retailer doing a deal in October with Rhapsody. When visiting the Napster website users are met with a message saying the service is now part of Rhapsody and should give it a try.
Were you a user of Napster?
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|Ted Robinson is smiling as he lifts the wounded engine out of the chassis. We will rebuild this one with fresh race pistons (Mahle High Performance ) and bore, hone and balance. We will check the pump at NW Fuel and the cam at Colt Cams.
|My job is to keep the engine from hitting anything. Very technical so I have a special pry bar!
|We trimmed the trees away from the tent and Ted is seen here pressure washing the accumulated organics that form over the past 7 months.


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Welcome to all Cat Owners and Bird Lovers - See Blog for News
November 01, 2018
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Happy Spring, cat owners and bird lovers.
Along with spring rain and greening plant growth, the the migratory songbirds are returning to the north of North America and other northern latitudes. In my yard, we celebrate the first American Robins coming to look for a nesting habitat. Their singing at dawn and dusk ushers in the welcome retreat of wintertime, while our last snowbank melts. Where we live, birdfeeders are removed for the warm months, to avoid attracting black bears!


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Painters. Writers. Photographers. Musicians. The Martha Boschen Porter Fund supports regional artists in all media who are emerging in their field or experiencing a significant change of direction in their work.
A group of organizations and community members is attempting to delay the first use of alcohol and marijuana among students in northwest Connecticut by utilizing a wealth of policies and programs.
Students in the Taconic Hills Central School District participated in a dance recital thanks to a residency program funded in part by the Taconic Hills Arts and Humanities Fund.
Under the moniker Ghost of a Dream, Adam Eckstrom and Lauren Was have exhibited their art around the world. Through an A.R.T. Fund grant, they will upgrade their studio.
Malachi Black is the 23rd recipient of the Amy Clampitt residency. For over a decade, the program has provided poets and literary scholars a paid six- or 12-month stay at Clampitt's former residence near Lenox, Mass.
To combat food inequality and bring fresh and healthy options to Columbia County residents, Berkshire Taconic Community Foundation launched Fresh and Healthy Food for All in July 2016.
Read the full Story
Thanks to the generosity of area donors and the hard work of volunteer committees, Berkshire Taconic Community Foundation awarded over 200 scholarships totaling $525,470 this year. Bright, young students from Berkshire, northwest Litchfield, Columbia and northeast Dutchess counties will use these awards to pursue their dreams in a variety of fields.
When Linda Fix decided to help feed chronically hungry children in Columbia County in 2010, she reached out to the Regional Food Bank of Northeastern New York for assistance.
Karl Saliter moved to Sharon, Conn. in 1969 with five kids and no job. He had been let go at the worst possible time for a fuel purveyor to get started in a new market.
For the last two decades, Russell Moody, pastor at the Pittsfield Church of Christ, has worn many different hats in his parish. Most recently, he is donning a farmer's cap, thanks in part to a decision that he and his parishioners made two years ago to make it their mission to nourish the people of Berkshire County from the inside out.
Read the full story
Jessica Lemon doesn't have the typical demeanor of what one would call a fighter. A gentle face and even gentler voice belie a core that is caring, spiritual, maybe even somewhat timid. That is until she tells her story.
On a cold December morning, Erin Curry debated whether or not she should go to work. Having never called in sick, she was feeling less than stellar that day, but decided to muscle through. It was a good thing she did.
From string quartets and chess clubs, to astronomy lectures and improv workshops, there is never a dull moment at this community arts hub.
The handwritten letter says it all. A young father with five children wants to go to college for carpentry so that he can "get a rell job and take cair of my kids and soon to be wife.
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17. The DeadPoint
"Deadpointing" is a term used to describe an advanced movement technique.
Imagine you are fairly extended, and about to do a hard move. Gravity is pulling at you, and trying to rip you off the wall. If you let go, you will probably fall. Instead of accepting this fate, the climber must complete an advanced move called the "deadpoint".
Imagine tossing an apple up in the air, and then catching it. That brief moment at the top of the arc, before the apple falls back down, is considered the deadpoint. This is the movement one tries to incorporate when deadpointing.
Often from an insecure position, the climber creates movement with their hips inwards, towards the wall. This creates a short period of time in which the body is still or moving into to the wall, instead of falling away from the wall. In this brief moment, the climber reaches up and confidently takes the next hold. Knowing this is a one-time move (or must-do situation), the climber makes sures to not let go of the newly found hand-hold.
To deadpoint correctly, try to start the movement with the hips, and not the arms. Also try to spring the legs for upwards momentum. Typically, your feet will remain on the original footholds, as your hand extends up towards the target. Deadpointing is a very controlled climbing move. Save the more dynamic moves, with your feet kicking free of the wall, for more advanced "dynos". Deadpoint climbing moves can also be used with the movement known as "pogo-ing" or "moon kicking".
We hope you found this video helpful. Feel free to comment below with questions or thoughts!
Please remember, climbing is inherently dangerous. Climb at your own risk.


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Clinical testing begins
A drug for cancer and transplantation medicine
Once the initial laboratory testing had been completed and some safety studies had been conducted with Campath-1M in primates, Waldmann and his team were ready to launch their first pilot study in humans. The aim of the trial, conducted in 1982, was to check the antibody's safety before launching larger studies to see if could improve the safety of BMTs.
The first patient to be given Campath-1M was FB, a man suffering from end-stage non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a type of blood cancer. He was a patient of David Swirsky and Frank Hayhoe in the Haematology Department next door to Waldmann's laboratory. Disappointingly, the antibody cleared FB's tumour cells from his blood only temporarily and the cells bounced back 24 hours after each dose. Such results were, nonetheless, fairly representative of what other researchers were then experiencing in the use of monoclonal antibodies in treating cancer patients elsewhere. Results from the trial were published in G. Hale et al., 'Effects of monoclonal anti-lymphocyte antibodies in vivo in monkeys and humans', Molecular Biology & Medicine, 1 (1983), 321-4. Click here to see more data collected from the pilot study which was kept in Geoff Hale's laboratory notebook.
FB died as a result of his underlying disease shortly after completing his course of Campath-1M. However, he had tolerated the treatment well and experienced no toxic effects with repeated doses of the monoclonal antibody. This encouraged Waldmann and his group to go on to test Campath-1M in other patients. The second person treated was a man called AP. He again initially responded well to the treatment, but died from his underlying disease when it ended.
Soon after Campath-1M was tested in AP, it was given to a woman suffering from leukaemia. While it had little impact on her leukaemia, it proved effective in removing her T-cells and activating complement. The drug also proved well tolerated by the patient.
Based on the pilot testing, Waldmann and his team believed Campath-1M merited clinical investigation for BMTs. They, however, had little precedent for carrying out such work, so were trepidatious about going forward. What they were most concerned about was whether the drug would destroy the beneficial blood stem cells contained in bone marrow alongside killing the T-cells that caused GVHD. The challenge they faced was finding an appropriate patient for such a test.
The first patient chosen for the Campath-1M BMT study was a woman suffering from severe aplastic anaemia, a condition in which the bone marrow produces insufficient new cells to replenish blood cells. The woman faced a strong possibility of dying if not given a BMT. Unable to find a suitable matching sibling donor, she was to receive bone marrow from an unrelated but genetically matched donor. Receiving bone marrow from an unrelated donor was still highly experimental and carried a high risk of GVHD.
This is a photo of Shimon Slavin who opened the first BMT unit in Israel in 1978. Credit:Pnina Evental.
In 1982, Waldmann, working with Jill Hows and Ted Gordon Smith during a clinical training stint at the Hammersmith Hospital, gave Campath 1-M to the aplastic anaemia patient. To their delight, the woman's bone marrow appeared to recover after treatment. Subsequent analysis of her marrow, however, suggested that her blood system had been reconstituted by own stem cells rather than by her donor's cells. This was surprising because, prior to treatment with Campath-1M, her body had been unable to make any of its own bone marrow cells. While good news for the patient, the findings made the Hammersmith clinicians nervous that Campath-1M could be having an impact on stem cells and they decided to abandon any further testing of the drug. In due course, however, the experience gained from treating the Hammersmith patient led to further studies applying Campath antibodies in aplastic anaemia.
With the trial halted at Hammersmith, another route was sought for testing Campath-1M. This was to come about through a chance meeting at a transplant conference in Squaw Valley, California, between Steve Cobbold, from Waldmann's team, and Shimon Slavin, a clinician based at Haddasah Hospital in Jerusalem. Slavin had been performing experimental BMTs in patients with leukaemia for some years and had first learned about monoclonal antibodies on attending a talk given by Milstein in Jerusalem.
Waldmann and Slavin launched a series of tests to evaluate Campath-1M in a small cohort of eleven leukemia patients whose prognosis was poor. The trial involved mixing Campath-1M with bone marrow taken from matched donors and then infusing the mixture into patients. The proceedure allowed for the destruction of T-cells in the bone marrow before being given to a recipient so as to prevent GVHD. What the trial showed was that Campath-1M was an effective treatment for the prevention of GVHD in BMTs, reducing its incidence from 40 to 10 per cent in patients. This was achieved without any post-transplant prophylaxis. Some of the patients continue to be alive and well today, more than 30 years on.
Despite the promising results for GVHD, two out of the eleven patients treated at Hadassah Hospital experienced a rejection of their bone marrow grafts during treatment and could not be rescued with a second or third graft. Such a rejection rate was unacceptable. Waldmann and his team hypothesised the complication might stem from a residual of the patient's T-cells being left by the conventional treatment they were given to destroy such cells in an effort to condition their body to accept tissue from a donor. Based on this reasoning, they wondered whether they might resolve the problem by administering Campath-1M directly into patients rather than mixing it with the bone marrow prior to infusion. Taking such a step, however, posed a significant risk. The team, therefore, decided to take a break from clinical testing and return to the laboratory to investigate further. It was important to establish which T-cell subsets were responsible for rejecting marrow and then determine what monoclonal antibody could be developed to combat the problem. Their thinking was published in S.P.Cobbold, G.Martin, S.Qin and H.Waldmann, 'Monoclonal antibodies to promote marrow engraftment and tissue graft tolerance', Nature, 323 (11Sept 1986), 164-66.
Up to this moment in time, the type of monoclonal antibody Waldmann's group had been testing was an IgM antibody. This is a class of antibody produced by the immune system immediately after exposure to a foreign invader. Such antibodies exist only temporarily and usually disappear from the body within two to three weeks. They are then replaced by IgG antibodies, which, lasting a life-time, provide long-term immunity against a disease.
Based on experiments conducted by Steve Cobbold, which indicated that IgG monoclonal antibodies could help prevent both graft rejection and GVHD in mice given BMTs, Waldmann and his researchers turned their efforts to developing an IgG antibody that could be deployed in humans. The work was painstaking and time-consuming. It necessitated the study of the genetic structure of monoclonal antibodies and the screening of 20 million different monoclonal antibody clones, a heroic task undertaken by Geoff Hale. In 1985, a suitable IgG antibody suitable was eventually identified for clinical testing. It was labelled Campath-1G.
The first person chosen for testing Campath-1G was a man suffering from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), a cancer of white blood cells (leucocytes). CLL affects a particular leucocyte - the lymphocyte - which is responsible for fighting infection. These lymphocytes undergo abnormal growth in the bone marrow and the lymph system, which causes swelling in the lymph nodes as well as fatigue, anaemia and persistent infections as a result of global immunosuppression. The disease is one of the most common types of leukaemia and usually occurs in older patients.
The patient selected for Campath-1G treatment was a man being cared for by the clinicians Martin Dyer and Frank Hayhoe in the Haematology Department at Addenbrooke's Hospital next door to Waldmann's laboratory. He was not only rapidly getting worse, but had failed to respond to chemotherapy. Promisingly, however, his tumour cells appeared sensitive to Campath-1H when tested in a test tube.
This photo, taken in the 1980s, shows a stack of culture flasks containing hybridoma cells generating Campath used in the early clinical trials conducted among patients receiving BMTs. Credit: Geoff Hale.
The man was given his first dose of Campath-1G in 1987. His response to the antibody went well beyond what Waldmann and Hale described as their 'most optimistic expectations'. Ten days after treatment, he had gone into what seemed to be complete remission, with his tumour cells completely cleared from his blood and bone marrow. The result was astonishing. Waldmann and Hale comment, 'Many sincere prayers had been offered for this man and it did cross our minds that divine intervention might have overruled our efforts!'
Just a few days later, however, the man's cerebrospinal fluid was found to contain some large tumour cells. In a bid to save him, the team infused Campath-1G directly into his cerebrospinal fluid. To their disappointment, while the antibody appeared to be well tolerated by the patient, it had little impact on his tumour cells. A few weeks later the man died, having failed to respond to other therapies. His death was attributed to his underlying disease.
Although Campath-1G failed to rescue the patient, the results gathered from his treatment encouraged Waldmann and his colleagues to believe the drug could be effective in others. To this end, they decided to treat a second patient. The candidate was a woman suffering from CLL, who had been treated with two earlier versions of Campath. Helped temporarily by Campath-1M, her disease had been held in check with chemotherapy for 2 years, but she was now deteriorating rapidly. Campath-1G again led to a dramatic improvement in the woman's condition, helping to clear the majority of tumour cells from her blood and, to a lesser extent, from her bone marrow. A few weeks after completing treatment, however, tumour cells reappeared in her blood, albeit in a smaller number than before.
While the first two patients treated with Campath-1G failed to survive in the longer term, the evidence collected from these two cases indicated the drug to be potentially useful for reducing GHVD associated with BMT. Many more patients would nonetheless need to be tested before any conclusions could be reached. Undertaking larger trials however, was not going to be easy given the small number of patients receiving BMTs at the time. To overcome the problem, Waldmann and his team set up a Campath Users Network with clinicians working in transplant centres worldwide to undertake different types of testing with the drug. The establishment of the Network was helped by the fact that clinicians performing BMTs liked participating in pilot investigations of the kind needed for testing Campath. Each clinician was to receive supplies of Campath in exchange for reporting back their results from testing, so that they could to be fed into a computer in Waldmann's laboratory for analysis.
While the international collaborative study as was pursued by the Campath Users Network is common today, it was highly unusual for the 1980s. Those involved in the study included clinicians from several transplant centres based in England, as well as Israel, Germany, the Netherlands and South Africa. Over the ensuing years, the number of studies conducted with Campath for BMT would continue to grow, such that by 2000 the Campath Users Group had collected data on 4,264 patients in a central registry. This evidence indicated Campath-1G, and a later humanised form, known as Campath-1H, to be an effective drug for preventing GVHD and graft rejection. Campath would continue to be studied for BMTs over the following years. Between 2003 and 2004, for example, Campath was used in over 1500 transplants in the USA.
Pictured here is Roy Calne, a British surgeon who in 1968 performed the first European liver transplantation operation and in 1987 the world's heart and lung transplants. He was also instrumental in the adoption of the immunosuppressive drug, cyclosporin, for improving the survival chances of patients undergoing organ transplants. Credit: Cambridge University.
By the 1990s, Waldmann had begun working closely with Roy Calne, a British surgeon based at Addenbrooke's Hospital, with whom he had a strong collegial friendship. Calne had a long-standing interest in immunosuppressive drugs, having shown the power of the drug Cyclosporin to prevent organ rejection in patients in 1978. Since that time he had investigated a number of other immunosuppressive agents for this purpose.The use of such drugs helped transform the management of organ transplants and radically improved the length of survival of patients undergoing the operation.
As early as 1985 Calne undertook some preliminary investigations of Campath-1M as an immunosuppressive agent for transplant patients, but did not pursue testing the drug any further because he was wary of its potential toxicity. By the late 1990s, however, he had reconsidered his position based on research reported from Wisconsin, USA, which showed that another monoclonal antibody that depleted T-cells was effective in prolonging the survival of monkeys receiving organ transplants. His thinking was reinforced by the fact that by this time the original Campath-1M monoclonal antibody had been re-egineered to be more human-like, labelled Campath-1H, which was much safer and had less toxicity than its predecessor.
What Calne and Waldmann wondered was whether Campath-1H would not only help in the prevention of organ rejection in the immediate aftermath of a transplant, but might help reduce the amount of immunosuppressive drugs patients need to take thereafter. This was a critical issue. While immunosuppressive drugs had greatly improved the management of organ transplants, they had not proven not a panacea. Patients noty only need to stay on such drugs for life, which necessitates swallowing many tablets at regular times every day, but the drugs can also cause severe or life-threatening side effects, such as infection, cancer, renal damage, bone necrosis, diabetes hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Such drugs can also cause unpleasant side effects, such as increased hair growth and weight gain. The complications associated with immunosupressant drugs often lead to patients abandoning treatment. This can have disasterous consequences, because cessation of medication can often result in organ rejection, which if not caught in time can lead to the loss of the organ.
Calne and Waldmann were eager to find a means of improving the management of organ transplants which would enable patients to move away from the use of immunosuppressive drugs. The goal was to find a means to activate a recipient's immune system to become tolerant of their donor's tissue. Their optimism in this area was fueled by Calne's observation in the late 1960s that pigs which received liver transplants, while initially experiencing symptoms of rejection went on to accept the grafted organ spontaneously soon after their transplant without any immunosuppressive intervention. Calne and Waldmann reasoned that Campath-1H could provide the means to enforce immunosuppression at a minimal level that would permit graft acceptance. They hypothesized that it might be possible to use Campath-1H as an induction treatment, followed by a low-maintenance immunosuppression regimen. By depleting a patient's T-cells, Campath-1H could encourage a patient's immune system to reprogramme itself so as to tolerate a grafted donor organ.
In 1997, Calne, together with Peter Friend and Waldmann's team, launched a small non-randomized, open-label single-centre clinical trial with 31 kidney transplant patients. During the trial the patients were to receive Campath-1H intravenously at a dose of 20mg on day O and 1 after the transplant, and then cyclosporine 72 hours after the transplant. Results from the study indicated not only that Campath-1H was safe, but that patients experienced high graft survival. Moreover, the incidence of rejection was low as were rates of infection. Encouragingly, the trial patients no longer needed steroids and only low doses of immunosuppressive drugs. To see the research see R. Calne, P. J. Friend, S. Moffatt, et al., 'Prope tolerance, perioperative campath 1H, and low-dose cyclosporin monotherapy in renal allograft recipients', Lancet, 351 (1998), 1701-2 and R. Calne, S. D. Moffatt, 'Campath 1H allows low-dose cyclosporine monotherapy in 31 cadaveric renal allograft recipients', Transplantation, 68 (1999), 1613-6.
The first study would be followed by several others. An analysis of these different trials, reported in 2011, indicated that while Campath-1H did not allow for the total elimination of immunosuppressive agents, it allowed for a reduction in the doses of the drugs used, thereby helping to reduce the side effects of such drugs and cut down on the costs associated with such therapy. What the research showed was that Campath-1H was better tolerated and gave better results when given at low doses before transplant rather than as a treatment for acute rejection. For a discussion of the results see R. Calne, C.J.E. Watson, 'Some observations on prope tolerance', Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation, 16 (2011), 353-8.
Painting of a transplant operation by Roy Y. Calne. The painting captures the compassion of the surgeon and the human skill and compassion of the Intensive Care nurse. Commissioned by Goram Klintmalm in Dallas.


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Flowdock REST API
Flowdock is a service that allows project team members to collaborate with each other. It features a team inbox with real-time group chat and activity feeds. Chat history is stored forever and users can organize their chats with tags for later reference. Flowdock provides an API that lets developers interact with flows, such as posting messages to Influx. With the API users can create custom integrations for Flowdock. The API uses RESTful calls and responses are formatted in HTML.


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Hey guys, super exciting news. Yesterday I filmed and edited my first ever video using my new camera. I'm still figuring out how everything works so forgive me for the imperfections in this video. I hope you enjoy watching the video and be sure to let me know how you liked it. If you're interested in a list of products I used in this video, keep on reading!
- Bioderma Créaline Solution Micellaire
- Origins Ginzing Moisturiser – Review
- Ziaja Eye Cream
- The Body Shop Tea Tree Pore Minimizer – Review
- Nivea Men Aftershave Balm – Review
- Catrice Camouflage Cream
- Bourjois Healthy Mix Serum Foundation – Review
- Maybelline Age Rewind Concealer – Review
- Collection Lasting Perfection Concealer
- Vichy Dermablend Loose Finishing Powder
- Maybelline Brow Satin – Review
- P2 Brow Styling Gel – Review
- Maybelline Color Tattoo in On And On Bronze – Review
- Urban Decay Gwen Stefani Eyeshadow Palette – Review
- Stila Eyes Are The Window Eyeshadow Palette – Review
- Benefit They're Real Mascara – Review
- Urban Decay 24/7 Glide On Eye Pencil in Supply – Review
- Stila Cheeky Trio – Review
- MAC Lipstick in Peach Blossom – Review
- Urban Decay De-Slick Makeup Setting Spray – Review
Thank you so much for watching!
XOXO, Nicole.


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Volunteering at Vinnies
As a volunteer-run organisation, the work of the St Vincent de Paul Society is largely carried out by members of the community who generously give their time and skills to help others. We pride ourselves on a vibrant and skilful culture, with a passion for volunteering.
Volunteering with Vinnies is an enriching, rewarding and purposeful experience. The diverse and invaluable contributions of our volunteers builds supportive, connected and inclusive communities and makes a meaningful difference in the lives of those we support.
Without volunteers, we would not be able to provide assistance to as many people. With your help we could reach even more!
Current volunteer opportunities
National Council Archivist
Volunteer Archivist The St Vincent de Paul Society National Council of Australia is a lay Catholic organisation with a 180 year history. As part of a global organisation we are looking for an enthusiastic volunteer with an interest and background in...


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If you aren't sure which storage unit size is right for your needs, check out our quick size guide to get started. You'll be ready to rent in no time!
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