text:
Alfred J. Freddoso
In the Logica Ingredientibus Abailard attacks the theory according to which universals are collections of individuals. This paper argues that Abailard's principal objection to this 'collective realism', viz, that it conflates universals with integral wholes, is actually quite strong, though it is generally overlooked by recent commentators. For implicit in this objection is the claim that the collective realist cannot provide a satisfactory account of predication. The reason for this is that integral wholes are not uniquely decomposable. In support of thesis the author first explicates the medieval distinction between integral and subjective parts and then discusses its application to collective realism.
In his Logica Ingredientibus Abailard attempts to refute certain realist theories of universals which were prominent at his time. One of these theories, which I will call collective realism, holds that universals are collections of individuals and that such collections are things in their own right distinct from the individuals that they comprise. Abailard has this to say of the proponents of collective realism:
They do not in any sense call Socrates and Plato in themselves species. Rather, they claim that all men collected together are the species which is man and that all animals taken together are the genus which is animal, and so on for the others.1
Now certain of the arguments that Abailard directs against collective realism have been judged by commentators like Martin Tweedale and Desmond Henry to be inconclusive at best.2 I concur with them on this matter. What I wish to suggest in this paper, however, is that Abailard's basic objection, viz. that the collective realist conflates universals with integral wholes, is actually quite strong. For, I believe, implicit in this objection is the claim that the collective realist cannot give an adequate philosophical account of simple subject-predicate sentences like 'Socrates is a man'. On the plausible assumption that any adequate theory of universals must yield a satisfactory account of predication, this Abailardian objection constitutes a serious and perhaps even fatal blow to collective realism. In section I of this paper I will characterize the two senses of 'predicable of many' which Abailard distinguishes and correlate them with the common medieval distinction between integral and subjective parts. Then, in section II, I will show how this distinction forms the basis for the strong, though generally overlooked, objection alluded to above. /528/
Shortly after characterizing collective realism Abailard continues:
... we might ask how the whole collection of men, which is called a species, can be predicated of many, so that it might be universal, even though the whole is not predicated of each individual (LI, p. 14, 33-35).
The point of this remark is that it is not immediately obvious how the collections posited by the collective realist meet the condition set down by Aristotle's definition of a universal as that which is predicable of many. Abailard goes on to insinuate that the only strategy open to the collective realist is to construe his collections of individuals as integral wholes and the individuals that they comprise as integral parts. In that case there is a sense in which such collections are predicable of many, since an integral whole is truly predicable of an exhaustive collection of its (proper) parts. We can roughly characterize this notion of collective predicability of many as follows:
(P1) An integral whole W is collectively predicable of x1, x2 .... and xn just in case x1, x2 and xn constitute an exhaustive collection of the parts of W.
(The footnotes contain a more precise analysis of this notion.)3 The idea of collective predicability is, I think, intuitively clear. A whole cannot be truly said of any of its (proper) parts taken singly or even of any nonexhaustive collection of those parts. However, the whole can be truly said of a collection of those (proper) parts which completely constitutes or exhausts it, since an integral whole just is such a collection of its parts.
One problem that might be raised here is that what (P1) describes is not correctly thought of as predication, since an integral whole is identical with, rather than predicable of, an exhaustive /529/ collection of its parts. Thus, (P1) evinces a conflation of the 'is' of predication with the 'is' of identity. Now, given the way the term 'predication' is normally used in contemporary philosophical discourse, heavily influenced as it is by the function-argument model, this objection is surely correct. However, it is beyond doubt that some--and arguable that most--medieval philosophers use the schema 'A is predicable of B' in a wider sense which includes the so-called "'is' of identity." This fact lends support to the claim, made in several places by Desmond Henry, that the 'e'-functor of Stanislaw Lesniewski's Ontology is better suited to represent the copula of the medieval logicians than is any single formal element in classical Russellian logic.4 Since (P1) thus conforms to common medieval usage, we can regard it as philosophically legitimate in the present context. This at least gives the collective realist a chance to show that his collections are universals in the commonly accepted Aristotelian sense.
Opposed to this notion of collective predication of many is the notion of distributive predication of many, according to which a whole is predicated truly of each of its parts taken individually. We might roughly characterize this notion as follows:
(P2) A whole W is distributively predicable of x1, x2 .... and xn just in case, for any xi such that xi= x1or xi= x2 or . . .xi= xn, xi is (a) W.
At first glance (P2) will strike a contemporary reader as somewhat mysterious. Just what sort of whole, we want to ask, is involved here? Certainly it is not the sort of whole which, like an integral whole, is governed by standard mereological principles.
The medievals, however, commonly construed universals themselves as wholes that can be divided into parts. For example, in enumerating the types of division, Boethius includes under the category of substantial divisions both the division of an integral whole into its (proper) parts and the division of a genus into its species.5 One finds a similar distinction between integral wholes and what I will call "universal" wholes in John Scotus Eriugena's discussion of ousia in the Periphyseon.6 In his Opus Oxoniense Duns Scotus extends this idea of the division of a universal to the case of the division of a lowest-level species, e.g., man or human /530/ nature, into concrete individuals, in this instance into individual human beings.7
In order to render the distinction between integral and universal wholes somewhat clearer I will turn to what Duns Scotus has to say about the division of wholes within the context of his discussion of the individuation of material substances.8 This appeal to Duns Scotus is somewhat anachronistic within the framework of a discussion of Abailard, but Scotus' remarks are, I believe, very helpful to one who is trying to grasp the force of Abailard's main objection to collective realism.
Scotus distinguishes the division of a quantitative whole, which is at least one species o£ an integral whole, from the division of a universal whole. A quantitative whole, he claims, is divided into parts in such a way that the definition of the whole is not truly predicable of any of the parts taken singly, although the predicate 'is a per se existent' truly characterizes both the whole (before the division) and each of the parts (after the division). Such parts are called integral parts. A universal whole, on the other hand, is divided into parts in such a way that the definition o£ the whole is truly predicable of each of the dividing parts. Such parts are called subjective parts. Thus, when the lowest-level species man is divided into subjective parts, each part is such that the definition of the species is truly predicable of it, as in 'Every man is a rational animal' or 'Socrates is a rational animal'. Thus, Socrates and Plato and all other human beings are subjective parts of the universal whole man.
In the selection under discussion Scotus is trying to show that quantity is not the cause or principle of the individuation of material substances. He notes, however, that one might be misled into believing that quantity does play this role of individuator, by the following line of reasoning. Imagine the quantitative whole that /531/ includes all and only the bodies of presently existing human beings, and suppose that these bodies are lumped together in such a way that no one entire body is discriminable from the others. We might imagine, for instance, that all the bodies are broken down into their elemental chemical components and that these elements are lumped together indiscriminately. Now suppose that this quantitative whole is rearranged and divided in such a way that the division yields as parts all and only the human bodies with which we began our thought experiment. In that case one might be inclined to claim that what makes each human being distinct from all the others is the fact that he or she has (or is) a distinct part of the quantitative whole in question. Thus, the primary cause of the distinction of human beings from one another is the fact that each has (or is) a distinct part of quantity.
In arguing against this opinion Scotus insists that it is not precisely as a part of such a quantitative whole that an individual is a human being or even a human body. For even if we think of the quantitative whole in question as virtually containing all the human bodies with which we began, still the parts of that whole, as parts of an integral whole, are integral parts and "cannot receive the predication of the whole."10 Thus, human beings are not primarily or essentially distinct from one another in virtue of any quantitative division. If they do differ from one another in that each possesses a different part of quantity, this difference is metaphysically posterior to their constitution as distinct individuals in themselves. The metaphysically prior constitution of these individuals as distinct human beings is accomplished only by the division of the species man into subjective parts. For even if we assume that the two divisions, viz. the division of the quantitative whole in question and the division of the universal whole man, occur concomitantly, they only accidentally yield all and only the same parts. The reason for this is that the division of the quantitative whole could have yielded parts o£ a different type. For example, such a division might have yielded as parts just those individual chemical components alluded to above. However, the division of the universal whole man necessarily yields as parts individual human beings. Now the fact that integral wholes, unlike universal wholes, are not uniquely divisible or decomposable is, as we shall see, absolutely crucial to Abailard's critique of collective realism. For, by construing universals as integral wholes, the collective realist makes it virtually impossible for his theory of /532/ universals to serve as the basis of an intuitively satisfying account of predication.
We are now in a position to examine the full context of Abailard's main objection to collective realism. Turning to collective realism he says:
But now we should attack the theory about collection just presented. And we might ask how the whole collection of men, which is called a species, can be predicated of many, so that it might be universal, even though the whole is not predicated of each individual. Even if it is agreed that it is predicated of different things in virtue of its parts, viz. in that its individual parts correspond to those very things, this has nothing to do with the commonness of a universal, which according to Boethius ought to be wholly present in each individual. This is why (a universal) is distinguished from a common thing which is common by reason of its parts, e.g., a field, the different parts of which belong to different people (LI, p. 14, 2-40).
Now Martin Tweedale simply quotes this passage and, after noting the aptness of the field analogy in characterizing collective realism, goes on to consider Abailard's weaker objections.11 The implication is that in the above passage Abailard is only describing and not criticizing collective realism. But it is clear from the opening sentence that Abailard looks upon the point he is making as an objection, indeed the first objection, to collective realism. In fact, the sentence following the quoted passage begins "Furthermore ..." and goes on to express the first of his admittedly weaker objections.
Now one might be inclined to regard the objection under discussion as itself rather inconclusive. For, it seems, the collective realist can simply reply that, pace Boethius and the others, universal wholes are in fact a species of integral wholes. However, we do not have to strain to see something more in what Abailard says. The quoted passage obviously provides the ground for the distinction /533/ between collective and distributive predication which I elaborated on above. And just as clearly, it seems to me, it challenges the collective realist with the following question: if universals are indeed integral wholes, then what sort of analysis of simple predication can collective realism provide? That is, what alternative can the collective realist provide to Boethius' dictum that a universal is wholly in (i.e., is distributively predicable of) each of its individual instances?
The ties between a philosophical account of predication and the theory of universals are intimate. One common realist strategy is to claim that, unless universals exist, we cannot account for the truth of simple predications like
(1) Jimmy Carter is a man.
For the correct philosophical analysis of (1) is
(2) Jimmy Carter exemplifies the universal man.12
(2) reveals that (1) is implicitly relational. 'Jimmy Carter' picks out a concrete individual and 'man' picks out a universal to which that individual stands in the relation (or quasi-relation) of exemplification. Hence, if there are no universals, then no sentence like (1) is true. Now on the standard realist theories--and these are what Boethius has in mind--a universal is taken to be one in many. That is, each individual human being, for instance, exemplifies numerically the same universal man. Thus, the humanity of Jimmy Carter is identical with the humanity of each other human being. Hence, the very same universal is distributively predicable of each human being taken singly. However, Abailard is claiming, the collective realist has closed off this avenue by insisting that individuals of the same species or genus do not literally share any entity in common. Thus, (2) as commonly understood, is not available to the collective realist as an analysis of (1). Abailard's challenge, then, is that the collective realist provide a satisfactory analysis of schemata like
(3) ________ is a man
--an analysis which is both consistent with and based upon his theory of universals.
At first glance the collective realist seems to have an easy answer to this problem. He can simply claim that the analysis of (3) is provided by /534/
(4) ________ is a (proper) part of the integral whole man.
But a moment's reflection reveals that such an account is deficient. For, as we saw above, an integral whole may be divided in any number of nonequivalent ways. Thus, the integral whole man may be divided in such a way as to yield, say, Jimmy Carter's left ear as a dividing part. But if (4) is the analysis of (3), then we are entitled to infer that Jimmy Carter's left ear is a man--which is patently absurd.
For one of the consequences of our previous discussion of integral and universal wholes is that an integral whole is not uniquely determined by any one sortal predicate and thus is not uniquely decomposable. Let 'a' and 'b' stand for two distinct sortal terms. Then if we take collections to be integral wholes, the following principle seems to be beyond reproach:
(P3) The collection of a's is identical with the collection of b's if and only if the collection of a's contains no more and no less than the collection of b's.
Thus, the collection of human beings is identical with the collection of parts of human beings on the reasonable assumption that the one contains no more and no less than the putalive other. By the same token the following principle is clearly false:
(P4) If G is the collection of a's and x is a (proper) part of G, then x is an a.
It is precisely the falsity of (P4) which renders (4) inadequate as an analysis of (3).
Now the collective realist might try to remedy this defect by adding to (4) a conjunct that delimits the type of (proper) part of the collection man that can count as a man. Perhaps he might try
(5) ________ is a (proper) part of the integral whole man and ________ is a rational animal.
However, such a move is clearly unsatisfactory, since the added conjunct is of the same form as the analysandum and thus raises exactly the same problems.
To avoid this difficulty the collective realist might claim that all we really have to add to (4) is the weaker conjunct
(6) ________is rational.
Initially this move seems promising, since 'rational' is not a sortal term. That is, perhaps the collective realist can provide an acceptable analysis of (6) and then attempt to reduce predications involving sortal terms to predications involving only nonsortal terms. However, even if we put aside doubts about the possibility of such /535/ a reduction, this move is doomed to failure, given the collective realist's contention that universals are collections. For, on his theory, the universal rational is, presumably, just the collection of rational beings. Thus, an account of (6) presupposes an account of
(7) ________ is a rational being
--an account which is itself based on collective realism. However, 'ratiOnal being' is a sortal term, and thus (7) presents us with exactly the same problems as does (3).
At this point the collective realist might be tempted to try a more radical strategy. He might simply deny that a theory of universals must provide an analysis of predication. Perhaps his most attractive alternative is to claim that a theory of universals is intended to explain the role that abstract singular terms like 'humanity' and 'rationality' play in our language. According to collective realism, such terms are, he might continue, the proper designators of universals, i.e., of abstract collections of the appropriate type. Now simple predications of the form illustrated by (3) are logically prior to the notion of the collection of men, or humanity. For such collections are constituted by predefined individuals, i.e., individuals that are already human beings. Thus, the theory of universals presupposes an account of predication and should not itself be required to provide such an account. Therefore, Abailard's challenge is misdirected.
Two comments--one historical and one systematic--should be made here. First, this suggestion clearly takes us far beyond what Abailard tells us about collective realism and to that extent represents a retreat from the position held by the historical collective realists. This in itself indicates that Abailard's objection is more cogent than is generally recognized. However, even though we find in Abailard's treatment of collective realism no mention of abstract terms or of problems regarding paronymy, the issues involved were being discussed at Abailard's time.13 Thus, it is not completely unreasonable to think that the collective realist might have made a move like the one under discussion.
Second, the strategy in question rather perversely inverts the relation between universals and concrete individuals as conceived by classical realist theories. According to the latter, individuals are in some sense or other constituted by--and are thus metaphysically posterior to--universals. Here, however, the collective realist /536/ is suggesting that the constitution of individuals must be taken as metaphysically prior to the existence of universals, since the latter are just collections of predefined individuals. Thus, this strategy constitutes a radical departure from traditional philosophical intuitions about the significance of a theory of universals and has the further undesirable consequence of leaving us in the dark with regard to the analysis of predication.
But prescinding for the moment from this difficulty, can such a strategy be successful on its own grounds? I think not. For even if we agree that a theory of universals need not provide the basis for an adequate account of predication, the collective realist is still constrained to explicate the relation between individuals and the collections they constitute. But here the problem of the decomposability of integral wholes emerges once again. For the collective realist cannot subscribe to the following principle:
(P5) x (partially) constitutes the collection of men (humanity) if and only if x is a man.
The reason is, again, that, on any plausible understanding of constitution, (P5) allows us to infer that Jimmy Carter's left ear is a man. Only the weaker (P6) is acceptable:
(P6) If x is a man, then x (partially) constitutes humanity.
But (P6) seems to leave open the possibility that a nonman bears the same relation to humanity as does a man. And such a result is surely counterintuitive, since it destroys the intimate connection between concrete terms and their abstract counterparts. At this point the collective realist might respond as follows: there is an asymmetry between men and nonmen (e.g., parts of men) with respect to the constitution of humanity. For an individual man like Jimmy Carter necessarily has the property of constituting humanity, whereas his parts have this property only contingently, since they are only contingently his parts or parts of a human being at all. And this is a difference that allows us to preserve the close connection between men and humanity while denying that such a connection holds between humanity and any nonmen.
However, there are serious problems with this response. First, it helps the collective realist only in the case of those universals which are had necessarily if at all. But it does not hold for universals in categories other than the category of substance--universals, that is, which are possibly such that they are had contingently. /537/ Thus, the response is unacceptable if collective realism purports to be a general theory of universals.
Second, the response may not help the collective realist even with respect to those universals which are had necessarily if at all. For many philosophers, Abailard included,14 have defended mereological essentialism. That is, they have held that a thing necessarily has just those parts which it actually has. Now to say that Jimmy Carter necessarily has the property of constituting humanity is, on the standard possible-worlds understanding of necessity, just to say that he has the property of constituting humanity in every world in which Jimmy Carter exists. But if mereological essentialism is correct, then each of Jimmy Carter's parts has exactly the same property--and thus the supposed asymmetry between men and nonmen vanishes. Thus, even to safeguard the little he may have gained from his response, the collective realist must argue that mereological essentialism is false or at least not true of all integral wholes.15 However this matter turns out, Abailard's first objection to collective realism has been shown to run deeper than has commonly been thought.
One last point. A contemporary reader may agree that the collective realist cannot adequately respond to Abailard's objection by relying on the logical tools available in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. He might go on to argue, however, that what the collective realist needs is the contemporary notion of a set. For a (first-level) set is a collection of individuals which may be thought of as uniquely determined by some constitutive property and thus as uniquely decomposable. Armed with the notion of a set, the collective realist could claim that universals are sets rather than integral wholes. In this way he could escape the problems that arise in virtue of the fact that integral wholes are not uniquely decomposable.
There are, I think, cogent reasons for believing that the collective realist could not accept this alternative to his theory. The /538/ most obvious reason is that the view of sets just mentioned seems to involve a commitment to both sets and constitutive properties, since the latter are not in all cases reducible nonparadoxically to sets or set-theoretic notions. For they must be metaphysically prior to sets in order to serve as properties that play an essential role in the constitution of sets. However, the collective realist apparently wants to show that all universals are collections.16
But the most interesting aspect of this contemporary suggestion is the following. As we have seen, Abailard's first objection to collective realism is that it conflates two distinct notions of a whole by taking universals to be integral wholes. In an exactly similar way certain modern authors, most notably Lesniewski, have argued that the classical Cantorian notion of a set conflates distributive and collective concepts.17 In fact, Lesniewski sees this conflation as the underlying cause for the emergence of Russell's paradox. This leads him to the conclusion that standard contemporary set theory is merely an ad hoc response to that paradox and that philosophically preferable responses are possible. Now this is a rather controversial claim which I do not intend to discuss further. However, it is interesting to note that the medieval distinction between integral and universal wholes corresponds almost exactly to Lesniewski's distinction between collective classes, which he treats in his Mereology, and distributive classes, which he treats in his Ontology. Moreover, from what we have seen, it is not implausible to think that Abailard would view the notion of a set with the same suspicious glance that he directs at the collective realist's notion of a collection.
*To be presented in an APA symposium on Medieval Philosophy, December 28, 1978. Eileen Serene will comment.
1. Peter Abailard, Logica Ingredientibus (hereafter: LI), Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophie und Theologie des Mittelalters, XXI (1933): 14, lines 8-11. LI contains the only discussion of collective realism in Abailard's works. All translations are my own, although I have consulted the translations of Richard McKeon in Selections from Medieval Philosophers (New York: Scribner's, 1929), vol. II, pp. 208 ff, and Martin Tweedale in Abailard on Universals (hereafter: AU) (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1976), chap. III, esp. pp. 113-115.
2.Cf. AU, pp. 113-115, and Desmond P. Henry, Medieval Logic and Metaphysics (hereafter: MLM) (London: Hutchinson, 1972), pp. 121/2. `
3. Because of the problem of the decomposability of integral wholes, to be discussed below, the following three definitions are needed to clarify the meaning of (P1):
(D1) x is a proper part of y =df x is a part of y and it is not the case that y is a part of x.
(D2) x and y share a part in common =df For some z, z is a part of x and z is a part of y.
(D3) x1, x2 .... and xn exhaust the integral whole W =df (i) For any xi such that xi = x1 or xi = x2 ... or xi = xn, xi is a proper part of W; and (ii) for any y, if y is a proper part of W, then for at least one xi such that xi = x1 or xi = x2 ... or xi = xn, y and xi share a part in common.
I am indebted to Richard Potter for helping me in formulating these definitions.
5. Commentaries on Porphyry's Isagogue, in McKeon, op. cit., vol. I, pp. 87-89.
6. Periphyseon: Liber I, ed. and trans. I. P. Sheldon-Williams (Dublin: Institute for Advanced Studies, 1968), p. 149.
7. Opus Oxoniense (hereafter: OO), ed. Marianus Fernandez-Garcia (St. Bonaventure, N.Y.: Franciscan Institute, 1914), Book II, dist. III, ques. IV, p. 250. Of course, just how literally one is willing to construe a universal as a whole having parts is a function of one's theory of universals. Thus, William of Ockham, who denies the existence of extramental universals, claims that the parts of a universal, i.e., the species of a genus or the individuals of a lowest-level species, "are considered parts only in a broad and extended sense of the term." Cf. his Summa Logicae, ed. P. Boehner, S. Brown, and G. Gal (St. Bonaventure, N.Y.: Franciscan Institute, 1974), Part II, chap. 6, p. 268, 30-31.
8. OO, Book II, dist. III, quest. I-IV, pp. 223-276.
9. This leaves open the possibility that certain objects, e.g., human beings and perhaps plants and animals, have nonquantitative as well as quantitative parts. However, even if they do have such parts, what Scotus says about quantitative wholes seems applicable to integral wholes in general.
10. OO, Book II, dist III, ques. IV, p. 249.
11. AU, p. 114. The "weaker" objections include the following: that every integral whole would count as a universal; that each 'lowest-level species would, per impossibile, contain many species of the same type; that each commonly acknowledged universal would actually be a collection of many universals of the same type; and that a genus would not be the same as its species in the sense stipulated by Boethius. Although the first and third of these objections are not, I think, as ineffectual as some have thought, the collective realist seems to be able to respond to all these objections in a somewhat plausible manner. For the purposes of this paper I am assuming that all these responses are adequate and urging that Abailard still has a devastating critique of collective realism.
12. The use of the abstract term 'humanity' is more appropriate in this context. However, the collective realist--as presented by Abailard--does not use such abstract terms. Nevertheless, I will suggest below a strategy involving abstract terms which the collective realist might resort to in the face of Abailard's demand that he provide an analysis of predication.
13. Cf., e.g., Anselm, The De Grammatico, ed. and trans. Desmond P. Henry (Notre Dame, Ind.: University Press, 1964), in which Anselm formulates a rather sophisticated theory of paronymy.
14. Cf. Abailard, Dialectica, ed. R. M. de Rijk (Assen, 1956), p. 423, 29-30. For a contemporary defense of mereological essentialism cf. Roderick Chisholm, Person and Object (Lasalle, Ill.: Open Court, 1976), chap. III and appendix B.
15. One further alternative with respect to the property of being a human being is to espouse mind-body dualism and claim that each human being is identical with his immaterial mind. In such a case perhaps a human being would not be an integral whole at all. However, such a move would be applicable to only one or at best a few universals. Thus, it would be of little help to the collective realist in his quest to delineate a general account of the relation between universals and the individuals which constitute them.
16. Of course, there are also standard problems regarding identity conditions which militate against the claim that all universals are sets. Perhaps the most successful contemporary analogue of collective realism is the theory of universals formulated by Nicholas Wolterstorff in On Universals (Chicago: University Press, 1972). Wolterstorff identifies universals with kinds, i.e., intensional collections, of apects of individuals rather than of individuals themselves. Perhaps a theory such as Wolterstorff's could escape Abailard's critique, but this does not alter the fact that Abailard's basic objection is cogent as applied to collective realism itself.
17. For an account of Lesniewski's views, cf. Eugene C. Luschei, The Systems of Lesniewski (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1962), esp. chap. 4.


text:
A new E-Type rendering has surfaced from Turkish designer Emre Husmen.
It's hard to believe that the Jaguar E-Type has been around for 50 years. The long and low racer has spawned many different and popular models, such as the XKR, 1970 E-Type roadster and a personal favorite, the 1961 E-Type convertible aka the Austin Powers 'Shaguar.' To celebrate the 50th anniversary of the classic British sports car, Turkish designer Emre Husmen has created a terrific design of a new E-Type concept. The rendering features the E-Type's classic long nose and rounded waist.
It is a bit boxier than the original, but the line scheme still fits and its color and blacked-out wheels give the old classic a modern look. Check out the pics below and let us know what you think about the modern E-Type concept and what features should or shouldn't be featured in a new Jaguar.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Next up on the "how to build it in Eclipse" list is how to build a Pathfinder-Style Rogue. Unlike many of the other characters, Rogues received a major bonus in Pathfinder that isn't reflected in their point costs; Pathfinder combined many of their most important skills. Jump, Balance, and Tumble were combined into Acrobatics. Decipher Script, Forgery, and Speak Languages all went into Linguistics. Spot, Listen, and Search all went into Perception. Open Lock went into Disable Device, Hide and Move Silently were put into Stealth, and Gather Information went into Diplomacy.
That sort of things doesn't have that big an impact on characters who aren't focused on Skills – but a Rogue can spend six skill points a level to max out the equivalent of fifteen 3.5 style skills, including twelve of the most important ones in the game.
They also had more points invested in first-level skill points than any other major character type in the game – which saves them even more character points.
A great many creatures have had their immunities to Sneak Attack removed – another system bonus which doesn't actually cost the character anything since it doesn't transfer.
Finally, 3.5 rogues came out with a few left-over points originally – which I recommended that they spend on some useful contacts, immunity to divination magic, and enough magical skill to spot magical wards and alarms. That way there was some chance of them having a successful criminal career.
Looking at all that, it seems rather likely that I won't need Adept or Fast Learner to build a Pathfinder Rogue in a Pathfinder setting. Of course, to build a Pathfinder-style Rogue in an old-skills setting, you'll need about fourteen or fifteen skill points per level.
Let's see how that comes out.
Hit Dice: 20d8 (80 CP).
Saves: +24 (72 CP).
BAB (Warcraft): +15 (90 CP).
Skills: 160 SP (160 CP).
Proficiencies: Light Armor (3), All Simple Weapons (3), and a limited set of Martial and Exotic Weapons (hand crossbow, rapier, sap, shortbow, and short sword, 6).
Magic Levels: None.
Special Abilities
Augmented Attack/10d6 Sneak Attack (30 CP).
Professional/Search (in Pathfinder use Perception), Specialized/only in locating traps (3 CP).
Professional/Disable Device (6 CP).
Evasion (Fortune, Reflex Variant, Corrupted/only if wearing light or no armor, 4 CP).
Ten "Rogue Talents" (also known as "Bonus Feats") (60 CP). (See below)
Awareness/Danger Sense +6 to AC and Reflex Saves versus Traps (6 CP).
Awareness/Cannot be caught flat-footed (6 CP).
Awareness/Flankless, Corrupted/fails to work if the flanking opponent has a four level or greater advantage over the user (4 CP).
Trick (Death Attack), Specialized/only usable in conjunction with a sneak attack (so creatures who are immune to sneak attack damage are also immune to this ability), only once per day per target (3 CP), +2 additional Tricks (Paralyze 2d6 rounds or Sleep for 1d4 hours), Specialized and Corrupted/only to provide additional options on the basic death blow trick, and thus subject to the same limitations (4 CP).
Now, a Trick is only usable under specialized circumstances. The classic is "requires three rounds of study of the target" – either three standard actions in combat or three full rounds during which the user can take other actions, but must remain focused on the target and either undetected or unrecognized as an enemy. Ergo, what we'll want here is "instant study", purchased as Reflex Training, Improved; the user may automatically "study" any opponent he or she is sneak attacking for the equivalent of three rounds (12 CP).
Now I must admit that this sort of thing – mechanics disassociated from an in-game explanation – annoys me. Just how is Pathfinder's "Master Strike" ability supposed to work in the setting? Do Rogues have some special trick that they all use but that opponents are prepared for after seeing it? Then why do they forget about it in twenty-four hours? Why will another Rogues trick still work? Why do they know only one trick? Why does a character who was unconscious or unaware of your attack, but saved anyway, become immune for twenty-four hours? Abilities like that may be "Extraordinary" in game terms, but – like many a colossal creatures ability to fly – it's pretty obviously supernatural in terms of mechanism.
One of our local players has proposed that this is actually a sort of psychic venom; when the user focuses on a target, he or she unconsciously generates a mystical toxin to augment the sneak attack. If the victim successfully resists, his or her unconscious mind will now be on guard, and hence immune. After the victim rests, however, his or her unconscious mind will relax again – and he or she is once more vulnerable. Since each user's mind is different, each user's psychic toxin is different – and so resistance to one user's "Master Strike" is of no benefit against another user's "Master Strike".
That's not at all bad, so I think I'll stick with that one unless someone proposes something better.
That may seem like an odd complaint when you look at Eclipse. After all, Eclipse is an entire book full of abilities with unexplained mechanisms.
There are two reasons for that.
Firstly, it's because Eclipse is designed to let you build a power to suit whatever idea you had in mind – which means that you start off with the in-game explanation and build the mechanics to match. You may find that you can't afford to buy a power you want, but that's a problem that can generally be solved by leveling up and getting and more points to spend.
Secondarily, it's because Eclipse is a universal d20 system. It doesn't matter in Eclipse whether your abilities spring from magic, psionics, incredible skill, cosmic power, cyberware, divine blessings, mutations, exotic physiology, or acupuncture – or, for that matter, whether or not a given setting even has magic, or technology, or psychic powers, or whatever. That's why it doesn't include a list of skills, or equipment, or special effects. All of that varies from setting to setting.
Pathfinder really doesn't have either of those reasons. It's got established character themes, a default quasi-medieval magical setting, and preset character classes with preset abilities. Every game has gaps, but there really isn't any excuse for leaving people looking at basic class abilities and asking "what is the character actually doing when he or she uses that ability?".
Now, to get back to our grand reveal, all this comes out to a total of… 492 Character Points out of the 504 available to a 20'th level character. That's enough left over for a couple of extra feats (I'd still go with contacts and resistance to divination magic by the way).
The Pathfinder Rogue doesn't need Fast Learner or Adept at all, because most of their upgrades lie in the games skill system and creatures. If you do use those modifiers you'll have another eighty-odd points to spend – enough to be a pretty serious skill monkey or to add a good deal of flexibility to your rogue. It might also create a problem for the game master, but that's why Eclipse includes the section on "keeping characters under control".
If you want to emulate a Pathfinder Rogue in a game using 3.5, d20 Modern, or a similar skill system, you're going to need a lot more skill points. In fact, you'll need to take Fast Learner Specialized in Skills (for +2 SP/Level, 6 CP) and Adept twice (the maximum permitted, at a cost of 12 CP), for the equivalent of 14 SP/Level – and come up with an extra six character points to pay for it by taking a disadvantage or two.
Building Rogue Talents:
Rogue Talents are essentially simply bonus feats – and, in Eclipse, characters are free to use those to take anything they want to within the overall theme of their character. Still, if you want to duplicate the "Rogue Talents" which aren't already standard six-character point Feats (Combat Trick, Feat, Finesse Rogue, and Weapon Training), here's how to buy them.
Bleeding Attack: Augment Attack/Continuing III, Specialized and Corrupted/only works with a sneak attack, incompatible with other abilities which augment a sneak attack, only works on living opponents (6 CP). Opponents take +1/point per round per die of sneak attack until treated or healed for at least one point of damage. As usual, this bypasses most defenses.
Crippling Strike: Augment Attack/Crippling, Specialized for Double Effect (two points of attribute damage)/only usable with Sneak Attacks, incompatible with other abilities which augment a sneak attack (6 CP).
Defensive Roll: Grant of Aid, Specialized and Corrupted/only usable when an attack would reduce the user to below zero hit points, only heals enough damage to reduce the effects of the attack by 50%, only acts once per day, requires a Reflex check with a DC equal to the damage of the incoming attack, only versus physical attacks, only HP damage, user must be aware of the attack and able to react to it (2 CP).
OK, that's considerable overkill on the restrictions. More than enough to consider it double-specialized, and give it double the potential effect as well – even if that does require special permission. Personally, I'd dump some of those restrictions and make it more useful.
Dispelling Attack: This could simply be taken as Augment Attack/Silencing (Variant; anyone damaged by the user's sneak attack is subject to a Dispel Magic effect with a caster level equal to the user's level targeting the lowest-level spell effect active on the target), Corrupted/incompatible with other abilities which augment a sneak attack (4 CP). It is, however, more interesting to build it as a general ability:
Innate Enchantment/Dispelling Touch (from the Dispelling spell template in The Practical Enchanter, Spell Level One x Caster Level One x Unlimited-Use Use-Activated x Rapid Casting) plus a Weapons Reach Cantrip (allows a touch-based effect to act through a weapon) with the same modifiers (5000 GP effective Value, Specialized/only usable with sneak attack and incompatible with other sneak attack enhancements, 3 CP).
Immunity to the XP cost of zero and first level innate enchantments at caster level one (Uncommon, Minor Trivial, Specialized in this particular enchantment, 1 CP)
Empowerment, Specialized in Innate Enchantments, Specialized in the Dispelling Touch effect, Corrupted/only usable with Sneak Attack (2 CP).
That gives a total cost of (6 CP), but is far more flexible, since a wide variety of other effects can be substituted for the Dispelling effect.
Fast Stealth: Immunity/penalties to stealth for movement (Common, Minor, Major, 6 CP).
Improved Evasion: Improved Fortune (Reflex Variant), Corrupted/not usable while wearing medium or heavy armor (4 CP).
Ledge Walker: Immunity/penalties (speed, defenses) for balancing on narrow surfaces (Common, Minor, Major, 6 CP).
Minor and Major Magic: Inherent Spell (first level options) (6 CP).
Opportunist: Opportunist, Specialized/counts as an attack of opportunity, only usable once per round (3 CP).
Quick Disable: Reflex Training/when attempting to use the Disable Device skill (6 CP).
Resiliency: Grant of Aid/Specialized and Corrupted/only provides temporary hit points which only last for one minute (2 CP).
Rogue Crawl: Celerity/+10′ Ground Movement, Specialized/only while crawling (3 CP).
Skill Mastery: Mastery (6 CP).
Slippery Mind: Luck, Specialized in saving throws against enchantment spells and effects (6 CP).
Slow Reactions: Augment Attack/Silencing (Variant; anyone damaged by the user's sneak attack can't make attacks of opportunity for one round), Corrupted/incompatible with other abilities which augment a sneak attack (4 CP).
Stand Up: Reflex Training/when attempting to stand up (6 CP).
Surprise Attack: Immunity/Opponents Defensive Dexterity Modifiers (Very Common, Severe, Major), Specialized and Corrupted/only works when the user has surprised his or her opponents and only during the surprise round (6 CP).
This one is a bit dubious – immunity to other people's defenses always is – but the circumstances are limited enough to allow it.
Trap Spotter: Opportunist/the user gets a free Search (in Pathfinder, Perception) check to notice a trap when he or she comes within ten feet of it. The GM should make this roll in secret (6 CP).
Overall, converting the Pathfinder Rogue is pretty straightforward – but it does make me a little more dubious about the Pathfinder skill system. Combining rarely-used skills to make them more attractive is one thing. Combining important skills tends to result in must-have skills, like Perception and Stealth, while things like Knowledge Skills are relegated to the Bards, who get massive bonuses on all of them. Ideally, all the skills in the game should be equally useful – and thus equally popular.
Eclipse: The Codex Persona is available in a Shareware PDF Version, in Print, and in a Paid PDF Version that includes Eclipse II (245 pages of Eclipse races, character and power builds, items, relics, martial arts, and other material) and the web expansion. It will be updated with Eclipse III when that's done as well.
Oh yes, here's the OGL on the Pathfinder SRD site I referenced.
Filed under: d20, Game Rules | Tagged: Characters, Classless d20, d20, d20 Point Buy, Game Rules, Pathfinder, Role Playing Game, RPG |


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This does not affect my opinion of the book or the content of my review.
Genres: Contemporary Romance, Holiday Romance
Published by Indie/Self Published
Released on October 9, 2018
Pages: 115
Format: eARC
Source: Author
The Delight
Heartwarming and sweet small town holiday romance that delivered on the feels from cover to cover. It has begun. My first holiday read for the season and it was scrumptious.
Newness and Wonder is book one in the Sylvan Hills series and introduces an unconventional family of three sisters living in a small North Carolina town back in the mountains. Two are sisters of the blood and the third is their step-sister and sister of the heart. They were damaged by parents who selfishly tore their families apart and dumped them on their own to pursue other interests. All three thought they had a handle on things, but an upheaval in Tara's big plans show them that change is needed if they don't want to grow into old, bitter cat ladies.
Artistic Tara has worked hard to save up to buy back her grandparents' farm. She and her sister were happy and wanted there by the grandmother who raised them when their parents divorced. Her mom returning years later to sell the farm and all in it left a sour taste in her mouth and she has dreamed of getting it back ever since. But now, some rich big city guy threw his money around and bought it out from under her. It doesn't matter that before she knew who he was that she was dazzled and excited by the one lunch date she shared with Justin Hunter. And, she really doesn't want to lose her anger and bitterness when she discovers the reason he bought the farmhouse and moved to the country. Justin has the care of his younger 12 year old half-sister who is grieving the loss of her mother and he wants to give them both a fresh start.
Tara's pain and loss are palpable just like Justin's, his sister Marley, and her sisters. Loss is a theme in this book. But, the holidays and time spent together lead to a healing for them all. I loved the small town, the wonder of the holidays, the focus on Tara's art and Justin and Marley's work getting to know each other while restoring the old farmhouse. The camaraderie of the sisters, their cousin and their aunt along with Justin's ties to his friends and family back in New York surrounded the romance and made it even more special.
The romance is central, but also slow building because the pair, especially Tara, need to heal so they can be in a place to welcome a relationship. Justin is so good and patient even when she was being an ugly witch about things at first. He is strung tight over his sister and how to be parent and brother, but he has the time and patience to try to get past Tara's resentment. There were some fun moments when her sisters and cousin kicked her butt to get over herself before she lost something special.
The holidays were prevalent between Thanksgiving to Christmas and even a fun Black Friday scene. I appreciated the touch of whimsy and humor that balanced out the healing parts. The romance was sweet with a dab of sensuality. I can't wait to see what comes of that other romance that was sizzling and simmering in the background, too.
All in all, this was just what I wanted in a holiday romance set in a small mountain town I can't wait to return to for the rest of the series. Contemporary Romance fans looking for a quick, but well-developed holiday themed story should give this one a go.
My thanks to the author for the opportunity to read this book in exchange for an honest review.
Romance Roundabout #323 CR
New Release #159
Let's Read Indie #106
Books N Tunes #50 Michael Buble's Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas Tune:
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Customer Service
Even when we close National Printing's doors and go home at night, we're still just a click away. From here you can request an estimate, place an order, transfer a file, or review a proof, all from the convenience of your office or home.
We want to make the process of doing business with us as easy as possible. That was the whole point of building this website in the first place.


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Each time Apple upgrades it MacBook line they make certain that improvement are made to its battery, although this is a tough task because of advancements in other areas. The problem is, Apple always makes new MacBook Air and Pro notebooks faster than before, as well as offering other upgrades, such as to its display.
This is a good thing, but more often than not this causes issues for MacBook Pro and MacBook Air battery life, but Apple have always managed to keep battery life around the same sort of times. However, what we really want to see is an increase in battery life, which as we know is a very slow process.
We know that Apple has been working on new battery technology and the likes of Liquid Metal is still a long way off, but a patent listing shows that Apple is looking into other ways to improve battery life on its MacBook devices.
Apple has applied for a patent that will allow them to use a special display that doubles as a solar power supply. Okay, so we know Apple applies for patents all the time and the likelihood of the 2014 MacBook Air or Pro refresh taking advantage of this new technolgy is very slim, but it is rather interesting.
More details on the patent can be read over on Apple Insider, where they explain the new display would have the standard screen on one side and the other side, which is the lid will house photovoltaic cells, which will be used to charge the battery.
This patent was filed way back in 2010, so has taken all this time for the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to grant it.
The thought of your MacBook sitting on a desk charging itself is and exciting one and so we just hope that Apple manages to actually pull this one off.
Even though we do not think such technology is likely on the 2014 MacBook Air or Pro, we do have a few ideas of what this years Air could do with.
*Identifying Monetised Links - outgoing links that we monetise are marked with an '*' symbol.


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Content ID
The Blackout Blues
"You don't know what you've got 'til it's gone," goes the old Joni Mitchell tune. This is true for numerous things such as your car keys, the TV remote, and your short-term memory.
Something that everyone misses when it's gone is electricity. Without electrical power, I would be forced to write with our ancient Remington manual typewriter. Its keys require so much force to impress letters upon paper that my fingers would soon become seriously muscled. They would be the Arnold Schwarzenegger of the phalangeal world. I wouldn't be able to go anywhere without being accosted by people who need help opening their pickle jars.
There are many other reasons why I would miss electricity. The main one is that it's really hard to surf the internet in the dark.
We have become so dependent on an uninterrupted supply of electricity that we are powerless when the lights go out. We scramble for a flashlight, cursing the darkness and the fact that our big toe was still somehow able to find a table leg amidst that impenetrable blackness.
Ice storms can throw a deep chill into the power grid. An extended outage might be inconvenient for you, but it's an unmitigated disaster for dairy farmers. The lactation locomotive cannot be stopped; those bossies need to be milked no matter what. Imagine trying to "hold it" for an entire day and you get an idea of how the cows feel.
When I was a teenager, a winter storm deprived our dairy farm of electricity for three long days. Milking 35 cows may not sound like an overly daunting task until you think about doing it by hand. Each cow has four spigots, so you take that times 35 and… well, algebra isn't my strongest suit, but you see where I'm going.
It didn't bother our parents all that much when we lost power. They were born before the Rural Electrification Act of 1936, so living without electricity was familiar territory. Kerosene lamps were brought out of storage and glass chimneys were dusted off. Our farmhouse wasn't as luminous as the Vegas Strip, but it was good enough for us. Under different circumstances it might have even been seen as romantic.
Milking time was an "all hands on deck" proposition, meaning that all hands would be needed if we wanted to get the cows milked before the end of the century. My seven siblings and I dutifully reported to our stanchion barn and began the hand-powered milk extraction process.
We soon began to feel the strain in our arms. Were we to make a habit of milking cows by hand, we would quickly develop Popeye-like forearm muscles. Which is great if you're a guy, not so much if you're a teenage girl.
At some point, Dad muttered something about the car and left the barn. We thought that the idea of milking all those cows with all those kids had caused him to bolt, but no. A few minutes later, our family's 1959 Chevrolet Impala was idling beside the barn.
The Chevy's previous owner had installed a stall cock on its intake manifold. We attached a garden hose to the stall cock and used the engine's vacuum to operate our surge milking machines. It was a total eclipse of the animal and the automotive.
Like most teenage boys, I believed that more was better, so I goosed the Impala's throttle. The vacuum level promptly plummeted to zero, the opposite of the desired effect. This would prove to be a valuable allegory for many things in life.
We milked the cows for three days with the Impala. It got so that the cows would begin to let their milk down whenever they heard the car's starter.
A crew of linemen finally arrived to resuspend the downed lines and end our powerless ordeal. We were so happy to see the coverall-clad repairmen, we could have kissed them. I think one of my sisters actually did.
Power outages are rare, yet a person should always be prepared. My wife and I have often thought about installing a standby generator. But if we had, the thing would have run perhaps 30 minutes during the past five years.
We were recently petting our cat, Sparkles, when we noticed that her fur produces approximately as much static electricity as a small thunderstorm. This gave me an idea.
The next time the lights go out, I'll simply rub Sparkles against the fuse box and our electric power will return immediately. I wish I'd thought of this during that three-day blackout. Because we had only one Impala, but a lot of barn cats.


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Most Europeans travel to Amsterdam once or twice when they are young for obvious reasons.
I have never been to the capital of the Netherlands before, which I kind of regret.
The city is really charming and a paradise for lovers of fine art.
Besides whole museums devoted to master painters like Rembrandt and Van Gogh, you will find a beautiful idyllic landscape with windmills and green pastures, which makes it easy to imagine how this country has been a source of inspiration for the most skillful artists ever.


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Towleroad reader Todd Bird sent a letter to Stacey Allaster, Chairman and CEO of the WTA, calling on the organization to pull the sanctioning for the Kremlin Cup scheduled for October in Moscow. The letter was published by Sports Illustrated.
It bears repeating, especially given the fear of Russian tennis players to say anything about the country's anti-gay laws at the U.S. Open.
Dear Ms. Allaster,
In light of the recent laws passed and subsequent atrocities being perpetrated against lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered (LGBT) people in Russia, I call upon the WTA and you as their CEO to take a stand and pull the sanctioning for the Kremlin Cup scheduled for October in Moscow.
The WTA bills itself as a global leader in professional sports and this is their chance to put their money where their mouth is, or more importantly, to take the money away and put the spotlight even brighter on the oppression of LGBT people by the Russian government. As an organization that has consistently been the pioneer for equality in sports world-wide, the WTA needs to stand up for the people who are demoralized, tormented, and silenced by fear of retribution. As the Winter Olympics approach, more attention is being focused on this issue, but it is becoming painfully obvious that the International Olympic Committee (IOC) is more interested in quashing the noise and buying into the rhetoric of the Russian government that LGBT athletes and fans of the Sochi Olympics will be "safe" so long as they keep quiet and don't cause a stir. But that is not enough. It appears they only want to ensure there will be no disruptions or stains on their signature event. The IOC (and so far the Olympic committees from other countries) does not appear to want to get their hands dirty with this issue. They may be condemning the law with their words, but turning a blind eye with their actions. And even if the words of the Russian government are true and no LGBT athletes or fans are in danger "that is only for two weeks." What about the other 50 weeks of the year? What about the rest of the country?
Continued, AFTER THE JUMP…
As the WTA heads to Moscow, what assurances do the players and fans have that they will not face fines, discrimination and persecution? As of today, there may not be an openly LGBT star on tour, but if Billie Jean King, Martina Navratilova, or Amelie Mauresmo were still playing, would the WTA feel comfortable sending them to the Kremlin Cup? Would the WTA ask Billie Jean to show up play and just keep her mouth shut? As a gay man and lifelong fan of women's tennis, I would not feel comfortable watching or supporting the event knowing what is happening to LGBT people throughout Russia. Why not move the event to a country that respects everyone's rights? While this may not rectify the problem, it will certainly bring additional media attention and hopefully action by tour sponsors. Most importantly, it shows the LGBT people of Russia and around the world that someone hears their voice and will help champion their cause.
Be the global leader you profess to be. Take the right stance for human rights for human dignity. Show the world that this type of discrimination and oppression is not acceptable and should not be tolerated. Be the pioneer the
WTA has always been and set the example for the IOC. Cause a stir!
Todd Bird


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After 17 years of marriage I can still say...
1.I am married to my best friend.
2.He knows me better than anyone.
3.He is my safe place.
4.No one makes me laugh like he does. Ever.
5.I love you so much. We were babies when we got married...what the heck did we know?!?...but God knew what He was doing. I am so thankful.
Sunday, January 4, 2009
3 comments:
17 years!! Wow!! Congrats & happiness forever!!
- January 4, 2009 at 11:35 AM
WOW! Happy Anniversary to you both! I knew it had been FOREVER since I had looked at your blog - and now I am completely embarassed to tell you that I sat here tonight for 2 FULL HOURS to get caught up... but now I am up-to-date - and current! WHEW!!!! You have done soooo many shoots - wow!!! I miss you like always! Hope you have a great day! Lots of Love! -- ali
- January 6, 2009 at 11:59 PM
- cherish.photography said...
Congratulations! woohoo!
- January 14, 2009 at 12:25 PM
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Basis Consulting SAP Monitoring
SAP Monitoring as a Service (MaaS)
Basis Consulting has over 10 years experience in SAP monitoring and we can provide the same monitoring service as we are using in our own SAP Operation. We call it SAP Monitoring as a Service.
From our Data center we will monitor your SAP systems and send alerts to your SAP team. Alerts can be sent by E-mail, SMS, Slack and/or to your monitoring console.
In addition we can offer our 24/7/365 Duty on call service to solve incidents when your SAP operation is off duty.


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Tranquility. Good health. Balance. Energy. Joy. Peace.
Those are just a few of the things to be found behind the doors at Remedi Wellness & Spa.
Walaa Zeidan, founder and owner of Remedi, set out to create a place where people could step away from the everyday stresses of the world to focus on self-care – and she has succeeded, in spades.
The medical spa offers a spectrum of services and treatments that go far beyond the surface including a team of medical doctors, naturopaths, medical estheticians and more.
"I have a strong belief that everything that happens in the body is connected, so we're not just treating symptoms but root causes," she said. "Skin conditions, hormone issues, female and male health, we look at a person from that holistic perspective, to find out what's going on. One of my favourite parts is when we sit down and have a consultation and talk about what are some things that are going well and where are some areas you could use some support and help?"
Zeidan notes that Remedi has the most medical devices of any spa in Western Canada, all cutting-edge technology that lead the industry standard.
"We follow a medical model here, across the board, no matter what the service is," she said. "We're very serious about what we do, we ensure that everything we have is the absolute best quality, that our products are medical grade, that our staff are the best at what they do and that we ourselves never stop learning through education."
This attention to quality and excellence goes beyond the treatments and technology. The space itself is designed in every way to be welcoming, and allow people to relax, feel comfortable, and enjoy a quiet moment in their busy lives.
Zeidan's background in management consulting with a focus on feng shui and energy work helped her bring her vision and dream for Remedi to life.
"I really wanted a sense of harmony and well being for everyone who comes into contact with Remedi, with me and with my staff," she said. "I wanted a hidden oasis here right in the heart of Burnaby. It's not flashy and dramatic from the outside but when you come in you feel that five-star touch. We have thought of everything, heated floors, slippers to wear while visiting here, a built-in alkaline water machine."
The facility also includes a beautiful 600-square foot enclosed patio – an oasis inside an oasis – with a firepit and loungers, for clients to relax or meditate.
"It was important to me that the space makes people feel as good as the services they receive," she said. "It's really about the art of self-care. I want to teach people that self-care is not a luxury, it's a necessity. The most important relationship you have is the one with yourself."
Her efforts have paid off: Remedi's reputation has grown by leaps and bounds, with new clients coming through the door all the time. And while the growth and success is a positive sign for any business, it's not the priority for Zeidan.
"It's not about volume, about being busy – I want to see a change and make a difference in people's lives," she said. "Excellence is really about consistency, caring, taking pride in your work and everything you do. It's about doing the right thing because it's the right thing to do, and to be the best possible versions of ourselves."
For more information about Profiles of Excellence and services they provide, please click here.


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Bill Harvey Sportsmanship Award
Bill Harvey Sportsmanship Award presented to Northern Virginia Youth Lacrosse League
(NVYLL) by Washington Lacrosse Officials Association (WALOA):
Organization must positively affect a community's sports culture and game environment.
Organization acts clearly to demonstrate sportsmanship. WALOA defines a sportsmanship act as behavior exhibited during competition by student-athletes based on values, respect and integrity.
Organization's displays act(s) of integrity that go beyond the sport's playing rules and etiquette.(i.e. the field managers engaged in assisting the flow of the game, coaches respectful of the game)
The organization is recognized by WALOA officials as well organized (i.e. WALOA received positive feedback on reports about the organization)
2021 Inductee
Herndon - Reston Youth Lacrosse Club
2019 Inductee
Falls Church Youth Lacrosse Club
2018 Inductee
Southwestern Youth Association Lacrosse


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Candice N. Mackel is a graduate of Morgan State University, a full time entrepreneur, owner of Candice Nicole Public Relations (CNPR) and Creator of Women Who Hustle, which is a women's organization that recently celebrated one year. She started CNPR 9 years ago and has worked with some of the top talent in music and film including Spike Lee, TI, Meek Mill, Big Boi, Tika Sumptner, Marsha Ambrosius + many more. Candice is also the VP of Marketing for the Alliance of Women in Media (DC Chapter) and the Author of "The PR Puzzle".
Starting a business takes more than desire. There must also be a willingness to act. It's impressive that Candice started her PR firm right out of college and I wanted to better understand how she was able to find the courage to start a business at such a young age.
Her Philosophy
- Always remain a student. Always have an open mind to new things. Never ever think that you know too much.
Her Advice to Aspiring Female Entrepreneurs
- Have thick skin. If someone tells you "no", you have to keep on pressing on.
- Know that being an entrepreneur doesn't happen over night. It takes time to build you brand. Never give up on yourself.
- Always remain a student in your industry.
- Realize that you will always have to answer to someone, whether it's your boss or your customers/clients.
- Condition yourself to be able to multi-task at the beginning.
Subscribe to the Beehive on iTunes


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Both Gardner Edgerton and Spring Hill school districts recently announced they will be providing all day kindergarten beginning with the 2017 – 2018 school year.
"We are delighted to be able to provide this service to Gardner Edgerton School District families," said Pam Stranathan, superintendent. "Many children will benefit educationally and developmentally from the extended programming and curriculum that will be offered in our kindergarten classrooms."
The new school funding formula does not include At-Risk and fee-based early childhood and Pre-K programs. These programs will continue as they have in the past.
GE families who have already paid all-day kindergarten tuition fees for the 2017-2018 school year will receive a reimbursement. The district will contact those families individually.
The school lunch program will also be available for all-day kindergarteners. Parents who choose to utilize the district's food service program will need to contact their school, or call the USD 231 Nutrition Services department to set up an account for their child.
School hours for all day kindergarteners will be the same for all elementary grade levels. Bus transportation for kindergarten students will also be available at the start of the school day and at the end of the day. Normal bus transportation guidelines will apply. For information on transportation enrollment, contact First Student. Aug. 11 will be the first full day of all-day kindergarten.
Additional information can be found at www.usd231.com .
Spring Hill
Based on the recent school funding formula approved by the legislature and signed by the governor which includes funding for full-day kindergarten, SH USD 230 will offer full-day kindergarten for the 2017-18 school year at no cost to parents (instructional fees and meal costs still apply), according to the Spring Hill website.
Parents who previously enrolled a student in half-day kindergarten and would like full-day kindergarten, at no cost, should contact their school.
Online enrollment will be available for returning students from July 17- Aug. 4. Walk-in enrollment will be held Aug. 3 from 9 a.m. – 7 p.m. at SHHS. More information regarding enrollment will be mailed to parents/guardians in July.
Entering kindergarten requires:
Age requirement for kindergarten: five (5) years old on or before August 31, 2017
1. State issued birth certificate (hospital copies not accepted)
2. Official record of all required immunizations
3. Kansas law requires a physical upon entry into any Kansas school for the first time, up to age nine (9)
4. Proof of Residency
5. $70 annual materials fee


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Curses, Foiled Again
Authorities in the German town of Offenbach reported that a 36-year-old Bulgarian woman was caught shoplifting from a supermarket but managed to flee before she could be arrested. She left behind her 3-month-old baby, however. Inside the carriage was her identification, which led police to her.
Litigation Nation
Ileana Valdez, 26, filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration for confiscating $46,950 that she had stuffed in her bra when she tried to board a plane at Boston's Logan International Airport. After she was stopped while passing through a metal detector, she explained she was heading to Texas for plastic surgery on her buttocks and breasts but said that a male DEA agent told her she had a "nice body" and didn't need any surgery. He then seized the cash, claiming it was drug money. "How can you make a determination that people don't need cosmetic surgery?" declared Valdez's lawyer, Tony V. Blaize. "I can't tell Michael Jackson he doesn't need more plastic surgery, even though I don't think he does."
- Russian astrologer Marina Bai filed a $300 million lawsuit against NASA, claiming that the U.S. space agency upset her horoscope and violated her "life and spiritual values" by firing a projectile at the Tempel 1 comet. "It is obvious that elements of the comet's orbit and associated ephemera will change after the explosion, which interferes with my practice of astrology and deforms my horoscope," the newspaper Izvestia quoted Bai as saying. Her lawyer, Alexander Molokhov, assured Moscow Echo radio that the case is based on solid legal ground since NASA has an office in Russian territory.
Want Freedom Fries with That Whine?
Three former waiters at New York's ritzy 21 Club filed a $5 million lawsuit, claiming that the restaurant fired them for being French. Rene Bordet, 68, Jean Claude Lesbre, 63, and Yves Thepault, 68, said that management falsely accused them of drinking wine on the job and "created and fostered an environment rife with anti-French sentiment."
- To avoid offending the French during a re-enactment of the Battle of Trafalgar, the British navy decided not to identify them as the enemy in the 1805 naval conflict. Instead, it explained that it would pit the Red Fleet against the Blue Fleet. A Royal Navy official declared that the occasion "will not be a French-bashing opportunity," but "theater on water."
Homeland Insecurity
When someone reported seeing a box with wires sticking out of it under a subway grate in New York City, police closed off the block while the bomb squad investigated. They gave the all-clear signal after discovering the device was a digital camera, which someone apparently positioned to photograph beneath the skirts and dresses of women and girls who walked over the grate.
- When workers at the Bluffton, S.C., post office noticed a package sitting alone in a loading area and went to check it out, they said that it was shaking and buzzing. Suspicious, they alerted police, who evacuated a dozen employees from the building, cordoned off the area and summoned a SWAT team and bomb squad. Two bomb technicians opened the package, which contained no bomb. Police Chief John Brown reported, "It turned out to be a novelty gift": two vibrators. Lisa Holman of the U.S. Postal Inspection Service said that postal inspectors who responded to the incident were debating whether to return the package to the sender or forward it to the receiver.
Little Things Mean a Lot
A federal judge in Denver ruled that more than 400,000 customers of a Canadian company that sells penis-enlargement products may join a lawsuit claiming that the oils and herbal supplements don't produce the permanent enlargement and cure for erectile dysfunction that the company promises on its website and elsewhere. Michael Freeman, attorney for the company, told U.S. District Judge Phillip Figa that the company never promised permanent enlargement; it touts its products as sexual enhancements. Connie Peterson, the attorney for another company named in the suit, suggested that plaintiff Jeffery Horton might have a difficult time rounding up a substantial number of under-endowed customers willing to step forward and join the suit.
Drinking-Class Heroes
When Johnnie Patt Ndogo, 55, appeared in traffic court in Durham, N.C., to answer allegations that he hadn't complied with penalties from a drunk-driving case, he smelled of alcohol and was "appreciably impaired," according to Assistant District Attorney Jim Dornfried. A test showed his blood alcohol level was three times the state's impairment standard. Although Ndogo insisted that he had consumed the alcohol the day before and not driven to court, Judge Marcia Morey promptly held him in contempt and sentenced him to three days in jail.
- Kudzu, the vine that covers Dixie like the dew, may curb binge drinking by speeding up alcohol absorption. Researcher Scott Lukas and his colleagues at Harvard-affiliated McLean Hospital in Boston set up an apartment in their lab, complete with a television, reclining chair and a refrigerator stocked with beer. Then they recruited 14 men and women to spend four 90-minute sessions drinking beer and watching TV. Those given capsules containing kudzu drank only 1.8 beers per session, compared with 3.5 beers by those who took a placebo. "Individuals reported feeling a little more tipsy or lightheaded," he said, "but not enough to make them walk into walls or stumble and fall."
Problem Solved
Seattle police who tried to stop a distraught man from jumping off a bridge wound up shooting him. The unidentified man, in his twenties, had jumped off the bridge twice at a lower level trying to commit suicide before he went back for another try, police official Debra Brown said. She explained that officers were trying to calm the man when they struggled and shots were fired, sending the man to the hospital with life-threatening injuries.


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Each with his favorite hunting pig on a stout string, a band of the leading citizens of Montpont moved in dignified procession down the Rue Victor Hugo in the direction of the hunting preserve.
It was a mild, delicious Sunday, cool and tranquil as a pool in a woodland glade. To Perigord alone come such days. Peace was in the air, and the murmur of voices of men intent on a mission of moment. The men of Montpont were going forth to hunt truffles.
As Brillat-Savarin points out in his "Physiology of Taste"--"All France is inordinately truffliferous, and the province of Perigord particularly so." On week-days the hunting of that succulent subterranean fungus was a business, indeed, a vast commercial enterprise, for were there not thousands of Perigord pies to be made, and uncounted tins of pâté de foie gras to be given the last exquisite touch by the addition of a bit of truffle?
But on Sunday it became a sport, the chief, the only sport of the citizens of Montpont. A preserve, rich in beech, oak and chestnut trees in whose shade the shy truffle thrives, had been set apart and here the truffle was never hunted for mercenary motives but for sport and sport alone. On week-days truffle hunting was confined to professionals; on Sunday, after church, all Montpont hunted truffles. Even the sub-prefect maintained a stable of notable pigs for the purpose. For the pig is as necessary to truffle-hunting as the beagle is to beagling.
A pig, by dint of patient training, can be taught to scent the buried truffle with his sensitive snout, and to point to its hiding place, as immobile as a cast-iron setter on a profiteer's lawn, until its proud owner exhumes the prize. An experienced pointing pig, with a creditable record, brings an enormous price in the markets of Montpont.
At the head of the procession that kindly Sunday marched Monsieur Bonticu and Monsieur Pantan, with the decisive but leisurely tread of men of affairs. They spoke to each other with an elaborate, ceremonial politeness, for on this day, at least, they were rivals. On other days they were bosom friends. To-day was the last of the fall hunting season, and they were tied, with a score of some two hundred truffles each, for the championship of Montpont, an honor beside which winning the Derby is nothing and the Grand Prix de Rome a mere bauble in the eyes of all Perigord. To-day was to tell whether the laurels would rest on the round pink brow of Monsieur Bonticu or the oval olive brow of Monsieur Pantan.
Monsieur Bonticu was the leading undertaker of Montpont, and in his stately appearance he satisfied the traditions of his calling. He was a large man of forty or so, and in his special hunting suit of jade-hued cloth he looked, from a distance, to be an enormous green pepper. His face was vast and many chinned and his eyes had been set at the bottom of wells sunk deep in his pink face; it was said that even on a bright noon he could see the stars, as ordinary folk can by peering up from the bottom of a mine-shaft. They were small and cunning, his eyes, and a little diffident. In Montpont, he was popular. Even had his heart not been as large as it undoubtedly was, his prowess as a hunter of truffles and his complete devotion to that art--he insisted it was an art--would have endeared him to all right-thinking Montpontians. He was a bachelor, and said, more than once, as he sipped his old Anjou in the Café de l'Univers, "I marry? Bonticu marry? That is a cause of laughter, my friends. I have my little house, a good cook, and my Anastasie. What more could mortal ask? Certainly not an Eve in his paradise. I marry? I be dad to a collection of squealing, wiggling cabbages? I laugh at the idea."
Anastasie was his pig, a prodigy at detecting truffles, and his most priceless treasure. He once said, at a truffle-hunters' dinner, "I have but two passions, my comrades. The pursuit of the truffle and the flight from the female."
Monsieur Pantan had applauded this sentiment heartily. He, too, was a bachelor. He combined, lucratively, the offices of town veterinarian and apothecary, and had written an authoritative book, "The Science of Truffle Hunting." To him it was a science, the first of sciences. He was a fierce-looking little man, with bellicose eyes and bristling moustachio, and quick, nervous hands that always seemed to be rolling endless thousands of pills. He was given to fits of temper, but that is rather expected of a man in the south of France. His devotion to his pig, Clotilde, atoned, in the eyes of Montpont, for a slightly irascible nature.
The party, by now, had reached the hunting preserve, and with eager, serious faces, they lengthened the leashes on their pigs, and urged them to their task. By the laws of the chase, the choicest area had been left for Monsieur Bonticu and Monsieur Pantan, and excited galleries followed each of the two leading contestants. Bets were freely made.
* * * * *
In a scant nine minutes by the watch, Anastasie was seen to freeze and point. Monsieur Bonticu plunged to his plump knees, whipped out his trowel, dug like a badger, and in another minute brought to light a handsome truffle, the size of a small potato, blackish-gray as the best truffles are, and studded with warts. With a gesture of triumph, he exhibited it to the umpire, and popped it into his bag. He rewarded Anastasie with a bit of cheese, and urged her to new conquests. But a few seconds later, Monsieur Pantan gave a short hop, skip and jump, and all eyes were fastened on Clotilde, who had grown motionless, save for the tip of her snout which quivered gently. Monsieur Pantan dug feverishly and soon brandished aloft a well-developed truffle. So the battle waged.
At one time, by a series of successes, Monsieur Bonticu was three up on his rival, but Clotilde, by a bit of brilliant work beneath a chestnut tree, brought to light a nest of four truffles and sent the Pantan colors to the van.
The sun was setting; time was nearly up. The other hunters had long since stopped and were clustered about the two chief contestants, who, pale but collected, bent all their skill to the hunt. Practically every square inch of ground had been covered. But one propitious spot remained, the shadow of a giant oak, and, moved by a common impulse, the stout Bonticu and the slender Pantan simultaneously directed their pigs toward it. But a little minute of time now remained. The gallery held its breath. Then a great shout made the leaves shake and rustle. Like two perfectly synchronized machines, Anastasie and Clotilde had frozen and were pointing. They were pointing to the same spot.
Monsieur Pantan, more active than his rival, had darted to his knees, his trowel poised for action. But a large hand was laid on his shoulder, politely, and the silky voice of Monsieur Bonticu said, "If Monsieur will pardon me, may I have the honor of informing him that this is my find?"
Monsieur Pantan, trowel in mid-air, bowed as best a kneeling man can.
"I trust," he said, coolly, "that Monsieur will not consider it an impertinence if I continue to dig up what my Clotilde has, beyond peradventure, discovered, and I hope Monsieur will not take it amiss if I suggest that he step out of the light as his shadow is not exactly that of a sapling."
Monsieur Bonticu was trembling, but controlled.
"With profoundest respect," he said from deep in his chest, "I beg to be allowed to inform Monsieur that he is, if I may say so, in error. I must ask Monsieur, as a sportsman, to step back and permit me to take what is justly mine."
Monsieur Pantan's face was terrible to see, but his voice was icily formal.
"I regret," he said, "that I cannot admit Monsieur's contention. In the name of sport, and his own honor, I call upon Monsieur to retire from his position."
"That," said Monsieur Bonticu, "I will never do."
They both turned faces of appeal to the umpire. That official was bewildered.
"It is not in the rules, Messieurs," he got out, confusedly. "In my forty years as an umpire, such a thing has not happened. It is a matter to be settled between you, personally."
As he said the words, Monsieur Pantan commenced to dig furiously. Monsieur Bonticu dropped to his knees and also dug, like some great, green, panic-stricken beaver. Mounds of dirt flew up. At the same second they spied the truffle, a monster of its tribe. At the same second the plump fingers of Monsieur Bonticu and the thin fingers of Monsieur Pantan closed on it. Cries of dismay rose from the gallery.
"It is the largest of truffles," called voices. "Don't break it. Broken ones don't count." But it was too late. Monsieur Bonticu tugged violently; as violently tugged Monsieur Pantan. The truffle, indeed a giant of its species, burst asunder. The two men stood, each with his half, each glaring.
"I trust," said Monsieur Bonticu, in his hollowest death-room voice, "that Monsieur is satisfied. I have my opinion of Monsieur as a sportsman, a gentleman and a Frenchman."
"For my part," returned Monsieur Pantan, with rising passion, "it is impossible for me to consider Monsieur as any of the three."
"What's that you say?" cried Monsieur Bonticu, his big face suddenly flamingly red.
"Monsieur, in addition to the defects in his sense of honor is not also deficient in his sense of hearing," returned the smoldering Pantan.
"Monsieur is insulting."
"That is his hope."
Monsieur Bonticu was aflame with a great, seething wrath, but he had sufficient control of his sense of insult to jerk at the leash of Anastasie and say, in a tone all Montpont could hear:
"Come, Anastasie. I once did Monsieur Pantan the honor of considering him your equal. I must revise my estimate. He is not your sort of pig at all."
Monsieur Pantan's eyes were blazing dangerously, but he retained a slipping grip on his emotions long enough to say:
"Come, Clotilde. Do not demean yourself by breathing the same air as Monsieur and Madame Bonticu."
The eyes of Monsieur Bonticu, ordinarily so peaceful, now shot forth sparks. Turning a livid face to his antagonist, he cried aloud:
"Monsieur Pantan, in my opinion you are a puff-ball!"
This was too much. For to call a truffle-hunter a puff-ball is to call him a thing unspeakably vile. In the eyes of a true lover of truffles a puff-ball is a noisome, obscene thing; it is a false truffle. In truffledom it is a fighting word. With a scream of rage Monsieur Pantan advanced on the bulky Bonticu.
"By the thumbs of St. Front," he cried, "you shall pay for that, Monsieur Aristide Gontran Louis Bonticu. Here and now, before all Montpont, before all Perigord, before all France, I challenge you to a duel to the death."
Words rattled and jostled in his throat, so great was his anger. Monsieur Bonticu stood motionless; his full-moon face had gone white; the half of truffle slipped from his fingers. For he knew, as they all knew, that the dueling code of Perigord is inexorable. It is seldom nowadays that the Perigordians, even in their hottest moments, say the fighting word, for once a challenge has passed, retirement is impossible, and a duel is a most serious matter. By rigid rule, the challenger and challenged must meet at daybreak in mortal combat. At twenty paces they must each discharge two horse-pistols; then they must close on each other with sabers; should these fail to settle the issue, each man is provided with a poniard for the most intimate stages of the combat. Such duels are seldom bloodless. Monsieur Bonticu's lips formed some syllables. They were:
"You are aware of the consequences of your words, Monsieur Pantan?"
"You do not wish to withdraw them?" Monsieur Bonticu despite himself injected a hopeful note into his query.
"I withdraw? Never in this life. On the contrary, not only do I not withdraw, I reiterate," bridled Monsieur Pantan.
In a requiescat in pace voice, Monsieur Bonticu said:
"So be it. You have sealed your own doom, Monsieur. I shall prepare to attend you first in the capacity of an opponent, and shortly thereafter in my professional capacity."
Monsieur Pantan sneered openly.
"Monsieur the undertaker had better consider in his remaining hours whether it is feasible to embalm himself or have a stranger do it."
With this thunderbolt of defiance, the little man turned on his heel, and stumped from the field.
Monsieur Bonticu followed at last. But he walked as one whose knees have turned to meringue glace. He went slowly to his little shop and sat down among the coffins. For the first time in his life their presence made him uneasy. A big new one had just come from the factory. For a long time he gazed at it; then he surveyed his own full-blown physique with a measuring eye. He shuddered. The light fell on the silver plate on the lid, and his eyes seemed to see engraved there:
"He was without peer as a hunter of truffles."
You may also enjoy one of Connell's best known stories, The Most Dangerous Game.
Return to the Richard Connell Home Page, or . . . Read the next short story; Mr. Braddy's Bottle


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Rachel Uchitel: Anybody Would Want to Be Friends With Me!
LOS ANGELES – It has certainly been a tumultuous few months for Rachel Uchitel, who shot to fame last November when she came out as the first of more than a dozen women linked to Tiger Woods. But in the wake of all the negative PR surrounding the alleged affair, which she flatly denies, Uchitel is ready to set the record straight by assuring the world that she is just a regular gal.
"You can't judge a book by its cover," Uchitel told Pop Tarts at Perez Hilton's 32nd Birthday Party at Hollywood's Paramount Studios on the weekend. "I'm a nice normal girl that anybody would be friends with…"
And adding fuel to rumors that she took a $1M payout to keep quiet, Uchitel didn't want to talk about the Woods scandal. In fact, her "person" took the time to warn everyone at the party that she wouldn't discuss it.
SLIDESHOW: Rachel Uchitel's Life Looks Like a Party
But one has to wonder then why she was posing for pictures and doing press at a gossip bloggers birthday party. Is this the 35-year-old's idea of leading a low key life?
"I just moved to Vegas with my dogs. I own an apartment there so I just moved there to have some time in an apartment that I own, and I visit friends and have family there… I am absolutely (enjoying more anonymity now). Put yourself in my shoes," Uchitel added in a particularly snippy, sarcastic tone.
Aww, we feel really, really sorry for you Rach.
SLIDESHOW: The Women Linked to Tiger Woods
Speaking of people who've become famous (or at least think they're famous) for all the wrong reasons, Bristol Palin's estranged baby daddy Levi Johnston also attended the bash, complete with a bodyguard, and thought he was important enough to cut the line at the photo booth before telling us he is enjoying his time in the limelight.
"I'm just trying to take it in, make the best of it, and make sure I come off as a better image than I started," Johnston said, adding that (thankfully) he won't be stripping for Playgirl ever again.
And although it was just last week that "Real Housewives of Atlanta" star Kim Zolciak finally confessed to being in a lesbian relationship after weeks of speculation, the (confused?) reality starlet still claims she's committed to a male.
"I've got a great man and I'm happy and I couldn't give a s**t what anyone else thinks," Zolciak said before flashing a huge ring. "Big Poppa is on, baby!"
SLIDESHOW: The Lovely and Talented Kim Zolciak


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(as of [price_update_date] – Details)
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