text:
Maybe 'voter fatigue' is just blaming voters for lousy politics
Desert Sage column
What on earth is "voter fatigue?" Who suffers from it, and why?
As the tide of stories attempting to predict the outcome of mid-term elections rises, I am seeing this diagnosis figure prominently in predictions of voter behavior.
Paradoxically, fatigue is used to explain activity as well as inactivity. One story this week points out that New Mexico tends to elect governors from the party opposite of that holding the White House, attributing this in part to voter fatigue despite the fact that it describes an action.
Where are all these fatigued voters? Do they recline on cots next to polling places, exhausted from the strenuous effort of marking a ballot, strung out on coffee after hours reading position papers?
Cots might be a reasonable accommodation in American cities that still subject voters to excessive lines, fewer polling places or a lack of ballots. In multiple states, voters find themselves purged from the voting rolls altogether, often improperly. The efforts to disenfranchise voters knows no fatigue.
More Sage: Let's go see Las Cruces production of 'Laramie Project'
Were voting considered sacrosanct, officials trying to make it difficult to register and vote would be drummed out of public life, yet they remain employed.
Even efforts to improve turnout may be thwarted by voters themselves. This month election officials in Las Cruces rated the first all-mail election in New Mexico's history a success in part because participation reached 25 percent, whereas 5 to 10 percent is more typical for local elections.
Another way to read that is: even with ballots directly mailed to them and not having to go to a polling place, only one in four citizens voted. Is fatigue the explanation?
Without a doubt, we have lurched toward autocracy since the 2016 election. Of all the explanations for that race, we pay least attention to the influence of non-voters. The census counted 245.5 million Americans of voting age that year, with 157.6 million saying they were registered voters, and yet turnout was 56 percent.
Tens of millions of eligible voters staying home seems more significant than five million casting their ballot for Gary Johnson or Jill Stein. Yet for party loyalists, non-voting appears to be more socially acceptable than voting in accordance with one's will. How many partisan Democrats expend as much effort turning out voters and fighting voter suppression as they do whipping the left to vote for neoliberal elites?
More Sage: Reconsidering the 'marketplace of ideas'
We lack space to address the related problem of uncontested races in local elections around the country. In Deming, where I live, the entire city council apart from the mayor are serving terms for which they had no challengers.
Where are all these "fatigued" citizens? They are at home, working one or more jobs, or otherwise actively engaged in activities other than citizenship. Personal wealth and privilege buy the time and social networks that working class candidates do not enjoy.
Another obstacle is not fatigue, but alienation from the process. When the Pew Research Center polled non-voters, 25 percent of them said they did not like the candidates or how the campaigns framed issues. Another 15 percent expressed lack of interest or a feeling that their vote was ineffective.
Maybe they are fatigued by bad politics, and the injustice that follows.
History makes it very clear that democratic states come and go, and the United States (whose founders regarded democracy as dangerous – as, for them, it would have been) has maintained its elected-representative form of government longer than most.
Whether our present lean toward autocracy culminates in collapse remains to be seen, but there is no time like the present for the demos, we common people, to participate while we still have the option.
Algernon D'Ammassa is Desert Sage. Share your thoughts at email@example.com.
More Sage: The middle of the road is a dangerous place to stand


text:
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text:
Industry Specific Business Plan
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spending and try to cut inventories. Once demand in
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desired and actual stocks of capital assets and
consumer durable goods widens quickly, and spending
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Although the CBO expects that the current recovery
will be spurred by that dynamic, in all likelihood,
the recovery will also be dampened by a number of
factors. Those factors include slow
wage and employment growth, high unemployment as
well as a continued sluggish housing market. Current expectations by the CBO are for real GDP growth of
1.7% to as much as 2.25% in 2012 and as much as 4.1%
in 2014.
Congressional Budget Office Economic Projections and
Revisions, Note 2014 is a conference board
projection see, http://www.conference-board.org/data/usforecast.cfm
The continued rebound in GDP will also affect real disposable
income growth. Real DPI increased 1.8 percent in 2010, compared with
an increase of 0.5 percent in 2009.
for inflation, per-capita disposable incomes have been struggling
for the past two years and are currently at about the level first
achieved in November of 2007. Current expectations are for only 1/2
of 1% disposable income growth in 2013 with a solid 1.9% in 2014.
of 2011 saw a slow decline in incomes, a trend that began reversing
in November of 2012.Real
GDP growth was approximately 2.0 percent in 2012 and current
expectations by the CBOE are 1.7 percent in 2013 with the economy
gaining momentum in the second half of 2013. It then assumes an
average growth rate of 4.1 percent for the years of 2014 to 2017.
The unemployment rate is assumed to be mostly
unchanged from current levels. We do not reach
"full employment" for several years, with the
forecasted unemployment rate being 5.6 percent by
2017. With less uncertainty by businesses and
investors as to tax policy this year and next and
with rising expectations that split government in
Washington will slow the explosion in government
spending the economy looks poised for sustained
growth as businesses and investors get back to the
business of growing and expanding the bottom line. For
operators just getting started this June be the best
time within the business cycle to plan and open your
new facility understanding that with interest rates
still at all time low levels and marginal operators
going out of business you will have accounted for
the marginal efficiencies necessary to not only
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Whether you are building a new Gas
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hours of work by you or your accountant. Now
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finished editing, print your plan and simply insert
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GasStation/ConvenienceStore 2013
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Before You Begin Checklist
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Table of
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Employee Manual
Operations Manual
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Five Year Forecast
Matrix (Spreadsheet File); type in your assumptions
and all of the following statements are immediately
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1-5 Operating Budgets and
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1-5 Financial Ratio Analysis
1-5 Summary Statements
1-5 by month Break-Even Analysis
Auto generated Use
of Proceeds Statement
The assumption section asks for over
615 lines of assumptions, (easy to use, assumptions
that don't apply to your operation just plug in a
0), including operating expense line items, balance
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the matrix even includes two financial calculators
built in to give you copies of the amortization
schedules for your financing assumptions:
Starting with the, "before you sit
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Pull up the Five Year Financial " Big Picture
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USD plus shipping and
handling. Not available in any store, to order call
Order Now Call 1-800-417-7017


text:
Tom Casey is a native of New York City. He grew up in the small Sound Shore community of Rye, not far from Manhattan, where sailing was an early enthusiasm. Boats soon led to planes. The author learned to fly in his teens and made a career of travel and aviation as he sharpened his skills as a writer. "Flying jets was a fortunate day job for a novelist. I retired as a B777 captain in 2008, after 30 years with American Airlines."
Mr. Casey writes in a signature lyrical style. After reading STRANGERS'GATE, Norman Mailer wrote of him, "From the brilliance of the opening chapter, one is aware of a writer with an exceptional point of view...who can write the story with his own fair share of winged prose."
The author says, "I'm a constant reader. My interest in writing evolved organically from a love of literature. I was fortunate to see my first novel, HUMAN ERROR, receive attention and plaudits from writers I admire. My second novel, STRANGERS' GATE, got similar notice and was optioned for film."


text:
If you stroll through the hallowed halls of New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art, you might stumble upon what appears to be a small closet filled with women's clothing and accessories. In fact, that's exactly what it is. The museum's latest exhibition, "Sara Berman's Closet," opening today, is a recreation of the late woman's closet from her Greenwich Village apartment, devised by her daughter, well-known artist Maira Kalman, and grandson, Mmuseumm cofounder Alex Kalman. As a child, Berman emigrated with her Jewish family from Belarus to Tel Aviv to escape persecution, and as an adult, she landed in New York City. She was renowned for her all-white wardrobe, which her family saved after her death in 2004 and included in the show. "Installing Sara's closet has been a surreal process," Mr. Kalman told The New York Times, "because while it felt like we were working on an art installation, at the same time it felt like being a kid again." The stark minimalism of the closet reflects Berman's modest upbringing as a poor immigrant; she worked day and night in her home—not much more than a shack—with her mother and sister. "It was that sense of dedicating yourself to a life of taking care of the people you love, by baking and sewing and cleaning," Ms. Kalman told the paper.
Through September 5 at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York; metmuseum.org


text: Who Will Win the Immoral Super Bowl? Feb 4, 2016RUSH: USA Today. This is a story by Dylan Gwinn, and I'm assuming that it's about a column as... Mrs. Clinton Can't Connect Feb 4, 2016RUSH: "Ben Jealous, the former head of the NAACP, will endorse Bernie Sanders… The... The Iowa Kerfuffle Boggles My Mind Feb 4, 2016RUSH: We're gonna start here, as I told the broadcast engineer, with F. Chuck Todd on the Today... Jimmy Carter: I Prefer Trump Over Cruz Feb 4, 2016RUSH: Jimmy Carter. Grab sound bite number 26. This is yesterday in London in Parliament, Jimmy... The Democrat Debate Drinking Game Feb 4, 2016RUSH: There's a Democrat debate tonight. There's a Republican debate on Saturday night. It just... Why Did Obama Become a Christian? Feb 4, 2016RUSH: Folks, I have a question. Barack Obama, he goes into this radical mosque in Baltimore... Forces Align to Assault the First Hispanic-American to Win a Presidential Primary Feb 4, 2016RUSH: Okay. This is the second day in a row that I intended, you know, just to spread it around,... ARCHIVES CALENDAR February 2016 M T W T F S S 1234567 891011121314 15161718192021 22232425262728 29 « Jan Mar » Pin It on Pinterest RushLimbaugh.com - © 2020 Premiere Networks. All Rights Reserved. Contact | Privacy Policy | Do Not Sell My Personal Information | Contest Rules | Rush 24/7 Terms & Conditions | AdChoices


text:
Pharrell and The Roots, Lil Wayne and Solange are among the headliners confirmed for this year's 10th annual Roots Picnic.
Speaking of its milestone anniversary, Shawn Gee, Roots longtime manager and partner in Maverick Management, comments, "Ten years ago this started as a concept, an idea, a conversation between me, Tarik (Black Thought), Ahmir (Questlove) and Rich (Nichols). It's amazing that it has grown into such a valued piece of the cultural landscape of our hometown of Philadelphia."
10th Annual #RootsPicnic lineup has arrived! Grab your tickets now @ https://t.co/nfVr1GesXg & we'll see you in Philly on Saturday, June 3! pic.twitter.com/4ysCIpSvJI
— Roots Picnic (@rootspicnic) February 20, 2017
The festival will again take place at Festival Piers at Penn's Landing on June 3, 2017.
Other performers to grace the stage this year include 21 Savage, Kimbra, Khalid, Michael Kiwanuka and more. Check out the full line-up below.
10th Annual Roots Picnic lineup
Pharrell & The Roots
Lil Wayne
21 Savage
Black Thought & J Period Live Mixtape Featuring Fat Joe Mobb Deep Scott Storch
Virgil Abloh
Pete Rock
A Boogie Wit Da Hoodie
James Vincent McMorrow
Gilles Peterson Featuring Mc Earl Zinger
Michael Kiwanuka
DJ Spinna
PNB Rock
Tunji Ige
Anthony Somebody


text: Will Climb for #Snacks … Author user Date June 14, 2020 Comments: Leave a comment But I really wish I didn't have to … I don't even really come to this side of the yard … but, you know, #snacks. Maybe we could work something out since you seem really … flexible. Putting your sandwich on the steps is not a good move. Mom will not be happy. Just throw it down. It turns out I can't climb.


text:
High Voltage is the first internationally released studio album by Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It contains tracks from their first two previous Australia-only issued albums: High Voltage and T.N.T. (both from 1975).
Originally released internationally on 30 April 1976 on Alantic Records and in the US on 14 May 1976 on ATCO Records, this edition of High Voltage has proven popular, selling three million units in the US alone.


text:
Matthew F, Year 7
In this essay I will be talking about the different features that make Provence distinctive. I will look at three main things; its history, its culture and its geographical landscape. Afterwards I will compare these features to other places I have been to. Hopefully by the end of this essay you will share my belief that Provence really is an incredible, fascinating and intriguing place with so many hidden wonders that you wouldn't be able to find anywhere else in the world.
Provence has a fascinating history as it has been influenced by so many cultures and countries. Provence has been in invaded many times. Even Before Provence got invaded by the Romans it had been inhabited by the Celts in nine hundred BC and then invaded by the Greeks in six hundred BC. However in the second century AD Provence got invaded by the Romans and the most famous architecture and historical background from Provence comes from the Roman times. Just like many other areas it never stood a chance defending itself against the might of the Roman army. Intriguingly Provence was the first Province to be taken by the Romans outside of Italy. This gave the Romans plenty of time to leave their mark on the Provencal architecture and history.
Photo by prozac1. Published on 07 July 2010
Stock photo – Image ID: 10018518


text:
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Use the responsive editor to instantly view and edit your websites on desktop, tablet and mobile screen widths. There's also a variety of over 50 professional responsive website templates created especially for small businesses that you can start using straight away. Linking your website directly with your social media channels will do wonders for your online presence. Did you know that you can integrate all of your favourite social channels into your SiteDesigner website? Your followers are able to instantly stay updated through your social networks.
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text:
While You are Looking for Christian Boarding Schools for Girls in Etowah, Tennessee, Will You Consider Columbus Girls Academy, Located in Alabama?
While you search for a Christian school for girls in Etowah, Tennessee, perhaps you will look at a school in a different location. Columbus Girls Academy lovingly works with teenage girls who have life-controlling behavioral or motivational struggles.
Columbus Girls Academy is an affordable all-girls Christian boarding school. Nestled on a beautiful, rolling 200-acre campus in Southeast Alabama, Columbus Girls Academy has been introducing troubled girls to a more productive and positive lifestyle and attitude. Teens come to Columbus Girls Academy from across the country, including from Etowah, Tennessee.
Columbus Girls Academy endeavors to cultivate the whole person in four main areas: spiritual, social, academic, and physical. The program is planned and disciplined so that girls feel safe and cared for during their stay.
Life change at our boarding school for girls happens in both individual and group situations. Each student is assigned to a mentoring team member who also functions as the point of contact for the family. Adapted for each girl's needs, the curriculum fosters introspection and study of personal problem areas.
A Christian Boarding School for Girls, with Alternative Help for Troubled Teens
Personnel at Columbus Girls Academy work hard to cultivate a positive peer culture. Each girl is trained to be responsible for her own choices and to hold others accountable for theirs, and to change her focus from self to serving others. We seek positive actions not out of strict obedience but from genuine self-motivation.
Our accredited high school is in session year-round and enrollments are year-round as well. Girls not only get caught up on their courses, but they usually also get ahead and go on to prepare for college entrance exams. Our on-campus teachers support tutor individual students.
A resident girl's life involves a range of recreational and extracurricular activities each week. Recreation brings fun to daily life with activities on our 35-acre private lake, special outings, and field trips, concerts, and team-building events.
Columbus Girls Academy balances discipline with personal accountability. We see marvelous transformation in our residents every day as they come to true confidence and purpose through a new or renewed relationship with Christ.
Please consider looking outside of Etowah, Tennessee to see how our lower-cost and reputable Christian boarding school can bring about restoration in your family. To find out more, we invite you to investigate our website, then complete our inquiry form or call us today.
|More about Christian boarding schools for girls in or near Etowah, Tennessee:
Etowah is a city in McMinn County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 3,663 at the 2000 census.
Excerpt about Christian boarding schools for girls in Etowah, Tennessee, used with permission from Wikipedia.
Christian Boarding Schools for Girls in Louisiana
Christian Boarding Schools for Girls in Connecticut
Christian Boarding Schools for Girls in Huntsville, Alabama
Christian Boarding Schools for Girls in Rhode Island
Christian Boarding Schools for Girls in Arizona
Christian Boarding Schools for Girls in Georgia
Please consider our Christian boarding school for struggling girls, even though we are not located in Etowah, Tennessee. We often find that being farther away from home is a plus when a girl is getting the helps she needs, so she can focus on healing far away from her peers.


text:
This is Profoto's Air Remote updated to wirelessly control the A1, D2, B1, B10, B1X & B2 lights via TTL. Attach this small unit to your Fujifilm camera's hot shoe to wirelessly integrate your B1 & B2 with your camera. Can be set to either automatic TTL mode or Manual mode for full creative lighting control. Has an operating range of up to 300m (1,000 ft) without any cables or cords.
- Merges the A1, D2, B10, B1, B1X & B2 with your Canon camera without any cords.
- TTL mode for fully automatic point and shoot shots (on A1, D2, B1, B10, B1X, B2)
- Manual mode for full creative lighting control
- Can also be used for syncing and manually controlling any Profoto unit that is compatible with Air.
- Long operating range of up to 300m (1,000ft).
- Open frequency band (2.4 GHz).
- Approved for worldwide use.
- USB port for free firmware upgrades.
Uses AAA Batteries


text:
Animas Medical Supply
Medical Equipment
About Us
Animas Medical Supple realizes everyone's needs are different. Come by or call. Let us help make your life easier. WE have a showroom full of affordable medical supplies to choose from. Our services and affordable supplies include:Incontinence Products, Aids for daily living, Bed Aid Products, 2&4 wheel walkers, Bath Equipment, Toilet Risers, Wheelchairs, Cane. We have all this, plus more! We rent knee walkers and wheelchairs.
Rep/Contact InfoRon HicksPresident
Sharon Hicks
- Phone: (505) 327-4041
- Fax: (505) 327-9922
- Phone: (505) 327-4041
- Fax: (505) 327-9922


text:
Gebroeker:Hoo man
Naar navigatie springen Naar zoeken springen
|User language
|Users by language
Hello, I'm Hoo man.
I'm a Wikimedia steward. Also I am helping with technical matters and am active on various Wikimedia projects as an editor. If you think I've done anything wrong or you want to contact me, you can leave me a message on my talk page.
I'm quite often available on IRC (#wikimedia-stewardsconnect and #cvn-swconnect), nickname hoo.
My user scripts can be found here.


text:
WPHS is one of the few high schools in Delaware to offer the ProStart curriculum to students. Students have the ability to apply for the ServSafe certification. In addition, we are a part of the Modernist Cuisine collection that teach students the science of cooking using a wide array of cutting-edge equipment such as sous vide thermal circulators, anti‐griddles, vacuum sealers, and other products used for molecular gastronomy.
Students design and focus on…
• Seasonal Penn Bistro Breakfast, Lunch, and Take-out menus
• Molecular Gastronomy innovations
• Creating recipes with our Penn Farm Ingredients
• Producing recipes for the members of the Penn Farms CSA program
• Catering menus for all events (meetings, receptions, cocktails, weddings, etc.)
• Designing year-long restaurant menus
• Ovo-lacto, vegetarian, and gluten-free menu items available all year
Penn Bistro's Partnership with Delaware Business Solutions
Penn Bistro has partnered with Delaware Business Solutions to teach students about the Hospitality business. See more here:


text:
Sponsored Content by Recreation Unlimited
When it comes to fundraisers, there really is no comparison to the one Recreation Unlimited puts on year after year.
This amazing organization that provides camps for adults and children with disabilities, is once again hosting Flavors of the Vine. It joins delicious wine with an incredible cause.
WEBSITE: Recreation Unlimited
The above video and article is paid commercial program. The opinions and views expressed belong to its sponsors and are not those of Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc., this station or their affiliates or employees.


text:
Xadreean - Meaning of Xadreean
What does Xadreean mean?
[ syll. xa-dreean, xad-ree-an ] The baby boy name Xadreean is pronounced GAEDRIYIYAHN †. Xadreean's language of origin is Latin. Xadreean is a variant transcription of Xadrian (English).
See also the related category latin.
Xadreean is not regularly used as a baby name for boys. It is not listed in the top 1000 names.
Baby names that sound like Xadreean include Xadreeyan, Xaydreean, Gaderian, Gaderyan, Xadiran, Xadrean, Xadreyan, Xadrian (English), Xadrion, Xadron, Xadryan, Xaydrean, Xaydrian, Gadrean, Gadrian, and Gadryan.
† approx English pronunciation for Xadreean: G as in "grin (G.R.IH.N)" ; AE as in "at (AE.T)" ; D as in "day (D.EY)" ; R as in "race (R.EY.S)" ; IY as in "eat (IY.T)" ; AH as in "mud (M.AH.D)" ; N as in "knee (N.IY)"
Xadreean Popularity Charts


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Best Baby High Chairs Reviews
Best Baby High Chairs Reviews
My list of must-haves for our new high chair was basic: should be very, must be practical, should have a tiny footprint and also has to be very easy to tidy. Fulfill the Abiie Beyond Junior Y, the awesome brand-new high chair that is all that-- as well as so much a lot more.
The information of the Abiie Beyond Junior Y
Each chair is made from thoroughly chosen, green beech timber, and the whole chair-- from leading to base-- is BPA, Phthalate and also PVC free. The chair itself evaluates concerning 20 extra pounds however seems so much lighter than that without ever sacrificing strength.
What I love about the Beyond Junior Y
From box to baby, the established of this chair was very easy as well as the directions were very clear. I did have to change a little bit, because I avoided ahead and ended up missing a step. Offers me appropriate. I likewise went the extra mile as well as included pads to the feet to secure our floorings.
The plastic tray cover is simple to remove one-handed and also is dishwasher risk-free, although I have yet to need to do greater than wipe it down. Without a doubt, the seat cushions are best aspect of this chair.
We have all come across month-old crusties deep in the corner of the high chair seat, and the pad cover never ever truly washes clean, so it's simply gross at all times. Not with the Beyond Junior Y. Not just exist no corners for food to hide, yet the water-proof back and also seat pillows stand out right off for cleansing.
Exactly what I believed could enhance.
The 5-point harness straps are a great function, nonetheless they are really long, despite optimum tightening up. In this image, Abbey is 7 months old, and also the straps were virtually useless since there was a lot slack. I ended up simply connecting them in the back, and also currently it's excellent. I make sure I can just reduce the seat, yet I like that she is so high because I frequently stand up while I'm feeding her.
The straps also got filthy pretty swiftly. Finally, while not a substantial problem, the system for getting the tray secured area is very simplified, as you could see from the images. I assure you're going to have a problem if you such as to rock lengthy nails. I desire you could pop off the entire tray with one hand, however like I said, the plastic tray cover could be eliminated one-handed so possibly that was their compromise.
Last ideas on the Abiie high chair.
In the long run, I highly extremely suggest this high chair. I are among those people that does a ton of study, because if I'm going to purchase something I desire my money's worth. It has to last. I am everything about exchangeable everything. This high chair will certainly last your child a very, long time-- and afterwards some.
It takes around 20 secs to relocate the foot remainder and the seat up or down to fit your kid at any kind of age. You can remove the tray and have additional seating at any type of table. It's trendy, incredibly practical, environment-friendly and also is available in a selection of colors to match any kind of decoration. I do not assume I could be any kind of happier with this high chair and also I understand you will certainly be also.
Let's chat bibs for a second.
When Abbey first switched over to solids, I was still using the old, small textile bibs that constantly ended up crusty as well as stained. I discovered these cute bibs from Make My Day Products. These oh-so-soft bibs are constructed from 100% food quality, bpa-free and also stain-resistant silicone.
I love how handy they are. I can not inform you how many times I have actually stuck a jar of baby food and a spoon in the crumb catcher, rolled it up as well as tossed it into my diaper bag. Employing an observational measure developed by Martin (1981), infants are placed in a high-chair with nothing to do, while mothers are instructed to complete a questionnaire and attend to the infant's needs. After I utilize it, I roll everything back up, dirty, for residence and also it goes straight into the dishwasher. Yes, they're dishwashing machine risk-free. Seriously however, exactly how stinkin' adorable? Make My Day has 17 various styles of bibs. From quite pearls to a dapper coat, it's difficult to pick just one.


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Be careful in these 5 situations: if you want to avoid an injury this Christmas!
Christmas is a lovely time of fun and celebration….but, it also can be a time of increased hazards and accidents. The last thing you need is to end up in A&E over the holidays with an injury, due to an accident or someone's negligence.
Below are five of the most common situations when you might need to exercise more caution over the holidays
Shopping & Socialising
When you are out and about this Christmas — be careful where you're walking! Look on footpaths for icy patches, wet leaves or snow banks — falls and slips are one of the most common cause of injury in the winter months.
With party season in full swing, there is a likelihood of you being out socialising more in restaurants bars and nightclubs. With hordes of Christmas jumper wearing revellers around, you should watch out for broken glass and drinks spillages on dance floors! These are a leading cause of injuries on nights out.
The famous Black Friday shopping frenzy, leaves paramedics treating trampled and bruised shoppers every year in the U.S. Thankfully, we don't have the same level of shopping injuries here but unwary shoppers can still fall victim to accidents in shopping centres and supermarkets.
If you are involved in an accident: ask for eyewitnesses and take their contact details, and/or take photos of any visible cause of your accident e.g spilled liquids on the floor. This will help you if you need to make a claim against the store.
Under the Christmas Tree
Christmas is an exciting time for children with the arrival of Santa, and expectantly lots of presents. But, did you know that many accidents involving children are caused by toys. In the U.S, a child is treated in the emergency room, every three minutes, due to a toy related injury!
With the rise of online shopping it's becoming more important to be vigilant about the toys that you are purchasing — check that you are buying from reputable sources to avoid counterfeit toys with subpar safety checks. And, always check that the toy is suitable for the child's age range.
Every year consumer watchdog World Against Toys Causing Harm (W.A.T.C.H) release a list of the most dangerous toys for sale that could cause injuries such as choking, blunt trauma, and eye injuries.
If a child is seriously injured by a toy, the manufacturer or retailer could be liable for damages. Find out more about compensation for injuries caused by toys here.
In the workplace
One of the nicest things about Christmas is seeing all the lights and decorations lit up and hanging from all the shops and building around towns. However, getting them there can take a lot of careful thought and planning, to avoid shocks, fires and other accidents.
Remember: Be careful of ladders and lights!
If you are assigned to hanging the Christmas lights or any other outdoors work task, remember — your employer should take appropriate measure to protect you and other workers in harsh weather conditions. This includes providing any necessary safety equipment or protective clothing, providing extra training or rescheduling shifts so you aren't out working in difficult conditions if it's not necessary.
If you work in Transportation, healthcare and public administration you are in the most risky industries to be in for ice slips and falls, claiming 50% of all reported accidents to Health and Safety Authority. Did you know that most workplace slips on ice occur between 6am -11am?
Be particularly careful if you have to shovel snow from work premises. This humble task causes thousands of injuries every year; from back injuries, knee injuries, heart problems and even broken bones.
If you get pain in your lower back then stop shovelling to prevent a greater injury; if pain persists for more than one day, you should get it checked out by a medical professional.
On the roads
Driving in winter can become very hazardous due to poor weather conditions. Sleet, hail, ice and snow and freezing fog will cause problems for many road users.
If you accidentally crash into another car on icy roads, it's generally your fault. Poor conditions are visible and you possibly didn't take a duty of care towards other road users; this is why you must practice safe driving in poor conditions such as:
- Reducing your speed, and don't brake suddenly on ice.
- Keeping a safe distance behind drivers and allow extra time for braking.
- Keeping you maintained by having correct tyre tread depth and pressure, and keeping windows and lights clear of snow and ice.
On the slopes
Maybe, this Christmas you fortunate enough to be heading off on a winter sports holiday. But, hopefully you won't be unfortunate to then experience a sports injury.
The majority of accidents occur on the ski slopes, and you will know that winter sports carry a certain level of risk. But, if you suffer a serious injury while on a 'skiing package holiday' you may be entitled to compensation for your accident.
Common injuries on the slopes are concussion, knee injuries, sprains, broken arms or legs (ouch!). This could lead to some time of work, most travel insurance policies would cover for loss of earnings, so it's worth consulting with your solicitor if you find yourself in this situation.
Before you participate on any Winter sport:
- Check the safety record of the resort
- Wear appropriate clothing and safety equipment, and check that your equipment is it fit for purpose.
- Pay attention to instructors etc., and abide by resort rules.
- Don't overindulge on antifreeze (alcohol) before skiing as you could pose a risk to other as well as yourself.
It's not just these situations that accidents and injuries occur, so remember to practice good health and safety in all situations over the holidays. And, don't let the chance of an injury ruin the Christmas spirit.
Happy Christmas to you and all! ??
If you need assistance with any injury related issues, please call us now on +353 (0)1 264 5555 or complete our Online Enquiry and we'll be delighted to help you.


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Welcome to Jamana Printers Limited, a long established business company in Tanzania that has grown and strengthened from a stationery printing company into a trusted high-tech printing industry of 155,000 square feet operating from Dar es Salaam.
Jamana Printers is the leading company in total print solutions, technology and packaging in the products and services it offers, being well received in the market. With more than 25 years in the printing field, our success is due to customer oriented thinking and the right investment in machines and people.
Acknowledging your ability to choose and our desire to win your trust, we have built commitment to delivering what you want, when you want it to the standard that always meets and surpasses your expectation.


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Streep, 62, whose latest film sees her portraying Britain's former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in the biopic "The Iron Lady", will receive the award during the February 9-19 festival, organizers said.
"Meryl Streep is a brilliant, versatile performer who moves with ease between dramatic and comedic roles," the festival's director Dieter Kosslick said in a written statement.
Streep's career has included diverse roles in movies such as "Kramer vs. Kramer" in 1979, "Sophie's Choice" in 1982, "Out of Africa" in 1985 and the 2006 movie "The Devil Wears Prada."
The award will be presented on February 14 at the screening of "The Iron Lady", while audiences at the Berlinale, as the festival is known, will also be able to see five of Streep's other films under its Homage section.
In 2003, Streep, who has appeared in more than 40 movies and has twice won an Oscar, shared the Berlinale's Silver Bear award for best actresses with Julianne Moore and Nicole Kidman for their performances in "The Hours."
The line-up for the 62nd Berlin Film Festival, which ranks with Cannes and Venice among the top European film competitions, includes a 9/11 drama starring Tom Hanks and a new picture from China's Zhang Yimou.
British director Mike Leigh is set to chair the jury, which will also include Hollywood actor Jake Gyllenhaal and Franco-British actress Charlotte Gainsbourg, among others.


text: Growing up in a house teeming with blue and white porcelain and fabrics primed my love affair for this classic color combination. I love how you can pair modern furnishings with a traditional collection of blue and white plates, and how the antique pieces always have a story to tell. I'm looking to add several blue and white ginger jars to our collection, and would adore having some wired for lamps as well. And so, here are some of my favorite blue and white stylings. Enjoy!


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Founded in 1992 by Lynea Lattanzio, The Cat House on the Kings is California's largest no-cage, no-kill, lifetime care cat sanctuary and adoption center. The sanctuary is situated on 12 acres along the Kings River in Parlier, CA about 20 miles south east of Fresno in the Central Valley.
In addition to the on-site adoption center, we have a satellite adoption center inside Petco on Blackstone at Ashlan in Fresno.
Watch these movies by Jack Perez and Elizabeth Nelson for a brief introduction to Lynea and The Cat House on the Kings:
The Cat House on the Kings is a qualified 501(c)(3) tax-exempt charity. Our EIN is 27-0015288.
We process all payments through PayPal. However, you do not need a PayPal account to make a one-time donation with a credit card.
Important: If you need to set up regular sponsorship or surrender payments or pay for tributes or plaques, please follow the instructions here to ensure the payments are properly credited for their intended purpose; do not use the form below. Thank you!
You can also mail your donations to us at:
The Cat House on the Kings
7120 S. Kings River Rd.
Parlier, CA 93648
If you wish to make a donation on a regular basis and do not wish to use PayPal, your bank can set up automatic payments for you.
If your employer has a matching gift program, you can double the value of your donation! Many large companies match employee charitable contributions and all you have to do to double the value of your donation to us is to fill out their form and send it in.
Shop at Amazon.com via AmazonSmile and we will receive a donation of 0.5% of your purchases!
We also have a Wish List. You can buy items we need which are sent directly to us!
From CA-99 South only:
From CA-99 North or South:
The Cat House on the Kings driveway will be on your left.
Please note: Directions from online mapping sites and many GPS navigation systems attempt to turn left onto S. Kings River Rd. from Manning Ave. This dead-ends in a corporation yard!
The Cat House on the Kings
7120 S. Kings River Rd.
Parlier, CA 93648 (map, aerial view)


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Williams, J. C. and Steiner, L. A. and Ogden, R. C. and Simon, M. I. and Feher, G. (1983) Primary structure of the M subunit of the reaction center from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 80 (21). pp. 6505-6509. ISSN 0027-8424. PMCID PMC390381. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.21.6505. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:WILpnas83
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The reaction center is a membrane-bound bacteriochlorophyll--protein complex that mediates the primary photochemical events in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. The previously determined amino-terminal sequences of the three subunits of the reaction center protein were used to design synthetic mixed oligonucleotide probes for the structural genes encoding the subunits. One of these probes was used to isolate and clone a fragment of DNA from R. sphaeroides that contained the gene encoding the M subunit. The nucleotide sequence of this gene was determined by the dideoxy method. In addition, a number of tryptic and chymotryptic peptides from the M protein were isolated and subjected to sequence analysis, and the sequence of the carboxyl terminus was determined. Together with the amino-terminal sequence, the data establish the primary structure of the M protein. The distribution of hydrophobic residues in the amino acid sequence suggests the presence of five membrane-spanning segments. A significant homology was found between the amino acid sequence of the M subunit and a thylakoid membrane protein (Mr 32,000) from spinach that has been implicated in herbicide and quinone binding.
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|© 1983 by the National Academy of Sciences. Contributed by G. Feher, July 25, 1983. We thank E. Abresch for the preparation of the RCs, E. Capuno-Tichy and L.-P. Li for assistance in peptide preparation and analysis, and R.F. Doolittle for the computer search for homologous protein sequences. This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (GM 13191 and 07313), the National Science Foundation (PCM 82-02811), the Office of Naval-Research (N00014-83-K-0079), and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (5901-0410-9-0378-0). The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.
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|photosynthesis; oligonucleotide probe; nucleotide sequence; membrane protein
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|Tony Diaz
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|30 Apr 2008
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|08 Nov 2021 21:07
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From this vantage point, I know there are two kinds of struggle in life: there is the struggle of birthing something, of bringing something new into creation; and there is the struggle where we're bumping up against the signs from the Universe that say it is not the path we are to walk down. The laws of energy dictate that in order for something to come in there has to be space for it to have it's being; sometimes we have to let go of what we think we need and listen to our knowing about what we truly need. Sometimes we struggle and stress and push and overwork ourselves to manifest something that isn't really ours to manifest. And then, when we turn towards our inner nature and look at what can be manifested from there, things seem to grow as naturally as a flower in the woods.
Flowers in the Woods
24 Wednesday Oct 2018
Posted Creative non-fiction, Empathy, Poetry, spirituality, Women writersin


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If you have a broken iphone screen and you have AppleCare+, the repair cost is $29. Without the warranty, that number could skyrocket up to $279 depending on your iPhone model. (Other hardware damages …
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iphone screen repair pricing. The following screen repair prices apply if: You need to replace your screen due to accidental damage or mishandling. Accidental damage isn't covered by the Apple warranty. Your iPhone screen gets broken while it's still under warranty and you don't have AppleCare+ coverage.


text: Adriana Evans and Luci Lovett are grifters, a couple of con-artists who have cheated their way across dozens of stores, restaurants, and hotels as they used cloned/stolen credit cards to pay for their extravagant trips across the country. This particular hotel had an executive suite late in the evening and the girls did what they did best by cheating their way to the top floor using another cloned credit card and are having a long relaxing soak together in the large bathtub when the manager of the hotel, Miss Samantha B, barges in and confronts them both.She is angry and sees only two choices, to call the police or deal with it her way, no questions asked... With a humiliating double spanking punishment! The grifters are bemused, and also quite naked and wet from the bathtub but eventually, Luci agrees to take one for the team and starts the ball rolling thinking this is just some oddball who they can get around. Anything is better than having the police called! Both girls regret this decision as the spankings are long, embarrassing and of course the hand spankings hurt so much more across a wet glistening bottom.Samantha spies a hairbrush next to the tub and she uses this which makes Luci welp out in pain. The same happens to Adriana and it is humiliating for them to watch each other take this. Finally, Samantha uses her hand and hairbrush with both girls back in the tub, their wet bottoms glowing red and sore. They are given 10 minutes to clean up before Security is called to throw their cheating, sore asses out on the street!More Previews from this Studio


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What's your morning routine? Usually it involves exercise, a cup of coffee, maybe a light breakfast, and of course, getting ready to start the day. Anyone can do all of this and be out the door in an hour or two. But there's something missing.
The music we listen to at the start of the day has a huge effect on how our day is going to pan out. Sometimes a handful of lively punk songs can get you geared up to take on your rebellious streak. Perhaps some soothing soul can help you relax before a big day. But when it comes to just a regular day, the choice of music is usually light, upbeat, and just fun – our subtle way of saying that we hope our day turns out that way too!
So for all of you looking for the perfect upbeat songs to get your energy levels up, here are our picks.
Nina Simone – Feeling Good
This might just be the perfect morning song for all of you who love jazz and blues. It starts off slow with Nina's soothing voice, and it builds up into a masterpiece of sound. Feeling Good is a song that's about appreciating the world around you and the many things you can do in it.
Upbeat lines: Stars when you shine, you know how I feel
Scent of the pine you know how I feel
Yeah, freedom is mine, and I know how I feel
It's a new dawn, it's a new day, it's a new life for me
And I'm feelin' good
James Brown – Get Up Offa That Thing
If you need a song to jolt you right out of bed, this is the song for you. Get Up Offa That Thing is one of those super upbeat songs that would make for a great alarm tune. It's literally just James Brown and his band telling you to get up, shake off the tiredness, and just release all that pressure. Wake up to it, dance to it, or exercise with it as you please!
Upbeat lines: Get up offa that thing,
and dance 'till you feel better,
Get up offa that thing,
and try to release that pressure!
Get up offa that thing,
and shake 'till you feel better,
Get up offa that thing,
and shake it, say it now!
Bobby McFerrin – Don't Worry Be Happy
Okay, let's mellow it down just a tad with this happy little tune from Bobby McFerrin. This worldwide reggae hit is all about not sweating the small stuff. Don't live your life being so worried all the time because things are bound to work out in the end. Oh, and a bit of added trivia: did you know that this song was made with instruments. In place of instruments, the song uses overdubbed voice parts and other sounds made by Bobby McFerrin.
Upbeat lines: Ain't got no cash, ain't got no style
Ain't got no gal to make you smile
But don't worry, be happy
'Cause when you worry your face will frown
And that will bring everybody down
So don't worry, be happy
Don't worry, be happy now
The Foundations – Build Me Up Buttercup
Hearing the first few lines is enough to make you want to start dancing! Build Me Up Buttercup is about a guy lamenting the fact that the girl he wants seems to take him for granted. But in the end, he's determined to make her love him back. Now if that's not enough to get you motivated to finally ask your crush out on a date, we don't know what is!
Upbeat lines: Why do you build me up Buttercup, baby
Just to let me down and mess me around
And then worst of all you never call, baby
When you say you will but I love you still
I need you more than anyone, darlin'
You know that I have from the start
So build me up Buttercup, don't break my heart
Queen – I Want to Break Free
If you've never seen the music video, we suggest watching it as you listen to this song. I Want to Break Free is about just being who you want to be, and not what other people expect you to be. It's a song that encourages you to break the norm if that's what's going to make you happy. This is perfectly embodied in its controversial music video that you simply must check out.
Upbeat lines: I want to break free, I want to break free
I want to break free from your lies
You're so self-satisfied I don't need you
I've got to break free
God knows, God knows I want to break free
Blue Suede – Hooked on a Feeling
Its use in the movie Reservoir Dogs may have been overshadowed by its use in Guardians of the Galaxy, but anything that makes this awesome song more popular is a plus in our book. Hooked on a Feeling starts off with the famous "ooga ooga ooga chaka" intro, which is bound to wake up your senses. It's then followed by a capella vocals before the instruments come in.
Upbeat lines: Got a bug from you, girl, but I don't need no cure
I just stay affecting, if I can for sure
All the good love when we're all alone
Keep it up girl, yeah, you turn me on
I'm hooked on a feeling, I'm high on believing
That you're in love with me
Hall and Oates – You Make My Dreams
Do you need a song that's going to get you up and moving? Because this is the song that will make you do exactly that! If you're a millennial, you may have first heard this song in the movie (500) Days of Summer. And that might just be one of the best uses of the song because it reflects what the song is about – feeling elated that you've found the one who has made all your dreams come true.
Upbeat lines: On a night when bad dreams become a screamer
When they're messin' with the dreamer
I can laugh it in the face
Twist and shout my way out
And wrap yourself around me
'Cause I ain't the way you found me
And I'll never be the same
Third Eye Blind – Semi-Charmed Life
Did you use to try and memorize the lyrics so you could sing along to all the fast parts? If not, it's never too late! Semi-Charmed Life is a super upbeat happy song that's actually about something more insidious – drug abuse. The song is actually about a crystal meth binge that gets the singer high before it makes him crash. Now it's not exactly model behavior, but you can't deny that this is one upbeat tune you'll want to sing along to in the morning.
Upbeat lines: I believe in the sand beneath my toes
The beach gives a feeling, an earthy feeling
I believe in the faith that grows
And the four right chords can make me cry
When I'm with you I feel like I could die
And that would be alright, alright
Foo Fighters – Learn to Fly
If you're recently experiencing a change in your life (be it a new city, a new job, or a new set of friends), this is a great song to listen to. Learn to Fly is about feeling that struggle between wanting things to remain the same and embracing change. Learning to fly is compared to finally taking that leap to go to greater heights without forgetting where you came from. This awesome Foo Fighters song is both uplifting and upbeat – the perfect combo to start your day!
Upbeat lines: Now I'm looking to the sky to save me
Looking for a sign of life
Looking for something to help me burn out bright
I'm looking for a complication
Looking 'cause I'm tired of lying
Make my way back home when I learn to fly high
Sia – Cheap Thrills
Now for a touch of modern synthpop, we have this hit song by Sia. Cheap Thrills is a great party anthem that has a nice beat you can dance to. It's about getting ready for a night of partying, even though you may not have much cash to spare. It's a fun tune to dance along to when you're out partying or even while you're getting riled up for a night out.
Upbeat lines: Hit the dancefloor, hit the dancefloor
I got all I need
No I ain't got cash, I ain't got cash
But I got you baby
Baby I don't need dollar bills to have fun tonight
I love cheap thrills
Baby I don't need dollar bills to have fun tonight
I love cheap thrills
The Darkness – I Believe in a Thing Called Love
From the arrangement to the vocals and down to the video, everything about this song screams glam rock! It's a shout out to the glam rock stars of yesteryear and their over-the-top videos. And as for the song, well it's simply impossible not to sing along!
Upbeat lines: I believe in a thing called love
Just listen to the rhythm of my heart
There's a chance we could make it now
We'll be rocking 'til the sun goes down
I believe in a thing called love
Cage the Elephant – Ain't No Rest for the Wicked
This song about criminals might not strike you as one that's made to uplift your spirits, but it's actually pretty effective. It's a song that reminds you of how good you have it that you're not a criminal hustling in the streets. Ain't No Rest for the Wicked is a reminder that even though you might be toiling day in, day out in a thankless job, at least you're not the scum of society taking advantage of others!
Upbeat lines: There ain't no rest for the wicked
Money don't grow on trees
I got bills to pay, I got mouths to feed
There ain't nothing in this world for free
I know I can't slow down
I can't hold back though you know I wish I could
No there ain't no rest for the wicked
Until we close our eyes for good
The Strokes – Under Cover of Darkness
Under Cover of Darkness is a song that mixes success, frustration, and everything in between. It's talking about the band's experiences and how they're being molded to become just another popular band for the sake of making money. This song is them lashing out and refusing to fit into the mold because they want to write and play the songs that reflects them. It also helps that the song is really fun to listen to.
Upbeat lines: We got the right to live, fight to use it,
Got everything but you can just choose it
I won't just be a puppet on a string
Walk the Moon – Anna Sun
Anna Sun is a song about living the quintessential Bohemian lifestyle. Your house may be falling apart, you might be sleeping on the couch, and you might not have money. And yet, you're happily living an eventful life. After all, you don't always have to be rich and famous to be happy, right?
Upbeat lines: We got no money, but we got heart
We're gonna rattle this ghost town
Pharell – Happy
If you're looking for a song to instantly boost your mood, the best modern example would be Pharell's Happy. It's an upbeat song with lyrics that sound like a pep talk telling you that everything's going to be okay. You'll be fine. So clap along to the beat!
Upbeat lines: Because I'm happy
Clap along if you feel like a room without a roof
Because I'm happy
Clap along if you feel like happiness is the truth
Because I'm happy
Clap along if you know what happiness is to you
Because I'm happy
Clap along if you feel like that's what you wanna do
Now that you have your happy playlist, save it on your phone, keep it on hand, and give it a listen every time you need a quick, happy boost!


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Britain launches new pandemic loan support scheme
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LONDON, March 3 (Reuters) - Britain's finance minister Rishi Sunak on Wednesday launched a new state-backed loan scheme for businesses hit by the COVID-19 pandemic, replacing existing programmes that have seen struggling businesses borrow some 73 billion pounds so far.
The new scheme will offer loans from 25,000 to 10 million pounds ($13.97 million), with an 80% state guarantee, replacing the previous 'bounce back' scheme aimed at small businesses and programmes for larger firms.
Sunak did not give details on the interest rates or eligibility criteria for the new scheme, with media reports ahead of his Budget plan suggesting they are likely to be more stringent.
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Sunak is trying to reduce companies' reliance on the previous state-backed lending schemes as Britain prepares to ease lockdown restrictions which should lead to an economic recovery.
More than 45 billion pounds had been borrowed by over 1.4 million companies under the so-called Bounce Back Loan Scheme for smaller businesses, which allows banks to lend up to 50,000 pounds with 100% state backing.
The country's leading spending watchdog last October warned more than half of that money may never be repaid due to fraud and defaults, given the limited checks banks were required to do.
A further 27 billion pounds has been loaned via two schemes for medium and large-sized companies, with 80% of the lender's exposure backed by the state.
The lending support has helped defer or even prevent bankruptcy for many companies in hard-hit sectors such as retail and travel, meaning Britain's banks have yet to see much impact on their loan books from the pandemic. read more
But the support has sparked concerns that the loans are propping up 'zombie' companies that will collapse as soon as the life support plug is pulled.
($1 = 0.7159 pounds)
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Maersk Ships Save US$ 90-million on Energy Using KPI
By measuring the individual performance of its ships by KPI (Key Performance Indicators) Maersk Line save on fuel costs
In three years Maersk Line says it has saved almost USD 90 million in energy costs by measuring the performance of individual vessels, thus raising awareness on consumption. Other business units are to follow suit.
Maersk KPIs, Key Performance Indicators, have for years been a way of measuring how well one did in the past year. Since 2009 however, KPIs have also made their way on to the vessels in a mission to boost performance.
The vessel KPIs have evolved in a close dialogue between the vessels, Maersk Line Vessel Management and Maersk Maritime Technology, which is in charge of the Maersk Ship Performance System (MSPS).
In 2012 the overall scorecard consists of four parameters: Energy, safety, daily running costs and cooperation (best practice sharing). For the time being a dollar sign on concrete savings has been applied to the energy KPI only.
Following the first three years and a dedicated implementation by the crew and fleet groups, impressive savings can be traced: For example 160,000 tons of fuel has been saved as a result of higher propulsion efficiency. And in total, savings of USD 90 million have been made. These do not include savings from other energy initiatives such as trim optimisation or basic load reduction.
After seeing these positive results of the KPI process on Maersk Line's own fleet, more than 150 vessels were upgraded with MSPS in the second half of 2011:
"We're confident that although we are introducing rather new standards in the industry, we will be able to drive similar performance improvements in the chartered fleet," says Flemming Bo Larsen, who is in charge of the "Energy Efficiency Optimization Drive" in Maersk Line.


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Any parent who's walked in on a kid playing Jackson Pollock on a wall in the house will appreciate this. Rather than bottle up that creative energy--not to mention the fingerpaint--it might be worth investing in one of these digital camcorders made especially for children, complete with 18 special effects and audio tracks that they can incorporate into their first noir classics.
Don't expect any full-length features with only 32MB of built-in memory, though it can be expanded by up to 2GB with an SD card. Once done, you can view the clips on the TV or computer screen rather than its tiny 1.5-inch LCD.
The $160 price disqualifies it as a "toy" by our definition, but it might be worth it when you consider how much money you'll be saving from not having to repaint the walls. Besides, think of all the dough you'll make on these early works when they make it big at Sundance.


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Trilogy Health Services
Are you an experienced Director of Nursing/RN with a servant's heart and a passion for serving others? We offer an exciting opportunity to use your skills in a purpose-focused and rewarding environment.
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Mössbauer Effect
Also found in: Dictionary, Wikipedia.
Mössbauer effect
Recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption. The Mössbauer effect, also called nuclear gamma resonance fluorescence, has become the basis for a type of spectroscopy which has found wide application in nuclear physics, structural and inorganic chemistry, biological sciences, the study of the solid state, and many related areas of science.
The fundamental physics of this effect involves the transition (decay) of a nucleus from an excited state of energy Ee to a ground state of energy Eg with the emission of a gamma ray of energy Eγ. If the emitting nucleus is free to recoil, so as to conserve momentum, the emitted gamma ray energy is Eγ = (Ee - Eg) - Er, where Er is the recoil energy of the nucleus. Tlie magnitude of Er is given classically by the relationship, where m is the mass of the recoiling atom and c is the speed of light. Since Er is a positive number, the Eγ will always be less than the difference Ee - Eg, and if the gamma ray is now absorbed by another nucleus, its energy is insufficient to promote the transition from Eg to Ee.
In 1957 R. L. Mössbauer discovered tnat if the emitting nucleus is held by strong bonding forces in the lattice of a solid, the whole lattice takes up the recoil energy, and the mass in the recoil energy equation given above becomes the mass of the whole lattice. Since this mass typically corresponds to that of 1010 to 1020 atoms, the recoil energy is reduced by a factor of 10-10 to 10-20, with the important result that Er 0 so that Eγ = Ee - Eg; that is, the emitted gamma-ray energy is exactly equal to the difference between the nuclear ground-state energy and the excited-state energy. Consequently, absorption of this gamma ray by a nucleus which is also firmly bound to a solid lattice can result in the "pumping" of the absorber nucleus from the ground state to the excited state. See Energy level (quantum mechanics), Excited state, Gamma rays
In a typical Mössbauer experiment the radioactive source is mounted on a velocity transducer which imparts a smoothly varying motion (relative to the absorber, which is held stationary), up to a maximum of several centimeters per second, to the source of the gamma rays. These gamma rays are incident on the material to be examined (the absorber). Some of the gamma rays are absorbed and reemitted in all directions, while the remainder of the gamma rays traverse the absorber and are registered in an appropriate detector.
A typical display of a Mössbauer spectrum, which is the result of many repetitive scans through the velocity range of the transducer, is shown in the illustration. In certain nuclides the Mössbauer resonance line displays splitting that arises from the coupling of the nuclear electric quadrupole moment with the electric field gradient or of the nuclear magnetic dipole moment with the magnetic field at the nucleus, providing information on the magnitude of these interactions.
Mössbauer effect experiments have been used to elucidate problems in a very wide range of scientific disciplines. Applications include the measurement of nuclear magnetic and quadrupole moments and of excited-state lifetimes involved in the nuclear decay process; study of the chemical consequences of nuclear decay; study of the nature of magnetic interactions in iron-containing alloys and of the dependence of the magnetic field in these alloys on various parameters; study of the effects of high pressure on chemical properties of materials; investigation of the relationship between chemical composition and structure on the one hand and the superconductive transition on the other; investigation of the structure of compounds; and study of the structure and bonding properties of metal atoms in complex biological molecules.
Mössbauer Effect
the resonance absorption of gamma radiation by atomic nuclei, which is observed when the source and the absorber of the radiation are solids and the energy of the gamma quanta is low (⋍ 150 kiloelectron volts [keV]). The Mössbauer effect is sometimes called recoil-free resonance absorption or nuclear gamma resonance.
When a substance is irradiated with gamma radiation, in addition to the usual interaction processes it is also possible to have resonance absorption of gamma quanta by the nuclei. In the latter process, a gamma quantum disappears and the nucleus is excited, that is, the nucleus is raised to a state with greater internal energy. This phenomenon is analogous to the resonance absorption of light quanta (photons) by atoms. A necessary condition for resonance absorption is that the energy which the quantum gives up in the excitation of the nucleus must be exactly equal to the energy of the quantum transition, that is, the difference between the internal energies of the nucleus in the excited and ground states. At first glance, this condition would seem to be automatically satisfied when the emitting and absorbing nuclei are of the same kind (Figure 1). However, a gamma quantum with energy S has momentum p = £/c (where c is the velocity of light), and, according to the law of conservation of momentum, when a nucleus emits or absorbs a quantum, the nucleus experiences a recoil. A nucleus of mass m that emits a quantum acquires the momentum p,2 thus obtaining the kinetic energy ΔS = p2/2m = £2/2mc2. Thus, part of the energy of the gamma transition is transformed into kinetic energy of the nucleus, and the energy of the emitted quantum is less than the total energy of the gamma transition by the amount ΔS. The same energy ΔS is also transmitted to a free (stationary) nucleus during absorption. Therefore, in order to attain resonance, a gamma quantum incident on a nucleus must have an energy that is greater than the transition energy by the amount ΔS. As a result, the emission and absorption lines are shifted with respect to each other by the amount 2 ΔS = &2/mc2 (Figure 2).
The quantity ΔS is an extremely small fraction of the transition energy S, but ΔS always greatly exceeds the line width of the radiation. Therefore, the emission and absorption lines overlap only slightly and the probability of resonance absorption of gamma quanta is extremely small. For example, for 14.4-keV gamma radiation (of the 57Fe nucleus), the quantity ΔS ⋍ 2 X 10−3 eV, whereas the natural line width is Γ = 4.6 X 10−9 eV.
Real nuclei are not free; however, in most cases, the energy loss ΔS owing to recoil is nearly the same as that for the case of free stationary nuclei that was considered above. Because of Doppler broadening, the widths of the gamma-radiation lines usually greatly exceed the natural line widths Γ; the Doppler broadening is due to the thermal motion of the atoms. At room temperature, however, the overlapping of the emission and absorption lines still remains very small; in observing resonance absorption of light by atoms, the recoil energy is small owing to the low energy of the photon, and the shifts of the emission and absorption lines are insignificant.
In order to make the resonance absorption of gamma quanta observable, the overlapping of the emission and absorption lines must be artificially increased. The shift in the lines owing to the Doppler effect when the emitting and the absorbing nuclei are moving toward each other is used for this purpose. In experiments that have been carried out, the necessary velocity (hundreds of meters per second) was imparted by one of three methods: (1) by mechanical displacement of the source or the absorber, (2) by the recoil experienced by the nucleus if the radiation of the gamma quantum is preceded by alpha or beta decay, or, (3) by heating the source and the absorber up to a high temperature.
In 1958, R. Mössbauer observed that for nuclei in solids, emission and absorption of gamma quanta without an energy loss owing to recoil may occur at low gamma-transition energies. Unshifted lines with an energy exactly equal to the energy of the gamma transition are observed in the emission and absorption spectra; the widths of these lines are equal (or are extremely close) to the natural width Γ. In this case, the emission and absorption lines overlap, making it possible to observe resonance absorption of gamma quanta.
This phenomenon, which is called the Mössbauer effect, is due to the collective character of the motion of the atoms in a solid. As a result of the strong interaction of the atoms in solids, the recoil energy is not imparted to an individual nucleus but is converted into vibrational energy of the crystal lattice; in other words, the recoil leads to the production of phonons. However, if the recoil energy (per nucleus) is less than the average phonon energy that is characteristic of the given crystal, then the recoil will not lead to the production of a phonon for every event. In such "phononfree" cases, the recoil does not change the internal energy of the crystal. However, the kinetic energy acquired by the crystal as a whole as it absorbs the recoil momentum of the gamma quantum is negligibly small. In this case, the transfer of momentum will not be accompanied by a transfer of energy; therefore, the position of the emission and absorption lines will correspond precisely to the transition energy.
The probability of this process runs as high as several tens of percent if the energy of the gamma transition is sufficiently small; in practice, the Mössbauer effect is observed only when £ ⋍ 150 keV (the probability of phonon production upon recoil increases with increasing £). The probability of the Mössbauer effect is also strongly temperature-dependent. In order to observe the Mössbauer effect, the source of the gamma radiation and the absorber often must be cooled to the temperature of liquid nitrogen or liquid helium; however, for very-low-energy gamma transitions (for example, £ = 14.4 keV for the gamma transition of the 57Fe nucleus and & = 23.8 keV for the gamma transition of the 119Sn nucleus), the Mössbauer effect can be observed up to temperatures exceeding 1000°C. All other conditions being equal, the stronger the interaction of atoms in the solid—that is, the greater the energy of the phonons—the higher will be the probability of the Mössbauer effect. Therefore, the greater the Debye temperature of the crystal, the higher will be the probability of the Mössbauer effect.
An extremely small line width is an intrinsic property of recoil-free resonance absorption; it is this property that has transformed the Mössbauer effect from a laboratory experiment into an important method of research. The ratio of the line width to the energy of the gamma quantum in the Mössbauer effect is, for example, ⋍3 X 10−13 for 57Fe nuclei and ⋍5.2 X 10−16 for 67Zn nuclei. Such small line widths have not been achieved even in the gas laser, which is a source of the narrowest lines in the infrared and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Using the Mössbauer effect, it has proved to be possible to observe processes in which the energy of a gamma quantum differs by an extremely small amount (⋍Γ or even small fractions of Γ) from the transition energy of the nuclei of the absorber. Such energy changes lead to a relative shift of the emission and absorption lines. This brings about a change in the value of resonance absorption that can be measured.
The possibilities of methods based on the use of the Mössbauer effect is well illustrated by an experiment in which the change in the frequency of a quantum of electromagnetic radiation in the earth's gravitational field, predicted by relativity theory, was measured under laboratory conditions. In this experiment, carried out in 1959 by R. Pound and G. Rebka, Jr., in the United States, the gamma-radiation source was placed at a height of 22.5 m above the absorber. The corresponding change in the gravitational potential should lead to a relative change in the energy of the gamma quantum equal to 2.5 X 10−15. The shift in the emission and absorption lines proved to agree with the theory.
Shifts and splittings of the energy levels of the nucleus, and consequently changes in the transition energy, can occur under the influence of internal electric and magnetic fields acting on the nuclei of atoms in solids, and also under the influence of external factors, such as pressure and external magnetic fields. Since the values of these changes are related to the microscopic structure of solids, the study of the shift of emission and absorption lines makes it possible to obtain information on the structure of solids. These shifts can be measured with Mössbauer spectrometers (Figure 3). If the gamma quanta are emitted by a source moving with velocity v with respect to the absorber, then as a result of the Doppler effect the energy of the gamma quanta incident on the absorber changes by the amount £v/c. (For the nuclei usually used in observing the Mössbauer effect, a change in the energy £ by the amount Γ corresponds to values of the velocity v ranging from 0.2 to 10 mm/sec.) The value of the velocity for which the emission and absorption lines are in exact resonance, that is, when the absorption is a maximum, is found by measuring the dependence of the magnitude of resonance absorption on the value of v (the Mössbauer resonance-absorption spectrum). The displacement Δ£ between the emission and absorption lines for a stationary source and a stationary absorber is determined from the value of v.
An absorption spectrum that consists of a single line is illustrated in Figure 4, a: the emission and absorption lines are not shifted with respect to each other, that is, exact resonance exists for v = 0. The shape of the observed line can be described sufficiently accurately by a Lorentz curve (or the Breit-Wigner formula) with a width at half-height of 2Γ. Such a spectrum is observed only when the source and the absorber are made of chemically identical materials and when the nuclei of the atoms in these materials are acted upon by neither a magnetic nor an inhomogeneous electric field. In most cases, several lines (a hyperfine structure) that are due to the interaction of the atomic nuclei with extranuclear electric and magnetic fields are observed in the spectrum. The characteristics of the hyperfine structure depend both on the properties of the nuclei in the ground state and in the excited state and on distinguishing features of the structure of the solids containing the radiating and absorbing nuclei.
Electric-monopole, electric-quadrupole, and magnetic-dipole interactions are the most important types of interactions of an atomic nucleus with an extranuclear field. An electric-monopole interaction is the interaction of a nucleus with the electrostatic field generated in the vicinity of the nucleus by the surrounding electrons; this type of interaction leads to a line shift 8 in the absorption spectrum (Figure 4, b) if the source and the absorber are chemically different or if the distribution of the electric charge in the nucleus is different in the ground state and in the excited state. This isomeric or chemical shift is proportional to the electron density in the vicinity of the nucleus, and the magnitude of this shift is an important characteristic of the chemical bonding of the atoms in solids. Such features as the ionic and covalent character of the chemical bond, the effective charges of atoms in chemical compounds, and the electronegativity of the atoms making up molecules can be assessed from the magnitude of this shift. Investigation of chemical shifts also makes it possible to obtain data on the charge distribution in atomic nuclei.
The electric-quadrupole interaction—the interaction of the nuclear quadrupole moment with an inhomogeneous electric field—leads to a splitting of the nuclear levels, as a result of which we observe not one line but several lines in the absorption spectrum. For example, two lines (a quadrupole doublet, Figure 4,c) are observed in the absorption spectra of the 57Fe, 119Sn, and 125Te nuclei. The energy difference Δ between the components of the doublet is proportional to the product of the nuclear quadrupole moment and the electric-field gradient in the vicinity of the nucleus. Since the value of the electric-field gradient is a characteristic of the symmetry of the charges that surround the nucleus in a solid, an investigation of the quadrupole interaction makes it possible to obtain information on the electron configurations of atoms and ions, the structural features of solids, and the quadrupole moments of atomic nuclei.
Magnetic-dipole hyperfine interaction is usually observed in magnetically ordered (ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic) substances in which strong magnetic fields H that reach values of approximately 106 oersteds act on the nuclei of the atoms. The energy of the magnetic-dipole interaction is proportional to the product of the magnetic moment of the nucleus and the magnetic field H and depends on the orientation of the magnetic field. Therefore, magnetic-dipole interaction leads to splitting of the ground level and excited levels of the nuclei, as a result of which several lines are observed in the absorption spectrum. The number of lines observed corresponds to the number of possible gamma transitions between the magnetic sublevels of the ground state and the excited states. For example, for the 57Fe nucleus there are six such transitions (Figure 4,d). The intensity of the magnetic field acting on the nucleus in a solid can be determined from the distance between the components of the magnetic hyperfine structure. The magnitudes of these fields are very sensitive to features of the electronic structure of the solid and to the composition of magnetic materials; therefore, the investigation of magnetic hyperfine structure is widely used in studying the magnetic properties of crystals.
The probability of the Mössbauer effect is a characteristic that is important for solid-state physics. Measurement of the probability of the Mössbauer effect and its dependence on temperature makes it possible to obtain data on features of the interaction of atoms in solids and on the oscillations of atoms in the crystal lattice. Measurements in which the Mössbauer effect is used are distinguished by high selectivity, since resonance absorption is observed only for a single nuclear species in each experiment. This feature of the method makes it possible to use the Mossbauer effect effectively when the atoms in whose nuclei the Mössbauer effect is observed are present in the solids in the form of impurities. The Mössbauer effect has been successfully used to study the electronic states of impurity atoms in metals and semiconductors and to study features of the vibrations of impurity atoms in crystals.
The Mössbauer effect also finds application in biology (for example, in the investigation of the electronic structure of hemoglobin), in geological prospecting (rapid analysis of ores), in chemical analysis, and in the measurement of velocities and vibrations. The Mössbauer effect has been observed for 73 isotopes of 41 elements, of which the lightest is 40K and the heaviest is 243Am.
REFERENCESEffekt Messbauera. Collection of articles edited by lu. Kagan. Moscow, 1962.
Mössbauer, R. "Effekt RK i ego znachenie dlia tochnykh izmerenii." In the collection Nauka i chelovechestvo. Moscow, 1962.
Frauenfelder, H. Effekt Messbauera. Moscow, 1964. (Translated from English.)
Wertheim, G. Effekt Messbauera. Moscow, 1966. (Translated from English.)
Shpinel', V. S. Rezonans gamma-luchei v kristallakh. Moscow, 1969.
Khimicheskieprimeneniia messbauerovskoi spektroskopii. Edited by V. I. Goldansky [et al.]. Moscow, 1970. (Translated from English.)
Effekt Messbauera. Edited by N. A. Burgov and V. V. Skliarevskii. Moscow, 1969. (Collection of articles translated from English and German.)