text:
- Aadhaar Card: An Overview
- When is the Aadhaar card issued?
- Purpose of Aadhaar card
- Importance of Aadhaar Card
- Universal Identity Card
- Life Time Validity
- Government Subsidies
- Used for Phone Connections
- Banking Benefits
- Gas Subsidies
- Why link Aadhaar number to pan card?
- Aadhaar Number
- What Is Aadhaar Number?
- The format of the number
- Details of Aadhaar Card
- Aadhaar card displays the basic details of the person. These details include:
- How to update or make corrections on your Aadhaar card?
- Below is the duplicate image of how the Aadhaar Card update form looks like.
- Aadhaar Card Vs Aadhaar Number
- Eligibility Criteria for Aadhaar Card
- Individuals eligible for Aadhaar card are:
- Aadhaar for Indian Residents
- Aadhaar for Minors
- Aadhaar for NRI's
- Aadhaar for foreigners
- How to get an Aadhaar Card?
- Follow the process below to get an Aadhaar card
- Documents required for Aadhaar Card
- You need to have some document as the proof of the following
- As the proof of things mentioned above you can carry the following documents
- Aadhaar form
- Fee for Aadhaar Card
- Know More about Aadhaar Card
- The Unique Identification Authority of India
- How to apply for an Aadhaar card?
- How to get an appointment for the Aadhaar enrolment process?
- How to update Aadhaar card details?
- How to check Aadhaar status?
- How to get a duplicate Aadhaar card?
- What to do if the Aadhaar card is not received?
- Documents required for an Aadhaar card?
- How to apply for Aadhaar without any documents?
- Common problems with Aadhaar and how to resolve it
- Aadhaar inquiry and complaints
- Frequently Asked Questions
Aadhaar Card: An Overview
- India has developed a unique identification system commonly known as Aadhaar card or Unique Identification Number (UID) that could fulfill all the requirements of identifying people who are residents of India.
- The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) was established for fulfilling the task of issuing the Aadhaar Card.
- The agency was established in January 2009 by the government of India and functions under the control of the central government.
- The purpose of the Unique Identification Authority of India is to establish the unique identity of every individual who is residing in India and for fulfilling this purpose biometric information which includes photographs, iris scan, and fingerprints of individuals are collected and also the residential details of every person living in India is maintained.
- Such identification systems are followed by many nations as it helps the governments of those nations to provide direct benefits to individuals living in the country and enhance digital services.
- The benefits can include things like various subsidies that the government provides to individuals which include subsidies like the subsidy on gas, subsidy for agricultural, etc.
- For example, Indonesia has kept a national identification system, under which an electronic card that contains fingerprints of citizens is issued to every citizen. In America, there is a similar system referred to as the Social Security Number.
- The nine-digit number is provided to the permanent citizens as well as to the temporary citizens living in the United States.
- In India, the main data collection center of the Unique Identification Authority of India is located in the Industrial Model Township (IMT) in Manesar, Haryana, there the Aadhaar data is stored.
- The data that is collected, is stored in a centralized database system called "Central Identities Data Repository".
- The UIDAI issues the 12 digits' unique identification number to the Indian residents, which is called an Aadhaar card.
- This project has become the biggest biometric database collection project in the entire world. This unique identification system involves the issuance of a 12 digit Aadhaar number and an Aadhaar card.
- The project serves to issue a common card of identity proof and address proof for everyone and links them with other services like UAN, bank accounts, and pension schemes.
When is the Aadhaar card issued?
- The Aadhaar card is a unique identity card that is issued once the Aadhaar application has been approved by the authority and an Aadhaar number has been assigned to the applicant.
- If you are already an Aadhaar number holder, then you can download it as a pdf file using your Aadhaar enrolment number or the Aadhaar number.
- It must be noted that having an Aadhaar card is not necessary to enjoy the benefits of Aadhaar, you can still enjoy Aadhaar benefits through Aadhaar number.
Purpose of Aadhaar card
- The purpose of the Aadhaar is to make it one common number that would work as proof of address and also proof of identity.
- Another reason is that it will make it simple for people to avail of government subsidies and also its creation would help curb illegal immigration to the country.
- Aadhaar is not a card that could replace the need for driving licenses or passports. Also, it doesn't identify a person as part of any family and no individual can own more than one single Aadhaar number.
- In case you lost it you can get the duplicate Aadhaar card which is equally valid
Importance of Aadhaar Card
Universal Identity Card
- Aadhaar card is important because it was created as a unique and universal identity card for the people residing in India.
- It helps to remove the requirement for producing different documents for availing various services created by the government of India.
Life Time Validity
- Aadhaar card remains valid throughout the life of the person. The Aadhaar card comes with no expiry dates or any other validity conditions.
- The information on the Aadhaar card can be changed and updated but the 12 digit Aadhaar number once allotted remains the same on the card and cannot be changed.
Government Subsidies
- The government of India tends to provides subsidies to particular individuals or groups of individuals which is a kind of government aid, support, grant, in cash or kind, however, there have been instances when such welfare aids have been misused.
- The Aadhaar system was adopted to help resolve this problem and ensure that those individuals who require welfare aids and are lawfully entitled to it, get it.
- Aadhaar card determines the identity that would prove a person's eligibility to enroll in government programs like Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana and the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan and other government welfare initiatives.
Used for Phone Connections
- The government has moved ahead with the linking of Aadhaar with a mobile SIM card.
- That means mobile phone users will have to link their Aadhaar number with SIM numbers.
- Telecom companies have been instructing users to start the process of linking their Aadhaar cards with phone numbers.
- To get new cell phone connections, the Aadhaar card is used to replace KYC documents like identity proofs and proof of address.
Banking Benefits
- The government has been promoting the linking of Aadhaar card with the bank account of the individuals so that people can enjoy direct benefit transfers.
- For example, subsidies for various products such as kerosene, sugar, pulses, rice, and other products whose rates are subsidized are directly transferred to the linked account.
- The payments of various welfare schemes introduced by the government are directly transferred to the linked account.
Gas Subsidies
- According to the government orders, those people who have Aadhaar card can use it to avail of subsidy on gas cylinders.
- To avail of the benefits individuals will have to have an Aadhaar card that is linked to the gas connection and also to their bank accounts.
- For example, the LPG cylinder subsidy amount is directly credited to the Aadhaar linked bank account after the LPG consumer number is linked.
Why link Aadhaar number to pan card?
- It is considered that linking the Aadhaar number with the PAN card is part of the government's drive against black money. It also promotes the government initiative of making digital India under which all government records are being digitalized. It is mandatory to link Aadhaar with PAN
- Aadhaar is a 12 digit number that is issued by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) to the people residing in India, while PAN is a 10-digit alphanumeric number allotted by the I-T department to a person, firm, or entity in India.
- The linking of Aadhaar card of those people who are taxpayers with the PAN card has been made mandatory by the Income Tax Department. A deadline of March 31, 2018, has been set for PAN card and Aadhaar card linking.
- In case someone fails to do so, then that person's income tax return will not be taken up for processing u/s 143(I) of the Income Tax Act.
- Three simple steps to link Aadhaar with PAN card:-
- Go to the income tax website: http://incometaxindiaefiling.gov.in/home
- Choose the 'Link Aadhaar' option over there.
- Enter PAN card details and Aadhaar number and your name as it is on the Aadhaar card.
Aadhaar Number
Aadhaar is not just an ordinary card. The Aadhaar number allotted to an individual is a unique number under which an individual's details are stored after due authentication process along with demographic information and biometric information of an individual that is submitted to the Central Identities Data Repository.
What Is Aadhaar Number?
- Aadhaar number is the 12 digits unique identification number that a person who is residing in India holds with himself, which consolidates other information about them such as bank accounts info, passports, phone connections, pan card details.
- It also holds demographic information and biometric data which means the photograph, fingerprint, Iris scan of the person to whom it is issued.
The format of the number
- A person who is allotted an Aadhaar number, they get a 12 digit number assigned to them.
- The reason for having 12 numbers in this digit is because the identity of 100 billion people can be stored in numerous numbers.
- There are 100 billion identities that are provided by the first 11 digits of the Aadhaar number and the last digit is meant as a check-digit to prevent errors in data entry.
Details of Aadhaar Card
Aadhaar card displays the basic details of the person. These details include:
- A person's photograph on the left side.
- Name of the person.
- Person's date of birth.
- Gender of the person.
- The barcode on the right side of the card.
- Below is a 12 digit Aadhaar number.
- On the backside of the card is the address of the person.
How to update or make corrections on your Aadhaar card?
- Once an Aadhaar card is issued, the 12 digit Aadhaar number allotted to individuals remains the same for life but corrections in Aadhaar card can be done if by chance any mistake is made in name, address, and other information and also Aadhaar card can be updated from time to time if any person wants to change his address, phone number, and other information, changes can be done through Aadhaar correction form.
- To do this there is a simple process, log on to the government website "uidai.gov.in" and from there you can download the update request form.
Or you can follow the link below: https://uidai.gov.in/images/UpdateRequestFormV2.pdf
Below is the duplicate image of how the Aadhaar Card update form looks like.
Aadhaar Card Vs Aadhaar Number
- It is not necessary to get an Aadhaar card instantly and but everyone should have the Aadhaar number once their enrolment process is completed. A person need not carry an Aadhaar card along with him all the time because the
- Truth is that the main thing with Aadhaar is not the card but the number. That is what holds the key to a person's identity. You need to just remember the Aadhaar number to avail of the benefits of an Aadhaar card because this is a digitally managed process.
Eligibility Criteria for Aadhaar Card
- Aadhaar is supposed to be a number that identifies the individuals who are residing in India.
- It is the document that can serve multiple purposes ranging from proof of address to identity proofs.
- It is a digital identification system that can even help the person to enjoy the benefits of special schemes announced by the government.
- The government of India has made it mandatory for every individual residing in India to get an Aadhaar card for themselves.
- For this purpose, the government has set up certain eligibility criteria that people desirous of getting Aadhaar numbers to need to fulfill.
- The process of enrolment for an Aadhaar card is not too technical or complicated.
- It is to be remembered that Aadhaar is meant to establish a person's identity and demographic information.
Individuals eligible for Aadhaar card are:
- According to Aadhaar Act 2016, Individual who has resided in India for a period or periods amounting in all to one hundred and eighty-two days or more in the twelve months immediately preceding the date of application for enrolment can apply for Aadhaar card.
- Indian citizens can apply for Aadhaar card.
- Non-resident Indians can also apply for this card.
- Foreigners who are residing in India can also get an Aadhaar card for themselves.
Aadhaar for Indian Residents
- Every individual who is an Indian resident, irrespective of their race, religion, or gender, is eligible to apply for an Aadhaar number.
- This initiative was facilitated by the government of India to ensure that each resident of India had a unique identification number so that people could enjoy the benefits of the welfare schemes of the government.
Aadhaar for Minors
- Minors who are less than the age of 18 years are eligible to apply for an Aadhaar and even newborn babies can be given Aadhaar number but in their case, a birth certificate is required along with the proof of identity of their parents and proof of address of their parents.
- But once they turn 15 years of age their biometric data is to be updated.
Aadhaar for NRI's
- Even non-resident Indians can apply for Aadhaar so that they too can participate in the convenience that this system promises to provide.
- The process of enrolling for Aadhaar card and documentation for NRI's is similar to that followed by Indian residents.
- This means a person who has resided in India for a period or periods amounting in all to 182 or more in the 12 months immediately preceding the date of application for enrolment can apply for an Aadhaar card.
Aadhaar for foreigners
- A person can think as to why a foreigner needs an Aadhaar card but since Aadhaar is not a proof of citizenship, the government has made this card available to foreigners who are residing in India.
- Aadhaar cards can be issued to foreigners if they submit the necessary documents.
How to get an Aadhaar Card?
Follow the process below to get an Aadhaar card
- Firstly book an appointment at the nearest Aadhaar center. This can be done by visiting the UIDAI website. Online there is a form that will collect information about your contact details, the number of people applying for the card, and allows you to select an enrolment center and choose a date for the visit.
- Once you book your appointment, you will have to go to the Aadhaar center with the required documents and your biometric data in the form of fingerprints and iris records will be collected.
- After all your information has been collected it will be verified by the enrolment authorities.
- The verification process takes some time and when verification is successful you will receive a notification by SMS or email informing that your application has been successfully verified.
- Soon the Aadhaar number will be issued to you by the authorities.
Documents required for Aadhaar Card
You need to have some document as the proof of the following
- Age proof.
- Identity proof
- Address proof
- Proof of marriage
As the proof of things mentioned above you can carry the following documents
- Voter identity card
- Drivers license
- PAN cards
- Passports
- Birth certificates in the case of a minor.
- SSLC certificates
Aadhaar form
- You can get the Aadhaar form online by visiting the site of UIDAI. It is known as the enrolment/correction form and can be used to apply for a new Aadhaar card or correction of the details of an existing Aadhaar card.
- The form will collect the required information of the person along with information about the documents that are being submitted as the supporting documents.
- You can just follow this link to download the form:
This is how the Aadhaar enrolment/correction form looks like.
Fee for Aadhaar Card
- Registration for an Aadhaar card is absolutely free of any charges.
- The government has been promoting the Aadhaar card for a very long time now and has made all the efforts to render Aadhaar card to every individual residing in the country.
- For this purpose, Aadhaar card enrolment is free. However, the nominal amount of 25 to 50 rupees are charged for biometric and demographic updates.
- The government itself takes up the burden of charges of delivering the Aadhaar card.
- This is a service that is being provided to all the individuals whether rich or poor by charging only nominal amounts and has no extra charges associated with it.
Know More about Aadhaar Card
- Aadhaar card is the biggest ever unique identification project started by the government of India to reach the largest number of people in a country of 100 to 120 billion people.
- It is the most successful projects of the government because the maximum number of people in India have applied for Aadhaar enrollment.
- The number of people having an Aadhaar card is larger than the number of people having voter ID cards and pan cards in the country.
- While voter Id card act as age proof for a person and driver's license act as the address proof, the Aadhaar card act as both Age-proof as well as address proof.
- Aadhaar is the all in one proof.
- Also, Prime Minister of India Mr. Narendra Modi himself is promoting the notion of digital India and Aadhaar card is the first massive step taken up by the central government to make India digital by providing digital identity to people, that contains all the information of the person and its benefits can be availed without physically carrying the card, just by remembering the allotted Aadhaar number and giving fingerprints.
The Unique Identification Authority of India
- It was established under the provisions of the Aadhaar Act, 2016 on 12 July 2016 by the Government of India, under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.
- It is the central government agency of India which acts as the issuing authority for Aadhaar cards. Before its establishment as a statutory authority, UIDAI was functioning as an attached office of the then Planning Commission in 2009.
- This authority has so far issued more than 111 crore Aadhaar numbers to the people residing in India which is the biggest accomplishment of such a project of issuing identity cards worldwide.
How to apply for an Aadhaar card?
- Today most of the government agencies as well as private companies demand Aadhaar card as proof of identity and residence proof because of the ease of using Aadhaar as a valid proof.
- However, you can apply for an Aadhaar card online as well as offline by visiting the Aadhaar centers.
- Booking an appointment online and visiting the enrolment center are the major parts of the process of getting an Aadhaar card.
How to get an appointment for the Aadhaar enrolment process?
Booking an appointment is optional while applying for an Aadhaar card. But booking an appointment can save a lot of time. UIDAI has made the appointment process much easier and you can book your appointment with much ease just by visiting the website: https://services.india.gov.in/service/detail/book-appointment-online-for-aadhaar-card-1
How to update Aadhaar card details?
- Once the registration and verification process is completed by the authorities, UIDAI issues a unique Aadhaar number to an individual.
- In case a person realizes that they have made mistakes in providing details after the Aadhaar card has been generated then he/she needs to visit the UIDAI website which contains provisions to change the details present in the card.
How to check Aadhaar status?
- Applying for Aadhaar is an easy process and can be done both online and offline.
- A person can also check the status of their application to know about the status of their application.
- Aadhaar status can be checked through the online portal provided by UIDAI.
- On the online portal, you need to enter your enrolment id, put date and time, and enter the security code.
How to get a duplicate Aadhaar card?
If a person loses or misplaces their Aadhaar card, he/she needs to visit the UIDAI website and select the retrieve lost UID option on the site, from where a person can avail of a duplicate Aadhaar card in case their original Aadhaar card is lost or misplaced.
What to do if the Aadhaar card is not received?
- There is a due procedure followed to get an Aadhaar card. After the authorities verify the details then the UIDAI dispatches the card.
- An applicant can also track the status of their application online.
- In certain cases, the status will be that the card has been dispatched, but the applicant did not receive his card.
- There can be delays on the part of the dispatching authorities.
- You can log on to the UIDAI website and download a copy of your Aadhaar card by entering the enrolment or Aadhaar number.
Documents required for an Aadhaar card?
- To apply for an Aadhaar card, the applicant has to fill in certain forms and attach some of his documents.
- The documents attached needs to be real and should consist of original information of the applicant.
- For this purpose, an applicant needs to attach the copies of his identity card as well as address proof.
How to apply for Aadhaar without any documents?
- To apply for an Aadhaar card the applicant needs to submit his address proof, identity proof, date of birth proof, etc.
- In some cases, the applicant may not be able to furnish such documents. For such cases, you need to apply using the enrolment forms but you will also have to take the help of an introducer.
- You can even apply for Aadhaar with the help of the person who has already enrolled with Aadhaar, that person can be the head of your family.
- The verification of your address and identity will then become the responsibility of the introducer. If you don't have a person who is head of your family then you can approach an introducer who is registered with UIDAI and is generally appointed by the registrar.
- Once your form has been submitted, the procedure becomes the same as that for applications that are supported by documents. The introducer will also have to support your application by giving his biometric data and attest the application alongside your attestation, whenever required.
Common problems with Aadhaar and how to resolve it
UIDAI along with the government of India has tried the best possible manner to make the Aadhaar application process easy for individuals who want to enroll for Aadhaar card, but still, there are some problems faced while enrolment process and also after getting the Aadhaar card people face problems like wrong information on the card, misplacement of the card, getting a duplicate card, etc.
Aadhaar inquiry and complaints
UIDAI has provided all the Aadhaar information online and tried to relieve the people from facing any Aadhaar problem but even several people face the problem.
Seeing this UIDAI has made various mediums through which one can file their complaints online and get their query solved regarding their Aadhaar card.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q. How long is the Aadhaar card valid for?
Ans. Aadhaar card once issued to an individual is valid for a lifetime.
Q. Is it mandatory to get an Aadhaar card?
Ans. No, but according to the government orders it is mandatory to get an Aadhaar card for availing LPG subsidies, and also Aadhaar card is mostly demanded in various government offices as it acts as a strong identity proof.
Q. Will I still get government subsidies and other benefits without an Aadhaar card?
Ans. There is no official announcement on the part of the honorable Supreme Court of India for making Aadhaar mandatory for getting government subsidies but the central government has made it clear that Aadhaar is important for getting LPG subsidies. So, it's better to have an Aadhaar card as the government is keen on making Aadhaar card mandatory to avail of government services.
Q. Are e-Aadhaar and the Aadhaar card the same thing?
Ans. Both are the same and both are relevant. While Aadhaar card gets dispatched to your address from the UIDAI authorities like other documents like driver's license etc.
The e-Aadhaar is a document that is available online on the UIDAI website and can be used as a copy of the Aadhaar card.
Q. What should I do if I have lost my Aadhaar card?
Ans. If in any case, you have lost your Aadhaar card you can simply visit the UIDAI website and from there you can download a duplicate copy of Aadhaar card.
Q. Can I check the status of my Aadhaar application or request for corrections?
Ans. Yes, you can anytime check the status of your Aadhaar application and you can even request for corrections in your Aadhaar card simply by filling a correction form online.
Q. Can I have more than one Aadhaar card?
Ans. No, only one Aadhaar card is allotted to an individual and in no case, a person can have more than one Aadhaar card at the same time.
Q. Who can apply for the Aadhaar card?
Ans. Aadhaar card is available to all Indian residents, as well as NRI's and also to foreigners after fulfilling required conditions.
Q. What is the fee charged for registering for an Aadhaar card?
Ans. Registering for an Aadhaar card is free of cost.
Q. I registered for Aadhaar long ago and still have not got the card. What can I do?
Ans. There can be some reasons due to which you are not able to get your Aadhaar card. You must check the status of your Aadhaar application online because there are chances that your application might have been rejected. In this case, you need to apply for a fresh Aadhaar application again.
Q. How do I collect my Aadhaar card once it's issued?
Ans. You need not go anywhere to collect your Aadhaar card because the Aadhaar card will be sent to the address that you have given during the registration process.
Q. Is having a mobile number for Aadhaar important?
Ans. Yes, a mobile number is very much important for Aadhaar because you will get all the OTPs (One-time passwords) for logging into the UIDAI websites on your registered number.
Q. What is meant by EID number?
Ans. EID is the 28-digit number in enrolment id issued by the Unique Identification Authority of India. It is also mentioned in the acknowledge slip of Aadhaar. This number consists of:
- Station Code: 5 digits
- Date: 8 digits
- Time: 6 digits
- EA code: 4 digits
- Sequence: 5 digit
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Full-surface 3D X-ray Inspection
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Near-term structure remains bullish, as renewed strength attempts again at 1.14 barrier, after pullback from yesterday's peak at 1.1395, found footstep at 1.1342, broken bull-channel resistance. Completion of consolidation phase, confirmed by yesterday's Doji, to open fresh acceleration towards next targets at 1.1458/65, peaks of 18 Sep / 15 May and 1.1473, Fibonacci 61.8% of 1.1725/1.1086 descend. Daily close above the latter, would trigger fresh acceleration higher.
Yesterday's low at 1.1342, offers good support, ahead of 1.1309, Fibonacci 38.2% of 1.1170/1.1395 rally, loss of which would revive near-term bears.
Res: 1.1396; 1.1458; 1.1473; 1.1500
Sup: 1.1375; 1.1360; 1.1342; 1.1307
Cable is regaining traction and probes above three-day congestion top at 1.5380, after consolidative phase was contained at very strong 1.53 support zone, reinforced by daily 20SMA, with 200SMA, laying ticks above. Sustained break above 1.5380, which also marks the mid-point of 1.5656/1.5105 descend, is needed to resume recovery rally from 1.5105, interrupted by 1.5300/1.5380 consolidation. Next targets lay at 1.5427, daily 55SMA, ahead of 1.5446, Fibonacci 61.8% retracement.
Prolonged consolidation should hold above 1.53 handle, otherwise, sustained break here would signal lower platform formation and possible end of recovery phase.
Res: 1.5386; 1.5427; 1.5446; 1.5500
Sup: 1.5318; 1.5300; 1.5260; 1.5240
Near-term price action attacks the lower boundary of the triangle, after yesterday's action was limited by daily 20SMA, keeping intact triangle's top at 120.27 and more significant thin 127.37/70 daily Ichimoku cloud. Alignment of daily technicals is negative and will favor fresh downside attempts, while daily cloud caps. Sustained break below triangle support, currently at 120.68, will put pressure on short-term congestion floor at 119 zone and signal fresh direction, on violation of the latter.
Conversely, upside resumption requires break above daily cloud and 200SMA, currently at 120.87.
Res: 120.08; 120.27; 120.37; 120.70
Sup: 119.68; 119.23; 119.05; 118.67
Aussie enters near-term corrective phase, after strong and uninterrupted rally from 0.6935 double-bottom, peaked at 0.7380, being limited by falling daily 100SMA. Corrective easing that returned into daily cloud and cracked psychological 0.7300 handle, so far holds above initial support at 0.7278, former peaks / Fibonacci 23.6% of 0.6935/0.7380 rally. Extended dips, which are signaled by overbought daily slow Stochastic, turning lower, should be ideally contained above 0.7210, Fibonacci 38.2% of 0.6935/0.7380, to keep overall bulls intact.
Res: 0.7362; 0.7380; 0.7409; 0.7435
Sup: 0.7291; 0.7273; 0.7210; 0.7180


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LED-based light sources are an excellent solution for outdoor environment. They are long-lasting and require low maintenance.However, to get the bes out of the LEDs, these light sources require highly reliable and efficient LED Drivers. The new Philips Xitanium Dimmable (1-10V) LED Outdoor Drivers are specifically designed to deliver reliable performance and protection while meeting the strict performance, approbation and application requirements
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Photo by Eleanor Prince
For over 400 years, the Netherlands and the United States have been partners.
Holland on the Hill, a joint project of the Netherlands Embassy, the Dutch Caucus, the Netherlands business community and the Netherland-America Foundation aims to strengthen these ties on an economic, political and cultural level.
This is marked by offering annually The Holland on the Hill Heineken Award honors to an entrepreneur who has made a substantial and positive contribution to the U.S.-Dutch economic relationship, exemplifying the best of both worlds. This award is linked to the renowned annual Ambassadors' Awards dinner at the Mayflower hotel in Washington, DC.
City Cufflinks® was proud to be a contributor to this Netherland-America Foundation Ambassadors' Awards Dinner on April 21, 2016 in Washington, DC. Featuring our New York City and Amsterdam designs. Offering modern design and connecting cities, countries and above all, people.
Yet another outstanding example of a cufflink-moment.


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Category: Book Reviews
Tags: Amy Werbel, Anthony Comstock, Issue 4.2, journalism, Mary Campbell, material culture, nineteenth-century art
Last spring, I found enlightenment in the Winterthur Library. I was there to look for images of nudes on tobacco advertisements, and I did find some, but also stumbled across some surprising and unexpectedly beautiful chromolithographs that provided an epiphany about the relationship between censorship and culture at the turn of the twentieth century.
Category: Research Notes
Tags: 2.2, Amy Werbel, Anthony Comstock, decorative arts, nineteenth-century art
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Episode 128 - How to Handle an Online Crisis
On this week's Smarty Pants Book Marketing Podcast, I get to interview my mom about her experience as a crisis manager and her tips for authors on how to handle an online attack. It's a good one–our first in the Summer Blast From The Past series. Also, check out her book in the show notes:
Links and Show Notes:
-Chris shares her experience in crisis management and why knowing how to handle a crisis is important.
-What you can do to help prevent a crisis.
-Why an engaged social media following is an important asset in a crisis.
-Your best crisis prevention: a good reputation.
-Why it's important to evaluate the threat level of a crisis before taking an action.
-Examples of levels one, two, and three crises.
– Why some "crises" just need to be ignored.
Links – click 'em, they're live
The link for Chris' book, Crisis Management For Authors (Amazon & also in Kindle Unlimited until May 31)


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Milwaukee Contents Cleaning Service
From clothing and documents to furniture and electronics, Paul Davis in Milwaukee can restore these precious belongings and much more.
There are many things to consider in the aftermath of damage to your home, and as you begin the recovery process. One is the contents of the home – your household goods, furniture and other personal possessions. Were any of these items damaged? Our contents cleaning capabilities mean that important items that were once automatically considered ruined may now be restored.
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Our restoration and contents cleaning services include:
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To provide a little extra comfort during times like this, Paul Davis can also clean and return an emergency supply of clothing within 48 hours.
Why Paul Davis?
We specialize in keeping irreplaceable possessions and cherished memories. At Paul Davis, we use the latest in contents cleaning technology available in Milwaukee to save most of these items that nearly discarded. We know how important these items are and will work diligently to save them for you.


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American war correspondent Marie Colvin was deliberately targeted and killed by artillery fire in 2012 at the direction of senior Syrian military officers seeking to silence her reporting on civilian casualties in the besieged city of Homs, according to a civil lawsuit filed Saturday on behalf of her sister and other heirs.
Based on information from high-level defectors and captured government documents, the 32-page complaint alleges that the military was able to electronically intercept Colvin's communications from a clandestine media center operating out of an apartment in the densely populated Baba Amr neighborhood in Homs. Syrian officials paired the intercepts with detailed information from a female informant to pinpoint the location of the reporter who worked for the Sunday Times of London.
Then, the suits says, military forces under the direction of President Bashar al-Assad's brother, Maher, commander of Syrian army's 4th Armored Division, launched a series of "bracketing" artillery attacks that came progressively closer to the media center, a classic artillery targeting tactic.
[Read the civil lawsuit charging the Syrian regime of killing Colvin]
Colvin, 56, and French photographer Remi Ochlik, 28, were killed instantly after a shell landed outside the front door as they reached the bottom step of stairs leading to the foyer while trying to flee. Two other foreign journalists, including Times photographer Paul Conroy, were severely injured but later escaped.
The assault, the suit states, was part of a coordinated Syrian campaign developed in late 2011 to impose a media blackout on the war by killing and apprehending professional and citizen journalists whose work was reaching worldwide audiences.
Filed in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, the lawsuit asserts that Colvin was under surveillance by intelligence sources while she was in Lebanon preparing to sneak into Syria. A plan to kill her and other foreign journalists was formulated by the high-level Central Crisis Management Cell that Assad had charged with tracking and destroying opponents of his rule.
The plan was executed by the Homs units of the Syrian Republican Guard and Special Forces working with a paramilitary death squad known as the shabiha, Arabic for ghosts, the lawsuit asserts.
The complaint names nine military officers and Khaled al-Fares, the death-squad leader, as responsible for executing the extrajudicial killing of civilians, a violation of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act and the international law of armed conflict, which considers it a war crime to deliberately kill civilians during war.
Maher Assad gave Fares a black luxury vehicle as a reward for the killing of Colvin and Ochlik, the lawsuit asserts.
"The thought that she was being watched the whole time, and she didn't know it, is chilling," said Cathleen Colvin, her sister and the lead plaintiff. "I feel really strongly that Marie was silenced, and I can't let that stand without bringing her killers to justice. I'm sure if the roles were reversed, she would do the same and more."
['There was nothing random about that attack': Photographer recounts the day war journalist Marie Colvin was killed]
Colvin, a native of New York, spent 26 years in war zones on three continents, drawn to the plight of war's civilian victims. Her bravery was legendary. In the 1991 Iraq War, she stayed behind enemy lines. In 1999, when others fled, she remained in East Timor to document the 1,000 refugees in a U.N. compound under attack by government-backed militias.
In 2001, she was blinded in one eye by the blast of a Sri Lankan army rocket-propelled grenade. Her black eye patch symbolized her fearlessness and commitment to telling the stories of civilians who, she reminded her worried friends and readers, "endure far more than I ever will" and cannot escape to the comforts of London, where she lived.
When others at the media center wanted to leave Syria, Colvin would not budge, recalled Javier Espinoza, a Spanish journalist who survived the attack, in an interview. "Marie wanted to stay in Baba Amr," he said. "She said it was her duty."
At least 100 journalists, most of them Syrian, have been killed since war broke out in 2011, according to press advocacy groups. Many others have been detained or kidnapped. Among them is American freelancer Austin Tice, a former Marine who was kidnapped six months after Colvin's death. The Syrian government has never acknowledged detaining Tice, but U.S. officials think the government or a group affiliated with it is holding him.
The lawsuit against the Syrian government, filed by lawyers from the California-based Center for Justice & Accountability and the Shearman & Sterling firm, draws on insider information from former Syrian government officials and other defectors, some with direct knowledge of the assassination plans, said Scott Gilmore, the lead attorney in the case.
Gilmore said he and others from the Center spent three years tracking down former regime members, informants, citizen journalists and other witnesses to the attack and its planning from among the vast Syrian diaspora that fled the war and entered Europe.
It is the first lawsuit to use as evidence some of the more than 600,000 documents obtained by the Commission for International Justice and Accountability. CIJA is an independent group of war crime investigators and lawyers who have trained and organized Syrian students, researchers, activists and lawyers to find and cart away official documents they hope to use to eventually prosecute Assad and others for war crimes and atrocities during the conflict.
One of the documents, dated Aug. 6, 2011, and reported to be from Syria's National Security Bureau, instructs provincial commanders to apprehend "those who tarnish the image of Syria in foreign media and international organizations."
The Colvin case is likely to take years to wind through the courts, Gilmore said. But even if the Syrian government never answers the charges, a judge can still rule in the matter. The U.S. government holds millions of dollars in frozen Syrian assets which a court could use as restitution, Gilmore said.
"I can assure you that this is false by all standards and is certainly not true," said Mohammed Ramez Turgeman, the Syrian minister of information, in a brief phone interview.
The suit seeks unspecified punitive damages for the intentional infliction of emotional distress to Colvin's family and others. "The Assad regime's assassination of Marie Colvin," it says, "was designed to intimidate and terrorize the civilian population of Syria, the victim's loved ones, other journalists, and the international community."
Last month, in a case also brought by the Center for Justice & Accountability, a civil jury in Orlando found former Chilean army officer Pedro Pablo Barrientos Nuñez liable for the 1973 murder of singer and activist Victor Jara. It awarded Jara's widow and daughters $28 million.
The Colvin lawsuit lays out a detailed chain of events that led to her killing in Baba Amr, the epicenter of opposition activity. "Silencing journalists was central to the Assad regime's strategy to crush political opposition," it says.
Prominent freelancers, citizen journalists and cartoonists began to be arrested or killed in late 2011. Intelligence branches received instructions to target media critics and wanted lists were distributed, the lawsuit says. Rewards were offered for the capture of any foreign journalist.
In January 2012, high-ranking Syrian officials met with Arab League monitors and demanded to know where they had met journalists during their visit. They accused reporters associated with the media center of being terrorists, denounced The Washington Post and the New York Times as "terrorist newspapers" and accused foreign journalists of being spies, the lawsuit states in a chronology of events.
Deputy Defense Minister Assef Shawkat told the monitors "he could destroy Baba Amr in ten minutes . . . if there were no cameras," according to the lawsuit.
At around the same time, intelligence sources in Lebanon were reporting that teams from CNN, the BBC and the Sunday Times were being smuggled into Homs, it said. The Computer and Signals Section of Military Intelligence Branch 261 swung into action. It used intercept devices to monitor satellite-dish and cellphone communication to trace journalists' location.
By then, regime officials monitoring the news had ordered forces to recruit more informants to help find journalists. Shelling intensified, lasting from dawn to nightfall.
Conroy, the Times photographer accompanying Colvin, said he thinks her lengthy broadcasts with the BBC and CNN the night before she was killed were intercepted by authorities. "That's when everything came together," he said.
During those broadcasts, Colvin described watching a 2-year-old die of shrapnel wounds. Conroy's footage captured the child's passing.
From the small apartment building turned media center, whose top floor had been blown off by munitions, Colvin told CNN that the regime's contention it was only targeting combatants was "a complete and utter lie. . . . the Syrian army is simply shelling a city of cold and starving civilians."
In the early morning of Feb. 22, the female informant was debriefed by commanders and then shown aerial footage and maps of Homs. She identified the media center, which was then matched to the location of the intercepted broadcast signals, the suit says.
When Conroy, a former British artillery target locator, heard the distinct pattern of artillery shells getting closer and closer to the center later that morning, "I immediately sensed something was different," he said. "That's when I got spooked."
"It was the first time I'd really seen them acting like a professional military," Conroy said in an interview from London. "Once they got the building, they stayed on it. I realize how lucky we were for anyone to get out of the building alive."
Suzan Haidamous in Beirut contributed to this report.
Read more:
The unbelievable devastation of a shattered Syrian city
The last remaining Pentagon-trained rebel group in Syria is now in jeopardy


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If you wear headphones every day (to focus better at work, for gaming, or just listening to music), getting the most comfortable headphones is one of the best investments you can make.
This is especially the case when using headphones the wrong way can lead to negative side effects.If you're looking for headphones that feel great and don't end up becoming a distraction, we've got you covered. In this guide we the best headphones for comfort, for a variety of needs, so you can find the ones that are right for you!
Most Comfortable Headphones (Best Overall)
The overall most comfortable headphones on our list are the LyxPro OEH-10 Open Back Headphones. These headphones have a thick headband padding, flexible ear cups, and interchangeable ear pads that provide hours of comfort. They are even comfortable for people with large heads or large ears, who may have trouble with other comfortable headphones.They have excellent sound quality, in an open-back design that allows some external audio to create a more natural listening experience. The LyxPro OEH-10 Open Back headphones can be worn for hours at a time, or every day at work, and be enjoyed for years to come.
Most Comfortable Noise Cancelling Headphones
However, not everyone wants open-back headphones. Some people want to exclude the external environment for the ultimate in concentration, relaxation, or enjoyment. In that case, the Bose QuietComfort 35 (Series II) wireless headphones are the best choice.
With three levels of noise cancellation, and an ergonomic, comfortable design, these headphones let you eliminate discomfort and distractions and focus on what matters. They are also Alexa-enabled, and compatible with the Bose Connect app for additional settings and customization.
Most Comfortable Earbuds
The soft, flexible body of the Panasonic ErgoFit is complemented by the soft tips. They come with a choice of sizes, so you can find the one that's right for you, and they fit comfortably and securely in the ear. Even better, these earbuds provide great sound quality for the size, with crisp trebles and rich bass. They come in a great range of color options, and you can choose a cord with or without a built-in microphone.
Noise Isolating and Noise Cancelling Headphones
The terms "noise isolation" and "noise cancelling" (also often called "passive noise cancellation" and "active noise cancellation") are used a lot when talking about headphones, and it's helpful to better understand these technologies.
Noise isolation/passive noise cancellation refers to the physical properties of the headphones, particularly the ear cups. Ear cups that completely surround the ear ("over ear" design), and have dense, foam cushioning naturally protect the ear from external noise. They also help prevent sound "leaking," where the people around you can hear the sound from your headphones. Closed-back headphone designs also help to improve noise isolation, by fitting more closely against the back of the ear and preventing the exchange of sound from the headphones and the environment.Finally, it's worth noting that many noise-cancelling headphones also use that feature to improve the clarity of your voice when using the built-in microphone. The noise-cancelling technology can reduce unwanted or background noise in your calls, and improve the sound quality of your voice. If you frequently take or make calls in noisy environments, and people have trouble hearing or understanding you, it may be worth looking into noise-cancelling headphones with noise-cancelling microphones.
Noise cancellation/active noise cancellation is a digital technology that is built into some headphones. Noise cancelling technologies "listen" to the surrounding environment, and then produce a compensating audio signal within the headphones that is designed to "cancel out" the external sound. By creating a sound that is the opposite frequency of the external sound, these headphones help your ears reduce and eliminate distractions.
Noise cancelling always works best when the external noise is a constant sound, like the sound of an engine, because then it is easier for the headphones to produce a steady compensating sound. They work less well with sudden, unpredictable spikes of external noise, like loud conversation or varying noise levels in music or movies. These quickly changing frequencies can be difficult to cancel out because they are unpredictable in tone and volume.
Many audio purists do not like noise-cancelling headphones, because they feel that the noise-cancelling audio frequency created by the headphones interferes with their enjoyment of the sound they are listening to. Lower-quality noise-cancelling headphones have a slower response time, so you may hear an audible delay between the new sound and the compensating sound, and these sound "flickers" may be more distracting than the original noise.
Also, lower-quality sound-cancelling headphones may create a white noise sound that people find distracting or unpleasant, and active noise cancelling does nothing to prevent audio leakage.
Because these terms are often used incorrectly or interchangeably, remember that active noise-cancelling headphones always require batteries or a power source to produce the cancelling audio, while noise-isolating headphones do not need a power source.
And, at least with our current technologies, noise-cancelling headphones will always work best to eliminate the sound of an airplane or subway engine, a room fan, or other continuous external sounds, rather than varying peaks of sound. Many headphones combine both technologies in order to eliminate external sounds passively and actively.
Comparison Table
Most Comfortable Headphones Reviews
Most Comfortable Headphones Under $50
The Edifier H650 headphones have a lightweight design and soft leather ear cups for lasting comfort. The adjustable headband is flexible to conform to many head shapes and positions, but is reinforced with stainless steel for durability. They have 40mm neodymium magnet drivers for clear, high-performance sound, and fold down for extra portability. They also have a long 10-hour battery life. These headphones come in a wide range of color choices, and are backed by a 12-month warranty.
The Edifier H650 headphones are attractive and affordable, with a long battery life and lightweight, compact size that makes them a great companion on long flights or tough workouts. The soft, flexible, adjustable headband is designed for lasting comfort, and the padded ear cups conform to the ear. They have good sound quality and are extremely comfortable for the price.
Most Comfortable Headphones Under $100
The Avantree 40 hr Wireless Wired Bluetooth over ear headphones have super soft protein ear pads, and a padded, adjustable headband for great comfort. The high resolution sound provided by the aptX Hi-Fi technology creates rich bass and clear treble.They can be used wirelessly, with an impressive 40-hour battery life, and the built-in mic and control features can be paired with two phones at once. Or you can use the wired mode to conserve battery and use them for an unlimited amount of time. The ear pads are replaceable, should they wear out, and the headphones are backed by a 24-month warranty.
The Avantree 40 hr Wireless Wired Bluetooth over ear headphones have a lightweight design and padded, adjustable headband for lasting comfort. The cushioned earpads are comfortable, and also replaceable when they eventually wear out. They can be used in wired mode, or wirelessly with a super long battery life. These versatile headphones can be connected to multiple devices in multiple ways, making them useful in multiple ways and for multiple audio needs.
Most Comfortable Over Ear Headphones
The COWIN E7 Active Noise Cancelling Bluetooth headphones have both style and comfort, with a vivid color palette, shiny chrome, and a variety of color options. These headphones have super soft protein earpads and ear cups that swivel up to 90 degrees, for great comfort.The padded headband is adjustable. 40mm large-aperture drivers produce deep bass, and crisp, powerful sound. Active noise cancelling is ideal for commutes, long flights, and reducing distractions from outside noise. Built-in microphone for hands-free calling and easy Bluetooth pairing with your devices. The battery lasts up to 30 hours for long-lasting comfort and enjoyment.
The COWIN E7 Active Noise Cancelling Bluetooth headphones are designed for lasting style and comfort, with a great look and large, soft ear cups that rotate up to 90 degrees for comfort and easy portability. The long, 30 hour battery life and active noise cancelling make them great for long flights, where you can listen to your own high quality audio with minimal distractions.
Most Comfortable Wireless/Bluetooth Headphones
The Mpow 059 Bluetooth headphones have a stainless steel slider and softly padded headband provide both comfort and durability, while the memory-protein ear cushions simulate the texture of your skin for incredible comfort. These headphones provide immersive Hi-Fi sound with a CSR chip and a 40 mm driver.
The thick ear pads, designed to fit snugly over the ear with a closed-back design, provide excellent sound isolation. They can be used in wireless mode, with a Bluetooth connection, built-in microphone, and hands-free calling, or use a wired connection to preserve battery power. These headphones are perfect for travel, folding down to be stored in the included carrying pouch, and with a battery life of up to 20 hours.They come in several stylish colors and have a sleek, rugged design that is sure to please. The finish is UV resistant and has an anti-scratch coating for lasting good looks.
The Mpow 059 Bluetooth headphones have a great look that is designed to last, and are comfortable as well. The padded ear cups and head band conform comfortably to your ears and head, excluding outside noise and ensuring good audio quality from the headphones. The stainless steel band is designed to last, and the finish is coated for extra durability.
They can be used in a wireless or wired mode, depending on your preference, pair easily with your devices, and allow hands-free calling. These headphones do a great job of balancing comfort with style, and versatility with durability.
Most Comfortable In-ear Headphones
The Panasonic ErgoFit In-Ear Earbuds headphones come in your choice of colors, with or without a microphone, and every pair comes with three sets of ear tips so you can find the perfect comfortable fit for your ears.
These tiny in-ear speakers have 9 mm neodymium drivers for rich, clear sound with natural trebles and full bass tones. The 3.6 foot cord gives you plenty of room to move, and the ergonomic design keeps the earbuds stable in your ears throughout a wide range of motion.
The Panasonic ErgoFit In-Ear Earbuds headphones are ergonomically designed, with ear tips that securely fit in place for lasting comfort and stability in the ear. They come with different sized tips so you can find the right one for you, and you have a choice of color. You can also choose a version with a microphone for calling. Like all ear buds, the slender wires eventually become less reliable over time, depending on how you use and store them.
Most Comfortable Noise-cancelling Headphones
The Bose QuietComfort 35 (Series II) wireless headphones have three levels of world-class noise cancellation, that not only provide you with the quietest possible listening environment, but exclude noise from the built-in microphone as well, so your calls are crystal clear. The richly padded ear cups and headband provide lasting comfort, and 20 hours of battery life let you exclude noise and distractions and enjoy your own audio in comfort all day.The volume-optimized EQ system creates clear, balanced sound at any level. They are Alexa-enabled, so you can get the information you want without ever looking at your phone, or use the Bose Connect app to manage all your settings, share your music, and customize your headphones. They come with a carrying case, charging cable, and audio cable so you can enjoy them wired or wireless.
The Bose QuietComfort 35 (Series II) wireless headphones have world-class noise cancellation, with three levels to suit whatever your environment may be. The microphone also has noise cancellation, so your voice is always clear. Built-in compatibility with Alexa and with the Bose Connect app make these headphones even more versatile, useful, and customizable.They can be used with Bluetooth or with the included audio cable to preserve battery life, but with 20 hours of battery life it may not be necessary. These are a great choice for comfortable headphones that will provide you with the quiet you need to eliminate distractions and focus on what matters.
Most Comfortable Gaming Headphones
The Avantree DG59 Wireless PS4 Gaming headphones are compatible with PC games, PS4, and the Nintendo Switch. These Bluetooth headphones are plug-and-play, because they come with their own pre-paired Bluetooth transmitter. Unlike many Bluetooth headphones, the Avantree DG59s allow simultaneous VOIP conversation and seamless in-game audio, for all your social gaming experiences, and the super-fast low audio latency, you never miss a thing.
They have a padded, stretchable headband for a perfect, customized fit, and are ultra-light weight, so they will stay comfortable for all 40 hours of the battery life. You can also use them as wired headphones, to simply enjoy music and movies in comfort, but using them in wired mode disables the microphone.
The Avantree DG59 Wireless PS4 Gaming headphones have all the great features gamers need, with lasting comfort in a light weight, adjustable design. They allow you to easily hear and respond to in-game audio and voice conversations at the same time, and have low latency so your game or movie experience isn't disrupted by lag time. They come with their own transmitter, so there are no drivers to download, and the 40-hour battery life allows you to enjoy them for as long as you want to.They can be used with Bluetooth or with the included audio cable to preserve battery life, but with 20 hours of battery life it may not be necessary. These are a great choice for comfortable headphones that will provide you with the quiet you need to eliminate distractions and focus on what matters.
Most Comfortable On-ear Headphones
The Sennheiser RS120 On-Ear Wireless RF headphones come with a sleek, stylish charging dock that doubles as a wireless transmitter, for an attractive setup in any environment. These go beyond headphones, to a whole new RF audio environment for your home, office, or studio. Using the RCA outputs of your DVD or Blu-Ray player, DVR, satellite or A/V receiver, computer, MP3 player, or television, the base converts the audio and transmits an RF signal to the headphones.
They create interference-free reception through obstacles such as doors, walls, and ceilings for up to 300 feet. They can also extend the range of remote controls through obstacles from up to 120 feet away. The RS120 base can be used with the included headphones or send a signal to multiple compatible headphones for multiple users to enjoy at once.The transmitter is automatically turned on and off when it receives an audio input, and charges the headphones when they are mounted on it, for up to 20 hours of battery life. With this system, you can enjoy wireless audio from any analogue source without worrying about range or cord length. The headphones are lightweight and padded for comfort, and give classic Sennheiser performance. Sound is clear and detailed, with great balance and bass response. They are backed by a 2-year warranty.
The Sennheiser RS120 On-Ear Wireless RF headphones bring a whole new wireless audio experience to your home, office, or studio. The system converts analogue audio signals into RF signals that can be transmit to the headphones over distances of up to 300 feet, even through obstacles, and also recharges the impressive 20 hour battery life.The sound is everything you would expect from Sennheiser; it's clear, rich, and detailed, adding an immersive aspect to movies, music, and games. You can purchase additional headphones and connect them to the same transmitter for shared experiences, and the lightweight, padded, ergonomic design provides lasting comfort.
Most Comfortable Open-back Headphones
The LyxPro OEH-10 Open Back headphones have a more natural, open design that allows you to hear your private audio without blocking out the outside world. The cushioned foam and fabric ear pads are comfortable and interchangeable if necessary, and have a flexible fit. The headband is cushioned with leather, adjustable for comfort, and has a stainless steel sizing scale for durability. They come with an 8 foot cable with steel spring strain relief, and gold plated stereo plugs and adaptors for high-quality audio signal. The sound is natural, dynamic, and spacious. The ear cuffs rotate for portability, and they come with a carrying pouch.
The LyxPro OEH-10 Open Back headphones have a natural, open spacious sound that doesn't completely block out your environment. They have an extra-long cable, steel reinforcements, and high quality connectors for excellent audio quality. The cushioned cups and padded headband are adjustable and flex for lasting comfort, and they fit even large heads.
Most Comfortable Headphones for Sleeping
The ATECH Ultra Flexible Silicon Sleeping earbuds are designed for sleeping, with a highly flexible silicone body that is comfortable in any position. The small, in-ear design is comfortable even for side sleepers, and the tangle-free wire stands up to repeated overnight use. The extra soft, flexible ear tips form a good seal to reduce external noise and deepen sleep.They have a built-in microphone and easy remove for hands-free calling, and come in a choice of classic colors. They come with a 30-day money back guarantee, and a 1-year warranty that can be extended to 3 years with registration.
The ATECH Ultra Flexible Silicon Sleeping earbuds have small, soft, flexible tips that sit securely in the ear without pushing or slipping out, even for side sleepers, and they exclude external noise. The flexible, silicone body of the earbuds provides lasting comfort without interfering with sleep, and the cord is tangle free. These are a great choice for those who want to block out external sound without creating ear pressure or discomfort.
While many headphones are comfortable for short periods, they can become uncomfortable over long wear. Poorly padded headbands, pressure in or over the ears, or a heavy weight can cause discomfort and strain. These headphones are designed to not only to be comfortable for a few minutes, but to be comfortable and provide listening pleasure for hours. If you need long-term comfort, choose the most comfortable headphones and relax.


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Commentary - Journal of Genetics and Molecular Biology (2018) Volume 2, Issue 2
The 24-Quadruplet genetic code thriving on codon potency, codon integrity, codon uniqueness and codon compatibility.
- *Corresponding Author:
- Bozegha WB
Department of Numeration Science Literature Development Research Project No. 9 Otiotio Road Yenagoa, Bayelsa State Nigeria
Tel: +2348068029860
E-mail: [email protected]
Accepted date: May 25, 2018
Citation: Bozegha WB. The 24-Quadruplet genetic code thriving on codon potency, codon integrity, codon uniqueness and codon compatibility. J Genet Mol Biol. 2018;2(1):6-7.
The scientific observation by Molecular Biologists in 1953 that the sequence of the RNA four bases A, U, G, C (Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine) in the nucleus of a cell influenced the sequence of the 20 amino acids of protein in the surrounding cytoplasm of the cell led to the search for what is responsible for the correlation between the two entities: 4 bases and 20 amino acids. In 1954 the answer emerged in the name of genetic code of 64 triplets derived from the four RNA bases by successive collateral posting to digitality 3 level, otherwise described as base crossing method anchored on the formula, 43, where 4 is the number of bases available and 3 is the number of bases per combination [1].
This genetic code derivation formula of 43 is now changed to 44, meaning permutation of 4 from 4 which by tower multiplication of 4, gives 4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1=24 quadruplets. The formula 43 can also be modified to 44 to produce 256 quadruplets by successive collateral posting method to digitality 4 level. 24 of these alone are permutations, while 232 are non-permutations and must be deleted to obtain the genetic code of 24 permutation quadruplets [2]. So here we have the 24-quadruplet genetic code to be what is responsible for the aforesaid Molecular Biologists' observation of 1953. A combinatorial input/output multiplicative replication system, using an input set of the four bases in the sequence A, U, G, C in Square Kinematics View Mixing Scheme, Figure 1 yields the output sequence of the 24-quadruplet genetic code as shown in Figure 1.
The 24 quadruplets in lines 1-24 of Figure 1 constitute the genetic code derived from the input sequence A, U, G, C of the RNA four bases. So with A, U, G, C as the input sequence of the four bases, the output sequence is the genetic code of 24 quadruplet codons in the sequence shown in Figure 1. The 20 amino acids of the protein type in the cytoplasm of the cell also would stand in sequence corresponding to that of the codons in Figure 1. Whence a change of the sequence of the input set of four bases, out of the 24 possible sequences (permutations), there will be a corresponding change of sequence of the codons of the genetic code output which in turn leads to a change of sequence of the 20 amino acids of the resultant protein type. This is a demonstration of co-linearity between the genetic code of 24 quadruplet codons and protein type of 20 amino acids, where the 20 amino acids are individually engaged for placement in a sequence by 20 codons, with four spare codons for four place and time based start/stop control signals in protein synthesis [3].
The 24 quadruplets listed in Figure 1, being the product of one RNA quadruplet, reflects the potency of the quadruplet codons of this new 24-quadruplet genetic code. So codon potency is the strength of the 24-quadruplets genetic code for protein type proliferation and diversification, duly facilitated by codon compatibility, that is to say codons without neighborhood claims, nor restrictions in sequential alignment [4]. Examination of the 24 quadruplet codons listed in Figure 1 will show (i) That the sequences of the four bases per codon are all different, meaning the codons possess uniqueness in sequence, and (ii) That the four base types are present in each of the 24 codons as in the input set thereby reflecting codon integrity. Codon integrity is the unifying factor of the 24-quadruplet genetic code as the presence of all four bases in all 24 quadruplet codons guarantees codon potency and codon uniqueness. Codon uniqueness ensures individualized functional disposition of codons where 20 of the 24 codons individually engage 20 amino acids for placement in a sequence corresponding to theirs and the rest 4 codons serve as four signals for four place and timebased start/stop controls in protein synthesis geared to protein type proliferation and diversification in an atmosphere of codon compatibility [5].
This 24-quadruplet genetic code equipped with 24 quadruplet codons characterized by potency, integrity, uniqueness and compatibility in addition to collinearity with protein types is the true genetic code with a workforce of strength 24 for ably servicing protein synthesis in Nature since Creation.
Let this 24-quadruplet genetic code be widely publicized to attract experimental experts in genetics to spell it in order to render it fit for coding application in protein synthesis studies.
- Wang K, Schmied WH, Chin JW. Reprogramming the genetic code: From triplet to quadruplet codes. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2012; 51(10):2288-97.
- Anderson JC, Wu N, Santoro SW, et al. An expanded genetic code with a functional quadruplet codon. Proceedings of the National academy of sciences of the United States of America. 2004; 101(20):7566-71.
- Söll D, RajBhandary UL. The genetic code-Thawing the ?frozen accident?. J Bioscience. 2006; 31(4):459-63.
- Agris PF. Decoding the genome: A modified view. Nucleic acids res. 2004; 32(1):223-38.
- Nirenberg M, Leder P. RNA codewords and protein synthesis: The effect of trinucleotides upon the binding of sRNA to ribosomes. Science. 1964; 145(3639):1399-407.


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Lymph node metastasis: A bearing on prognosis in squamous cell carcinoma
C Kapoor1, S Vaidya2, V Wadhwan3, S Malik4
1 Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Bhojia Dental College, Budd, Baddi, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India2 Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology, Subharti Dental College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India3 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Subharti Dental College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India4 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Subharti Dental College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
Correspondence Address:C KapoorDepartment of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Bhojia Dental College, Budd, Baddi, Solan, Himachal Pradesh IndiaSource of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: NoneCheck11DOI: 10.4103/0019-509X.176750
Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None
Nodal status is a significant predictor for survival of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy, step sectioning of SLNs, and immunohistochemistry have changed the detection of tumor deposits in lymph nodes (LNs). The extent of LN metastasis is a major determinant for the staging and the prognosis of most human malignancies and often guides therapeutic decisions. Metastasis to regional lymph node (RLN) is a complex process. It is often associated with several clinical and pathological characteristics. The involvement of RLN is often, a harbinger for increased risk of metastasis. New knowledge in this area can enable the clinicians and pathologists to study and treat tumors in a more directed fashion. A molecular approach to factors that predicts the likelihood of RLN metastasis could eliminate the reoccurrence of the tumor in the form of "micrometastasis" and "skip" metastasis. The aim of this review is to discuss different modes of spread of metastasis in SCC.
Keywords: Occult metastasis, prognosis, squamous cell carcinoma, Skip metastasis


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Will the U.S. Economy Pay a Price for Pulling Out of the Trans-Pacific Partnership?
And how America's exit could impact the global economy.
By Dwyer Gunn
Barack Obama speaks at a TPP meeting. (Photo: Brendan Smialowski/AFP/Getty Images)
Last week, Donald Trump released a YouTube video outlining key priorities for his administration's first 100 days in office. In keeping with his campaign promises, the president-elect vowed to "issue our notification of intent to withdraw from the Trans-Pacific Partnership" upon taking office, while also pledging to "negotiate fair, bilateral trade deals that bring jobs and industry back onto American shores."
While Trump has dialed down some of his more inflammatory campaign rhetoric, he has stuck to his hard line on trade, and it now seems highly likely that the United States will not ratify the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the free trade agreement between the U.S. and 11 other countries.
So what does that mean for our economy?
In an article published last year on the TPP, I highlighted several expected effects of the agreement on workers in the U.S. and elsewhere:
- The TPP was expected to lower prices on imported consumer goods, which disproportionately benefits low-income workers, who spend a higher proportion of their income on basic necessities.
- Economists predicted the TPP would slightly increase U.S. incomes (by 0.4 percent per year, by 2025), but that the agreement would result in a very small number of jobs lost in import-competing industries. Those losses were expected to be offset by employment gains in other industries. Some workers, however, were likely to face a tough transition, especially "older workers and cities with a narrow industrial base."
- The agreement had the potential to dramatically improve working conditions in less-developed member countries, although critics voiced concerns about enforcement.
On a most basic level, a failure to ratify the TPP simply means these effects simply won't happen. The small economic gains won't be realized, the jobs in import-competing industries won't be lost, and working conditions in less-developed countries will stay the same.
But some TPP advocates argue it's not quite that simple. The TPP was more than just a free trade agreement — it was part of the Obama administration's "Asia pivot," designed to counter China's growing influence.
"There's a broader geo-strategic and leadership issue," says Robert Lawrence, a professor at the Harvard Kennedy School and a trade policy expert. "I think that's where we've had a whole group of Asian leaders and Pacific leaders who've put their neck out, in a sense — who negotiated agreements, some of which were costly in their domestic political terms, and now are going to be disappointed about that. And what it all means is an increase in China's influence in the region."
The TPP is not the only big free trade agreement in play right now. Many of the countries participating in the TPP are also participating in negotiations for the China-led Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership. Since Trump's election, China has been aggressively moving ahead with the RCEP, and the Wall Street Journalreported that several TPP signatories are now "shifting their focus" to RCEP. Should only the RCEP take effect (as now seems increasingly likely), a number of U.S. industries will struggle to compete in key global markets.
"There are a fair number of those countries with whom we have free trade agreements already. So with respect to Canada, Australia, and Mexico — other things could happen but there isn't a big change," Lawrence says. "The big impact is on Japan. So if the RCEP were to be concluded, it will give duty-free access, presumably, to its members to the Japanese marketplace. The tariffs that the U.S. products will have to pay will be higher than those of our Asian competitors, so, in that sense, we will now be disadvantaged in this major market."
Days before the election, the White House released a report on the economic consequences of not ratifying the TPP, in the event that the RCEP does indeed "fill the void" and take effect. White House economists estimated that 35 different industries—employing almost five million American workers, selling $5.3 billion worth of goods to Japan alone—"would see an erosion of their market access to Japan relative to Chinese firms due to tariff cuts under RCEP." Furthermore, the White House report estimates that "[s]eventy-eight U.S. industries that each export over $1 billion a year in goods to TPP partners and employ nearly 12 million workers in 360,000 business establishments nationwide would fail to see improved market access if TPP is not passed."
"If we don't do it, it's not that we end up at zero — we end up at a negative," Jason Furman, chairman of the president's Council of Economic Advisors, told reporters. "China and other countries would move forward, would conclude agreements, and it would be easier for them to export with each other."
As opposition to both globalization and free trade agreements like the TPP mounts, it's worth remembering that American trade policy doesn't exist in a vacuum. Other countries respond to our decisions, and those responses can have real economic consequences, particularly in the case of the Trans-Pacific Partnership.
It is a loss of potential opportunities for numerous industries," Lawrence says. "And the prospect of discrimination against others, if the RCEP deal goes through."


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Real Estate Outlook 2015: 5 Predictions From Freddie Macadmin / 0 Comments /
For the majority of neighborhoods around the country, the housing market was slow in 2014. Is more of the same in store for 2015? That's the question Freddie Mac seeks to answer with their new projections for next year's housing market. This week, they released their Economic and Housing Market Outlook, which, according to an article in DS News, predicts that the real estate market will improve gradually in 2015 as the economy gets stronger. In particular, Freddie Mac expects new construction to see a positive bump with total housing starts growing 20 percent in the next 12 months.
Read the complete article to see all five Fannie Mae predictions.
Image credit: concrete_forms


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Nissan Armada 2018: a large SUV, especially for the United States
13 May
This car was created specifically for the American market to impose competition on their models. 2018-2019 Nissan Armada is differed by huge size – such as Americans love. Also, restyling brought here a lot of elements that make the car … Read More »


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RIO DE JANEIRO (Reuters) - The United States beat France 86-67 on Thursday to secure their ninth trip to the women's Olympic basketball final, where they will meet medal game debutantes Spain.
In pursuit of a sixth consecutive gold medal, the world number one United States encountered more resistance from feisty fourth-ranked France than they have from other opponents here. They also suffered with the absence of team anchor Sue Bird, benched by a sprained knee.
The Americans' 19-point margin of victory was far below their average of 41.7 in their first six games in Rio, and at halftime they were ahead by a mere four points.
Bird, a veteran guard and captain, helped the team recover for the second half with a calm talk in the locker room.
"You forget how much Sue does for this team," said Diana Taurasi, the top game scorer with 18 points.
"We have so many scorers and she finds a way to get everyone in their spots, to get everyone touches and obviously she sacrifices for that."
The 35-year-old Bird said there is no guarantee she will be able to return for the final Saturday.
"She obviously wants to play, I want her to play. We are a much better team when she is on the floor," said coach Geno Auriemma.
In the other semi-final, Spain eased past Serbia 68-54, and, while delighted to be assured of their first women's Olympic basketball medal, they were sanguine about their chances to defeat what they consider a "dream team".
"It is impossible to beat them. It will be very, very complicated," Spain forward Laura Nicholls told reporters.
"But this is a final you have to see, you have to play and enjoy, enjoy, enjoy. I'm sorry, but you have to be realistic."
The U.S. team extended their Olympic winning streak to 48-0 since 1992.
Spain, who had edged Serbia 65-59 in their opening group game, dominated from the start, storming to 20-9 lead in the opening quarter and never trailed the rest of the way.
Alba Torrens and Astou Ndour led Spain with 14 points apiece while Nicholls chipped in with 13.
"I cannot explain how we won with such a big margin after suffering so much in quarter-finals," said Spain's Laura Quevedo. "This is history for us. We had never made it past the quarter-finals and now we are in the final."
The American women said they are taking Spain seriously even though they defeated them by a resounding 103-63 in their second game here.
"We've got to be serious and really get this because it is going to be a different game this Saturday," said forward Angel McCoughtry.
The heavily favored American men will also take on Spain in a hot-ticket semi-final on Friday between the two top teams in Rio.
France, which lost the gold to the United States in London 2012 86-50, will play for the bronze against Serbia.
"We'll go for it. We have revenge to take against Serbia who beat us last year at the European championship final, so we really want to go get this medal," said captain and center Isabelle Yacoubou.
Reporting by Mary Milliken and Steve Keating; Editing by Frank Pingue and Andrew Hay
Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.


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Justin P. Schedtler, Chair; Caryn D. Riswold; Kyle A. Schenkewitz; Kunihiko Terasawa; Kristin J. Wendland
Wartburg College understands itself as a community of faith and learning. Course work in religion helps students understand the Christian heritage, increase ethical sensitivity, gain understanding of and respect for other religions, and explore the relation between faith and life. The principal mission of philosophy is to foster in its practitioners a critical, reflective attitude. Thus, it provides students with tools to broaden narrow perspectives and analyze values, ideologies, and commitments.
During May Term, students may complete traditional courses on campus, participate in field experiences in a parish or church-related agency, take part in a Denver, Colo. immersion, visit Reformation lands, or participate in an archaeological dig.
The Religion and Philosophy Department offers several majors, minors, concentrations, and endorsements. Students are also encouraged to consider religion or philosophy as a second major to complement another area of academic study.
Intended Student Learning Outcomes
Students will:
In addition, the various church vocations concentrations will equip students to:
For additional information on teaching majors and endorsements, see Education Department listings.
See Music .
Students complete the intercultural studies minor in addition to the religion major.


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5th June -It's World Environment Day
Environment Leeds are marking United Nations World Environment Day on 5th June by encouraging people, organisations and businesses in Leeds to "Kick the Carbon Habit" and make a pledge to reduce their own carbon emissions. You can take your personal pledge on this website today. If you take the pledge at a Leeds Library from 5th June to 20th June 2008 you will be entered into a prize draw to win a Carbon Reduction Kit.
The draw prize has been funded by Europe Direct Leeds and will enable the winner to take positive action to fulfil their pledge to reduce their own CO2 emissions. Libraries will also have information available on how to travel lightly by leaving your car at home.
The council is working to reduce the travel impact of its own staff and is holding it's own Sustainable Travel Options roadshow in the Carriageworks theatre. Staff are being encouraged to drop in to the theatre where they will be given advice and information on walking, cycling, public transport, carsharing, Leeds car club, WhizzGo, and Flexible Working Options and the associated benefits, for the journey to work, and business travel.
Environment Leeds newsletter which is available from libraries and other public council buildings and will be distributed on 5th June also carries sustainable travel information for the general public.
Contact Europe Direct on 0113 247 8282, email email@example.com or visit the Central Library to obtain more information on EU activity on climate change.…


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On January 25, 2013, a New York medical malpractice jury awarded $1.5 million to a patient against his former gastroenterologist and his former laparoscopic surgeon after almost eight weeks of trial, finding that the gastroenterologist was 60% responsible and that the laparoscopic surgeon was 40% responsible for the man's injuries caused during a routine colonoscopy procedure that negligently resulted in three holes in the man's colon followed by laparoscopic surgery to repair the three holes that ended up causing a fourth hole in the man's small intestine.
The man had gone to the gastroenterologist for a routine screening colonoscopy even though he had no pain or other symptoms or complaints. The gastroenterologist alleged that he found some bleeding blood vessels during the colonoscopy for which he used a heater probe to cauterize the bleeding vessels. When the patient awakened from the procedure, he experienced a burning sensation in his abdomen but was discharged to home with assurances that the discomfort would subside. When his pain became severe at home, he returned to the gastroenterologist the following morning at which time the gastroenterologist suspected a probable perforation of the man's cecum as a result of the previous day's procedure.
The gastroenterologist referred his patient to the laparoscopic surgeon for surgical repair of the suspected perforation. The laparoscopic surgeon was able to identify and repair three holes in the colon caused by the heater probe after which the man spent several days in the hospital. However, one and a half days after he was discharged home from the hospital, he returned to the hospital with severe abdominal pain. Further surgery discovered a perforation of the man's small intestine.
The man filed a medical malpractice case against the gastroenterologist and the laparoscopic surgeon, alleging that the gastroenterologist's use of the heater probe was too risky and breached the standard of care applicable to the man's routine screening colonoscopy (the risk of a bowel perforation during a screening colonoscopy is approximately 1 in 1,200 but the risk of a bowel perforation caused by using a heater probe can be as high as approximately 1 in 40) and that the laparoscopic surgeon breached the standard of care by failing to properly inspect the man's small intestine that would have discovered the hole that he missed.
Routine screening colonoscopies, which are recommended for people when they reach the age of 50, save lives by the early detection of colon cancer, other forms of cancer, and pre-cancerous polyps that can be removed before they become cancerous. For healthy people, screening colonoscopies are relatively safe and the risks associated with the procedure are outweighed by the benefits. Patients who are referred for screening colonoscopies are well-served by doing their due diligence into the qualifications and experience of their medical providers who are scheduled to perform the procedure on them. However, even the best-qualified medical providers who meet the standard of care may not be able to prevent all injuries to their patients during colonoscopies; nonetheless, it is important that they diagnose injuries in a timely fashion and properly respond to complications and injuries caused during the procedure.
If you, a family member, or a loved one suffered injuries or other complications as a result of a colonoscopy or other medical procedure or treatment, you should promptly contact a local medical malpractice attorney to investigate whether there is an appropriate basis for bringing a medical malpractice claim.
Click here to visit our website or call us toll-free at 800-295-3959 to be connected with medical malpractice lawyers in your state who may be able to investigate your possible medical malpractice claim for you and file a medical malpractice case on your behalf, if appropriate.
Turn to us when you don't know where to turn.
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The Village's Land Development regulations have been updated for properties in commercial zoning designations. The changes were based off recommendations from the Citizen's Master Plan, which was adopted by the Village Council in 2016. The Village engaged consultants Dover Kohl and Spikowski Associates to develop commercial regulations that meet the intent of the Master Plan. After nine public workshops and significant input from residents, the Planning Commission, Village Council, and Village Staff, the final the new regulations were adopted on September 24, 2020 and became effective in December 2020.