text:
Poverty and common mental disorders in developing countries
Pauvreté et troubles mentaux courants dans les pays en développement
Pobreza y trastornos mentales comunes en los países en desarrollo
Vikram PatelI, 1; Arthur KleinmanII
ISenior Lecturer, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; and Chairperson, The Sangath Society for Child Development and Family Guidance, India
IIRabb Professor of Anthropology, Harvard University and Professor of Medical Anthropology and Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
A review of English-language journals published since 1990 and three global mental health reports identified 11 community studies on the association between poverty and common mental disorders in six low- and middle-income countries. Most studies showed an association between indicators of poverty and the risk of mental disorders, the most consistent association being with low levels of education. A review of articles exploring the mechanism of the relationship suggested weak evidence to support a specific association with income levels. Factors such as the experience of insecurity and hopelessness, rapid social change and the risks of violence and physical ill-health may explain the greater vulnerability of the poor to common mental disorders. The direct and indirect costs of mental ill-health worsen the economic condition, setting up a vicious cycle of poverty and mental disorder. Common mental disorders need to be placed alongside other diseases associated with poverty by policy-makers and donors. Programmes such as investment in education and provision of microcredit may have unanticipated benefits in reducing the risk of mental disorders. Secondary prevention must focus on strengthening the ability of primary care services to provide effective treatment.
Keywords: Mental disorders/etiology/prevention and control; Poverty; Educational status; Socioeconomic factors; Cost of illness; Review literature; Developing countries (source: MeSH, NLM).
L'examen de revues en anglais parues depuis 1990 et de trois rapports sur la santé mentale dans le monde a permis de recenser 11 études communautaires sur le lien entre la pauvreté et les troubles mentaux courants dans six pays à moyen ou faible revenu. La plupart d'entre elles font apparaître une association entre le risque de trouble mental et les indicateurs de pauvreté, le lien le plus constant étant avec un faible niveau d'instruction. De l'analyse des articles qui étudient le mécanisme de la relation il ressort peu d'éléments tendant à confirmer une association spécifique avec le niveau de revenu. Des facteurs comme l'insécurité et le désespoir, une évolution sociale rapide et le risque de violence et de problèmes de santé physiques pourraient expliquer que les pauvres sont plus vulnérables aux troubles mentaux courants. Le coût direct et indirect des troubles mentaux aggrave les difficultés économiques et crée un cercle vicieux entre la pauvreté et les problèmes de santé mentale. Les responsables du choix des politiques et les donateurs doivent ranger les troubles mentaux courants parmi les affections associées à la pauvreté. Les programmes d'investissement dans l'éducation et de microcrédit peuvent avoir pour effet inattendu de réduire le risque de trouble mental. La prévention secondaire doit avant tout consister à rendre les services de soins primaires capables d'offrir un traitement efficace.
Mots clés: Troubles mentaux/étiologie/prévention et contrôle; Pauvreté; Niveau instruction; Facteur socio-économique; Coût maladie; Revue de la littérature; Pays en développement (source: MeSH, INSERM).
El examen de diversas revistas publicadas en inglés desde 1990 y de tres informes mundiales sobre la salud mental permitió identificar 11 estudios comunitarios sobre las relaciones entre pobreza y trastornos mentales comunes en seis países de ingresos bajos y medios. La mayoría de los estudios revelaron una relación entre los indicadores de pobreza y el riesgo de trastornos mentales, destacando sobre todo la asociación con los bajos niveles de instrucción. Del análisis de los artículos en que se estudiaba el mecanismo de la relación se desprende que la evidencia a favor de una asociación específica con el nivel de ingresos es débil. Factores como la experiencia de la inseguridad y la desesperanza, los cambios sociales rápidos y el riesgo de violencia y problemas de salud pueden explicar la mayor vulnerabilidad de los pobres a los trastornos mentales comunes. Los costos directos e indirectos de la mala salud mental agravan la situación económica y ponen en marcha un círculo vicioso de pobreza y problemas mentales. Es necesario que los formuladores de políticas y los donantes consideren los trastornos mentales comunes al mismo nivel que otras enfermedades asociadas a la pobreza. Programas como la inversión en educación y la concesión de microcréditos pueden tener efectos imprevistos de reducción del riesgo de trastornos mentales. La prevención secundaria debe centrarse en el fortalecimiento de la capacidad de los servicios de atención primaria para tratar eficazmente esos casos.
Palabras clave: Trastornos mentales/etiología/prevención y control; Pobreza; Factores socioeconómicos; Escolaridad; Costo de la enfermedad; Literatura de revisión; Países en desarrollo (fuente: DeCS, BIREME).
In making choices for health funding in low-income countries, policy-makers and donor agencies are guided by epidemiological evidence that indicates the burden of disease on the poor. There is a large body of evidence from industrialized countries demonstrating an association between poverty and risk for common mental disorders. This paper reviews the evidence from developing countries and explores the processes that may explain the povertyrisk relationship.
Common mental disorders are depressive and anxiety disorders that are classified in ICD-10 (1) as: "neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders" and "mood disorders". The public health significance of mental and behavioural disorders is demonstrated by the fact that they are among the most important causes of morbidity in primary care settings and produce considerable disability (2, 3). Definitions of poverty vary depending on the social, cultural and political systems in a particular region and according to the user of the data. Poor people's definitions reveal that poverty is a multidimensional social phenomenon (4). From an epidemiological perspective, poverty means low socioeconomic status (measured by social or income class), unemployment and low levels of education (5); these are the definitions used in this review.
A search of the MEDLINE database (using PubMed) and reports on global mental health (2, 6, 7) was carried out to identify papers reporting studies that met the following criteria: the studies were based in community settings; the countries were classified as middle- or low-income by the World Bank (8); and the methodology included both a measure of mental disorders and a measure of poverty. Because of overlap between diagnostic subgroups of common mental disorders (9), epidemiological research often describes rates of common mental disorders as a single outcome; this is the outcome chosen for this review (with the exception of studies where the overall rate was not reported). In addition, articles exploring the relationship between poverty and mental health were reviewed to describe the mechanisms through which poverty and common mental disorders were related.
The epidemiological evidence
There were 11 eligible studies (see Table 1) from six countries in Africa (Lesotho and Zimbabwe), Asia (Indonesia and Pakistan) and Latin America (Brazil and Chile). All studies used random or total sampling of the eligible population. All were used to assess poverty, including low income, lack of were "stand-alone" studies not part of a multinational material possessions, lack of employment, and housing diffistudy and the measures were validated for the local set-culties. Irrespective of which indicator was used, statistically tings. The median prevalence rates of common mental dis-significant associations were evident; the one study that did orders varied from 20% to 30%. Ten studies showed a sta-not show any association (from Lesotho) only published tistically significant relationship between prevalence and data on associations with specific diagnostic categories of indicators of poverty, the most consistent relationship being common mental disorders.
Mechanisms of relationship
The explanatory models of persons suffering from common mental disorders have been described in a number of studies, in all of which poverty and socioeconomic problems have been cited as one of the most important factors causing emotional distress (2123) . While individual perceptions of illness are not evidence of a causal association, the universal nature of perceptions can be considered as cultural validation of the epidemiological association reported in the studies reviewed.
The studies reviewed do not permit an analysis of correlation of absolute levels of income and common mental disorders, because average indicators of income for countries do not indicate the true levels in the populations being studied. Multivariate analyses from the Chilean data showed that absolute income levels were not associated with a raised risk when education was taken into account (24). On the other hand, this study showed that poor living conditions such as poor housing, which is associated with low income, remained significantly associated after adjustment for education. The relationship between income inequality and common mental disorders is also unclear. While some studies in industrialized countries have shown an independent association of low income and living in unequal income states with depression in women (25), these findings have been contradicted by studies demonstrating a weak relationship, if any, between income inequality and common mental disorders (26). One study showed a higher risk for disorders in persons in the upper income group if they lived in unequal areas (27).
Poor people stress the anxiety and fear they experience because they feel insecure and vulnerable when their conditions worsen. Security is defined as stability and continuation of livelihood, predictability of relationships, feeling safe and belonging to a social group (28). The following comment from a man in Provdiv, Bulgaria, illustrates the impact of insecurity on mental health (28): "The employer can keep you up to three months on a temporary contract without signing a permanent contract. At the end of the third month, he just says 'go away' without explaining how and why. Just 'go away'. He could send you away even earlier if he did not like you. If you say anything, if you cross him, he says 'go away, there are thousands like you waiting for your position'."
There is evidence of the association between insecurity of income flow and common mental disorders. The Chilean study found a strong relationship between acute income drop in the previous six months and the risk of mental disorders (24). The suicide of farmers in parts of India since the mid-1990s provides another illustration of the impact of financial insecurity on mental health (29). Globalization and the advent of multinational companies have led to new competition for small-scale farmers whose goods are no longer competitively priced, added to numerous other problems such as substandard quality seeds and the lack of support from banks (29, 30) .
The psychological impact of living in poverty is mediated by shame, stigma and the humiliation of poverty (4). Interviews with relatives of young women in rural China who had committed suicide and with survivors of suicide attempts reveal that hopelessness is a core experience: it is associated with spouse and family abuse, forced marriages, limited educational and work prospects, stigma for failing to produce a son, and the migration of husbands to urban areas for employment (31, 32) . The cognitive impact of living in poverty is illustrated by this narrative from a man in Guinea-Bissau (4): "When I don't have [any food to bring my family] I borrow, mainly from neighbours and friends. I feel ashamed standing before my children when I have nothing to help feed my family. I'm not well when I'm unemployed. It's terrible."
Social change
Epidemiological investigations in many developing countries have attributed the high rates of common mental disorders to factors such as discrimination, unemployment and living through a period of rapid and unpredictable social change (33). Investigators in India who recently conducted a community study of mental disorders in a rural area (34), 20 years after a similar study in the same area, found that overall rates of mental disorders had not changed. However, the rates of specific diagnostic categories had changed so that rates of depression had increased from 4.9% to 7.3% (P<0.01), which the authors attributed to the effects of changing lifestyles. In China, researchers suggest that social changes (including the rising prevalence of major economic losses for individuals, increased costs of health care, weakened family ties, migration to urban areas for temporary or seasonal work, and income inequalities) may be expected to lead to rising suicide rates, partly because of their influence on rising rates of depressive disorders that are mostly untreated (35).
A study of young adults in a newly urbanized area of Khartoum, Sudan, found that symptoms of common mental disorders were more widespread than in rural areas. Loneliness, which the authors speculate could be an expression of the uprootedness, isolation and lack of social support that occur when rural dwellers migrate from their extended families and cohesive communities, was a risk factor (36). There is evidence that social factors, in particular life-threat-ening events, violence and the lack of social support, play an important role in the etiology of common mental disorders (37).
Illiteracy or poor education is a consistent risk factor for common mental disorders. Some studies have also demonstrated a doseresponse relationship between educational level and the risk of such disorders (13). Reverse causality is unlikely to be a factor, since primary education occurs in early childhood when mental disorders are uncommon (10). The relationship between low educational level and mental disorders may be confounded or explained by a number of pathways: these include malnutrition, which impairs intellectual development, leading to poor educational performance and poor psychosocial development. The attributable risk of low income for childhood psychiatric disorders is strongest for conduct disorders (38); these are associated with school failure and common mental disorders in adulthood. The social consequences of poor education are obvious: lack of education represents a diminished opportunity for persons to access resources to improve their situation (18) and low levels of education have been implicated as a risk factor for dementia. Higher levels of education may reflect optimal brain development in childhood, which in turn protects from pathological processes that lead to cognitive impairment (or in the case of this review, common mental disorders) in later life (39).
Apart from the possible role of biological factors, which may explain why there is a consistent sex difference in risks for common mental disorders in all societies, it is plausible that gender factors the considerable stresses faced by women may also play a role. In many developing societies, women bear the brunt of the adversities associated with poverty: less access to school, physical abuse from husbands, forced marriages, sexual trafficking, fewer job opportunities and, in some societies, limitation of their participation in activities outside the home.
Poverty is likely to be associated with malnutrition, lack of access to clean water, living in polluted environments, inadequate housing, frequent accidents and other risk factors associated with poor physical health. There is evidence demonstrating the comorbidity between physical illness and common mental disorders, and this association may partly account for the association between poverty and mental disorders. Mental and physical health problems lead to increased health care costs and worsening poverty. A pilot study of the economic burden of common mental disorders in South-East Asia demonstrated a considerable burden of health care costs, mostly in the private sector, and indirect costs that exceeded health care costs by as much as three times (40).
The main limitation of this review is that only indexed English-language journals were reviewed. In addition, the samples surveyed in each study may not represent the population of the country concerned. Most studies showed an association between the risk of common mental disorders and low levels of education; many studies also showed a relationship with other indicators of poverty such as poor housing or low income. These findings suggest that the association between poverty and common mental disorders is a universal one, occurring in all societies irrespective of their levels of development.
Whereas it is plausible to speculate that the cross-sec-tional relationships can be best interpreted in the context of poverty being a risk factor for common mental disorders, reverse causality can be a consideration because common mental disorders are known to produce disability and increased health care costs. Further, depressed individuals may exaggerate the adversity of current circumstances. Some studies took precautions against this by enquiring about household income from informants who were not depressed (10). In any event, it is more likely that poverty and common mental disorders interact with one another in setting up, in vulnerable individuals, a vicious cycle of poverty and mental illness. A similar relationship has been shown to exist between poverty and infectious diseases such as tuberculosis (41). Rather than actual income, factors such as insecurity, hopelessness, poor physical health, rapid social change and limited opportunities as a result of less education may mediate the risk of suffering from mental disorders. The most important implication of these findings is to place common mental disorders alongside other diseases associated with poverty which, on account of this association, attract attention from health policy-makers and donors. The global mental health movement must play a larger role in public health activities focusing on global mental disease. To do this effectively, mental health professionals will need to confront global poverty, its relation to political and economic developments, and its consequences for common mental disorders. From a public health perspective, the evidence on mechanisms of the relationship can be used to consider a number of primary and secondary preventive strategies.
Primary prevention
Evidence to support the efficacy of interventions in this field is weak. However, there is evidence that interventions aimed at improving child development and educational outcomes in children living in poverty have had some success. A review of interventions aimed at improving nutrition and development in socioeconomically disadvantaged children found strong support for the benefit of psychosocial and nutritional interventions for cognitive development and improved educational outcomes (42). Anecdotal findings from literacy programmes in India suggest that such programmes may have an unanticipated benefit on mental health by reducing hopelessness and providing greater economic security (43). In many developing countries, indebtedness to money lenders is a consistent source of stress and worry: radical community banks and microcredit schemes could be involved in setting up loan facilities in unserved areas. Development, if implemented to promote equity, social capital and basic infrastructure, may be associated with better mental health. A study in Indonesia described rates of common mental disorders according to levels of economic development in villages and changes in these levels in the 1980s (14). Development was rated according to attributes such as means of subsistence, education, community cooperation and participation, and transportation (the more developed villages having better amenities); those villages which achieved an improvement in development status and those which were already at the highest level of development had the lowest rates of mental disorders.
Secondary prevention
The key to secondary prevention is to strengthen the treatment of common mental disorders in primary health care. Recent evidence demonstrated the efficacy and cost-effective-ness of psychological and pharmacological interventions for common mental disorders in developing countries, which need to be adopted by health policy-makers (44, 45). Primary care workers need training to recognize and effectively treat common mental disorders. Just as clinicians must treat tuberculosis even if they cannot get rid of the overcrowding, so, too, must we challenge the despair of clinicians who argue that if their patients are poor they must be depressed and there is little they can do about it.
The greatest evidence that this belief is untrue is the fact that the majority of the poor do not suffer from mental illness: they are only at greater risk than the rich. Even in areas such as the KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa, which experiences severe adversities such as poverty and high rates of HIV/AIDS, programmes have been able to train primary health care nurses to provide a comprehensive approach that takes account of psychosocial factors among their clients (46).
Future research
It is obvious from the small number of studies identified for this review and the lack of any small-area studies that the relationship between poverty and common mental disorders cannot be considered as conclusive. Systematic, small-area studies are needed of the prevalence of disorders where areas differ in levels of absolute and relative poverty. Perhaps the World Mental Health 2000 Surveys (47) will provide such an evidence base. Despite the evidence of an association between common mental disorders and economic deprivation, most people living in poverty do not develop mental illness. Longitudinal research is needed to establish causal associations between common mental disorders and poverty; such studies may help identify the specific factors that are associated with the risk of disorders and, conversely, the factors that help reduce the risk in persons who face severe economic or social adversity. Such longitudinal research should incorporate the evaluation of programmes with the potential for primary prevention, such as microcredit schemes.
Vikram Patel is funded by a Wellcome Trust Career Development Fellowship in Clinical Tropical Medicine.
Conflicts of Interest: None declared.
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1 Correspondence should be addressed to this author at: Sangath Centre, 841/1 Alto Porvorim, Goa 403521, India (email: email@example.com).


text: Oscar Best Picture Nominees, From Least to Most Profitable (Photos) Ranking the Oscar Best Picture nominees by return on investment Todd Cunningham | February 23, 2016 @ 12:31 PM AMPAS AMPAS Which of the eight Best Picture nominees brought the most profit to its studio? TheWrap checked. Here's which film did the best. Warner Bros. "Mad Max: Fury Road"Worldwide gross: $377MBudget: $150M (Highest among all nominees)Return on Investment: 146%Best Director nominee George Miller took road rage to new heights in the visually spectacular sequel, which arrived 35 years after the original. Though it captured 10 Academy Award nominations, standout performers Tom Hardy and Charlize Theron were not among the nominees. It's been out and a hit on DVD and digital since September. 20th Century Fox "The Revenant"Worldwide gross: $332MBudget: $135MReturn on Investment: 146%With Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hardy up for Best and Supporting Actor and Alejandro Inarritu for Best Director, and the frontier vengeance saga considered a frontrunner for Best Picture, there is potential for this one to come out of Sunday with a mountain of momentum. It's April 12 home entertainment release date leaves plenty of time for Fox to cash in at multiplexes, too. It's still playing well and took in nearly $4 million over the weekend, its fifth in release. Open Road Films "Spotlight"Worldwide gross: $54MBudget: $20MReturn on Investment: 170%With its DVD and digital release on Tuesday, Open Road Films is banking on home entertainment to capitalize should there be a Best Picture victory for Tom McCarthy's inside look at the Boston Globe's coverage of the Catholic Church sex scandal. Michael Keaton, Mark Ruffalo and Rachel McAdams top the film's ensemble. Touchstone Pictures "Bridge of Spies"Worldwide gross: $164MBudget: $55MReturn on Investment: 198%The Steven Spielberg-directed drama about the 1960 U-2 spy plane face-off with the Soviet Union starring Tom Hanks has been a box office hit for U.S. distributor Disney and Fox, which handled foreign. Mark Rylance (Supporting Actor) and the Coen brothers (Original Screenplay) are nominated and there might be room for a theatrical re-run even though it's been available on DVD and digital since Feb. 2. Fox Searchlight "Brooklyn"Worldwide gross: $35MBudget: $11MReturn on Investment: 218%The tale of a young Irish immigrant (Best Actress nominee Saoirse Ronan) and her life in 1950s New York will be available digitally and on discs on March 15. The odds are against it delivering a third consecutive Best Picture Oscar for Fox Searchlight (after "Birdman" last year and "12 Years a Slave" the year before) but if it does, look for a theatrical victory lap. A24 "Room"Worldwide gross: $19.6MBudget: $6MReturn on Investment: 227%Director Lenny Abrahamson and lead Brie Larson are nominated for Oscars, and 9-year-old Jacob Tremblay probably should have been for this edgy tale of a woman and her young son held captive for years. It arrives on DVD and Blu-ray on March 1, leaving a very short window for A24 to cash in theatrically should it pull off what would rank as one of the biggest upsets in Oscar history. Paramount "The Big Short"Worldwide gross: $121MBudget: $28MReturn on Investment: 332%Paramount will release its dark comedy directed by Oscar nominee Adam Mckay about the U.S. financial meltdown digitally and on DVD on March 15., so its window to capitalize on a victory wouldn't be open long. Home entertainment looks like the wiser choice for the film starring Brad Pitt, Steve Carell, Ryan Gosling and Supporting Actor nominee Christian Bale, since it's pretty much played out on the coasts and the Heartland has proven a tough sell. Before we get to the film with the best return, a quick note: These figures are approximations based on worldwide box-office returns vs. production budgets, and don't factor in theater owners' cuts, marketing costs, home entertainment returns or TV or streaming licensing deals. 20th Century Fox "The Martian"Worldwide gross: $620MBudget: $108MReturn on Investment: 474% Since it's already made a ton at the box office for Fox, been available digitally since December and on Blu-ray DVD for a month, there's not a lot of room for growth. Nonetheless, Fox is planning a re-release if its wins. And how do you put a dollar figure on the satisfaction a win would bring snubbed director Ridley Scott? Comments Please fill out this field. SIGN UP

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Resilio sync slow over LAN - relay server
daz66 posted a topic in Sync General DiscussionSo, I have 3 macs and an iphone The 2 laptops and iphone sync super fast over LAN, but the Mac Pro always connects via relay server and is so slow it's unusable. When i disable 'Use relay server' it won't connect at all. I've tried adding pre-defined hosts and that doesn't seem to help either. Could it simply be an issue with bittorrent 1.4.111, I understand that's the last version that will run on snow leopard. Any ideas? 1 x Macbook 12" (sierra 10.12.6 + resilio 2.7.2) and 1 x Macbook Air 11" (sierra 10.12.6 + resilio 2.7.2) 1 x Mac Pro (snow leopard 10.6.8 + bittorent sync 1.4.111) Router: Virgin Hub 3 Thanks in advance!!
Hi there, So when I right click on a file in windows explorer that is on another box over a unc path eg \\server\share\folder1, explorer freezes and takes up to 30 seconds to return the context menu. It's fine on folders on the local machine. This happens on files hosted either by other windows boxes and by my NAS hosted by debian stretch. Once the menu has been returned after the slow wait, it's good for more right clicks on that file for a minute or so, so something is being cached somewhere, but leaving the folder and returning, or right clicking a different file, or just waiting a while means the delay will be back. Using ShellExView I narrowed the culprit to Resilio Sync 2.5.12 context menu handler (64 bit) with the CLSID {581FFA00-FC33-000C-0502-95003A5CDE89} pointing to the file: C:\Users\{UserName}\AppData\Roaming\Resilio Sync\ShellExtensionPath64_4A7.dll Disabling this in the context menu resolved the slow right click problem. So... is there a fix other than removing the context menu option? I have to say removing it is not a biggie as all my sync management is done through the wui so that is my work around for the time being. Thanks, Andy.
Resilio stops syncing outside home network
Joeyzo posted a topic in Sync TroubleshootingHello Resilio Forum, I own a Synology NAS and would like to use Resilio to have my files in sync on different devices and platforms. From my own network, all the syncing works perfectly, but I would also like my files to sync when I'm outside my network. On the Synology, I setup a proxy server, so the login page for Resilio is https://resilio.domain.com. I port forwarded the listening port to the Resilio default port (28888) on my router, and everything is working fine. I can acces the domain https://resilio.domain.com from within and from outside my own network when I use a browser. I therefore have full acces to the Resilio client from both inside and outside my network. The problem is, when I'm outside my network, all syncing stops, where the Resilio client tells me my devices aren't connected anymore. What causes this problem? And how will I be able to fix this issue? Thanks in advance. Kind regards, Joey
I live in a country where Resilio Sync trackers have been blocked. It is not possible for my NAS connect to the trackers without going through some sort of VPN. One downside of this approach is the tracker has no way to know my own Internet IP address, it will take the IP address of the VPN server instead. There is an Power User Preferences option named `external_port`, I am wondering if it possible to add a new one named `external_host`, whose value can be a single or list of comma seperated DDNS names, and update the tracker to take value of this option instead of source IP of the request. Thanks in advance!
Sync enable/disable depend on network
Olav_888 posted a topic in Feature RequestsHello, at first, I had the software for two days and I'm very happy with it, thanks for this. What I would have, and for this I would upgrade to the Pro Version, is the function to automatically enable or disable the syncing depend on the network on the PC-version (for me in Windows). I have a network router with cellphone, in this I don't would have a sync traffic. in hope Olav
Sync using map drives over a network
Cloud 123 UK posted a topic in Sync General DiscussionI have loaded sync onto a windows 7 Pro and I want to sync a map drive to my NAS server which already has the sync software install on, the issue I getting is when trying to setup the folders it showing me my drive i.e.. c: and D: but I not able to see or browser my map drive which point to my main server. Can sync do this or just only to local drives?
thunder posted a topic in Feature RequestsI am missing one thing especially over slow internet connections: Optional Basic file compression (e.g. gzip) before sending out any data Why do we need that? Well, create sample file under Windows OS, open CMD as admin and type: cd "C:\your\BTSync\directory"fsutil file createnew 10mb 10000000This commands creates an empty file with a length of 10000000 bytes equal to 10MB but the content are just zeros. If zipping this file with just basic compression it goes down to just about 12 KB in total size. BUT When BTSync transfers it the full 10 MB are send out. If compression is implemented it will speed up on slow internet connections when transferring files dramatically, especially if they have a high compression ratio. This should not be too difficult to implement and saves bandwidth which comes also very handy when we are thinking about mobile devices with limited data plans. I think this feature should be allowed to be enabled or disable in the options depending on the requirements of users, because it might lead to slightly higher CPU load. An option with the ability to choose a compression level would be even better.
[Solved] Docker loss of network connection
pal posted a topic in Sync TroubleshootingI just setup resilio on two Macs and a iPhone and everything is in sync. Today i tried my server and used the official docker container. However after around half of my files synced the website is not accessible anymore. My (upload) client recognises no more available peers. Attaching to the container or restarting is not possible, i have to restart docker to gain access to the container. However after 1 or 2 minutes of syncing the connection is lost again and the container is unresponsive. The logs right when the connection is lost: Show/hide second try after docker restart: Show/hide
Connection repeatedly dropping while syncing
rjp36 posted a topic in Sync TroubleshootingI'm having an issue where the Sync is repeatedly dropping its connection, displaying "No network connection" every few mins. Currently, I'm trying to sync a load of files to a new machine (approx 2.5TB), with a one of the machines it's syncing with being on the same network. I'm seeing speeds shoot up to 100MB/s+ and then fall down to nothing, then back up and back down again. Then I'll check back intermittently and it'll be showing "No network connection". Restarting the machine fixes the issue, or after leaving it for a while (maybe 5-10 mins) it seems to resume syncing. The machine is running on Windows 7, directly wired into the router, and the other machine is running OSX 10.10.5 and is also wired into the router. Any help would be much appreciated.
Network Shares / Mapped Drives
epodox posted a topic in Sync TroubleshootingHello, I tried searching the forum but for some strange reason not many topics on this matter. I am trying to add a folder to share that is on a network share i have mapped to the computer. This folder resides on my NAS where all my storage is. In the UI it only shows the C: drive and never my mapped drives. When i try to manually type in the file path i get an error "You do not have permissions to write to this directory." even though i do have sufficient access. Any help would be appreciated. I cant see this as a limitation as i would think lots of people use NAS storage for their data. - Joshua
Constant regular network access
davew_uk posted a topic in Sync General DiscussionI've been using Bitorrent Sync v1.0.116 this afternoon and have already got most of my folders set up and syncing fine. I was a heavy Windows Live Mesh user till the service shut down, whereupon I've been limping along with just Synctoy. After setting things up and letting it do its thing I figured the network activity would pretty much die down to nothing once the syncs completed, but even several hours after finishing this was not the case. Instead, I'm seeing regular spikes of network activity up to 100 Kbps-ish between the various devices on the network I've just synced. The spikes seem to occur at roughly 8-10 second intervals. After fiddling with the folder preferences I have come to the conclusion that its down to peer discovery and it seems unusually "chatty" - I don't see why it should need to use quite so much bandwidth so regularly just to "ping" other peers, is there a way that this could be reduced? Kind regards Dave
Donate Space For A World Wide Network Of Servers
smg2006 posted a topic in Feature RequestsLET's CREATE A WORLD WIDE ALWAYS ONLINE SERVER ============================================= Hello, My suggestion is to create the possibility to donate some space from my hard drive for others to put their files on to but not having access to the files. Files should be contained within an encrypted volume like truecrypt and managed but BTsync. The idea is to create a network of donated spaces to form a server that is always online. This storage can then only be used when there are no online peers for the synchronization to take place. Files can then be temporarily placed on this server for later retrieval by the user's other peers that the user might have. This removes the need for having an always online server for everyone. There will always be people with servers that are always on. I have a few myself with space to spare and 1Gbit U/D bandwidth. In the long run this space could be housing entire homepages. Sites like wikipedia.com could then reduce costs. People could be more willing to donate space rather than $50 a year to the foundation. This could give more space to private GitHub repositories for schools. Or make decentralized homepages reality. Note: Files should be placed on three or more servers that are always on or 10 for servers that have less uptime. This means in general that the total space available is always less than or close to 1/3 of the total donated space. The uptime can be monitored by BTsync and reported to a server. Right now I can do this for friends, but I have to create new users on the OS for them to keep their files out of my reach. Hope it's not too much. Thank you for your great work. Kind regards smg2006
Force Sync
acgamst posted a topic in Sync TroubleshootingGreetings, all! I am new to the forum, looked at the FAQ, and tried to search for an answer to my question, in case one already exists, but may have missed the answer anyway. My situation is this: I have BitTorrent Sync installed on several machines, sync-ing several (large) directories. At least 3 of these machines are Mac laptops which change location and IP addresses "very frequently" (on the order of a couple times a day, each). At least 2 of the machines are "servers", with fixed IP addresses. The problem is that when the laptops change location it often takes "forever" for them to find their peers. I set the folder_rescan_interval to 60, but that didn't seem to help -- I had hoped it would force the machines to announce themselves and sync more frequently, but it doesn't seem to have done "anything" (except, locally, perhaps). I am wondering: Is there a way to force BitTorrent Sync to find peers and sync? (Actually, how are peers identified and is there any way I can speed that process?) Alternatively, is there any way I can tell BT Sync "look here" (there's a peer at this IP address)? Or some way I can tell BT Sync: "this machine will 'always' be on-line at this address, go ahead and sync every M minutes"? I understand that this is a peer-to-peer architecture, but I am hopeful that someone has some advice for me. (Probably, some mechanism I haven't even thought about yet). Happy to answer questions if I have left out something important. In advance, many thanks. Hope all's well, Anthony
IPv6 Support
fukawi2 posted a topic in Sync General DiscussionI have my desktop and laptop on the same network; the network is dual-stack configured and both hosts have working IPv4 and IPv6 connectivity. A tcpdump shows that btsync is only using IPv4 for communications though. What is the state of IPv6 support? (Apologies if this has been covered elsewhere, I did do a search but only found side-mentions of IPv6, and one other unanswered question about IPv6 support)
Sync Over Specific Network Interfaces
Tony Shark posted a topic in Sync General DiscussionSome of the files I'm planning to sync from my MacBook Pro to my Windows Home Server are very large (virtual machines) and as such I'd like to enable syncing only when I've connected to my local network using Ethernet (rather than using the WiFi). This is because a sync over anything other than a local ethernet connection will take forever, massacre my WiFi and max out my broadband monthly data cap in no time. Request: For each sync folder, allow the user to specify which network interfaces may be used for syncing (default = All), so as I can de-select WiFi for these folders.For each sync folder, allow the user to specify if it should sync over LAN only (default = False) so as I can prevent these folders from syncing over the internet (when I'm in the office, for example)Cheers, Pete EDIT: Apologies - posted to wrong forum. Mods, can you please move to BitTorrent Sync \ General Discussion
I installed Bit Torrent Sync on two Macs. On one I set up 4 different folders to sync, and then on the other I chose the corresponding folders and put in the secret/code from the first Mac for each folder. While on the same network, I added test files in each of the 4 folders and it synced fine both ways. When I moved one of the Macs to another house, the syncing seemed to stop. -- I also had 2 different Macs set up on the same network at a second location. Just to try it out, I kept one on the wifi and connected the other one to my phone's internet. I created a new empty folder on one Mac and it wouldn't pop up on the other. As soon as I left the phone internet and connected to the wifi (so both were now on the same wifi) the folder immediately popped up and the syncing worked again Isn't the app supposed to sync even across different networks ? I thought the other forum thread had someone saying they sync their home and work computers.
I am currently running Btsync version 1.2.73 on Linux x64 and am experiencing problems when switching between network profiles. I commonly switch between two different network profiles, one for my home network and one for the network at my University. Each network uses different DNS Servers. When I leave the bittorrentsync client running on my laptop and switch from my "home" network profile to my "University" network profile, the bittorrentsync client is unable to reestablish a connection to the devices it was connected with on my "home" network. Upon analysis with Wireshark, I noticed that outbound DNS requests to the btsync traker servers were being sent to the old DNS Server that I use on my "home" network instead of to the new DNS Servers provided by the "University" Network. This means that I have to restart btsync everytime I switch between the two networks because it seems not recognize the updated DNS Servers. Has anyone else experienced this issue?
Hello everyone, I recently discovered Bittorrent Sync and I want to use it to Sync Large files between many Machines I have. However, I have set up my Raspberry to run Bittorrent Sync, I have port-forwarded all the necessary ports on the Router, and I have added exceptions on IPTables to allow connections on the Ports of Bittorrent Sync. My problem is that if I try to sync files between my Laptop and my Raspberry when they are on Different Networks, the two devices don't find each other. I also tried having a one-time key but that didn't work as well. Could someone help me out here? Thanks in advance!
It seems to me that BitTorrent Sync (1.1.15 on OS X) does not bind the SSDP (used for UPnP/DLNA) port using SO_REUSEADDR. This prohibits other UPnP apps on the same host from receiving SSDP packets (ie, those apps does not function at all). Those other apps will fail to bind (Address already in use). Most unix like systems allows multiple processes to bind the same UDP multicast port if all of them set SO_REUSEADDR before binding. Also see: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/577885/uses-of-so-reuseaddr Please fix this and I'll be an even more happy user of this awesome tool. /andoma
Not Syncing
scottf007 posted a topic in Sync General DiscussionHello, I can not seem to find out what this problem is. I have three PC's in my sync collection. PCA - my work laptop at work PCB - a work server that is always on and has access to internet PCC - my home laptop PCA and PCB sync really fast and perfectly as they are on the same lan. I had PCC at work and it synced perfectly on the lan. Took PCC home and want to create a server scenario with PCB to keep everything in synced when my other computers are off. UPNP opened up ports on both routers/ firewalls fine. Turned on DHT, Use Tracker Server, use relay on each folder shared While at work in the transfers tab, PCA shows PCC IP addess and says it is starting to sync files - they appear, but are always on 0kB/s up and down then disappear about 10-20 seconds - never initiating. They appear and disappear constantly but never initiate a transfer..... Any ideas?


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Some things you might not know about capers:
- native to the Mediterranean basin
- are the pickled or salted flower buds of the plant Capparis spinosa L.
- caperberries are semi-mature fruit that have been pickled
- the strong flavour is largely due to the presence of mustard oil.
- capers have been known for thousands of years and were mentioned in the writings of Pliny the Elder.
Botanical Information
Family: Capparidaceae (or Capparaceae) related to the Brassicaceae
Scientific Name: Capparis spinosa L.
Etymology: From the Latin for caper (from the Greek, but origin unknown)
Uses: The flower buds are pickled in vinegar or salted when very young. These have been used in cooking since Roman times for their mustard like taste.
Sometimes confused with Nasturtium fruits due to the similarity in appearance and the fact that Nasturtiums can also be pickled (known as poor man's capers).


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LaLiga SmartBank club, Cadiz CF, has been scouting talent in the country since the past year for a scholarship opportunity. Young aspiring footballers from India have been selected to visit Spain and to receive football training from top coaches. Over a period of four weeks, from 18th January to 16th February 2020, Cadiz CF will conduct trials in 22 cities across India to select students for this scholarship.
Following the success of the last two trials, attended by more than 300 students, Cadiz CF has organized these trials for the third time in India. The trials, being organized in tier-I and tier-II cities, will have participation from over 2500 students. Four coaches from Cadiz CF – Pablo Grandes, Francisco Arias, Alex Almeida and Joss Junckler along with Quique Gonzalez, Director of Grassroots Football will be holding the trials. From the students who participated across three age categories (Age Groups: 11-14, 15-17 and 18-23), some of them will be selected to visit Cadiz, Spain.
Today, Cadiz CF also announced an association with the All India Football Federation (AIFF) to launch the AIFF Masters, which will provide students with experiential learning opportunities on aspects of football in India and globally. The program will be set across Mumbai, New Delhi and Cadiz. It will allow students to participate in activities such as live tournament exposure, match staging and learn more about clubs and team management, leadership, sponsorship, marketing and more to improve their football knowledge.
Founded in 1910, Cadiz Club de Futbol, S.A.D., is a professional football club which plays in the league's second division, LaLiga SmartBank. The club is based in Cadiz, Andalusia, Spain and legendary players like Magico Gonzalez and Kiko Narvaez have played in it. Cadiz CF has been investing in talent in India since last year and sees tremendous potential in the talent in the country. Grassroots development has been an important mission for LaLiga and its clubs in India and several key projects like LaLiga Football Schools, Cadiz CF's trials and more have been undertaken to achieve that.
Jose Antonio Cachaza, Managing Director, LaLiga India said, "India has tremendous potential and it has always been very clear to us. In all the activations and engagements we have done over the past three years, we have seen the talent and following for the sport grow in the country. Our commitment towards developing football and LaLiga not only in Spain but across the globe remains unwavering. A Spanish club with a strong history like Cadiz CF has recognizing this shows us their commitment and we are very happy to work with them towards this."
"We are delighted to be back in India in search of talent for our club. The country has a lot of potential and following the incredible response we have got in the past, we decided to expand this project and bring our grassroots coaches to visit more cities," said Kike Pérez, Corporate and Business Director, Cadiz CF. "This project is very important to us, at Cadiz CF, as such initiatives are key to the development of professional football in any country."


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US court begins BP trial over Gulf oil spill
Billions of dollars at stake as civil trial opens over 2010 spill that dumped millions of barrels into Gulf of Mexico.
Nearly three years after a catastrophic oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, a multi-billion dollar civil case against British Petroleum and the other companies involved is set to open in court.
As the case opens on Monday, US prosecutors are determined to prove that gross negligence caused the April 2010 blast that killed 11 workers and sank the BP-leased Deepwater Horizon rig, sending millions of barrels of oil gushing into the sea.
BP is equally determined to avoid such a finding, which would drastically increase fines against the company to as much as $17bn.
"Gross negligence is a very high bar that BP believes cannot be met in this case," said Rupert Bondy, the firm's general counsel.
"This was a tragic accident, resulting from multiple causes and involving multiple parties."
Faulty cement job
BP also hopes to shift much of the blame, and cost, to rig operator Transocean and subcontractor Halliburton, which was responsible for a faulty cement job on board the offshore drilling platform.
It took 87 days to cap the runaway well, which blackened beaches in five states and crippled the region's tourism and fishing industries in a tragedy that riveted the nation.
The first phase of the civil trial will determine the cause and apportion fault for the disaster.
The second phase, not expected to start for several months, will determine exactly how much oil was spilled in order to calculate environmental fines.
The US government on Tuesday agreed not to count the 810,000 barrels of oil BP siphoned out of the runaway well before it could spill into the sea.
But a complicated battle looms over the rest, as BP insists the government overestimated how much oil gushed out of the well by "at least 20 percent".
The third phase will deal with environmental and economic damages.
Settlements reached
BP spent more than $14bn on the response and cleanup and paid another $10bn to businesses, individuals and local governments that did not join the class action lawsuit.
It remains on the hook for billions in additional damages, including the cost of environmental rehabilitation.
The British energy giant has already had to resolved thousands of lawsuits linked to the deadly disaster out of court – including a record $4.5bn plea deal with the US government in which BP pleaded guilty to criminal charges and a $7.8bn settlement with people and businesses affected by the spill.
While the $7.8bn settlement reached last year resolved most of the economic and medical claims, scores more remain from insurers, racetracks, casinos, financial institutions and state and local governments.
Despite BP's avowal to "vigorously" defend itself against the gross negligence charge, many experts believe it could still reach an out-of-court settlement with the US government over environmental fines.
Environmentalists and those affected by the spill hope that Judge Carl Barbier will assess the maximum penalties possible under the law.
"We would all like to avoid trial and get the money flowing to Gulf states, and we understand that a reduction of liability is necessary to reach a settlement," said Brian Moore, legislative director for the National Audubon Society.
"But the Gulf Coast is still reeling, and people are still waiting for BP to be held accountable for the largest environmental disaster in our nation's history. The people of the Gulf Coast don't feel justice has been served. There is much work to be done."


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Alright. I've decided to not post a double feature. This gives me time to work on the season finale. Anyway, enjoy Brawl!
Board games have been around for centuries. They even predate literacy. Once human beings were able to communicate beyond the basics of conveying elementary needs and movement, board games were developed.
The oldest board game in existence is Senet, a racing game played by Egyptian pharaohs and commoners as early as 3100 BC. It is a racing game, played with colored sticks as dice.
This game was featured on LOST in the episode "Across the Sea".
You can play an online version of Senet here.


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The Flaming Lips are set to drop an elaborate April Fool's joke on the world with their new album. The Terror is due out April 1 and could be a change of pace for the Lips: Frontman Wayne Coyne says the album is bleak and disturbing, and hinges around the premise that "WE were hopeless, WE were disturbed" and says he values "letting hope in one area die so that hope can start to live in another." Whatever that means.
Sounding a little more like himself, Coyne then goes on to elaborate at length about what it means to have love, give love, know love, and so on. The real terror, he says, is that "without love, life goes on… we just go on… there is no mercy killing." So, yeah. Sounds like it's going to be a record primed for live confetti blasts.


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Marianna Kosmetatos-Markantonatos, Gentilini Winery and Vineyards
This family's winery and vineyard are seeped in tradition dating back to the 1500's. Decedents of Marino Gentilini, an Italian engineer, sent to Kefalonia by the Venetian Senate to oversee the building of the forts, this family released its first commercial products in 1984. The torch has been now passed on to Marianna and her husband Petros. Here is their story!
How did you get started in the wine business? Was there a certain moment where you knew wine was going to be a big part of your life?
The winery was founded by my father, Spiro Kosmetatos and I grew up in the vineyards and winery. However, it was not until I met my husband, Petros Markantonatos, in 1997 that I fully immersed myself in the business.
Tell us the story of the earliest stages of creating a wine business? What were the challenges and how did you overcame them?
Establishing a wine business in Greece has always been a challenge, particularly in the late '70s and early '80s: There were no nurseries, so we had to create our own in order to graft onto American rootstock; everything had to be imported, from yeast to machinery to bottles; and let's not get started on the Greek bureaucracy!
What has surprised you about being a winemaker?
Not so much surprised me as what I love about being a winemaker: That we work as a team at the winery to create a sublime product that touches all the senses and connects you to others across the table and around the world.
In the world of wine, who do you most admire and why? Who influenced you?
Antonori because of his vision and courage to break the rules and create Tignanello, a wine that he believed would be superior. From inception Gentilini has had this vision – to experiment and create superior quality wines that do not necessarily conform to archaic PDO laws. For example, one year we decided to downgrade our Robola from PDO in order to bottle it with Stelvin.
Do you think that Greek wines deserve more attention globally? Why?
Absolutely I believe that Greek wines deserve more attention. Greece is a country that has a plethora of indigenous varieties that result in unique wines not found anywhere else on earth. In the last 30 years hugely talented winemakers here have taken these varieties and created some truly superb wines with depth, complexity and, above all, character.
What is unique about Greek Grapes and Greek Wines?
Certainly the grape varieties in the different regions of Greece. Many do not realize that Greece is very mountainous and that the soil and climate differ dramatically from Crete to Naoussa and from Kefalonia to Rhodes. The varieties grown in each region are those that have traditionally fared well in the local conditions, thus resulting in wines that are true to their character and terroir.
How do you think people perceive Greek wines around the world?
Unfortunately, the damage done by bad retsina and even worse jug (house) wines served to the tourists is unfathomable. We find ourselves constantly having to re-educate those visiting Greece and our winery, as do all serious winemakers in Greece. However, anyone who tastes quality bottled Greek wine is instantly converted and becomes a fan.
How has wine production in Greece evolved over the last decades?
It has truly evolved dramatically in both quality and quantity, with new and exciting wineries opening constantly. In addition, the next generation is now becoming involved in some wineries, bringing with them fresh ideas and energy.
What have been some of the major technological advancements in winemaking in Greece?
Winemakers are now more educated in their craft and use modern technology to refine their wines while exploring the potential of the local varieties. They keep up to date with what is going on around the world, and experiment with new systems both in the vineyard and in the winery.
What do you think need to happen in order for Greek wines to gain international recognition and gain the same status of Italian or France wines?
Education and promotion. These are not supermarket wines and need to be hand sold. Some good work has been done by New Wines of Greece who manage the promotional activities in North America but, unfortunately Greek wines do not enjoy the backing and support of their government that other countries' wineries do, preventing us from using our share of EU funds.
What are the benefits or challenges of producing wine in 2019 in Greece?
The benefits are the great climate, the indigenous varieties and the terroir. The challenges are the costs, the taxes, the transport and the bureaucracy.
Which varietals are grown at the winery?
We grow Mavrodaphne, Muscat, Syrah and Moschofilero. We also have agreements with growers and buy in Robola, Sauvignon Blanc, Tsaoussi, and Agiorgitiko
What is one of your favorite varietals to work with and why?
It would have to be Robola. This is the main indigenous white grape variety of Kefalonia. Although it is delicate and difficult to grow, it produces terroir driven wines of great character, complexity and balanced acidity. We have been experimenting recently with native yeasts, oak fermentation and aging on its lees. The results have been outstanding.
What goals in winemaking are you still working to achieve?
We are considering making a sparkling Robola. We are also working hard with our other main indigenous variety, Mavrodaphne. Work is done in the vineyards with the same pruning methods that are applied to Grange vineyards in Barossa, and in the winery with different barrels (fermentation in open barrels), different yeasts and different extraction methods (we currently use both pisage and delastage methods).
What do you find to be the hardest part of harvest?
Making sure we get the quantity of grapes we need at the quality we require and then making sure that they are harvested at optimal levels of ripeness.
What is one of the hardest things about winemaking year in and year out?
To maintain and surpass our level of quality for all the wines.
What have been the best vintages?
We have been making wine since 1984 but, for the purposes of brevity I refer to the outstanding vintages since 2010.
Robola: 2010, 2011, 2013, 2017
Eclipse (Mavrodaphne): 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017
What is the winery's volume of production?
About 100,000 liters or 120,000 bottles total
Which wines are aged in barrels? How long are the wines aged before being bottled?
Robola Wild Paths: Fermented and aged for 3 months before being blended into stainless steel.
Notes Red: 6 months in oak, 6 months in vat
Eclipse / Syrah: 12 months in oak, 1 month in tank
What is one of the most rewarding things about your job?
I have the opportunity to create high quality, artisanal products that bring people together in an enjoyable way. Every day and every year is different and exciting and I get to meet interesting people from all over the world.
What is your winemaking philosophy?
To make small quantities of top quality, exciting and unique wines by exploring the full potential of the local varieties. To bring to people Kefalonia in a glass.
How do you KNOW when you have a particularly good vintage?
The weather plays a big role in whether a vintage will be a particularly good one. We can tell how it looks by following the ripening season and adjusting our viticulture techniques accordingly, but we know for sure once all the grapes are safely harvested and in the winery.
Any wine making tips for those just getting into winemaking or those interested in studying wine?
Just like anything creative, winemaking must be a passion. It requires dedication, hard work and being constantly up to date. Hands-on experience is also needed.
What is one thing you have been most proud of in your work?
I find it very gratifying to see how well received our wines are, especially in other countries and by all sorts of people, from experts in the wine business to consumers enjoying a meal.


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A shockingly large proportion of businesses have no idea how to behave when GDPR comes into play, a new report by the DMA (opens in new tab) has claimed.
More than half of marketers surveyed (56 per cent) believe they're on the right track, with four per cent actually saying they're ahead in their plans of being compliant by May 2018.
Another 17 per cent are behind their current plan – up from 11 per cent in May this year.
The report says that in the last year, "awareness and preparedness among marketers has risen". More than three quarters (77 per cent) now rate their awareness as good, with just less than three quarters (74 per cent) said they're either "extremely" or "somewhat" prepared for the upcoming changes.
Their companies, however, are not that prepared. Among companies preparedness is on 58 per cent, despite the fact that 85 per cent implemented their plans for GDPR.
Chris Combemale, CEO of the DMA Group, said: "The GDPR is a watershed moment for organisations to make data protection a core brand value, placing respect for privacy at the heart of their brand proposition. We should use the new laws as a catalyst to transform the way we speak to customers, making every engagement human-centric. This will enable organisations to build trusted, authentic and transparent relationships with their customers."
As GDPR draws closer, marketers feel more affected. Now, two fifths (42 per cent) feel their businesses will be "very affected" by the new regulation, and 22 per cent feel their businesses will be "extremely affected".
Two thirds (65 per cent) believe GDPR will make things harder to do.
On the flipside, they understand the value GDPR will bring to the market in general.
Combemale continues: "As an industry, we must always keep in mind the customers' right to privacy. It's important that businesses put the principles of accountability, transparency and trust at their core. Allowing them to go beyond simply being the right side of the law and actually build a sustainable long-term relationship with customers about their data."
Image source: Shutterstock/Wright Studio


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CRM Builders Beware: Don't Fall Into the DIY Trap
By Ric Elert | 6.13.17
Is there anything more gut-wrenching than a remodeling project gone wrong? We've all watched home improvement shows and thought "I'm smart. I can do that!" In reality, do-it-yourself projects can be far more difficult than it looks on TV. And you only need to read one story about a soaking tub falling through the bathroom floor to rethink your ambition.
As an engineer turned marketer, and someone who has previously remodeled homes, I'm acutely aware of the story the bathtub tells. And it makes me cringe.
The tub represents wasted hours, dollars squandered, and additional work created. I'm also willing to bet it's the source of frustration and heated conversations. Chiefly though, the broken tub—in all its pieces—serves to teach us one thing: Some things you can do yourself; others you can't, or shouldn't.
The same holds true in marketing. Too often marketers develop DIY solutions to problems they are ill-equipped to handle, often with a steep price to pay. Building a CRM platform in-house is a common example. It seems like a straightforward project until the complexity of integrating all its core elements hits, costs mount, and progress stalls.
Here are a few ways to ensure you don't fall into the DIY trap.
Your resources are limited. Use them wisely. Whether you sell goods or services, the first thing you should be asking is, "Is this worth my time?" It takes an investment of time, talent, and capital to build robust CRM platforms that can reach your consumers at scale. I regularly talk with brands choosing to go down the DIY path, building their own system or cobbling together disparate technologies. The result is an underperforming platform that not only wastes precious marketing and ad dollars, but also requires constant refinement and attention from IT—effort that can be better spent on other parts of the business.
Don't let ego get in the way. We all work with talented people. Creating CRM platforms that reach real people takes more than talent, however. It takes a great deal of knowledge and expertise. What do I mean? IT and tech professionals might have the ability to build a system, but do they have the knowledge to maintain it? To make it nimble enough that it's able to evolve with concurrently changing needs and technologies? After they've created the platform, what do they know about media buying? Do they know how various formats perform and how to optimize against each?
Yes, technology enables us to move quickly. But you'll never do a better job than companies who have been doing this for years or even catch up to companies who are learning and refining their platforms at an exponential rate. I've sat in meetings with companies that brag about the size of their IT and analytics teams and the conversation inadvertently turns into a subtle battle of who is smarter. Again, we all work with talented people. It's not about being smart. It's about years of experience.
You can't do it alone. Building and maintaining a platform is only one part of the equation, and frankly, it might be the least important part. Like any good puzzle, the right pieces need to be used in the right places to help you complete the picture. This often involves partnering with companies that specialize in measurement or detecting ad fraud. By identifying and working with best-in-class providers, you enhance your platform. For example, partnering with niche data providers can enable you to tap into a new segment or audience in differentiated ways. Or working with a third-party verification or measurement company can provide you with additional assurances.
At their onset, DIY solutions force people to consider how much time, effort, and investment they're willing to commit. But often they don't realize that is only the end of the first act. Beyond that lies the need to sustain and grow, a critical juncture where experience and institutional knowledge factors at a premium.
The creation of anything—whether it's a new bathroom or CRM platform—requires us to look beyond the aesthetics and see the entirety of a project. And the ability to ascertain what is required to stay ahead tomorrow, and the day after, and the day after that, is a benefit of experience. Failure to recognize this means your marketing efforts will fall behind or, worse, end up in pieces.
About the Author
Conversant President Ric Elert is a recognized industry leader who sets the company's vision and ensures that clients can have personalized conversations with their customers across every device, channel and media format.
Prior to joining Conversant, Ric was EVP of engineering at comScore. He oversaw the development and management of comScore's global enterprise technology.
Ric sits on several boards, including the Federation for Internet Alerts (FIA) and FreeOsk, and is a founding member of the IAB Data Center of Excellence.


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A committed and responsible bank
BNP Paribas' Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) approach allows the Group to take part in building a sustainable future, while ensuring the Group's performance and continued stability. Since 2012 the CSR policy has been built on four pillars: economic, social, civic, and environmental responsibility.
The BNP Paribas Group's foundation in Germany was founded in 2015. It specifically supports children and young people who have to overcome hurdles and barriers in their own personal biography, for example as a result of social disadvantage, disability, a migration or refugee background.


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I'm not gonna lie, we were pretty damn excited to hear that Richmond Fontaine had returned with a new album. Due out September 20, The High Country is a conceptual recording—or, as they call it, a "song-novel concept album"—that takes full advantage of frontman Willy Vlautin's gift for writing (sad) stories about fascinating (and sad) characters. Shockingly, the album has no songs about Vlautin's other favorite topics: Reno, horses, drunk jockeys, and a drunk Reno jockey who rides a horse that has a gambling problem.
Come on Mr. Cinnamon, you always split aces! Stupid horse.
Anyway, back to the video. True to its title, this clip for "Lost in the Trees" pieces together (via hazy flashbacks) a particularly harrowing night of heavy partying deep in the woods. It's a bit creepy, so don't watch this if you are about to head into the wilderness for a weekend camping trip.
End Hits: Can someone mash this song up with Kanye's "Lost In The World"?


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ElectroFence® 11/48/12 Electric Netting
An effective electrified fence that keeps in sheep, goats, guard dogs and cattle while keeping out deer, coyotes and bear.
How it differs from PermaNet®:
- An extra "live" horizontal strand.
- Lowest live strand is only 4" above the soil (vs 6" for PermaNet).
- Verticals every 12" (vs 6").
- Strutted verticals instead of string. Less likely to sag between posts.
How it's similar to PermaNet®:
The same in all other respects (post size, post spacing, height and conductivity).
Which ElectroFence® is right for you?We offer many fences to fit your situation, including multiple lengths with different post spacings, drivable line posts and positive/negative options for dry soils. Visit this link to compare all ElectroFence options.
Common Uses
Available with positive/negative (Pos/Neg) capability for high resistance fencing conditions.
For small breeds such as Pygmy or Nigerian Dwarf goats use PoultryNet style netting. The tighter spacings are a better deterrent to these species than the wider spaced ElectroStop.
|ElectroFence® 11/48/12
|48" installed
|Horizontal Strands
|11 (10 conductive)
|Vertical Strands
|Plastic struts, spaced every 12"
|Roll Length
|50' or 100'
|Premium Superconductor
|Electrical Resistance
|38 Ω/per 1000'
|Line Post Options
|Single Spike (SS)
Double Spike (DS)
|Line Post Material
|White PVC, 0.75" diameter
|Spike Length/Diameter
|Distance Between Posts
|Pos/Neg (PN) Option*
|100' (SS) roll
|Horizontal Spacings
|4", 4", 4", 4", 4", 4", 6", 6", 6", 6"
(from bottom to top)
Each roll comes with 1 Warning Sign and 1 Repair Kit.
* Pos/Neg (PN) fences are recommended where the soil is very dry and/or the animals do not ground well. Two clips are used at each end. One is hooked to the energizer, the second should be connected to a ground rod.
- #204500 - $1.65 per ft (100' roll with single spike posts)
- #204501 - $2.64 per ft (50' roll with single spike posts)
- #204515 - $1.86 per ft (100' Positive/Negative roll with single spike posts)
- #204510 - $1.78 per ft (100' roll with double spike posts)
Tip: When using Pos/Neg fencing, a PowerLink (see Accessories above) is recommended to attach the negative lead to the ground rod.
Note: Weeds must be controlled for ElectroFence to remain effective. Either move and mow as needed during the growing season, or spray herbicide (see photos above) along the bottom strand of the net. If you can't do this, ElectroFence may not be the right net for you.
See PDFs and videos above for additional installation instructions.
Warning! Due to risk of fire, do NOT use continuous output energizers with electric netting or electro-plastic conductors such as rope, twine or tape. Use only with a low or wide impedance intermittent pulse energizer. (Fi-Shock™ brand energizers which are sold as low impedance, continuous current output should NOT be used with electric netting.) All energizers sold on Premier's website use an intermittent pulse and are suitable for use with electric netting.
Dry conditions and wintertime usage may reduce the effectiveness of electric fencing. Ice and heavy snow can flatten netting and thereby damage it.
Dry or frozen ground may cause post spikes to bend or break if inserted with force. Pilot holes may be needed. We recommend using drivable or single spike posts in hard soils. Double spike posts provide more stability when the ground is soft.
Listed below are recommended optional components. Your particular situation may require alternative recommendations. Please call and talk to our fence consultants if there are any questions at 800-282-6631.
Posts and Accessories
FiberTuff™ Post, 48" tall, 22mm diaItem #208055 -
Fiberglass-reinforced support posts for ends, corners and major directional changes. Commonly used with electrified net fences.$9.65
Energizer Kits
Solar IntelliShock® 60 Energizer with Digital TesterItem #113300 -
Solar powered 0.60 joule energizer used with electric fences to contain sheep, goats, poultry, swine, cattle and horses. Effective against predators.$285.00
Energizer Kits
PrimaShock® 4 EnergizerItem #113001 -
A budget-friendly 4 joule output electric fence charger. Use as a plug-in energizer (AC) or as a battery energizer (DC).$159.00
Energizer Kits
Kube 4000 (Plug-In) Energizer KitItem #115111 -
An economic 110V wide-impedance electric fence energizer kit used for medium length fences.$226.30
Energizer Kits
HotShock 5 (Battery) Energizer KitItem #1120053 -
A 110V AC or 12V DC electric fence energizer used to contain poultry, cattle, sheep, goats, horses and guard dogs. Effective against predators.$128.95
Fence Connectors and Accessories
PowerLink™ 4.0, 30" longItem #335500 -
Make instant, in-field connections between electric fences without the need of turning off the energizer. Simple to use and effective.$5.00
Fence Connectors and Accessories
Fence & Battery Digital TesterItem #200010 -
All-in-one fence tester checks the voltage of energizers, fences and 12V batteries. Simplify electric fence troubleshooting with one device!$24.00
Fence Connectors and Accessories
5-Light Wireless Fence TesterItem #200006 -
Low cost 5-light wireless tester to measure approximate fence voltage. Used to determine if your energizer/charger is working properly.$15.00
Fence Connectors and Accessories
Warning SignItem #346000 -
Let passersby know that your fences are electrified with this easy-to-read electric fence warning sign.$1.60
Fence Connectors and Accessories
Litzclip® Repair Set, 3mm, (4) 2-way, (2) 3-way & (2) 4-wayItem #200008 -
Repair electric net fences simply, quickly and securely. No tools required! For electric netting and other 3mm conductors.$9.50
ElectroFence Gate (7.5 ft x 48" tall), black/white with black postsItem #340616 -
Easy access in/out of net enclosures without having to turn off the energizer!$60.00
Posts and Accessories
NetPost 19/48/SS (white) - For: PermaNet 10/48/6, PermaNet 12/48/3, ElectroFence 11/48/12 or PermaNet Plus 12/48/3Item #206501 -
Replacement line posts for Premier's netting. Designs for each type of net, double or single spike.$3.60
Posts and Accessories
NetPost 19/48/DS (white) - For: PermaNet 10/48/6, PermaNet & Plus 12/48/3, Horse and Cattle QF 4/48/24 or ElectroFence & Plus 11/48/12Item #207046 -
Replacement line posts for Premier's netting. Designs for each type of net, double or single spike.$3.80
Fence Connectors and Accessories
Repair Kit for Bear QuikFence, ElectroFence & Plus, ElectroNet (DP), ElectroStop (DP), PermaNet, Plus & Pro, PoultryNet (DP) & VersaNet 60Item #201730 -
A handy repair kit that includes all of the essentials to patch tears and holes in electric net fences.$2.00
Fence Connectors and Accessories
Brass Ferrules for NettingItem #200500 -
Tie broken electric fence conductors together and crush one of these ferrules over the knot to secure the connection.$0.16
Fence Connectors and Accessories
Replacement - Electrical clip for nettingItem #200900 -
This clip is designed to connect all the horizontals on any electrified netting together electrically.$0.25
Fence Connectors and Accessories
Replacement Top Cap for .75" dia (19mm) net postsItem #206502 -
Replacement top cap for .75" and 19mm diameter electric netting fence posts.$0.21
Fence Connectors and Accessories
Replacement Cord Retainer for .75" (19mm) net postsItem #206503 -
Replacement clip designed for the steel spikes on posts.$0.20
Write a Review
You must be logged in to leave a review. Please sign in.
Phillip M from Utah
A very handy tool if you have a small livestock and need to graze it in random places. Easy to work with. A must-have if you need to safe on time, energy, and money. I definitely would recommend it!
Catrina H from WEST VIRGINIA
I love my fence. It works well on our steep terrain where we have our goats. Very easy set-up and take down. My goats havent escaped from it yet. Knock on wood.
Rebekah S from Indiana
Great product! I've had cheaper fences and you can feel the difference in quality with this fence. Strong materials that set up easily and stay up nicely. Not too heavy for moving and doesn't tangle easily.
Andrew A from Tennessee
Fantastic product. I purchased 1200 ft. Easy installation and it works great for my goats. Will purchase more in the future.
Wilfred D from Montana
This is my 2nd purchase for this product I now 200' . 100' just not enough might even go bigger. I use a single stake, because our ground is so hard. Working on a pre-hole making device so that it's easier to into the hole.


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Cárdenas to replace Adegbile as dean
May 7, 2015
Celso Cárdenas will replace Dean Tamar Adegbile next year, Head of Upper School Audrius Barzdukas said in an email to parents today.
Cárdenas was previously the Associate Director of College Counseling at Francis W. Parker School in Chicago. He will take over as dean for Adegbile's current sophomores and juniors as well as next year's incoming sophomores.
"Every transition is bittersweet, and while we are sad to lose an iconic dean and beloved faculty member in Ms. Adegbile, we feel incredibly fortunate and excited about Mr. Cárdenas bringing his talent, experience and wisdom to Harvard-Westlake," Barzdukas said in the email.
At Francis W. Parker, Cárdenas worked with standardized college testing, and visited various universities throughout the nation and schools in Canada and Ireland. He was the first of his family to go to college, graduating from the University of Michigan. He also received a master's degree in community counseling from Northeastern Illinois University and has experience providing mental health counseling.
"We looked across the United States for a new dean and believe that we have found the best one in Mr. Cárdenas," Barzdukas said. "His unique blend of skills and experience in counseling young people, college admissions and higher education is ideal for serving as your dean."
Cárdenas is fluent in Spanish, has published a short story "Brotherhood: Gay Life in College Fraternities" and filmed an independent movie.
Students will have the opportunity to meet Cárdenas at a reception May 21 in the Feldman-Horn Gallery from 4:30 to 6:30 p.m.


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Create an Account - Increase your productivity, customize your experience, and engage in information you care about.
View open bids for consultants, service providers, contractors, vendors, and suppliers.
View Bid Tabulations and Results here.
Access legal notices from the Borough of Phoenixville, including notices to bidders and of council meetings.
Browse proposed ordinances, view meeting dates, and check approval status.


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Classic Coca Cola Truck
To my dear Mum, Happy mother's day
Reply from Tooth Fairy – Apr 2018
Dear Vincent
It's nice to hear from you. It has been a very long time since I saw you last time.
Hope your baby tooth didn't cause you any pain, and not affect your sleep.
I will drop your gift while you are sleeping. Of cause, a kiss for you while you are in dream.
Look after yourself and your family, and care about your teeth. Make sure clean it before and after sleep. Try not contact soda water and sugar.
Note: you don't need to keep window open for me.
Love you.
Tooth fairy.
Anti Bullying Poem
Letter to parents
First time in China Apr 2017
What a lovely tripe, it's amazing to see how advanced in China now.
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A letter to Santa Sep2016
Te Tuhi
This pirate was loved by Dad and Mum. It's done after finished my home work.


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Flooring Installation & Flooring Removal Services
Get A Quote! Call us : 954.557.8129
Spears Flooring, Inc.
286 East Royal Cove Circle
Davie, FL 33325
Call us: 954.557.8129
Hours of Operation:
Mon – Sat 8:00 AM – 5:00 PM
Sunday 9:00 AM – 5:00 PM
I'm interested in (required)Flooring Installation ServiceFlooring Removal ServiceBathroom RemodelingOther
We will not sell or trade your contact information. This information will be used for the sole purpose of contacting you to offer services and answer any additional questions you may have about offered services.


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Class 6A Week 7 Rankings, Notes & Picks
Hootens.com Rankings
Class 6A, Week 7, 2017
Copyright Hooten Publishing, Inc.
1. Greenwood (6-0)
2. El Dorado (5-1)
3. Pine Bluff (5-1)
4. West Memphis (6-0)
5. Benton (5-1)
6. Jonesboro (4-2)
7. Searcy (5-1)
8. Texarkana (3-3)
9. Marion (2-4)
10. Russellville (3-3)
11. Lake Hamilton (2-4)
12. Siloam Springs (2-4)
13. Jacksonville (2-4)
14. Mountain Home (0-6)
15. Sheridan (0-6)
16. LR Hall (1-5)
No. 5 Benton at No. 2 El Dorado
An El Dorado win keeps alive its hopes for a league title and a first-round home game. A Benton win sets up a showdown next week with Greenwood for the 6A West title and No. 1 playoff seed. Benton tamed Texarkana 38-19 last week to remain unbeaten in league play. Benton sophomore QB Peyton Hudgins made his first varsity start and completed 13 of 26 passes for 137 yards and a touchdown. He ran for 94 yards and another score. Hudgins is the third QB to start for Benton this year, joining junior Colen Morrow (out for season with a torn ACL) and Gavin Wells (moved to receiver). El Dorado led Sheridan by 14 points at halftime last week and blanked the 'Jackets in the second half for a 49-14 win. Landers Auto Group Super Team linebacker Mon'Tre Marshall racked up 20 tackles (14 unassisted, two for loss), two sacks and an interception against Sheridan. Benton is bigger than El Dorado on both lines, but El Dorado's linebackers make tackles from sideline to sideline.
Hootens.com correctly predicted the winners in six of eight games (75 percent) last week involving 6A teams. For the season, hootens.com has correctly picked 47 of 56 games (84 percent).
Hooten's Arkansas Football airs 10:30 a.m. Saturdays on KATV (ABC Little Rock) Ch. 7, covering the Razorbacks, high school teams and players to watch.
WEEK 7 PREDICTIONS (favored team in CAPS followed by point spread)
Searcy at PINE BLUFF (10): Last week, Pine Bluff scored 35 unanswered points against Jonesboro in a 48-34 win to remain unbeaten in league play. Sophomore QB Tyler Foots connected on 14 of 31 passes for 301 yards and five TDs. Landers Auto Group Super Teamer Jyrimee Thompson snatched seven passes for 230 yards and four scores. Searcy improved to 3-0 on the road this year with a 37-20 victory last week at Marion. Senior QB Mason Schucker accounted for four scores, and his passing TDs went to three receivers. Schucker completes 57 percent of his passes this fall for 1,864 yards and 24 TDs with five interceptions. Both offenses are big-play capable, but Pine Bluff's defense can make a few more stops.
WEST MEMPHIS (2) at Jonesboro: Winner remains in the conference title hunt and could earn a first-round home playoff game. West Memphis juked Jonesboro (40-38) last year on the game's final play at Hamilton-Shultz Field. Last week West Memphis recorded its second shutout this year in a 54-0 homecoming romp over Hall, stifling the Warriors to minus-48 yards rushing in the first half. Senior QB Michael Troxler accounted for four TDs, two of which went to Landers Auto Group Super Team receiver Steven Stone. Jonesboro bolted to a 14-0 lead at Pine Bluff last week, but managed 17 yards on its final six possessions of the first half to trail 28-14 at halftime. West Memphis wins if its able to limit Jonesboro's running game.
MARION (14) at Mountain Home: Marion held Searcy to three of 11 on third-down attempts last week and led 14-10 at halftime, but the Lions scored 21 unanswered points in the third quarter for a 37-20 loss. Marion junior receiver Joyrion Chase has emerged as a playmaker, catching 42 passes for 735 yards and two TDs this season. Mountain Home forced four turnovers and outgained Jacksonville 312-262 last week but lost 14-10. Mountain Home boasts improved special teams and a veteran secondary, but the Bombers average a 6A-East low 9.6 points per game. Marion should make enough plays to win its ninth consecutive game against Mountain Home.
JACKSONVILLE (6) at Hall: Loser likely misses playoffs. Jacksonville slipped Mountain Home last week 14-10 behind TDs from H.D. Martin and Shawn Ellis. Hall struggled to zero total yards at halftime at West Memphis in a 54-0 loss. Jacksonville, playing with renewed confidence, drops Hall.
Benton at EL DORADO (3): See hootens.com Game of the Week.
GREENWOOD (20) at Russellville: Teams split their two meetings last year. Russellville downed Greenwood in last year's Class 6A state final after Greenwood topped Russellville Week 7 en route to the 6A West title. Greenwood posted its second shutout of 2017 last week 38-0 over Siloam Springs. The Bulldogs stuffed Siloam Springs three times inside the 10-yard line to keep the Panthers scoreless. Greenwood junior receiver Peyton Holt caught three TD passes, including an 80-yarder, from senior University of Arkansas commit Connor Noland. Junior Trey Woods intercepted two Siloam Springs passes, including one in the end zone. Russellville led at Lake Hamilton 34-14 in the third quarter, but the Cyclones had to break up a pass in the end zone on the game's final play to clinch a 40-35 win. Russellville's 418 total yards were its second-best production this year (556 at Heritage Week 2).
Sheridan at TEXARKANA (17): Sheridan managed two TD drives last week in the first half against El Dorado, marking the Yellowjackets' highest-scoring first half of the year. Texarkana is 1-2 in the 6A West but has lost to Greenwood and Benton, which are a combined 6-0 in the league. The Hogs promoted sophomore QB Sean Foreback to starter last week, and junior Drake Browning bumps to receiver. Foreback connected with Browning for a TD last week. Texarkana's quick but undersized defense stymies Sheridan.
LAKE HAMILTON (3) at Siloam Springs: Loser likely misses playoffs. Lake Hamilton trailed Russellville 40-35 with 1:55 left in regulation last week when the Wolves forced a turnover on downs and drove to the 15-yard line before Russellville batted down a potential game-winning TD pass. The Wolves have lost four straight games for the third time since 2005. Siloam Springs allowed only 10 second-half points at Greenwood last week in a 38-0 loss.


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External event|
Social protection has significantly gained prominence in the international development debate. It is a key tool for the eradication of poverty, for the reduction of vulnerability and for the limitation of rising income inequality. Apart from this, however, social protection also has an economic and a political function: Its pure existence encourages people to become economically active and accept additional risks related to investments in physical and human capital. And, by alleviating peoples' concerns about the future, social protection can also contribute to social inclusion, social cohesion and political and social stability. The question is thus why social protection still plays a rather limited role as a field of international development co-operation and why it has attracted attention by the international development debate only recently. Shouldn't governments and donors invest much more systematically in the development of social protection schemes that respond to the respective needs and capacities of people in different countries? The social protection floor initiative of the ILO and other international organisations provides a basis and orientation for such an engagement. Many developing countries have already started to implement first elements of such an initiative with great success. And how should social protection best be integrated into the forthcoming international post-2015 agenda – as a separate goal, as an element of another goal or as an instrument for achieving several of the goals?