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There are some tempests in coffeecups that need to be examined closely. I think Willow Creek Community Church is doing good things for the cause of Christ. I think they have great ways of ministering to people and challenging Christians to be better people. But I am concerned that their stance on gays and lesbians will cost them in the end because it doesn't reflect God's stance, and because it hurts families, and ultimately hurts Christ's message to the world. Below I go through the recent Leadership Summit situation and try to find some answers within Willow Creek's response.
The Tempest:
Things were going fine for Willow Creek Community Church as they were the sponsor and host for a Leadership Summit in 2011 that had on its list of speakers CEO of Starbucks, Howard Schultz. Then Change.org sponsored a petition that asked Mr. Schultz to cancel his speaking engagement at Willow Creek based on Willow Creek's past association with Exodus International, which promotes ex-gay conversion therapy. Willow Creek had dissolved relationships with Exodus International years ago, but not on belief issues, but moreso based on where the church wanted to focus its activity. They got a lot of heat for that from evangelicals and other Christians on the far right who saw their dissolution with Exodus International a sign that they were going soft on gays. Still, the petition mentioned that Willow Creek still had anti-gay messages of its own. They wanted Starbucks not to associate itself with anti-gay anything.
So Schultz canceled his speaking engagement at the Leadership Summit.
The Reaction:
The World, watching, reported and discussed Willow Creek Community Church in a negative light. So, Willow Creek started doing damage control. They came out with a statement that said they were not "anti-gay" nor were they "anti-anybody". In fact, they touted the hundreds of people with "same-sex attraction" that attended their church on a regular basis as proof they weren't anti-gay. Just ask them, Bill Hybels, pastor of Willow Creek, seemed to say. They don't feel unwelcome, he implied. He went on to say that his church challenges everyone to live up to the "sexual ethics" as presented in the Scriptures. And these are: "full sexual expression between men and women in the confines of marriage" and "sexual abstinence and purity for everyone else."
The Video Response:
Of course, in the video statement below, he is on home field. He gets lots of hoots and hollers from supportive congregation members. It's a safe place for Hybels to make that kind of statement. He gets to compliment them. He gets to tell them they are doing fine. He gets to re-brand them as the nice people they know they are. Who would question Hybels at WCCC? A whole room full of people who felt a bit stung by the media's labeling them "anti-gay" give him clapping and happiness when they are re-labeled as not "anti-anything", but welcoming of everyone–by the person who most needs to re-label the church, Bill Hybels, because of the bad PR he and his church are getting. It's always nice to show your mother your artwork. You know she'll love it. But she's not the best critic.
My opening concerns:
Let me say that I don't want to stop churches from progressing–even in baby steps–to a full realization and agreement with God on this issue–that gays are 100% equal to everyone else in the eyes of God and are certainly allowed full sexual expression with their partners. However, some churches seem to think that halfway is good enough—or even that the appearance of love will make it more palatable when they tell gay people to stay celibate.
This stops churches from progressing–and so I feel the need to say something to let them know that this is still not good. To say to someone, "We love you, but you are still less than us–by some accident of creation. We love you–but you are never allowed to have any of the privileges of serving the church or joys of companionship," is not Christian.
Gays at Willow Creek Under WCCC definitions:
Hybels refers to gays at Willow Creek as those who have "same-sex attraction." He might do this because giving them GLBT monikers would empower them too much, or he might be reflecting their own wishes as they struggle with something they don't want to have as a label. And there are some gays and lesbians who prefer to be "Side B" Christians. This comes with its own challenges as a definition–mainly because evangelicals love that these folks already embrace a celibate lifestyle (of their own choosing). I find Side B has many problems for the rest of the GLBT community that should be addressed.
I've heard from friends who know gay couples that go to the church, and they say they don't feel unwelcome, or that they have to abide by any rules. But when 8000 people strongly believe that you are off path–and they preach from the pulpit what Hybels says in this video, there is judgment present. It has an effect on a couple. (Having sat in a church that loved me but thought I was delusional for being gay and wanting to date—it's a tremendous horrible pressure.)
A great article from the Marin Foundation, a bridge-building organization that seeks to pull together evangelicals and the GLBT community, gives Hybels a walk on this one–saying that his statement is pretty accepting compared to other churches. But even the author to this article admits that there are holes:
A former lay leader at Willow Creek was asked to step down when the church found out he was gay. "My personal experience was one that was not anti-gay," he said, "but I wouldn't say it was pro-gay either. Willow welcomes people, but they welcome gay people to the back row. I was asked to step down from my position, even though I hadn't ever had sex. The same question—'How's your celibacy going when you're not married?'—was not asked of my heterosexual counterparts."
Their proclamation in this video shows that their stance is one of outward welcome, and inward castration for gay and lesbian members.
How would a partnership or marriage survive constant scrutiny and judgment in a church? One group gets to have all of God's blessings–another group has limits, and gets to hear statements like the one below made from the pulpit of a church that proclaims to "accept" them. At Willow Creek, gays can only make God truly happy if they never have sex, or if they have straight sex. God is "thrilled", however, with all those straight people around them. I don't know many couples who could take that kind of double standard. If we just numbered you off–and all the even couples got full acceptance, and all the odd couples got disappointment, challenges to change, constantly looking at the even couples who have everything–the pressure on a marriage, or on a person, would be tremendous. And these days, marriage is already under so much strain. Fifty percent of straight marriages don't last. And the percentage is HIGHER if you go to a conservative church:
Divorce rates among conservative Christians were significantly higher than for other faith groups, and much higher than Atheists and Agnostics experience.
George Barna, president and founder of Barna Research Group, commented:
"While it may be alarming to discover that born again Christians are more likely than others to experience a divorce, that pattern has been in place for quite some time. Even more disturbing, perhaps, is that when those individuals experience a divorce many of them feel their community of faith provides rejection rather than support and healing. But the research also raises questions regarding the effectiveness of how churches minister to families. The ultimate responsibility for a marriage belongs to the husband and wife, but the high incidence of divorce within the Christian community challenges the idea that churches provide truly practical and life-changing support for marriages."
My point is that gay relationships enduring a constant barrage of messages that say that they are less than God's best, and that they should not be having sex, or a relationship, for that matter, would face an unhealthy environment with which to grow. Normally couples who attend churches can find themselves learning and growing in Christ through discussion and interaction with equals, all searching for answers in their lives, and serving, possibly finding leadership opportunities–but gay couples at Willow Creek would face a strong barrier to all of this. They would be seen as not having their lives "right" in the first place–and therefore, unable to grow or learn until they get that "straightened out."
Listen to the video of their statement as if you were a gay person, or a gay couple, attending Willow Creek Community Church–how would you feel? If this were directed at straight couples, could you endure? It gets interesting at the 3 minute mark:
Some thoughts:
Willow Creek, and Bill Hybels, you are still anti-gay if you could answer no to any of the following statements:
1. If Gay Marriage was made possible through the entire United States, and their marriages were just as legal as heterosexual marriages, would you be able to change your statement? What happens when the US says it's okay for gays to marry? Then churches won't be so smugly inside the law. There will be a larger cultural battle between these churches and the US government. Not sure churches will feel so easy to hold a faulty viewpoint.
2. Would I be welcome with my partner to serve in the church, in any capacity, in the choir, being a chaperone on youth functions, serving communion, or leading prayer?
3. Are you letting youth know that they can live happy and fulfilling lives as gay people? Would my children be coerced, shamed or otherwise encouraged to become straight even if they are gay? Perhaps they would realize the double-standard in store for them inside your system. Then what? Will kids be told that they have miserable lives before them if they don't change? Yes, just by listening to your sermons.
4. Is it possible for your church to leave the matter open for discussion by inviting speakers at your church that will speak to your WHOLE congregation on a Sunday morning, on TV, on being gay and Christian and dating and married? And the joy that God brings in their lives?
5. Would you allow teachers or speakers to promote a Biblical understanding of gay christianity that differs from your interpretation–even if they were Biblical scholars from Harvard?
6. If you discovered that you were wrong on your interpretation of scripture regarding gay people–and that they can have full sexual expression– would you change your stance?
If you answered no to any of these questions, you are still considering being gay a sin. You are still putting a dichotomy between attraction and dating/sex. This is not a dichotomy you give to straight people. You allow their attraction and their dating. By not allowing full expression of gays and lesbians, bisexual and transgendered folks in your church, you are a) setting up a double-standard for sexual expression based on YOUR interpretation of the Bible, b) you are not seeking as a church to know the truth on the issue if it does not match what you've found–so ongoing dialogue is over, c) you are denying the full expression of the Living Holy Spirit which still speaks today, and d) you are asking gays to shoulder a burden you wouldn't give any straight person, because even straight single people can find love eventually and be brought into full-acceptance within the church–which means your stance purposely targets GAY people. Straight people, in your church, will always have hope.
I am sympathetic to those who are just coming out and trying to figure out the truth on this matter–but, Willow Creek, you don't provide anything but your opinion on scripture. Certainly you are not giving gay people the dignity of being called "gay" or "lesbian" nor are you allowing them to read scriptural interpretation that differs from your own so they can make a real decision. As a church then, you are not allowing God to say anything that doesn't match with your understanding–nor inviting dialogue that might reach a new understanding. There is no growth here.
I get that impression as well from the video–that gays are welcome to come and change.
Why your policies show an anti-gay stance:
Folks who disagree can't openly challenge any of your "ideas" of scripture in your church–ideas that not every Biblical scholar agrees with, not every denomination agrees with. While other stances may not be universally agreed upon either in all denominations, this is a stance targeted towards ONE group.
Any gay person who started dating, who was affectionate in public with another person of their sex, who questioned the authority of your scriptural reading, who got married, who started telling others in the church that God had a fuller-idea for gays and lesbians, a different gospel than Willow Creek was pushing—would be corrected, argued with, coerced, silenced, ostracized, and eventually pushed out of Willow Creek Community Church. Is that not so? Could your church tolerate a Jesus with a new gospel?
It is not good for man to be alone
I believe your stance on scripture is dangerously in error. Christ never spoke about homosexuality. Genesis 2:24 is the verse you pull up to show God's idea on marriage. "For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh." It's that "for this reason" that refers back a few verses. The more important verse that you should be looking at is this: Genesis 2:18– "It is not good for man to be alone." The important thing to consider is that God had compassion on single people. He goes through every creature to find a suitable companion, but the suitable companion is another human being. In this case, it happens to be a wife. But you cannot say that God creates a wife for every man. Try that one on Sunday morning and see the response you get from people who are single in your church.
As we know the Bible is filled with lovable, accepted and affirmed leaders who had polygamous relationships, and prostitutes are lauded for their cleverness and included in Christ's lineage. God never had a thing to say against the marriages of Abraham, Moses, Jacob, or many of our other patriarchs. Who they married was unimportant to their ministry, to their walk with God.
The truth is–who gay people choose to marry is also unimportant. Gay people are only dating and loving another person, which is a God-given impulse for all humans. I sincerely believe that God does not want us to be alone. Even Paul admits that you have to be called to be celibate–and that it is better to marry than burn. Celibacy is not your call to make. It is each individual's choice based on calling, not on a blanket scriptural doctrine for a whole group of people. You would burden gays with resisting for their WHOLE LIVES this urge for companionship, and their sexual expression. I challenge you, as a church, to go without sex or affection towards your partner for five months to better understand what you are asking gay people to do. (don't blame scripture on this–scripture doesn't say it.)
Conversion Therapy
While I applaud your dissolution of relationship with Exodus International, your stance with gays scares me. Instead of up front telling gays you are trying to convert them, you offer them incentives for good behavior. Love, acceptance, rejoicing. When Gays "choose" to become celibate or straight, they win the lottery at Willow Creek. Folks are overjoyed as much in their conversion as they are in the fact that they can use them as evidence against the current GLBT community which is simply asking churches for full acceptance.
Gays who follow your rules get to be token "happy" people who are living forced celibate lives. Not all celibates are forced–some take a vow of celibacy because God asks them to. Some, unfortunately, based on faulty scripture, take a vow of celibacy because they believe God doesn't want them to "act" on their "gay urges." When they "slip up" there is great shame and remorse and guilt and unworthiness that Willow Creek gets to be "magnanimous" and "forgive". How Wonderful Willow Creek looks towards its gay people. By purposely keeping them hobbled, their kindness towards the disabled looks genuine.
This is why you, Willow Creek Community Church, are still practicing anti-gay policies. What's worse is that you hide it in "acceptance" of people's journeys, while you, yourself, are no longer on any journey. You are convincing others that to be Christian they can't be fully human if they are gay. But you "love" them—and that love is so compelling, so desired by people, that they will deny themselves any personal happiness in order to keep the love of their church.
This is the most troubling stance that you could take—the appearance of love, the requirement of absolute lifelong celibacy. It is a false appearance. I would rather you reject gays so they know that God is not there at all in your church, so that they can find a loving church that does accept them. But by feigning the appearance of love (love without full acceptance is not love) you fool them into thinking that God is behind you. You make the gays that can't contort themselves into something acceptable walk away from God. You cause gay people to walk away from God. Think about that.
I'm sorry, Willow Creek. I'm sorry, Bill. I know you want to love people–and I believe you are sincere–but you have become smug with your own humanitarian stance of being kind to a people who are, in your opinion, "condemned" to being alone and unloved by a partner for the rest of their lives. You are adopting gays as perpetual pets and spaying and neutering them in the name of God.
I don't think 700 signers on a petition should have scared Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz. I think understanding how deceptively friendly and dangerous and un-Christian Willow Creek's stance towards gays should have scared him. And should scare us all. I sincerely hope, Willow Creek Community Church, that you will look again at your policies, and rethink your scriptural stance. It doesn't have to be this way. Here is a wonderful resource that can help you be a welcoming and affirming church. And there are other resources that can give you a better understanding of how God sees gays.


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RepRapFirmware is configured at run-time by means of files in the /sys folder of the on-board SD card. This means that you must have an SD card in the on-board socket to use RepRapFirmware. You do not have to recompile RepRapFirmware to configure it, so if you wish to update the firmware on your Duet or other compatible electronics board, you can download a ready-built binary.
For the changes you need to make for other types of printer, see:
- Configuring RepRapFirmware for a Delta printer
- Configuring RepRapFirmware for a CoreXY printer
- Configuring RepRapFirmware for an IDEX printer
- Configuring RepRapFirmware for a SCARA printer
- Configuring RepRapFirmware for a CNC machine
- Configuring RepRapFirmware for a Polar printer
- Configuring RepRapFirmware for a Hangprinter printer
The easiest way to generate these files is using the RepRapFirmware configuration tool .
Main configuration file
The main configuration file is sys/config.g. This file is read when RepRapFirmware starts up.
The order of commands in the config.g file is generally immaterial, with the following exceptions:
- The G31 command must come after the M558 command. This is because separate G31 parameters are stored for each possible probe type.
- Any M584 commands used to remap drivers must come before M350 and M906 commands. M584 commands that create new axes must also come before the M92, M201, M203, M208 and M566 that set parameters for those axes.
- The M92 commands to set steps/mm should either come after any M350 command to set microstepping, or else the M92 parameters should be correct for the default x16 microstepping. This is because when you change microstepping, the steps/mm are automatically adjusted to take account of the change in microstepping.
- If you use M307 to define a model for a heater and you also use M301 to adjust the PID parameters for that heater, the M301 command must come after the M307 command. This is because default PID parameters are set when you execute M307.
- M501 to load values stored in config-override.g should be at or near the end, so that the commands in config-override.g don't get overridden themselves.
- M671 if used must come after any M667 or M669 command to define the kinematics
Summary: M558 before G31, and M584 before other motion-related commands. M501 at the end.
The config.g file is typically organised into sections along the following lines.
Prologue and communications section
Example for Duet 2 WiFi:
M111 S0 ; Debug off M550 PMyOrmerod ; Machine name (can be anything you like) M551 Preprap ; Machine password (used when you connect Duet Web Control or via FTP) M552 S1 ; Enable WiFi M555 P2 ; Set output to look like Marlin M575 P1 B57600 S1 ; Set auxiliary serial port baud rate and require checksum (for PanelDue)
Example for Duet 0.6, Duet 0.8.5 or Duet 2 Ethernet:
M111 S0 ; Debug off M550 PMyOrmerod ; Machine name (can be anything you like) M551 Preprap ; Machine password (used when you connect Duet Web Control or via FTP) M540 PBE:EF:DE:AD:FE:ED ; MAC Address (only needed if you have more than one Duet 0.6 or 0.8.5 on the same network) M552 P0.0.0.0 ; IP address (0 = use DHCP) M554 P192.168.1.254 ; Gateway (not used yet) M553 P255.255.255.0 ; Netmask M555 P2 ; Set output to look like Marlin M575 P1 B57600 S1 ; Set auxiliary serial port baud rate and require checksum (for PanelDue)
On the older Duets, the machine name is used as a basis for the netbios name, so in the above example if your router supports netbios then you can attach to the web interface by typing "MyOrmerod/" into your browser. The password is used when connecting via FTP or the web interface (if you leave the password set as "reprap" then the web interface will not ask for a password).
When using more than one legacy Duet on a wired network, you must given them all different MAC addresses. Change the final ED in the M540 command to a unique 2-digit hex number for each one.
Movement section
M569 P0 S1 ; Drive 0 goes forwards (change to S0 to reverse it) M569 P1 S0 ; Drive 1 goes backwards M569 P2 S1 ; Drive 2 goes forwards M569 P3 S1 ; Drive 3 goes forwards M569 P4 S1 ; Drive 4 goes forwards M350 X16 Y16 Z16 E16 I1 ; set 16x microstepping with interpolation M574 X0 Y1 Z0 S1 ; set homing switch configuration (Y homing switch only, at low end, active high) M906 X800 Y1000 Z800 E800 ; Set motor currents (mA) M201 X800 Y800 Z15 E1000 ; Accelerations (mm/s^2) M203 X15000 Y15000 Z100 E3600 ; Maximum speeds (mm/min) M566 X600 Y600 Z30 E20 ; Maximum jerk speeds mm/minute M208 X200 Y200 Z200 ; set axis maxima and high homing switch positions (adjust to suit your machine) M208 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 S1 ; set axis minima and low homing switch positions (adjust to make X=0 and Y=0 the edges of the bed) M92 X80 Y80 Z4000 ; set axis steps/mm M92 E420:420 ; set extruder 0 and 1 steps/mm G21 ; Work in millimetres G90 ; Send absolute coordinates... M83 ; ...but relative extruder moves
The M569 commands are optional, drives go forward by default. In the M569 command you can also change the polarity of the driver Enable signal or lengthen the step pulse time, which you may need to do if you use external stepper motor drivers. See the list of supported gcodes for details.
The M350 command to set microstepping should come before the M92 commands to set steps/mm, because the steps/mm are adjusted automatically when microstepping is changed. Microstepping is fixed at 16x on the Duet 0.6 and Duet 0.8.5. On the Duet 2 you can choose microstepping of 1, 2, 4, 6, 16, 32, 128 or 256; and when using 16x microstepping only, the I1 parameter causes the microstepping to be interpolated to 256x.
Note on M350 microstepping settings: In general we recommend that you use the default x16 microstepping with interpolation. However, if you use ungeared extruders (which typically have 80-90 steps/mm @ x16 microstepping) then you may get better prints if you increase the microstepping for extruder drives to bring the extruder steps/mm into the 400 to 1000 range.
The XYZ parameters to the M574 command are 0 if there is no homing switch for the axis, 1 if there is a low-end homing switch, and 2 if there is a high-end homing switch. S1 indicates active high inputs (e.g. normally-closed switches), while S0 indicates active low inputs.
The M208 command with parameter S0 or no S parameter defines the maximum coordinate of each axis. These are also the coordinates at which the head is assumed to be when a high-end homing switch is triggered. The M208 command with S1 parameter sets the minimum axis coordinates and low-end homing switch positions in the same way.
The M906 command is required. Without it, motor currents will remain at zero. It also takes an optional I parameter, which is the percentage of normal current used to hold the motors in position when the motors have been idle for 30 seconds, default 30%.
It is possible to remap axes and extruders to different driver numbers. In firmware 1.14 and later it is done using the M584 command.
Z probe section
The M558 command enables the Z probe, defines which axes (if any) it used to home, and the dive height. The G31 command defines the probe threshold and the X, Y and Z offsets of the probe relative to the tip of the nozzle. Here is an example:
M558 P1 X0 Y0 Z1 H3 F200 T5000 R0 ; smart IR Z probe, used for homing Z axis only, dive height 3mm, probe speed 200mm/min, travel speed 5000mm/min, no recovery time G31 P500 X11.0 Y0.5 Z1.65 ; set threshold and offsets
The P parameter of the M558 command specifies the type of Z probe, as follows:
P0 - no Z probe installed
P1 - analog sensor feeding the AD10 pin on the expansion connector (also brought out as the S pin on the 4-pin Z probe connector on the Duet Shield and on the Duet 0.8.5). Suitable for an unmodulated IR sensor (not recommended), smart IR sensor, and many other types. Pin D52 on the Duet is driven high.
P2 - simple modulated IR sensor. RepRapFirmware generates a modulation signal on pin D52 (also brought out as the T pin on the 4-pin Z probe connector on the Duet shield and Duet 0.8.5) for use by the sensor.
P3 - as P1 but pin D52 is driven low instead of high. Allows a compatible Z probe to be switched to a different mode.
P4 - microswitch (normally-closed by default) connected to the E0 endstop connector, or anything that emulates one. For a normally-open microswitch or NPN-output inductive sensor, use M574 E0 S0 to invert the sense of all the extruder endstop inputs.
The XYZ parameters in the M558 command define which axes the Z probe is used to home (0 = Z probe not used to home this axis, 1 = Z probe used). By default, RepRapFirmware for the Duet 0.8/0.8.5 (but not the Duet 2) uses the Z probe to home the X and Z axes.
The H parameter defines the Z probe dive height, which is the height above the trigger height from which probing starts. The default is 3mm or 5mm depending on firmware version. You may wish to increase it during initial calibration.
The G31 command sets the Z probe offset, trigger height and threshold. It must come after the M558 command, because you can have multiple Z probe types with different G31 parameters. The P parameter sets the threshold. For a smart IR probe such as my own differential IR height sensor, use 500. For a switch I also suggest 500, although a lower value may provide faster triggering if the switch has intermittent contact when first triggered..
The Z parameter sets the trigger height (the nozzle height above the bed at which the Z probe output exceeds the threshold). For a Z probe which relies on the nozzle pushing the bed down, the trigger height will be negative.
The G31 command also has also optional X and Y parameters to define the horizontal offset of the Z probe from the nozzle..
The speed of Z probing is set by the F parameter in the M558 command. The probing speed should be slow enough that the probe does not overshoot the trigger height. When using an analog Z probe, the probing speed is reduced by 2/3 when the probe detects that the trigger height is approaching, so that you can use a higher initial speed.
The T parameter of the M558 command sets the speed at which the head travels to the Z probe coordinates specified for bed probing.
The R parameter defines the Z probe recovery time in seconds. The printer will pause for this time just before starting the probing move, to allow any vibration caused by the previous travel move to settle down. It is useful if you have a Z probe mechanism that is sensitive to vibration or sharp head movement.
Heater and thermistor section
Here is an example for a 2-extruder machine:
M305 P0 T100000 B3950 R4700 H0 L0 ; Put your own H and/or L values here to set the bed thermistor ADC correction M305 P1 T100000 B4388 R4700 H0 L0 ; Put your own H and/or L values here to set the first nozzle thermistor ADC correction M305 P2 T100000 B4388 R4700 H0 L0 ; Put your own H and/or L values here to set the second nozzle thermistor ADC correction '''M143 H0 S275 ; Un-comment this to set maximum extruder temperature, default is 262C''' '''M141 H3 ; Un-comment this to set chamber heater/thermistor channel'''
The M305 commands define the thermistor resistance at 25C (T parameter), thermistor B value (B parameter), thermistor C parameter (in firmware 1.17 and later), thermistor series resistance (R value), and ADC high and low end corrections (H and L parameters).
You can get the thermistor resistance and B value from the thermistor datasheet. Note that the B value is typically given on the datasheet over quite a low temperature range, for example 25C to 85C. If the manufacturer publishes a resistance vs. temperature chart, it is better to use it to calculate the B value from 25C to the average extrusion temperature you use, for example 220C. The Semitec 104GT-2 thermistor supplied with the E3Dv6 hot end has a quoted B value of 4267, but the actual value over 25C to 220C is 4388. For greater accuracy, use a C parameter as well (note, the correct B value to use will be higher with a C parameter than without one). The config file generator at https://configtool.reprapfirmware.org/ includes a calculator to help you determine the B and C parameters.
The R value depends on which version of the Duet you have:
- Duet 2 WiFi, Duet 2 Ethernet, Duex 2 and Duex 5 expansion boards, and Duet 085: 4700
- Duet 2 Maestro: 2200
- Duet 06: older boards 1000, newer boards 4700
- Duex 4 version 0.2: 1000
- Duex 4 version 0.2a: older boards 1000, newer boards 4700.
The H and L values allow you to compensate for ADC offsets at the high and low ends of the ADC input voltage range. The H parameter adjusts the high end offset, which affects the reading at low temperatures; whereas L adjusts the low end offset which affects readings at high temperatures. At room temperature, if your temperature readings are lower than actual, use a positive H parameter to bring the readings up to the correct value. If the readings are too high, use a negative H parameter. You should not need to use an H parameter outside the range -100 to +100, and in theory all channels should need the same H value. Note: the Duet 2 has automatic ADC calibration so you should not need to use the H or L parameter.
The M305 command also takes an optional X parameter (not shown in the example) to allow temperature sensor channel remapping. For example, if in the M305 P0 command you add parameter X3, this means use the thermistor channel normally associated with heater 3 to read the temperature of heater 0 (i.e. the bed). RepRapFirmware uses temperature sensor channel numbers 100 to 103 to denote readings from thermocouples, and 200 to 203 to denote reading from PT100 sensors - see Connecting thermocouples and Connecting PT100 temperature sensors for details.
PT100 example
This tells the firmware that for heater 1 (which is normally the first hot end heater) it should sense the temperature using the first channel on the PT100 board . The B C H L R and T parameters are ignored when using a thermocouple or PT100 sensor.
If you have a chamber heater, use the M141 command to define which heater channel it uses. You will also need to use M305 to define thermistor parameters for that channel, and M307 to define a heater model
Tool definition section
A tool is a combination of zero or more extruder drives and zero or more heaters. A standard single-extrusion printer has a single tool that uses one extruder drive and one heater. It should be defined like this:
M563 P0 D0 H1 ; tool 0 uses extruder drive 0 and heater 1 G10 P0 S0 R0 X0 Y0 ; set tool 0 temperatures and offsets
The M563 command in this example defines tool 0 (P parameter) as using extruder drive 0 (D parameter), heater 1 (H parameter) and Fan 0 (F parameter). The G10 command sets the active (S parameter) and standby (R parameter) temperatures to zero, and defines the X and Y nozzle offsets from the head origin as zero.
To map more than one fan to the tool, the definition would typically look like this :
M563 P0 D0 H1 F0:1 ; tool 0 uses extruder drive 0 and heater 1. Fan 0 and Fan 1 are mapped to tool 0
The tool definition for a typical dual nozzle printer would look like this:
M563 P0 D0 H1 ; tool 0 uses extruder drive 0 and heater 1 G10 P0 S0 R0 X-10 Y0 ; set tool 0 temperatures and offsets M563 P1 D1 H2 F2 ; tool 1 uses extruder drive 1 and heater 2. Fan 2 is mapped to fan 0 G10 P1 S0 R0 X10 Y0 ; set tool 1 temperatures and offsets
This defines a second tool, which uses extruder drive 1, heater 2 and fan 2 mapped to fan 0. By "mapped to fan 2", we mean that, when the slicer attempts to control fan 0 (because it only knows about fan 0), we instead send that to the appropriate fan based on which tool is selected. This allows for a slicer which is only aware of 1 fan to control two different fans based upon tool (nozzle) selection. Equally Fan 1 could be used however fan 1 is often used as a thermostatically controlled heatsink cooling fan on hotends as it defaults to switched on not off on powerup. The first tool has the nozzle offset by -10mm from the head origin in the X direction, and the second tool has the nozzle offset by +10mm from head origin in the X direction. You can define the head origin to be wherever you like.
The tool definition section for a switching hot end (i.e. two filaments extruding through the same nozzle, but not at the same time) would look like this:
M563 P0 D0 H1 ; define tool 0 G10 P0 S0 R0 X0 Y0 ; set tool 0 temperatures and offsets M563 P1 D1 H1 ; define tool 1 G10 P1 S0 R0 X0 Y0 ; set tool 0 temperatures and offsets
In this case, the two tools use different extruder drives but share heater 1.
The tool definition section for a mixing hot end (i.e. two filaments extruding through the same nozzle at the same time) would look like this:
M563 P0 D0:1 H1 ; define tool 0 G10 P0 S0 R0 X0 Y0 ; set tool 0 temperatures and offsets
In this case there is a single tool but it uses two extruder drives.
A typical epilogue would look like this:
M556 S100 X0 Y0 Z0 ; Put your axis compensation here M912 P0 S0 ; Put your CPU temperature sensor correction here M501 ; Run config-override.g T0 ; Select the first head
Axis compensation allows you to compensate in the firmware for the X, Y and Z axes not being exactly at right angles. The X parameter describes the error in the angle between X and Y axes, the Y parameter describes the angular error between Y and Z axes, and the Z parameter describes the angular error between Z and X axes. All these values get divided by the S parameter. For example, a parameter of Y1.5 with S100 would mean at 100mm height the Y position needs to be shifted by 1.5mm to make the print orthogonal. A calibration procedure for orthogonal axis compensation can be found at http://reprapltd.com/reprappro/documenta....
The M501 command executes the commands in config-override.g. This is where firmware versions 1.17 and later save heater models, delta printer calibration parameters and similar settings when you run M500.
The T0 at the end selects tool 0. It is optional. It is recommended that you also put the T0 command in the start gcode of your slicing program.
Homing files
Note: In the following example homing moves use S1/S2. However, in firmware 2.02 or later you must replace all S parameters in G0/G1 commands in homing files etc. by H parameters. This is because S is now used to control laser power, for compatibility with programs that generate GCode files for laser cutters. See here for more details on homing moves.
Example: G1 S1 X400 would become G1 H1 X400
Homing X and Y
The homing files for a Cartesian or CoreXY printer are sys/homex.g, sys/homey.g, sys/homez.g and sys/homeall.g. Here is a typical homex.g file for a machine with an X axis homing switch at the low end:
G91 ; relative mode G1 S2 Z4 F200 ; raise head to avoid dragging nozzle over the bed G1 S1 X-240 F3000 ; move up to 240mm in the -X direction, stopping if the homing switch is triggered G1 X4 F600 ; move slowly 4mm in the +X direction G1 S1 X-10 ; move slowly 10mm in the -X direction, stopping at the homing switch G1 S2 Z-4 F200 ; lower the head again G90 ; back to absolute mode
Note the S1 parameter on some of the G1 commands. This parameter means stop moving an axis motor when the corresponding homing switch is triggered. On a Cartesian printer, the other axes continue moving. If your printer has an X axis longer than 240mm, you will need to to increase the value 240 in the G1 X-240 command to be longer than your printer's X axis travel.
Note the S2 parameter on the G1 Z4 command. This allows movement of that axis before it has been homed, which is otherwise prohibited by default.
For a machine with a homing switch at the high end of the axis, homex.g would look like this instead:
G91 ; relative mode G1 S2 Z4 F200 ; raise head to avoid dragging nozzle over the bed G1 S1 X240 F3000 ; move up to 240mm in the +X direction, stopping if the homing switch is triggered G1 X-4 F600 ; move slowly 4mm in the -X direction G1 S1 X10 ; move slowly 10mm in the +X direction, stopping at the homing switch G1 S2 Z-4 F200 ; lower the head again G90 ; back to absolute mode
You must also tell the firmware which end the homing switch is at, using the M574 command in config.g. Again, increase the value 240 in the G1 S1 command if you have a larger printer.
The homey.g file is similar to homex.g except that all instances of X are replaced by Y.
Homing Z
For homing Z, you can use either a Z probe or an endstop switch. You need to adjust the homez.g file (and the Z homing section of homeall.g) according to which method you use.
Homing Z using a Z probe
Z homing is often done using the Z probe. Here is a typical homez.g file for homing using a Z probe:
G91 ; relative mode G1 S2 Z4 F200 ; raise head 4mm to ensure it is above the Z probe trigger height G90 ; back to absolute mode G1 X100 Y100 F2000 ; put head over the centre of the bed, or wherever you want to probe G30 ; lower head, stop when probe triggered and set Z to trigger height
Adjust the X and Y coordinates in the second G1 command according to where you want to probe when Z homing. You need to have set up the Z probe type, trigger height and threshold as described earlier.
Homing Z to a Z max endstop switch
To home Z using a microswitch at the Z max position, use a pattern similar to homex.g and homey.g with a maximum endstop switch. As usual, the axis length specified in the M208 command specifies the trigger position of the switch. Here is an example:
G91 ; relative mode G1 S1 Z250 F300 ; move Z towards the switch until it triggers G1 S2 Z-5 F100 ; move Z back 5mm G1 S1 Z10 F100 ; move Z slowly towards the switch until it triggers G90 ; back to absolute mode
Homing Z using a Z min endstop switch
Use a pattern similar to homex.g and homey.g with a minimum endstop switch. However, if your switch that triggers a little before Z=0, then you can't use M208 to define the homing position, because it would prevent you moving below the trigger height. You can use a G92 command after homing instead. Here is an example, for the case where you have a low-end homing switch that triggers at Z=0.3mm:
G91 ; relative mode G1 S2 Z4 F200 ; raise head 4mm to ensure it is above the switch trigger height G90 ; back to absolute mode G1 X0 Y0 F2000 ; put the head wherever you want it to be when you home Z (omit this line if it doesn't matter) G91 ; relative mode G1 S1 Z-200 F100 ; move Z down until the switch triggers G90 ; back to absolute mode G92 Z0.3 ; tell the firmware that we are at Z=0.3mm
The homeall.g file
The homeall.g file is used when all axes are to be homed. You could make it by concatenating homex.g, homey.g and homez.g, but some optimisations are possible. For example, you need only raise the head by 4mm once, and you can do simultaneous X and Y homing.
Note: you must not use a G28 command within homeall.g (or any other homing file). But you can invoke one of your other homing files using the M98 command, for example:
M98 P"homex.g"
Here is a sample homeall.g file for a machine with X and Y endstop switches at the low end and using a Z probe for Z homing:
G91 ; relative mode G1 S2 Z4 F200 ; raise head 4mm G1 S1 X-240 Y-240 F3000 ; move up to 240mm in the -X and -Y directions until the homing switches are triggered G1 S2 X4 Y4 F600; move slowly 6mm in +X and +Y directions G1 S1 X-10 Y-10 ; move up to 10mm in the -X and -Y directions until the homing switches are triggered G90 ; back to absolute mode G1 X100 Y100 F2000 ; put head over the centre of the bed, or wherever you want to probe G30 ; lower head, stop when probe triggered and set Z to trigger height
Bed probing file
If you use mesh bed compensation (which is recommended in most cases) or no bed compensation, you can skip this section. This section is about using the older 3, 4 and 5 point bed compensation, using probe points defined in the bed.g file.
The commands in bed.g are executed when you send the G32 command. So this file should contain your bed probing script. Here is a typical 5-point bed.g file for a printer with a 200 x 200mm bed:
M561 ; clear any existing bed transform M401 ; deploy Z probe if necessary G30 P0 X10 Y10 Z-99999 ; define 4 points in a clockwise direction around the bed, starting near (0,0) G30 P1 X10 Y190 Z-99999 G30 P2 X190 Y190 Z-99999 G30 P3 X190 Y10 Z-99999 G30 P4 X100 Y100 Z-99999 S0 ; finally probe bed centre, and calculate compensation M402 ; retract the Z probe G1 X0 Y0 F5000 ; move the head to the corner (optional)
The Z-99999 parameter on each G30 command tells the firmware to probe at the given XY point and save the reading in the index given by the P command. The S0 parameter on the final G30 command tells the firmware to apply compensation based on the number of points probed (in this case, 5 points). The bed probe points must be in a clockwise order around the bed starting with the point nearest (0, 0) and when using 5-point probing the centre point must be last.
You may include an H parameter on each G30 command, This is the value that needs to be added to the G31 Z parameter to get the trigger height at that position. This is to correct for Z probes whose trigger heights vary slightly with XY position.
To use 4-point compensation, omit the final G30 command and put the S0 parameter on the G30 P3 command instead.
To use manual compensation instead of a Z probe, replace the -99999 in each G30 command by the actual bed height error at that XY position.
Tool change files
RepRapFirmware handles multiple extruders through a tool definition mechanism. If you have multiple nozzles, you will normally define one tool for each nozzle. There is nothing to stop you defining several tools that use the same nozzle if you want, or a single tool that uses more than one nozzle.
Only one tool is active at a time. To switch between tools, use the T command. Tools are conventionally numbered from zero, so in a dual nozzle printer the tools would normally be T0 and T1. The current PanelDue firmware expects the tools to be numbered T0, T1 and so on; but the web interface doesn't mind if the tools are not numbered consecutively.
When the firmware receives a T command and the requested tool number is not already active, it goes through the following sequence:
- If another tool is already selected and all axes have been homed, run macro tfree#.g where # is the number of that tool
- If another tool is already selected, deselect it and set its heaters to their standby temperatures (as defined by the R parameter in the most recent G10 command for that tool)
- If all axes have been homed, run macro tpre#.g where # is the number of the new tool
- Set the new tool to its operating temperatures specified by the S parameter in the most recent G10 command for that tool
- If all axes have been homed, run macro tpost#.g where # is the number of the new tool. Typically this file would contain at least a M116 command to wait for its temperatures to stabilise.
- Apply any X, Y, Z offset for the new tool specified by G10
- Use the new tool.
The tool change macro files are not run if the printer has not been homed since power up. This allows you to put a T0 command at the end of config.g, which is convenient if you have only one tool.
Here is a sample tfree0.g file:
''' Put G/M Codes in here to run when Tool 0 is freed''' M83 ; relative extruder mode G1 E-4 F2500 ; retract 4mm
Here is a sample tpre0.g file:
''' Put G/M Codes in here to run when Tool 0 is about to be activated''' G1 X0 Y0 F6000 ; move the head away from the print
Here is a sample tpost0.g file
''' Put G/M Codes in here to run after Tool 0 is activated''' M116 P0 ; wait for tool 0 only to reach operating temperature M83 ; relative extruder mode G1 E4 F2500 ; undo retraction
You may not need to include the commands to retract and un-retract the filament if your slicer does that for you. As when any macro file is run, the absolute/relative axis and extruder movement states are restored to their original values when the macro file completes.
The tfree1.g, tpre1.g and tpost1.g files would be similar, except that tpost1.g would use command M116 P1. The purpose of the P parameter on the M116 command is to allow you to wait for the new tool to heat up to active temperature without also waiting for the previously-selected tool to cool down to standby temperature.
Pause, resume and cancel files
When you pause a print, macro file sys/pause.g is executed. Typically you will want to retract filament a little and move the head out of the way of the print. Here is a sample pause.g file:
M83 ; relative extruder moves G1 E-4 F2500 ; retract 4mm G91 ; relative moves G1 Z2 F5000 ; raise nozzle 2mm G90 ; absolute moves G1 X0 Y200 F5000 ; move head out of the way of the print
Note that when executing any macro file, various parameters are saved, such as the absolute/relative axis movement flag, the absolute/relative extruder movement flag, and the feed rate. These parameters are restored when the macro completes.
Macro file sys/resume.g is executed when you resume a paused print. Here is a typical resume.g file:
G1 R1 Z2 F5000 ; move to 2mm above resume point G1 R1 ; lower nozzle to resume point M83 ; relative extruder moves G1 E4 F2500 ; undo the retraction
The R1 parameter in the G1 command causes the coordinates at which the print was paused to be added to any XYZ parameters in the command.
If you cancel a paused print, file sys/cancel.g is run if it exists, otherwise all tools are deselected and all heaters are turned off. Your cancel.g file can either deselect all tools by sending T-1, or leave the current tool enabled ready to try the print again. On a delta printer, you might want to include a G28 homing command in cancel.g to get the print head out of the way.
User-defined macro files
You can define your own macro files. Create a directory called /macros on the on-board SD card and upload your macro files to it. The name of each macro file should be the text that you want to appear in the menu displayed on the web interface and PanelDue (no need for a .g or .gcode extension), and the file contents should be ordinary Gcode commands supported by RepRapFirmware. If you want a lot of macros with a hierarchical menu structure, use subdirectories of /macros.
The following parameters are always saved before running a macro, and restored afterwards; so any changes to them that you make in a macro will not be permanent:
- feed rate
- relative/absolute axis coordinate mode
- relative/absolute extruder coordinate mode

subset: commoncrawl


text:
NHL Roundup: A look at Saturday's games
A spirited third period ensured the Toronto Maple Leafs' playoff push is alive and well.
Mikhail Grabovski and Phil Kessel scored less than three minutes apart in the third period Saturday as the Maple Leafs defeated the Buffalo Sabres 4-3 in a game that was crucial to Toronto's post-season aspirations.
"That's a huge win for our team," said captain Dion Phaneuf. "It's a big character win. We knew what was on the line and I think it shows what kind of character we have in our (dressing) room."
It ended a three-game slide for the Leafs and got the team back within four points of the final playoff spot in the Eastern Conference.
The gap would have widened to eight points had the Leafs failed to rally.
One of the keys to victory was finding a way to get under the skin of Buffalo goalie Ryan Miller. He's absolutely owned the Leafs during his NHL career—entering the night with a 24-9-0 record, 2.17 goals-against average and .931 save percentage versus Toronto—but seemed to get off his game a little while continually dealing with traffic in front.
It was a strategy straight out of the coach's playbook.
"It's written on the board: 'Get traffic in front of him, keep him deep, make him work,'" Leafs coach Ron Wilson. "The whole thing is you have to do it for 60 minutes because he's played so much he might be a little tired in the third period. I don't know if that was the case but getting the traffic there (helped)."
The Sabres didn't exactly see it the same way.
Kessel scored the game-winner at 6:36 of the third period with an innocent-looking shot that banked in off the skate of Buffalo defenceman Steve Montador. They were an extremely frustrated group before boarding a bus for the short trip home.
"They got lucky," Sabres coach Lindy Ruff said of the Leafs. "(The) puck went off the skate, sometimes you've got to live with that."
Elsewhere in the NHL it was: Montreal 3, Pittsburgh 0; Vancouver 4, Calgary 3; Detroit 5, St. Louis 3; Atlanta 5, Philadelphia 4 (OT); New Jersey 3, N.Y. Islanders 2 (OT); Florida 4, Tampa Bay 3 (OT); Nashville 4, Colorado 2; Columbus 3, Carolina 2; and N.Y. Rangers 3, San Jose 2 (SO).
At Toronto, Clarke MacArthur and Tyler Bozak also had goals for the Maple Leafs (30-29-10).
Mike Weber, Jochen Hecht and Jordan Leopold replied for the Sabres (33-27-8), who went 4-2-1 during a seven-game road trip.
There was a heightened atmosphere at Air Canada Centre for the game, one a number of Leafs had labelled a must-win. The home team showed more jump than it had during its recent slide thanks in part to Wilson's decision to cancel Friday's practice.
"We were off yesterday and had lots of energy," said Grabovski.
After Weber and MacArthur traded goals in the first period, Bozak gave Toronto its first lead of the night just past the midway point of the game. Seconds after being denied on a breakaway, he took a pass from Kessel and beat Miller for just his third goal since Jan. 22.
The sophomore centre knows he needs to contribute more.
"I'm just trying to work hard," said Bozak. "Things haven't gone my way the whole year—a lot of chances that haven't gone in. You've got to stay positive.
"We're still right in this thing so you can't sulk and get down on yourself. We've got to do it as a team here."
The Sabres wrestled the momentum back before the end of the period. Hecht buried a rebound past James Reimer at 11:04 and Leopold beat him with a point shot on a power play at 15:31 to make it 3-2.
Like his teammates, the 22-year-old goaltender stood tall in the final period—denying Tomas Vanek and Brad Boyes from point-blank range after his team had surged ahead.
Reimer was appearing in his 13th straight games for the Leafs and has almost single-handedly resuscitated the team's playoff hopes. Wilson believes the rookie has given the team its best stretch of goaltending since he was hired in June 2008.
"Probably for sure, yeah," said Wilson. "A long stretch like this, you're always like: 'Is tonight the night where he's going to wear down a little bit?' And he's had a couple of games where he wasn't as sharp as he's been.
"You can't expect the goalie to be perfect every night."
At Pittsburgh, Carey Price made 26 saves for his eighth shutout of the season and 12th overall in Montreal's victory over the Penguins.
Tomas Plekanec, Travis Moen and Mike Cammalleri scored for Montreal. The Canadiens, two points behind fifth-place Boston in the Eastern Conference, have won six of their past seven games.
The Canadiens' five-game winning streak was broken with a 4-1 loss Thursday night in St. Louis, and the team is coping with the loss Tuesday night of Max Pacioretty, the winger who sustained a severe concussion and fractured vertebra from a hard hit by Boston's Zdeno Chara.
At Calgary, Daniel Sedin scored two goals and added an assist to push his NHL-leading points total to 89 in Vancouver's victory over the Flames.
With 37 goals, Sedin topped his previous career high of 36 in 2006-07.
Ryan Kesler and Alex Burrows also scored for NHL-leading Vancouver, Christian Ehrhoff had three assists and Roberto Luongo made 20 saves. With the victory, the Canucks finished 5-0 on a trip.
Mikael Backlund, Matt Stajan and David Moss scored for Calgary.
At St. Louis, Pavel Datsyuk scored the go-ahead goal late in the third period, one night after netting the overtime winner, and Detroit bounced back to beat the Blues after squandering a two-goal lead.
Jimmy Howard earned his NHL-leading 17th road win for Detroit, 4-1 against the Blues. The Red Wings have won two straight after a season-worst four-game losing streak.
At Philadelphia, Ron Hainsey scored at 1:17 of overtime and Atlanta overcame a 3-0 third-period deficit and Ville Leino's first career hat trick to beat the Eastern Conference-leading Flyers.
Andrew Ladd tied it at 4-4 with 45 seconds left in regulation.
At Newark, N.J., Anssi Salmela scored his first goal of the season 3:09 into overtime for the Devils.
Salmela took a feed from Mattias Tedenby and drilled a shot past Al Montoya as the Devils improved to 22-3-2 in their last 27 games. New Jersey trailed 2-1 in the third period before rallying.
At Sunrise, Fla., Jason Garrison scored in overtime for the Panthers.
Vincent Levavalier and Simon Gagne scored in the third period for Tampa Bay to erase a 3-1 deficit, but Garrison's fourth goal of the season gave the Panthers their fourth win in five games against the Lightning.
At Nashville, Tenn., Joel Ward's unassisted goal in the second period helped Nashville as Colorado extended its winless streak to eight games.
Shea Weber and Matt Halischuk also scored, and Martin Erat had an empty-net goal and an assist. Pekka Rinne stopped 36 shots for the Predators, who won their second straight.
At Raleigh, N.C., Steve Mason made 29 saves and Columbus' penalty-killers turned back Carolina.
Derek MacKenzie scored twice and Samuel Pahlsson added a goal to help Columbus snap a seven-game losing streak (0-4-3). Jeff Skinner and Tuomo Ruutu scored for Carolina. The Hurricanes have lost four straight.
At San Jose, Calif., Brandon Dubinsky scored the winning goal for New York in the sixth round of the shootout after Wojtek Wolski kept the Rangers alive with a goal in the third round.
Henrik Lundqvist made 31 saves to help the Rangers move into seventh place alone in the Eastern Conference, two points ahead of Buffalo and four in front of ninth-place Carolina.


text:
Bohemia, NY (PRWEB) March 20, 2013
On March 20, 2013, commercial collection agency Rapid Recovery Solution offers a comment on recent reports that the collections industry has the highest success rate for settling consumer complaints.
The Inside ARM article states that a report conducted by the Better Business Bureau in 2012 shows that "United States collection agencies resolved 86 percent of the consumer complaints received in 2012, exceeding the national average of 77 percent for all industries." The rate of resolved consumer complaints in 2012 is moreover reported to be higher than the previous year.
Pat Morris, CEO of the Association of Collection and Credit Professionals (ACA) International, claimed that commercial collections agencies have led the way in resolving complaints since 2002. Morris credits their employees with having all the proper resources to be effective with complaint resolution and advocated simple communication as one of the most effective tools.
The article further claims that the debt collection has critical importance to economic structure because of the essential need for reliable exchange of goods, services, and credit.
John Monderine, CEO of Rapid Recovery Solution, offers his commentary on collection agencies rating top among all other industries with respect to consumer complaint resolution. "Collections agencies are especially appreciative of the value of clear communication. Poor communication in the collections industry could be disastrous and do more harm than good with regard to achieving our goals for our clients. As a result, opening effective communication is often the easiest approach for all parties involved, whether the issue be collections oriented or concerned with some other industry."
Founded in 2006, Rapid Recovery Solution, Inc. is headquartered at the highest point of beautiful Long Island. Rapid Recovery Collection Agency is committed to recovering your funds. We believe that every debtor has the ability to pay if motivated correctly. We do not alienate the debtors; we attempt to align with them and offer a number of ways to resolve not only your debt but also all their debts.


text:
Deneb Law is a full service law firm handling both corporate as well as litigation matters. The Firms head office is based at New Delhi and have associated offices in other parts of India.
Position: Legal Associate (1 -2 PQE)
Location: Delhi
Job Description
Handling litigation (Writs, Arbitration matters, IBC and White-Collar crimes) matters independently including arguing in Courts and briefing Senior Counsels.
Pan-India travel for litigation matters.
Trademark filing and litigation.
At least 1-year experience in drafting, vetting, revising of corporate contracts and agreements.
Pan-India travel for litigation matters.
Trademark filing and litigation.
Rs. 3 -4 Lac P.A
Application process
Please email your CV and cover letter to the below email id.
HR Department at [email protected]


text:
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text:
Are you looking for a large ensemble modern jazz recording with a lot of spunk? Thanks to drummer Tommy Igoe's latest "Eleven" you've probably found the album with the essential combination of punch, vibrancy, rhythm and electrifying brass to boot! Consider the possibility, with "Eleven" by Tommy Igoe and company they will definitely take you on one fascinating and joyous journey! —Rob Young | Urban Flux MediaTommy Igoe and the Birdland Big Band -][- Eleven –MP3– [Deep Rhythm Music Inc., 2012]
Drumming icon, Tommy Igoe has assembled 19 of the New York's finest musicians to deliver an incredible recording guaranteed to satisfy any serious music lover. "Eleven" features 11 of the bands signature arrangements in a spare-no-expense recording crafted at the legendary Avatar Studios.
Jazz, Funk, Latin and more are passionately delivered by the band and it's special guests, including Blues master Rob Paparozzi on Harmonica and Latin legend, Hector Martignon on Piano. This is a release that redefines what a big band can be in the 21st Century!
..:: SOURCE: CDBaby.com ::..


text:
SANTA CLARA — Making the turn at 8-0 gives the 49ers a whole lot of momentum for the season's second half. They report back to work today after four days off, and here is a Week 10 mailbag for their welcome-back gift via my Instagram and Twitter flock:
Who would've thought the 49ers would be the last remaining unbeaten team? Pretty remarkable, if you ask me. (@msilvers1979)
Well, you're the one asking me, and I agree. It's remarkable. The playmaking is contagious, as is winning. On the flip side of that is their 0-9 start in 2017. That was remarkable, too.
Which injured players are coming back to face the Seahawks? (@mottiyos)
Fullback Kyle Juszczyk (knee sprain) is the likeliest if all goes well in his return to practice this week. Left tackle Joe Staley also should be clear after a six-game hiatus to heal his fibula fracture. Cornerback Ahkello Witherspoon (foot) hasn't practiced in a month, so I bet we see Emmanuel Moseley another week, and the same goes with right tackle Mike McGlinchey (knee) and his replacement Daniel Brunskill.
In the last few weeks, the 49ers have been weak against the run. What adjustments does the defense need to make in order to contain the Seahawks rushing attack? (@SukiPazooki)
Start better. Seattle has the NFL's No. 5 rushing attack (No. 1 last year). The 49ers allowed 56, 68 and 41 rushing yards on their opening series against the Rams, Washington and Arizona. Then adjustments were made, in bait-and-switch fashion. But that defense also allowed a 40-yard touchdown run to Christian McCaffrey shortly after halftime in Week 8, so the run defense is a concern, indeed.
Are we in better shape with our wide receivers than we were in 2012? (@BelzoniButch)
Too soon to tell, especially since these 49ers are only two games into Emmanuel Sanders' honeymoon period. In 2012, Michael Crabtree had a 1,000-yard season, Mario Manningham was OK until a knee injury on a Seattle cheap shot, and Randy Moss mostly was a decoy all the way through the Super Bowl. Deebo Samuel and Dante Pettis must become more reliable, and no one is sure Trent Taylor or Jalen Hurd will come off injured reserve.
Is it crazy to think that Shanahan went into the Cards game with a more vanilla offense to see how the (Cards) defense would play them, and he is going to unleash things in two weeks? (@49erFanZakAttak)
Could be, but the 49ers' successful switch to a pass-oriented attack came more out of necessity, as the Cardinals run defense proved stronger than expected. Seattle has the league's 28th-ranked pass defense, so more aerial theatrics could be coming Monday.
What is going on with our special teams unit? We haven't had much of anything for returns, and our highly coveted 4th round punter doesn't seem to be worth it at this point. (@CaliBear4Life)
Richie James, who returned a punt last year for a touchdown, actually ranks among the league's best this season: 231 punt-return yards (No. 1), 10.5-yard average (No. 3), and a 17-yard kick return average. No muffs by James, either. Mitch Wishnowsky's tackling have been more impressive than his punts, but don't discount a 42.3-yard net average and 13-of-25 punts inside the 20-yard line.
How big of an impact will Kwon's absence really have? Are we overreacting or should we be worried now that he's done for the season? (@bradleyjbayer)
What Kwon Alexander lacked in tackle totals (he had 34, tied for 134th-most in the NFL) he more than made up for with charisma, pass-coverage ability and a positive aura. Rookie Dre Greenlaw's speed and instincts will help his reaction time as he replaces Alexander. Azeez Al-Shaair is another rookie who'll see more time.
How on Earth are they gonna contain the league MVP? (@wgclements)
You mean the Seattle Seahawks' Russell Wilson (22 touchdowns, 1 interception)? Or the Baltimore Ravens' Lamar Jackson (1,813 passing yards, 637 rushing yards)? Or the Carolina Panthers' Christian McCaffrey, whose MVP-caliber season includes losing to a 49ers defense that's thrived on such challenges? Or did you mean how are the Seahawks going to contain Nick Bosa?
Sherman has to go off this week against Seattle. (@jominic_20)
I'd imagine he'd love to trade his three interceptions already this season for just one against Russell Wilson. Actually, he'd likely trade all 35 career interceptions for one vs. Wilson, and make it a pick-six.
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Don't want to buy more Nursing Clothes? Cropped Jumpers are a breastfeeding essential!
Well, no! I'm not going to go out in the winter at all! How am I going to feed the baby. I don't want my nipples to freeze!
Is something I said all too often while I was still pregnant and completely clueless about breastfeeding!
I envisioned myself wearing my nursing vest under a puffa coat and having to get my nips out in the middle of the road, while I get covered in truck loads of snow!
I know that is a bit extreme! But I really didn't know what to expect!
So I've been working on some Breastfeeding Style Hacks to share with you!
Why Should I Get Excited About This?
Well, because cropped jumpers already compliment most wardrobes! And they totally make sense post breastfeeding.
If you have one, you're mostly set this winter! If you don't, get one!
And get a good one, so that is does make sense post breastfeeding.
Pair with high waisted … anything! To keep tum as covered up as possible. Tuck in your H&M nursing vest and you're good to go!
You're simply going to pull the crop jumper up (only a little because it is cropped – yay) and pull your nursing vest down under your boob!
I'm Fine Whipping My Boob Out – I Don't Need To Do This!
Even in the cold? Okay!
But what about abroad?
👆🏾As A Mummy On The Go – to foreign countries! I think cropped jumpers are invaluable! You never know what the climate for breastfeeding is abroad! So why not go discreet with out absolutely faffing like a mad man with a breastfeeding cover!
We're lusting over this combo!
The crop and the shorts?
No, no!
The outfit and the beauty!
Our WCW on whatever day it is today! We love this cropped combo she's got going on from Pretty Little Thing!


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We were just winding down on my Thursday night with Tatum. Getting our teeth flossed, brushed, and ready for bed. Then Tatum asked me: Doug, could you make me some rainbow glasses? …..uuuh what? You know some rainbow glasses. Wait a minute, we're going to bed in 15 ya know. Then I'm thinking this must be a test? (are you going to measure up Doug or not?)
OK, we can do this!
We traced around a pair of real glasses on paper. Then we colored in with emphasis on the rainbow!
All we needed to do was cut out and… Ta-Da!
I must have passed the test because the next week the same question: Doug, can you make me some glasses?
This time we investigate the art cart for materials. I realize this art cart has EVERYTHING you could possibly ever need for art projects (and many home repair projects too I think). Steph, you should just go into the art cart business – seriously! OK, we find colored pipe cleaners – these things are the coolest!
Tot, you make our Thursday nights fun!


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Thanxs to archive.org.
Miga Netlabel Website by Miga Netlabel is licensed under a Creative Commons Reconocimiento-No comercial-Compartir bajo la misma licencia 3.0 Unported License.
Based on a work at www.miga-label.org.
Guided by his interest on the knowledge of music, he travels to London where he gets fascinated by the mixture of cultures and the idea of communicate in other language. On 1998 he arrives to the band Piano Magic, one of the most interesting british bands of the last years. From then he starts producing melancolic and minimalistic tracks, and then is when the famous "Artist´s Rifles" from Piano Magic comes out. Lates he worked for the famous spanish film director Bigas Luna, on the soundtrack of the film "Son de Mar". This was a real breakdown on his career, making him more inspired to make the deepest and coolest sounds.
On january 2002 he goes out from Piano Magic and release his first own production, under the name of Arbol, being remarked by the best european magazines, specially in the Uk. On other side, he collaborate on multimedia sets together with Chu Uroz or Leo Obstaum, being these works exposed in places like Macba in Barcelona or ICA in London. In 2003 is part of the Sonar Festival, with soundtracks combined with acoustic elements. Later he worked again with Bigas Luna in "Las comedias barbaras", combining multimedia, theater, and performances with more than 90 people on stage.
On 2004 does the soundtrack for the short film "41 grados", directed by Santiago Garrido, is part also the project "Beyondidentity" with Leo Obstbaum and with the special collaboration of David Victori, being part again of Sonar Festival in the Sonarmatica space. In 2005 his new work comes out as Arbol, called "Dreams made of paper" under the independent label Lejosdiscos, and his own label called Emilii Records.
Today he is working teaching Pro Tools for electronic soundtracks on the civic centre of Barcelona "Les Basses". Arbol and Onionlab presented "Imaginary Soundtracks" again in Sonar Festival 2006 at Sonarama. He is planning to launch his third album as Arbol on the beginning of 2007.


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The epiphytic lichen Ramalina farinacea contains two genetically distinct Trebouxia phycobionts. Del Hoyo et al. analyse the effects of oxidative stress on the photosynthetic behaviour in each isolated alga and observe a better physiological response to stress in one of them, which may reflect its greater capacity to increase non-photochemical quenching and antioxidant protection, and to induce repair mechanisms. The relative abundance of each phycobiont may vary among different populations of R farinacea depending upon environmental conditions.
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Icing the kicker
In the sports of American football or Canadian football, the act of icing the kicker or freezing the kicker is a tactic employed by defending teams to disrupt the process of kicking a field goal just prior to the snap. Typically, either a player or a coach on the defending team will call a timeout just as the kicker is about to attempt a game-tying or game-winning field goal. This is intended to either stop the kick immediately as the kicker is mentally prepared, or allow for the kicker to kick immediately after the timeout so that the initial kick does not count, in an attempt to mentally disrupt the kicker for the actual kick. If the tactic is successful, the kicker will miss the kick due to choking. Should the kicker make the subsequent kick, then the attempt to ice the kicker is considered unsuccessful.
This tactic is also common in basketball, known as icing the shooter. A team may call a time out just before the opposing team's free-throw shooter is given the ball on the final free throw, in an attempt to disrupt the shooter, typically if a missed free throw allows for the calling team to either have a chance to win the game with a successful field goal, or allows the calling team to preserve a lead.
One variant of this tactic, attributed to former Denver Broncos coach Mike Shanahan,[1] is to call time out from the sidelines just before the ball is snapped. This prevents the kicking team from realizing the kick will not count until after the play is over. However, this has the potential to backfire: the invalid first kick could miss or be blocked, only to be followed by a successful second kick.
In their book Scorecasting, Tobias J. Moskowitz and L. Jon Wertheim analyzed "pressure" kicks from 2001 through 2009 while controlling for the distance of the field-goal attempt. They found that icing the kicker certainly does not produce the desired effect, and in some cases might even backfire. Moskowitz found that when an opposing coach iced the kicker with 15 seconds or fewer left to go in the game, those kickers tended to be more accurate.
A study was also undertaken by Scott Berry, a statistician and the former chairman of the Statistics in Sports section of the American Statistical Association, and Craig Wood, a biostatistician, life-long Pittsburgh Steeler fan, who won the Inaugural Henry Hood Center for Health Research Pillar Award, was published in 2004 in the journal Chance.[2] Berry and Wood looked at every field-goal attempt made in the 2002 and 2003 NFL seasons, including playoffs, and concluded that, for "pressure kicks" – those made with 3 minutes or less remaining in the game or overtime period which would tie the game or put the kicking team in the lead – in the 40-55 yard range, icing the kicker caused the percentage of successful attempts to drop by about ten percent for an average kicker on a sunny day. On shorter kicks, the effect was found to be negligible.[1][3][4] However, the statistical significance of the difference found – which amounted to four kicks out of 39 attempts – has been questioned,[5] and an examination by Nick Stamms of STATS, Inc. found that "pressure kicks" (defined as above except within two minutes, not three) in the NFL regular season from 1991 to 2005 showed an insignificant difference between non-iced kicks (457 out of 637, or 71.7%) and iced kicks (152 out of 211, or 72.0%).[6]
- "Icing Kicker: New Tactic Has Drawn Double Take" The New York Times, 21 October 2007
- Berry, S., and C. Wood. 2004. The cold-foot effect. Chance 17(No. 4):47-51.
- Peterson, Ivars. "Icing the Kicker" Muse (September 2005)
- Peterson, Ivars. The Iced Foot Effect MathTrek (November 15, 2004)
- Birnbaum, Phil. "And (sic) old 'icing the kicker' study" Sabermetric Research (January 6, 2008)
- Zimmerman, Paul. "Icing on the cake" Si.com (January 21, 2005)


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The goal is to gain more customers who are prepared to recommend the company to others.
"There is only one boss. The customer. And he can fire everybody in the company from the chairman on down, simply by spending his money somewhere else."
- Sam Walton, Founder of Walmart *
"You've got to start with the customer experience and work back toward the technology - not the other way around."
- Steve Jobs, CEO, Apple Inc. *
* Sadly both of these fantastic businessmen and entrepreneurs are no longer with us but their legacy remains
It's not accidental that the world's most successful companies (e.g. Apple) use a systematic customer assessment tool. And they don't use just any tool – they use Net Promoter Score®. Get a thorough introduction to this system in the book LOVE BRAND and read the stories of some of the companies who use this model successfully every day to gain customer ambassadors.


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See Gallery of Game Courts
See Gallery of Home Gyms
A Court for Every Sport!
Unity is Success
Partnerships are what drive our success. We partner with community organizations such as the NCAA, USA Volleyball, USA Soccer Foundation and other national and international athletic organizations to bring sports to the community, no matter what your age. There is no greater honor than being the official court of some of Wisconsin's most prestigious sports teams.
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Montreal Is Getting A Huge 4-Day Beer Festival This Summer
Do you guys know what the best thing about summer is? I mean, besides it being terrasse season? It's the fact that we can all enjoy a tasty, fresh beer while soaking up some sunshine. That's right guys, you know it and I know it, beer just tastes better in the summer.
And to kick off the season,Mondial de la bière will be celebrating its 25th edition next June. Now if you don't know what Mondial de la bière is then you have been living under a big, big rock. Or maybe you just don't like beer. Either way, you NEED to know about this festival.
Mondial de la bière is a unique beer tasting event that goes down every single year in Montreal (and worldwide, too!). Actually, it's known as the greatest international beer festival and trust me, I know that's a big statement... but seriously, you have to check it out for yourself. (Ps, this year will showcase more than 650 beers, ciders and spirits!).
It's the only festival that offers visitors a variety of beers from all over the world. And since they like to keep things exclusive, they even carry beers that you can only find and taste at the festival, which will feature more than 110 breweries!
And that's not all. On top of multiple tasting workshops, they also offer educational tours and entertainment every single day during the festival.
And just when you thought it couldn't get any better, get this. Entrance to the festival is absolutely, 100% FREE. That's right, FREE!
This year, the festival will be taking place during the course of four days starting on Wednesday, June 6 and going on until Saturday, June 9 from noon until 11 PM.
So what are you waiting for? Grab some friends (preferably those that like beers, ciders and spirits) and head to the Palais de Congrès (201 Viger Street West) for a day full of beer, food and fun!
For more information on the event, check out Mondial de la bière's website, Facebook, Instagram and Twitter pages!


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Paul Feig–writer/producer of Freaks and Geeks, Arrested Development, The Office–gives The Guardian some great comedy writing lessons. Here's one:
"3. Make them cringe
"Regardless of where or when your story is set, it's important for the people in any comedy to act just like real people act. That means not speaking in a constant stream of pithy one-liners. It means getting into the same sort of horrible, awkward situations we all get into every day. Easily the most funny, fascinating and cringeworthy time in anyone's life is school. It's the only time that you get lumped in with a whole bunch of people without any filter; it's not to do with skills or interests, just age. And you're forced to spend every day with them for years. With Freaks And Geeks I wanted to write scenes that people would squirm while watching because it would seem so familiar. Seeing people cringe is the jackpot for me. The thing is, not everyone wants to sit through the exact same situations they already had to go through at school. So it's the jackpot that nobody wants to win!""
via Paul Feig gives Sam Delaney some lessons in comedy screenwriting | Culture | The Guardian .


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The deputy, whose name was not released, went to Rex Hospital instead of reporting for work. He was subsequently diagnosed with bacterial spinal meningitis, a potentially fatal disease.
Dr. Obi Umesi, medical director for the sheriff's office, instructed that everyone who had significant exposure to the officer receive the medicine as a preventive.
Umesi emphasizes that, while the disease can be fatal if left untreated, there is no cause for panic. He said he does not foresee that an epidemic is in the making, nor that people who have not been treated are in trouble.
Additional testing of the deputy was performed to determine what specific type of meningitis he has. Those results may be available within the next few days.
• Credits
Copyright 2022 by Capitol Broadcasting Company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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20Top 20 Best and Funniest South Park Episodes of All Time (Up to 2017)
KMazing – South Park is undoubtedly is one of the best TV series, with their satirical joke, conspiracy and provocation theory, hitting on specific trend and also parody. South Park has stand over time over and over again beating up every single concept without getting lame and still going strong after more that 20 years airing.
Also read : Best The Office episodes of all time
The aspect of story keep on getting "on-point" though there are several fans that have sound their dissatisfaction on the new season, South Park still getting better every year, called it idea-wise or plot-wise. Some people might find this series a bit offensive but that's the charm of this series. So, without further ado, here are our 20 top pick of South Park's.
20. Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride – Season 1
This is the first episode of South Park that create huge attention, and start the trend of offence in the series. Stan's dog turned out to be gay and the trouble is starting from there toward up to the message of defamation message against gay and lesbian alliance award. Big Gay Al in the episode talk to Stan and make him realize that homosexuality is nothing to be afraid of. George Clooney is also here in the episode. What a way to start as a legendary series (though it's only their fourth episode).
Also read : Best Game of Thrones episodes of all time (Up to 2017)


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Purdue pegboard performance of disabled and normal readers: unimanual versus bimanual differences
Brain and Language
Format: Journal Article
Publication Year: n/a
Pages: 359-369
Source ID: shanti-sources-22636
Zotero Collections: Contexts of Contemplation Project
Abstract: Differences between dyslexics and controls in the unimanual and bimanual conditions of the peg placement section of the Purdue Pegboard Test were examined. Twenty-three disabled and twenty-three normal readers were studied. The groups were carefully screened on a neuropsychological battery. The disabled readers were comprised of a relatively homogeneous language-disordered subgroup exhibiting deficits in naming. Significant Group X Condition interactions were obtained for both raw and percentile scores and indicated that disabled readers performed worse than controls in the unimanual compared to bimanual conditions. The dyslexics performed particularly poorly compared with controls on the left hand condition. The implications of these data for hypotheses which argue for left hemisphere dysfunction, as well as those which posit interhemispheric transfer deficits in reading disabled children, are discussed.


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Syndie Insider
Seacrest Adds to Staff
Twentieth's On Air With Ryan Seacrest
has added two executive producers, a news anchor and other staffers to the syndicated early-fringe show as it gears up for a January 2004 launch. David Armour joins Adam Freeman and host Seacrest as executive producers.
Armour has produced such syndie talkers as Queen Latifah
and The Ricki Lake Show. He also consults on another Twentieth show, Classmates. Marla Kell Brown comes on as consulting executive producer. She was executive producer of The Arsenio Hall Show
and produced The Morning Show With Regis Philbin and Kathie Lee Gifford
and continued when the show's name was shortened. She also was a news producer at WABC-TV New York.
Rosanna Tavarez will be the show's news anchor. She was part of the pop group Eden's Crush, discovered on The WB's Popstars. She also was a reporter and producer on the Telemundo/MUN2 show Fuzion.
Other staff members joining On Air
include Mary Jaras as senior news producer, Siobhan Schanda as music talent booker, and Tricia Daniels and Kari Johnson as celebrity talent bookers. On Air With Ryan Seacrest
has been cleared in 90% of the country and will be shot live at the Hollywood & Highland entertainment complex.
WBDTD Makes Sales Moves
Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution is adding a West Coast sales representative as well as promoting Roseann Cacciola to senior VP/general sales manager in New York. Cacciola, who has been with Warner Bros. since 1986, reports to Executive Vice President of Media Sales Michael Teicher. Marisusan Trout joins as director of media sales for the western region. Trout was previously a sales director at Vivendi Universal Networks-Flipside.
Warner Bros. also hired Phil Peters as vice president in the Midwest region. He has been with Regal CineMedia, where he was account director for Midwest sales.
Warner Bros.' media sales unit handles barter advertising sales for all of the company's first-run and off-net programming, including The Ellen DeGeneres Show, The Sharon Osbourne Show
and Friends. The media sales team also covers barter sales for Will & Grace
and Access Hollywood.
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After working as vocal artist in some big bollywood flicks like R Rajkumar and Holiday, playback singer Geetashree Rajkhowa aka Mizee is going to debut on bollywood with "Main aur Mr.Riight" which set to release shortly.
Born in Dibrugarh, Assam, Mizee is one of Assam's most popular young artists who is setting stages on fire with her powerhouse performances. Her debut hindi music album Bohnimaan..the folk flows was very much appreciated across the country. Bohnimaan was a contemporary take on traditional Assamese folk tunes.
Main Aur Mr. Riight is an upcoming romantic Bollywood movie that stars Barun Sobti and Shenaz Treasurywala as the lead . Main Aur Mr. Riight tells the story of a single girl in search of her Mr. Right. The film is slated to release on 12 December 2014.
Watch the video of Sakhi Re | Album – Bohnimaan
Listen all the awesome tracks from Bohnimaan | Jukebox


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Though we grieve the death of our beloved's physicality, we do not wish to burden them with that grief. As an act of love, set grief aside when connecting to our loved ones in spirit. Send only love as it is their food and their art. It is what nourishes and sustains them on their journey from death to rebirth.
The great Rudolf Steiner Quotes Site
It is very important to send our thoughts and feelings to a loved one who has died and is now in the spiritual worlds. Our thoughts must not contain yearnings to have the departed back with us, as this complicates his life in the spheres in which he must now enter. What we need to send to the spiritual worlds is not the suffering we endure but the love we bear towards the departed. […] Spiritual research has shown that feelings of love give wings that bear the dead up, whereas longings like: "Oh how I wish you were still with us" create obstacles in his path. This is a general indication of how to direct our feelings in such events.
Source (German): Rudolf Steiner – GA 264 – From a letter to Paula Stryczek – Berlin, 31 December 1905 (page 101)
Anonymous translator


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This section is from "Scientific American Supplement Volumes 275, 286, 288, 299, 303, 312, 315, 324, 344 and 358". Also available from Amazon: Scientific American Reference Book.
While the phanerogams or flowering plants annually contribute to the list of newly discovered alkaloids, with the exception of muscarine and amanitine, no alkaloid has as yet been definitely recognized among the cryptogams.
Karl Bödeker, of Göttingen, has opened the road in this direction, and gives in a paper sent to Liebig's Annalen der Chemie, August 15, 1881, the following account of an alkaloid, which, from the name of the plant in which it occurs, he calls lycopodine.
The plant yielding the alkaloid, Lycopodium complanatum, belongs to the group of angiospermous cryptogams. It is distributed throughout the whole of north and middle Europe, and contains the largest proportion of aluminum of any known plant. Its bitter taste led the author to suspect an alkaloid in it.
To prepare the alkaloid the dried plant is chopped up and twice exhausted with boiling alcohol of 90 per cent. The residue is squeezed out while hot, and the extract, after being allowed to settle awhile, is decanted off, and evaporated to a viscid consistency over a water bath. This is then repeatedly kneaded up with fresh quantities of lukewarm water until the washings cease to taste bitter, and to give a reddish brown coloration when treated with a strong aqueous solution of iodine. The several washings are collected and precipitated with basic lead acetate, the precipitate filtered off, and the lead in the filtrate removed by sulphureted hydrogen. The filtrate from the lead sulphide is evaporated down over a water bath, then made strongly alkaline with a solution of caustic soda, and repeatedly shaken up with fresh quantities of ether so long as the washings taste bitter and give a precipitate with iodine water. After distilling off the ether, the residue is treated with strong hydrochloric acid, the neutral or slightly acid solution filtered off from resinous particles, slowly evaporated to crystallization, and the crystals purified by repeated recrystallization. To prepare the pure base a very concentrated solution of this pure hydrochlorate is treated with an excess of a very concentrated solution of caustic soda, and pieces of caustic potash are added, whereupon the free alkaloid separates out at first as a colorless resinous stringy mass, which, however, upon standing, turns crystalline, forming monoclinic crystals similar to tartaric acid or glycocol. The crystals are rapidly washed with water, and dried between soft blotting paper.
Thus prepared, lycopodine has a composition which may be represented by the formula CHNO. It melts at 114° to 115° C. without loss of weight. It is tolerable soluble in water and in ether, and very soluble indeed in alcohol, chloroform, benzol, or amyl alcohol. Lycopodine has a very pure bitter taste.
The author has formed several salts of the base, all of a crystalline nature, and containing water of crystallization.
The hydrochlorate gives up a part of its water of crystallization at the ordinary temperature under a desiccator over sulphuric acid, and the whole of it upon heating. - Chemist and Druggist.
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The Mormon Image in Literature with Ardeth Parshall
Ardis Parshall is one of the most prolific LDS historians. Her blog, Keepapitchinin, has been running for over ten years now and includes over 6,000 posts, almost all written by Ardis.
Ardis has teamed with Michael Austin to republish literature related to Mormonism that is rare, fragile, and soon could be lost. Dime Novel Mormons, their current offering, presents four novellas featuring Mormons as villains.
The way Mormons were portrayed in dime novels was remarkably consistent. The authors played on common stereotypes and themes such as Danites, polygamy, and the Mountain Meadows Massacre. As we read these novels, we can better understand what was happening in the minds of those meeting Mormon missionaries for the first time, or the fears Mormon families had as they sent loved ones to serve missions in a world filled with such distorted fiction. The outrage associated with one such Anti-Mormon novel was so great that English citizens called for a removal of all Mormon missionaries. This prompted Winston Churchill to look into Mormon activities, luckily only to confirm actual Mormons were good and sweet.
Laura Harris Hales also talks with Ardis about her forthcoming book, She Shall be an Ensign. In this eagerly anticipated work, Ardis provides us the history of the Church through the eyes of the women who participated.