text:
Dipl-Chem. Germar Rudolf,*[1] Nicholas Kollerstrom MA Cantab., PhD, FRAS[2]
This article was first submitted to the Royal Society of Chemistry's journal The Analyst. They rejected it on the grounds that it did not have enough about analysis. The authors then submitted it to Chemistry- a European Journal. It was rejected in less than 24 hours on the grounds that it would not be "likely to attract a wider readership." While this article, with its heavy emphasis on chemistry, is atypical for Inconvenient History, we were convinced of its importance and believe, especially in light of the rejections received from the journals mentioned above, that we had a special responsibility to publish it. Ed.
To this day, brick and mortar from the walls of the extant delousing chambers at the infamous Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp contain substantial amounts of Iron Blue residue, FeIII4[FeII(CN)6]3, also known as Berlin Blue or Prussian Blue. As this compound is insoluble to rain and resistant to wind and other natural forces, it is not surprising its presence has persisted the past seven decades. It is usually, but not always, quite visible to the naked eye.
Various iron(III) oxide compounds are common in brickwork (bricks, mortar, cement, concrete, plaster), while cyanide compounds are not. The latter's presence in the brickwork of delousing chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau is undoubtedly a function of exposure to gaseous hydrogen cyanide used during the camp's operation between late 1941 and early 1945. All analyses of exposed surface of other objects have to date revealed cyanide residues that are either very close to or below the detection limit. Difficulties with the existing analytical methods, which are not designed for these atypical host materials, need to be overcome to allow more definite conclusions.
Zyklon B, which is liquid hydrogen cyanide (HCN) absorbed on diatomaceous earth or gypsum granules, started its innocuous career in the 1920s as a disinfestation agent. The broad consensus today is that during the Second World War this product was used to kill hundreds of thousands (or millions) of Jews in homicidal gas chambers, in German wartime camps. But a consensus also seems to exist that Zyklon B was used throughout the German system of concentration and labour camps for its originally intended purpose: the disinfestation of inmate living quarters, clothes, linens and mattresses. It was the advent of DDT and its successors, just as the war was ending, which reduced the use of HCN for disinfestation purposes to a niche market.
The use of hydrogen cyanide in buildings to fight pests like woodboring beetles has been common practice for many decades and only rarely led to problems like chemical reactions of the HCN with building materials, although a few cases have been reported, some of which involve the reaction of HCN with iron compounds contained in the walls resulting in Iron Blue.[3]
The blue discoloration which has been noted in the disinfestation, or delousing, chambers at the Auschwitz and Birkenau camps most probably resulted from a similar reaction. The idealized reactions underlying the conversion of iron(III) oxide to Iron Blue in wall material (brick, cement, mortar, concrete, plaster) in the presence of large amounts of gaseous HCN are probably as follows:[4]
|coordination & reduction:
|36 HCN + 14 Fe(OH)3 + 6e– → 2 Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 + 18 H2O +6 OH–
|3 HCN + 6 OH– → 3 CO2 + 3 NH3 + 6 e–
|39 HCN + 14 Fe(OH)3 → 2 Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 + 18 H2O + 3 CO2 + 3 NH3
Iron(III) is known for eagerly binding cyanide ions, and the resulting hexacyanoferrate(III) is known to be a strong oxidising agent, which in an alkaline medium is capable of oxidising even trivalent to hexavalent chrome.[5] Considering that lime and cement mortars remain alkaline for quite a while (the higher the cement content, the longer the material will remain alkaline), the above formation mechanism for Iron Blue in walls exposed to HCN appears most likely, where hexacyanoferrate(III) oxidises excess cyanide, while the resulting hexacyanoferrate(II) combines with remaining iron(III) ions over time to slowly form Iron Blue.
Evaluation of Past Sampling and Analytical Methods
Well over a hundred specimens have been sampled from the walls of various buildings at the Birkenau and Auschwitz wartime camps by four different surveys. In sequence of publication these were: Leuchter (USA, 1988),[6] Rudolf (Germany, 1993),[ 7] Ball (Canada, 1993) [8] and Markiewicz et. al. (Poland, 1994). [9]
Whereas Leuchter and Rudolf measured total cyanide in the brickwork using an internationally recognized analytical procedure that dissolves the total cyanide content, the Polish study (Markiewicz et. al.) aspired to measure only the water-soluble cyanide components, i.e. those components that might be presumed to no longer exist, because soluble cyanide compounds are notoriously unstable and decompose under the influence of air humidity with a half-life of mere days and thus cannot be expected to have survived five decades of exposure to the elements.[10] Hence, whatever can be measured with such a method, it certainly cannot conceivably appertain to soluble cyanide compounds deposited 50 years earlier, no matter how reproducible the results. [11]
Fig. 1: Interior photograph taken from the ruins of Morgue 1 (alleged "gas chamber") of Crematorium II. The arrow points to a sample taking location by Germar Rudolf. (© 1991 Karl Philipp)
The reason given by the Polish scientists to exclude long-term-stable iron cyanide compounds from their analysis deserves a brief discussion. If valid, a completely different approach to the issues at hand would be required.
Without considering possible pathways for the formation of long-term-stable iron cyanides in wall materials exposed to HCN, the Polish team assumed that maybe "the delousing room[s] were coated with this [Iron Blue] dye as a paint."[12] Their supposition was based on a paper by Austrian chemist Josef Bailer, published in a political brochure by the Austrian government. [13] In order to exclude this pigmentation from the analysis, they decided to apply a method that was insensitive to iron cyanides.
It is worth emphasizing that a few published reports exist where a single fumigation of old churches with Zyklon B (or its successor product) resulted in exactly the same spotty blue plaster discoloration as observed here, caused by the formation of Iron Blue.
Iron Blue is not well-suited for wall paint, as it is unstable in an alkaline environment, and because fresh wall plasters saturated with Ca(OH)2 may have pH values as high as 13,[14] which decreases only slowly with time. Studies on the stability of Iron Blue have determined that the pigment is still stable at a pH value of 9 to 10. [15] Experiments conducted by Rudolf have established a stability limit of pH 10-11 for fresh Iron Blue precipitations. Beyond this value, Fe(OH)3 precipitates, leaving the re-dissolved hexacyanoferrate(II) ions behind, thus reversibly destroying the pigment. In their product information sheets for Iron Blue pigments, the German chemical company Degussa describes Iron Blue's "lime fastness" – a measure of stability on fresh wall plasters – as "not good."[16] Although the pigment's destruction on alkaline plaster is reversible once the wall loses some of its alkalinity, the result would still be a patchy blue color which changes its hue with time– hardly what a customer buying blue wall paint would desire. As a result, Iron Blue, when used in blue paint, is not the only substance added to impart blue pigment. [17]
Even if such wall paint had been available during the war, it is not likely that German camp authorities would have used it exclusively in their delousing chambers. And this would have been true not only at Auschwitz and Birkenau,[18] but also at the Majdanek and Stutthof camps, whose delousing chambers show an identical Iron Blue discoloration found nowhere else in the camp.[19]
The Auschwitz delousing chambers under investigation here had received a coat of white lime paint. Adding another layer of paint to it would have made little sense. Also, any layer of paint leaves behind a pattern of brush strokes and a defined layer containing the pigment together with the other components of the paint, such as binders, fillers and additives, which usually make up the bulk of the paint, none of which has been detectable in the cases examined here.
Fig. 2: Interior northwest room in the Zyklon B disinfestation wing of BW 5a in the Birkenau camp\. (© 1991 Karl Philipp)
Some of Rudolf's samples (see below) were high in cyanide but showed no discoloration, having originated from deeper layers of the plaster, which could not have been caused by a superficial layer of blue paint. In addition, high cyanide levels are sometimes detectable even in samples taken from the outside of the buildings, which are plain, unplastered brick walls, with no paint whatsoever.[20]
We therefore do not accept that blue wall paint was the reason for the blue discolorations of the plaster, mortar and bricks of Third Reich era Zyklon B delousing-chamber walls. Excluding insoluble iron cyanides from the analysis, as the Polish study did, means excluding the majority of detectable cyanide components, which is hardly a valid approach.
Whilst the Polish team did have permission from the Polish authorities to take its wall samples, Leuchter and Rudolf took their samples clandestinely. Considering that secret sampling is not unusual and sometimes necessary for the sake of independent investigations, this legal flaw may have no relevance to our analysis.
The Ball study was small, a mere six wall samples taken in all, without any precise location given. A fierce debate, colored alas by political agendas, has swirled around the question of what parts of old brickwork may or may not have been regularly exposed to hydrogen cyanide gas. Hence evidence locating each sampling site is here rather vital in reconstructing the historical use. We have here excluded Ball's samples on the grounds that its author has not been available to answer questions concerning the exact locations of his samples.
Depth of Penetration
Possibly influenced by the hypothesis that the Iron Blue found in the walls of the Auschwitz delousing chambers might stem from wall paint and therefore is expected to be found only on the walls' surface, Dr Roth, the chemist who worked at Alpha Laboratories which analysed Leuchter's specimens back in 1988, stated in a later media interview that cyanide gas would only be absorbed into the first ten micrometres or so of wall surface.[21] That could be so for stone but neither for brick nor for mortar or plaster. Were his claim valid, it would invalidate the very concept of wall-sampling to assess historical cyanide exposure. We shall here comment on 'Roth's hypothesis':
1. First we may juxtapose Roth's media statement above with the statement he made while testifying under oath as an expert witness during a trial for which he had unwittingly prepared the analyses in question:[22]
"In porous materials such as brick or mortar, the Prussian blue [read: hydrogen cyanide] could go fairly deep as long as the surface stayed open, but as the Prussian blue formed, it was possible that it would seal the porous material and stop the penetration."
2. Furthermore, expert literature is detailed in that hydrogen cyanide is an extremely mobile chemical compound with some of its physical properties quite comparable to water.[23] It can quite easily penetrate through thick, porous layers like walls, as was shown during fumigation experiments in the late 1920s.[24]
3. In addition, it is generally known that cement and lime mortars are highly porous materials. The German official standard DIN 4108, Parts 3 to 5, for instance, deals with diffusion of steam into building materials.[25] It deals to a large degree with the so-called diffusion resistance factor of building materials, a dimensionless number indicating how much longer the diffusion of a gas takes to penetrate a layer of certain materials compared to the time it takes to diffuse through the same layer of still air. This coefficient applies for any type of gas, including hydrogen cyanide. In the list of 100 different building materials compiled in DIN 4108, Part 4, one can find lime and cement mortar with diffusion resistances from 15 to 35, in which case the resistance grows with increasing cement content. Hence, in such materials, there does not exist anything like a defined layer of 0.01 mm beyond which hydrogen cyanide could not diffuse, as for comparison there would be no reason why water could not penetrate a sponge deeper than a millimetre. Steam, for example, whose physical behaviour is comparable to hydrogen cyanide, can very easily penetrate walls.
4. Finally, Rudolf has taken wall samples from the outside of delousing chambers, as well as from deeper layers of the material:
|Sample #
|mg CN–/kg
|inside, plaster from 1 mm to 10 mm depth
|inside, plaster from 2 mm to 10 mm depth
|outside, mortar from 0 mm to 3 mm depth
|outside, brick from the outer 1 mm
|outside, brick from 0 mm to 7 mm
|inside, plaster from 4 mm to 10 mm
|inside, plaster from 0 mm to 4 mm
|inside, plaster from 4 mm to 8 mm
Rudolf's Samples 15b & c were taken from a brick on the outside of one of the Birkenau delousing chambers. Whereas Sample 15c consisted of the upper, stained layer some 1 mm thick of the brick scraped off with a spatula, Sample 15b (not listed above) consisted of the sample's remainder. The upper blue layer had a cyanide value of 2,400 ppm, whereas the rest of the sample (15b) had a value of only 56 ppm, indicating that almost all cyanide is concentrated on the upper millimetre of the brick – with no paint visible, though. As Rudolf has indicated, this may be due to the fact that the iron oxide contained in bricks is rather inert to chemical reactions due to the sintering process that all the brick's compounds undergo when it is made, with the exception of the brick's surface, where environmental influences (UV radiation, acid rain etc.) activate the iron.
Rudolf's mortar and plaster Sample Pairs 9 & 11, 12 & 13, 19a & b, which were each taken at the same spot but at different depths, as well as 17, taken from below the overlaying lime plaster (which is similar to 19a), show that the situation is drastically different with plaster:
|Surface values
|Deep-Layer Values
|Outside values
|0 – 2 mm:
|1 – 10 mm:
|0 – 2 mm:
|2 – 10 mm:
|4 – 8 mm:
|0-7 mm:
|0 – 4 mm:
|4 – 8 mm:
The wall at the location where Samples 9 & 11 were taken showed a very intense, dark blue hue. The concomitant accumulation of Iron Blue on the surface is borne out by the very high amount of cyanide found there in comparison to the considerably lower, though still substantial amount in deeper layers. This surface accumulation is due to wall exposure to outdoor elements plus its direct contact with ground water. The Birkenau camp was erected in a swampy area: ground water slowly moving up through the wall and out towards the surface, where it evaporates, carries along soluble ions, including hexacyanoferrates, which subsequently accumulate at the walls' surface. This is also supported by the visible pattern of blue hues produced by this process, which seems to reproduce the underlying brick structure of that wall, probably caused by the different heat conductivities – and thus water evaporation rates – of the underlying material.[26]
In contrast to this no such accumulation has occurred at the location where Samples 12 & 13 were taken, which is an internal partitioning wall not exposed to the elements and in no direct contact with ground water. Hence, the lack of moisture in that wall has prevented the transport of soluble cyanides to the surface. As a consequence, an almost constant concentration profile results for the upper 10 mm of the wall.
Sample 17 was taken from the southern wall of the delousing wing of the hygiene building BW 5b at Auschwitz-Birkenau, a wall intensely exposed to the elements, as the winds and the rain come primarily from the southwest to west in that area.[27] Since moisture is one main prerequisite for the absorption of HCN into building materials – the other being an elevated pH value – this could be why cyanide values are highest at this location. In fact, 74% of all the iron contained in this sample was converted to Iron Blue: we are dealing here with cyanide values very close to the saturation limit. Interestingly, the heavily eroded, hence chemically active bricks on the outside of this wall show a dark blue discoloration with cyanide values close to those measured in the lower layers of the plaster on the inside (Sample 16) suggesting that the entire wall is saturated through with Iron Blue, should anyone ever venture to take core samples from within it.
This may resolve the question, as regards which of Dr Roth's statements is tenable: without doubt, that which he made while under oath.
Fig. 3: Exterior southwest wall of the Zyklon B disinfestation wing of BW 5b in the Birkenau camp\. (© 1991 Karl Philipp)
Detection Limit and Reliability
The Polish study followed the method as defined by Epstein, who gives a detection limit of 0.2 mg/l for liquid samples.[28] The Polish team mysteriously averred, however, that their detection limit lay almost two orders of magnitude lower, at 3-4µg/kg according to experience they have gained with test measurements. We are far from accepting this parts-per-billion accuracy level claimed for a 1947 method but refrain from further comment.
This, in addition to the observations made above about the evidently wrong wall-paint hypothesis, led to our decision to exclude these results from our present comparative study concerned only with total wall cyanide measurement.
We are therefore left with the studies conducted by Leuchter and Rudolf. Using just these two published studies, we have here made several binary distinctions within the data, e.g. between outdoor wall samples exposed to the elements, and those from still-enclosed rooms, having intact ceilings. This may guide us as to the effect of weathering on the residual cyanide levels. Also, a differential between brick and mortar cyanide absorption would be of interest. We have endeavoured to ascertain a control level, i.e. a mean ferrocyanide level in dormitories, kitchens and washroom walls, rooms where nobody has alleged that regular exposure to hydrogen cyanide took place. From pooling the two data sets we have endeavoured to credibly ascertain this vital scientific metric.
We have not been primarily interested in the question of whether a deep blue ferrocyanide discoloration of the walls is present, or how that came into existence. The presence of this blue hue emerged only slowly after the war and was the stimulus for the original measurements of wall cyanides taken by Fred Leuchter. We suggest that the simple measurements of total cyanide as evaluated here do not depend upon such a discoloration. For instance, if a certain wall material contains some 1% of iron compounds, even its total conversion into Iron Blue would not necessarily lead to a noticeable change in hue, as 1% blue within 99% of, say, mortar-grey would hardly be noticeable to the human eye. This is borne out by Rudolf's Samples 19a & b, both of which had high cyanide levels, although neither showed any noticeable blue hue. Strong discoloration of wall surfaces must therefore depend on accumulation processes near the surface, e.g. due to humidity transporting still-soluble cyanide compounds like hexacyanoferrates to the surface, where it then slowly converted to Iron Blue.[29]
Leuchter and Rudolf both had their samples analysed by professional laboratories employing almost identical methods: grinding the solid samples in ball mills, then extracting the cyanide by boiling the powdered samples in hydrochloric acid. The forming HCN was driven out by means of a continuous air stream into a NaOH solution. This was then analysed photometrically. Even though there are more sensitive methods of detecting cyanide available today, they usually are incapable of dissolving Iron Blue, which is an integral part of a solid sample.
The detection limit of the methods used by Leuchter was given as 1 ppm, whereas Rudolf's laboratory claimed a limit of 0.5 ppm. The main weakness of these two investigations is arguably that many samples of interest exhibited cyanide levels very close to these detection limits.
The analytical method used was originally devised for liquid samples, whereas we are dealing with solid samples whose cyanide contents have to be dissolved before they can be measured. In addition, almost all analytical methods used to this day are susceptible to interference by a wide range of components.[30] One of them is of particular importance in our case: carbonates. In aqueous HCl, carbonates release CO2, which thus gets transferred alongside HCN into the NaOH solution. The German DIN standard analytical method used for Rudolf's samples specifically mentions a potential interference of carbonate, which can mask small amounts of cyanide.[31] In the present case, carbonates are a main component of most samples (except bricks). It remains unknown to what extent a substantial amount of carbonate has affected the analysis. It may be safe to state, though, that the reliable detection limit under these circumstances can be expected to be considerably higher than is given for liquid samples with little or no carbonates.
To prove this point, Leuchter's laboratory re-analysed two low-level samples and made a spike analysis for a third. Rudolf had four of his samples re-analysed by a different laboratory. The results are given in Table 3.
|1st Result
|2nd Result
|% Recovery (1st/2nd)
|* L = Leuchter's sample no.; R = Rudolf's sample no.
** A spike recovery was performed in this case, with only the percentage given.
Whereas all of Leuchter's samples are described as "brick," hence should have low contents of interfering carbonates, Rudolf's Samples 3, 8, and 11 were plaster samples rich in carbonates. The the only sample which could be reproduced with accuracy, #25, was of brick. As can be seen from this, the reliability of analytic results even of samples with high levels of cyanide is problematic, whereas the reliability of result of samples with cyanide levels close to the formal detection limit is approaching zero. To put this into perspective, a spike recovery rate of up to ±10% is considered to signify a reliable analytic method. The acceptability limits are generally considered to be at ±25%. Here we are dealing here with rates between +40% and –100%.
The Delousing Chambers
Our first division of the data concerns wall samples taken from what are agreed by all sides to have been innocuous delousing chambers in the Auschwitz-Birkenau hygiene buildings BW 5a and BW 5b (BW standing for Bauwerk = building). Erected in 1941 as a preventive measure against the outbreak of typhus in this German wartime camp, they exposed clothing and bedding to something around a thousand parts per million of cyanide gas for several hours.[32] They were designed to be used in conjunction with Zyklon B. The type used at Auschwitz consisted of highly porous gypsum granules soaked with liquid hydrogen cyanide.[33] The liquid boiled at 25.7°C, so slight warming was recommended to accelerate the evaporation of the compound, although it was not required due to the high vapour pressure of HCN even at low temperatures.
Only a single sample from a delousing chamber (DC) wall was taken by Fred Leuchter, at Birkenau, even though it was quite a substantial one, but this was more than compensated by Rudolf's quite extensive sampling inside and out of two delousing chambers in the same camp. Indeed we may at once divide Rudolf's 16 DC samples into those from indoor walls versus those from outdoor walls of the same buildings:
|Delousing room, inside:
|5,431 ± 3,962 ppm (n=11),
|3,010 ± 3,999 ppm (n=5).
Such huge standard deviations may be expected among samples taken at different locations with different exposures and histories: strictly speaking, one should only consider them for multiple analytical results of the same sample or from very similar samples, which is not here the case.
All of the walls here sampled (except for Rudolf's Samples #19a&b as mentioned above) were stained blue to some degree. Clearly, the hydrogen cyanide used on a regular basis in these delousing chambers has penetrated right through the walls, being 45% lower on the outside than on the inside forty years later.
Comparing both Leuchter and Rudolf DC samples versus all other samples of measurable cyanide level gives:
|Delousing Chambers
|Other locations
|1,050 (n=1)
|1.22 ± 1.94 (n=33)
|4,674 ± 4,009 (n=16)
|2.61 ± 3.6 (n=16)
|Overall mean value:
|4,461 ± 3,980 (n=17)
|1.68 ± 2.6 (n=49)
A total of 32 samples were taken by Leuchter, three of which were measured twice by Alpha Laboratories, i.e. there was a large enough quantity to perform two separate assays upon them (see Appendix 1 of The Leuchter Report). That gave altogether 35 assays performed, of which 16 gave measurable iron cyanide levels, while 19 had cyanide levels too low, if any, to give a reading. We have here included all of Leuchter's measured values, except the one consisting of sealing material taken from a hot air disinfestation oven.
Rudolf had 32 analyses made, four of which were repeat analyses by a different laboratory. His 'Fresenius Institute' laboratory obtained measurable values from all of them, while the other laboratory (IUS) was unable to detect any residue in two of the four samples. In addition, Rudolf also took a sample from a collapsed Bavarian farmhouse as a null test. This sample was tested by both laboratories as well (R25).
The first judgement to be made here is whether the means and standard deviations are similar enough to justify pooling the two data sets. If all of Leuchter's too-low-to-measure samples are assigned a value of 0.5 ppm (to choose the middle between nothing and the official detection limit of one ppm), then his non-DC values would go up from 1.22 ± 1.94 to an overall mean of 1.4 ppm ± 1.8 for n=33. Thereby the Leuchter and Rudolf data sets are seen not to differ significantly, and we therefore felt at liberty to pool the two data sets.
Having done that, a two-thousandfold differential between the two groups is evident. The data, of cyanide wall-measurements fall into two very clearly separate groups with no overlap whatsoever. We here have no further comments to make upon the DC wall-sample values.
Homicidal Gas Chambers
There is no record of a large, homicidal cyanide gas chamber ever existing either prior to or after World War Two. There is a widespread agreement, however, that they did so exist and extensively function in Poland during the war. Indeed one can be jailed in ten European nations for publicly expressing doubt of such a thing. We are not concerned to debate the technical details of such large homicidal cyanide gas chambers (HGC). Our concern lies solely in defining the category of HGC in terms of what brickwork was sampled by Leuchter and then by Rudolf.
By a 'control' sample we mean one taken from a room that has not been recorded or alleged to have functioned as a gas chamber, neither for humans nor for clothes or bedding, i.e. it has been neither a DC nor an HGC. For ascertaining this group, we have here used the careful work of Desjardins, who in 2007 published a new analysis of his 1996 visit to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where he re-traced the sites sampled by Leuchter, commenting on the locations of each sample.[34] Thus three primary sources remain available for locating the sample sites: video footage taken during the Leuchter sampling, maps drawn up afterwards, and the reconstruction by Mr Desjardins.[35] Thereby we have been able to group the data for example by outdoor/exposed versus indoor/unexposed specimens, as mentioned, but also and more importantly by homicidal gas chambers (HGC) versus background or control levels. Major textbooks have pointed to the buildings which reportedly functioned as HGCs,[36] and clearly the main motivation of these chemical wall-sampling investigations has focused upon these.
Leuchter sampled from five locations which have generally been alluded to as 'Kremas' in the literature, which is a German abbreviation for crematoria. Taken from the walls of these locations, Leuchter's sample numbers stemming from locations said to have been HGCs were, Desjardins concluded: Krema 2: 1-7; Krema 3: 8-11; Krema 4: 20; Krema 5: 24, and Krema 1: 25-27 and 29-31, totalling 19 samples, three of which have been analysed twice, hence 22 analytical results altogether. The 'control' samples then become those taken from locations within those buildings which are not claimed to have been part of a HGC, i.e. Krema 4: 13-19; Krema 5: 21-23, and Krema 1: 28, totalling 11. These samples came from locations which had been a washroom, a chimney room and other unidentified rooms not associated with the use of toxic gases. Obtaining the mean values of the two groups gave:
|HGCs (n=22):
|1.6 ± 2.0 ppm
|Controls (n=11):
|1.28 ± 1.21 ppm
The statistically insignificant 21% difference between the means of these two groups fails to indicate a historical difference in terms of their exposure to cyanide gas.
Concerning wall exposure to the elements, Desjardins, after carefully retracing the steps of Leuchter on a 1996 visit to Auschwitz and watching the film that had been made of Leuchter's sampling, commented:
"Leuchter's samples, numbered 25 through 31, extracted from Crematorium I… taken from a facility which was not destroyed and has remained intact since the end of the war, were not exposed to the elements. The same might be said for samples 4, 5 and 6 taken from Crematorium II. Leuchter removed these samples from a pillar, wall and ceiling which, though accessible, were nevertheless well protected against wind, rain and sun."
Proceeding likewise by obtaining the two means, using the same data as before, gave:
|Sheltered rooms (n=13):
|1.77 ± 2.1 ppm
|Exposed surfaces (n=20):
|1.32 ± 1.6 ppm
That so slight a decrease in iron cyanide levels has taken place over four decades is indeed remarkable and accords with what is known about the insolubility and permanence of Iron Blue.
Rudolf took three samples from the HGC walls (from what is called the Krema-II morgue), obtaining in four analyses values of 7.2, 0.6, 6.7 and 0 ppm, listed as the first three samples of his data-table (Fig 19, pp. 254f.). Within what we are calling the 'control' group, he investigated plaster versus mortar absorption of cyanide. For near-surface plaster he found a mean of 1.2± 1.4 ppm (n=7, his Samples 4,5,7,8(twice),10,23); while for mortar he found 0.2± 0.1 ppm (n=3, Samples 6,21,24). Thus, the mortar in between the bricks held a relatively lower level of iron cyanide.
Table 5 lists the total Leuchter data, as before assigning values of 0.5 ppm to his samples that were too low to measure. The six Leuchter samples from Krema 1 are {3.8, 1.3, 1.4, 7.9, 1.1, 0.5}ppm, plus his seven samples from Krema II are {0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5 }ppm. Also assigning 0.5 ppm to samples below the detection limit, the four Rudolf samples from Krema II are {7.2, 0.6, 6.7, 0.5}. Rudolf took his controls from two lots of inmate barracks (Samples 5-8 (where 8 was analysed twice) and 23-24), from walls not part of an original delousing chamber (Samples 10 & 21) as well as from a collapsed Bavarian farm house (Sample 25, analysed twice), giving 11 altogether: {0.6, 0.1, 0.3, 2.7/0.5, 0.3, 0.1, 3.6, 0.3, 9.6/9.6}. Combining these gives us:
|Mean HGC value
|Mean 'control' value
|3.8 ± 3.7 (n=4)
|2.5 ± 3.7 (n=11)
|1.6 ± 2.1 (n=22)
|1.3 ± 1.2 (n=11)
|1.9 ± 2.4 (n=26)
|1.9 ± 2.8 (n=22)
Hence the statistical difference between the two groups of samples is virtually non-existent. Assuming for the sake of argument that the analytical results are reliable, only two options remain: either these other buildings exhibited unfavourable conditions for the formation of these compounds during the war years, or they were not at all or only rarely exposed to HCN, presumably for delousing of the respective premises. But, if anyone reckons that the remains of a wartime homicidal cyanide gas chamber can be identified, which has somehow been omitted from the several wall-samplings to-date, we would be keen to attempt some further sampling to be taken from it, expecting that it would show some elevated level of residual cyanide.
The walls of the delousing chambers at Auschwitz and Auschwitz-Birkenau have been found to have high or saturation levels of iron cyanides, indicating regular and intense exposure to hydrogen cyanide gas. All other buildings of that camp where samples have been taken have much lower levels of total cyanide, if any. The reason for this has yet to be agreed upon scientifically.
However, the published analytical results of total-cyanide analyses are hampered by the fact that the method used does not seem to provide reliable results for cyanide levels approaching the detection limit. Not even the value of the only sample with a high cyanide content which was re-analysed was reproduced within an acceptable margin.
Whereas the study by Markiewicz et al. detecting merely soluble cyanides was funded by a government research project and hence could draw on sufficient resources to conduct careful calibrations and to re-analyse every sample twice, the studies by Leuchter and Rudolf had to rely on commercial laboratories who did not (Rudolf), or only in a few exceptions (Leuchter) re-analyse any of their samples. Rudolf actually had to hand some of his samples to another laboratory, which may also have introduced (or eliminated) systematic errors.
Considering that the methods used by Leuchter and Rudolf were not designed for solid samples and are known to be prone to inaccuracies, especially in the presence of large amounts of carbonates as was the case in some (Leuchter), if not most (Rudolf) of their samples, it is first necessary to establish a method which can detect total cyanide with reliability and accuracy in such solid, high-carbonate samples before any definite conclusion can be drawn from any analytical results.
On the other hand, the study undertaken by Markiewicz et al., although more thorough and hence reliable when it comes to the results of their analysis, used an analytical procedure which excluded nearly all of the cyanide. The mystery of its claimed vastly higher accuracy ("The IFFR used a much more sensitive method [than Leuchter or Rudolf]. Their sensitivity was 3-4µg/kg, i.e., 300 times more sensitive" according to chemist Richard Green.) would need some further discussion before a proper replication which we are here advocating. The Polish study used a fairly comparable colorimetric assay procedure, and it remains opaque to us how a 1947 method could have claimed to attain such orders of magnitude higher accuracy, in parts per billion of solid-wall cyanide rather than parts per million.
We hope that a replication of the results of both types of analytical methods can be performed by reliably measuring both the permanent and soluble cyanide contents in samples taken from all locations of interest. This should be conducted in a country where the expression of doubt is not a crime. As for example Karl Popper argued, doubt is inherent in the scientific method,[37] and the necessary calm debate needed for resolving this emotive issue cannot be reached unless doubt is permitted. For this reason we would like to see a UK or US investigation, even though the phenomenon pertains to central Europe.
There is an honoured scientific tradition of the experimentum crucis, or key experiment, whereby the choice between conflicting theories is decisively resolved: what would it be in this case? Has it already been performed? Ideally we would like to see a virtual reality reconstruction of the several chambers and walls here discussed, showing where old, "genuine" brickwork is located and the various points of sampling to-date, whereby different groups could debate and agree upon where any further sampling should be conducted.
We are composing this in the year of the 300th anniversary of the great calculus controversy between Leibniz and Newton. Fierce national passions were there involved, although few could really grasp the difference between the Leibnizian differentials and the Newtonian fluxions: we are likewise not objecting to heated debate – as long as it does not spill over into ad hominem insult, career termination etc., which has somewhat impeded previous discussion – but this time one which would revolve around the obscure equations of the iron-cyanide bond.
|PO Box 121, Red Lion, PA 17356, USA, www.GermarRudolf.com
|60 Barrett Road, London E17 9ET, UK
|Cf. E. Emmerling, in Holzschädlingsbekämpfung durch Begasung (Ed.: Michael Petzet), Arbeitshefte des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege, vol. 75, Lipp-Verlag, Munich, 1995, pp. 43-56; D. Grosser, E. Roßmann, "Blausäuregas als bekämpfendes Holzschutzmittel für Kunstobjekte," Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 1974, 32, 108-114; Günter Zimmermann (ed.), Bauschäden Sammlung, vol. 4, Forum-Verlag, Stuttgart, 1981, pp. 120f.; similar: http://www.pfarrei-untergriesbach.de/pfarrbrief11.htm.
|Alternatively the oxidation of CN– could also merely reach the stage of cyanate OCN–.
|J.C. Bailar, Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 3, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973, p. 1047.
|Fred A. Leuchter, An Engineering Report on the Alleged Execution Gas Chambers at Auschwitz, Birkenau and Majdanek, Poland, Samisdat Publishers Ltd., Toronto, 1988; republished as: Fred A. Leuchter, Robert Faurisson, Germar Rudolf, The Leuchter Reports. Critical Edition, 2nd ed., Theses & Dissertations Press, Chicago, 2005.
|First published in German: Rüdiger Kammerer, Armin Solms (eds.), Das Rudolf Gutachten, Cromwell, London, 1993; in English available as: Germar Rudolf, The Rudolf Report, Theses & Dissertations Press, Chicago, 2003; 2nd ed., The Barnes Review, Washington, DC, 2011.
|John C. Ball, The Ball Report, Ball Resource Services Ltd., Delta, BC, Canada, 1993, pp. 10f.; online at http://germarrudolf.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/BallReport-OCR.pdf. Ball has a degree in geology and worked as a mineral exploration geologist.
|Jan Markiewicz, Wojciech Gubala, Jerzy Labedz, "A Study of the Cyanide Compounds Content in the Walls of the Gas Chambers in the Former Auschwitz and Birkenau Concentration Camps," Z Zagadnien Nauk Sadowych (Journal for Issues of the Forensic Sciences), 1994, 30, 17-27.
|To find any trace of such cyanides after 50 years (more than 18,000 days), the half-life would have to be considerably higher than ca. 2 years (0.1% loss per day).
|The Polish team analysed each sample three times and could reproduce most of their values within acceptable limits, although it is unclear what they actually detected when considering the just-mentioned issue of fast decay.
|As note 7, p. 19. This hypothesis was later quoted by Richard J. Green, "A Study of the Cyanide Compound Content in the Walls of the Gas Chambers in the Former Auschwitz and Birkenau Concentration Camps," in Holocaust Denial: Demographics, Testimonies and Ideologies (Ed.: John C. Zimmerman), University Press of America, Lanham, Mass., 2000, p. 260; and then by Achim Trunk, "Die todbringenden Gase," in Neue Studien zu nationalsozialistischen Massentötungen durch Giftgas (Eds.: G. Morsch, B. Perz), Metropol Verlag, Berlin, 2011, pp. 46f., all by merely referring to each other.
|Josef Bailer, "Der Leuchter-Bericht aus der Sicht eines Chemikers," in Amoklauf gegen die Wirklichkeit (Ed.: Dokumentationszentrum des österreichischen Widerstandes, Bundesministerium für Unterricht und Kultur), Vienna, 1991, pp. 47-52; later reprinted in Wahrheit und Auschwitzlüge (Eds.: B. Bailer-Galanda, Wolfgang Benz, Wolfgang Neugebauer), Deuticke, Vienna, 1995, pp. 112-118. Bailer's chemical statements cite no references.
|With an increasing amount of cement contained in plaster or mortar, the latter's alkalinity lasts increasingly long, for weeks in cement-less lime plaster to decades in high-cement mortars and concretes; cf. N.V. Waubke, Transportphänomene in Betonporen, Dissertation, Braunschweig, 1966; W. Czernin, Zementchemie für Bauingenieure, Bauverlag, Wiesbaden, 1977, pp. 49f.; W.H. Duda, Cement Data-Book, Bauverlag, Wiesbaden, 1976, pp. 4ff.
|M.A. Alich, D.T. Haworth, M.F. Johnson, "Spectrophotometric studies of hexacyanoferrate(III) ion and its reaction with iron(III) in water and ethanol," J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1967 29, 1637-1642.
|H. Ferch, H. Schäfer, Schriftenreihe Pigmente Nr. 77, Degussa AG, Frankfurt, 1990.
|J.A. Sistino, in Pigment Handbook (Ed.: Peter A. Lewis), Vol. 1, Wiley and Sons, New York, 1974, pp. 401-407; H. Beakes, Paint & Coatings Industry Magazine, 1954, 69(11), 33f.
|See G. Rudolf, The Rudolf Report, Theses & Dissertations Press, Chicago, Ill., 2003, color plates outside of numbered pages (the 2nd ed. quoted in Note 7 has color photos only on the front cover).
|See C. Mattogno, J. Graf, Concentration Camp Stutthof, Theses & Dissertations Press, Chicago, 2003, photos 13 & 14; J. Graf, C. Mattogno, Concentration Camp Majdanek, Theses & Dissertations Press, Chicago, 2003, photos XIII, XIV, XIX; M. Berenbaum, The World Must Know, Little, Brown & Co., Boston, 1993, p. 138.
|Richard Green has suggested that the Iron Blue stains on outside walls of the delousing chambers at the Auschwitz, Birkenau, Stutthof and Majdanek camps may have been caused by items "soaked with aqueous solutions of HCN" and leaned against such walls: R.J. Green "Report of Richard J. Green, PhD," introduced in evidence during the libel case before the Queen's Bench Division, Royal Courts of Justice, Strand, London, David John Cawdell Irving v. (1) Penguin Books Limited, (2) Deborah E. Lipstadt, ref. 1996 I. No. 1113, 2001, p. 18 (www.holocaust-history.org/irving-david/rudolf/affweb.pdf). Since no "aqueous solutions of HCN" have ever been available for disinfestation, let alone that they could and would have been used, since it would have been extremely dangerous to handle, this hypothesis may be dismissed here as extremely unrealistic.
|In an interview by Errol Morris in his documentary Mr. Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter, Jr., Fourth Floor Productions, May 12, 1999; VHS: Universal Studios, 2001; DVD: Lions Gate Home Entertainment, 2003 (http://www.video.google.com/videoplay?docid=654178281151939378); see also: The Pelt Report, introduced in evidence during the libel case before the Queen's Bench Division, Royal Courts of Justice, Strand, London, David John Cawdell Irving v. (1) Penguin Books Limited, (2) Deborah E. Lipstadt, ref. 1996 I. No. 1113, p. 307 (http://www.holocaustdenialontrial.org/en/trial/defense/van).
|B. Kulaszka (ed.), Did Six Million Really Die? Report on the Evidence in the Canadian "False News" Trial of Ernst Zündel – 1988, Samisdat Publishers Ltd., Toronto, 1992, p. 363 (court protocol p. 33-9291). Online:http://archive.org/details/didSixMillionReallyDie_452
|William Braker, Allen L. Mossman, Matheson Gas Data Book, Matheson Gas Products, East Rutherford, 1971, p. 301; R.C. Weast (ed.), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 66th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. 1986, p. E 40.
|L. Schwarz, W. Deckert, "Experimentelle Untersuchungen bei Blausäureausgasungen," Z. Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten, 1927, 107, 798-813; ibid., 1929, 109,201-212.
|Compare www.wufi-wiki.com/mediawiki/index.php5/Details:WaterVaporDiffusion; Hartwig Künzel, Simultaneous Heat and Moisture Transport in Building Components, Fraunhofer IRb Verlag, Stuttgart, 1995, p. 24 (http://www.civil.uwaterloo.ca/beg/CE708/PhD_Kuenzel.pdf).
|Color Image 3 in G. Rudolf, op. cit. (note 18); similar but less pronounced at Majdanek, ibid., Color Image 7.
|The western wall of this delousing chamber is an internal wall separating it from other parts of the building.
|J. Epstein, "Estimation of Micro-Quantities of Cyanide," J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 1947, 19, 272-274.
|The construction damage cases reported in Note 3 indicate that it took many months if not more than a year for the conversion of adsorbed HCN to blue stains caused by Iron Blue to be complete. The final step of that reaction, binding Fe3+ to the soluble, hence mobile hexacyanoferrate(II), depends on the availability of Fe(III) (acidity, mobility, etc.).
|See Ben D. Giudice, Brant Jorgenson, Michael Bryan, "Problems Associated with Using Current EPA Approved Total Cyanide Analytical Methods for Determining Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant NPDES Permit Compliance," Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board, Tentative Order 1106, #18, Sacramento, Cal., 9/10 June 2011. Online: www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/board_decisions/tentative_orders/1106/cyanide/
|DIN 38 405, section D13 and D14, respectively.
|About the prescribed procedure see the German wartime instruction as published by the German occupational authorities in Prague in 1943 and as filed during the Nuremberg Trial in 1946, Document NI-9912; a translation can be found in J.-C. Pressac, Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers, Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, New York, 1989 note 22), pp. 18-20.
|Diatomaceous earth as carrier material had been abandoned several years before the war; hence expert literature during the war only referred to "Erco" = gypsum with some starch in it (next to Pappscheiben = cardboard made of wood fibers), cf. R. Irmscher, "Nochmals: 'Die Einsatzfähigkeit der Blausäure bei tiefen Temperaturen,'" Zeitschrift für hygienische Zoologie und Schädlingsbekämpfung, 1942, pp. 35-37. This was confirmed by the REM analysis of original Auschwitz Zyklon B carrier samples as supplied by the Auschwitz Museum: H.W. Mazal, "Zyklon-B: A Brief Report on the Physical Structure and Composition,"http://www.holocaust-history.org/auschwitz/zyklonb/
|D. Desjardins, "The Leuchter Report, Revisited," Oct 1, 2007, http://www.codoh.com/library/document/746. Desjardins is a university-trained chemist.
|As Rudolf's evaluation of the Leuchter sample locations has sometimes disagreed, we cite the sample numbers given by Leuchter (both his report and that of Rudolf are online for easy access).
|J.-C. Pressac, Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers, Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, New York, 1989; R.J. van Pelt, The Case for Auschwitz. Evidence from the Irving Trial, Indiana University Press, Bloomington/Indianapolis, 2002.
|Karl Popper, Objective Knowledge, 4th ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1979, pp. 347f.


text:
Leistikow: Progress of Nate Stanley, Iowa offense apparent in imperfect win at Minnesota
MINNEAPOLIS — Embrace all the good and accept a little of the bad with Nate Stanley.
Because that's exactly where Iowa football sits through five games of the 2018 season.
Lots of promise, lots of progress, a bit of frustration.
The Hawkeyes are 4-1 overall, 1-1 in the Big Ten Conference after Saturday's 48-31 win at Minnesota. Better than most thought they'd be at this point, and that's a credit to their junior quarterback.
"He's a rock," tight end T.J. Hockenson said. "And we all lean on him."
The hardest-working guy in the building, receiver Nick Easley said.
"He does things the right way, every day," Easley said. ".... Just someone everybody looks up to."
Yet halfway through the game, a smattering of fans reached out to me to say that it was time for Iowa to look to the bench for another quarterback.
Come on.
How quickly some forget.
A year ago, Iowa compiled a whopping 20 offensive points in its first three Big Ten road games combined. It averaged a flimsy 203 yards of offense in those games.
This year's offense has an assortment of playmakers. Ihmir Smith-Marsette showed electric speed on two big plays Saturday; Brandon Smith could be coming of age, with a career-high five catches. The tight ends, Hockenson and Noah Fant, are two of the best in the country and combined for three touchdowns.
MORE:In first road game, Hawkeyes start with a flourish, finish with a trophy
And they all have the right triggerman at the helm.
"He puts us in situations out there where we can make plays," Easley said.
So much progress is being made with this offense. Sometimes, it gets masked by the few mistakes.
Of course, Stanley would love to have a do-over on that one puzzling throw with 72 seconds left in the first half, the one that brought Minnesota back into the game.
With Iowa leading, 28-10, Stanley rolled right and saw no open receivers. Instead of throwing the football out of bounds, Stanley inexplicably flipped the ball directly into the clutches of Minnesota's Jacob Huff.
First-and-goal, Gophers. Then, 28-17 at halftime.
"Not a smart play. Should have just thrown the ball away," Stanley said. "Definitely one I want back."
Head coach Kirk Ferentz addressed that boo-boo afterward as a no-no.
"He's a better player than that. And he knows that," Ferentz said. "I don't think anybody felt worse."
But you know what happened next?
Stanley's teammates rushed to encourage him. They told him, we'll get them next time. Flush it.
He did.
Stanley and the Hawkeyes drove 53 yards to start the second half. That total included a gorgeous throw to Smith for 26 yards up the left sideline on third-and-3. The drive resulted in a Miguel Recinos field goal. Not a touchdown, but an important response to adversity.
And by game's end, the box score showed that Iowa had piled up 48 points and gained 420 yards; Stanley had thrown for more than 300 yards; and the Hawkeyes had won handily in their latest-since-2001 road opener.
Stanley made a combination of smart and sensational plays Saturday.
His scramble and location of Smith-Marsette up the left sideline for a 60-yard touchdown pass — Iowa's longest play of the season — showed his ability to improvise and produced a quick 14-0 lead.
His ability to twice read Minnesota's defense and expertly set up Ivory Kelly-Martin for wide-open screen passes (gaining 15 and 25 yards) fueled a pair of touchdown drives.
And his gorgeous 21-yard toss, feathered over the middle to Easley, pushed the Hawkeyes' lead to 28-10.
When Iowa needed a clutch conversion, more often than not, Stanley zipped the ball on target, perfectly in stride. Iowa was 10-for-19 on third downs; 2-for-2 on fourth downs, including the ingenious fake field goal flip for a Hockenson TD in the second quarter.
Though the offense sputtered early in the fourth quarter, when it came time to put the game away, Stanley delivered what the running game couldn't. His final line: 23-for-39 for 314 yards with those four TDs and that one pick.
That's more than 8 yards per attempt.
On a day when the Hawkeyes averaged just 2.7 yards per carry, they were able to ride their big quarterback's right arm.
The defense, of course, deserves due credit. Even though it gave up 31 points, remember that 14 of those were on scoring drives of 6 and 3 yards.
Anthony Nelson had three of Iowa's five sacks. The three rookie starters in the defensive backfield — Riley Moss, Julius Brents and Geno Stone — combined for four second-half interceptions.
We saw last year what happened when Iowa couldn't move the football consistently: a 17-10 loss at Michigan State; a 17-10 loss at Northwestern; a drubbing at Wisconsin.
Now, the Hawkeyes have a good and improving offense and a very good defense.
And a very good quarterback.
Even if he makes the occasional blunder.
"That's just Nate being Nate. He tries to make a play all the time," safety Amani Hooker said. "Sometimes it hurts him. But overall, he's a great player. A great quarterback."
Hawkeyes columnist Chad Leistikow has covered sports for 24 years with The Des Moines Register, USA TODAY and Iowa City Press-Citizen. Follow @ChadLeistikow on Twitter.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Home Page › Track your order
To track your order please enter your Order ID in the box below and press the "Track" button. This was given to you on your receipt and in the confirmation email you should have received.
Order ID
Billing email
This website uses cookies to offer, evaluate and improve the service to our visitors. It is important that you know what cookies are and what types we use. If you accept the use of cookies, press "ACCEPT" to close this message. Otherwise, press the "CANCEL" button. You can revoke the consent and obtain more information by consulting our Cookie policy.
Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. These cookies do not store any personal information.
Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website.


text: Spine density in the hippocampus adjustments through the estrus routine and would depend on the experience of regional aromatase, the ultimate enzyme in estrogen synthesis. backbone denseness in the CA1 area from the hippocampus with fluctuations of serum estrogen amounts in intact feminine rats. Ovariectomy decreased backbone denseness in the hippocampus, and following estradiol (E2) substitution rescued this impact (Gould et al., 1990). These results resulted in INNO-406 the widely approved hypothesis the cyclic synapse turnover in the hippocampus is definitely controlled by gonadal estrogen (McEwen, 2002). Nevertheless, estrogen can be regarded as synthesized de novo in hippocampal neurons (Prange-Kiel et al., 2003; Kretz et al., 2004), and in man rats, the basal focus of E2 stated in the hippocampus is approximately six times greater than the focus in the serum (Hojo et al., 2004). Inhibition of the main element enzyme of E2 synthesis, aromatase, by its inhibitor, letrozole, shown the paracrine/autocrine rules of synapse development by E2 in the hippocampus (Kretz et al., 2004). Furthermore, the quantity of E2 synthesized in the hippocampus was lately been shown to be adequate to improve hippocampal long-term major depression (Mukai et al., 2006). Paracrine rules by E2 was also demonstrated in neurogenesis (Fester et al., 2006) and axon outgrowth (von Schassen et al., 2006). In hippocampal ethnicities, treatment with E2 at physiological dosages didn't induce any detectable impact, which implies that endogenous hippocampus-derived E2, instead of gonadal E2, is vital for hippocampal synaptogenesis (Kretz et al., 2004; Fester et al., 2006; von Schassen et al., 2006). Short-term treatment of severe pieces (from adult male rats) with E2 at a dosage of just one 1 nM, which approximately INNO-406 corresponds to Tmem9 physiological serum concentrations, simply induced a rise in slim however, not in adult spines (Mukai et al., 2007), though it was recommended that these slim spines can be viewed as to end up being the bases for brand-new backbone synapse development after a lot more than 24 h. These factors indicate that the idea of hippocampal backbone density being solely governed by gonadal estrogen is normally questionable. As a result of this, the cyclic adjustments in spine synapse thickness in the hippocampus stay to be described. Estrogen-regulated feedback systems working via the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis result in a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)Cmediated cyclic discharge of E2 in the gonads. Within this context, it's INNO-406 important to say that GnRH can be with the capacity of regulating E2 synthesis straight, for example in ovarian granulosa cells, where it really is stimulatory at low dosages and inhibitory at high dosages (Parinaud et al., 1988; Janssens et al., 2000). Such as the ovaries, GnRH binding sites have already been showed in the hippocampus from the rat by autoradiography (Badr and Pelletier, 1987; Reubi et al., 1987; Jennes et al., 1988; Leblanc et al., 1988) and GnRH receptor (GnRH-R) mRNA appearance by in situ hybridization (Jennes and Woolums, 1994). These results recommend a common regulatory system of E2 synthesis in both ovaries as well as the hippocampus. Consistent with this, treatment of hippocampal pieces with GnRH, like treatment with E2 (Hojo et al., 2004), leads to predominantly excitatory results that are obstructed by the correct GnRH antagonists (Wong et al., 1990; Yang et al., 1999). This highly suggests a neuromodulatory function of GnRH in synaptic transmitting. The data provided within this paper confirm the hypothesis that GnRH straight regulates estrogen synthesis in the hippocampus in the same way to its legislation of E2 synthesis in ovarian cells. GnRH-induced E2 synthesis, subsequently, controls synapse development consistently. These results claim that cyclic GnRH discharge, instead of gonadal E2, is in charge of cyclic hippocampal synapse turnover. GnRH may thus synchronize gonadal and hippocampal E2 synthesis, which makes up about the relationship of hippocampal synaptogenesis using the gonadal routine. Outcomes GnRH regulates hippocampal E2 synthesis We assessed the result of GnRH on E2.


text:
Orbiting Mercury only to have a scare with Mariner showing up again. A close friend and team member (The Electric Pole) e:mailed me:
I just got a message about MESSENGER from Jim Raines, see the link below. This is really unbelievable that Mariner should show up. I wonder what the separation distance was between MESSENGER and Mariner. That would be a bizarre fate to make it into orbit only to be smashed to bits by the only derelict spacecraft within 80,000,000 miles.
This is like a guy dumping his girlfriend as if she were a post-coitus $20 hooker and then when she gets a new boyfriend he suddenly shows up to crash the party. See the pic of Mariner taken by MESSENGER…


text:
Picture yourself sitting around a summer campfire: What are you wearing?
My guess is that you probably envision a t-shirt, maybe a flannel or a hoody on a cool night. When I talk to people about the clothing they carry backpacking, then, I ask them why they'd need to carry more than a couple of simple layers. I mean, if a t-shirt and a flannel will get you through most cool summer nights… why carry more?
Yes, this is Backpacking Light. And any given merino top is going to weigh more and insulate less than a light down vest. But warmth to weight ratio isn't the ONLY significant factor in choosing what to pack. We also have to ask ourselves what is most pragmatic and versatile in the field, in the conditions we anticipate. It doesn't make sense to pack too much warmth just because it weighs less than other options.
I typically wear a base layer top, and then carry a mid layer and an uberlight poofy vest. Ounce for ounce, nothing can match the insulation of a 4-ounce down vest. But in the summer months? C'mon, man, I don't want to wear down. It's too much warmth. I became interested in finding layers that were more versatile in the warmer months, and turned my attention to merino wool.
My upper base layer goes on at the start of a trip and comes off sometime after I get back to the car, so I need something that can sort of be a second skin. When I'm in camp, moving about doing light chores such as filtering water, I need a little something extra as the sun waxes or wanes. And, frankly, I enjoy lazy time in camp, sitting around and playing cards, taking photos, and enjoying the company of friends. When I first rise from bed and tend to coffee, or when the moon begins its show, I want enough warmth to sit comfortably, without fidgeting, to enjoy the moments fully, so… I need an outer insulation-ish piece. Knowing that I was looking for three pieces, then, I started trying to piece together a system.
- Preamble:
- Making Choices
- Evaluation and Use
Member Exclusive
A Premium or Unlimited Membership* is required to view the rest of this article.
* A Basic Membership is required to view Member Q&A events


text:
Discipline in Schools
Children from broken homes cause a strikingly disproportionate share of discipline problems in schools and fare far worse academically than their peers from two-parent homes, according to an extensive new study. For every two-parent child disciplined, the study says, teachers took to task three one-parent children. Comparing children from broken homes to those with both parents, the ratio for dropouts was 9 to 5; for expulsions, 8 to 1.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the rising divorce rate means 48% of school children during the next decade will come from one-parent homes.


text:
Youth Rights and Choice during COVID-19 Pandemic.
Other people may be busy with Covid-19, but you may be busy having a sweet time with your partner. Don't wait till you lose the cow to build a fence! Find out how to protect yourself from unintended pregnancy.
Watch more tips on "Women during Covid-19" playlist: https://bit.ly/3j8ImIn
#UNFPACambodia #Covid19 #WomenDuringCovid19


text:
Vienna: Votivkirche seen from Stephansdom
|Album Overview Photo Index
More photos in the vicinity:
Riesenrad seen from Stephansdom
Millennium Tower seen from Stephansdom
Votivkirche and AKH
|The Votivkirche has been built between 1856 and 1879. Here we look at it from St.Stephen's Cathedral. The two dark blocks in the background belong to the main hospital of Vienna, one of the largest hospitals of Europe.
Date: Sep 22, 2006
Longitude: 16° 22.41'
Latitude: 48° 12.53'
Show Photo Position in Google Maps
Map references: left: courtesy CIA, middle: courtesy LOC map collection, right: courtesy NASA.
This page has been updated on: 2007-Nov-06


text:
Georgia sheriff's deputy accused of stalking woman, daughter
CONYERS, Ga. – A sheriff's deputy near Atlanta has been accused of stalking a woman and her daughter.
News outlets report Rockdale County Sheriff's Deputy James Campbell was arrested and charged with stalking.
WXIA-TV reports Campbell's first court appearance was Sunday. Sheriff's office spokeswoman Yolande Lovingood-Moore says Campbell turned himself into jail and was released on his own recognizance. Lovingood-Moore says the status of Campbell's job has not changed.
Lovingood-Moore says the sheriff's office received the complaint May 19 and roughly a week later there was enough evidence to issue an arrest warrant.
WSB-TV quotes the warrants as saying the woman told authorities that 56-year-old Campbell went to her home to harass her after she texted him saying not to contact her or her daughter.
It is unclear if Campbell has a lawyer.


text:
Privacy Policy
We recognize the importance of the privacy of our clients and web visitors. Because of this, we have the following privacy policy, which may be updated at any time:
J. R. Larkin does not collect personally identifiable information from visitors to our web site, unless we specifically and directly ask the user for it (for example in our request "Information" sections).
J. R. Larkin may use cookie technology. The purpose of a cookie is to tell the Web server that you have visited and/or returned to a specific page. This lets us determine which pages of our site are mostly visited and which are not. Cookies do not allow us to personally identify a visitor. If you are interested in cookie technology, you may want to read the following articles elsewhere on the Web:
How Stuff Works - How Cookies Work
J. R. Larkin does not collect personal information about our web site visitors other than that which is voluntarily supplied on our forms. The information supplied is completely confidential and will be accessible only to a few select employees of J. R. Larkin. Individuals who volunteer this information may receive communications from J. R. Larkin, including but not limited to email, with updates about promotions, new products and occasional special offers.
J. R. Larkin uses software that gathers statistical data about visitors and their use of our website. We use this data to improve our site's functionality, content and user experience. We do not identify individual users from this data.
If you have any questions regarding privacy on our site, please contact us.
Thank you!


text:
As I reflect on this incredibly difficult but fulfilling year, it's difficult to take in all that has happened. We had to change strategies early in the 2020 once the pandemic hit, launching products that we knew would be most helpful to our customers (hand sanitizers, sanitary wipes, immune booster teas, etc.). The most important thing for us as a company was making sure that everyone we serve stayed safe and healthy.
All this is to say a huge thank you to all of you for supporting our small family business. With so many companies closing all over the country, we have had to really hustle to avoid such a fate. We couldn't have done it without you.
Fangboner Farms has three generations of family members running it, including our youngest, Bella. We closed out 2020 with a Christmas scavenger hunt that ended with a very special prize - a key to our store. I hope you enjoy these pictures of a budding entrepreneur playing our holiday game!
With love and gratitude,
Elizabeth Richardson, Fangboner Farms CEO


text:
Headache & Migraine Treatment
At Baeks Chiropractic Health Center, we know that pain is always a symptom of a larger problem. If you're living with painful headaches, our chiropractor in Chino will work to pinpoint the root cause and find a path to long-term pain relief. Our chiropractic and acupuncture treatments include techniques that relieve stress, inflammation, tension, imbalance, and other common causes of headaches and migraines.
Headaches Treated By Our Chiropractor in Chino
Dr. Alex Baek, our chiropractor in Chino CA, knows from experience that headaches come in many forms. While all headaches are characterized by head pain, they may be localized or general, long or brief, and may or may not be associated with other symptoms. It helps to narrow down the most common types of headaches, all of which respond to chiropractic care:
Migraines – While migraines vary in duration and frequency, they're often associated with extreme sensitivity to light and sound, constant painful throbbing, and possible aural or visual hallucinations
Tension Headaches – If you feel a burning sensation in your shoulders and head, you may suffer from tension headaches, which are caused when tight muscles place pressure on the nerves in your head and neck
Mixed Headaches – Unfortunately, some patients get symptoms from both worlds: migraines and tension headaches. This makes sense because both types of headaches can be caused by stress and environmental factors
Cluster Headaches – These localized episodes may occur behind an eye or sinus cavity, and they often occur in brief but painful spurts throughout the day or week
Chiropractic Adjustments for Headaches in Chino
If your headaches in Chino are caused by tension or poor support in your upper back muscles, your chiropractor may want to perform a manual adjustment to rebalance your spine. Spinal adjustments allow us to release built-up fluid and tension, reduce pressure on the nerves in your head and neck, and correct the position of your spine for maximum support and stability. Our Chino chiropractor may also offer lifestyle advice, such as ergonomic changes to your workplace or stress management techniques.
Acupuncture Pain Relief for Headaches & Migraines
During acupuncture sessions, we harness the human body's own power to relieve its own pain and heal. Your acupuncturist will stimulate "acupoints" throughout your body to encourage the flow of energy and release any tension that may be causing pain.
Whether you have tension headaches from incorrect posture habits or migraines as a result of an auto accident injury, our goal is to correct the source of damage and help you heal. Call us today to schedule an appointment with our Chino chiropractor.


text:
Impro comedy at its best
Hello everyone :)
Today I just had the most awesome experience with impro comedy when it is best. If you have not yet tried it out and you live in Vancouver. Well then you got the chance every tuesday at cafe deux soleils. The Fictional Comedy is an amazing group who just loves doing impro standup, and when they start you just cant get enough of them.
For those of you who do not know what impro standup is, well then I can basicaly tell you that that they get a subject or a theme, and out from that subject or theme they will then act out and make standup of it. Impro stand up is also a great way to become a great actor, since it lets you see things from other perspectives, and you learn to act fast from something you dont have prepared for.
Dont worry I will create a youtube video about impro acting/comedy as well. So just follow me on my youtube channel lifeasanactor, and maybe you can learn a bit about how to challenge your self out from those tips and tricks that I will give you. Or you can experience it live at its greates right here in Vancouver.
If you wanna know more about The Fictional Comedy, then visit them at their webpage https://thefictionals.com/hot-improv-tuesdays/ or just find them at any socialmedia as well.
Again thank you so much guys for a great evening and I cant wait to see you again.


text:
Day Five: When designer Betty Monroe told us she'd be happy to design a Portugese fisherman sweater for us, we knew the subtle patterning would look wonderful in Country yarn. The easy knit-purl patterning on the yoke of the Birmingham Portugese Fisherman Sweater brings interest to the face while the stockinette tunic-length body is very elongating — and slenderizing — something we all may need after the holiday season is over!
Cari Clement


text:
Here's my issue: if the Colts wanted to rest their starters, fine, then let them play a half or a quarter and take them out. But don't bail on a competitive game with historical and playoffs implications deep in the second half. It's an arrogant disservice to your players, your team and the NFL.
No one has embarrassed the state of Indiana this much since former vice president Dan Quayle misspelled potato.
The word
...That's what the Patriots have when it comes to picks in the 2013 NFL Draft, which starts Thursday. After all those years of stockpiling picks the way a survivalist does non-perishables the Patriots have just five picks in this year's draft, thanks to Band-aid trades for Albert Haynesworth, Chad Ochocinco and Aqib Talib. Five picks would be the fewest draft picks in franchise history. (Part of that is attributable to the trimming of the draft to just seven rounds in 1994). Further complicating matters is that two of the Patriots' greatest needs are at wide receiver and cornerback, positions where they have sustained draft droughts. With that in mind, I'm convinced the Patriots are going trade back out of the first round of a quanity-over-quality draft where you're just as likely to pick a Pro Bowl player in the second and third round as you are in the first round.
Christopher L. Gasper video
Chris Gasper on Twitter
- Waiting for twitter.com to feed in the latest...


text:
Paul McCartney has been in almost constant demand for over 40 years.
As one of the most successful songwriters on the planet, the former Beatle has been thrust into the limelight on countless occasions, bumping into some famous faces along the way.
Shooting the video for new track 'Queenie Eye' the singer decided to go back to where it all began. Shot in Abbey Road studios, the new clip finds Paul McCartney seated alone at the piano in the world renowned Studio B.
Of course, there are some famous faces to help him along the way. A teaser featured Johnny Depp, while the finished product boasts appearances from (deep breath) Alice Eve, Chris Pine, Gary Barlow, James Corden, Jeremy Irons, Johnny Depp, Jude Law, Kate Moss, Laura Bailey, Lily Cole, Meryl Streep, Sean Penn and Tom Ford.
As if that wasn't enough, a handful of lucky fans also won the chance to take part in the video, embarking on a truly once in a lifetime experience in the process.
Watch it now.
– – –
Paul McCartney's 'New' album is out now.


text:
Last month when I was at San Diego Comic‐Con, I waited in line for nearly 3 hours to go into the Pokémon: Detective Pikachu "experience." It was a huge trailer set up for fans to be able to walk through Ryme City and various settings from the movie. Was it worth the wait? Not for me personally, but the videos and pictures I was able to send to my kids afterward had them in awe, so clearly I would still do it all over again.
Our whole family enjoyed the movie when it hit theaters, and my Pokémon‐obsessed son is especially happy now that it's come to the Box and Redbox On Demand. That's because so many of his favorite characters were brought to life in the film that it was hard to "catch 'em all" (GET IT?) without a pause button. (In fact, we just got Detective Pikachu from the Box and as I write this my son's sitting next to me, armed with a remote control to be able to freeze the screen at will.)
Here are the 5 characters my kids were most excited to see in the movie:
- Pikachu – Duh, right? We have so many stuffed animal Pikachus and Pikachu key-chains and stickers and books and lunchboxes and water bottles around here that we could probably start our own walk-through "experience." But the fact that Ryan Reynolds voices the cute little guy in the movie brings another dimension to the character that none of us expected.
- Psyduck – Harried parents everywhere will identify with this perpetually stressed‐out duck‐like creature, who literally explodes when things get too intense for him. He has a major role in the movie and it's pretty funny!
- Mewtwo – Should I be worried that my son was cheering for Mewtwo when this genetically engineered cat‐and‐human‐looking Pokémon was framed as the bad guy of the movie?
- Charizard – Since my son was Charizard for Halloween last year, you can be sure that we all cheered when this gigantic lizard‐dragonish Pokémon showed up on screen … in an underground battle against poor Pikachu!
- Snorlax – I hadn't heard of this creature before the movie, but it's a big blue and white teddybear‐looking Pokémon that has a strong affinity for sleeping. You can see one blocking Ryme City traffic as it snores away, oblivious to the chaos it's causing. My kids thought that was hilarious.
There are nearly 100 different Pokémon characters represented in Detective Pikachu. Which ones are you hoping to spot?


text:
Drones have completely revolutionized the industry, it is currently a hobby that has created a fever from adults to children. If you are looking for a best indoor drones, here we offer you the guide to get the best indoor drones on the market, so you can become a professional when you start in the world of drone piloting.
Buying the best indoor drone is the best option if you are a beginner or if you want to give it as a gift to your child as they are easy to use. An economic drone is the safest alternative to experiment as it is, to know all the functions and to know what it is like to fly and land it that is why you should know which the best according to the category is.
Top 10 Best Indoor Drones
In this article we will tell you the top 10 best indoor drones with the complete review, also provides you the buyer guide, so read them the carefully complete article and select the best indoor drone according to your needs
1. Holy Stone HS170 – Best Indoor Drones
The Holy Stone HS170 introduced by the Chinese Company named as Holy Stone. This indoor drone with a camera is one of the best selling drones because of its advanced features. This HS170 is the best drone for the beginners or for those who are the first time flyers. Holy Stone HS170 was manufactured in the year of 2015. All the features and complete review of this best indoor drone are given below.
If we talk about the design and the build quality of the Holy Stone HS170 then it comes with the feature of bright cobalt coating around the body of the HS170. It comes with the curved landing legs and equipped with the propeller guards, these guards will protect your drone from the serious type of damage.
If you are a beginner and flying drone the first time then propeller guards will protect your drone from crashing
It provides you the Headless mode and the Altitude hold functions. If we talk about the battery and flight time of this drone then it provides you the removable battery and you can easily charge this battery in 30 to 40 minutes, the time of this drone is 8 minutes. You can easily enjoy very well at this time.
- It provides you the advanced features including Altitude hold function and Headless mode
- The flight timing is 8 minutes
- The charging time is 30 to 40 minutes
- Bestselling indoor drone
- Comes with the USB charger
- Its price is very affordable
- Best indoor drone for kids
- Best for the beginners and easy to fly
- Best indoor drone and also for the gifts
- It doesn't provide you the camera
- It comes with the old remote controller
- The battery time of this drone is too short
2. Syma X12S Nano Best Indoor Drone
When you are looking for the small best indoor drones then the Syma X12S is the perfect thing for you. With the small size, it is very easy to fly this best indoor quadcopter. This drone is specially designed for the beginners and for the newcomers who don't know how to fly the drone.
The control of this drone is very easy and very helpful for the beginners because its controls are the same as XBOX controller
When you open the box of this drone then you will get the best indoor quadcopter, one 2.4 G remote control, the USB charging cable, and four-blade pieces. If you want to fly this drone then you have to buy some important things including 4 AA batteries for the controller and a screwdriver for the blades. If we talk about the build quality and size then this drone is made up of plastic and the size of this drone is 77mm length, width is 27mm and the weight of this best indoor drone is 109mm
It doesn't support a camera because of its size but if we talk about the battery and flight time then it comes with the 3.7v 100 mAh battery and the flight time is 4 to 8 minutes. It takes 60 minutes to charge a battery. It provides you the USB charging wire with the help of this charging wire you can easily charge the battery of this drone
- For the wonderful and perfect performance X12S best indoor drone provides you the 360-degree eversion
- It comes with the 2.4 GHz radio control
- It comes with the six-axis gyro
- The speed of the transmitter is 100 times faster as compared to the other
- Its size is very small and the body is very lightweight
- The flying time of this drone is 4 to 5 minutes
- Very easy to fly
- Best for the beginners
- Battery timing is too low
3. Holy Stone F181 Best Indoor Drones
When you open the box of best indoor drone Holy Stone F181, it comes with the 2 batteries and its own USB charger. Two batteries are the best option for long photography and videography.
If it has a full charge, the Holy Stone F181 RC best indoor Quadcopter will be able to fly for about 7 or 8 minutes according to the information supplied by the manufacturers and the charging time will be about 80 minutes. Although it might seem little in front of a smartphone, 80 minutes of charging for just 8 minutes of flight could be considered an exaggeration but it is the least we can get for that price.
The main section of the Holy Stone F181 RC Quadcopter beyond its drone performance is the quality of the Holy Stone best indoor fpv drone camera.
This indoor drone with the camera provides you a resolution of 1280 x 720 and a video speed of 30fps. With these features on the table, it is not strange to obtain good results in each of the shots but without expecting great results because we are not talking about a high-performance camera. In fact, it is probably the best quality that can be obtained at such a low price, which explains the sales success of the Holy Stone F181 RC Quadcopter.
- It provides you the 1280×720 resolution camera
- Two batteries
- Flight time is eight minutes
- It provides you the blade protectors
- Very easy to handle this
- It comes with the affordable price
- It comes with the two batteries
- The flight time is limited
4. Holy Stone HS 150 – Best Indoor Drones
Holy Stone HS 150 is the racing drone when you open the box of this best indoor drone then the first thing you will get is a notebook, you can use it for notes or for any other thing.
This best indoor quadcopter provides you an extra battery. If we talk about the time of single battery then it provides you the 7 minutes of flight time, it means with two batteries you can fly 14 minutes and this time is best for the enjoyment.
Mostly we talk about the drone for the beginners or for the photographers but not about the racing drones. But now the thing is that the Holy Stone is the racing drone it provides you the high-speed engines and this engine provides you the 50km/h flight speed, with this speed you can enjoy your race.
This best indoor drone does not provide you a camera and it's difficult to fly this drone without the camera but it provides you the LED light for the flights, with this the other feature of this drone is that it comes with the 2 extra batteries. The design of this drone makes it easy for beginners.
- It provides you the fast speed
- It comes with the high power motors
- Provides you the two batteries
- Flight time is 7 minutes
- The speed of this best indoor drone is 50km/h
- This drone is considered as a racing drone
- High speed
- Price is affordable
- Flight time is good
- Very easy to control and fly
- It doesn't provide you the camera
5. DJI Spark – Best Indoor Drone
If we talk about the best indoor drone DJI specifications say that the Spark's battery is good for 16 minutes of flight time with a full charge and optimal flight conditions. The real-world performance is usually a different story, so we grab a stopwatch, send the Spark to the air and leave it in place until it had to come down to land emergency.
From takeoff to landing, the drone achieved 14 minutes and 10 seconds of airtime. During normal flight, by making full use of the engines, sensors, and drone processing power, we had an average of approximately 13 minutes of flight time.
Another great advantage is Spark's built-in obstacle prevention system. This is something you simply won't find in other portable drones, and it adds to the experience of flying in a big way. With a maximum detection distance of only 16 feet, it is not as robust as the detection and avoidance systems built into the more expensive drones of DJI, but it is still quite decent and saved us from crashing on more than one occasion.
If we talk about the camera of best indoor drone DJI the drone shooter features a 1 / 2.3 "CMOS sensor that can capture 12-megapixel snapshots and capture 1080p video at 30 frames per second.
- It provides you the 12mp camera
- Flight time is 16 minutes
- Its transmission distance is 2km
- The speed of this drone is 50kph
- It comes with the 2-axis gimbal
- Very easy to use
- It is small and lightweight
- It provides you the best image quality
- Battery timing is short
6. Cheerson CX-10 – Mini Best Indoor Drones
Best indoor quadcopter, because it is perfect for flying indoors, it is fast and easy to use, resistant to low gravity falls, the truth is a piece of gift more than economic, for beginners and not-so beginners. The drone works great and it's a lot of fun to drive it at home.
The only downside is that the battery lasts very little and you cannot have several to change them and enjoy this little drone to the fullest.
This best indoor drone is very small, about 5 cm approx. You can easily charge this drone by USB. The detail that must be taken into account is that the remote control worked with batteries and as you do not have the children they are left wanting to try it. As a gift to get started with the drones is very good, easy handling and good finish.
It is true that it may be a bit difficult to control at first, but it has three flight modes that adapt to the experience of the "pilot." The battery lasts 5 to 8 minutes approx. The battery is not removed, so you must wait anyway. It is difficult to fly a helicopter in the wind due to its small size and lightweight. Recommended for "big children" who do not have much space to fly or want to try how these drones work. If you are searching for the best indoor drones then here it is.
- It comes with the 360-degree flips
- It provides you the three option for the speed including high, medium, and low
- Six-gyroscope is included to balance the drone
- LED lights for the night fly
- Best gift for the indoor fliers and also for the kids
- It provides you the three landing gears
- 8 spare propeller guards come with this best indoor drone
- It comes with the 100mAh battery
- The flight time is 5 to 8 minutes
- Price is too low
- Very easy to fly this drone
- Sometimes you have to face connectivity issue
7. Air Hogs Star Wars Best Indoor Drones
Air Hogs Star War is the best indoor drone and this drone is specially designed for the kids. This best indoor quadcopter provides you some propeller guards to protect your drone from the serious accidents.
This drone comes in the shape of Star War and also provides you a Wi-Fi functionality. You can fly this drone up, down, and rotates vertically and horizontally. The flying range is 200feet
This best indoor drones provides you the 140 mAh Lipo battery with the built-in charger plug, and its battery comes with the 5 to 6 minutes flight time, if we talk about the charging time then it takes 40 to 60 minutes to full charge.
If we talk about the dimension and the weight of this best drone for kids is then the weight is 66g and dimension is 25x18x5cm, its body is made up of foam. It comes with the different features like best sound effect that is perfect for the kids, another feature is it provides you the LED lights for the enjoyment. If you are searching for the best indoor drones for the complete enjoyment then this is the perfect drone
- The flight time is 5 to 6 minutes
- It comes with the Wi-Fi
- It provides you the different features like LED lights, Star Ship design, and best sound effect
- The battery charging time is 40 to 60 minutes
- It comes with the 66g weight and dimension is 25x18x5cm
- It provides you 140 mAh battery
- Star Wars design
- Price is too low
- The sound effect is the love for kids
- This best drone for kids is specially designed for the indoors
- It requires six batteries for the controller
- It provides you the short distance of 200feet
8. Blade Nano QX RTF Best Indoor Quadcopter
The Blade Nano QX RTF best indoor drone is the simple and attractive drone and this drone is specially designed for the indoors. If you are a beginner and it's your first time to fly a drone then this best indoor quadcopter is perfect for you.
If we talk about the design and build quality of this best indoor drone then it comes with the simple and advanced design and body is made up of plastic.
Its design is made up of a single piece of plastic and printed circuit board. On the top the canopy clips are present. The main thing is that it is made up of plastic but still its body is tough and protect it from crashes. To fly this drone you have to charge the battery of this drone and put it into your drone
It also provides you the pop guards if we talk about the battery and the flight time of this best indoor quadcopter then it comes with the small battery, 150 mAh lithium, and this battery provides you the 7 minutes of flight time. 25 minutes is needed to charge the battery. It comes with the USB powered charger with this USB charger you can easily charge your battery. The other feature of this best indoor drone is it provides you the two switches, remote controller.
- It comes with the four rotors
- It provides you the 6 mm brushed motors
- 150 mAh battery and the flight time is 7 minutes
- The size of this drone is 5.5×1.97 inches
- Simple and advanced design
- Very to control this drone
- Specially designed for the indoor
- The battery life is too short
9. Best Indoor Drones Parrot Mambo FPV
Seven years ago Parrot Company entered in the business of drones the first drone was launched by the Parrot is Parrot AR drone. If we talk about the Parrot Mambo FPV, basically it is a mini drone that is introduced to make flight easy. This drone provides you the complete manual control.
It comes with the other advanced features like crash-detection and this feature is best for the beginners, it saves drone form any type of damage.
If we talk about its camera then it comes with the 720p camera and because of the camera and other features, it is the best drones for filming. The other feature of this drone is that it comes with the First-person-view goggles and this is the best thing, these goggles are for the best flight experience. Its 720p camera provides you the best quality pictures and videos.
It comes with the 660 mAh 3.7v lipo average battery because its battery provides you the 10 minutes of flight time and it takes 90 minutes to full charge. Now the weight of this Mambo drone is 73g.
- For the better experience, it provides you the FPV goggles
- It provides you the best camera with the best image quality
- It comes with the three flying modes, easy, normal and high level
- Battery timing is too low
- It doesn't provide you the Wi-Fi connection
10. Blade Inductrix FPV BNF Best Indoor FPV Drone
The blade Inductrix best indoor drone comes with the FPV (first-person view) function, this drone is specially designed for the racing. It comes with the best and advanced design and features, but it also comes with some issues including not for the bad weathers and outdoor flying and battery time is short.
If we talk about the battery of this best indoor drone then it provides you the 500 mAh Li-Po battery and the flight time is only 6 minutes
If we talk about the size of this best indoor quadcopter then the size is 75mm and it comes with the 8mm motors, 40mm props. The other great features of this best indoor drone are it provides you the three types of flight mode, the first mode is Altitude mode, the second mode is Agility mode and the third mode is Meow mode.
Altitude mode is specially added for the beginners and the agility mode is only for the acro like flip and rolls. If you are searching a best FPV indoor drone then this is the perfect thing for you
- It comes with the double airframe
- It provides you the 8mm brushless motors
- The battery of this best indoor drone is 500 mAh
- The fast 2.0 UM battery connector
- It provides you the 25 mW video transmitter
- LED lights
- It comes with the Altitude Mode feature
- This drone comes with the 600 TVL camera
- It comes with the FPV
- This drone is very powerful
- Its design is very simple and sweet
- This drone is specially designed for the beginners and also for the indoor flying
- It doesn't provide you the transmitter
What drone I choose to fly drones inside the House
The best drones to fly indoors or at home are those that do not exceed 65 mm or 75 mm diagonal from the motor to motor at most, that is, the famous tiny whoops or brushless whoops that fit in the palm of your hand. Personally, I prefer brushless motors because you can fly it out in parks and gardens thanks to the power of its motors if you get tired of flying drones inside your home.
You have very cheap tiny whoops to fly in FPV or brushless whoops a bit more expensive if you want to record in HD. Some of the most popular are indoor drones are given above
What should we take into account when buying a drone?
Autonomy: Drones work by battery that is why you should consider the capacity of the battery as well as the duration of the battery as an important criterion when looking for a drone that suits your needs.
The resolution: Drones are mostly used for photography or aerial video recording. This makes having a drone with a good camera something basic, so we recommend that you take into account the resolution, as well as the type of camera before buying a drone.
Size and weight: Drones have recently become part of air and safety regulations in many cities. One of the most common ways to regulate them is by their size and weight, verify that your drone falls into the permit categories before buying them.
Functions: Finally, we recommend that you pay attention to the functions they incorporate, from returning to the point of origin in case of losing the signal to autonomous navigation. All these functions will give you more value for your money thus making your money more profitable.
How to start flying drones inside the house
Start slowly and slowly: Once you have bought your first indoor drone, you should start flying little by little, without making sudden movements. Start flying with patterns, that is, first make basic movements back and forth, then sideways, and when you have it controlled, start making circles in the room.
The races and obstacle courses will come later, first get used to handling the micro drone, to master it, this will give you the security that you will later apply when you fly the drone outside.
Practice the flight a few days with a good FPV team, without realizing it you are laying the groundwork to be a good pilot
Clear the room: Although these tiny whoops are practically harmless since the propellers are covered, I recommend that you remove vases, cups or any object that could be hit and end up on the ground in a thousand pieces since if we are in the learning stage, Small objects will be the first thing we will hit our drone.
Be careful with people and animals: When you start flying a micro drone, try to keep people out of the room, since although these small drones carry protected propellers, an impact on the face of a relative with the drone at a certain speed can result in bruising and even results in cuts.
The same will apply with our pets, try not to be in the same room to not stress them with the sound of the engines.
Avoid walls and ceilings: The walls and ceilings produce a suction effect if you get too close due to the flow of air so that the drone becomes unstable. Unless you have been practicing with him for several days, avoid them if you don't want to end the drone on the floor.
If you already have practice flying indoors, it can become a challenge to fly stuck to ceilings and walls, especially if you add a door.
Advanced level – Obstacles and doors: Once you have a few batteries spent on flying drones inside the house, there will come a time when you want to level up. It is here when you can start placing doors and obstacles to create a homemade circuit.
One of the simplest common elements to use is to place chairs in the hallway, in this way you will practice going under them. You can also fly the drone under the tables, it is a good way to practice closed turns.
Another indispensable element that you can do is to take the tiny whoop out the windows, and if you have a terrace, the fun increases, but don't take it too far! A small breeze could ruin your flight.
To create doors you can make them with thick wire in the shape of a hoop, once you have them placed, place them on the walls and ceilings, it is a great way to improve your skills as a pilot bypassing the tiny whoop through these hoops.
To finish this first part of the guide, where we have been seeing factors to consider when buying a drone, and how to fly a drone into the house we would like to give you one last tip.
Before buying your quadcopter, take a last look at the additional items that are supplied along with the ship.
It is common to find a set of spare propellers in the box, but it is not so common for the batteries needed for the control to come, an extra battery or additional protectors for the propellers.
By following this simple advice, you can save yourself a little money.


text:
Police say a 22-year-old man was waiting for a train at the Pulaski Blue Line stop near Pulaski and Harrison shortly before 1 a.m. when he was approached by the gunman. Officers say the gunman demanded money and then shot the victim in the abdomen and left thigh.
The victim was out of surgery by late Wednesday morning and is listed in good condition at Stroger Hospital. The man who shot him in is being sought by police, but investigators have only a vague description of the suspect.
Police say the victim was shot before he could give the suspect anything. According to CTA workers at the station, the wounded man managed to chase the shooter as he ran away, but eventually he stopped because of his injuries. There was a security guard working near the turnstiles, but it is a long platform and the shooting happened several yards away.
CTA riders at the Pulaski stop told ABC7 Wednesday the incident is a reminder to all to be vigilant.
"It is brazen and it is surprising. Usually, people watch out for other people around here," said CTA rider Jim Parker.
"It's concerning, because I ride this train, but for the most part you just got to be aware of your surroundings. You gotta look around, you gotta see what's going on. I feel sorry for whatever took place last night, but you have got to be more aware of your surroundings," said CTA rider Lawrence Wells.
This shooting comes about a week after the CTA announced it will be installing more surveillance cameras across the system in response to a number of thefts and robberies.
The Pulaski Blue Line stop does have a camera by the turnstiles but not on the ramp or platform.


text:
Here's a real throw back to another time and place. This must've been about 42 years ago, judging by the hair on my husband's head and face. Mine was short and designed for ease of care with three little ones to attend to. All of our haircuts were done at home. We didn't have much then. In fact money was always short for us, even for the brief time that we had it.
My girls were dressed in homemade outfits made with my Viking Sewing Machine, which has survived for almost fifty years. After our move, I hadn't bothered to use it for a whole year. When I needed it, I noticed the bobbin case was missing – rending it virtually useless. I guess God is trying to tell me I need to give up sewing.
When I look at these old photos, the one thing that stands out for me is that we're all smiling. Either we were all born actors, or we were genuinely happy. Those smiles have dwindled over the years. They've been replaced with wrinkles and lines where the smiles used to live.
As we grow older, our tempers grow shorter – we look at things differently – we sometimes feel invisible, because we're hardly noticed – we become sarcastic, short fused and grumpy. However, even in the oldest of faces, there is still the capacity to smile. I hope I die with a smile on my face. I wouldn't want to greet my God with a grumpy face. Of course I won't, because He's promised to renew us and restore us to perfection when we enter heaven. My smile will be a permanent thing there and I'll have my own teeth, no wrinkles, renewed strength and energy and perfect in every way. I can't wait!