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Explore Gallery of Liatorp Sideboards
Showing Photo About Ikea Liatorp Sideboard Desk Within Liatorp Sideboards
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The majority of hedge funds based in the United States are voluntarily registering with the Securities and Exchange Commission, according to Hedge Fund Research Inc. in Chicago.
Almost 55% of more than 2,000 United States-based hedge fund firms are registered with the SEC as of last Friday despite a lawsuit two years ago that overturned a rule requiring hedge fund managers to register as investment advisers.
The registered universe of hedge funds represents 71% of U.S.-based hedge fund assets, according to HFR.
HFR estimates there are more than 2,000 U.S.-based fund firms.
Nearly two-thirds of the money managed by funds of hedge funds is managed by SEC-registered funds, the report also stated.
HFR estimates total hedge fund industry assets to be $1.4 trillion following last year�s record outflows of $154 billion.
The carnage of 2008 was in stark contrast to 2007, when the hedge fund industry was flush with record inflows of $195 billion, according to HFR.
Through June of last year, when HFR measured the hedge fund industry at $1.9 trillion, the industry had grown 400% over the previous 10 years.
"It's tough to speculate on exactly why these firms are registering beyond that they certainly feel it is beneficial to be able to show clients they are registered," said Kenneth Heinz, president of HFR.
"What this research does is provide some clarity as to where the hedge fund industry is prior to any other regulatory requirements that might be coming," he added.

subset: commoncrawl


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text: DrinkSmokeGolf 6,010 Posted February 5, 2013 Hi all - you may notice the occasional advertisement on the site going forward. The ads will be kept to a minimum. The intention of these ads is to pay for upgrades going forward. As the site grows, I envision I will need to move the forum to a dedicated hosting solution (done!). I would also like to convert the site to Invision as it is more feature rich than phpBB (upgrade done!). Future features planned are CCF swag and a humidor tracker. These upgrades are not cheap! For those that donate, you will see "Contributing Member" under your username. Donations Donations can be made via PayPal Simply click this link: http://goo.gl/WEV0q Donation amounts are entirely up to you and should be based on what you can afford. If you cannot afford to donate, I completely understand. Any amount would be greatly appreciated. Subscriptions You can make a monthly subscription payment to CCF by clicking the button below. I would be extremely grateful to those that choose this option! CCF Subscription Option 1 : $5.00 CAD - monthly Option 2 : $10.00 CAD - monthly Option 3 : $20.00 CAD - monthly Thank you for your help! 1 nicepair reacted to this Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


text: images quotes December 4, 2014 Winter is coming. by wichoria Related 0 ← Previous Post Is it Christmas yet? Next Post → no escape You Might Also Like I like these cold, gray winter days Suddenly its' Autumn Henry Radford Leave a Reply Cancel reply This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.


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In back the taillights were simplified to eliminate the weighty pot metal bezels that created the horizontal stripe effect in 1976. Long story short, 3,400 dollars later I have the car back. Brakes need repairs often but everything else is fine. I would have this checked, even if the security light still comes on. All models got a new simulated rosewood trim for the dash, door panels and console with bucket seats that replaced the African Crossfire Mahogany trim of previous years.
We consider a wide range of things when gathering our quarter mile and zero to sixty sec, including the skill level of the driver, the source of the information, and the specifics related to Pontiac cars. The front wheels are 8 in 200 mm wide, and the rear wheels are 7 in 180 mm wide. The standard four-barrel 389 in³ V8 was uprated to 333 hp 248 kW with a manual transmission or 325 hp 242 kW with automatic. Retighten the tension bolt and your good to go. Mirrors on some models were painted in body color. An all-new Grand Prix was scheduled for 1972.
Inside, Strato bucket seats and console were still standard equipment with Morrokide vinyl or cloth upholstery, or a no-cost optional notchback bench seat with either trims. WheelSystemFilter selectedWheelSystemList, null ; wheelSystemFilter. Included were a padded instrument panel, deluxe steering wheel, courtesy lights, and other features. Over the last few months I have replaced several hoses, the thermostat and the water pump. It has a shortened crankshaft, and a host of other modifications to make it fit into a front-wheel-drive vehicle. The Brougham models came standard with all power options, a plush cloth interior similar to the full-sized Bonneville Brougham, and a half roof vinyl top with coach lamps.
This prevented common rust of the rear strut towers of the 1997-2000 models. The Turbo Hydra-matic also featured the now-standardized P-R-N-D-S-L shift quadrant pattern in place of the P-N-D-S-L-R setup of previous Hydra-matics. I'd also suggest changing the timing belt atleast every 50K miles. The center console-mounted transmission shifter included a storage compartment and a tachometer. The oil level is correct when it just reaches the bottom threads on the inspection hole. Coupes and sedans shared similar styling, except for rear doors and quarter panels.
Problems with the brakes, alternator, and power window motors are the major culprits. Its a tight squeeze to get to and a lon … g funnel is a good idea if you need to add fluid. There are numerous Pontiac cars, and each make and model is different. Unbolt the 2 front dog bones and tilt the engine forward. Some 2003 models may have had modules that could be upgraded to digital-ready.
Under the hood, the 3. A new and one-year-only option this year was a four-speed manual transmission available with the 301 cu in 4. . The plug wires would attach to the coils in the following order, counting from the front of the coils nearest to the front of the car to the rear:1-4-5-2-3-6. Obviously release the tension and remove the serpentine belt. TruckCabinFilter selectedCabinList, null ; truckCabinFilter. EngineFilter selectedEngineList, null ; engineFilter.
At mid-year, Pontiac released a radial tire option for the Grand Prix, which increased the wheel diameter from the standard 14 in 36 cm to 15 in 38 cm. It seems to help but the security problem still happens on an infrequent basis. Next is the more difficult part. I don't actually have the part. Surf Auto Brokers will not let you down! Though some feel it looks outdated and granny-ish, others like the sloping wide-track style. The first Grand Prix coupes were built in October 1987, and released on January 12, 1988 for the 1988 model year. Mechanically, they were similar to the regular models.
Supporting mods for a 3. No gasoline-powered V8 engines were offered this year in the U. If anyone has any suggestions they would be appreciated. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. These option packages included the revised 3. New for 1965 was a no-cost bench seat option with center armrest available with either upholstery choice. Knock is very detrimental to these engines.
Optional engines included a 160 hp 119 kW 350 cu in 5. Bench seat-equipped Grand Prixs got a steering column-mounted shifter with the automatic transmission along with a dashboard-mounted glovebox, replacing the console-mounted shifter and glovebox of bucket-seat cars. The Pontiac brand was dissolved in 2010 as part of. It's probably shorting out and cross-firing. The A-body line became front-wheel-drive, leaving the rear-wheel-drive midsize platform as the. If the battery is good, and it feels like everything is normall except it just wont crank. BodyTypeFilter selectedBodyTypeGroupIdList, bodyTypeGroupIdToNameMap, null ; bodyTypeFilter.


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07689330 - reg. no. for 88 St George's Square Management Company Limited. This company was registered as a Private Limited Company on 2011/07/01. This company has been actively competing in this business for eight years. This company can be gotten hold of in Flat 3 88 St. Georges Square in London. The company's zip code assigned to this place is SW1V 3QX. This enterprise's principal business activity number is 98000 and has the NACE code: Residents property management. The latest accounts were submitted for the period up to 2017-12-31 and the most recent confirmation statement was filed on 2018-07-06.
Joanne Y., Gerassimos Y., Keith W. and 2 other directors who might be found below are registered as the enterprise's directors and have been doing everything they can to make sure everything is working correctly since 2013/06/14. In order to provide support to the directors, this particular firm has been utilizing the skills of Gerassimos Y. as a secretary since July 2011.


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Embassy Suites Lincoln
Listed in:(402) 474-1111
1040 P St
Lincoln, NE 68508
- Hotels in Lincoln
- Party Event Planning in Lincoln
- Event Halls and Spaces in Lincoln
- Party Decorators and Decorations in Lincoln
1040 P St
Lincoln, NE 68508
general information
Current categorization of Embassy Suites Lincoln is under Hotels , Party Event Planning , Event Halls and Spaces , Party Decorators and Decorations with the location in the city of Lincoln, NE . Embassy Suites Lincoln's business owner has an option to edit Embassy Suites Lincoln business listing info to promote and describe goods and service to P St Lincoln consumers.
Embassy Suites Lincoln has been reviewed 0 times. All Lincoln-people are welcome to review and share their positive and negative experience with Embassy Suites Lincoln in Lincoln, NE which promotes following services: Lincoln Hotels , Lincoln Party Event Planning , Lincoln Event Halls and Spaces , Lincoln Party Decorators and Decorations
Embassy Suites Lincoln was rated as Acceptable. A local Lincoln Forum is currently looked at by 3 internet users. Specifically, Embassy Suites Lincoln accepted 15 comments in a previous month! Become closer with the Lincoln people.
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Similar businesses near 68508 in Lincoln, NE
Lincoln, NE 68526
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Info on nearby cities
Minatare Morrill Morse Bluff Murdock


text:
M cedar root
Information provided by RRN Members and Institutions
Information provided by RRN Members and Institutions
Shown below are items made of cedar root available without first logging in. This material appears in records from The Autry, The Glenbow, MOV, Penn Museum, The ROM, MOA, The AMNH, xʷməθkʷəy̓əm, British Museum, U'mista, The RBCM, Brooklyn, The PAM, The Burke, and McCord Museum of Canadian History.
No information yet


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Random friday night chat :D
anyone up for a gossip? about anything really lol
What you got in mind?0
I take it you want to avoid the football?0
can never say no to you LB
anythng you want chick,doesnt matter if its not about babies or not,just a chin wag on a friday night lol x0
haha i have the footie on,i actually dnt mind it but its getting a bit annoying now,and id rather have a chat lol
what everyones plans for the weekend then?0
I am soooo fed up of the football and the tennis, i am really getting fed up of them, although Emily (my dd, 18 weeks) loves them! She just stares at the tv when they are on!
hellooo can i gatecrash? x0
I am off to an engagement party- do you buy a present or not??? Xx0
ooohhhh starting on the men already lol
Lennon says no daddy not football so its 2 against 1 if hes up lol0
I am going to the village fete tomorrow (a big event on the social calendar!) and then my hubbys niece's 18th B'day party tomorrow night.
what has everyone else got planned??0
erm i think so Mrs cake,we got some but was more money than gifts i think,nice bottle on champagne
we are going to a vows renewal tomorrow,its called a hand fasting tho,spiritual one,then Sunday recovering and a nice roast lol0
@ Lennon
We are off to my wee cousin's first birthday party, I am really looking forward to it and have Emily's party dress all picked out, hopefully the weather keeps up!
Thats a toughy about the engagement pressie, i would be tempted to take a card and a bottle of wine or cheaper champagne. I wouldnt take an expensive present.
I think a bottle always goes down well.
This our first month ttc so feeling a bit excited and nervous!0
That sounds lovely Grudie, I looked into that when i got married but just decided to have a normal civil service.
Oh that reminds me! It's also my second wedding anniversary on Monday x0
Thanks ladies! It's really hard to know what the right thing to do is!0
MrsCake I love your name!0
we had a spiritualist minister....told me im gonna have 4 kiddies maybe should have asked him when eh lol,we drank from a loving cup as well and he was funny which was right up our street
oh yay are you'z going to do anything for it chick? we'l need to arrange another meet eh?
i like going to things like that wanna be mum,nice community spiritmwe had a big thing last weekend
where are you in your cycle robin?0
Hi Grudie
I'm unsure. Came off pill at the end of May and had my withdrawal bleed stating 3rd June. I am assuming a 28 day cycle until my body shows me different - which it probably will! :lol
I initially got lots of migraines and headaches and pain but then it stopped. I got what I think is ovulation pains and then have had really bad nausea since.
We are ttc as soon as I stopped the withdrawal bleed on GPs orders as I have Endometriosis and need to get pg quickly.
All of the cycle day stuff is very confusing for me at the moment! Not familiar with the jargon yet.0
Not got anything planned, hubby is off work, so we might go for a picnic or something. Although i think all our local parks will be busy because the schools have finished up!
We will need to meet up again, maybe next month? I get paid in the middle of the month, so would be able to go to Edinburgh around then. Although 16th is my birthday, so will prob need to be after then x0
Ladybird - hope the park is not too packed and you can enjoy the sunshine.
Your avatar is really cute, x0
ah robin you'l soon pick it up,youl even start to refer to the abv's to your OH lol and hel look at you like WHAT??? haha
sounds like a plan L,im off the end of july,think the last week,will have to look it up,il see C also x0


text:
CRC Press
352 pages
Chromatographic Determination of Molecular Interactions describes the theory and practice of the measurement of molecular interactions by thin-layer, high performance liquid, and gas chromatography. Methods and various procedures used for the calculation of complex stability constants are compiled, and the stability constants of a wide variety of interactions determined by the various chromatographic techniques are included. New results of molecular interactions are covered, including those for protein-peptide and amino acid-nucleic acid bases. The book will appeal to biochemists, analytical chemists, molecular biologists, biotechnologists, biophysicists, and medicinal chemists.
(Section Headings): Thin-Layer Chromatography. High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Gas Chromatography. References. Index.
Short Copy 2


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Financial resilience
The financial resilience of our customers and vulnerable groups in society is an important starting point for de Volksbank. We have, therefore, included our aim to improve the financial resilience of the Dutch in our strategic KPIs.
The most important aspects of financial resilience are that customers are able to balance income and expenditure, maintain sufficient savings buffers and fully understand the financial products they buy. Moreover, we want to familiarise citizens with finances to enable them to participate fully and independently in economic life. To this end, we have developed several programmes to provide customers with preventive support or to improve people's financial knowledge.
Mortgage Support Team
Customers may, for various reasons, have difficulty in paying their monthly mortgage payment. For example because they are suddenly faced with rising fixed charges, a divorce or an illness. These problems may become so great that customers are forced to sell their home. Although this is especially unpleasant for customers, this also has consequences for us as a bank.
To help customers in the early stages of arrears, we have set up an Preventive Arrears Management team for our brands. In cooperation with the Mortgage Support team, an adviser looks into how customers can continue to live peacefully in their home by making the mortgage affordable again and keeping it that way. Budget Support may be called in to give customers more insight into and control over their income and expenses if required. The initiative may lie with the customer approaching us for preventive arrears management, or with us when we proactively contact customers - based on data available to us - who may have an increased risk of arrears.
Financial education
When children learn how to deal with money wisely at a young age, this will stand them
in good stead for the rest of their lives. That is why we have developed Eurowijs: free financial learning materials for use by teachers or during guest lessons given by our employees. Teachers and schools can also order the Eurowijs learning materials via our website. Eurowijs is available for primary school children of all ages and is also widely used in special needs schools and addresses financial topics ranging from recognising euro coins and notes to cash withdrawals and counterfeit money.
Bank voor de klas
We also take part in the industry-wide Bank voor de klas initiative. Every spring, our employees give Eurowijs guest lessons at primary schools throughout the Netherlands.
You can read more about how many guest lessons we gave last year in our annual report.


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All you have to do is search Weichert.com for a rental property in the area you're in. Once you find a property you'd like to see fill out the form and a Weichert Associate will contact you
Simply log in to your myWeichert account and access contact information for all your weichert associates in one place.
Monthly Estimate*
$ 882
Welcoming covered front porch and stone accents on this spacious 4 bedroom, 2 bath home, 3 car garage and corner lot in Randall neighborhood with cul-de-sac! Huge family room and master bedroom in lower level plus large laundry, utility room & storage area. Newer appliances in kitchen with breakfast bar overlooking dining & living room - patio doors to side deck/stairs. Enjoy small town living & save!
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102 Brummer Drive, Randall, MN, 56475 is a Single Family Home for sale at $184,900 with 2,532 sqft and a lot size of 90x140. 102 Brummer Drive has 4 bedrooms, 2.0 baths, and was built in 2006. The property's zip code is 56475 which is in Randall, MN
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Network Working Group Y. Lee (Huawei) G. Bernstein (Grotto) S. Hares (Huawei) Internet Draft F. Xia (Huawei) K. Shiomoto (NTT) Oscar Gonzalez de Dios (Telefonica) N. So (Verizon) Intended status: Informational Expires: July 2011 January 3, 2011 Problem Statement for Cross-Layer Optimization draft-lee-cross-layer-optimization-problem-02.txt Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on February 3, 2011. Copyright Notice Lee, et al. Expires July 3, 2011 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft Cross-Layer Optimization (CLO) January 2011 Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Abstract Due to the lack of layer interaction between networked applications and the network during service provisioning, many end user applications and services cannot efficiently utilize the network capabilities, nor can achieve the desired quality of service objectives. This document describes the general problem of cross layer optimization. Cross-layer optimization (CLO) involves the overall optimization of application layer and network resources by providing an interface for interactions and exchanges between the two layers. The potential gains of cross layer optimization are illustrated via examples from content delivery systems, video on demand systems, and grid computing. Table of Contents 1. Introduction........................................ 3 1.1. Multi-domain, Multi-technology deployments............ 3 1.2. Short Statement of Problem......................... 4 1.3. Document Plan.................................... 4 2. Terms and Profiles.................................... 5 2.1. Terminology..................................... 5 2.2. Application Resource Categories..................... 5 2.3. Application Service Profiles ....................... 6 2.4. Network Capabilities categories..................... 7 2.5. Network Profile Information........................ 7 3. Network Application Examples ........................... 8 3.1. File Distribution Systems and Internet Content......... 9 3.1.1. Cache and Mirror placement problems ............. 9 3.1.2. Efficient Transfer of content to servers ........ 10 3.1.3. Client to server assignment problem ............ 10 3.2. Streaming Content Distribution Systems.............. 11 3.2.1. Live Streaming Issues........................ 11 3.2.2. On-Demand Streaming Issues.................... 11 3.3. Conferencing and Gaming .......................... 12 3.4. Grid Computing.................................. 12 Lee Expires July 3, 2011 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft Cross-Layer Optimization (CLO) January 2011 4. Problem Statement ................................... 13 4.1. Synchronized Reception of Multiple Real-Time Topology and Traffic Engineering Related databases................... 13 4.2. Cross-Layer Cooperative Load and Traffic Monitoring Process14 4.3. Cross-Layer Synchronization of Configuration Changes... 15 4.4. Cross-layer Provisioning Process................... 15 5. Existing Solutions................................... 15 5.1. SNMPv3 Access models............................. 16 5.2. Netconf/yang ................................... 16 5.3. MPLS OAM....................................... 17 5.4. ITU........................................... 17 6. Security Considerations............................... 17 7. References......................................... 17 Author's Addresses..................................... 21 Intellectual Property Statement .......................... 21 Disclaimer of Validity.................................. 22 1. Introduction Application layer services by their very nature utilize application layer resources, and the underlying network resources. Application layer services can involve a variety of application layer resources such as data storage, computation, specialized server capabilities, and large data sets. However, the provisioning of network applications typically includes minimal or no information about the state of underlying network capabilities and resources. For example if an application client can obtain a desired large data set (file, video, database, etc...) from a choice of many different servers, the application service will take into account the current status and load on the servers but only minimal network considerations, such as topological proximity, connectivity, ping latency, rather than current link bandwidth utilization or other quality of service parameters (e.g., delay and jitter). 1.1. Multi-domain, Multi-technology deployments Application services may make significant demands on network resources such as bandwidth and may have a variety of quality of service requirements. Due to the lack of cross layer interaction between networked applications and the underlying networks during service provisioning, many application services make poor use of network resources or not achieve their overall quality of service objectives and/or being denied of service provisioning pre-maturely. As more applications begin to be fielded in "cloud computing" environments, the applications are being deployed on network resources across multiple domains on multiple types of network Lee Expires July 3, 2011 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft Cross-Layer Optimization (CLO) January 2011 hardware. This trend to place more applications in "cloud" environments is project to grow. This document describes the general problem of cross layer optimization. Cross-layer optimization (CLO) involves the overall optimization of application layer and network resources by providing an interface for interactions and exchanges between the two layers. The potential gains of cross layer optimization are illustrated via examples from content delivery systems, video on demand systems, and grid computing. 1.2. Short Statement of Problem The lack of communication interface between the application layer and the network layer does not allow cross-layer optimization to be specified atomically and/or simultaneously to allow the following: a. Coordinated query of application and network requirements to available computing and network resources; b. Quick re-optimization based on policy of the application- network upon failures; and c. Coordinated cross-layer monitoring and provisioning process enabled based on synchronized application and network layer resource availability. Without linked management (OAM and monitoring) at multiple layers, the network operation of large applications causes churn at application layer to network layer. 1.3. Document Plan The document is organized as follows: o Terms and Profiles (section 2) o Network Application Examples (section 3) o Problem Statements (section 4) o Existing Solution (section 5) Lee Expires July 3, 2011 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft Cross-Layer Optimization (CLO) January 2011 2. Terms and Profiles This section describes the basic terminology associated with cross- layer optimization, and provides descriptions on application profile, network capabilities and cross-layer profile information. 2.1. Terminology Application Layer -- The highest layer in the OSI or TCP/IP protocol models. Application Profile -- The characteristics of the application from a network traffic perspective and the QoS requirements that the application service will require from the network. Application Resources -- Non-network resources critical to achieving the application service functionality. Examples include: caches, mirrors, application specific servers, content, large data sets, and computing power. Application Service -- A networked application offered to a variety of clients. Network Layer -- All layers below and including layer 3 in the OSI protocol model that can contribute to meeting the requirements of an application service. This includes MPLS and GMPLS controlled networks. Network Resources -- Resources of any layer 3 or below such as bandwidth, connections, links, connection processing (creation, deletion, and management), and network databases. 2.2. Application Resource Categories Current and emerging application resources can be grouped into a number of categories as follows: o Live data sources -- such as video or audio from live sporting or entertainment events, data feeds from radio telescopes used in very long baseline interferometry, large particle physics experiments such as the LHC, or large chemistry databases. o Processing Resources -- such as raw computational capability for cloud computing, transactional capabilities for e-commerce, transcoding capabilities for video and audio. Lee Expires July 3, 2011 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft Cross-Layer Optimization (CLO) January 2011 o Storage Resources -- such as disk spaces, tape libraries, online storage in memory, or in network storage, o Content/Data Sets -- the actual content of video, audio, commercial records (accounting, customer bases, employee records), or scientific data sets). These application resources may reside, and be stored and distributed around multiple networks to multiple users and clients. The geographical scope of a network application can be within a building, an enterprise, an autonomous system and/or be distributed amongst multiple autonomous systems. 2.3. Application Service Profiles An application service profile defines characteristics of the application from a network perspective and the QoS requirements that the service will require from the network. Each application is associated with the sources from which the application resources originate and the consuming locations (e.g., client locations) of the application resources. Application service profiles can be summarized into the following categories: o Security Profile: (i) dedicated end-to-end VPN-like resource allocation; (ii) dedicated physical resource allocation o Location profile: locations of both the clients and the sources o QoS profile: (i) Delay Tolerance Bound; (ii) Jitter Tolerance Bound; (iii) Packet Delivery Ratio Tolerance; (iv) Network Availability, etc. o Connectivity profile: (i) P-P; (ii) P-MP; (iii) MP-MP; (iv) Any cast, etc. o Directionality profile: (i) uni-directional; (ii) bi-directional o Bandwidth profile: Maximum, average, and minimum bandwidth requirements for the connectivity, maximum burst rate, maximum burst duration, etc. o Duration of service profile: service time of the application o Network media profile: (i) optical only; (ii) no microwave, etc. o Restoration profile: (i) Reroute required; (ii) do not re-route, etc. Lee Expires July 3, 2011 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft Cross-Layer Optimization (CLO) January 2011 2.4. Network Capabilities categories Depending on the application, its nature, and related quality of service, the underlying network is required to have different capabilities. For our purposes here, network resources and capabilities can be summarized into the following categories: o Bandwidth capabilities --- the ability of the network to meet bandwidth profile requirements of the application service; o QoS and SLA -- the ability of the network to deliver according to the QoS profile requirements and the corresponding service level agreements (SLA). o Configurability -- the ability to reconfigure/re-optimize various aspects of the network and the timeliness in which changes can occur; and o Adaptability --- the ability to adapt changes due to changes of service demand or application/network congestion/failure. 2.5. Network Profile Information The ability to optimize the utilization of both application layer resources and network resources while meeting service goals will be highly dependent on the nature of the application and the properties of the network. The network profile information differs from the application service profile (described in section 2.3). The application service profile describes the characteristics of lower layers (transport and IP network) that the application requires. The network profile information describes the characteristics of the underlying IP network that is associated with application (IP, MPLS). The following is a non-exhaustive list of some underlying network types over which application services are transported and the information that could be shared to promote cross layer optimization: 1. Raw best effort IP network a. Location mapping of network resources for clients and application resources, and b. Available bandwidth by time of day; 2. Raw best effort IP network with tunable weights: Lee Expires July 3, 2011 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft Cross-Layer Optimization (CLO) January 2011 In addition to basic network resource related location information as mentioned above, the following information can be shared between the layers. a. Data path with prioritization for traffic (IGP weights to request for application), b. Estimated offered load for each of the data paths, and c. Delay matrix allowable for these data paths; 3. Differentiated Services (Diff-Serve) capable network profiles a. Filtering linked to PHB profiles for data paths b. Estimated offered load for each of Diff-serve paths, and c. Policy on pre-emption of existing paths via Diff-Serv methodology or OAM; 4. MPLS-TE and/or GMPLS enabled networks: a. Ingress/Egress filters (QoS and Bandwidth), b. QoS and bandwidth requirements for the label switched path, c. Types of reroute/backup mandated, and d. Policies for inter-domain MPLS-TE linkage. 3. Network Application Examples Normally, a specification starts with the definition of the problem and applies it to applications. However, since the application drives the needs in the network, this discussion starts with the application. Application are grouped together in ascending order based in complexity on its QoS profile requirements and resource optimization. In the following examples, we'll start with the simpler problems in file distribution systems. From this point, we'll take up the real- time needs of streaming content distribution systems (live and on- demand) and grid computing applications. Lee Expires July 3, 2011 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft Cross-Layer Optimization (CLO) January 2011 3.1. File Distribution Systems and Internet Content File distribution systems have been used in the Internet and have been accelerated by the download of web pages, particularly those with images. These systems have also expanded to include software, audio and, video file delivery available via the network. These are also known as content distribution systems, but we will use the name file distribution system to emphasize that these are concerned with the transfer of entire files and are not concerned with streaming services (covered in the next section). The applications distributing full files have the fewest network QoS requirements. Optimization goals of these systems include: o Reduction of latency to clients, o Offloading originating server, and o Conservation of network resources. File Distribution systems have been set up as overlays on existing network infrastructures. Commonly encountered optimization problems with network implications include: o Cache and Mirror placement problem o Efficient transfer of content to servers o Client to server assignment problem 3.1.1. Cache and Mirror placement problems The cache placement problem is concerned with what content to allocate to which cache servers based on their proximity to clients and their loading[Cache]. Mirrors differ from caches in that a client is only directed to a mirror if it has the desired content [Mirror]. The mirror or server replica placement problem is concerned with where to place a number of server given a fixed number of possible sites [Mirror],[Replica]. Depending upon the relationship between the file distribution service provider and the network provider the cache assignment problem comes in two flavors, o a general problem formulation with relatively arbitrary server placement, Lee Expires July 3, 2011 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft Cross-Layer Optimization (CLO) January 2011 o and a specific formulation for Transparent En-Route Caches which are placed along the route from the client to the originating file server and work transparently from the client perspective [Cache]. All the processing placement optimizations work with knowledge of application topology some type of network topological information, e.g., relative link cost network models. Synchronization of the application and network (transport and IP) topological information is key to optimization. One note - exact network models are not always necessary to achieve significant performance improvements [Topo]. 3.1.2. Efficient Transfer of content to servers The efficient transport of the original content to the "replication" servers may be important for optimization when the amount of material becomes large. When dealing with a large set of replication servers and a large amount of data, original content delivery to replication servers benefits from point-to-multipoint concurrent path optimized for network loading conditions. To optimize these paths taken, the cross- layer optimizing process must have visibility into the underlying network resources. Synchronized optimization at multiple layers (application, transport and network) is necessary to create efficient transport of the original content to the replication servers. We will revisit this issue in the grid computing applications section. 3.1.3. Client to server assignment problem In assignment or selection of a content server for a particular client one would ideally take into account both current server load (application layer) and network latency between client and server [Topo]. In the streaming case bandwidth and QoS shall be taken into account. The streaming case increases the need for synchronized multi-layer monitoring and configuration. Lee Expires July 3, 2011 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft Cross-Layer Optimization (CLO) January 2011 3.2. Streaming Content Distribution Systems Steaming services come in two basic flavors, live and on-demand. In addition many variants in between these two extremes are created when pause or replay functionality is included in a live streaming service. Streaming services are different from file download in a number of ways. First, the commencement of content consumption does not require an entire file to be downloaded. Second minimum bandwidth and QoS requirements are needed between the client and the server to render such services viable. Hence such services have a non-trivial service profile. 3.2.1. Live Streaming Issues By "live streaming" here we mean that the client is willing to receive the stream at its current play out point rather than at some pre-existing start point. A key network issue for live streaming services is whether multi-casting takes place at the application or network level. For example in carrier operated IPTV networks IP multi-casting is beginning to be used [IPTV]. In the case of an independent live video distribution service, one may make use of an overlay network of servers that provide the multi-casting. Examples of optimization problems for a live streaming service include: o Server selection problem (application based multi-cast) or leaf attachment problem (network based multi-cast)[ServMulti] o Server placement problem (application based multi-cast) or tree construction (network based multi-cast). 3.2.2. On-Demand Streaming Issues On-demand services provide additional technical challenges. Service providers wish to avoid long start up service delays to retain customers, while at the same time batch together requests to save on server costs. A number of additional optimization decisions and problems typically arise in the on-demand applications in addition to those seen in live streaming: o Client stream sharing technique o Batch or Multicast Server selection problem The on-demand streaming services problems are similar to those seen in file distribution. These problems are:(a) data allocation problem (when and where should we pre-stock video files), (b) on-demand Lee Expires July 3, 2011 [Page 11]
Internet-Draft Cross-Layer Optimization (CLO) January 2011 server placement problem (where to put and how much capacity), and (c) efficient (cost effective and timely) transfer of content to servers. 3.3. Conferencing and Gaming Conferencing and gaming increase the complexity of the overall application connectivity, and the need for cross-layer synchronization of monitoring, configuration, and OAM. First, the issues associated with streaming discussed in Section 3.2 are also present with conferencing and gaming. Second, both conferencing and gaming are characterized by bi- directional connection and asymmetric bandwidth between the server and the user locations. Thirdly, the games require connectivity which is multipoint-to- multipoint with hard QoS constraint on latency. This change in complexity over the point-to-multipoint scenario of streaming content distribution brings additional problems as follows: o Data path formation and reformation for multipoint-to-multipoint can be very inefficient without considering the underlying network resources o QoS constraint on latency and bandwidth guarantee for multipoint- to-multipoint connectivity require coordination across the layers in terms of both path estimation and path reservation. Gaming, in particular massively multi-player online games (MMOGs), has the connectivity and QoS requirements of conferencing but many more issues related to the scale of application. Note that as a part of game play many gamers utilize audio conferencing services such as Ventrilo [VENT] and hence would generate well modeled audio conferencing traffic. Due to scalability concerns [GameServ] and the player desires [MPSel] server selection can be more complicated than that in the streaming content distribution case. 3.4. Grid Computing Grid computing supports extremely large transfers of files and data- streamed (live or on-demand). This large bandwidth requirement in volume and time differentiate this application profile. Lee Expires July 3, 2011 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft Cross-Layer Optimization (CLO) January 2011 The volume of the traffic makes it critical to synchronize changes to the application and network. In addition grid computing may have a "streaming" requirement similar to the streaming content distribution systems but again with significantly reduced fan-out and sometimes extremely large bandwidth requirements. For example current estimates of the streaming traffic produce by one antenna in the proposed Square Kilometer Array (SKA) [SKA] is approximately 160Gbps with the array consisting of approximately 3000 antennas. Key issues associated with grid computing include: o Instantiation of the connectivity with high data rates and/or data set size o Controlling very high speed network Reference [GFD-122] details a number of grid use cases including visualization, large data streaming coordinated with job execution, High Energy Physics file replica management -- this is LHC related -- , health care, distributed manufacturing and maintenance, super computing, and Very Long Baseline Interferometery (radio astronomy). In some cases these applications run over shared research networks such as Internet2 [VLBI]. 4. Problem Statement The previous examples show the problems that occur when resources allocations for both application and network layers are not synchronized in their action. This section elaborates the problem statements for a number of essential processes associated with cross layer optimization. 4.1. Synchronized Reception of Multiple Real-Time Topology and Traffic Engineering Related databases As seen in the previous discussion of the applications, the processes of server selection and content placement can have dramatically better outcomes if network topology and application topology are known at the same time. It is critical to know where the application clients and servers are, and how they are connected at network layers. The ability to capture the data at the same instant allows planning during rapidly changing events or short bursty flows. For example, location selection for servers and clients requires that the Lee Expires July 3, 2011 [Page 13]
Internet-Draft Cross-Layer Optimization (CLO) January 2011 performance estimates about the network and application layer align for applications that require stringent QoS level with bandwidth guarantee. It is necessary that querying information about the routing information (routes and packets) align with application layer information. As 90% of traffic [CAIDA] is short flows rather than long flows, the databases queried without time-based synchronization will provide an inaccurate representation of the network traffic flow. This will cause the algorithms trying to select viable multi- layer network topologies to select the wrong paths. This "topology" information does not need to be exact, but it needs to be synchronized across the layers. To aid in calculation, the reporting nodes at network and application may provide an abstracted set of data. However, they key point is the data needs to be synchronized across the layers. Even time based statics (such as network delay over a time period), must be synchronized to the other layers load conditions. Probing techniques, resource proximity or SNMP MIB monitoring techniques do not provide mechanisms to guarantee synchronization of the data collection. This higher level of synchronization is necessary to service: a) application with stringent QoS and Bandwidth, or to b) better schedule massive quantities of small data flows. IETF ALTO WG has been focusing on overlay optimization among peers by utilizing information about topological proximity and appropriate geographical locations of the underlay networks. With this method, an application may optimize selecting peer by location. This location information may help reduce IP traffic or restrict traffic to going through a single IP service provider. The current scope of the Alto work does not address the multi-layer synchronization problems this document has been discussing. ALTO servers collect and distribute the information regarding servers based on resource availability and usage of the underlying networks. The ALTO work does not provide the mechanisms to synchronize writes or read/writes within the network. 4.2. Cross-Layer Cooperative Load and Traffic Monitoring Process Load and traffic monitoring processes can be facilitated using an interface between Cross layer Optimization (CLO) entity and the Lee Expires July 3, 2011 [Page 14]
Internet-Draft Cross-Layer Optimization (CLO) January 2011 management entities in the application, transport, and network layer stacks. The CLO entity can monitor at each layer QoS and loading. As the above examples have shown, it is important to have a synchronized read of QoS and loading at each layer. As loads shift or problems occur, it may be important to adjust the granularity of these measurements. Some processes that may need adjustment in granularity are: bandwidth use, bandwidth allocation/reservation, network delay statistics, existing client-server relationships, and statistics regarding allocating clients to servers. 4.3. Cross-Layer Synchronization of Configuration Changes Re-optimization of cross-layers by network management process requires synchronized configuration across multiple layers. Without it, one layer's flows may stray outside the planned network traffic patterns at other layers. 4.4. Cross-layer Provisioning Process The cross-layer connections need to be able to provision certain layers with additional connectivity. For example in MPLS-TE and/or GMPLS networks, the network CLO entity needs to be able to initiate connection setup on behalf of the various application entities (such as clients and servers). The UNI interface defined for GMPLS networks are currently defined for network equipment rather than interacting with application layer services. These UNI interfaces would need to be used to create new provisioned circuits. 5. Existing Solutions The problems stated in the previous section cannot be solved with existing mechanisms in IETF network management using: SNMP, netconf/yang, MPLS OAM, or ITU Y.2011 or Y.2012. Solutions to these problems need a fundamental addition to the concepts found in the SNMP context. Lee Expires July 3, 2011 [Page 15]
Internet-Draft Cross-Layer Optimization (CLO) January 2011 5.1. SNMPv3 Access models The SNMPv3 [RFC2265] provides the idea of a SNMP context. This SNMP context is defined as: "An SNMP context is a collection of management information accessible by an SNMP entity. An item of management information may exist in more than one context. An SNMP entity potentially has access to many contexts." This indicates that the SNMPv3 access models may allow multiple viewpoints on the same data. RFC 2261 states: "four pieces of information are [necessary to provide access to a piece of information]: [*] the snmpEngineID of the SNMP entity which provides access to the management information at device-X, [*] the contextName (device-X), [*] the managed object type ([such as] ifDescr), [*] and the instance ('1')." The missing piece is a Context with a management information view that allows synchronization of actions across multiple layers for read-view, write-view, notify-view and actions. While the SNMP context provides the fundamental building blocks, it is does not provide the necessary context to view multiple layers. This cross-layer optimization work requires standardization of these multi-layer, multi-device, multi-as contexts. 5.2. Netconf/yang Netconf provides an XML based access to SNMP MIB data. These data uses YANG to define the data model. The netconf/yang data model still uses the concepts found in the SNMP Access models of context for viewing data. The same lack of functionality for synchronization of multi-layer still exists in netconf/yang data models. These protocol lack synchronization of layers within a device, across multiple devices within a single Autonomous System (AS), and across multiple devices across multiple ASes. Lee Expires July 3, 2011 [Page 16]
Internet-Draft Cross-Layer Optimization (CLO) January 2011 Note: Since some operations are switching to the netconf with yang data models, the Cross-Layer access model problem will need to be solved in the netconf/yang models as well as SNMP. 5.3. MPLS OAM MPLS OAM is limited to MPLS device. MPLS is regarded as one of the underlying network transport technologies that could enable cross- layer optimization with application layer; however, current scope of MPLS OAM does not support any non-MPLS device for its configuration and provisioning functions. 5.4. ITU ITU-T Y.2011 NGN and Y.2111 Resource and Admission Control Functions (RACF) discuss NGN service stratum separation from NGN transport stratum. ITU-T Y.2012 defines application network interface (ANI) which provides a channel for interactions and exchanges between applications and NGN elements. This interface is similar to the CLO interface. Y.2012 however does not address any details on the cross-layer synchronization. 6. Security Considerations TBD 7. References [RFC2261] D. Harrington, et al., "An Architecture for Describing SNMP Management Frameworks," January, 1998. [RFC2265] B. Wijnen, et al., "View-based Access Control Model (VACM) for the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)," January, 1998. [Y.2011] General principles and general reference model for Next Generation Networks, October, 2004. [Y.2012] Functional Requirements and architecture of the NGN, April, 2010. [Cache] P. Krishnan, D. Raz, and Y. Shavitt, "The cache location problem," Networking, IEEE/ACM Transactions on, vol. 8, 2000, pp. 568-582. Lee Expires July 3, 2011 [Page 17]
Internet-Draft Cross-Layer Optimization (CLO) January 2011 [GameMirror] S.D. Webb, S. Soh, and W. Lau, "Enhanced mirrored servers for network games," Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Network and system support for games, Melbourne, Australia: ACM, 2007, pp. 117-122. [GameServ]P. Quax, J. Dierckx, B. Cornelissen, G. Vansichem, and W. Lamotte, "Dynamic server allocation in a real-life deployable communications architecture for networked games," Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Network and System Support for Games, Worcester, Massachusetts: ACM, 2008, pp. 66-71. [GameTrf] J. Farber, "Network game traffic modeling," Proceedings of the 1st workshop on Network and system support for games, Braunschweig, Germany: ACM, 2002, pp. 53-57. [GroupGame] K. Vik, C. Griwodz, and P. Halvorsen, "Applicability of group communication for increased scalability in MMOGs," Proceedings of 5th ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Network and system support for games, Singapore: ACM, 2006, p. 2. [IPTV] A.A. Mahimkar, Z. Ge, A. Shaikh, J. Wang, J. Yates, Y. Zhang, and Q. Zhao, "Towards automated performance diagnosis in a large IPTV network," Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2009 conference on Data communication, Barcelona, Spain: ACM, 2009, pp. 231-242. [Mirror] E. Cronin, S. Jamin, Cheng Jin, A. Kurc, D. Raz, and Y. Shavitt, "Constrained mirror placement on the Internet," Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on, vol. 20, 2002, pp. 1369-1382. [MPSel] S. Gargolinski, C.S. Pierre, and M. Claypool, "Game server selection for multiple players," Proceedings of 4th ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Network and system support for games, Hawthorne, NY: ACM, 2005, pp. 1-6. [PartState] P.B. Beskow, K. Vik, P. Halvorsen, and C. Griwodz, "Latency reduction by dynamic core selection and partial migration of game state," Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Network and System Support for Games, Worcester, Massachusetts: ACM, 2008, pp. 79-84. [Replica] Lili Qiu, V. Padmanabhan, and G. Voelker, "On the placement of Web server replicas," INFOCOM 2001. Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Proceedings. IEEE, 2001, pp. 1587-1596 vol.3. Lee Expires July 3, 2011 [Page 18]
Internet-Draft Cross-Layer Optimization (CLO) January 2011 [ServVoD] N. Carlsson and D.L. Eager, "Server selection in large- scale video-on-demand systems," ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Commun. Appl., vol. 6, 2010, pp. 1-26. [ServStream]M. Guo, M.H. Ammar, and E.F. Zegura, "Selecting among replicated batching video-on-demand servers," Proceedings of the 12th international workshop on Network and operating systems support for digital audio and video, Miami, Florida, USA: ACM, 2002, pp. 155-163. [ServMulti] Zongming Fei, M. Ammar, and E. Zegura, "Multicast server selection: problems, complexity, and solutions," Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on, vol. 20, 2002, pp. 1399-1413. [SKA] P.E. Dewdney, P.J. Hall, R.T. Schilizzi, and T.J.L.W. Lazio, "The Square Kilometre Array," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 97, 2009, pp. 1482-1496. [Stream] D. Eager, M. Vernon, and J. Zahorjan, "Minimizing bandwidth requirements for on-demand data delivery," Knowledge and Data Engineering, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 13, 2001, pp. 742-757. [Topo] S. Ratnasamy, M. Handley, R. Karp, and S. Shenker, "Topologically-aware overlay construction and server selection," INFOCOM 2002. Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Proceedings. IEEE, 2002, pp. 1190-1199 vol.3. [VENT] http://www.ventrilo.com/ [VLBI] http://www.internet2.edu/science/vlbi.html [WoWHrs] P. Tarng, K. Chen, and P. Huang, "An analysis of WoW players' game hours," Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Network and System Support for Games, Worcester, Massachusetts: ACM, 2008, pp. 47-52. [WoWAct] M. Suznjevic, M. Matijasevic, and O. Dobrijevic, "Action specific Massive Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games traffic analysis: case study of World of Warcraft," Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Network and System Support for Games, Worcester, Massachusetts: ACM, 2008, pp. 106-107. Lee Expires July 3, 2011 [Page 19]
Internet-Draft Cross-Layer Optimization (CLO) January 2011 [GFD-122] Tiziana Ferrari (editor), "Grid Network services Use Cases from the e-Science Community", GFD-I-122, Open Grid Forum, December 12, 2007. [CDN2001] B. Krishnamurthy, C. Wills, and Y. Zhang, "On the use and performance of content distribution networks," Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Internet Measurement, San Francisco, California, USA: ACM, 2001, pp. 169-182. Lee Expires July 3, 2011 [Page 20]
Internet-Draft Cross-Layer Optimization (CLO) January 2011 Author's Addresses Young Lee Huawei Technologies 1700 Alma Drive, Suite 500 Plano, TX 75075 USA Phone: (972) 509-5599 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Greg M. Bernstein Grotto Networking Fremont California, USA Phone: (510) 573-2237 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Susan Hares Huawei Technologies Email : firstname.lastname@example.com Frank Xia Huawei Technologies 1700 Alma Drive, Suite 500 Plano, TX 75075 USA Phone: (972) 509-5599 Email: email@example.com Kohei Shiomoto NTT Email : firstname.lastname@example.com Oscar Gonzalez de Dios Telefonica Email : firstname.lastname@example.com Ning So Verizon Business Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Intellectual Property Statement Lee Expires July 3, 2011 [Page 21]
Internet-Draft Cross-Layer Optimization (CLO) January 2011 The IETF Trust takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in any IETF Document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Copies of Intellectual Property disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www.ietf.org/ipr The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement any standard or specification contained in an IETF Document. Please address the information to the IETF at firstname.lastname@example.com. Disclaimer of Validity All IETF Documents and the information contained therein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION THEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Acknowledgment Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society. Lee Expires July 3, 2011 [Page 22]


text: Events Overview of the most important Fabasoft events. Dreiländertagung 2018 on the 27 - 28. Sep. 2018. This year, the Autumn Conference with the topic "Digitisation and Administration" organised by the Austrian Society of Administrative Sciences will be held... Career Day 2018 at TGM Wien on the 27. Sep. 2018. On September 27, 2018, the alumni association of Vienna's largest secondary technical school is organising a career day at TGM (HTL Vienna... 30-minute webinar "Saving time by developing digital solutions and apps in the Cloud" on the 26. Sep. 2018. Developing apps with increased agility by using a digitisation platform in the Cloud to save time and improve competitiveness. Fabasoft Schweiz – 1-to-1 PowerTalk on the 11. Sep. 2018. The in-house conversation for the successful and fast digitization of your business processes! Swiss Leaders Dialog Industrie 4.0 on the 11 - 12. Sep. 2018. Rapid digitization of processes in the industrial sector Information event "E-Akte Bund" on the 5. Sep. 2018. The German E-Government Act requires the federal administration to implement electronic records management. This measure aims at ensuring the sustainable administration of... Herbstkonferenz 2018 on the 3 - 4. Sep. 2018. The annual German Fall Conference will be held at the Le Mèridien Hotel in Frankfurt am Main at September 3 and 4,... Graduates' congress Rhein-Main on the 12. Jul. 2018. The graduates' congress Rhein-Main taking place in Frankfurt am Main is a top event for students reaching the end of their studies... 10th Bavarian User Forum on the 11 - 12. Jul. 2018. On July 11 and 12, 2018, about 300 participants from administration and business are expected to attend the 10th Bavarian User Forum... « first ‹ previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … next › last »


text:
NZ Vs PAK | Match 33 Jun 26, 2019
SCOW Vs NEDW | Match 2 Jun 26, 2019
Latest News on Bill
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Jul 13, 2015
Sharad Yadav to move bill in parliament for mother's right of guardianship of childJD(U) president Sharad Yadav on Monday sought an amendment in the Constitution to provide mothers the right of sole guardianship of a child and said he would bring a Private Member Bill for this in the coming Monsoon Session of Parliament.
Jun 18, 2015
Gujarat to introduce compulsory voting in upcoming local bodies pollsGujarat will introduce compulsory voting in the upcoming local bodies polls, which are likely to be held in October, and the process of framing rules for default voters is underway.
Mar 20, 2015
Modi govt likely to table bill on black money in Rajya Sabha on FridayThe government is likely to table in the Lok Sabha on Friday a Bill to make non-disclosure of overseas income and assets a predicate offence that will attract punitive action including upto a 10-year jail term.
Mar 11, 2015
Bill for plying of e-rickshaws in Delhi gets government nodParliament on Monday gave nod to a Bill seeking to pave the way for plying of e-rickshaws on the roads of the national capital region, with the government considering a proposal to provide credit to buy these battery-operated vehicles.
Mar 09, 2015
Land Acquisition Bill in Lok Sabha on Monday: MPs to debate bill for eight hoursEight hours have been allocated for discussion on the LARR (Amendment) Bill,2015 in the Lok Sabha.
Mar 03, 2015
Lok Sabha passes bill to allow e-rickshaws on Delhi roadsA Bill seeking to pave the way for plying of e-rickshaws on Delhi roads was passed by the Lok Sabha on Tuesday.
Dec 23, 2014
After GST bill, RBI rate cut remains, says FICCIWith the tabling of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Bill in parliament, only a rate cut by the RBI remained for satisfying industry's demands, FICCI president Jyotsna Suri
Dec 18, 2014
Bill seeking to amend Lokpal and Lokyuktas Act introduced in Lok SabhaA bill seeking to amend Lokpal and Lokyuktas Act to include Leader of Congress party in Lok Sabha in a panel, which will select chairperson and members of the anti-corruption body, was introduced in Lok Sabha on Thursday.
Sep 29, 2014
Bill to repeal 287 obsolete laws to be introduced in Winter Session, says govtGiving a fresh push to weed out archaic laws, Law Ministry would bring a new bill in Winter session of Parliament to repeal another 287 obsolete statutes even as it works overtime to ensure that 700 Appropriation Acts which have lost relevance are junked.
Sep 16, 2014
PM takes stock of GST Bill, hopes to have bill in Parliament by next sessionClearance of Central Sales Tax compensation arrears has been a bone of contention between Centre and states and it was decided to clear it soon.