text:
As spring and summer approach and temperatures start to rise, it's not unusual for homeowners to start making more use of their air conditioner. However, to get the most out of their units, it's important for residents to keep their system's filter clean. Otherwise, they run the risk of an uncomfortably warm home during the hottest months of the year.
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text:
Article Received on
31 July 2015, Standardization of crude drugs is a code of conduct and an essential
Revised on 20 Aug 2015, need of a time. Substitution and adulteration are now become a very
Accepted on 09 Sep 2015
common practice, which makes global crude drug market unsafe for
crude drug depending world population. Moreover, crude drug
*Correspondence for
evaluation is not an easy task because of numerous influential factors
Salman Ahmed affecting bio efficacy and reproducibility of therapeutic effects. The
Department of broad spectrum of standardization gives surety of correct substance in
Pharmacognosy, Faculty correct amount for desired therapeutic effects. It also provides all
of Pharmacy, University
possible careful measures taken from collection, manufacturing till
of Karachi, Karachi-
drug dispensing for clinical application. In a present review, authors
75270, Pakistan.
have tried to cover precise tools for crude drug standardization.
Standardization is a code of conduct that ensures the correct substance in correct amount for
desired therapeutic effect (safety, quality and efficacy) is known as standardization.[1,2] It
describes all measures taken during manufacturing process and quality control leads to
reproducible quality of particular product.[3] Standardization confirms drug identity
(authentication) and determines the quality and purity.[4] The herbal raw material prone to a
lot of variation in phyto constituents due to several factors different places of collection
(indigenous and naturalized plants), time and season of collection, different environmental
conditions, (primary causes like light, moisture, temperature, oxygen etc. secondary causes as
involvement of living organisms like bacteria, molds, mites, nematodes, worms, insects etc.),
genotypic and chemotypic variation, presence of xenobiotics (foreign chemical substances
found within an organism that is naturally not expected to be present within that organism.
So, there is a need of quality control tests for crude drug or medicine to ensure quality.[1,2] In
order to obtain quality oriented herbal products, care should be taken right from the proper
identification of plants, season and area of collection, their extraction and purification
process.[4] The word standardization should encompass entire field of study from cultivation
of medicinal plant to its clinical application.[5] and focus all aspects of medicinal plant
research from ethno-pharmacology (traditional medicinal use), utilization (how plant use in
specific disease), isolation and identification of active constituents to efficacy evaluation,
safety, formulation and clinical evaluation.[6]
Authenticated raw material is the basic starting point in developing a botanical product. In
addition, each step of harvest, storage, processing and formulation may dramatically alter the
quality and consistency of final product. Therefore methods to ensure quality control in
manufacturing and storage are requisite tools to ensure optimal efficacy and safety of these
products. Furthermore, such controls are critical for the evaluation of pharmacological,
toxicological or clinical studies involving botanical products. Authentication is especially
useful in cases of drugs that are frequently substituted or adulterated with other varieties
which are morphologically and chemically indistinguishable. Several herbal drugs in the
market still cannot be identified or authenticated based on their morphological or histological
characteristics. Use of wrong drugs may be ineffective or it may worsen the condition.
Taxonomic method[7]
The initial step in the identification and authentication of botanical materials. The botanical
origin of the drug is identified and its scientific Latin binomial (i.e. genus species) name is
determined based on this method. Information such as botanical name, vernacular names, site
of collection of plant material, details of collector, habitat, season of collection, altitude and
part collected etc. are the essential prerequisites even before authentication.
which varies from white to brownish black are important diagnostic characters. The general
appearance of a crude drug often indicates whether it is likely to comply with prescribed
standard like furrows (alternate depression or valleys), wrinkles (fine delicate furrows),
annulations (transverse rings), fissures (splits), nodules (rounded outgrowth), scars (spot left
after fall of leaves, stems or roots). Taste is specific type of sensation felt by epithelial layer
of tongue. It may be acidic (sour), saline (salt like), saccharic (sweetish), bitter or tasteless.
Microscopic evaluation also includes study of constituents in the powdered drug by the use of
chemical reagents. These reagents used due to abundance of cellular contents, presence of
coloring matters, shrinkage or collapse of cell wall which creates hurdles in microscopic
5% solution is used to dissolve starch and protein and causes swelling of cell wall.
3. Ethanol
It behaves as clarifying agent by dissolving oils, resins, chlorophyll etc. It does not dissolve
gums and mucilage.
4. Ether and ethanol (mixture of equal parts of ether and ethanol 96% + 4% water)
It is used to remove chlorophyll and fixed oil.
6. Iodine solution
It gives blue color with starch and hemicellulose.
Trichomes are divided and subdivided as follows
Stomatal No
It is defined as average number of stomata per square millimeter area of epidermis. e.g.:
Atropa belladonna: 6.0 to 14-37.5 (Upper Surface), 62.5 to 93-174 (lower Surface).
a. Stomatal index
It is the percentage whichthe number of stomata forms to the total numberof epidermal cells.
It is calculated by,
Atropa belladonna:-2.3-3.9 to 10.5 (Upper Surface), 20.2 to 21.7- 23.0 (Lower Surface).
Physicochemical test
The values of Physicochemical parameters of the individual drugs or the proprietary
medicines can be compared with the standard values of pharmacopoeia and standardized.[7]
These tests are actually the Pharmacopeial standards for authenticity, quality and purity of
herbal drugs and are as follows.[1] Mostly used physicochemical methods are as follows.
The presence of adulterant in a drug could be indicated by solubility studies identify by
various solvents. e.g., pure Asafoetida is soluble in carbon disulphide.
i. Alcohol
5 gm of powdered material along with 100 ml of alcohol are shaken well occasionally for the
first 6 hours and kept undisturbed for 18 hours. The liquefied extract thus obtained was
concentrated in an vacuum oven and the percentage was calculated with the weight of the
drug powder taken.
ii. Water
The procedure adopted for solubility percentage of alcohol is used with chloroform water
instead of alcohol to get the water solubility.
Viscosity of a liquid is constant at a given temperature and is an index of its composition. So,
it can be used as a means of liquid drugs standardization.
A very useful form of dish for the determination of moisture and of ash is a thin flat porcelain
dish. If a platinum dish available it may be used. The burning of the powder should proceed
slowly and the material must not be allowed to catch fire or to give off smoke as dense fumes
Refractive index[10]
When a ray passes from a one medium to another of different density, it is bent from original
path. Thus, the ratio of velocity of light in vacuum to its velocity in a substance is termed as
refractive index of the second medium. Depending upon purity, its constant for a liquid and
can be consider as one of its standardization (table 3). Refractive index of a compound varies
with the wave length of the incident light, temperature and pressure.
Table 3: Refractive indices of some crude drugs for sodium light at 25C.
Crude drugs (oils) Refractive indices
Arachis hypogaea (Arachis) 1.467-1.470
Carum carvi(Caraway) 1.4838-1.4858
Ricinus communis(Castor) 1.475-1.527
Syzygium aromaticum(Clove) 1.527-1.535
Melting point
pure chemicals or phytochemicals possess very sharp and constant melting point. Since the
crude drugs from animal or plant origin contain the mixed chemicals, they are described with
certain range of melting point.
Ash determination[4]
After ignition the remaining material is known as ash. There are two types of ash one is the
ash derived from plant tissues (physiological ash) and the other one is residue of extraneous
matter adhering to plant surface (non-physiological ash).Ash is determined by following three
Total ash
Weight of residue obtained after ignition.[4]
About 2gm of powdered drug was weighed accurately into a tarred silica crucible.
Ash obtained from the total ash was boiled with 25ml of 2N HCl for a few minutes.
Filtered through an ash less filter paper.
The filter paper was transferred into a tarred silica crucible.
Incinerated at 450C in a muffle furnace until free from carbon.
The crucible was cooled and weighed.
Percentage of acid insoluble ash was calculated with reference to air-dried
Ash obtained from the total ash was boiled with 25 ml of distilled water for a few
minutes and filtered through an ash less filter paper.
The filter paper was transferred into a tarred silica crucible.
Incinerated at 450C in a muffle furnace until free from carbon.
The crucible was cooled and weighed.
Percentage of water-soluble ash was calculated with reference to air-dried
Extractive value
Extractive value determines the amount of active constituents extracted with solvent from a
given amount of medicinal plant.[4] It gives an idea about the nature of the chemical
constituents present.[11]
Thereafter it was filtered rapidly taking precautions against loss of the solvent.
25 ml of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a tarred flat bottomed shallow dish,
dried at 105C and weighed.
The %age of the alcohol soluble extractive values was calculated with reference to the
air-dried drug.
Thereafter, it was filtered rapidly taking precautions against loss of the solvent.
25 ml of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a tarred flat bottomed shallow dish,
dried at 105C and weighed.
The percentage of the water soluble extractive value was calculated with reference to
the air-dried drug.
Chemical tests[1]
The aims of these tests are as under.
Qualitative chemical test such as acid value, saponification value etc. Some of these are
useful in evaluation of resins (acid value, sulphated ash), balsams (acid value, saponification
value and bester values), volatile oils (acetyl and ester values) and gums (methoxy
determination and volatile acidity). Preliminary phytochemical screening is a part of chemical
evaluation. These qualitative chemical tests are useful in identification of chemical
constituents and detection of adulteration.[1] Some important preliminary tests are given in
table 6.
Table 6: Some important preliminary tests with their obtaining results and regents
Chemical test Reagents used Results
Mayer Potassium mercuric iodide solution Creamy precipitate[10]
Wagner Iodine potassium solution Brown precipitate[10]
Hager Saturated solution of picric acid Yellow color[10]
Dragendorff Potassium bismuth iodide solution Reddish brown precipitate[8]
Amino acids
Millons test Millons reagent White precipitate[8]
Ninhydrin Ninhydrin solution Violet color[10]
Folin Folin phenol reagent Blue color[11]
Sulphanilic acid, sodium nitrite and
Pauly Cherry red color[11]
sodium carbonate
Alcoholic -naphthol +sulphuric
Molisch Purple to violet color rings[8]
Red color(monosaccharide)
Barfoed Barfoed reagents after 10 min .color
form(disaccharide) [10]
Selivanoff Selivanoffs reagents Rose color(ketone) [10]
Tests for pentoses Hydrochloric acids + phloroglucinol Red color[10]
Antharaquinone Glycosides
Borntrager Borntrager reagent Pink ammonical layer[8]
Ferric chloride Ferric chloride Blue color[8]
Alkaline reagent 10% Sodium hydro oxide solution Intense yellow color [11]
Ammonium hydro
10% ammonium hydro oxide Yellow fluorescence[11]
Zinc Zinc dust and conc. HCl Red color[11]
While the supervised classification procedure using Soft Independent Modeling of Class
Analogy(SIMCA) based on making a PCA model to assign unknown samples into the
predefine class model has also been applied to the analysis of infrared spectra. A study using
FTIR transmission spectroscopy, associated with the appropriate chemometric methods (PCA
and SIMCA) was done to classify Orthosiphon stamineus Benth (well known as Java tea for
treating infection of the urinary tract, kidney and bladder stone disease) based on its
geographical origin and varieties from the obtained characteristics infrared spectrum.
Chemometric analysis of spectra is rapid and simple since no chemical treatment of samples
is required.
Chromatographic methods[7]
The most commonly used analytical methods for herbal products are
Capillary Electrophoresis (C.E.).
Gas Chromatography- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (G.C.-N.M.R.).
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (H.P.L.C.).
For each plate, more than 30 spots of samples can be studied simultaneously in one time. In
summary, the advantages of using TLC to construct the fingerprint of herbal medicines are its
simplicity, versatility, high velocity, specific sensitivity, simple sample preparation and its
activity which is utilized for their evaluation. Actually this activity is due to specific type of
constituents present in the plant extract. For evaluation the experiments were carried out on
both intact and isolated organs of living animals. With the help of bioassays, strength of drug
in its preparation can also be evaluated.
Hemolytic activity[3]
The hemolytic activity of plant materials, or a preparation containing saponins, is determined
by comparison with that of reference material, saponins.
Antibiotic activity[7]
Some bacteria such as Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli are used to
determine the antiseptic value (the degree of antiseptic activity e.g. phenol co-efficient of
certain drugs).The activity of antibiotics is also determined by using Klebsiella pneumonia,
Micrococcus flavus, Sarcina lutea etc. living bacteria, yeast and molds are used to evaluate
certain vitamins. Microbiological assays by cylinder plate method and turbidimetric method
are used in evaluation.
Antifertility activity[7]
Antifertility drugs include contraceptives and abortificients. Contraceptive drugs are used to
prevent pregnancy and abortificient to terminate pregnancy. Female rats are used for
antifertility activity i.e. measure the pregnancy rate (anti ovulation and anti-implantation) and
male rats are used for antispermatogenic activity and spermicidal activity of herbal drugs.
Hypoglycemic activity[7]
Rabbits, rats or mice are used to test hypoglycemic activity of plant extract. Radio-
immunoassay (RIA) or Enzyme linked immunosorbate assay (ELISA) are done for
measurement of insulin levels.
Neuropharmacological activity[7]
Testing the herbal drugs with effects on central and autonomic nervous system. CNS acting
drugs like cocaine (Erythroxylum coca), morphine (Papaver somniferum), cannabinol
(Cannabis sativa) are tested using rodents. For testing the herbal drugs for their effects on
ANS guinea pig ileum for antispasmodic activity, rabbit jejunum for adrenergic activity, rat
phrenic nerve-diaphragm for muscle relaxant activity, frog rectus for skeletal muscles
The use of minerals as source of drugs is largely used next to herbals. They are processed
with herbal juices and made into their calcified or oxide forms and administered as drugs.
Hence their identification is equally important to herbal drugs.
1. Physical properties
The physical properties of individual minerals include nature, color, streak, tenacity,
transparency, luster, hardness, fracture, cleavage or parting, magnetism and specific gravity.
These unique physical characteristics of minerals can be used for the authentication.
2. Optical properties
Optically active compounds have the property of rotating the plane polarized light (optical
rotation). The optical rotation is determined at 25C using sodium lamp as light source. There
are two types of optical rotations, dextrorotatory (+ve), levorotatory (-ve). This can be
determined within limits by means of polarizing microscope. Optical properties include
application of optical crystallography in identification of minerals those are crystalline and
transparent irrespective of their chemical composition.
Chemical properties
The Chemical properties include effect on heat, solubility, reaction with acids like HCl,
HNO3, H2SO4, assays which include Volumetric/ Gravimetric / Flame photometry for Na, K,
qualitative test for carbonate and sulphate, analysis of heavy metals like Arsenic and other
4. Microscopic methods
Usually minerals can be authenticated by light microscopy coupled with polarized
microscopy. It is a simple, inexpensive and widely used method for the authentication of
5. Spectroscopic methods
The spectral methods used to authenticate animal include UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Near
Infrared and Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer etc. These methods are specifically
employed in the authentication of honey.
A significant number of methods to authenticate crude drugs have been addressed here. A
simple method like organoleptic characteristics may hold good to authenticate certain drugs
but some may require highly sophisticated techniques too, based on the adulterants and
similarity in the chemical constituents. So, it is in the hands of the researchers to choose the
right method suitable for the drug of interest which would match the reference standard. Even
before choosing the methods the raw materials should be confirmed with traditional
practitioners. In addition, while utilizing chemical methods and other analytical tools it is
mandatory to stick on to the latest validated techniques that suit the study. One needs to
understand what type of raw material / formulation one is dealing with and the type of
preparation to be evaluated. In spite of all these factors, the microbial contamination,
pesticide residue and heavy metal analysis should be considered before processing the raw
material for drug preparation. This is regarding the safety issue of drugs. This type of analysis
is required when evaluating the authenticity of botanicals because these extraneous
contaminants can cause undesired physiological effects. To conclude, more basic research
should be carried out and many individuals should be trained with these authentication
techniques to address this issue prevailing in crude drugs.
1. Nikam PH, Kareparamban J, Jadhav A, Kadam V. Future Trends in Standardization of
Herbal Drugs. J Appl Pharm Sci, 2012; 2(6): 38-44.
2. Ekka NR, Namdeo KP, Samal PK. Standardization strategies for herbal drugs-an
overview. Res J Pharm & Technol, 2008; 1(4): 310-312.
3. Mehta SJ, Shah DP, Mehta TJ, Patel PM, Patel NM. Compendial testing method on
herbal crude drug- a review. Asian J Pharm Res, 2011; 1(2): 49-52.
4. Bele AA, Khale A. Standardization of herbal drugs: an overview. Int Res J Pharm, 2011;
2(12): 56-60.
5. Sahil K, Sudeep B, Akanksha M. Standardization of medicinal plant materials. Int J Res
Ayur & Pharm, 2011; 2(4): 1100-1109.
6. Chanda S. Importance of pharmacognostic study of medicinal plants: An overview. J
Pharmacog & Phytochem, 2014; 2(5): 69-73.
7. Revathy SS, Rathinamala R, Murugesan M. Authentication methods for drugs used in
Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani systems of medicine: an overview. Int J Pharm Sci & Res,
2012; 3(8): 2352-2361.
8. Patil SG, Wagh AS, Pawara RC, Ambore SM. Standard tools for evaluation of herbal
drugs: an overview. The Pharma Innovation-Journal, 2013; 2(9): 60-65.
9. Evans, WT. Trease and Evans Pharmacognsoy. 2009; Elsevier Limited.
10. Gautam A, Kashyap SJ, Sharma PK, Garg VP, Visht S, Kumar N. Identificaion,
evaluation and standardization of herbal drugs: an overview. Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2010;
2(6): 302-315.
11. Ahmad T, Singh SB, Pandey S. Phytochemical screening and physicochemical
parameters of crude drugs: a brief review. Int J Pharm Res & Review, 2013; 2(12): 53-60.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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SEO isn't the same as what it used to be. You can't just popup an ugly website, throw up mediocre content, and build a few links and expect to rank well. These days you actually have to build a good website, write high quality content that solves peoples' problems, build thousands of links, and get
Curation Should Be Part of Your Content Marketing strategy
If you're not convinced yet, freelance Content Marketer and blogger Mike Farmer has some interesting points for you. One thing I would add to his post is the importance of creating a Content Curation hub to really capture the benefits of your Content Curation efforts. Sharing links is just not going to be enough: in
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Leek, Kale and Herb Omelette with Green Salad
20minutes cooking time
- 80g salad leaves
- 1 tsp lemon juice (5ml)
- 1 tsp olive oil (5ml)
- 6 medium free-range eggs (330g)
- 5g flat leaf parsley, finely chopped
- 3g chives, finely chopped
- Pinch of salt
- Pinch of ground black pepper
- 2 tsp olive oil (10ml)
- 100g leeks, thoroughly washed and thinly sliced
- 50g kale, de-stalked and finely sliced
- Toss the salad leaves with the lemon juice and olive oil then set aside.
- Whisk together the eggs, herbs, salt and pepper.
- Heat the oil in a non-stick omelette pan and sweat the leeks and kale for two minutes, stirring frequently, until they are slightly softened.
- Add the egg and herb mixture to the pan.
- When the egg starts to set on the outside and pull away from the side of the pan, flip it over to cook the other side for a few minutes.
- Fold the omelette in half and remove from the pan.
- Cut the omelette in two and serve each half on a plate with the salad leaves.
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The Last Laugh | Official Trailer [HD] | Netflix
- Published on Dec 28, 2018
- When retired talent manager Al Hart is reunited with his first client, Buddy Green, a comic who quit show business 50 years ago, he convinces Buddy to escape their retirement community and hit the road for a cross-country comedy tour.
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The Last Laugh | Official Trailer [HD] | Netflix
- Entertainment
Comments • 324
- Isaac kent 4 days ago
Good to see Chevy proving he still has it. He's a good guy at heart who has made a whole generation laugh.
- volkan Tas 19 days ago
Wish they make a vacatacion movie ..name the last vacation Clark driving Whit ellen to las vegas visiting eddy who is became miljonair
- sin gin 20 days ago
Great to see Richard Dreyfuss doing comedy again love this movie Buddy is so sharp and witty love this character please Mr Dreyfuss give us more of the same great performance👍
- qantya Month ago +1
Clever marketing: no laugh on the trailer, to make you curious where the laugh is in the movie.
- Billy Wilson 2 months ago
Can someone please tell me any movies where this guy is funny? Not the surrounding cast. I cant find any. Vacations would be good with any actor, he wasn't funny in those, and all his snl skits were garbage. Thanks
- icecreamsandmich cherry 2 months ago
Idk this sucked wasn't even funny pretty bland and boring
- Fartholomew McMew 2 months ago
Jesus. Is it that goddamn hard to write a decent script for Chevy? I really wanted to like this. I really did. I think the worst thing about it is that it's not really a likable or unlikable movie. It's just sort of... there.
- JOHN 2 months ago
good movie Andie McDowell looks great
- Jim Mac 2 months ago
funny movie well done
- jesuswasahovercraft 2 months ago
Well, ok, but now please return to christmas decoration of your house.
- Fartholomew McMew 2 months ago
I'll bite. Chevy's had a hard time landing a role that he can kind of grab and shine and lead in. I suspect this isn't it, but it looks a lot more promising than the bit parts and hot garbage he's been involved in the last couple decades. I'll pop it in the queue and see how it goes. One thing though that I'm pretty sure about... Chevy needs to lose the glasses. I know he needs them, but he needs to wear contacts or something for his roles. The glasses screw up all the funny stuff he does with his eyes and makes his face weird. It doesn't work.
- Remco F. Gerritsen 2 months ago +1
A movie that made me feel good, but also let me cry. It's was a truly enjoyable movie to watch. Didn't expect much because I don't know the actors, but the promo really made me watch it. And damn I didn't get sorry for that. The movie was GOOD!
- Segeric 3 months ago
This movie was so genuinely funny and heartfelt. It almost feels like a swan song for these two actors.
- VATIKAN CURVA CURVELOR PULICE 666 3 months ago
daaa dar vreau sa spun ca nu radeti a bine drakul antihrist va promite ca va ajuta sa plecati in raiul lui martorii lui satan pentru tablete ca sa mearga mai departe la duhovnici cacatul daca mil mancati va ert toti care faceti parte la lucrarea lui antihrist adica nigheriiabizenele pope sucking karove enghlish bikini reginatoaletei
- LTopomcFly 4 months ago
The roles should be reversed. I want to see Chevy be funny again.
- Immortal Jelly 4 months ago
This title should've represented a Joker movie
- Usydhsh Hdhdhwiwu 4 months ago
I can't hear them talk.. all I hear is cringe music??
- Jonssonwesslen Jonssonwesslen 4 months ago
Its god movie
- JP Patches 4 months ago +3
I absolutely LOVED this movie! I laughed and I cried. The best!
- 1971salmausa 4 months ago
Bien por las casas productoras, directores, guionistas, que dan trabajo a actores que tienen trayectoria y que se encuentran alejados del mundo del espectaculo. bien por todos. y GRACIAS
- cliffedward 4 months ago
Why do I feel this movie was miscast? Chase should have been the comedian and Dreyfus the manger. Also guys their age would be singing road songs from the 60s not the 30s.
- Ella Ann 4 months ago +1
This reminded me of a newer and slightly different version of grumpy old men. I really liked it.
- Rick Kirby 5 months ago +1
Liked this a lot. This is Chevy Chase and Richard Dreyfus's "Grumpy Old Men". Funny shit, really.
- Max The SNL Trump Loving Dog 5 months ago
What a nice movie and a look at how growing old is. I give this a watch on a rainy day folks.
- AHMED MOSAWI 5 months ago
Watch and Download The Last Laugh 2019
- Best Username Ever 5 months ago
Yeah, this one was boring and depressing.
- Phyllis Foster 5 months ago
- kubuś puchatek 5 months ago
wycieraczki działają
- Teiuc Alexandru 5 months ago
Does someone know the song from the movie 45:37 - 46:15 min?
- john boutwell 5 months ago +1
I just watched it and wanted to say Chevy Chase still has it.... What an outstanding movie with a great cast of actors\ actresses in deed
- Derek McCumber 5 months ago
Big fan of Chase, but this movie simply wasn't funny. Painfully unfunny at times. I mean, even Dreyfuss's stand-up routine was brutally lame.
Old people deserve better than this tripe.
- black1582 5 months ago +6
OSCAR MATERIAL! Chase and Dreyfuss are hilarious together in a film that's fun for the whole family and proves Chevy is back, and Dreyfuss still has it. This film is theater worthy, yet on this cold January you get to view it from your living room, which prove Netflix's worth. Not since Richard Pryor and Gene Wilder, have two old farts had more on screen chemistry!
- Gary Bird 5 months ago
It was awful.
- Tim Smith 5 months ago +2
Watched it on Netflix. Starts slow, ok in the middle to the end, but the abrupt end itself left me wanting, but I suppose there weren't a lot of options really. You'll understand when you see it. Never was a Chevy Chase fan but it was REALLY nice seeing Dreyfuss (Buddy Green) perform.
- SenatoR gittRduN 5 months ago
Netflix has no idea nor do they care about what their audience wants. Running out of reasons to stay with them.
- mrumar jbd 5 months ago
watch and download full movie in HD720P,DVDScr on HD Movies Free by clicking on this link hdmoviesfree.live/the-last-laugh-2019-full-movie-watch-online-free-download/
- JacobLaura KeyesTV 5 months ago +1
I see my Dad @0:55 that is Matt McClain! He also played the burned faced Reaver in Logan!
- SV 5 months ago
Chevy made 2 decent movies that would NOT hold up if released today and he really isn't funny. All his comedy is embarrassingly predictable.
- Daniel Appleton 5 months ago
Julia Louise Dreyfuss sighting. I'm catching this " coming of ( old ) age " movie !
- Shaun 5 months ago
Looks terrible
- Russell Winkel 5 months ago
Does anyone know that song that that woman is singing in the middle of the movie that goes "nobody's perfect I know that I'm high as a kite, shut up and kiss me I'm talking too much"??
- Chungus 5 months ago +1
Pierce pierce pierce pierce youre a b!
- Ron Rizzi 5 months ago +1
Funny, heart warming, a lot of laughs. Amazing when you're really an AARP member and you still can't figure out how you got there. Netflix has this film that let's you know that you.re not alone and they Richard Dreyfus, Chevy Chase and Andie McDowell and Lewis Black have too. All in good fun. An escape from the 65+ old folks (pre-dead) home to running the roads and cheesy sleazy comic strip clubs on the way to the missed opportunity of a lifetime an Ed Sullivan show theater gig. You'll also have the last laugh and cry perhaps more than once. And realize it is better to burn out that fade away!
- Rixar13 5 months ago
Irish Bunny -> Watching Now.
- baxterpoo 5 months ago +2
Really enjoyed this, just watched it. Well done Richard Dreyfuss. Great to see Andie and Chevy again.
- Leni Cavaletto 5 months ago
Dreyfuss is a treasure ...
- Noah Dunston 5 months ago
Let me guess one of them gets a heart attack or dies
- Molly Thomas 5 months ago
Richard Dreyfuss literally looks like a corpse slathered in foundation.
- Brent Dozier 5 months ago
A good reason why the older you get the lighter your make-up should be. And I'm no kid, but also older folks should not dye their hair(especially a darker shade than is natural, it's so obvious), grey hair was MEANT to go with wrinkles.
- Jazzer Caster 5 months ago +2
This looks good, actually laughed, hope it's great!
- Rupert Hearsey 5 months ago
Looks like a shit Larry David
- Nadir Nazar 5 months ago
I'm in Africa 😂🌍
- Butters • 5 months ago
Bruh Chevy chase is loosing it
- Real Dario Naharis 5 months ago
Big oof
- XeeSusH 5 months ago
I thought Pearce died in the darkest timeline.
- Brian Kinney 5 months ago
Fletch would work too if the do it right. Say a reporter was working on something and hot fletch old style to help him on a case it's a great set up for Chevy chase comedy
- thegrimyeaper 5 months ago +15
- So what's funny these days, it's been a while since we've done comedy.
- Pot. Kids think pot is funny now.
- Why?
- I don't know.
- Alright, pot it is.
- horticasey 5 months ago +2
I want another National Lampoon's Vacation!!!!
- Derek McCumber 5 months ago
I'd love to see the National Lampoon return, but it'll never happen in this day and age.
- Ric o 5 months ago
You know a movies going to suck when there's load kooky music playing through the entirety of the trailer.
- RonHoward 5 months ago +1
Netflix is now in the position to make the Community movie.
- Jonssonwesslen Jonssonwesslen 5 months ago +1
Yes yes yes chase finaly . Icon
- Mr. Jay 5 months ago
ohhhh yeaaah i needed this so much
- Max Ellis 5 months ago
Richard-fuckin-Dreyfuss! We're gonna need a bigger boat for a star of his caliber. Glad to see him back!
- LEE ROSS 5 months ago
who at Netflix agreed to this POS - greenlit a bad script with a shitty concept...?? if this could have only been a drama where we actually see Chevy just be real - like an asshole angry has been that he actually is?? And Dreyfus as a former coke head movie star in depression at some rehab in palm desert that Chevy is an asshole to but is still his last real friend and they drive across the country for some reason -- wtf netflix?
- Fuhk You 5 months ago
Fuck Chevy . Ford bitch
- SteVin89 5 months ago +3
I'm just happy to see Richard Dreyfuss back in anything other than a bit part.
- Ptguy0618 5 months ago +1
Chevy is so underrated!
- MrJamhamm 5 months ago +1
I really feel like they're missing an easy payday by still not doing a community movie.
- Itbelink 5 months ago
Would think this would be good with those two, but the trailer makes it look like it will be bad.
- Mark Reed 5 months ago +4
Yeah I am up for this, shame we dont get much of Chevy these days, great comic.
- Keith _ 5 months ago +3
Everyone keeps asking for Vacation 6... Am I the only one who wants to see Chevy do Fletch 3 in the modern fake news-era?
- Phyllis Foster 5 months ago
kind hearted
- Mark rocky drago 5 months ago
Looks awesome!
- Tyler Beamer 5 months ago +5
Glad to see Chevy back in something; best he's looked in a while too. Hope he takes the momentum and manages to have some good moments before the end ala like Burt Reynolds did. It's never too late to fix one's legacy no matter how someone was in their prime years..
- Ken Boggs 5 months ago
These 2 are major jerks. This must have been the worst set
- yaleblor 5 months ago
wow , looks bad , but then netflix green lights anything , with a name , even has been names , unfunny self-absorbed idiot has beens , i want some of that netflix money , i got a show idea , comma's , it's about comma's ,
- Timothy Keltron 5 months ago
I love movies about old people taking one last stab at being young. That story line has not been beaten to death. These movies do not make me sick to my stomach.
- BlassReiter1100cc 5 months ago
Seriously, no one gives a fuck about Chevy Chase. Nothing but a fucking asshole.
- chapswick 5 months ago +3
I keep confusing today's Chevy Chase with Christian Bale in Vice.
- RetroArcadeFan 5 months ago
Fletch lives again
- miranda c 5 months ago
So we can't watch Louis CK and we have to watch this?
- Alternative Facts 5 months ago
Have you burned every bridge possible with people you've work with over the course of almost half a century, to the point the best thing you probably did in your career exploded in real-time because of literally nothing but your own ego?
Did your multi-million dollar comedy based on a kids board-game die in the concept because people laughed you out of a boardroom when you said how much you wanted, and YOU threw a fit?
Here: Have a multi-film/show deal. We also take shows that were either cancelled, but not the ones that probably should be brought back. Also, do you have a movie idea? It doesn't matter, something about the earth spinning wrong-whatever- we read Stranger Things on paper and filmed it and it turned out great. Can you imagine just reading about that show without seeing it?
We didn't, we just read the title in our script bucket we place outside our building and threw money at it. Were not supposed too, but the guys at the office totally make bets on how those are going to turn out.
Welcome to Netflix: We canceled Daredevil.
- bluebottle4077 5 months ago
this trailer is streets ahead.
- Loki Army 5 months ago +1
this actually looks good!
- Grencia 5 months ago
- Phil Jones 5 months ago +8
Chevy looking better than he's looked in a while. Great to see
- Al F. 5 months ago +1
That's because it's Christian Bale playing Chevy since he was so good playing him the movie Vice.
- Steven Brian Lickman 5 months ago
I like this movie!!
- Raf Gik 5 months ago
Wait a minute the guy with the circular glasses is it he the voice actor of "Doctor Octopus" from the PS4 game "Spider-man?"
- Whatever YT 5 months ago +1
Bring back the 5-star ratings so I can start shitting on all these crappy shows and movies you come out with. Thumbs up or thumbs down is stupid. Also, bring Marco Polo back and The Get Down. Bastards. Give Lorenzo Richelmy a starring role in a new show since the hope of Marco Polo returning is slim to none.
- The Lab Photography 5 months ago +12
Chevy Chase is still one of the funniest guys in movies to date man.
- Rodney Logsdon 5 months ago
You dated Chevy Chase?
- SenatoR gittRduN 5 months ago
Are u sure man? What has he done in movies since the 80's that was so funny to you?
- The Lab Photography 5 months ago +4
Wow dreyfus and Chevy niice cant wait to see this
- Kings Dominion 5 months ago +1
What are you doing here, Pierce?
- Depopa 5 months ago
wheres my castlevania season 3 peepoSad
- Zaysha Moody 5 months ago
I know this is RANDOM but Netflix should add Victoria from off of nick
- TÂMARA SEBALDE 5 months ago
🇧🇷 👍👍👍 GOSTEI. Obrigada por compartilhar. 👏👏👏👏👏 ( 1 9 7 )
- joshua gogarty 5 months ago +2
This will be good, Richard is sharp as an arrow. Look forward to the laughter and the comedic duo.
- sjw4207 5 months ago +22
Awesome to see Chevy working again.
- Ultra Dip 5 months ago
Will BHA come on Netflix?
(Boku no Hero Academia)
- Matthew Moss 5 months ago +2
I can't wait for Spies Like Us 2.
- Mike Dodds 5 months ago
Followed the link in the description, ended up watching a comedy about the holocaust...


text:
E-bikes are typically offered in 24V, 36V and 48V configurations. Higher voltage generally means higher top speed – but that may not always be the case. Since the efficiency of a motor and drive system can have an effect on power and speed, a 24V setup could have the same top speed as a 36V setup. Generally you can expect 15-18 mph on a 24v setup, 16-20 mph on a 36V setup and 24-28 mph on a 48V setup. Although it far exceeds Federal laws, some conversion kits can even be run at 72V for speeds of 35+ mph! However, this puts significant stress on bicycle components. Consider that even the fastest athletes only travel 17-18 mph on a conventional bicycle, so 20 mph feels very fast to most riders. Anything over this speed can be unsafe and exceeds law regulations.
A new electric cyclist will likely experience two conflicts of thought: 1). Will the general public accept my use of this power assist technology, or Will they ridicule and reject me as being lazy? 2). Will I stand out to law enforcement by the look of my bike or riding a bit faster than other cyclist on hills and roads? Grappling with these two thoughts will tempt most folks to try and remain unnoticed and ride more responsibly. After I became an advocate of e-transportation on two wheels, enjoying the benefits of power assist commuting, I eventually was a bit put off by this federal law, especially the 20mph limitation. Is 20 mph really practical and justified? Is it not true that many active young people on typical road bicycles are able to actively ride in the 20-25mph range? I discovered that ebikes, with larger tires and disk brakes, can comfortably and safety cruise in that range of speed. The standard 2001 Federal law of 20mph, eventually became a practical limitation for an ebike commuter of over 20 miles a day, and caused me to get a bike beyond the federal limits, making me more alert and sensitive when riding in the presence of the police.
One of the items we demonstrated at the show is the new GMAC motor series. This is a powerful clutchless geared hub motor developed over the past 2 years in partnership with MAC motors, using a custom axle with an integrated splined torque arm. Imagine a MAC motor with perfect frame fit for modern bicycles, zero torque transmission on the dropouts, and phenomenal regenerative braking control.
Nebraska defines a Moped as "a bicycle with fully operative pedals for propulsion by human power, an automatic transmission, and a motor with a cylinder capacity not exceeding fifty cubic centimeters which produces no more than two brake horsepower and is capable of propelling the bicycle at a maximum design speed of no more than thirty miles per hour on level ground."[69]
However, laws and terminology are diverse. Some countries have national regulations but leave the legality of road use for states and provinces to decide. Municipal laws and restrictions add further complications. Systems of classification and nomenclature also vary. Jurisdictions may address "power-assisted bicycle" (Canada) or "power-assisted cycle" (United Kingdom) or "electric pedal-assisted cycles" (European Union) or simply "electric bicycles". Some classify pedelecs as distinct from other bikes using electric power. Thus, the same hardware may be subject to many different classifications and regulations.
No endorsement is required on a driver license in order to operate a motorized bicycle, thus the motorized bicycle may be operated by anyone with a valid driver license. Goggles, windshields and other special equipment required for motorcycles and motor-driver cycles are not required for operation of a motorized bicycle. However, crash helmets are required regardless of operators age. Minors between the ages of 14 and 16 may apply for a restricted license to operate a motorized bicycle, just as they would to operate a motor-driver cycle. For instance, they must take a written test, vision tests and demonstrate their ability to operate the motorized bicycle. The license issued will be restricted to a motorized bicycle only. The license is valid only during daylight hours and within a seven-mile (11 km) radius of the driver's home. Applicants for any type of license less than eighteen (18) years old, must complete a Minor/Teen-age Affidavit and Cancellation form making the parent or legal guardian financially liable for the applicants action. [57]
Metro is a brand that has been around since 2010, and it is one of the top sellers. That is mostly because their products are solid, good value, with good power and good features. Metro Hybrid is a part of urban electric bikes family, and it is really well set up for the urban and light trail riding. Metro has a diamond frame and 700c (28-inch) wheels with sporty 38mm Schwalbe Marathon tires, so you get real quality tires. A big capacity battery of 624Wh will carry you 20–40 miles, with the top speed of 28 mph with assist, or 20mph using throttle only. The comfort is decent with adjustable handle bar, as well as suspension seat post and a suspension fork. Overall, this bike offers good value for the price, with outstanding range and power for its class.
To qualify as an electric-assisted bicycle under state law they need to have a seat and fully operable pedals for human propulsion, meet federal motor vehicle safety standards, an electric motor that has a power output of not more than 1,000 watts, maximum speed of not more than 20 mph (electric motor and human power combined), disengages or ceases to function when the vehicle's brakes are applied, two or three wheels
In 5 years of working as a bike messenger in Minneapolis, I've ridden all kinds of bikes, in all kinds of weather. I've ridden walmart mountain bikes, 80's classic steel road bikes, kitted out Treks, pretty much everything EXCEPT for fat tire bikes. Such wide tires always seemed... too much. No need for a bike that only makes itself worthwhile maybe two months out of the year, I thought.
Built by a company that's made cycling equipment for more than four decades, the Vado feels more like a traditional bicycle than almost any other ebike. Its frame and components have been tuned to provide a familiar experience, making it easy for new and long-time cyclists to jump on and start pedaling. Specialized's heritage shines through nicely, helping separate itself from the competition in an increasingly crowded ebike market.
Federal law defines the limits of a low speed electric bike, equating it to a bicycle, and bypassing the definition of a motor vehicle only "For purposes of motor vehicle safety standards…" which means that the manufacturers of these bicycles don't have to meet federal equipment requirements, and are instead governed by the manufacturing requirements of the Consumer Product Safety Act. There is no mention of exemption from other federal, state, and local traffic laws, or exemption from the definition of a motor vehicle for other purposes.3 This means the law applies to the manufacturer's product and sale, avoiding federal safety requirements applying to a motor vehicle such as brake lights, turn signals and braking specifications. The goal of the law was to give businesses a legal framework to define and sell low speed electric bikes without the more stringent Federal classification of a motor vehicle. Ebikes that meet the criteria are considered a "bicycle", do not meet the definition of a motor vehicle, and will be regulated by the Consumer Product Safety Commission. The law also grants the commission authority to add safety requirements to this product. The Federal law supersedes all state laws that equate bicycles to ebikes where the state law is more stringent (lower limits) on power and speed.
Oklahoma the following restrictions on the operation of Electric-Assisted Bicycle in 47 O.S. 11-805.2 [123] as follows: 1. Possess a Class A, B, C or D license, but shall be exempt from a motorcycle endorsement; 2. Not be subject to motor vehicle liability insurance requirements only as they pertain to the operation of electric-assisted bicycles; 3. Be authorized to operate an electric-assisted bicycle wherever bicycles are authorized to be operated; 4. Be prohibited from operating an electric-assisted bicycle wherever bicycles are prohibited from operating; and 5. Wear a properly fitted and fastened bicycle helmet which meets the standards of the American National Standards Institute or the Snell Memorial Foundation Standards for protective headgear for use in bicycling, provided such operator is eighteen (18) years of age or less.
The bicycle is extraordinarily efficient in both biological and mechanical terms. The bicycle is the most efficient human-powered means of transportation in terms of energy a person must expend to travel a given distance.[38] From a mechanical viewpoint, up to 99% of the energy delivered by the rider into the pedals is transmitted to the wheels, although the use of gearing mechanisms may reduce this by 10–15%.[39][40] In terms of the ratio of cargo weight a bicycle can carry to total weight, it is also an efficient means of cargo transportation.
The rest of the bike is equally impressive. Integrated lights in the front and the rear run directly off the main battery, so you're never replacing coin cells or AAA batteries. And the disc brakes give you plenty of stopping power. The 36-volt battery attaches to the down tube and is designed to be easily removed for recharging. A key-lock at the top of the mount ensures that no one can steal your battery if your bike is left in a public place. And a built-in alarm system, activated with a car-like key fob, is ear-splitting enough to keep thieves away altogether. (Miller promises the alarm's sensitivity is tuned so it shouldn't go off if the bike is jostled at a public bike rack, but I didn't have the bike long enough to test this out.)
In the theoretical electric bike we considered up above, we had the dynamo/motor driving the back wheel directly, simply by pressing on the tire. Most electric bikes work a different way. They have compact electric motors built into the hub of the back or front wheel (or mounted in the center of the bike and connected to the pedal sprocket). Take a look at the hub of an electric bike and probably you'll see it's much fatter and bulkier than on a normal bike. You can read more about how these motors work in our main article about hub motors.
Choose a 36- or 48-volt battery with a capacity of 10Ah or 20Ah. Choose a battery designed for use on an electric bicycle, as it will come with a charger and be much easier to install. Make sure the voltage and capacity of the battery you choose is compatible with the conversion kit you purchased. The higher the voltage of your bike's battery, the more powerful your bike will be. When building an electric bike, choose a 36- or 48-volt battery to allow for speed and comfort.[5]
To operate the bike, you have to pedal for a second or so before the thumb throttle becomes active. This is often a cost and energy-saving measure designed into electric bicycles and scooters. Being able to start the motor from rest requires extra sensors and higher battery power. Starting the motor while it is in motion removes the need to install extra sensors in the motor (and thus removes one more possible failure or maintenance issue) and also eeks more range out of the battery by putting the energy intensive initial startup responsibility solely on the rider.
Let's face it – Commuting can be a nightmare. Seemingly infinite price hikes, delays to trains, crammed tubes and congested roads dominate the ways of getting to work. The commuter misery is real. But, what if you could transform this part of the day from a chore to a pleasure? Enter the eBike. The clean, … Continue reading Why an eBike is so good for commuting
One of the items we demonstrated at the show is the new GMAC motor series. This is a powerful clutchless geared hub motor developed over the past 2 years in partnership with MAC motors, using a custom axle with an integrated splined torque arm. Imagine a MAC motor with perfect frame fit for modern bicycles, zero torque transmission on the dropouts, and phenomenal regenerative braking control.
However, Emu sells a little foldable number if that's your bag. The Emu Crossbar is for town commuters that require a sweet ride that's backed up by solid Shimano Nexus hub gears and Tektro brakes, which are adequate if not the best on the market. Riding is smooth and easy, with the crank moving sensor doing its best to iron out any gaps in power delivery.
Under New Jersey law a motorized bicycle is "a pedal bicycle having a helper motor characterized in that either the maximum piston displacement is less than 50 cc, the motor is rated at no more than 1.5 brake horsepower, or it is powered by an electric drive motor and the bicycle is capable of a maximum speed of no more than 25 miles per hour on a flat surface."[107] This would include E-bikes, meaning they must be titled and registered. However, only Mopeds approved by Motor Vehicle Services can be titled and registered.
In Norway, e-bikes are classified as ordinary bicycles, according to the Vehicle Regulation (kjøretøyforskriften) § 4-1, 5g. Hence, e-bikes are not registered in the Vehicle Registry, and there is no demand for a license to drive them. Still, there are constraints on the bicycle construction. The maximum nominal motor power output can be no more than 250 watts and the maximum performance speed of the vehicle when the engine is running is 25 km per hour (15 mph).[40] A function that reduces motor power when vehicle speed exceeds 25 km per hour is mandatory. However, if the motor is not running, the e-bike, or any other bike, answer only to the constraints of the ordinary speed limits.
An affordable GPS enabled bike security alarm device with text and email updates, runs on the 2G Verizon network to send notifications about location and status, includes iPhone, Android and web apps to control the device, track, and download ride data. Mounts to any standard bottle cage bosses if there is enough horizontal room, the device is 10" long and 3/4" thick with rubberized contacts to reduce vibration, rear rack and quick clamp mounting accessories available to work with just about any bike...
It's a topic that many eMTBers are interested in: fast charging. What has long been a reality with electric cars is now also being partly improved for ebikes with high amperage chargers. Bosch has presented a 6A charger this year that can charge a 500 Wh battery in 3 hours, more than a third faster than the standard charger. The new benchmark next year, however, will probably be the 10A charger presented by Haibike and BMZ. It is claimed to be capable of charging a 630 Wh battery in just 1.5 hours.
It is very important that sensors work well and that they are integrated/tuned for good usability. Although ebikes do need some initial mental adjustment from riders, some model do much better then others, e.g. most testers seem to prefer the TDS Impluse over the Stöckli E.T. over the Stromer (which model?) with respect to reactivity. Of course, usability is subjective and some people may prefer one behavior over an other. However, cheap bikes may be just plain bad and this is why test driving is important.
As long as the electric bicycle meets three criteria it is considered a low-speed electric bicycle, or simply a "bicycle." Three criteria: must travel less than 20 mph on flat ground without pedaling, must have functional pedals and must have less than a 750 watt motor. This is the same criteria as Federal Public Law 107-319. I checked my facts with the law office of Spohn, Spohn & Zeigler at 144 East Center Street, Marion, OH 43302 on August 21, 2009. A low-speed electric bicycle does not require registration, insurance, license plates (tags), or a driver's license. The rules of an electric bicycle are the same as a traditional bicycle. There is some confusion caused by Ohio interchanging the word Moped with "motorized bicycle." If a dealer sells you a bike that follows the guidelines of Federal Public Law 107-319, then you have a bicycle. If the bike has no pedals or has a higher wattage motor than 750 watts or can travel faster than 20mph you have a moped or scooter; Ohio requires tags and registration for mopeds and scooters.
At first glance, Wing's e-bikes share some design features with Dutch e-bike company VanMoof's flagship bikes, most noticeably the elongated top tube (23.3 inches) with embedded front and rear lights. There are differences — VanMoof's battery is embedded in the frame, while Wing's is external — but to look at them side-by-side, one could easily conclude that Wing is just a less-expensive version of the VanMoof.
Eight provinces of Canada allow electric power assisted bicycles. In all eight provinces, e-bikes are limited to 500 W output, and cannot travel faster than 32 km/h (20 mph) on motor power alone on level ground.[12] In Alberta prior to July 1, 2009, the limits were 750 W and 35 km/h (22 mph), but presently match federal legislation.[13] Age restrictions vary in Canada. All require an approved helmet. Regulations may or may not require an interlock to prevent use of power when the rider is not pedaling. Some versions (e.g., if capable of operating without pedaling) of e-bikes require drivers' licenses in some provinces and have age restrictions. Vehicle licenses and liability insurance are not required. Generally, they are considered vehicles (like motorcycles and pedal cycles), so are subject to the same rules of the road as regular bicycles. In some cases, regulatory requirements have been complicated by lobbying in respect of the Segway PT.
So first off, it isn't fair to compare the power of a Chinese rear hub motor watt for watt with a 250W Bosch or Brose or even a Shimano or Yamaha mid-drive motor. There just isn't even close to the amount of torque or power on a per watt basis and that's before we get to controllers. However, comparing the Rattan's 350W motor to the Ancheer's 250W motor seems more proportionally correct. Where as I could make it about a third of the way up my driveway hill from a cold start on Ancheer throttle, I made it about 2/3rds of the way with the Rattan, or another 100 feet. On a flat surface, again with throttle only, I hit 20 mph in about 10 seconds with the Rattan. It takes me another 5+ seconds to get there on the Ancheer. One note, the battery gauge does bounce around a bit depending on how much it is working. At full throttle you might lose a bar or 2 only to get it back once you coast.
Oklahoma defines an Electric-Assisted Bicycle in 47 O.S. 1-104 [122] as "Two or three wheels; and Fully operative pedals for human propulsion and equipped with an electric motor with a power output not to exceed one thousand (1,000) watts, incapable of propelling the device at a speed of more than thirty (30) miles per hour on level ground, and incapable of further increasing the speed of the device when human power alone is used to propel the device at a speed of thirty (30) miles per hour or more. An electric-assisted bicycle shall meet the requirements of the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards as set forth in federal regulations and shall operate in such a manner that the electric motor disengages or ceases to function when the brakes are applied."
I would add that the point of the article seems to encourage ebikers to "know the state laws" and be confident within those boundaries. To D McCarthy's question, if your state has a definition for ebikes and classifies them as bicycles and affords access as bicycles, AND, your particular ebike is built within those specifications, then you should be able to ride that section of road with confidence. Just my 2C.
During the course of its evolution, the Specialized Levo has helped shape the world of eMTBing. When it was introduced, it set the benchmark in riding dynamics and integration. Now Specialized has completely redesigned the bike and put it on 29″ wheels. The integration has been improved yet again, the battery capacity has been increased and the handling has been refined. We were thrilled with our first test ride. Anyone looking for a new bike next year for maximum trail performance should definitely take a closer look at the new Levo! We're already looking forward to our big group test of the best bikes of 2019 early next year.
Electric powered bicycles slower than 20 km/h without pedaling are legally recognized as a non-mechanically operated vehicle in China.[32] According to "TECHNOLOGY WATCH", this should help promote its widespread use.[33] Electric bicycles were banned in some areas of Beijing from August 2002 to January 2006 due to concerns over environmental, safety and city image issues. Beijing has re-allowed use of approved electric bicycles as of January 4, 2006.[34] Some cities in China still ban electric bikes.
Electric bikes are considered motorcycles in Hong Kong, and therefore need type approval from the Transport Department, just as automobiles. All electric bikes available in Hong Kong fail to meet the type approval requirement, and the Transport Department has never granted any type approval for an electric bike, making all electric bikes effectively illegal in Hong Kong. Even if they got type approval, the driver would need a motorcycle driving license to ride.[35] As a side note, Hong Kong doesn't have a moped vehicle class (and therefore no moped driving license), and mopeds are considered motorcycles too.
This year was busy at Haibike's EUROBIKE stand. The reason: the new FLYON series, which we could only admire behind glass. The new bikes are the spearhead of Haibike's eMTB development with an exciting and unprecedented level of integration and connectivity. They have a specially developed display, their own remote and, thanks to a 5,000 lumen headlight, are able to turn night into day. To make the rider visible at all times, taillights are neatly integrated into the frame. The bikes also come with the most powerful motor currently available on the market, from TQ Systems. We are sure that many will buy this bike not only for its performance but also as a status symbol.
Because the power is applied through the chain and sprocket, power is typically limited to around 250–500 watts to protect against fast wear on the drivetrain. An electric mid-drive combined with an internal gear hub at the back hub may require care due to the lack of a clutch mechanism to soften the shock to the gears at the moment of re-engagement. A continuously variable transmission or a fully automatic internal gear hub may reduce the shocks due to the viscosity of oils used for liquid coupling instead of the mechanical couplings of the conventional internal gear hubs.
Because the power is applied through the chain and sprocket, power is typically limited to around 250–500 watts to protect against fast wear on the drivetrain. An electric mid-drive combined with an internal gear hub at the back hub may require care due to the lack of a clutch mechanism to soften the shock to the gears at the moment of re-engagement. A continuously variable transmission or a fully automatic internal gear hub may reduce the shocks due to the viscosity of oils used for liquid coupling instead of the mechanical couplings of the conventional internal gear hubs.
At 42 pounds for a size medium frame (exceptionally light for an urban e-bike), this step-through model's silent, mid-drive Bosch Active Line motor provides pedal assist up to 20 mph. And its 400Wh battery lasts a claimed 30 to a whopping 110 miles, depending on mode, speed, terrain, rider weight, cargo—all the usual stuff. With 26-inch wheels, 2-inch tires, round aluminum tubes, a swept-back handlebar, Shimano Sora 9-speed components, and an 11-32 cassette, the Parkway looks like an everyday, non-motorized city bike at first glance. But with an array of Bosch e-components—motor, battery, and Purion display—it has the zip to take you farther faster.
In Australia the e-bike is defined by the Australian Vehicle Standards as a bicycle that has an auxiliary motor with a maximum power output not exceeding 200 W without consideration for speed limits or pedal sensors.[1] Each state is responsible for deciding how to treat such a vehicle and currently all states agree that such a vehicle does not require licensing or registration. Various groups are lobbying for an increase in this low limit to encourage more widespread use of e-bikes to assist in mobility, health benefits and to reduce congestion, pollution and road danger. Some states have their own rules such as no riding under electric power on bike paths and through built up areas so riders should view the state laws regarding their use. There is no licence and no registration required for e-bike usage.
This dexterous electric dirt bike is recommended for anyone over the age of 14. It's fitted with double suspension and big tyres to help you tackle tough terrain. You also get a good selection of gears, that gives you optimal control. The Razor can go as fast as 15 mph on average, and comes with an excellent braking system. The aesthetics are on point, and the racer look is sure to impress. Don't forget your helmet!
To qualify as an electric-assisted bicycle under state law they need to have a seat and fully operable pedals for human propulsion, meet federal motor vehicle safety standards, an electric motor that has a power output of not more than 1,000 watts, maximum speed of not more than 20 mph (electric motor and human power combined), disengages or ceases to function when the vehicle's brakes are applied, two or three wheels
If you're taking your bike inside, consider one that folds up. The Cyclotricity Wallet has a motor in the front wheel, which takes you up to speed either by assisting your pedalling, or you can sit back and use the throttle by itself. Its folding design makes it slightly easier to get in and out of a building, but its hefty weight means you still won't find it easy to carry onto public transport.
On the road, it takes only a few turns of the pedals to activate the Vado's motor and get it up to speed. In Turbo mode — the bike's highest level of pedal-assist — the Vado reaches speeds of up to 28 miles per hour, after which the electric drive system automatically shuts off to conserve power (and abide by local law). A built-in LED readout on the handlebars allows riders to monitor battery life, check current speed, and track calories burned while also being able to glance at distance traveled. The Turbo Vado Mission Control app (iOS/Android) also connects to the bike via Bluetooth and allows riders to further tune their ride and adjust the bike's settings.
The days when eMTBs were defined solely by the power of their motors and the size of their batteries are over. Riding performance has become the most important metric. In that pursuit, manufacturers are increasingly developing eMTBs with less power and battery capacity, which in turn handle more like regular mountain bikes. FOCUS started this movement some time ago with its Project-Y concept and later presented the FOCUS RAVEN² PRO, the first production model in a new category of bikes. However this sporty ride only convinced a handful of riders. Meanwhile, Lapierre and BULLS have both announced full-suspension trail bikes featuring the lightweight FAZUA motor for next year. It remains to be seen how many other brands will jump on board this bandwagon – but the rumour mill has already started rumbling. Moreover, it is only a matter of time before the next motor manufacturer will release its own small, lightweight motor.
Firstly there's a magnetically-fired locking pin in the rear wheel, triggered by kicking a button on the hub. This is fairly secure in itself and almost impossible to remove without destroying the bike. In London, we'd pair it with a more traditional bike lock so there's a more obvious visual deterrent, though a LED matrix screen on the frame does issue a warning to would-be tea-leafs.


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Antoinette Flores is a policy analyst on the Postsecondary Education Policy team at the Center for American Progress. Like us on Facebook
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Natural Stone / September 10, 2018 / FifineAsselin
You can consult any of the professional tile companies in and around your place and arrange a meeting at your place and elaborate about your requirements and they would help you in building the space of your dreams. You can compare various stones in terms of price quality and durability and decide on the one which best fits your space. However taking an expert advice is always necessary though you have an idea about the product. Through good research it is possible to find the best that will suit you in all way possible. People have been using natural stone flooring for centuries. If you look at the buildings that were built many years ago you notice that many of them have stone flooring.
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The CoF is the measurement of how slippery the materials are. The higher the CoF the more traction a tile has. The number is especially important in high traffic areas and places that encounter moisture such as the bathroom and the kitchen. As with everything there are noticeable benefits and drawbacks to using natural stone flooring. Most of the common benefits of using natural stone tiles is mostly in the way of aesthetics. For example since the tiles are made of natural stone using them can help give a space a more natural feel. Also since each piece of stone is created from earth they all have a different earth like pattern which when utilized correctly can create an aesthetically pleasing artwork.
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Harry Halpin wrote: > I have yet to see anything resembling a substantial objection to using > rdf:Seq rather than rdf:List. Does *anyone* object to rdf:Seq, which > seems to be able to take literals as objects with an ordering constraint? > Consider: * Bruce: "Everyone I have talked to has discouraged use of rdf:Seq." (email@example.com 2007-07-26) * Benjamin: "Yes, that's a general suggestion, which usually coves both collections and containers, as they introduce intermediate nodes." (firstname.lastname@example.com 2007-07-26) * Dublin Core: "The RDF Container constructs rdf:Bag, rdf:Alt and rdf:Seq are no longer provided as an alternative for constructing ordered and unordered sets." ( http://dublincore.org/documents/dc-rdf-notes/#sect-5 ) * For rdf:Seq, you can have multiple rdf:_3 properties, for example. * For rdf:Seq, you could have a rdf:_2809 property with no other properties, for example. * There is no way to specify the end of an rdf:Seq list. > The only objection would be the lack of closure of containers and lack > of formal semantics or ordering, but given that you cannot reasonably > put literals in rdf:List, I see no option other than use rdf:Seq. > As pointed out by Sandro, you can indeed have literals in a rdf:List (see http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_first ). It's just that it's a pain to place literals in a rdf:List using RDF+XML serialization. It seems fundamentally wrong to me to allow a particular serialization format of a general model to dictate the construction of an ontology. > 2) Leave the range constraint out and so allow users have "unordered" > additional names (and the same question for honorable prefixes and > suffixes, which I imagine may have ordering constraints in some > languages, and some order for them seems to be implied by the vCard > RFC), but remind the users in the spec that for this property if > ordering is needed, one *should* use rdf:Seq. > > I am leaning towards 2), since I am in general always leaning on letting > users use complex things (such as rdf:Seq) as optional. > And things come full circle. Remember, before The Compromise, that was my proposal for all name elements! Let v:givenName take a literal or a list, as the need allows, but there was a lot of opposition to this "value-switching". The same with v:familyName and v:additionalName. In fact, I've had it implemented this way for months---I was trying to cave to get consensus. GarretReceived on Thursday, 26 July 2007 17:04:57 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Tuesday, 1 March 2016 07:41:58 UTC


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I have a drobo and have been backing from Carbon Copy Cloner to my 5N. It has been happening for about 5 years.
Recently, I went to restore a backup and when I tried, I was about to mount the share, and then when I do a directory listing, I saw the SparseBundle for the Backup.
When I doubleclick on the Sparse Bundle, it attempts to mount, and then quickly dismounts the drive and I can't open that sparse bundle.
I have never experienced something like this and not sure what to do. I couldn't even copy off the drive by dragging it.
Is there some other way I can attempt to get to the sparse bundle that is on my Drobo


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Your Sky engineer may have left an existing Sky box connected if they believed it was being used to receive channels from other providers. This means you can still watch these channels by switching your TV input. All other services on this box, such as Sky+ functionality, have been disabled.
If you would prefer to watch these channels on your Sky Q Mini box, then please contact the channel provider to check if this is possible.


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"Gearing within super is not for everyone, but in the right circumstances it can be very sensible and significantly improve outcomes in retirement."
Read More
Toowoomba and Cairns median house values rose 8.3 and 8.2 per cent respectively in 2014.
Gosford is on the radar with Sydney investors and home buyers who view it as a viable alternative to the western suburbs.
Neometro director James Tutton argues for a development model that returns profits and contributes positively to the broader community.
Customer satisfaction levels highest with Commonwealth Bank, says Roy Morgan Research.
A new development in Carlton displays democracy in architecture with a communal Observatory.
Domain and REA tussle over figures.
Western Australia's auditor-general is confident new measures to reduce the risk of fraudulent property sales are strong.
Following a very successful 2014, the group plans to publicly list its state-owned property development company.


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