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University Bedroom Design IdeasUniversity Bedroom Design Ideas
Go for It
There are two ways to organize a small bedroom: You can make it dark and cozy with saturated berry reds or chocolate browns. Or, you can boost daylight with barely dressed windows and a light-bouncing color on the wall, such as cloud white or sunshine yellow. Either way, don't take a weak approach. You can be bold in a small space without risking too much money or effort.
Sneak In Storage
When decorating small bedrooms, every square inch is potential storage. Sure, you can stash sweater boxes under the bed, but if you boost the bed frame on blocks and add a voluminous skirt, you can hide a set of luggage under there. Place a storage ottoman under the window to hold extra bedding. Use a chest as a bedside table to gain drawer space. When it comes to organizing a small bedroom, make the most of your closet with an organizer system. And look for wall space where you can hang a bookshelf.
Seize Opportunities in a Small Bedroom
Look for ways to make your small bedroom special. Decorate a bedroom with punchy fabrics and expressive patterns. Choose interesting lighting, such as a charming chandelier or sculptural table lamps. For a small bedroom idea that makes a statement, try an unusual headboard: Pick one that is extra tall, brightly upholstered, or curvy. And use artwork to show off your personality. It doesn't have to be pricey -- framed snapshots will do. Remember, this is the most personal space in your home, so decorate a bedroom with what makes you happy.
Let it Shine
You may want to rethink your black-out window treatments. Embrace natural light, which will help a small bedroom feel light and airy. Layer drapes and light-blocking shades for style and optimal light control.
Think Tall
Here's a small bedroom idea with staying power: Hang window treatments closer to the ceiling to make a room feel taller. Don't believe us? Have a partner hold up curtains to give it a try. It's amazing to see the instant change such a small fix can make.
Raise The Roof
Decorating a small bedroom can get extra tricky with odd nooks and corners. Use light, crisp colors to combat unique features like lower ceilings. Bright whites look luxe in any sized room, and even turn this slanted-ceiling kids' room into a spacious play zone.
Bedside Manners
Be smart about storage when decorating a small bedroom. Employ a nightstand with drawers and shelves and install a floating shelf above for extra storage in a small bedroom. Consider room organizers for small rooms for maximum clutter control.
Soft Edges
When decorating a small bedroom, go for furniture with rounded edges. It will take up less floor space and help widen walkways. Half-circle nightstands and rounded ottomans with hidden storage compartments are the perfect small bedroom accessory.
Boho Chic
Small room decorating doesn't have to be difficult. Our best advice on how to organize a small bedroom? Add one piece of drama. In this bedroom, a suzani patterned tapestry serves as an eye-catching headboard. Pair it was other boho accessories to tie the whole room together.
Layers of Style
You may need to defy convention when it comes to design ideas for small bedrooms. Specifically, get creative with the furniture layout! In this room, the bed slightly overlaps the two windows, but the placement provides ample walkways. Just be sure to move furniture several inches away from the window to make room for blinds and curtains.
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Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico
We call our Mexican home "Casa del Paraiso"...house of Paradise. It is a wonderfully peaceful retreat located near Puerto Vallarta's charming Old...
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We offer a nice Mexican house in the best weather in the world as National Geographic article once said, in the town of Ajijic, in Chapala, Jalisco, Mexico. The house has 4 rooms, a nice terrace overlooking Chapala Lake and on the other side the mountains. It has a nice garden with jacuzzi and is in one of the nicest and most complete develpoments in Ajijic www.rivieraalta.com.mx. It has a large swimming pool, tennis court, gym, terrace with barbecue area and walking dixtance to the Ajijic town. The house has a nice Mexican touch with all its amenities, like cable tv, telephone, laundry room, nice and cozy living room area garage for 2 cars, etc.. It is our second home.
We are a married couple in our sixties. we are retired and enjoy traveling and knowing other cultures and people. What we ofer is our second home. We have never exchanged homes before but it seems it can be a nice experience. We like to take care of the properties as we like other people to take care of ours.
The Riviera Alta gated community is one of the nicest in Chapala and is very quiet, as the major residents are retired US citizens and Canadians. The web page for the community is www.rivieraalta.com.mx
We call our Mexican home "Casa del Paraiso"...house of Paradise. It is a wonderfully peaceful retreat located near Puerto Vallarta's charming Old...
Nuestra casa principal fue construida hace menos de 3 años por una reconocida firma de arquitectos. Ubicada en una de las mejores zonas de la ciudad. Cerca...
Casa Dulce Vida in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico is a collection of 6 different casas - each casa may be separate if you are from 1-8 persons or combined for a...


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Comments /{{hitsCtrl.values.hits}} Views / Tuesday, 19 March 2019 01:29
For a country to be economically prosperous, you either need to be blessed with natural resources (including strategic geographical location) or human resources (that can add significant economic value). In some cases, both.
Even if you have either or both, it is not a given that the country will be economically prosperous – because these resources, be it natural or human, needs to be transformed into sustainable value-addition.
To ensure this value-addition, a country needs either needs strong processes or strong leadership. In most cases, both. But when you have neither, you end up with strong chaos!
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Thursday, 27 June 2019
Capital inadequacy, political interference, abuse of power, wasteful and unproductive expenditure, corrupt deals, circumventions of regulatory directions, unscrupulous lending operations, imposed IMF and WB conditions for reforms, and window-dressed
Thursday, 27 June 2019
It is reported that the Government has prepared a law to grant freehold possession of farm land held under lease from the Government. This may be a revision of the Land Development Ordinance (LDO) of 1935. This article proposes to discuss the pros a
Thursday, 27 June 2019
A journalist of New York Times requested Hideki Shirakawa, a Nobel laureate, to describe Japanese culture. He said, "Fundamentally, Japanese culture is based on rice farming. Rice cultivation requires a lot of water, and water must be shared evenly
Thursday, 27 June 2019
When the country received independence from British, it was blessed with an efficient administration, a high standard in education, and also sound foreign exchange reserves; the country was admired by other countries. The three major and several mino
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Borussia Dortmund Cap is a great choice for fans of the club to wear on a daily basis. The piece features soft cotton and polyester sturdy in its composition, bringing the crown molded into six panels with eyelets, which function as ventilation channels, keeping the area always airy. Its design has a flat brim with a predominantly yellow color with black details, present in the inscription "Borusse!" embroidered in the front and back in the club's founding year, 1909, which appears next to the Champions League Cup. Finally, the adjustment is made through the adjustable pins, complementing the details.
Technical information
Composition: 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester
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Brim: Flat
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- Brim: Flat
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Garage doors have been so needed lately, that many companies started selling them and also offering various services related to maintenance and repair. Gambrills Garage Door Repair has become a synonym for excellent quality and durability. If you order your new garage door with us, we will provide you with useful information and valuable advices.
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Dolloff Lawncare
Laconia, NH 03246
Dolloff Lawncare
We at Dolloff are a team of like minded individuals that have a common goal of giving customers creative and high quality landscaping at a fair price. Dolloff Landscaping has the roots established to provide you with a great landscape. Our goal is to provide the best installation and quality service. We take pride in working on your yard as if it were our own. Take pride in Dolloff, because we take pride in your land.
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ScreeningHomeAdvisor Screened. View Details
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Celebrate Here, 2013, at the BIG on Bloor Festival, sponsored by Nestlé Canada
There will be one main performance stage at the BIG on Bloor Festival, 2013, The Main Festival Stage in front of the high school, at 1141 Bloor Street West, and a smaller stage in the schoolyard at Dufferin and Bloor. Other stage performances will be scattered in various locations throughout the festival in local stores, restaurants and bars, as parades, busker stations, and as part of some table stations.
Main Festival Stage
Bloordale Collegiate
1141 Bloor Street West
Saturday, July 20
Your guide and MC for this experience will be Michael Evans, producer and musician and the heart and soul of Annex Audio.
|12:30 pm
|Samba Squad
|Street Parade, leading to the main stage for the opening of the festival
|1:00 pm
|Opening ceremonies,
BIG on Bloor Awards
|Andrew Cash MP, Jonah Schein MPP, Ana Bailao, Councillor, Spiro Koumoudouros Bloordale BIA,
|2:00 pm
|Come/Unity Singers
|Honey Novick leads a choral group of local people
|2:30 pm
|Shady Tree
|A quartet that performs acoustic music with influences ranging from bluegrass to gypsy swing and blues. Rick Gregus (guitar,
mandolin), Lang Baker (violin), Chris Moore (bass) and Arnd Jurgensen guitar and banjo.
|3:00 pm
|Andrew Cash
|Juno award-winning singer/songwriter and MP Davenport riding
|3:45 pm
|Casiotone for the Painfully Alone meets Real Estate. Mid tempo bummer synth rock. Ryan Weir (violin), Daniel Wilson (guitar/vocals), Sufian Malik (guitar/vocals)
|4:30 pm
|Greek Rebetiko and original compositions, delivered with an energetic and improvisational approach that borrows equally from rock, jazz, no wave, and surf music. Ken Aldcroft (guitar), Michael Kaler (electric bass), and Mark Zurawinski (drums).
|5:15 pm
|Kohan Hammond
|A jazz quartet based in Toronto Ontario. They play mainly original music as well as modern and classic jazz pieces, Kohen Hammond (guitar), Conrad Gluch (tenor sax), Ivan Ostos (bass guitar), Ben Fukuzawa (drumset)
|6:00 pm
|Birghid and Carmen
|A powerful performing duo who perform covers & originals with sweet harmonies. They have performed at festivals, fundraisers and Girls Rock Events, most recently for Adam Vaughan"s Community Day.
|6:45 pm
|Axes of Evil
|A retro rock covers band with flute and sax stylings by Wayne Neon. Phil Ciglen - Guitar, Kenn Hale - Guitar, Randy Holder – Drums, Ian Nathanson - Bass, Julia Noble - Vocals, Wayne Neon- Saxophone and Flute
|7:30 pm
|Wolara Drum and Dance
|Hypnotic rhythms from Guinea, West Africa will get you moving and grooving with amazing music and dance.
|8:15 pm
|Mike Evans (drums), Donal Ward McCarthy (laptop, guitar, vocals
Shane Wixted (midi controller devices)
Main Festival Stage
Bloordale Collegiate
1141 Bloor Street West
Sunday, July 21
|12:00 pm
|Opening Ceremonies
|Featuring local personalities.
|12:15 pm
|Simpatia Band
|A Brazilian Band that has been playing for more than 8 years in Toronto
|12:45 pm
|Randolph Academy of the Performing Arts
|Musical theatre song and dance by students currently in training at Canada"s first Triple Threat(R) school.
|1:30 pm
|Space Chums
|They will rock the stratosphere with crazy-catchy and hilarious songs about their adventures in space and the wonders of discovering planet earth, Lost Cosmonaut Nickolai (keyboards & vocals), Mission Control, Space Ninja Linda (vocals & Ninja moves), Galacto Fashionista Gussy (vocals & wit)
|2:15 pm
|Challenging conventions, exploring the groove in a cappella jazz through improvisation and variation. Featuring excellent singers, cool arrangements of standards, and exploring some less traditional song forms, an exciting and fresh take on the vocal jazz ensemble, Andrea Kuzmich, Jocelyne Barth, Tova Kardonne, and Christine Duncan
|3:00 pm
|Klezmer , Gypsy dance tunes and old school jazz strive to capture the energy and spontaneity of street musicians through the ages.
|3:45 pm
|Teresa Hart
|Fresh on the release of her new album Teresa Hart will be playing an infectious mixture of uptempo pop dance rock music.
|4:30 pm
|Brazen Angelz
|Originally from Dublin, Ireland, Paisley, Scotland and Sunderland, England respectively JAck D, Stealth and MAK find they have a lot in common culturally and musically. The band takes it's influences from bands such as the Police, Deep Purple and Thin Lizzy
|5:15 pm
|Ethel and the Mermen
|Fun, energetic garage rock. Ethel will keep you on your feet, dancing in the street, Tanya Read (bass and vocals), Danny Bowden (guitar and vocals), Scott Carruthers (drums and vocals)
Michael Evans, Producer and Musician
Michael Evans a professional musician, producer, and engineer is the heart of Annex Audio, with more than 35 years of experience in the music industry. Between being raised in a musical family, performing on the road, and being formally educated in music production, Michael is intimately familiar with everything from songwriting, to recording, to production, to distribution. Focusing on creative fundamentals like tone, warmth, capturing an organic sound that possesses that tube sound that so many bands search for in this digital world.
At Annex Audio, we believe music is life. It's a way to connect, heal, celebrate, create, inspire and motivate. Annex Audio was created to record, produce, develop and support great music and great artists. We offer "Major Label Quality at Independent Prices" Our intention is to do this with honesty, integrity and respect.


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Similar Properties
District 2-Private Pool-Landscaped -Upgraded
- 5
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- 4,689 sq. ft.
- Villas
- AED 340,000 per year
- Long Term
- Unfurnished
- 16 June 2019
- 0103282864
Payment Options
Property Description
Absolutely 5BR family home for rent in Jumeirah Park District 2: Available 1st JULY 2019
5 spacious and bright bedrooms spread over4,689 sq ft of built up area. Plot size 8,611 sq ft
This home has been tastefully upgraded with Italian marble and German parquet floors
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The upstairs landing has been modified to create a home office and family area
All doors and wardrobes in the property have been upgraded to white (wardrobes with mirrors attached in bedrooms) to enhance the beauty of the property
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L. Lee Grismer
Department of Biology, La Sierra University, 4500 Riverwalk Parkway, Riverside, California 92515, USA Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Kelvin K. P. Lim
Rafes Museum of Biodiversity Research, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117600 Email: email@example.com
ABSTRACT. Cyrtodactylus majulah is a new species of bent-toed gecko from Singapore and Pulau Bintan in the Riau Archipelago of Indonesia that had been masquerading under the nomen C. quadrivirgatus. It is differentiated from C. quadrivirgatus and all its congeners in Sundaland by having the following suite of unique morphological and colour pattern characteristics: a maximum SVL of 68.0 mm; eight or nine supralabials; seven or eight infralabials; strongly tuberculated body and limbs; 3946 paravertebral tubercles; 4353 ventral scales; no abrupt contact of large and small postfemoral scales; no enlarged femoral scales; 2023 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe; no femoral pores; no deep precloacal groove; enlarged, precloacal scales; 711 precloacal pores; no enlarged, median subcaudals; tubercles on the anterior portion of the tail; no reticulated pattern on the head; a blotched dorsal pattern; and lacking paired, dark, semi-lunar shaped blotches on the upper nape. This nocturnal, arboreal, forest and swamp dwelling species frequents tree trunks, leaves and low bushes and is the basal member of a monophyletic group that contains C. pantiensis and C. payacola from Peninsular Malaysia. KEY WORDS. Gekkonidae, Cyrtodactylus majulah, Singapore, new species
INTRODUCTION Authors of recently described species of the Asian gekkonid genus Cyrtodactylus have all commented on the unprecedented rate at which the contents of this genus is increasing (152 species at the present count; see http://www.reptile-database. org; Shea et al., 2012) and that the abatement of this rate is nowhere in sight (i.e., David et al., 2011; Iskandar et al., 2011; Ngo, 2011; Oliver et al., 2011; Schneider et al., 2011; Shea et al., 2012). Although the majority of the new Cyrtodactylus described within the last few years have come from mainland Indochina (see http://www.reptile-database. org), principally Vietnam, several new species have emerged from Sundaland (Oliver et al., 2009; Chan & Norhayati, 2010; Grismer et al., 2010; Iskandar et al., 2011), the Philippines (Welton et al., 2009, 2010a, 2010b); Wallacea, Australia, and New Guinea (Oliver et al., 2011; Shea et al.,
2012). Notably absent among the regions of discovery has been the island nation of Singapore. Despite Singapores rich herpetological history (see Grismer, 2011a: 8187 for a review), its herpetofauna has always been considered a subset of that of Peninsular Malaysia, implying that it had no endemic herpetofaunal taxa. We report here a distinctive species of Cyrtodactylus from the Central Catchment Nature Reserve of Singapore (Fig. 1) that was first reported as Cyrtodactylus marmoratus (Sworder, 1925; Smith, 1930). In his original description of C. quadrivirgatus, Taylor (1962) noted its presence throughout the Malay Peninsula south of the Isthmus of Kra, and that the absence of femoral pores precluded its close relationship to C. marmoratus, much less their conspecicity. However, this was curiously overlooked by Grandison (1972) in her report of C. marmoratus from Gunung Benom, Pahang.
Grismer et al.: New Cyrtodactylus from Singapore & Riau Archipelago Dring (1979) noted that all C. marmoratus from the Malay Peninsula, including Singapore, should be transferred to C. quadrivirgatus. Although this taxonomic recommendation was followed by all subsequent authors (Denzer & Manthey, 1991; Lim & Lim, 1992; Chan-ard et al., 1999; Manthey & Grossman, 1997; Cox et al., 1998; Baker & Lim, 2008; Das, 2010; Grismer 2011a, 2011b), Grismer (2011a) noted the unique colour pattern of the Singapore population and its close resemblance to other swamp dwelling congeners from Peninsular Malaysia and questioned its assignment to C. quadrivirgatus. Genetic evidence reported herein from this population indicate it is not even closely related to C. quadrivirgatus, but is in fact part of a clade of freshwater swamp dwelling Cyrtodactylus species from Peninsular Malaysia that consists of C. semenanjungensis Grimser & Leong, 2005; C. pantiensis Grismer, Chan, Grismer, Wood & Belabut, 2008; and C. payacola Johnson, Quah, Shahrul, Muin, Wood, Grismer, Greer, Chan, Norhayati, Bauer & Grismer, 2012. Specimens from Singapore, as well as a specimen from Pulau Bintan in the Riau Archipelago of Indonesia, also bear a unique suite of morphological and colour pattern characteristics that are not found in any other species of Cyrtodactylus in Sundaland, and as such, they are described herein as new. while exed 90 to the inection of the dorsiexed wrist; tibia length (TBL), taken on the ventral surface from the posterior surface of the knee while exed 90 to the base of the heel; axilla to groin length (AG), taken from the posterior margin of the forelimb at its insertion point on the body to the anterior margin of the hind limb at its insertion point on the body; head length (HL), the distance from the posterior margin of the retroarticular process of the lower jaw to the tip of the snout; head width (HW), measured at the angle of the jaws; head depth (HD), the maximum height of head from the occiput to the throat; eye diameter (ED), the greatest horizontal diameter of the eyeball; eye to ear distance (EE), measured from the anterior edge of the ear opening to the posterior edge of the eye ball; eye to snout distance (ES), measured from anteriormost margin of the eyeball to the tip of snout; eye to nostril distance (EN), measured from the anterior margin of the eye ball to the posterior margin of the external nares; interorbital distance (IO), measured between the anterior edges of the orbit; ear length (EL), the greatest horizontal distance of the ear opening; and internarial distance (IN), measured between the nares across the rostrum. Additional character states evaluated on the type series and comparative material (Appendix) were numbers of supralabial and infralabial scales counted from the largest scale immediately posterior to the dorsal inection of the posterior portion of the upper jaw to the rostral and mental scales, respectively; the presence or absence of tubercles on the anterior margin of the forearm; the number of paravertebral tubercles between limb insertions counted in a straight line immediately left of the vertebral column starting at the midpoint between the forelimb insertions and ending at the midpoint between the hind limb insertions; the number of longitudinal rows of body tubercles counted transversely across the center of the dorsum from one ventrolateral fold to the other; the number of longitudinal rows of ventral scales counted transversely across the center of the abdomen from one ventrolateral fold to the other; the number of subdigital lamellae beneath the fourth toe counted from the base of the rst phalanx to the claw; the total number of precloacal and femoral pores (i.e., the contiguous rows of femoral and precloacal scales bearing pores are combined as a single meristic); the presence or absence of a precloacal depression or groove; the degree and arrangement of body and tail tuberculation; the relative size and morphology of the subcaudal scales; the presence or absence of a white network of lines forming a reticulum on the top of the head; colour pattern on body and nape (i.e., striped, banded, or blotched); degree of striping on the anks and their degree of contact with a postorbital stripe; and the presence or absence of wide, dark bands on an original tail. Some of the information on character states and their distribution in other species was obtained from Chan & Norhayati (2010), Das & Lim (2000), De Rooij (1915), Dring (1979), Grismer (2008), Grismer et al. (2008); Hikida (1990), Inger & King (1961), Manthey & Grossman (1997), Rsler & Glaw (2008), Smith (1930), and Taylor (1963). Additional specimens examined are listed in the appendix. Institutional abbreviations follow Sabaj-Prez (2010), with the exception
MATERIAL AND METHODS Morphological analysis. Colour notes were taken using digital images of living specimens prior to preservation. The following measurements on the type series were taken with Mitutoyo dial calipers to the nearest 0.1 mm under a Nikon SMZ 1500 dissecting microscope on the left side of the body where appropriate: snout-vent length (SVL), taken from the tip of snout to the vent; tail length (TL), taken from the vent to the tip of the tail, original or regenerated; tail width (TW), taken at the base of the tail immediately posterior to the postcloacal swelling; forearm length (FL), taken on the dorsal surface from the posterior margin of the elbow
of ZRC for USDZ, following conventional usage. DWNP refers to the Department of Wildlife and National Parks collection, Krau, Pahang, Malaysia; LSUHC refers to the La Sierra University Herpetological Collection, La Sierra University, Riverside, California, USA; and LSUDPC refers to the La Sierra University Digital Photo Collection. Phylogenetic analysis. We obtained sequence data from a 1505 bp fragment of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) including the anking tRNAs (tRNAmet, tRNAtrp, tRNAala, tRNAasn, tRNAcys, tRNAtyr) gene from 31 ingroup samples and 10 outgroup taxa based on Bauer et al. (in prep; Table 1). Total genomic DNA was isolated from liver or skeletal muscle stored in 95% ethanol
using the Qiagen DNeasyTM tissue kit (Valencia, CA, USA). ND2 was amplied using a double-stranded Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) under the following conditions: 2.5 l genomic DNA, 2.5 l light strand primer 2.5 l heavy strand primer, 2.5 l dinucleotide pairs, 2.5 l 5 buffer, MgCl 10 buffer, 0.18 l Taq polymerase, and 9.82 l H2O. PCR reactions were executed on an Eppendorf Mastercycler gradient theromocycler under the following conditions: initial denaturation at 95C for 2 min, followed by a second denaturation at 95C for 35 s, annealing at 5055C for 35 s, followed by a cycle extension at 72C for 35 s, for 31 cycles (Greenbaum et al., 2007). PCR products were puried using AMPure magnetic bead solution (Agentcourt Bioscience, Beverly, MA, USA). Puried PCR products were
Table 3. Best-t models of evolution selected by Model test v3.7 (Posada & Crandall, 1988) using the Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) and models applied for Bayesian analyses. Gene ND2 1st pos 2nd pos 3rd pos tRNAs GTR+ GTR+I+ GTR+ HKY+ GTR+ GTR+I+ GTR+ HKY+ Model selected Model applied
RESULTS The molecular phylogeny indicates that the Singapore population is not part of the Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus species group, but a member of a swamp-dwelling clade of species that includes C. semenanjungensis and the sister species C. payacola and C. pantiensis to which it is most closely related (Figs. 2, 3). The morphological analysis unequivocally separates the Singapore and Pulau Bintan populations from C. quadrivirgatus and all other Sundaland species (Table 4) and as such, is described below as: Cyrtodactylus majulah, new species (Figs. 35)
Gymnodactylus marmoratus (not of Kuhl) Sworder, 1925: 63; Smith, 1930: 12 Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus (not of Taylor) Lim & Lim, 1992: 121; Baker & Lim, 2008: 80 Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus (in part) Dring, 1979: 228; Denzer & Manthey, 1991: 314; Chan-ard et al., 1999: 24; Manthey & Grossman, 1997: 227; Teo & Rajathurai, 1997: 390; Cox et al., 1998: 89; Das, 2010: 214; Grismer, 2011a: 426; Grismer, 2011b: 118 Holotype. Adult male, 67.9 mm SVL (ZRC 2.6950); Singapore: Central Catchment Nature Reserve, Nee Soon Swamp-forest (122'48.99"N, 10349'05.39"E; 51 m); coll: L. Grismer, E. Quah, K. O. Chan, A. Figueroa & A. Devan-Song, 22 Jun.2011. Paratypes. Adult male: 68.0 mm SVL (ZRC 2.6951); adult male: 62.7 mm SVL (ZRC 2.6952); adult male: 67.2 mm SVL (LSUHC 10458); adult male: 67.2 mm SVL (ZRC 2.6953); collection data as per holotype. Non-types. Singapore. 1 ex.: 50.9 mm SVL (ZRC 2.1133); Botanic Gardens; coll: F. N. Chasen, Feb.1924. 1 female: 59.0 mm SVL (ZRC 2.2552); Nee Soon Swamp-forest; coll: K. Lim & P. K. L. Ng, 31 Dec.1989. 1 ex.: 41 mm SVL (ZRC 2.3190); Nee Soon Swamp-forest; coll: K. Lim, 14 Nov.1990. 1 juvenile: 28.9 mm SVL (ZRC 2.3205); Nee Soon Swamp-forest; coll: P. K. L. Ng, 23 Nov.1990. 1 male: 68.0 mm SVL (ZRC 2.3261); Nee Soon Swampforest; coll: P. K. L. Ng, 1 Jan.1991. 2 ex.: 61.640.3 mm SVL (ZRC 2.32833284); forest at Upper Peirce Reservoir Park; coll: R. C. H. Teo, 24 Oct.1991. 1 female: 63 mm SVL (ZRC 2.4576); Nee Soon Swamp-forest; coll: T. M. Leong, 27 Feb.1999. 1 female: 66.5 mm SVL (ZRC 2.4862); forest at Upper Seletar Reservoir Park; coll: T. M. Leong & C. P. Lim, 5 Jan.2001. 1 ex.: 60 mm SVL (ZRC 2.5643); forest at Upper Seletar Reservoir Park; coll: T. M. Leong, 15 Mar.2003. 1 male: 68.5 mm SVL (ZRC 2.6796); Nee Soon Swamp-forest; coll: T. M. Leong, T. ODempsey & S. H. Yeo, 2 Jan.2009. Indonesia. 1 ex. (ZRC 2.6555), 58 mm SVL; Riau Archipelago, Pulau Bintan, northern coastal forest; coll: T. M. Leong & R. Subaraj, 18 Oct.2007.
then sequenced through the Davis Sequencing, Inc. facility (Davis, CA). Primers used for amplication and sequencing are presented in Table 2. For the phylogenetic analyses we applied a pluralistic approach using the character based method of Maximum Parsimony (MP) and two model-based methods, Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI). The Akakine Information Criterion (AIC) as implemented in ModelTest v3.7 (Posada & Crandall, 1998), was used to calculate the best-t model of evolution for each codon position (Table 3). Maximum Parsimony (MP) criteria and bootstrap estimates for nodal support was employed in PAUP* v4.0 (Swofford, 2002). One thousand bootstrap replicates for each heuristic search was run with 10 random additional sequence replicates using tree bisection and reconnection (TBR) branch swapping. The 1000 bootstrap replicates were summarised as a 50% majority rule consensus tree. Maximum Likelihood analysis was performed using RAxML HPC v7.2.3 (Stamatakis et al., 2008), 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates via the rapid hillclimbing algorithm (Stamatakis et al., 2008). The Bayesian analysis was carried out in MrBayes v3.1 (Huelsenbeck & Ronquist, 2001; Ronquist & Huelsenbeck, 2003) using default priors. Two simultaneous runs were performed with eight chains per run, seven hot and one cold following default priors. The analysis was run for 10,000,000 generations and sampled every 1000 generations from the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). The analysis was halted after the average standard deviation split frequency was below 0.01. The programme Are We There Yet? (AWTY) (Nylander et al., 2008) was employed to plot the log likelihood scores against the number of generations to assess convergence and to determine the appropriate number of burnin trees. We conservatively discarded the rst 25% of the trees as burnin. A consensus tree was then computed from the two parallel runs using TreeAnnotator v1.6.1 (Drummond, 2007). Nodes that had posterior probabilities above 0.95 were considered signicantly supported.
Fig. 2. Bayesian Inference tree (-ln L 13794.01) tree based on 1505 bp of ND2 showing the relationships between populations of Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus and the placement of C. majulah in the clade of swamp dwelling species. The tree is a Maximum Likelihood topology with Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) and ML and MP bootstrap support values, respectively (BPP/ML/MP), at the nodes.
Grismer et al.: New Cyrtodactylus from Singapore & Riau Archipelago Diagnosis . Cyrtodactylus majulah new species is differentiated from its Sundaland congeners by having the unique combination of a maximum SVL of 68.0 mm; eight or nine supralabials; seven or eight infralabials; strongly tuberculated body and limbs; 3946 paravertebral tubercles; 4353 ventral scales; no abrupt contact of large and small postfemoral scales; no enlarged femoral scales; 2023 subdigital lamellae; no femoral pores; no deep precloacal groove; enlarged precloacal scales; 711 precloacal pores; no enlarged median subcaudals; tubercles on the anterior portion of the tail; no reticulated pattern on head; having a blotched dorsal pattern; and lacking the paired, dark, semi-lunar shaped blotches on the upper nape prominently outlined in white. These and other characters are scored across all Sundaland species (Table 4). Description of holotype. Adult male SVL 67.9 mm; head moderate in length (HL/SVL 0.27) and wide (HW/HL 0.64), at (HD/HL 0.42), distinct from neck, and triangular in dorsal prole; lores weakly inated, prefrontal region deeply concave, canthus rostralis rounded; snout elongate (ES/HL 0.44), rounded in dorsal prole; eye large (ED/HL 0.22); ear opening elliptical, obliquely oriented, moderate in size (EL/HL 0.09); eye to ear distance greater than diameter of eye; rostral square, partially divided dorsally by three small postrostral scales, bordered posteriorly by left and right supranasals, laterally by rst supralabials; external nares bordered anteriorly by rostral, dorsally by a large, anterior supranasal and smaller posterior supranasal, posteriorly by two postnasals and ventrally by rst supralabial; eight (R,L) rectangular supralabials extending to just beyond upturn of labial margins tapering abruptly below midpoint of eye, rst supralabial largest; eight (R,L) infralabials tapering smoothly posteriorly to beyond orbit; scales of rostrum and lores raised, slightly larger than granular scales on top of head and occiput; scales of occiput intermixed with slightly enlarged tubercles; dorsal superciliaries not elongate or keeled; mental triangular, bordered laterally by rst infralabials and posteriorly by large left and right trapazoidal postmentals which contact medially for 50% of their length posterior to mental; one row of slightly enlarged, elongate sublabials extending posteriorly to 6th infralabial; gular scales small, granular, grading posteriorly into slightly larger, atter, throat scales which grade into larger, at, smooth, imbricate, pectoral and ventral scales. Body relatively short (AG/SVL 0.45) with poorly dened ventrolateral folds; large postaxillary skin growth on right side; dorsal scales small, granular interspersed with moderately sized, conical, semi-regularly arranged, keeled tubercles; tubercles extend from occiput onto base of tail but no farther; tubercles on occiput and nape relatively small, those on body largest; approximately 22 longitudinal rows of tubercles at midbody between ventrolateral, body folds; 46 paravertebral tubercles on body; 43 at, imbricate, ventral scales between ventrolateral, body folds, ventral scales larger than dorsal scales; precloacal scales large; no deep precloacal groove or depression.
Fig. 3. a) Cyrtodactylus semenanjungensis LSUDPC 4450 from Gunung Panti Forest Reserve, Johor, Malaysia. b) C. majulah LSUDPC 6307 from the Nee Soon Swamp, Singapore. c) C. pantiensis LSUDPC 4477 from Gunung Panti Forest Reserve, Johor, Malaysia. d) C. payacola LSUDPC 6267 from Bukit Panchor, Penang, Malaysia.
macrotuberculatus malayanus
seribuatensis matsui
pantiensis peguensis
pubisulcus pulchellus
semenanjungensis stresemanni yoshii 7596 no yes yes yes yes yes 50-58 no no 2530
SVL yes yes no yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
108113 6473
8192 100120
tuberculation moderate to strong yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
tubercles on forelimbs
tubercles on head and/or occiput yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes
tubercles on anterior portion of tail 5865 yes no no no yes no yes yes yes no no 59 44 3540 4043 61 2735 1922 5862 4050 2839 51 no 4046 no
yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 2328 22 18 or 19 2022 2327 24 1820 2123 2123 2324 1922 no no no no no no yes yes no yes yes yes no no yes no no yes yes yes yes yes 0 16 0 0 4252 0 0 0 / 0 310 yes no yes no no no no no yes no yes no
ventral scales
4853 no
63 no
6064 no
1618 1722
1920 1920
1721 2023
femoral pores
yes, no
lateralis 85 0 no
Forelimbs moderate in stature, relatively short (FL/SVL 0.13); granular scales of forearm slightly larger than those on body, interspersed with slightly larger tubercles; palmar scales rounded, slightly raised; digits well-developed, inected at basal, interphalangeal joints; subdigital lamellae transversely expanded proximal to joint inections, more granular distal to inection; digits slightly more narrow distal to inections; claws well-developed, claw base sheathed by a dorsal and ventral scale; hind limbs more robust than forelimbs, moderate in length (TBL/SVL 0.17), covered dorsally by granular scales interspersed with large, conical tubercles and anteriorly by at, slightly larger scales; ventral scales of thigh at, imbricate, larger than dorsals; ventral tibial scales at, imbricate; no rows of enlarged, at, imbricate, femoral scales; small postfemoral scales do not form an abrupt union with large ventral scales of posteroventral margin of thigh; plantar scales low, flat; digits well-developed, inected at basal, interphalangeal joints; subdigital lamellae transversely expanded proximal inections, more granular distal to inections, digits more narrow distal to inections; 21 subdigital lamellae on right 4th toe, 22 on left; claws well-developed, base of claw sheathed by a dorsal and ventral scale. Tail moderate, 88.1 mm in length, original, 6.5 mm in width at base, tapering to a point; dorsal scales of base of tail granular becoming atter posteriorly; no median row of transversely enlarged subcaudal scales; subcaudal scales larger than dorsal caudal scales; one pair of paravertebral and dorsolateral tubercle rows on either side of midline on rst one-fth of tail; paravertebral tubercle rows not widely separated; caudal tubercles decrease in size posteriorly, extending approximately one-fth length of tail; one enlarged, postcloacal tubercle at base of tail on hemipenal swelling; all postcloacal scales at; partially everted hemipenes bilobed. Colouration in life (Fig. 4). Dorsal ground colour of head, neck, trunk, limbs, and tail brown; straw-yellow mottling on head and rostrum extending from postorbital region onto nape as a poorly dened stripe; mottling coalesces on dorsum to isolate brown ground colour in four longitudinal rows of large, elongate blotches that extend to base of tail; mottling transitions into six yellowish caudal bands not encircling the the tail and separating ve wider dark brown bands; posterior
Table 4. Contd.
precloacal pores
lateralis yoshii stresemanni semenanjungensis quadrivirgatus pulchellus pubisulcus peguensis pantiensis matsui seribuatensis marmoratus macrotuberculatus leegrismeri jarakensis ingeri fumosus elok durio consobrinus cavernicolous brevipalmatus batik batucolus aurensis majulah new species malayanus baluensis
Fig. 4. Holotype of Cyrtodactylus majulah (ZRC 2.6950, male) from Central Catchment Nature Reserve, Nee Soon Swamp-forest, Singapore.
THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2012 30% of tail is uniformly dark brown; gular region, ventral surface of belly and limbs beige; each ventral scale bearing one or two small black spots; palmar and plantar regions grey; subcaudal region dark brown with irregularly shaped beige blotches; iris dark red. Variation. The general colouration and pattern of the paratypes closely match that of the holotype (Fig. 5). ZRC 2.6952 tends to have a more transversely banded pattern as opposed to a longitudinally spotted pattern. ZRC 2.6953 has a regenerated tail that is uniformly light brown bearing a dense, darker stippling pattern. The posterior two-thirds of the tail of ZRC 2.6951 is missing. The light caudal bands of ZRC 2.6952 extend to the end of the tail whereas in the holotype (ZRC 2.6950) and LSUHC 10458, the bands extend only two-thirds of the length of the tail. The light mottling on the snout is slightly more distinct in ZRC 2.6555. Meristic differences are shown in Table 5. Distribution. Cyrtodactylus majulah new species is known from Singapore Island, only from the forested areas of the Central Catchment Nature Reserve, and on Pulau Bintan in the Riau Archipelago of Indonesia. Both islands are located off the southern end of the Malay Peninsula (Fig. 1). Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus reported from other parts of Singapore such as Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and Pulau Tekong (Teo & Rajathurai, 1997; Baker & Lim, 2008), apparently are not conspecic with C. majulah, and their identity will be re-evaluated elsewhere. Natural history. The type series was obtained in the Nee Soon Swamp Forest (Corner, 1978), in the north-eastern part of the Central Catchment Nature Reserve that covers the central area of Singapore Island. All ve specimens were found on the trunks of small trees in the vicinity of leafy cover 1.52 m above the ground. Four other specimens were seen in the same vicinity under the same conditions. One was seen 0.75 m above the ground on the surface of an exposed leaf. The habitat in which the type series was collected is a lowland equatorial rainforest criss-crossed by small streams (Fig. 6). All specimens were found in dense vegetation in the vicinity of water courses. Cyrtodactylus majulah new species is not restricted to swamp-forest habitat, for it has also been observed (KKPL, pers. obs.) in other parts of the Central Catchment Nature Reserve in drier old secondary lowland forest. A specimen (ZRC 2.1133) was obtained from the Botanic Gardens in 1924, but it seems to be extinct at that locality. ZRC 2.4576 is a gravid female carrying two eggs and was collected 27 Feb.1999 indicating that breeding occurs at least around this time of year. Etymology. In the Malay language (Bahasa Melayu), majulah means to go forward, to progress. This is in allusion to the present rapid advancement of research in the taxonomy of Cyrtodactylus, in which many species have recently been formally named, and more are waiting to be described. Comparisons. Cyrtodactylus majulah is distinguished from all its congeners on Sundaland except C. brevipalmatus (Smith), C. cavernicolus Inger & King, C. elok Dring, C. ingeri Hikada, C. pubisulcus Inger, C. quadrivirgatus Taylor, and C. semenanjungensis Grismer & Leong, by having a maximum SVL of less than 70 mm. It differs from C. batucolus Grismer, Chan, Grismer, Wood & Belabut; C. fumosus (Mller); C. leegrismeri Chan & Norhayati; C. macrotuberculatus Grismer & Norhayati; C. peguensis (Boulenger); C. pulchellus Gray; C. quadrivirgatus; and C. seribuatensis Youmans & Grismer, in having more than 42 ventral scales. From C. cavernicolus; C. consobrinus (Peters); C. durio Grismer, Anuar, Quah, Muin, Chan, Grismer & Norhayati; C. jarakensis Grismer, Chan, Grismer, Wood & Belabut; C. lateralis (Werner); C. malayanus (de Rooij); and
Fig. 5. Type series of Cyrtodactylus majulah (all males). From left to right: ZRC 2.6950 (holotype), ZRC 2.6951 (paratype), ZRC 2.6952 (paratype), LSUHC 10458 (paratype), and ZRC 2.6953 (paratype).
C. stresemanni Rsler & Glaw; it differs in having fewer than 52 ventral scales. From C. batucolus; C. batik Iskandar, Rachmansah & Umilaela; C. brevipalmatus (Smith); C. elok; C. peguensis; and C. yoshi Hikada; it differs in having more than 19 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe. It differs from C. jarakensis and C. yoshii in having fewer than 24 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe. Cyrtodactylus majulah differs from all Sundaland Cyrtodactylus except C. aurensis Grismer, C. baluensis (Mocquard), C. batik, C. consobrinus, C. ingeri, C. leegrismeri, C. macrotuberculatus, C. malayanus, C. peguensis, and C. pulchellus in not having enlarged subcaudal scales. It is further separated from C. aurensis, C. cavernicolus, C. durio, C. macrotuberculatus, C. marmoratus, C. pubisulcus, C. pulchellus, and C. stresemanni in not having a deep precloacal groove. Cyrtodactylus majulah has 711 precloacal pores which separates it from C. batucolus, C. batik, C. semenanjungensis, and C. seribuatensis Youmans & Grismer, which lack precloacal pores; and from C. lateralis, C. marmoratus, and C. durio which have more than 11. Cyrtodactylus majulah new species had long been referred to as C. quadrivirgatus (Lim & Lim, 1992; Teo & Rajathurai, 1997; Baker & Lim, 2008). Grismer (2011a) noted a signicant departure in colour pattern between the Singapore population and that of C. quadrivirgatus from southern Peninsular Malaysia at Endau-Rompin, Johor and indicated that the conspecificity of these populations was under examination. Cyrtodactylus majulah new species differs from C. quadrivirgatus in having a dorsal pattern composed of large, semi-paired, paravertebral spots as opposed to stripes
and broken bands; more ventral scales (4351 vs. 3442); lacking, as opposed to having enlarged femoral scales (Fig. 7); and having 711 precloacal pores as opposed to 04 precloacal pores. Cyrtodactylus majulah new species is most similar to C. pantiensis from the nearby Gunung Panti Forest Reserve, Johor in southern Peninsular Malaysia but differs in having eight or nine supralabials as opposed to 10 or 11; having seven or eight infralabials as opposed to 911; 3946 paravertebral tubercles as opposed to 3537; having a maximum SVL of 68.0 mm as opposed to 77.2 mm; and lacking the paired, dark, semi-lunar shaped blotches on the upper nape prominently outlined in white that are diagnostic of C. pantienesis. There is also a sequence divergence of 17.818.1% between these two taxa.
DISCUSSION The results of this study add to a growing body of data on the hidden lizard diversity in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore (Grismer, 2011a). This is especially true for common, widely distributed species, which upon close examination, often prove to be complexes of multiple species (Grismer et al., 2008, 2010). Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus is proving to be just such a species. Johnson et al. (2012) noted that the swamp-dwelling species C. payacola from western Peninsular Malaysia was previously considered part of C. quadrivirgatus, as was the Singapore population. This should be an indicator that other wide ranging common species could also be species complexes and if we are to truly understand and effectively
THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2012 and efficiently manage the biodiversity of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore, then a closer inspection of many of these species should be undertaken. Such inspection need not await a detailed molecular analysis as such, as the tens of newly described species from the Malay Peninsula have already been reliably distinguished by morphological analyses (see Grismer, 2011a; Grismer et al., 2010). 702223, 728586, 7300, 8040. Cyrtodactylus baluensis (Mocquard) Malaysian Borneo, Sabah, Kinabalu: ZRC 2.5744, 2.5747; Malaysian Borneo, Sabah: ZRC 2.111621; Brunei Darussalam, Temburong, Kuala Belalong: ZRC 2.4729. Cyrtodactylus batucolus Grismer et al. Peninsular Malaysia, Melaka, Pulau Besar, Pantai Putera: LSUHC 8933, 893536, 8939, 894143 (type series). Cyrtodactylus brevipalmatus (Smith) Thailand (no data): LSUHC 1899. Cyrtodactylus cavernicolus Inger & King Malaysian Borneo, Sarawak, Niah Cave: LSUHC 405556, ZRC 2.5327, 2.5775. Cyrtodactylus consobrinus (Smith) Peninsular Malaysia, Selangor, Kepong, Forest Research Institute Malaysia: LSUHC 4019, 4389, 482021; Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Sungai Lembing logging camp: LSUHC 4912, 494112; Malaysian Borneo, Sarawak, near Niah Cave: LSUHC 4062. Cyrtodactylus elok Dring Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Raub, Lakum Forest Reserve: ZRC 2.5649, 2.5668. Cyrtodactylus fumosus (Mller) Indonesia, north Sulawesi, Lembeh Island: FMNH 1424950. Cyrtodactylus ingeri Hikida Malaysian Borneo, Sabah, Turtle Island: LSUHC 616776; Malaysian Borneo, Sabah, Poring: ZRC 2.5957. Cyrtodactylus jarakensis Grismer et al. Peninsular Malaysia, Perak, Pulau Jarak: LSUHC 9111 (holotype). Cyrtodactylus malayanus (de Rooij) Malaysian Borneo, Sarawak, Kapit District, Nanga Tekalit Camp along Mengiong River: FMNH 149154, 149231. Cyrtodactylus marmoratus (Kuhl) Indonesia, west Java: ZRC 2.1134. Cyrtodactylus matsuii Hikida Malaysian Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range: ZRC 2.5761. Cyrtodactylus oldhami (Theobald) Thailand, Phuket, Kathu: ZRC 2.5213, 2.5226, 2.5230. Cyrtotactylus pantiensis Grismer et al. Peninsular Malaysia, Johor, Gunung Panti Forest Reserve: LSUHC 890407 (type series). Cyrtodactylus pubisulcus Inger Malaysian Borneo, Sarawak, near Niah Cave: LSUHC 4069. Cyrtodactylus pulchellus Gray Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Genting Highlands: LSUHC 6637; Peninsular Malaysia, Perak, Bukit Larut: ZRC 2.565660, 2.5666; Peninsular Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Ampangan Air Hitam: LSUHC 6668, 672529, 6785, 6829; Peninsular Malaysia, Perlis, Gua Kelam: LSUHC 880610; Peninsular Malaysia, Perlis, Kuala Perlis: LSUHC 881516. Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus Taylor Peninsular Malaysia, Selangor, Kepong, Forest Research Institute Malaysia: LSUHC 4018, 4823; Peninsular Malaysia, Perak, Bukit Larut: ZRC 2.486566; Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Pulau Tioman: LSUHC 4813, 5022, 5101, 5173, 5517, 5562, 5582, 6136, 6146; Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Sungai Lembing logging camp: LSUHC 4980, 5017; Peninsular Malaysia, Perak, Temengor, PITC logging camp: LSUHC 563334, 5640; Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Pekan: LSUHC 6069, 6986, 6106. Cyrtodactylus sadleiri Wells & Wellington Australia, Indian Ocean, Christmas Island: ZRC 2.1158, 2.115455, 2.116465. Cyrtodactylus semenanjungensis Grismer & Leong Peninsular Malaysia, Johor, Gunung Panti foothills: ZRC 2.5603, 2.5627; Peninsular Malaysia, Johor, near Jemaluang: ZRC 2.507778. Cyrtodactylus seribuatensis Youmans & Grismer Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank the National Parks Board of Singapore (NParks) for kind permission to collect in the Central Nature Reserves under permit number NP/RP11-034 dated 6 Jun.2011 issued to L. Lee Grismer and Kelvin K. P. Lim. This work was funded in part by a College of Arts and Sciences grant from La Sierra University to L. Lee Grismer. A. M. Bauer provided helpful comments and the lab work was supported was supported by his grant DEB 0844523 from the National Science Foundation (U.S.A.). Thanks are also due Anne Devan-Song, Alex Figueroa, Evan Quah, and Chan Kin Onn for assistance in obtaining the type series. Comparative material. Cyrtodactylus aurensis Grismer Peninsular Malaysia, Johor, Pulau Aur: LSUHC 3937, 7013,
Fig. 7. Cloacal region of Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus (LSUHC 8185) from Endau-Rompin, Johor, Malaysia, showing the large femoral scales (upper); and C. majulah (ZRC 2.6951) from the Central Catchment Nature Reserve, Nee Soon Swamp-forest, Singapore, showing the absence of enlarged femoral scales (lower).
Grismer et al.: New Cyrtodactylus from Singapore & Riau Archipelago Pulau Seribuat: LSUHC 519152, 521831, 5243, 5578; Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Pulau Sembilang: LSUHC 5522; Peninsular Malaysia, Johor, Pulau Sibu: LSUHC 5604, 577880, 578489; Peninsular Malaysia, Johor, Pulau Sibu Tengah: LSUHC 581213. Cyrtodactylus tiomanensis Das & Lim Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Pulau Tioman: LSUHC 377172, 379394, 3847, 458184, 4587, 4590, 4597, 502730, 5044, 5411, 5479, 5512, 551920, 625051, 6268. Cyrtodactylus yoshii Hikida Malaysian Borneo, Sabah, Poring: ZRC 2.4851.
Grismer, L. L., 2008. On the distribution and identication of Cyrtodactylus brevipalmatus Smith, 1923 and Cyrtodactylus elok Dring, 1979. Rafes Bulletin of Zoology, 56: 177179. Grismer, L. L., 2011a. Lizards of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Their Adjacent Archipelagos. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main. 728 pp. Grismer, L. L., 2011b. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Seribuat Archipelago (Peninsular Malaysia). Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main. 239 pp. Grismer, L. L. & T. M. Leong, 2005. A new species of Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from southern Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Herpetology, 39: 584591. Grismer, L. L., Chan, K. O., J. L. Grismer, P. L. Wood Jr. & D. Belabut, 2008. Three new species of Cyrtodactylus (Squmata: Gekkonidae) from Peninsular Malaysia. Zootaxa , 1921 : 123. Grismer, L. L., A. M. Shahrul, E. Quah, M. A. Muin, K. O. Chan, J. L. Grismer & A. Norhayati, 2010. A new spiny, prehensiletailed species of Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Peninsular Malaysia with a preliminary hypothesis of relationships based on morphology. Zootaxa, 2625: 4052. Hikida, T., 1990. Bornean geckonid lizards of the genus Cyrtodactylus (Lacertilia: Gekkonidae) with descriptions of three new species. Japanese Journal of Herpetology, 13: 91107. Huelsenbeck, J. & F. Ronquist, 2001. MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogeny. Bioinformatics, 17: 754755. Inger, R. F. & W. King, 1961. A new cave-dwelling lizard of the genus Cyrtodactylus from Niah. Sarawak Museum Journal, 11: 274276. Iskandar, D. T., Rachmansah & Umilaela, 2011. A new benttoed gecko of the genus Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827 (Reptilia, Gekkonidae) from Mount Tompotika, eastern peninsula of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Zootaxa, 2838: 6578. Johnson, C. B., E. S. H. Quah, S. Anuar, M. A. Muin, P. L. Wood, J. L. Grismer, L. F. Greer, K. O. Chan, A. Norhayati, A. M. Bauer & L. L. Grismer, 2012. Phylogeography, geographic variation, and taxonomy of the bent-toed gecko Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus Taylor, 1962 from Peninsular Malaysia with the description of a new swamp dwelling species. Zootaxa, 3406: 3958. Lim, K. P. L. & F. L. K. Lim, 1992. A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Singapore Science Center, Singapore. 160 pp. Macey, J. & J. Schulte, 1999. Molecular phylogenetics, tRNA evolution, and historical biogeography in anguid lizards and related taxonomic families. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 12: 250272. Manthey, U. & W. Grossmann, 1997. Amphibien & Reptilien Sdostasiens. Natur und Tier, Verlag. 512 pp. Ngo, V. T., 2011. Cyrtodactylus martini, another new karst-dwelling Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Northwestern Vietnam. Zootaxa, 2834: 3346. Nylander, J., U. Olsson, P. Alstrm & I. Sanmartn, 2008. Accounting for phylogenetic uncertainty in biogeography: A Bayesian approach to dispersalvicariance analysis of the thrushes (Aves: Turdus). Systematic Biology, 57: 257268. Oliver, P., P. Edgar, Mumpuni, D. T. Iskandar & R. Lilley, 2009. A new species of bent-toed gecko (Cyrtodactylus: Gekkonidae) from Seram Island, Indonesia. Zootaxa, 2115: 4755.
Baker, N. & K. Lim, 2008. Wild Animals of Singapore. A Photographic Guide to Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians and Freshwater Fishes. Draco Publishing and Distribution Pte. Ltd. and Nature Society, Singapore. 180 pp. Chan, K. O. & A. Norhayati, 2010. A new species of Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from northeastern Peninsular Malaysia, Malaysia. Zootaxa, 2389: 4756. Chan-ard, T., W. Grossman, A. Gumprecht & K.-D. Schultz, 1999. Amphibians and Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand. Bushmaster Publications, Wuerselen. 240 pp. Corner, E. J. H., 1978. The freshwater swamp-forest of south Johore and Singapore. The Gardens Bulletin, Singapore, Supplement, 1: 1266, pl. 140. Cox, M. J., P. P. van Dijk, J. Nabhitabhata & K. Thirakhupt, 1998. A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd., London, 144 pp. Das, I. & L. L. Jim, 2000. A new species of Cyrtodactylus (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from Pulau Tioman, Malaysia. Rafes Bulletin of Zoology, 48: 223231. Das, I., 2010. A Field Guide to the Reptiles of South-East Asia. New Holland Publishers, United Kingdom. 376 pp. David, P., Q. N. Truoung, N. Schneider & T. Ziegler, 2011. A new species of the genus Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827 from central Laos (Squamata: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa, 2833: 2940. De Rooij, N., 1915. The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. I. Lacertilia, Chelonia, Emydosauria. E. J. Brill Ltd., Leiden. 384 pp. Denzer, W. & U. Manthey, 1991. A nominal checklist of the lizards inhabiting Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Rafes Bulletin of Zoology, 39: 309322. Dring, J. C. M., 1979. Amphibians and reptiles from northern Trengganau, Malaysia, with descriptions of two new geckos: Cnemaspis and Cyrtodactylus. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 34: 181241. Drummond A. J. & A. Rambaut, 2007. BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 7: 214. Grandison, A. G. C., 1972. The Gunong Benom Expedition 1967. 5. Reptiles and amphibians of Gunong Benom with a description of a new species of Macrocalamus. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 23: 45101. Greenbaum, E., Bauer, A. M. Jackman, M. T. R. Vences & F. Glaw, 2007. A phylogeny of the enigmatic Madagascan geckos of the genus Uroplatus (Squamata: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa, 1493: 4151.


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musical notation (Description, Systems, & Note Symbols)
time signatureThe notes indicate the pitch of each sound, and rhythmic figures (
e.g., eighth notes, or quavers, connected by beams) indicate its duration.
Jazz - Jazz at the crossroads
... turned the former 4/4 metric substructures into 8/8; quavers now superseded
the basic quarter-note beats, and in effect the audible speed of the music
doubled ...
Hammertoe (pathology)
Hammertoe, also called hammer toe, deformity of the second, third, or fourth toe
in which the toe is bent downward at the middle joint (the proximal ...
Swing (music)
Swing: Swing, in music, both the rhythmic impetus of jazz music and a specific
jazz idiom prominent between about 1935 and the mid-1940s—years sometimes
Alapa (Indian music)
Alapa, (Sanskrit: "conversation") in the art musics of South Asia, improvised
melody structures that reveal the musical characteristics of a raga. Variant forms
of ...
blues (Definition, Artists, History, & Facts)
Blues, secular folk music created by African Americans in the early 20th century,
originally in the South. The simple but expressive forms of the blues became by ...
Philosophy of art - Art as expression
... to a mood, say, of restlessness, such as rapid breathing and drumming fingers,
have their musical equivalents: trills, quavers, increases in tempo, and the like.
Humour - Verbal humour
When the phonograph needle gets stuck, the soprano's voice keeps repeating
the same word on the same quaver, which suddenly assumes a grotesquely ...


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on February 18, 2019 at 4:00 pm
Posted In: Miley Cyrus, Miley Cyrus hot, Miley Cyrus sexy
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Region/01 ERE Alliance Headquarters
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01 ERE Alliance Headquarters
|BG of 01 ERE Alliance
|WA Delegate
|No Delegate
|of which WA
|Regional population
|2014 estimate
|14 billion
|Regional HDI
|Region page
01 ERE Alliance Headquarters
01 ERE Alliance Headquarters
01 ERE Alliance Headquarters is a minuscule region, inhabited by a sole nation.
In 01 ERE Alliance Headquarters, denizens enjoy their civil rights, although not too much, or too freely. Nations in the region are healthy democracies, with denizens being afforded an extensive array of political freedoms. Economies in the region tend to be stronger than average. The median tax rate of the region is 25%, but is frequently higher for the wealthy. The economies of nations in the region tend to be heavily weighted towards the private sector, with on average 28% of the economy comprising the public sector. Commerce within the region is an irrelevant annoyance to governments.
Education is a priority for governments throughout 01 ERE Alliance Headquarters, with ample funding being provided and teachers enjoying a great deal of support. The region's law enforcement is arguably too well-equipped and overzealous, arresting citizens who dare to commit the most minor of infractions. Denizens have very well-funded, well equipped defense forces. Due to the lack of any Public transport, streets are packed with cars, bikes, and assorted noisy vehicles.
The administration departments of 01 ERE Alliance Headquarters are all-consuming, soaking up budgets in aid of supporting a bureaucracy of millions, with an average of 17% of government budgets being devoted to Administration. Governments bestow their healthcare departments with a gargantuan amount of funding, with an average of 17% of government budgets across the region being heaped on to healthcare. Denizens in the region suckle at the teat of government, with welfare comprising a large percentage of total government budgets. Governments in the region are avowedly atheist - no public funds are allocated to spirituality.
In 01 ERE Alliance Headquarters, Social inequality is total, with wealth being held by a tiny fraction of the region's populace. The landscapes of the region are no longer recognizable as such, the atmosphere being unbreathable and the only jungles being made of concrete.