text:
Arcos- Palma, Ricardo. "Liliana Angulo, del otro lado del espejo." Escaner: Revista virtual de arte contemporáneo y nuevas tendencias (April 4, 2007). http://revista.escaner.cl/node/78
The editorial categories are research topics that have guided researchers during the recovery phase and continue to be the impetus behind the Documents Project's digital archive and the Critical Documents book series. Developed by the project's Editorial Board, each of the teams analyzed this framework and adapted it to their local contexts in developing their research objectives and work plans during the Recovery Phase. Learn more on the Editorial Framework page.
Ricardo Arcos-Palma's article "Liliana Angulo, del otro lado del espejo" is a critical reflection on Liliana Angulo's work. The text was published on April 4, 2007 in Escáner Cultural, a web-based magazine specialized in art from Chile. In Arcos-Palma's view, the works Negra menta (2000), featured in the exhibition Viaje sin Mapa: representaciones afro en el arte contemporáneo colombiano (2006), and Mambo Negrita (2006), featured in the IX Bienal de Bogotá (2006) held at the Museo de Arte Moderno of Bogotá, are caricature-based critical devices. In other words, those works address the social and political reality of the Colombian population of African descent, which has been neglected by the State and stigmatized by stereotypes that envision blacks as at the service of whites. Arcos-Palma makes reference to Jorge Peñuela's discussion of Angulo's work in "Acontecimientos al margen: IX Bienal de Arte de Bogotá" (2006), published on December 14, 2006 on the website www.esferapublica.org. In Arcos-Palma's view, that text fails to consider the critical nature of Angulo's photographs. Insofar as Peñuela understands Palma's work solely in terms of the social, cultural, and psychological traumas the artist has experienced, he reduces it to a practice lacking in realism.
This document evidences the critical debate surrounding the work of Colombian artist Liliana Angulo (b. 1974), which was featured in two major exhibitions in 2006. This text stands in opposition to the one written by critic Jorge Peñuela (b. 1977) who argues that Angulo's work uses the stereotypes and issues facing certain social groups to engage in a sort of "self-exoticization" for the sake of gaining recognition. Ricardo Arcos-Palma (b. 1968), on the other hand, defends Angulo as a woman of Afro-Colombian descent who has managed to confront the Colombian art scene with an image of blackness as she interrogates her status as artist. Arcos- Palma aptly compares Angulo's work with that of Cindy Sherman (b. 1954), both of which he considers the reflection of the cultural image of "the female other." Rather than "self-exoticization," Arcos-Palma sees Angulos's work as a critical signaling of the social paradigm of the black population. On the basis of the degraded image of "la negrita," of the woman of African descent who works as a domestic servant, Angulo makes a self-portrait that revolves around the stereotypes and stigmatizations still facing the non-hegemonic race.
Arcos-Palma's depiction of Colombian society as racist and as indifferent—or even blind—to the issue of race is accurate. Angulo formulates a comic and critical position that mocks ignorance about blackness. Arcos-Palma envisions the artist's exercise as political tool and activist weapon, one that exposes the marginality of black women in Colombia and the invisibility of racial minorities in general, demanding the civil, political, and social rights of the populations most vulnerable to xenophobia. Angulo forms part of a generation of artists whose production from 2000 to 2010 addressed issues of gender and identity in Colombia.
Artist Liliana Angulo has a degree from the Universidad Nacional (Bogotá campus). Her work was featured in the Encuentro internacional de Medellín MDE07 (2007). In 2008, she was a guest artist at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) in Paris, France. At present (2010), she lives and works in Bogotá.
Art critic Ricardo Arcos-Palma studied philosophy. He has a doctorate in the artistic sciences and a master's in aesthetics from the Sorbonne in Paris. At present (2009), he teaches in the History and Theory of Art Department of the Universidad Nacional of Colombia.


text: On Sat, 2004-01-24 at 17:38, Robert Hart wrote: > On Sat, 2004-01-24 at 21:43, Luis M wrote: > > > sudo /etc/init.d/fam stop > > umount ~/mnt/myiso-image > > sudo /etc/init.d/fam start > > > > Which is of course ridiculous, but hey, it works. > > > Maybe it would be easier to re-write the umount command than to fix fam? > > Rob Ummmm, I wonder why you say that? You mean to do a script and name it "umount" which does those 3 commands I mentioned? Maybe set this script suid-root? You see, the "problem" is that when you try to eject certain media, it will complaint saying that the device is busy. Which indeed is the case because FAM is locking it for whatever reason. The simplest way to see this happening is to insert a CD with a movie, open it with nautilus, if you setup Totem to do the video-thumbnails for you, you will see a icon with a picture from a frame of the movie... Double-click to play the movie. Close totem and then umount or eject the CD. If you see the "device is busy" error (sometimes it works and you don't see this error), then use "lsof" to see what's open... Describing the process is long, and excuse me for my vague example, but I'm sure this has happen to every single person using Gnome and Nautilus+Fam in a Debian system -- especially if you mount lots of remote media from SMB, NFS, CD, Floppy, Zip, etc... Just to make a nice analogy, in my iMac running MacOS X 10.3 I'm always able to eject any media no matter what I was doing with it. NFS mounts, SAMBA, whatever, you name it... Now that's how things should be with Gnome. Just work. -- ----)(----- Luis M System Administrator/Web Developer LatinoMixed.com firstname.lastname@example.com http://www.latinomixed.com/

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May 2019 Movements in the SMB Software Index
SMB Index
May represented another slow month for the SurePath SMB Software Index, gaining just 1.8%. However, it compared favorably to the S&P 500 which lost nearly 6%, the Nasdaq which lost over 7%, and the Dow Jones which lost over 6%.
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Katrina Kaif is a British-Indian movie actress and former model who appears in Bollywood films. She starred in various movies such as "Tees Maar Khan," "Raajneeti," "De Dana Dan," and "Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani."
Katrina Kaif is a British-Indian movie actress and former model who appears in Bollywood films. She starred in various movies such as "Tees Maar Khan," "Raajneeti," "De Dana Dan," and "Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani."
I hate katrina Kaif I also hate katrina kaif because she used Salman khan for money and fame she even dont know how to speak hindi her acting is pathetic she is just like a bar dancer she only know dancing she is slefish and greedy she used salman khan to become famous but we make sure we wont watch any movies of Katrina. Read More
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Not sure whether Ranbir Kapoor and Katrina Kaif are getting married or not but they surely are in a relationship and most likely will be together for a longer period of time. Read More
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The cast of Tees Maar Khan - 2010 includes: Dharampal as Dollar Ali Asghar as Burger Arya Babbar as Thanedar Dhuvinder Vishal Dadlani as himself Sanjay Dutt as Narrator Anvita Dutt Guptan as Press Reporter Avtar Gill as Subedar Kripa Jyoti as herself Katrina Kaif as Anya Khan Farah Khan as herself Salman Khan as himself Ishtiyak Khan as Villager Akshaye Khanna as Aatish Kapoor Twinkle Khanna as herself Sachin Khedekar as Commissioner Khadak Singh… Read More
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The cast of Tees Maar Khan - 1963 includes: Sawan ChunChun Ajmal Allauddin Zeenat Begum Asif Jah Zahoor Shah Read More
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Katrina Gellar was born on April 21, 1989, in New York City, New York, USA. Read More
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Katrina Campins is 5' 10". Read More
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Iska jawab do to Manenge.. 1)1mithai ka naam.? 2)1dawa ka naam.? 3)1film ka naam. 4)1ladki ka naam.? 5) 1city ka naam? 6) 1 car ka naam? 7) 1 Place ka naam? 8) 1 doggy ka naam? koi aisa jawab dijiye jo in 8 ka 1 hi naam ho..?? Read More
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Before rushing to a lawyer to aid you in applying for personal bankruptcy, you need to make certain what is insolvency and what is not. Only after that will certainly you have to find a personal bankruptcy attorney that you can work with in submitting your instance. Many individuals hurry to declare bankruptcy reasoning that it will certainly resolve their financial troubles. The reverse is typically true.
Proclaiming your service to be lawfully bankrupt, just indicate that you have done every little thing you can as well as there is no way for recuperation. It indicates being deep in debt that it will currently be impossible for you to sustain business.
There are kinds as well as variations to personal bankruptcy as well as the legal process will depend significantly on where you are coming from but the objective coincides. Bankruptcy instances will certainly take years to deal with. The court will certainly identify what financial obligations do not have to be paid off as well as what will certainly be straight deducted from your revenue.
During, credit lines will certainly be closed to you. Your credit rating will be polluted as well as no credit rating establishment will certainly want to do business with you. Back tax obligations that you owe will still need to be paid as well as responsibilities will still be applied like alimony and youngster support.
When there is no resolution that is feasible, discovering a good insolvency lawyer will certainly then be the only choice.
A great bankruptcy legal representative ought to be a person you can be comfortable talking with. Somebody you can trust as well as someone that has presented proficiency in handling insolvency. This is very crucial as communication in between you and the legal representative should be based on depend on. There have actually been many instances when the customer holds back on info that he thinks is not so considerable only to discover later on that the item of information that was kept posed extra difficulty to the situation. Holding back info from your personal bankruptcy attorney posture issues where non existed in the past. Bankruptcy legal representatives can only assist the customer to the extent of hop over to here the expertise that the lawyer has. It is vital then that the client deals with the lawyer. This is in the starting point the client's future that is at risk.
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If you feel uneasy chatting with a specific insolvency legal representative, find one more one. You can see the local bar association to figure out their recommendation.
When you visit your personal bankruptcy lawyer, bring a list of all the lenders that you owe, consisting of payments to personal finances that you are not left behind and a listing of all your properties and obligations. The even more details you provide the insolvency legal representative, the far better and much more exact the referrals he will certainly give you. Keep in mind that legal representatives can just work just as good as the details that you give.
Cooperate well in giving your lawyer the data concerning your instance because you are in the very best placement to offer those to him. You also will be the person that will certainly either endure or gain from the outcome.


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Diversified financial services business based in Mayfair, London is hiring for a Finance Administrator to be a new member of their finance division.Cl
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Our Client, a well known and growing business are looking for a Finance Manager to join their Accountancy team in Reigate.Client DetailsOur Client, a
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One of our key clients in Haywards Heath is currently looking for a Credit Controller to join a fast paced, growing business within their organisation
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Large well known business looking for a Purchase Ledger Clerk to join their finance team on a permanent basis.Client DetailsOur client is large organi
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Our large corporate client is looking for a Payroll Specialist to join the organisation on a permanent basis.Client DetailsThe client is a large corpo
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Bud Outgrowth1[OPEN]
Hana Roman, Tiffanie Girault, Franois Barbier 2, Thomas Pron, Nathalie Brouard, Ale Penck,
Ondrej Novk, Alain Vian, Soulaiman Sakr, Jrmy Lothier, Jos Le Gourrierec, and Nathalie Leduc*
IRHS (Research Institute on Horticulture and Seeds), Universit dAngers, Agrocampus-Ouest, Institut
National de la Recherche Agronomique, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49070 Beaucouz, France (H.R., T.G., F.B., T.P.,
N.B., A.V., S.S., J.L., J.L.G., N.L.); and Laboratory of Growth Regulators and Department of Chemical Biology
and Genetics, Palack University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech
Republic, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (A.P., O.N.)
ORCID IDs: 0000-0002-8475-2976 (H.R.); 0000-0002-3248-0286 (N.B.); 0000-0003-3452-0154 (O.N.); 0000-0002-4785-7349 (A.V.);
Bud outgrowth is controlled by environmental and endogenous factors. Through the use of the photosynthesis inhibitor
norurazon and of masking experiments, evidence is given here that light acts mainly as a morphogenic signal in the triggering
of bud outgrowth and that initial steps in the light signaling pathway involve cytokinins (CKs). Indeed, in rose (Rosa hybrida),
inhibition of bud outgrowth by darkness is suppressed solely by the application of CKs. In contrast, application of sugars has a
limited effect. Exposure of plants to white light (WL) induces a rapid (after 36 h of WL exposure) up-regulation of CK synthesis
(RhIPT3 and RhIPT5), of CK activation (RhLOG8), and of CK putative transporter RhPUP5 genes and to the repression of the CK
degradation RhCKX1 gene in the node. This leads to the accumulation of CKs in the node within 6 h and in the bud at 24 h and
to the triggering of bud outgrowth. Molecular analysis of genes involved in major mechanisms of bud outgrowth (strigolactone
signaling [RwMAX2], metabolism and transport of auxin [RhPIN1, RhYUC1, and RhTAR1], regulation of sugar sink strength
[RhVI, RhSUSY, RhSUC2, and RhSWEET10], and cell division and expansion [RhEXP and RhPCNA]) reveal that, when supplied
in darkness, CKs up-regulate their expression as rapidly and as intensely as WL. Additionally, up-regulation of CKs by WL
promotes xylem ux toward the bud, as evidenced by Methylene Blue accumulation in the bud after CK treatment in the dark.
Altogether, these results suggest that CKs are initial components of the light signaling pathway that controls the initiation of bud
Plant Physiology, September 2016, Vol. 172, pp. 489509, www.plantphysiol.org 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved.
Roman et al.
(Barbier et al., 2015a) under a favorable light environment. In rose, the transcription and enzymatic activity
of vacuolar invertase (RhVI) as well as transcription of
the Suc transporter gene RhSUC2 are under light control, and darkness leads to their repression concomitant with the inhibition of bud outgrowth (Girault
et al., 2010; Henry et al., 2011; Rabot et al., 2012, 2014).
However, in vitro culture of excised rose buds in the
presence of sugars does not rescue dark inhibition
(Henry et al., 2011; Rabot et al., 2012), suggesting that
sugars are not the initial target of the light signal that
controls outgrowth.
Despite the key regulatory role of CKs in bud outgrowth, very little information has been gained on the
effect of light conditions on these hormones. Only recently, a transcriptomic analysis of sorghum (Sorghum
bicolor) buds revealed differential regulation of some
CK genes between wild-type and phyB-1 buds, which
suggests a correlation between the dormant state of
phyB-1 buds and the down-regulation of CKs (Kebrom
and Mullet, 2016). In this study, we question whether
CKs could be major targets of light in the control of bud
outgrowth. We used quantications of CK levels as
well as of transcript accumulation of CK-related genes
in buds and nodes of rose plants subjected to WL or
darkness to address this question. Exogenous treatments of buds with CKs under darkness or with CK
inhibitors under WL also were applied to further decipher the impact of light on CK metabolism and signaling during bud outgrowth. Finally, the expression of
genes involved in the control of bud outgrowth (sugar-,
SL-, auxin-, and cell cycle-related genes) was assessed
after CK treatment in darkness to identify pathways
acting downstream of the light-dependent CK signal.
Light Acts Mainly as a Morphogenic Signal in the
Triggering of Bud Outgrowth
Roman et al.
Figure 2. Effects of partial masking and of photosynthesis inhibition on bud outgrowth in rose. A to H, Percentage of bud outgrowth (A), bud length (B), and neoorganogenesis after 7 d (C) with bud and stem exposed to light (white columns, light treatment;
D), or bud only exposed to light and stem placed under darkness using foil (light gray columns, bud in light/stem in dark; E), or bud
placed in dark and the entire stem in light (dark gray columns, bud in dark/stem in light; F), or entire plant placed in dark (black
columns, dark treatment, dark bag removed; H). Bud outgrowth occurred only when the bud itself was exposed to WL (D and E).
Masking the bud with translucent material as a control allowed bud outgrowth as shown in G, where the strength of bud growth
made even bud leaves protrude through the translucent material. Control plants for D and H with a translucent bag over the entire
plant were published by Girault et al. (2008), showing that enclosing the plant in such a bag had no effect on the buds capacity to
grow out. I to R, Effect of norflurazon (500 mM) on bud outgrowth. In mock-treated plants (IM), buds were green on the day of
decapitation (I). Upon decapitation and exposure to WL, bud grew out and produced green leaves (J and K). Young green leaves
are shown after the removal of older leaves and observation with a binocular microscope (K). Chlorophyll in these young leaves
gives a red signal under UV light (L) and a blue signal by confocal microscopy (M). The square in J corresponds to M. Application
of the photosynthesis inhibitor norflurazon 4 d before decapitation produced bleached bud due to the destruction of the chlorophyll on the day of decapitation (N). This bleached bud grew out even when norflurazon treatment was pursued for 7 d after
decapitation (O). Leaves that expanded from the treated bud were white (P) and deprived of chlorophyll, as shown using UV light
using a binocular microscope (Q) and by confocal microscopy (R; corresponding to the white square in O). Data are means 6 SE;
n = 3 biological replicates with at least 10 plants per replicate. Letters indicate significant differences by ANOVA between
treatments. Red bars = 5 mm, black bars = 0.5 mm, and white bars = 100 mm.
darkness, buds remained dormant when fed with water or with sugars
up to 400 mM (A). When fed with Glc+Fru or with Suc at 600 mM, most
buds remained dormant, but some (10% or 20%, respectively) grew out
(A). Elongation of bud, however, was reduced (1 mm; B). Neoorganogenesis was promoted by sugar feeding at higher concentrations (C).
Data are means 6 SE; n = 3 biological replicates with at least 10 plants
per replicate. Letters indicate significant differences by ANOVA.
Roman et al.
columns) exposure after T0. Some of the dark-exposed plants also were
treated with BAP (10 mM) on the bud at T0 (gray columns). Data are
means 6 SE of three independent batches with 50 , n , 80 buds or
n = 20 for node samples. Letters represent significant differences by
Plant Physiol. Vol. 172, 2016
Table I. Levels of CK metabolite groups, total CK, total active CK, and IAA in 1 g of extracted tissue
Values shown are pmol g21 (means 6 SD). Asterisks indicate statistical differences between light and dark conditions for one time point (*, P ,
0.05; **, P , 0.01; and ***, P , 0.001).
Time Point
24 h
24 h
Active CK
CK Bases
CK Ribosides
56 0.7
12.46 1.1***
3.36 0.3
4.96 1.2
3.16 0.8
1.76 0.4
10.66 2.5**
1.46 0.3
18.26 2.5
256.76 5***
29.96 1.9
195.76 40
143.36 32
93.46 15
330.36 88**
44.66 6.2
CK Nucleotides
Total CKs
118.76 21
1,129.16 96***
130.96 15
391.16 68
233.96 41*
121.46 19
752.46 151**
154.26 29
144.76 23
1,419.96 131***
170.46 13
594.96 105
382.76 55*
219.16 6.4
1,102.36 213**
2046 31
42.96 9
72.46 6*
47.36 7
306 6
24.96 5
26.36 3
34.46 7
31.86 3
Roman et al.
Figure 5. CK contents in bud and node under WL or dark treatment. Levels of trans-zeatin (tZ) type (A, C, E, and G) and of
isopentenyladenine (iP) type (B, D, F, and H) CK are shown in bud and node tissues at T0 (gray bars) and following 6 and 24 h of
WL (white bars) or of dark (black bars) treatment. Data show the total contents of tZ and iP types (A and B) and detailed levels
of active (base) tZ (C) and iP (D) forms, of riboside tZR (E) and iPR (F) forms, and of nucleotide forms tZRMP (G) and iPRMP (H).
Data are for 1 g of extracted tissue (pmol g21; means 6 SD). Letters indicate significant differences by ANOVA between conditions
for one given tissue.
Roman et al.
(RhBRC1 and RwMAX2) and of RhNAD-SDH was repressed within 3 or 6 h in both bud and node as in
WL (Fig. 10B). On the contrary, the expression of all
bud outgrowth promoter genes (RhTAR1, RhYUC1,
RhPIN1, RhSUSY, RhVI, RhSUC2, RhSWEET10,
RhPCNA, and RhEXP) except for RhCYCD3;1 was increased by BAP treatment in darkness (Fig. 10B). These
results indicate that the light control of CK acts upstream of the light regulation of all these different
genes. While RhCYCD3;1 is promoted by WL (Fig.
Plant Physiol. Vol. 172, 2016
Figure 8. Effects of the natural CKs isopentenyladenine (iP) and zeatin (Z) on bud
outgrowth in darkness. Plants were treated
with a lanolin drop containing only the
solvent (mock), iP (A), or Z (B) applied on
the bud (CE) or on the cut end of the stem
(A, B, and FH). Bud outgrowth was observed 7 d after treatments. A and B, Bud
treated by iP (A) and Z (B). Red bars =
5 mm. C and F, Percentage of bud outgrowth. D and G, Bud length. E and H,
Neoorganogenesis. Black and gray columns represent dark treatment, and white
columns correspond to WL treatment. Data
are means 6 SE; n = 3 biological replicates
with at least 10 plants per replicate. Letters
indicate significant differences by ANOVA.
Red bars = 5 mm.
Roman et al.
Light Acts Mainly as a Morphogenic Signal in the
Triggering of Bud Outgrowth
and J). This suggests that CKs actually promote xylem sieve transport to the bud and that light control
over CKs also acts as a strong regulator of xylem sap
ux to the bud.
Roman et al.
rather acts on the upstream regulation of CK (i.e. homeostasis and transport). Some genes involved in CK
synthesis (LOG) and degradation (CKX) were found to
be under light control in other developmental processes
and species (Carabelli et al., 2007; Schlter et al., 2011;
Bergougnoux et al., 2012). Here, we showed that the elevated amounts of active CKs in node and bud tissues
under WL (Table I) were the result of the higher expression of CK synthesis genes in nodes (RhIPT3 and RhLOG8
from 6 h and RhIPT5 from 24 h; Fig. 9C) and of the repression of CK degradation genes in both buds and nodes
(RhCKX1 and RhCKX6 from 3 h). The rapid regulation of
CK genes after WL exposure (3 or 6 h) indicates that CKs
are one of the initial targets of the light transduction
pathway during outgrowth.
Also, an increased accumulation of RhPUP5 transcripts,
a gene homologous to AtPUP5, was observed 3 h after
WL exposure or 6 h after CK application in darkness
(Supplemental Fig. S2C). AtPUP5 is the closest isoform of
AtPUP4, a putative CK transporter, whose expression is
regulated by CK application in Arabidopsis (Gillissen
et al., 2000; Brenner et al., 2005). Bearing in mind that the
role of PUP4 and PUP5 in CK transport has not been
demonstrated, this result may suggest that the accumulation of high levels of CKs in buds also could be driven
by the promotion of CK transport by WL.
De Novo Synthesis of CKs in Node Is an Initial Step of the
Light Signaling Pathway That Controls Bud Outgrowth
Figure 11. Activation by WL or BAP under darkness of vascular connections between bud and corresponding node during outgrowth.
Plants treated or not with BAP (10 mM) on the cut end of the stem were
placed under WL or darkness for 24 h up to 196 h. Roots were then
soaked in Methylene Blue during 3 h under WL, and buds were observed. A to C, Bud and node at T0 showing no active vascular connection. A, Longitudinal section of the stem. B, Transverse section of the
Roman et al.
Figure 12. Model for the roles of CKs in the photocontrol of bud outgrowth in rose. After decapitation, perception by the axillary
bud of favorable light conditions leads to the transduction of a photomorphogenic signal toward the corresponding node. This
signal promotes the accumulation of CK in the node through rapid (36 h) stimulation of CK synthesis (RhIPT3 and RhIPT5) and
activation (RhLOG8) genes together with repression of the CK degradation gene RhCKX1. Transport of these neosynthesized CKs
toward the bud may be promoted by the putative CK transporter RhPUP5, the transcription of which is enhanced by WL as soon as
3 h after light perception. In the bud, incoming CKs are preserved from degradation, since light inhibits expression of the CK
degradation genes RhCKX1 and RhCKX6. In both node and bud, neosynthesized CKs trigger a CK signal involving enhanced
expression of the CK signaling genes RhARR3 and RhARR5 already at 3 h. The light-promoted CK signal then acts over several key
actors of bud outgrowth: inhibition of the SL signaling gene RwMAX2 and of the central negative regulator RhBRC1 in both bud
and node and increased sugar sink strength of bud through activation of the Suc transporters RhSUC2 and RhSWEET10, of the Suc
synthase RhSUSY, and of the vacuolar invertase RhVI. The simple sugars (Glc and Fru) provided to the bud contribute to bud
outgrowth together with enhanced expression of the cell division gene RhPCNA and of the cell wall expansion gene RhEXP by CK
signal. RhCYCD3 also contributes to this growth; its expression is promoted by WL, independently of CK. The light-promoted CK
signal also promotes auxin (IAA) accumulation in bud, as measured at 24 h through stimulation of the auxin synthesis genes
RhYUC1 and RhTAR1 in the bud. The export of this neosynthesized auxin toward the node is permitted because auxin depletion
in the node has occurred after decapitation, a process to which light-promoted CK signal may contribute to enhancing the expression of the auxin efflux gene RhPIN1 in the node. The initial (36 h) impact of light over CK genes and CK accumulation as
well as the rapid effects of the light-promoted CK signal over several mechanisms controlling bud outgrowth suggest that CKs are
an initial and upstream component of the light signaling pathway. Other molecular targets of light independent of CK exist, as
shown for RhCYCD3 that takes part in the regulation of bud outgrowth. However, the capacity of CK-derived light signal to trigger
a complete process leading to bud outgrowth (bud elongation and organogenic activity of the meristem) suggests that CKs drive a
main part of the light regulation of bud outgrowth.
Roman et al.
step elution using a 60% (v/v) methanol, 0.35 M NH4OH aqueous solution and
0.35 M NH4OH in 60% (v/v) methanol solution. CKs and free IAA levels were
determined using ultra-HPLC-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry using
stable isotope-labeled internal standards as a reference (Rittenberg and Foster,
1940). Three independent biological replicates were performed.
transcription-PCR. The qPCR was carried out with a mix of the cDNA as the
template, the primer pairs, and iQ SYBR Green Supermix (Bio-Rad), in a nal
volume of 15 mL, and using the Chromo4 Real-Time PCR Detection System
(Bio-Rad), with the following program: 2 min at 50C; 10 min at 95C; and
40 cycles of 15 s at 95C and 60 s at 60C. Then, the abundance of the transcripts
was expressed relative to the control condition, as described by Pfaf (2001).
The reference gene used is the elongation factor RhEF1-a, as described previously (Girault et al., 2010). Three technical repetitions of each biological sample
were made.
To compare the effect of light versus dark treatments or mock versus BAP
treatments, relative expression in dark/relative expression in light and relative
expression with BAP treatment/relative expression with mock treatment were
calculated and transformed into log2 values. A value between 20.5 and +0.5
indicates no signicant change in relative gene expression according to the
treatment. A value greater than +0.5 or less than 20.5 is signicant as shown by
Students t test. A color scale helps visualize the changes in transcript levels and
is included in the gures. All qPCR data also are presented as graphs in
Supplemental Figures S2 and S3.
Statistical Analysis
Three replicates of each experiment were conducted for the morphological
analysis, with at least 10 plants per repetition. Standard statistical analyses
(means and SE) and graphs were made using Microsoft Excel. Statistical differences were calculated by Students t test when comparing two conditions or
by multiple analyses ANOVA using R 2.13.2 software when comparing more
than two conditions (0.05 signicance level).
Supplemental Data
The following supplemental materials are available.
Supplemental Figure S1. Impact of the CK perception inhibitors LGR-991
and PI-55 on bud outgrowth after application on the stem and of the CK
synthesis inhibitor LVS after application on the bud and impact on basal
Supplemental Figure S2. Graphs showing the relative expression of CKrelated genes in the node or in the bud 3 h/6 h and 24 h/48 h after
treatment, under WL and darkness, with or without CK applications.
Supplemental Figure S3. Graphs showing the relative expression of genes
involved in the control of bud outgrowth in the node or in the treated
bud 3 h/6 h and 24 h/48 h after treatment, under WL and darkness,
with or without CK applications.
Supplemental Figure S4. Detailed description of the experimental procedures used.
Supplemental Figure S5. Effect of the opaque bag on bud outgrowth inhibition under darkness.
Supplemental Table S1. List of unpublished gene primers used in this
Supplemental Table S2. Detailed CK quantications (bases, ribosides, nucleotides, and conjugated forms of trans-zeatin, cis-zeatin, dihydrozeatin, and isopentenyladenine) in nodes and buds after WL and dark
Supplemental Table S3. List of primer sequences published in previous
work on roses.
We thank Dr. Rachid Boumaza (IRHS) for the help provided in statistical
analyses and Bndicte Dubuc, Anita Lebrec, Mlissa Jouffrau, and the IRHS
INEM platform for rose cutting production and plant care; Mayeul Milien (SFR
QUASAV IMAC platform) for confocal imaging; Dr. Luks Spchal (Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Palack University and Institute of
Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic) for providing the CK inhibitors LGR-991 and PI-55; Eva Hirnerov (Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Palack University and Institute of Experimental
Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic) for help with phytohormone analyses; Philip B. Brewer and Christine A. Beveridge (University of
Queensland) for fruitful discussions; and Eric Davies (North Carolina State
University) for kind help in English editing of the text. Hormonal analyses
were funded by the Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports of the Czech
Republic (the National Program for Sustainability I no. LO1204 and the
Nvrat program LK21306).
Received April 7, 2016; accepted July 24, 2016; published July 26, 2016.
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Roman et al.


text:
An examination of internal medicine reveals that it can be applied to many other fields of medicine, such as orthopedics, because of the human anatomy.
When the human anatomy exhibits congenital or developed flaws that restrict locomotor activity or the ability to function, we can rely on help from the fields of orthopedics and internal medicine. Various conditions such as arthritis, arthrosis, fractures, scoliosis or inflammation of the joints belong to the field of orthopedics, whereas internal medicine focuses on the prevention and diagnosis of such conditions. A fracture that restricts the human anatomy such that orthopedic surgery is required, which in turn leads to internal medicine treatment, highlights how closely the anatomy is tied to orthopedics or internal medicine. Knowledge of the human anatomy allows orthopedic as well as internal medicine specialists carry out appropriate rehabilitation measures. Through blood pressure readings, long-term EKG tests or rectoscopy, internal medicine provides information about the condition of the patient (related to the anatomy). At the same time, this is valuable information for choosing orthopedic treatment methods. These medical fields - orthopedics and internal medicine - exhibit a high degree of interdependency and symbiosis that is always related to the patient's anatomy. Therapies are meanwhile being employed that integrate both internal medicine andorthopedics into the treatment. In the long run, the human anatomy leads to a natural symbiosis between orthopedics and internal medicine because treatment approaches essentially demand the use of both fields.
Whennephrology (internal medicine) identifies a problem caused by hip dysplasia (orthopedics) , the only path to finding an appropriate solution is to involve both medical fields. The goal of rehabilitation therapy is to relieve chronic pain or restricted body functions through a combination of anatomy, orthopedics and internal medicine expertise. Internal medicine looks at issues involving the immune and vascular systems, respiratory organs, possible infections, cardiology and oncology. In contrast,orthopedics involves surgical procedures (prosthetics for instance), the manufacture of a locomotor apparatus (for bones, muscles, ligaments or joints) or arthrosis treatments. These two fields of medicine rely on basic knowledge of the human anatomy. Without information about our anatomy, a balanced approach that involves both internal medicine and orthopedics would not be possible.
If internal medicine determines that a hip prosthesis would lead to pulmonary (respiratory organs) problems because of the patient's anatomy, new measures must be carried out. Themutual interdependency of orthopedics and internal medicine is very specific and oriented toward the profile of the patient's anatomy. Successful treatment always requires a comprehensive profile of the patient's anatomy to enable internal medicine to provide the results (documented in the patient's record) to orthopedic specialists and to ensure that corresponding measures are carried out. Every well-trained orthopedic specialist requires the results of internal medicine examinations to gain a better picture of the patient's anatomy.
"Anatomy" is the key phrase. This is because anatomy, which is always tied to the patient's profile, provides information regarding to what extent internal medicine or orthopedics can find a solution. For this reason it is extremely important that internal medicine specialists have a detailed, exact picture of the patient's anatomy to allow them to determine what role the anatomy plays in the patient's profile.
This subject area encompasses research and studies in the field of human medicine.
Among the wide-ranging list of topics covered here are anesthesiology, anatomy, surgery, human genetics, hygiene and environmental medicine, internal medicine, neurology, pharmacology, physiology, urology and dental medicine.
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text:
Abhinav N. • Giugno 28, 2011Come here for sunset. You get a beautiful view of the Rosslyn skyline and key bridge
Markus T. • Gennaio 18, 2016One of the newer memorials, but a definite "must-see". Located directly between the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. Very scenic!
Dustin H. • Dicembre 15, 2014Always a great view to take in, try and get it from all angles!
Sam K. • Giugno 7, 2015Near the water and relaxing place to sit with a book and read. Also nice ice cream.
Elizabeth B. • Giugno 16, 2018Loved the salmon bagel dish! Capers on side of course
Laura R. • Novembre 5, 2016Love it here first time and it's was really good there's so much to see
Louis K. • Aprile 27, 2017A great selection of food. Nice place to hang out for a while and relax. Try something new!
Amanda W. • Aprile 13, 2013One of my favorite spots in DC. It's also the meeting place to meet up with my friend. I love how peaceful it can be.
Daniel R. • Gennaio 12, 2012che dire? è la National Gallery of Art! ;-)
Louis K. • Gennaio 28, 2017Magnificent collection of both modern art and portraits. The variety of styles, people, and stories makes for an excellent museum day.
warren m. • Giugno 15, 2015A tiny slice of the West Village in upper Northwest. Friendly service, a lovely location and outstanding sandwiches - the Cool Hand Cuke is a great veggie option.
Mimi N. • Novembre 5, 2017Awesome music venue brought to you by the same people as 9:30 club. Bar inside is cashless but super efficient. Acoustics are amazing and I look forward to watching more shows here!
Oleg Y. • Maggio 14, 2016Beautiful place to get a rest. Lots of birds and flowers.
Amy C. • Marzo 3, 2018Really cool movie theater! There's a bar in front, and their popcorn is amazing.
Paul F. • Aprile 20, 2017Cool garden with sculptures all around. Really nice place to sit down and rest from all the walking.
Catherine J. • Giugno 16, 2017Start your tour on the second floor! I wish we had! There are so much more to see and we didn't have time to see it all....The first floor has nice art/furniture but the second floor is awesome!!
Irena P. • Luglio 28, 2018Fav place in DC right now: excelent choise of wines at night time (they even have Rkatsiteli 00), European style patio, friendly service. Good cocktails too ;)
Andy M. • Agosto 7, 2013Best Italian sandwiches around! Don't miss out on this place!
Dave L. • Novembre 1, 2017The hike and bike 🚲 trails and the national zoo as well
Dion H. • Gennaio 2, 2012The permanent exhibits are truly a spectacular display of American creativity and fine artistry from a variety of styles and medium. An excellent @Smithsonian collection
Paul S. • Marzo 23, 2018Great food & plenty of it. Very authentic local island style. I liked the Make Your Own Bowl. I had mixture of items that can eat, my family all ordered different bowls & we all enjoyed it all.
William J. • Aprile 12, 2017Got the crab cake platter. There are massive chunks of crab in it and it tasted AMAZING. By far the best crab cake I've ever had. Highly recommended and would come back again. 10 out of 10!
jeyo • Dicembre 14, 2015This is a quiet space of reflection. You can feel the weight of history here, and even still see its impact with flowers laid about the monument.