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Interactive Browsing and Navigation in Relational Databases
Although researchers have devoted considerable attention to helping database users formulate queries, many users still find it challenging to specify queries that involve joining tables. To help users construct join queries for exploring relational databases, we propose ETable, a novel presentation data model that provides users with a presentation-level interactive view. This view compactly presents one-to-many and many-to-many relationships within a single enriched table by allowing a cell to contain a set of entity references. Users can directly interact with this enriched table to incrementally construct complex queries and navigate databases on a conceptual entity-relationship level. In a user study, participants performed a range of database querying tasks faster with ETable than with a commercial graphical query builder. Subjective feedback about ETable was also positive. All participants found that ETable was easier to learn and helpful for exploring databases.
A considerable challenge for non-technical users of relational databases is constructing join queries [?]. The join operation is required for even simple data lookup queries since relational databases store information in multiple separate normalized tables. Although database normalization provides many benefits for managing data (e.g., avoiding update anomalies), it significantly decreases the usability of database systems by forcing users to write many join queries to explore databases.
Constructing join queries is difficult for several reasons. The main reason is that users find it difficult to determine which relations to join among many relations. Understanding the role of each relation that represents a relationship of interest and finding the right join attributes are not trivial tasks, even when a schema diagram is given. To tackle this challenge, users often write complex queries by starting with a simpler query and iteratively adding operators [?]. Although this iterative strategy is helpful, it is still challenging because the format of join query results is hard to interpret. For example, consider a query that joins two relations in many-to-many relationships (e.g.,
Papers and
Authors in Figure 3). A result of this query produces a large number of duplications (e.g., the title of each paper repeated as many times as the number of its authors). People represent the same information differently when they use a spreadsheet. For instance, they might create a cell containing multiple values separated by commas. Relational databases cannot represent data in this way because the relational model (as implemented in most relational DBMSs) requires that data be at least in the first normal form.
The usability challenge of writing complex queries has been studied by many researchers. Although visual query builders help people formulate SQL queries [?], they separate query construction and result presentation parts [?], introducing a usability gap between users' actions and their results [?]. To overcome this limitation, researchers argue that database interfaces need to adopt the direct manipulation principle [?], a well-known concept in the human-computer interaction (HCI) area [?]. It enables users to iteratively specify operators by directly interacting with result instances using simple interactions [?]. Researchers also argue that join query results should be represented in an easier-to-understand format that improves the interpretation of query results. Jagadish et al. [?] proposed the notion of the presentation data model, which they defined as a full-fledged layer above the logical and physical schema. This presentation layer allows users to better understand the query results without requiring full awareness of the schema. All this research strongly suggests the need for developing database interfaces that are usable, interactive, and interpretable.
We present ETable, a novel presentation data model with which users can interactively browse and navigate databases on an entity-relationship level without writing SQL. ETable presents a query result as an enriched table in which each cell can contain a set of entity references. By deliberately relaxing the first normal form, we compactly represent one-to-many and many-to-many relationships within a single table — a novel capability that enables users to more easily browse and interpret query results consisting of multiple relations. Figure 1 illustrates how ETable effectively presents a list of SIGMOD papers containing the keyword "user" from an academic paper database collected from DBLP and the ACM Digital Library (see Figure 3 for schema). Each row in ETable shows the base attributes and relevant entities of a paper, such as its authors and cited papers. If a relational database were used to obtain the same information, 9 tables would need to be joined, and the results produced would be hard to interpret (e.g., many duplicated cells).
To discover which relevant entities should be shown for each row, ETable uses a novel graph-based model called the typed graph model (TGM), which frees users from concerning themselves with the complexity of the logical schema; users may instead focus on exploring and understanding the data set at the conceptual (or entity-relationship) level. The typed graph model stores relational data as graphs in which nodes represent entities (e.g., authors, papers) and edges represent relationships (e.g., those that relate authors to papers). This transformation enables ETable to retrieve other related entities through simple graph operations. For example, a given paper's authors, stored as direct neighbors, can be retrieved through a quick neighbor-lookup.
As the construction of complex queries and the exploration of data are inherently iterative processes, database exploration tools should provide easy-to-use operations to help users incrementally revise queries [?]. ETable's direct manipulation interface enables users to directly work with and modify an existing enriched table to update its associated queries. For example, imagine a user, Jane, who would like to further explore the result in Figure 1. To see the detailed information about the authors of a particular paper, she clicks on its "author count" button (Figure Figure 2-b). This simple interaction of tapping the button is translated into a series of primitive operators behind the scene, such as Select, as in selecting the row associated with a paper; and Add, as in adding and joining the
Authors table with the
Papers table. With a few rounds of similar interactions, Jane can incrementally build complex queries.
ETable's novel ideas work together to address an important, often overlooked problem in databases. The seminal vision paper by Jagadish et al. [?] introduced the notion of the presentation data model and argued the importance of direct manipulation interface. However, designing an easy-to-use system that meets these requirements is challenging. ETable is one of the first instantiations of this important idea, filling a critical research gap, by effectively integrating HCI principles to greatly improve database usability. To enable the creation of such a usable tool, ETable tightly integrates: (1) a novel hybrid data model representation, which advances over the relational and nested-relational models, to naturally represent entities and relationships; and (2) a novel set of interactions that closely work with the representation to enable users to specify expressive queries through direct manipulation. With ETable's user interface, non-experts can easily and naturally explore databases without writing SQL, while ETable internally performs queries under the hood.
Through ETable, we contribute:
A novel presentation data model that presents a query result as an enriched table for users to easily browse and explore relational databases (Section Section 3, Section 5);
A graph-based model, called typed graph model (TGM) that provides an abstraction of relational databases, for users to explore data in ETable at a conceptual level (Section Section 4);
A set of user-level actions, operations that users can directly apply to an enriched table to incrementally construct complex queries and navigate databases (Section Section 6.1);
The usable interface of ETable that outperforms a commercial graphical query builder in a user study, in both speed and subjective ratings across a range of database querying tasks (Section Section 6, Section 7).
2Related Work
2.1Database Usability & Query Specifications
Since Query-by-Example (QBE) was developed in 1970s [?], database researchers have studied fairly extensively the usability aspect of database systems [?]. Usability is important, especially because not all database users have expertise in writing complex queries; many non-technical users find it challenging to write even very simple join queries [?]. Many existing approaches are aimed at assisting users with formulating queries. One representative method is the visual query builder, which enables users to visually manipulate schema elements on a graphical interface [?]. However, most visual querying systems require that users have precise knowledge of a schema, which makes it difficult for non-experts to use. This limitation can be relieved in keyword search systems, studied extensively in the last decade [?], or natural language interfaces [?]. However, most of existing approaches [?] separate queries and results so that users cannot directly refine query results, which decreases the usability of the systems. Nandi and Jagadish [?] argued that users' querying process is often iterative, so database systems should guide users toward interactively formulating and refining queries.
2.2Direct Manipulation & Iterative Querying
Several database researchers argued that the usability of database querying systems can improve by adopting the direct manipulation paradigm [?], a well-established design principle in the HCI and information visualization areas. Acknowledging that users' needs are often ambiguous rather than precisely specifiable, researchers have developed many tools that enable users to interactively browse and explore databases [?]. Although they are not specifically designed for relational databases, a number of interactive visualization systems for entity-relationship data have been developed by information visualization researchers [?]. For example, NetLens [?] visualizes relationships between two selected entity types in many-to-many relationships, and GraphTrail [?] visually summarizes each entity type and enables users to switch between entities. Although these visualization systems provide an overview of data sets, they are not suited for examining database instances along with attributes. In exploring and analyzing instance-level information, tabular interfaces, including spreadsheets, are better suited and often preferred by database users [?]. Tyszkiewicz [?] argued that spreadsheets can play a role as a database engine by using functions and macros. Liu and Jagadish [?] formally defined operators that interactively perform grouping operations within a spreadsheet. However, since the rigid tabular structure does not effectively present many-to-many relationships, the spreadsheet suffers from the same problems that relational databases have (i.e., a large number of duplications). To overcome this limitation, Jagadish et al. [?] proposed using a presentation view layer on top of underlying databases, which is the notion of the presentation data model, defined as a full-fledged layer on top of the logical and physical models. The challenge is to design presentation data models that help people easily understand join query results and interact with them.
2.3Data Models for Effective Presentation
To develop an intuitive structure for presentation data models, we review a number of data models that conceptualize the mini-world represented in databases. One such example is the nested relational model, studied in the 1980s, which allows each cell to contain another table that presents one-to-many relationships in a single table [?]. The nested model has been used in several studies for designing database interfaces. Bakke et al. [?] recently designed a direct manipulation interface for nested-relational databases, and DataPlay [?] also used the nested model for presenting query results. However, the model suffers from scalability issues because the sizes of the nested tables often become huge when an inner table contains a large number of associated rows or columns [?]. One way to tackle this problem is to replace the inner table with a set of pointers. For example, the object-relational model lets attributes be user-defined types that include pointers [?]. We adapt this idea by introducing an entity reference which compactly represents related entities. Another class of the data models that effectively conceptualize the real-world is the graph data model [?]. It represents entities as nodes and relationships as edges based on the entity-relationship model [?]. Catarci et al., [?] used a graph-style translation layer for their visual querying system. To provide users with an easy-to-understand view at an entity-relationship level, we also maintain a graph-style model, transformed from relational databases, under the presentation view.
3Introducing ETable
|Determining factor for mapping from a relational table
|Node types
|Entity tables
|Relation with a single-attribute primary key
|Multi-valued attributes
|Relation with two attributes; one of them is a foreign key of an entity relation
|Single-valued categorical attributes
|Attribute of low cardinality
|Edge types
|One-to-many relationships
|Foreign key between two entity relations
|Many-to-many relationships
|Relation with a composite primary key; both are foreign keys of entity relations
|Multi-valued attributes
|From an entity table to a multi-valued attribute
|Single-valued categorical attributes
|From an entity table to a categorical attribute
Before we describe the technical details of the proposed data models, we introduce ETable by describing what users see and how they can interact with it.
Figure 1 illustrates an enriched table that we call Etable. As mentioned earlier, it presents a list of SIGMOD papers containing the keyword "user" from our collected database (see Figure 3 for schema). Each row of Etable represents a single entity of the selected entity type (i.e.,
Papers); its column represents either a base attribute of the entity (e.g., year) or a set of relevant entities (e.g., authors, keywords). This representation is formed by pivoting a query result of a join of multiple tables (e.g.,
Authors) to a user-selected entity type (e.g.,
Papers). One advantage of this representation is that it can simultaneously present all relevant information about an entity in a single row (e.g., authors, keywords, citations). The relational model cannot represent all of this information in a single relation without duplications because every attribute value must be atomic. For instance, when the
Papers table is joined with the
Authors table, the paper information is repeated as many times as the number of authors, which prevents users from quickly interpreting the results. We integrate information spread across multiple tables into a single table by allowing each cell to contain a set of references to other entities.
Users can interact with Etable to explore further information. For instance, to examine further information about the authors of the papers in Figure 1, users can create a new Etable that lists authors in several ways, as depicted in Figure 2: (1) If users are interested in one of the authors (e.g., Arnab Nandi), they can click on his name to create a new Etable consisting of one row that presents its attributes; (2) if users want to list the complete set of authors (e.g., all seven authors of the paper titled "Making database systems usable"), they can click on the author count in the right corner of the cell (i.e., 7); and (3) if users want to list and sort the entities across the entire rows in a column (e.g., Who wrote the most papers about "user" in SIGMOD?), they can click on the pivot button on the column menu, which groups and sorts the authors based on the number of papers they have written. By gradually applying these operations, users can incrementally make sense of data and build complex queries.
4Typed Graph Model
In this section, we define a typed graph model (TGM) which enables users to explore relational databases on a conceptual entity-relationship level without having to know a logical schema. A relational schema and instances are translated into a database schema graph and database instance graph as a preprocessing step, and all operations specified by users on the ETable interface are executed over these graphs, not relational databases.
We represent entities and relationships as a graph with types and attributes. Each entity forms a node, and relationships among the entities become edges. A typed graph database (TGDB) consists of a TGDB schema graph, , and a TGDB instance graph, .
The typed graph model, similar to many graph data models [?], is much more effective for conveying a conceptual understanding of the mini-world represented in databases than the relational model. As it abstracts relational databases, users can ignore the logical and physical representation of data. Users can also easily understand the structure of data, since nodes always represent entities and edges represent relationships, Unlike TGM, the relational model is a mixture of entities, relationships, and multivalued attributes. Although some existing graph models are more expressive for representing a variety of relationships (e.g., hierarchical parent-child relationships among entities), we simply use nodes and edges to focus on making the semantics of the underlying relations more explicit by mapping to entities and relationships that they represent in the real world.
Relational databases can be translated into the TGDB schema and instance graphs in a near-automatic process. We adapt the reverse engineering literature pertaining to translating relational databases into several graph-style models [?]. A detailed procedure presented in Appendix ? includes an analysis of a relational schema based on primary keys, foreign keys, and cardinalities for classifying tables into several categories, and a series of actions that create the schema graph. Table 1 summarizes the categories of node and edge types based on how they are determined from relational schema. Figures Figure 4 and Figure 5 illustrate a schema graph and a part of the instance graph constructed from an academic publication database whose schema is shown in Figure 3.
5ETable Presentation Data Model
We present our ETable presentation data model for usable exploration of entities and relationships in databases.
5.1Enriched Table
A query result in the ETable model is presented as an enriched table, which we also call ETable. An ETable has a set of columns and consists of a set of rows . The columns are categorized into two types: single-attribute columns and entity-reference columns. The value of the single-attribute column is atomic as it is in the relational model. The value of the entity-reference column contains a single or a set of entity references. The entity reference refers to another node in the database instance graph. Unlike a foreign key in the relational model, each entity reference is shown as a clickable label, similar to a hyperlink on a webpage. Just like how a hyperlink's hypertext describes the webpage that the link points to (instead of its URL), for example, ETable represents an author's entity reference by the author name (instead of the author ID).
The entity-reference columns present rich information spread across multiple relations within a single enriched table. While a foreign key attribute in the relational model contains only a single reference for a many-to-one relationship because of the first normal form, an entity-reference column can represent one-to-many relationships, many-to-many relationships, or multivalued attributes in a single column. Furthermore, the entity-reference column has advantages over the nested relational model which requires much screen space as it squeezes another table into cells, leading to inefficient browsing. Unlike the nested model, ETable presents clickable labels that compactly show information and allow users to further explore relevant information.
5.2ETable Specification
An ETable can be specified by selecting specific elements of the TGDB database schema and instance graphs introduced in the previous section.
A query pattern can be represented as an acyclic graph where one of the nodes is marked as a primary node type and any node can have selection conditions. For example, the query pattern in Figure 6 represents a query that produces a list of researchers who have published papers at SIGMOD after 2005 and are currently working at institutions in Korea.
5.3Incremental Query Building with Primitive Operators
In ETable, a query pattern can be constructed and updated by primitive operators. Each operator builds on an existing ETable query to generate a new, updated ETable query. In this subsection, we describe these operators in detail. In Section 6.1, we will describe how users' actions performed on the ETable user interface will invoke these operators. Formally, given an ETable specification , each of the following operator creates a new specification , except the Initiate operator which creates a new ETable from scratch.
A new ETable can be created by selecting one of the node types in the schema graph. Its result lists the corresponding nodes.
ETable rows can be filtered based on their columns, similar to the selection operator in the relational model. Applying a selection condition to the primary node type filters the rows of the current ETable.
Adding a node type.
Another node type can be added to a query pattern to examine how it is related to the current primary node type. It corresponds to adding a join operator in the relational model. Selecting one of the node types that are linked to the primary node type by an edge type (i.e., ), adds it to the participating node types in the current query .
Shifting focus to another participating node type.
The primary node type can be changed to one of the other participating node types . It can be thought of as representing the current join result from a different angle.
The above primitive operators enable us to build any complex queries by incrementally specifying the operators one-by-one. Figure 7 (left) illustrates the query construction process consisting of 8 operators. A new query pattern can be created with Initiate; Selection conditions can be added with Select, just like writing expressions in WHERE clauses in SQL; and node types can be added with Add, just like adding relations to FROM clauses and setting one of them as a GROUP BY attribute. Also, the primary node type can be changed with Shift, similar to changing the GROUP BY attribute. A sequence of these operators specified constitutes a query pattern in the ETable model. These operators can be invoked by users on the user interface with user-level actions, which we will describe details in Section 6.1. The right side of Figure 7 shows how users can specify the same query through the user interface.
5.4Query Execution
A query pattern is executed to produce a result in the ETable format. The execution process is divided into two steps: instance matching and format transformation. The first step extracts matched node instances from the TGDB instance graph, and the second step transforms a result from the first step into the ETable format.
Instance Matching
The instance matching process finds a set of matched instances for a given query pattern. Formally, it returns a graph relation , which consists of a set of tuples, each of which contains a list of node instances in the database instance graph. The graph relation is generated with an instance matching function , which consists of a series of operations. The operations constitute primitives which make up a graph relation algebra.
A graph relation , similar to a relation in the relational model, consists of a set of tuples with a set of attributes. The schema of the graph relation is defined as a set of node types where . In other words, each attribute corresponds to a node type. The node type determines the domain of the attribute (i.e., ). A base graph relation is defined as a graph relation with a single attribute. In other words, each node type produces a base graph relation . A non-base graph relation can be created by applying the following graph relation operators to the base graph relations.
It filters tuples of a graph relation using a selection condition applicable to one of the node types .
It joins two graph relations and using edge types . The attributes of the created graph relation is a concatenation of the attributes of the two graph relations.
We use a symbol, , to differentiate it from the relational correspondence, , and not to be confused with natural join.
It removes all attributes of the graph relations except the given attribute. Duplicated rows are eliminated.
These operators enable us to define an instance matching function . In fact, this function only requires the Selection and Join operators: the Projection operator will be used later in the format transformation step.
Figure 8 (left) illustrates the instance matching process. It returns a graph relation, which is an intermediate format to be transformed into the ETable format.
Format Transformation
A graph relation obtained from the instance matching function is transformed into the ETable format. We describe how rows and columns of ETable are determined from it.
The rows of ETable consist of nodes of the primary node type, filtered by all selection conditions in the query pattern. They are extracted from the instance matching result:
Given the result of the instance matching function, all attributes except the attribute representing the primary node type are discarded, and then, each of distinct node in that column becomes a row.
ETable has three types of columns to present rich information for each row. In addition to the attributes of the primary node types, which we call base attributes , we introduce two other types of columns for presenting a set of entity references: participating node columns, , and neighbor node columns, .
List of base attributes
: It is a full set of the attributes of the primary node type . The value of the column would be a single value:
List of participating node types
: It is a set of all the node types in the query pattern, except the primary node type , i.e., . The value of the column would be a set of entity references:
List of neighbor node types
: It is a set of all the neighboring node types of the primary node type in the schema graph regardless of the query pattern, i.e., . The value of the column would be a set of nodes references:
Figure 8 (right) illustrates the results produced from the format transformation process. The first two columns are base attributes, and the rest of the columns are participating node columns. We omit neighbor node columns as some of these columns are the same as the participating node columns.
By transforming the graph relation into the ETable format, we compactly present join query results without duplications. Each row of ETable is uniquely determined by a node of a primary node type. The participating node columns show all the other entity types in the query pattern with respect to the primary node type. This transformation process is similar to setting one of the relations as a GROUP BY attribute in SQL, but while GROUP BY aggregates the corresponding instances into a single value (i.e., COUNT, AVG), ETable presents a list of the corresponding instances as entity references. The neighbor node columns are also useful for describing the rows of the ETable, although information in these columns is not obtained from the graph relation. These columns enable users to browse one-to-many or many-to-many relationships. Moreover, they provide users with a preview of possible new join operations as it presents all the join candidates. For instance, a ETable in Figure 1 consists of many neighbor node columns (e.g., Authors) that helps users browse rich information about each paper.
6Interface & System Design
ETable's interface (Figure Figure 9) consists of four components: (1) the default table list, (2) the main view, (3) the schema view, and (4) the history view. The default table list presents a list of entity types in the schema graph. Users can pick one from the list to initiate a query. The main view presents an ETable executed based on a query pattern which is graphically shown over the schema view. Users can directly interact with the main view to update the current query. The list of actions specified by users is presented on the history view, which allows users to revert to a previous state.
6.1User-Level Actions
|1. Find the year that the paper titled 'Making database systems usable' was published in.
|2. Find all the keywords of the paper titled 'Collaborative filtering with temporal dynamics'.
|3. Find all the papers that were written by 'Samuel Madden' and published in 2013 or after.
|4. Find all the papers written by researchers at 'Carnegie Mellon University' and published
at the KDD conference.
|5. Which institution in South Korea has the largest number of researchers?
|6. Find the top 3 researchers who have published the most papers in the SIGMOD conference.
Users can update the current query pattern by directly interacting with ETable via user-level actions. As shown in Figure 7, these actions in turn invoke their corresponding primitive operators (discussed in Section 5.3).
Open a new table.
Users can open a new table by clicking a node type on the default table list. The action invokes the operator (Fig Figure 7: action U1).
Users can filter the rows of the current ETable by inducing selection conditions via a popup window at the column header (Fig Figure 7: action U3). Besides the base attributes, users can also filter rows by the labels of the neighbor nodes columns (e.g., authors' names), which is translated into subqueries. We currently provide only a conjunction of predicates, but it is straightforward to provide disjunctions and more operations. The action invokes the Select operator.
Users can change the primary node type by clicking the pivot button on the context menu for neighbor or participating node columns. It calls the Add operator if the column is the neighbor node type (Fig Figure 7: action U4); it performs the Shift operator if it is the participating node type.
See a particular node.
When users are interested in one of the entity references, they can click it to create a new ETable consisting of a single row presenting the clicked entity. Unlike the above actions, it invokes two primitive operators: it initiates a new ETable, and then perform the Select operator to show the single node. For the clicked node :
See all related nodes.
When users are interested in a full list of entity references, they can click a number (i.e., entity reference count) in the right corner of a cell (Fig Figure 7: action U2). It also encapsulates two primitive operators. The operators invoked are different depending on whether the selected column is neighbor or participating node column. For the neighboring node column of :
and for the participating node column :
ETable supports additional actions that help with database exploration, such as: (1) Sort rows based on the values in a column; (2) Hide/show columns to reduce visual complexity in the interface; and (3) Revert to previous queries via the left history panel.
node_types, and
edge_types. A query pattern for ETable is translated into SQL queries that operate on the PostgreSQL database. To efficiently perform queries, we partition a long SQL query into multiple queries consisting of a fewer number of relations to be joined (i.e., each for a single entity-reference column) and merge them.
7Evaluation: User Study
To evaluate the usability of ETable, we conducted a user study that tests whether users can construct queries quickly and accurately. We compared ETable with Navicat Query Builder.
7.1Experimental Design
We recruited 12 participants from our university through advertisements posted to mailing lists at our institution. All were graduate students who had taken at least one database course or had industry experience using database systems. The participants rated their experience in SQL, averaging at a score of 4.67 using a 7-point Likert scale (ranged from 3 to 6) with 1 being "having no knowledge" and 7 being "expert", which means most participants considered themselves non-expert database users. None of them had used the graphical query builder before. Each participant was compensated with a $15 gift card.
Data set.
We used an academic publication data set used throughout this paper, which we collected from DBLP
Our study followed a within-subjects design with two conditions: the ETable and Navicat conditions. Every participant first completed six tasks in one condition and then completed another six tasks in the remaining condition. The orders of the conditions were counterbalanced, resulting in 6 participants in each ordering. We generated two matched sets of tasks (6 tasks in each set) differing only in their specific values used for parameters such as the title of the paper. Before the participants were given the tasks to carry out for each condition, they went through a 10-minute tutorial for the tool they would use. For each task, the participants could ask clarifying questions before starting, and they had a maximum of 5 minutes to complete each task. After the study, they completed a questionnaire for subjective ratings and qualitative feedback. Each study lasted for about 70 minutes. Participants completed the study using Chrome browser, running on a Windows desktop machine, with a 24-inch monitor at a 1920x1200 resolution.
We carefully generated two matched sets of 6 tasks that cover many database exploration and querying tasks. Table 2 shows one set (the other set is similar). The tasks fall into three categories: finding attribute values (Tasks 1 & 2); filtering (Tasks 3 & 4); aggregation (Tasks 5 & 6). The tasks were designed based on prior research studies and their categorization of tasks. Specifically, our categories are based on those used in database and HCI research [?], and our tasks vary in difficulty as in [?].
We measured participants' task completion times. If a participant failed to complete a task within 5 minutes, the experimenter stopped the participant and recorded 300 seconds as the task completion time. After completing tasks for both conditions, the participants filled out a post-questionnaire that asked for their subjective ratings about ETable (10 questions) and their subjective preference between two conditions (7 questions).
Task completion times.
The average task times for ETable were faster than those for Navicat for all six tasks. Figure 10 summarizes the task time results. We performed two-tailed paired t-tests. The differences were statistically significant for Tasks 1, 3, 5, and 6 () and marginally significant for Tasks 2 and 4 (, , respectively). The results of Task 2 may be explained by an outlier participant who did not understand the requirement that each row of the final results must represent a different keyword. Although Task 4 involves the highest number of operations that require participants to spend significant time in interpreting intermediate results before applying the next operators, ETable helped participants complete this task over 30% faster than Navicat.
The task completion times for ETable generally have low variance. The larger variance in Navicat is mainly due to syntax errors that the participants faced. Many participants, who are non-database experts, could not recall some SQL syntax and had trouble debugging errors. In particular, they had trouble specifying GROUP BY queries in Navicat. For example, many participants did not specify a GROUP BY attribute in their SELECT clauses in their first attempts. We also observed that many Navicat participants were overwhelmed by the complexity of the syntax of join queries [?] and preferred to specify new SQL queries from scratch instead of debugging existing ones when their original queries failed. Unlike graphical query builders such as Navicat, ETable helps nonexperts gradually build complex queries without having to know the exact query syntax.
Subjective ratings.
We asked participants to rate various aspects of ETable using 7-point Likert scales (7 being "strongly agreed"). Their subjective ratings were generally very positive (see Table 3). In particular, all participants found ETable easy to learn (i.e., rated 6 or 7), and almost all participants (11/12) found ETable easy to use and helpful for browsing data in databases. They also enjoyed using ETable (10/12) and would like to use software like ETable in the future (11/12). In response to the "helpful to interpret and understand results" question, one participant commented that "there are too many attributes ..., which is not easy to interpret." To address this, as future work, we plan to develop techniques to rank and select the most important columns to show whenever a table has a large number of columns [?].
We also asked participants to compare ETable and Navicat in 7 aspects. All participants indicated that ETable was easier to learn and was more helpful in browsing and exploring data. A majority of participants liked ETable more (11/12) and found it easier to use (10/12). They would choose to use ETable in the future (10/12) and felt more confident using it (8/12). Half of the participants answered that ETable is more helpful in finding specific data than Navicat. This result was expected because ETable's innovation focuses more on supporting data exploration.
|1. Easy to learn
|2. Easy to use
|3. Helpful to locate and find specific data
|4. Helpful to browse data stored in databases
|5. Helpful to interpret and understand results
|6. Helpful to know what type of information exists
|7. Helpful to perform complex tasks
|8. Felt confident when using ETable
|9. Enjoyed using ETable
|10. Would like to use software like ETable in the future
Qualitative feedback.
We asked participants about the features they liked about ETable. Many participants (9/12) explicitly mentioned the "pivot" feature. They said that the pivot feature enabled them to easily specify complex join queries. One participant said "I also loved the pivot feature ... having multiple pivots throughout the course of forming a query. I messed up a query, but could still find the right answer by doing an appropriate pivot." In addition, many participants said that ETable provides an intuitive view to users. One said "It is easy to see data from the perspective of what the users want to see/retrieve ..." Another said "Visually, I was able to see ... the effects of the SQL operations, which made it easier to use and verify intermediate results."
This section discusses the expressiveness of the ETable model. We will first express the overall functionality of the ETable queries as a general SQL query pattern. By doing so, we will show how typical join queries can be translated into ETable queries, through multiple steps (similar to [?]), demonstrating ETable's expressiveness. Any join queries involving only FK-PK relationships on a relational database schema that meets ETable's assumptions (detailed in Appendix) can be translated into an ETable query that operates on TGDB.
The overall functionality of ETable queries can be expressed as the following general SQL query pattern:
SELECT .*, ent-list(), ent-list(),
ent-list presents a list of corresponding entity references, similar to the
json_agg operator in PostgreSQL.
Following the above mappings, we now follow the approach similar to that in [?] to show that ETable can expressively handle typical join SQL queries, through a step-by-step translation. That is, for any SQL join query following the above pattern, there exists an equivalent ETable query.
Transforms a relational algebra join expression () to a graph relation correspondence (described in Section 5.4) by analyzing the list of relations in the FROM clause, and the join conditions in the WHERE clause. (Each is a node type; each an edge type.)
Applies the original selection conditions to the TGDB's node types;
If there is a group by attribute, transform it to the graph's primary node type; otherwise, if no group by attribute exists, arbitrarily set a primary node type.
ETable can express typical join queries consisting of the core relational algebra (i.e., relational algebra expression that does not contain set operations), which accounts for a large number of the database workloads. ETable additionally lets users choose a primary node type from the list of selected relations, and introduces the entity-reference columns (i.e., represented as
ent-list in the above SQL pattern) to effectively present join queries. This paper focuses on the critical usability challenge that arises when joining several tables. In our future work, we plan to further increase ETable's expressiveness of the presentation model to the full set of operators in the relational algebra, through introducing additional operators to support more complex queries (e.g., set operations, complex aggregations, etc.).
We proposed ETable, a new presentation data model for interactively exploring relational databases. The enriched table representation of ETable generates a holistic, interactive view of databases that helps users browse relevant information at an entity-relationship level. By directly interacting with the interface, users can iteratively specify operators, enabling them to incrementally build complex queries and navigate databases. ETable outperformed a commercial graphical query builder in a user study, in both speed and subjective ratings across a range of database querying tasks.
This work takes a first step towards developing a practically usable, interactive interface for relational databases, and opens up many interesting opportunities. Future research directions include: (1) incorporating more operations to further improve expressive power (e.g., set operations); (2) accelerating the execution speed of updated queries (e.g., by reusing intermediate results); (3) leveraging machine learning techniques to rank and select important columns to display. The above ideas could usher a new generation of interactive database exploration tools that will benefit all database users.
This material is based upon work supported by the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant No. DGE-1148903 and the NSF under Grant No. IIS-1563816.


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Logo strap sliders
Givenchy possesses a redefined, bold aesthetic with streetwear-inspired designs and stand-out graphics. These black logo strap sliders from Givenchy feature a slip-on style, an open toe, a cross-over logo tape design and a flat rubber sole.
Designer Style ID: BH300DH0A5
Colour: 004 BLACK WHITE
Made in Italy
Clare Waight Keller's dark, daring aesthetic has reinvigorated this iconic Paris fashion house. Exploring both Catholicism and eroticism, her collections and statement accessories have become must-haves for high society and street kids alike.
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Car Vehicle Exterior Decoration 3D Kangaroo Badge Sticker Gold Tone Car Badges
Car Vehicle Exterior Decoration 3D Kangaroo Badge Sticker Gold Tone Car Badges
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Product PaymentWe accept payment by Paypal, Visa/Master card, Western Union and Bank Transfer.
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- Product Details
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Australis Velourlips In "Mi-a-mee"
2 years ago by anathemaaxx
In Makeup
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Velourlips in a bright coral-pink colour, used once but doesn't suit my skin tone (would probably suit someone with a light skin tone)
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Visceral fat is sometimes also call intra-abdominal fat. This is because visceral fat is found between your organs in the midsection. The activity level of the cells of visceral fat is what experts like Tim Church, the medical director of The Cooper Institute in Dallas, believe cause your body to be at a higher risk for heart disease and diabetes. And according to Anne McTiernan, lead researcher of a study at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle, visceral fat is likely to be the fat you will lose first through diet and exercise. McTiernan recommends aiming for 30 to 45 minutes of brisk walking five days per week, but suspects that 60 minutes of physical activity would be more beneficial in reducing belly fat.
A waist size greater than 40 inches indicates a man is at a high risk of type-2 diabetes and heart disease. This inflated, firm belly is due to an overabundance of visceral fat, which lies deep inside your trunk nestled around internal organs. Visceral fat -- unlike the subcutaneous fat that resides just under the skin on the abdomen, hips, thighs and arms -- secretes hormones and compounds that raise inflammation, which contributes to heart disease. Men are genetically more likely to store fat in their gut, rather than the lower body, and certain lifestyle habits exacerbate weight accumulation in the middle.
A lot of additives dilute the natural force of water, but cucumber is always known to enhance the potent properties of hydration. The outer layer also contains many compounds that are crucial to showing off the beautiful skin. Clear complexion can be cultivated quickly! Also, limes are the best citrus fruit when it comes to detoxifying the stomach and intestines. They lace the inner linings with a litany of helpful nutrients that ease digestion during every step. With just two ingredients, a lot of flexibility can be featured while making this tasty drink. Weight loss and dietary planning have never been this personalized before!
Success is the best motivator for implementing healthy diet and having some exercises. With the help of this drink you will achieve whatever you like. You will only spend several minutes from your time and it will provide you with positive results very soon. When you will see how easy is to begin with lowering belly fat, you will be motivated to implement your diet.
Mint is great for aiding in digestion and raspberries have great antioxidant properties. Add them both to water and you have a very tasty detox water to help flush those toxins from your kidneys, liver and colon. You will need about half a gallon of spring or purified water, 2 tablespoons of raspberries – these can be fresh or frozen – and two tablespoons of fresh mint leaves. You also need a medium sized lime. Just slice the lime and add it along with the mint leaves and raspberries to your water in a large pitcher. Muddle the raspberries just a bit if you want more flavor and you can microwave the lime for a couple of seconds to get more juice from it.
This is the result of a lazy thyroid, the gland being responsible for producing hormones that control the metabolism. A lower metabolism is surely a trigger for weight gain, but it's not just the excess belly fat that gives headaches to this group of people: they also tend to have poor circulation and cold extremities, hair loss, saggy underarm skin and brittle fingernails.


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Gender: lovers'
Metals Type: Brass,Titanium Steel
Material: Metal
Occasion: Wedding
Style: Religious
Religious Type: Christian
Shape\pattern: Cross
Rings Type: Wedding Bands
Surface Width: 8mm
Item Type: Rings
Fine or Fashion: Fashion
Fashion shouldn't have to cost a fortune! Here at Solid Charms we strive to provide you trendy fashion jewelry at affordable prices. We have a large collection of necklaces, bracelets, rings, earrings, and even men's jewelry. We have something for everyone, with styles ranging from classic to bold and flashy. You will find exactly what you need to compliment any outfit for any occasion here at Solid Charms!
We would love to hear from you! If you have any questions or suggestions, feel free to contact us! One of our jewelry fashionistas will get back to you as soon as possible!


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Doors, Extraordinary Therma Tru Prices Therma Tru Doors Reviews Wooden Door Pot Flower Chair Lamp: 2017 new released therma tru prices
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The Grand Am SE was a rebadged fifth-generation variant of the Pontiac Grand Am manufactured by General Motors from 1999 to 2005. The car featured a four-speed automatic transmission and a 3.4-liter 3400 V6 engine.
The Grand Am SE was a rebadged fifth-generation variant of the Pontiac Grand Am manufactured by General Motors from 1999 to 2005. The car featured a four-speed automatic transmission and a 3.4-liter 3400 V6 engine.
In a Pontiac Grand Am error code P0410 means there is an emissions problem. Read More
To fix error code P0410 in a Pontiac Grand Am SE first determine the exact root of the problem. In most cases it is a faulty valve. i check with carmd and they said the p0410 is a relay to the air pump or the air pump itself is faulty. Read More
The factory tires and rims from a 2001 Pontiac grand am cannot work properly on a 2003 Pontiac grand am. Read More
Rims and tires from a 2001 Pontiac Grand Am will fit on a 2003 Pontiac Grand Am. They have the same lug nut pattern. Read More
You need to use R-134a Read More
Helps keep the tires from spinning and losing traction.shut it off for burnouts Read More
This code stands for Cruise Control Command Switch Assembly Circuit Failure Read More
Cheap-it's a 5.00 part you can replace yourself. Read More
haha no but it will eventually lock up an you will drag tha one tire Read More
you cant do it without the fulshing machine go to a mr lube or can tire an they will do a tranny flush for 100 bucks Read More
same happen to me win i droped a new motor in my 2000 jimmy what i did is you you turn the key to acc and leave it for a bout ten to 15 min your security light should have stoped blikin to your car turn off and it should start up Read More
I have a SE and right above the light assembly is a plastic cover. Remove those or move them out of the way to get to the bolts holding the assembly on. I believe that there are 3 bolts maybe 4. Getting the light assembly out might take some finesse. Lifting up slightly or tilting forward and down to release a plastic tab. Hope this helps. Read More
6 quarts Read More
It should be 2 in Read More
probably doesn't have one. My 2005 doesn't. Read More
Under the throttle body on the driver side. Follow the upper hose to the block. Read More
make sure steering wheel isn't locked. have your foot on the brake. Read More
around every 5,000 to 7,000 miles Read More
Pontiac does not make a transmission dipstick, unless the newer ones have them. Actually, the early models did. My '96 had one. Later models did not. The trans fluid is checked via a plug in the side of the trans-axle. Read More
I think suburban went to passlock in 98 Read More


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Put the trivet and add two cups of water in an instant pot.
Wash the tapioca pearls in a fine strainer.
Add the pearls in a heat proof bowl and add milk, caramel sauce, sugar and water into it, mix till the sugar is melted.
Place the bowl on the trivet in an instant pot.
Adjust the pressure on manual "high" and cook for 8 minutes.
Release the pressure naturally.
Vigorously mix the tapioca mixture and immediately pour it into the glass.
Garnish with the roasted almond silvers and cool for at least 3 hours before serving.


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When you are renting a 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 or 40 yard dumpster, you want a company you can trust with prices that make you smile. Give us a call today and see the difference we can make in your next construction or clean out project.
Simply give us a call and we will help you figure out your dumpster rental needs.
Our dumpsters usually go out same-day or next-day depending on when you call.
We provide top-notch service, while going easy on your bottom line. What more could you ask for?
Our trained operators are here to give you a fast and hassle-free experience from start to finish.
Once you are done, simply give us a call and we will get your dumpster picked up right away!
Our staff is here to help whenever you need it. Simply pick up the phone and give us a call.
Most cities or municipalities do not have many regulations regarding dumpster rental as long as you keep the dumpster entirely on your own property during the rental period. If you need to place your container on the street in any way, you will likely have to obtain a permit from the appropriate building permit office in your town. You can check with your local public works department to be sure.
Most Schwertner dumpster rental companies will take care of securing this permit for you if you rent from them. Make sure that if you're planning to put the dumpster on the street, the company has made the appropriate arrangements. You should also ensure that you get the permit in a timely manner and at the correct cost. If you thought the dumpster company was getting a permit and they did not, you will be the one who will have to pay the fine that is issued by the authorities.
Companies utilize rubbish rental services to dispose their squander on completion of their creation process taking the responsibility intended for environmental considerations. industries usually requires significant sized Dumpster to dispose their squander without these people harming the surroundings. The industrial squander also includes construction waste that is result of construction work in advance for different assignments.
You can pick the company around your place intended for convenience and also avoiding high hidden costs that the company may demand for travelling. These companies collect the trash from the place and also dispose the same or recycle it.
Immediately after choosing the size, the next step will be to verify with all the renter just how much weight can be allowed from the container. It is important to choose the right weight reduce, because if the actual contents exceed the amount specified an additional demand is usually extra to the rental cost.
Dumpsters are available in different sizes and choosing the best one is important for the reason that bigger dumpster you end up picking, the more you will be charged. If you are doing a house remodeling or residence expansion task, then you will possess to deal with many waste, that may require a dumpster sized 30-40 cubic feet. Selecting the best dumpster size not simply determines the price tag on these services, it also determines the way effectively you may move the actual waste from the property.
Remember to verify which what you prepare to put in your current 40 Yard Dumpster in Schwertner, TXs, garbage can rentals or perhaps disposal bins are allowed. Additionally you want to look at the pricing in advance and allow the actual sales person reveal your options intended for sizes and just how much. Just about all companies that are experts in 40 Yard Dumpster in Schwertner, TXs or perhaps garbage bin rentals in various metropolitan areas and states have different bases for charges. A number of charge weekly, others just by each insert taken away. A number of charge through the ton or perhaps material broke up with. Obviously, you need to ask about the company's charging framework when you are arranging and figure out which package is going to suit your needs the most effective. You would hate to find out the morning you are having your party, or perhaps tearing down your garage that you are not able to use the dumpster or perhaps garbage bins for your reason anyone intended.
Rent any dumpster services usually charge using a basic price tag and daily fee. It is also possible to keep costs down by only purchasing units for a very certain time frame, although that can at times make points difficult for assignments that over manage. Most depots present you with a long term price reduction, so be sure to check as soon as booking your current unit.
Lease Duration: Just how long do you need the actual dumpster for? Dumpsters is usually rented through the month or perhaps on a long term basis (commonly with a 12-month contract). Keep in mind that when you keep a short term roll-off longer than the actual previously agreed upon lease duration, there can be additional charges associated with an average $15-$50 every day.
When a organization or home owner decides on how big is dumpster that their house requires, they then need to commence evaluating rental organizations. The main thing which separates rental firms that may seem equivalent is their service. The person leasing the dumpster requirements to know whether would like the entire dumpster to be removed and a another one put in it is place just about every pick up, or maybe if the dumpster they have will be purged into a pick up truck and put back as a replacement.
Execute it is also been observed than many companies are also hiring these companies. So the very next time when you see massive heap involving trash soon after party than simply relaxed since you know that persons from junk provider take their method!!!!! It takes on crucial role in keeping the location roads along with streets fully clean - Even more, it will supply you with fresh air in order to breathe when you are running around your home spot. Therefore, to put it briefly, it aspires for cleanser and balanced lifestyles close to your natural environment.
Keeping your internet site safe and clean is achievable with a dumpster. Several sizes can be purchased including a rolling dumpster. Sometimes this specific dumpster is too tiny for a redevelopment project such as a vacant home remodeling. A larger dumpster may be needed such as a 12-15 yd. dumpster or a Something like 20 yd. dumpster. The dumpster should be placed in a great easily assessable area for quick and easy waste removal along with pick-up and shipping. Ordering on the internet makes the method quicker. Keep your renovation jobs looking excellent 24-7 with a structure 40 Yard Dumpster in Schwertner.
Remaining loyal to one rental firm would be the very best decision produced. This is because when you are a regular purchaser, you are more prone to get reductions and unique treatments. When looking for one, make certain that it is a reliable company that offers limitless services. It therefore must be professional enough by having a brand. A brand brand is used to differentiate between positive and negative companies. It will offer well-timed services without having delays that's why should have created a good standing. The way in which clients are treated 's what is used to examine the company's brand. No 40 Yard Dumpster in Schwertner firm has a to certainly exploit your clients. The prices are very aggressive and should end up being affordable to any person. If you want to obtain the most affordable price, it's far better to go for a group owned rental instead of a privately owned rental. Neighborhood based types will always provide the best for your society as well as give back for the same community. There is always satisfaction in experiencing your cost being used for that benefit of your town.
You will probably ask what does a new dumpster Rental Company had reached do with redevelopment. Well, allow me to explain. Remodeling a major portion of your house will probably accumulate junk. And what about this old household furniture that you want to improve? Or perhaps many wall report that needs replacing too? All of these trashes will need a spot to be devote while the redevelopment is on-going, correct? Dumpsters are big receptacles that are used to hold trash prior to it being collected and brought to a landfill. They are widespread in restaurants and a commercial building but they they can double in a dwelling. If you are at present renovating your home or doing a bit of other type involving construction, it is vital to rent a new dumpster to ensure your current compound stays neat. Many rubbish is generated during structure therefore you want to get a professional firm that can present you with the services you need. There are various variables that you should bear in mind when you are deciding on the company for hiring rubbish receptacles.
Most well-respected along with professional structure companies have a tidy web page. Even householders with their first demo work ahead of these individuals will try along with organize his or her yard in order to move around without having stepping in old Two by fours with nails running trough these individuals, or previous and razor-sharp pieces of precious metal, etc. Furthermore, construction rubbish is a real risk to safety to any household or staff member. This is where a new roll off dumpster comes in quite handy.
You need a 40 Yard Dumpster in Schwertner, TX when you are redesigning your first residence. Whether it be redesigning your kitchen to revise it or maybe to enlarge an active bathroom, a new dumpster will definitely possibly be needed.
If you arrange a new dumpster for rent, you select the day along with time that you like to have it delivered outside of your house. Make sure that you have a clear location to put it as well as a clear space around it. You want to make sure that you could get to it very easily. Arrange to have it there before starting to ensure that you selected the right size, that you have room for it, and you may get started.
Some sort of dumpster is an National term meaning a garbage container. This garbage container is mobile phone and can thus be transferred around. The primary function of a new dumpster is saving trash momentarily of time before it is emptied right into a garbage truck links around it's possible two times a full week depending on the agreement. These kinds of dumpsters are used for disposal many kinds involving waste material and also recycling purposes. Apartments, colleges, businesses, offices and professional sites currently have dumpsters to store waste materials. Front loading-trucks, that have large prongs are widely-used to empty these types of dumpsters. They have hydraulics employed for lifting the dumpsters and then flip them to empty its material in the vehicles hopper.
Remaining dependable to one rental company would be the greatest decision created. This is because when you're a regular customer, you are much more likely to get reductions and particular treatments. When looking for one, be sure that it is a trustworthy company that has limitless solutions. It therefore possesses to be specialized enough with a logo. A brand logo is needed to differentiate in between good and bad corporations. It should provide timely solutions without flight delays hence really should have created a excellent reputation. The way customers are dealt with is what is needed to judge send out name. Zero 40 Yard Dumpster in Schwertner, TX company incorporates a right to make use of the clientele. The prices are very competitive and will be economical to anyone. If you need to find the lowest priced price, it is better to choose a community owned or operated rental rather than a privately operated rental. Community based ones will provide the great for the modern society and also supply back to the same modern society. There is always delight in seeing your cost being used for your benefit of your community.
Removing rubbish from the residence of a compelling hoarder is no basic task-it not only will involve a great deal of actual labor, but it's also a extremely tough emotional challenge for the hoarder, his or her family, along with anyone who has any kind of interest in the maintenance of the house in question. For these major rubbish removal work, especially those below time constraints, may be necessary if you want to speed up the process and extra homeowners added expenses like dumping fees and the fuel used to push load soon after load involving trash to the transfer station.
Please use the form below to contact us. We look forward to working with you and will get back to you as soon as possible. All fields are required


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Look Over This 10 Staging Tips and 20 Interior Design Ideas to Increase Small Bedroom Designs Visually The post 10 Staging Tips and 20 Interior Design Ideas to Increase Small Bedroom Designs V… appeared first on Lully .
Dusty blue walls and matching night stand. Love the deep indigo art that pops. Want to know what colors work best with blue? Here are five unexpected (& killer!) palettes to try.
Inspirations White Bedroom Sets For Any Decor
Mr & Mrs Wall Sign Above Bed Decor - Mr and Mrs Sign for Over Headboard - Home Decor Bedroom Wedding Gift (Item -
Reclaimed Wood Open or Floating Shelving Reclaimed Wood Open Shelving or Mantel Boards
✔ 64 very beautiful and comfortable bedroom decor ideas 20
Accent Wall Ideas Youll Surely Wish to Try This at Home Bedroom Living Room Ideas Painted Wood Colors DIY Wallpaper Bathroom Kitchen Shiplap Brick Stone Black Blue Rustic Green In Living Room Designs Grey Office Entryway Red Dark


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2013 LATFF Announces Winners
- Written by Admin TOA
- Published in Movie & Theather
- 0 comments
Second Los Angeles Turkish Film Festival announced this year's award recipients in short film category. The awards were presented at a ceremony in the Egyptian Theater. Running through 28 February - 03 March 2013, the Festival presented four awards: Award for Best Short Film, Audience Award and two Jury's Special Awards.
The head of this year's jury was headed by Semih Kaplanoğlu. The jury also included Belçim Bilgin, a talented actress from Turkey. The American jurors are Ron Yerxa, President of the Academy's Foreign Language Executive Committee; Howard A. Rodman, Vice President of the Writers Guild of America West and Academy Member; and lastly Rob Nilsson, director- producer, most notably winner of Caméra d'Or at the 1978 Cannes Film Festival.
Golden Egg Best Film Award winner is "Later" (Nazlı Elif Durlu). "Vanished Into Blue" (Abdurrahman Oner) has won Special Jury Award. "Mesut" (Hakan Hucum) has won both Audience and Special Jury Award.
Last modified onSaturday, 06 May 2017 10:07
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Frame Adaptor Set for UMAREX 2018 New Ver. G17 GBB
GUARDER 2019 New Frame use only.
Weight: 15 g
Material: Nylon, Stainless
Color: Black
Item # GLK-138
Fluted barrel for Marui G17 Material: Stainless Steel Very sturdy and will withstand the pressures of green gas Beautiful engraved Item# GM0345 For Airsoft Only!...View full product details
Fit for Tokyo Marui G18C / G17 RMR Slide - High pressure gas compatible, CO2/HPA ready.- More accuracy with stop in front of hopup.- More...View full product details
Model: 3rd Generation Caliber/System: 9x19 / Safe Action Length: 187mm / 7.36 inch Slide Length: 174mm / 6.85 inch Width: 32mm / 1.26 inch Slide...View full product details
Fit for Marui G17 / G26 GBB More Durable Material Decreasing the probability of leaking BBs into the Hop-up Base Decreasing the probability of leaking...View full product details


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A first time I have submitted to Leanne Coles MM 4-27: Monochrome Madness
Grass seeds at sunset
A bit closer
A first time I have submitted to Leanne Coles MM 4-27: Monochrome Madness
Grass seeds at sunset
A bit closer
In this Cee's Fun Foto Challenge: The Letter M the word used must have two M's anywhere in the word.
For this challenge I have used the word Common which is common among butterfly names
Common Albatross
Common Ringlet
Common Dart
Common Brown
Common Aeroplane
Common Yellow
Common Jezabel
Reflections on Life through poetry, essays and photos
a painter´s attempt to conquer the great white canvas
Wits End Photography
Creative Exploration in Words and Pictures
Dil se Dil tak...
To participate in the Ragtag Daily Prompt, create a Pingback to your post, or copy and paste the link to your post into the comments. And while you're there, why not check out some of the other posts too!
Flash Fiction, Poetry, and Short Stories
Mostly photographs with some words by this arty scientist...
Rural doctor, mom, writes poems, dance, sing.
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Framing Life
Making the most of The South African LIfestyle
quirks, quips & photo clicks
Art and Practice
Images brought to you by Bren and Ashley Ryan


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Addtional Tuebs
2x 6JI: 10 USD
2x 6N6: 20 USD
Upgrade and replace stock 6JI driver tubes with JAN 5654: 15 USD
Upgrade and replace stock 6JI driver tubes with M8100/CV4010: 50 USD
An SEPP (single-ended push pull) OTL circuit operating in Class-A, the Little Dot MK II greatly increases sound quality, dynamic range, output impedance, and harmonic distortion over the celebrated Little Dot II++.
The Little Dot MK II now also provides gain control of 3, 5, and 10 via internal DIP switches for fine-tuning so you can maximize synergy with almost any headphone you have, whether it be 32 ohms or 600!
The Little Dot MK II also gains the driver tube-rolling options from the rest of the MK-series with the ability to roll 6JI, WE403A/B, GE5654, M8100, CV4010, EF95, etc at its factory jumper setting, and with jumper pins shorted, EF92, CV131, and all equivalents and drop-in replacements!
Review of Little Dot MKII: Little Dot MK II Review @ Head-Fi
SEPP (Singled-ended Push Pull) OTL in Class-A
Input: Gold-Plated Unbalanced Phono (RCA) Jacks
Output: 1/4" Gold-Plated Stereo Headphone out
Driver Tubes: 6JI
Power Tubes: 6N6
Frequency Response: 20HZ - 50KHz (-1dB)
THD+N: 0.1% (50mW into 300 ohms)
Suitable Headphone Impedance: 32 - 600 ohms
Input Impedance: 50K ohms
Pre-Amplifier Output Impedance: 600 ohms
Pre-Amplifier Gain: 3-10x (also controlled via gain switches)
Pre-Amplifier Voltage: 10V RMS
Weight: 2.5 kg or 5.5 lbs.
1 Year Little Dot Warranty
Power Cord Note: Little Dot amplifiers ships with a standard Type-B power cord (American 3-pin or U-ground) suitable for use in areas such as North America, Japan, Taiwan, etc. If your country's outlets use other power cord types (ex. Schuko) you will need to provide you own power cord. You likely have several spares around your home, as any standard power cord (like your computer's power cord) will work perfectly fine. We do apologize for any inconvenience!
I am ordering this item for delivery to makati, philippines and need the 220V version. how long will it take to get to my address?投稿日: 15/06/16 11:33
Just ordered little dot Mk 2 Head amplifier with Lazada.sg through your company. I would like to order another pair of 6N6 and 6J1 as spare. Understand the 6J1 is 10USD and 6N6 is $20 USD . How can I order through Shenzhen Audio when the tubes are not available in your website. Please advice. Thanks. Michael. Payment mode by Paypal.投稿日: 15/12/18 17:52
Hi Bill, can you invoice me for a pair of 6N6 and a pair of M8100 instead of 6J1. I like try different tube that gives me different sound. Thanks. Michael投稿日: 15/12/21 18:34
Bonjour Prix en e) Euros( ? Votre délais rendu en France? Prix du transport? L'ampli peux t'il également servir sur des enceinte? Prix pour changer les tubes? Merci, Cordialement投稿日: 16/05/18 15:26
Hello! want to buy this. payment method - warning error. how to do?投稿日: 17/05/25 5:08
I have a Little Dot Mkii with a 110v power supply, but now I live in a country with 220v power. Can you sell me the 220v power supply to install in the Mkii?投稿日: 17/11/27 15:49
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