text:
Pre-treating water with non-thermal plasma
The present invention consists of a method of pre-treatment of adulterated water for distillation, including adulterated water produced during hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") of shale rock during natural gas drilling. In particular, the invention is directed to a method of treating adulterated water, said adulterated water having an initial level of bicarbonate ion in a range of about 250 ppm to about 5000 ppm and an initial level of calcium ion in a range of about 500 ppm to about 50,000 ppm, said method comprising contacting the adulterated water with a non-thermal arc discharge plasma to produce plasma treated water having a level of bicarbonate ion of less than about 100 ppm. Optionally, the plasma treated water may be further distilled.
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This application claims the benefit of U.S. Application Ser. No. 61/723,004, filed Nov. 6, 2012, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
This invention was made with government support under Contract No. DE-AC26-07NT42677 awarded by the Department of Energy (RPSEA Program). The government has certain rights in the invention.
The present invention consists of a method of pre-treatment of adulterated water for distillation, including adulterated water produced during hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") of shale rock during oil and natural gas drilling.
Natural gas production through hydraulic fracturing of shale formations is a rapidly accelerating field. Shale gas is now widely viewed in the U.S. as a key asset, which can bolster a more energy-independent future. In the midst of widespread optimism towards shale gas, certain environmental concerns have arisen that center on seismic effects of hydraulic fracturing as well as the aggressive consumption of water and, more importantly, possible pollution of local water resources by produced and flowback waters.
Frac/Produced water is the largest waste stream generated in the gas industry. It is a mixture of different organic and inorganic compounds. Due to the increasing volume requirements of water, the outcome and effect of discharging frac/produced water on the environment has become an increasingly significant issue of environmental concern. Many environmental activists worry that fracking fluids and produced water could contaminate nearby groundwater.
Even though fracking chemicals make up approximately 0.5% of the overall drilling fluids, this proportion still amounts to some 25,000 gal. (95,000 L) in a well with 5 million-gallons (19 million L) of water. Even in an ideal case, hydraulic fracturing can produce over 1 million gal. (3.8 million liters) of toxic, briny wastewater over the lifetime of an individual well. In western states like Texas, companies can store the wastewater in deep underground control wells, but in eastern states like Pennsylvania, geology makes that difficult. As a result, drillers have had to ship much of their wastewater to nearby municipal treatment plants by truck. Hence, the transportation of the frac/produced water itself becomes another environmental concern with additional burden to develop improved roadways for trucks.
Frac/produced water is conventionally treated using a range of physical, chemical, and biological methods. Since there are multiple needs that should be addressed in produced water treatment, a variety of different conventional methodologies have been used, including the following: activated carbon, various forms of filtration (such as sand filters, cartridge filters, multi-media filtration, membrane filtration), organic-clay adsorbers, chemical oxidation, UV disinfection, chemical biocides, air strippers, chemical precipitation, water-softening by the application of lime soda, clarifiers, settling ponds, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, evaporation, steam stripping, and acidification. In nearly all of the above cases, each modality of technology typically addresses only a single treatment target. For example, UV disinfection can only destroy bacteria and is unable to address any of the other objectives. Other processes that are potentially applicable to produced water treatment can be applied to only a limited number of basic functions.
The present invention is directed to surmounting some of these problems.
The present invention consists of a method of pre-treatment of adulterated water for distillation, including adulterated water produced during hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") of shale rock during oil and natural gas drilling. In particular, the invention is directed to a method of treating adulterated water, said adulterated water having an initial level of bicarbonate ion of at least about 250 ppm, said method comprising: (a) contacting the adulterated water with a non-thermal arc discharge plasma to produce plasma treated water having a level of bicarbonate ion of less than about 100 ppm; and (b) optionally distilling the plasma treated water.
The present application is further understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the subject matter, there are shown in the drawings exemplary embodiments of the subject matter; however, the presently disclosed subject matter is not limited to the specific methods, devices, and systems disclosed. In addition, the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. In the drawings:
The present invention introduces a new water treatment method using plasma—not as a means to generate active species—but rather, as a pre-treatment means to obviate mineral fouling and improve the efficiency of a subsequent distillation. In the example provided above, where vapor compression distillation is the distillation modality used, a plasma pre-treatment module invention softens water by removing bicarbonate ions and filtration is used to remove suspended solid particles.
The present invention is able to resolve multiple issues in the treatment of large volumes of both flowback water during the drilling phase and produced water during the production phase. Distillation—when feasible—is a robust method for purifying water of multiple target adulterants. Pre-treatment of produced water and flowback water using plasma makes distillation possible, feasible and energy efficient. In this way, multiple issues are addressed simultaneously.
The present invention may be understood more readily by reference to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying Figures and Examples, all of which form a part of this disclosure. It is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the specific products, methods, conditions or parameters described or shown herein, and that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments by way of example only and is not intended to be limiting of any claimed invention. Similarly, unless specifically otherwise stated, any description as to a possible mechanism or mode of action or reason for improvement is meant to be illustrative only, and the invention herein is not to be constrained by the correctness or incorrectness of any such suggested mechanism or mode of action or reason for improvement. Throughout this text, it is recognized that the descriptions refer to compositions and methods of making and using said compositions. That is, where the disclosure describes or claims a feature or embodiment associated with a composition or a method of making or using a composition, it is appreciated that such a description or claim is intended to extend these features or embodiment to embodiments in each of these contexts (i.e., compositions, methods of making, and methods of using).
In the present disclosure the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include the plural reference, and reference to a particular numerical value includes at least that particular value, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, for example, a reference to "a material" is a reference to at least one of such materials and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.
When a value is expressed as an approximation by use of the descriptor "about," it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. In general, use of the term "about" indicates approximations that can vary depending on the desired properties sought to be obtained by the disclosed subject matter and is to be interpreted in the specific context in which it is used, based on its function. The person skilled in the art will be able to interpret this as a matter of routine. In some cases, the number of significant figures used for a particular value may be one non-limiting method of determining the extent of the word "about." In other cases, the gradations used in a series of values may be used to determine the intended range available to the term "about" for each value. Where present, all ranges are inclusive and combinable. That is, references to values stated in ranges include every value within that range.
It is to be appreciated that certain features of the invention which are, for clarity, described herein in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. That is, unless obviously incompatible or specifically excluded, each individual embodiment is deemed to be combinable with any other embodiment(s) and such a combination is considered to be another embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any sub-combination. Finally, while an embodiment may be described as part of a series of steps or part of a more general structure, each said step may also be considered an independent embodiment in itself, combinable with others.
The transitional terms "comprising," "consisting essentially of," and "consisting" are intended to connote their generally in accepted meanings in the patent vernacular; that is, (i) "comprising," which is synonymous with "including," "containing," or "characterized by," is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps; (ii) "consisting of" excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claim; and (iii) "consisting essentially of" limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps "and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s)" of the claimed invention. Embodiments described in terms of the phrase "comprising" (or its equivalents), also provide, as embodiments, those which are independently described in terms of "consisting of" and "consisting essentially" of
When a list is presented, unless stated otherwise, it is to be understood that each individual element of that list, and every combination of that list, is a separate embodiment. For example, a list of embodiments presented as "A, B, or C" is to be interpreted as including the embodiments, "A," "B," "C," "A or B," "A or C," "B or C," or "A, B, or C."
Throughout this specification, words are to be afforded their normal meaning, as would be understood by those skilled in the relevant art. However, so as to avoid misunderstanding, the meanings of certain terms will be specifically defined or clarified.
The present invention includes methods of pre-treating water for distillation and methods including distillation. An arc discharge generated by plasma may be applied to water, which contains inorganic or organic adulterants, and suspended particles are subsequently (optionally) removed from plasma-treated water using a filtration means. According to the aforementioned aspects of the present invention, commonly found mineral ions, including but not limited to the bicarbonate ion, are reduced. Additionally, the pH level of the water is increased. According to these aspects of the present invention, especially the removal or reduction of bicarbonate ion levels, the water is usefully produced and effectively pre-treated for the process of distillation or other further purification methods.
Produced water is water from a reservoir of gas or oil that flows to the surface with gas or oil during the life of the well. Flowback water is water that comes out during the drilling phase. The present invention utilizes arc generated plasma to pre-treat the produced water, flowback water, or both, optionally prior to distillation. According to one embodiment of the invention, this arc is generated by a gliding arc plasmatron, which uses compressed gas (including air, oxygen, or a combination thereof) to glide the arc along the circumference of two electrodes. According to a specific embodiment of the invention, the plasmatron is used in water-cathode mode (i.e., where the plasmatron is grounded and the water has a high potential voltage), wherein the arc generates electrons, oxygen ions, hydroxyl ions, UV, and other active plasma species. One of the major reactions in water is the dissociation of bicarbonate ions, thus reducing the concentration of the bicarbonate ions in water while making water acidic. When the bicarbonate ions are significantly reduced to low, very low, negligible, or near-zero levels, it is difficult or impossible for calcium ions to create typical fouling problems (i.e., mineral fouling or scaling). As such, the distillation unit which lies distal to the plasma-based pre-treatment module can be operated without fouling problems. This important effect is present despite high concentrations of calcium ions in the water.
There are a large number of treatment technologies used for the treatment of produced water, which include activated carbon, various filters, organic-clay adsorbers, chemical oxidation, UV disinfection, biocides, air stripper, chemical precipitation, lime-soda softening, clarifiers, settling ponds, ion exchangers, multi-media filtration, membrane filtration, sand filters, cartridge filters, reverse osmosis, evaporation, steam stripping, and acidification. Additionally, plasma-based water treatment is a broad field of existing technologies.
The present invention is unique insofar as plasma is used as a pre-treatment means prior to distillation. The important, robust active species created by plasma discharge, including electrons, oxygen ions, hydroxyl ions, ultraviolet radiation, among others—while helpful to oxidize organic constituents, polymers, dissolved gases, and many other—are not central to this invention. Rather, it is the novel and unique impact of bicarbonate reduction and acidification of target waters, such as produced water, that is the focus the present invention. As such, plasma treatment is strictly for pre-treatment of a distillation means wherein mineral fouling is disabled.
A key impact of the present invention is increased energy efficiency. Heat exchangers and heating elements which are free of mineral scale are more energy efficient ceteris paribus. By incorporating the most energy efficient distillation modules, such as advanced vapor compression distillation, with the present invention, energy efficiency is increased further. For example, it is estimated that energy savings on the order of 50% relative to the distillation may be realized by this plasma pre-treatment (performance losses due to mineral fouling estimated to be on the order of 70% to 90%).
Certain embodiments provide methods for pre-treating water, each method comprising treating adulterated water, said adulterated water having an initial level of bicarbonate ion of at least about 250 ppm, each method comprising: (a) contacting the adulterated water with a non-thermal arc discharge plasma to produce plasma treated water having a level of bicarbonate ion of less than about 100 ppm; and (b) optionally distilling the plasma treated water. That is, the plasma treated water may or may not be further distilled.
In certain of these embodiments, the adulterated water comprises flowback water produced during drilling or water otherwise produced during hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") of shale rock during natural gas or oil drilling.
In other embodiments, the adulterated water has an initial level of bicarbonate ion of at least about 500 ppm. In other independent embodiments, the adulterated water has an initial level of bicarbonate ions in the range having a lower boundary of about 250 ppm, about 500 ppm, about 1000 ppm, about 2500 ppm, about 5000 ppm and independently having an upper boundary of about 5,000 ppm or 10,000 ppm. In one exemplary, non-limiting example, the initial level of bicarbonate ion is in the range of from about 500 ppm to about 5,000 ppm.
In other independent embodiments, the plasma treated water has a bicarbonate ion level less than about 100 ppm, 50 ppm, about 25 ppm, about 10 ppm, about 5 ppm, or about 2 ppm. In some embodiments, the bicarbonate ion level is practically undetectable. In certain embodiments, the plasma treated water has a bicarbonate ion level in the range having a lower boundary of 1 ppm, about 2 ppm, about 3 ppm, about 4 ppm, about 5 ppm, about 10 ppm, about 15 ppm, about 20 ppm, or about 25 ppm and independently having an upper boundary of about 100 ppm, 50 ppm, about 25 ppm, about 10 ppm, about 5 ppm. In one exemplary, non-limiting example, the initial level of bicarbonate ion is in the range of from about 10 ppm to about 50 ppm.
In certain of these embodiments, the adulterated water comprises water produced during hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") of shale rock during natural gas drilling.
In other embodiments, the adulterated water has an initial level of calcium ions of at least about 1000 ppm. In other independent embodiments, the adulterated water has an initial level of calcium ions in the range having a lower boundary of about 500 ppm, about 1000 ppm, about 2500 ppm, about 5000 ppm, about 10,000, about 25,000, or about 50,000 ppm and independently having an upper boundary of about 100,000 ppm, about 50,000 ppm, about 40,000 ppm, about 30,000 ppm, about 20,000 ppm, about 15,000 ppm, about 10,000 ppm, or about 5,000 ppm. In one exemplary, non-limiting example, the initial level of calcium ions is in the range of from about 500 ppm to about 50,000 ppm.
Non-thermal plasmas useful in the present invention may be generated by a variety of means, including being generated by a gliding arc discharge or spark discharge (i.e., spark discharge in the presence of injected added air, oxygen, a combination thereof, or another gas). Distillation may be achieved by conventional thermal, vacuum, or vapor compression distillation. Some exemplary treatment options are provided as follows.
Component 1. Plasma Treatment: Plasma treatment is preferably performed using a gliding arc discharge. In some embodiments, the water itself acts as cathode. In other embodiments, the water acts as the anode. In either case, a variety of electrodes and water may be configured to provide the requisite plasma into the water. For example, in certain embodiments, a gliding arc plasma is developed in a plasmatron chamber comprising at least one hollow electrode, and at least part of the adulterated water is injected axially into the plasma through this hollow electrode. In another embodiment, a gliding arc plasma is developed in a hollow plasmatron chamber, and the adulterated water is injected radially into the plasma zone. In yet another embodiment, a gliding arc plasmatron is submerged into the water to be treated, after which a gliding arc plasma is initiated within the plasmatron, said plasma contacting the water directly. In other embodiments, at least part of the water is injected into the submerged plasmatron, specifically into the vapor bubble created by the plasma jet
Implicit in the use of gliding arc plasma in these applications is the concomitant injection of air, oxygen, other gas, or a combination thereof during the formation of the gliding arc plasma, in order to maintain the gliding arc. In other plasma generating methods (for example, using spark discharge), it is also necessary to inject added air, oxygen, a combination thereof, or another gas, in order for plasma to be discharged successfully in the adulterated water.
Individual gliding arc plasma reactors used in the present invention are typically operated in a range of from about 800 V to about 10 kV, preferably in a range of from about 1000 to about 1500 V, and an average current in a range of from about 2 to about 50 A, preferably in a range of from about 5 to about 30 A, or from about 10 to about 30 A. Having said this, in any given application, individual gliding arc reactors may be operated at even higher voltages or in arrays of multiple reactors to provide power levels of about 5 to 10 kilowatts, or higher.
In certain embodiments, non-thermal plasmas may be generated using spark discharge techniques, in which the spark discharge being generated by a plurality of high voltage pulses (a) at a rate in a range of from about 1 to about 2000 pulses per second, with exemplary frequencies in a range of from about 1 to about 10 Hz, from about 10 to about 100 Hz, from about 100 to about 1000 Hz, from about 1 kHz to about 2 kHz, or a combination thereof, depending on application; (b) each pulse having a duration in a range of from about 10 nanosecond to about 10 microseconds, preferably 50-100 nanoseconds; (c) each pulse having an intensity in a range of about 10 J to about 500 J per pulse, preferably about 20 J/pulse; or (d) a combination thereof.
In part because of the plasma energies, and in part because of the presence or injection of air, oxygen, or both during or concomitant with the generation of the plasma, it appears that much higher levels of hydrogen ions are produced in the instant methods, than in other plasma-water treatment methods. This provides for a mechanism that is fundamentally different than previous applications of non-thermal plasma to water, whose purpose and effect was to precipitate calcium carbonate. Since the present methods appear to reduce the bicarbonate levels by virtue of the production of much higher levels of acid by the plasma, they do not necessarily result in the precipitation of calcium carbonate, even in the presence of calcium ions. Even in the presence of particulate calcium carbonate, the higher acid levels dissolve the particulates to form calcium ions with the associated formation and decomposition of carbonic acid to form water and CO2.
In any case, this gliding arc has been shown by this present invention to reduce the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the flowback or produced water. As a result of bicarbonate reduction, calcium ions present in produced water are unable to bind to their normal mineral fouling substrate in the presence of higher energies from applied heat or pressure. Therefore, the application of heat or pressure distills the water without mineral fouling/scaling.
Note, active plasma species such as e−, O−2, and OH−, and UV generated from the gliding arc and spark discharge also destroy bacteria in a highly robust manner and effectively oxidize organic constituents such as hydrocarbons, high molecular weight organic acids (added as drag-reducing polymers), surfactants, biocides, dissolved gases, anti-scaling agents, corrosion inhibitors, and hydrate inhibitors. These are added strengths of the present modality.
The present invention of plasma pre-treatment of produced water includes a plasma-induced "softening" process. In one embodiment, water is softened by a gliding arc generated between two electrodes with the top electrode used as cathode and the bottom as anode. Due to the tangential flow of compressed air in the space between the two electrodes, arc moves circumferentially and exits through a hole at the bottom circular disk electrode, which forms an arc jet. This is called a plasmatron and is known in the art. The present invention is a method for using plasma generators such as a plasmatron specifically for the pre-treatment of produced water, bicarbonate reduction, and increased energy efficiency of distillation.
At the plasmatron, when water is connected to the ground electrode with another electrode as a negative high voltage, it is referred as water-anode mode. Conversely, when water is connected to a negative high-voltage electrode, it is referred as water-cathode mode. The present invention can utilize either water-anode or water-cathode mode although the water-cathode mode is a more efficient, preferred mode.
Additional schematics of exemplary gliding arc plasma systems are shown on
To improve contact between produced water and the plasma discharge part of the water can also be injected into plasma zone (
Another alternative exemplary version of plasma jet produced in gliding arc plasmatron with fracking water is shown at
Yet another modification of gliding arc plasma system is shown in
Component (2). Advanced Filtration: The method methods described herein may further comprise removing solids from the plasma treated water, for example by centrifugation or filtration. Any effective filtration system could be used here as a component of the present method for produced water treatment. We provide a specific example of an advanced plasma-enhanced filtration system comprised of a self-cleaning filter using a spark discharge sending shock waves to continuously remove particulates from filter orifices. Both TDS (total dissolved solids) and TSS (total suspended solids) levels are significantly reduced after filtration.
Component (3). Vapor-Compression Distillation (VCD): Using VCD, produced water is converted to distilled water. This process is orders of magnitude more energy efficient than conventional thermal distillation, although conventional thermal distillation might also be used as an alternative here. In addition, the VCD process removes any residual dissolved gases, hydrocarbons, and other constituents. According to the current state-of-the-art, VCD is limited by mineral fouling, resulting in catastrophic failure of the distillation system. In the present invention, however, the plasma treatment removes bicarbonate ions in produced water, leaving remaining calcium ions unable to bind to their normal mineral fouling substrate. Therefore, even when the adulterated water contains extremely high calcium ion concentrations and extremely high concentrations of other inorganic and organic constituents as can be found in produced water, the distillation process can be performed without the fouling problem.
Certain embodiments of the present invention use VCD systems. For this example of produced water treatment, the VCD system has the specific goal of removing sodium and chloride ions as well as other adulterants from frac/produced water. Distilled water is pure water. Plasma pre-treated water has been demonstrated by the inventors to have significantly reduced concentrations of bicarbonate ions as well as reduced TDS/TSS. Thus, mineral fouling does not materially occur in the VCD unit.
In addition, the VCD used in certain embodiments recovers most of the thermal energy so that the VCD process can be run at a cost of energy far lower than any thermal distillation system. Note that since a vapor compressor is used to generate a superheated water vapor instead of boiling water, there is no additional energy cost other than the compressor work. The thermal energy in the superheated vapor will be almost completely recovered in condenser where the incoming cold water is heated to 98° C. prior to entering to distillation chamber. In order to start the VCD unit, a start-up electric heater is used, which will be turned off once the water temperature inside the VCD unit reaches about 98° C., reaching the steady-state thermal conditions.
These embodiments have a profound advantage over other conventional VCD process, which must be operated with extremely soft water with calcium ion concentration of 10 ppm or less.
The invention also contemplates those apparatuses useful or necessary for carrying out these methods, such as the equipment described herein.
The following listing of embodiments is intended to complement, rather than displace or supersede, the previous descriptions.
Embodiment 1. A method of treating adulterated water, said adulterated water having an initial level of bicarbonate ion of at least about 250 ppm, said method comprising: (a) contacting the adulterated water, under optionally aerobic conditions, with a non-thermal arc discharge plasma to produce plasma treated water having a level of bicarbonate ion of less than about 100 ppm; and (b) optionally distilling the plasma treated water.
Embodiment 2. The method of Embodiment 1, the adulterated water being flowback water or water produced during hydraulic fracturing of shale rock during oil or natural gas drilling.
Embodiment 3. The method of Embodiment 1 or 2, the adulterated water having an initial level of bicarbonate ion in the range of from about 200 ppm to about 5,000 ppm.
Embodiment 4. The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 3, the adulterated water having an initial level of bicarbonate ion of at least about 1000 ppm.
Embodiment 5. The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 4, the plasma treated water having a bicarbonate ion level less than about 50 ppm.
Embodiment 6. The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 5, the plasma treated water having a bicarbonate ion level in the range of from about 10 ppm to about 50 ppm.
Embodiment 7. The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 6, the non-thermal arc discharge plasma being generated by a gliding arc discharge.
Embodiment 8. The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 7, further comprising removing solids from the plasma treated water.
Embodiment 9. The method of Embodiment 8, the removing of solids from the plasma treated water being accomplished by filtering.
Embodiment 10. The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 8, where part of treated water injected axially through the capped hollow electrode into gliding arc.
Embodiment 11. The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 8, where part of treated water injected radially into plasma zone.
Embodiment 12. The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 8, where gliding arc plasmatron submerged into water to be treated.
Embodiment 13. The method of any one of Embodiments 1 to 8, where gliding arc plasmatron submerged into water to be treated and part of water injected into the bubble created by plasma jet.
Overview: Several studies were undertaken to demonstrate new methods for preventing scaling in produced water. The study was conducted in two parts, each with their own objectives, as shown in
Water hardness consists of permanent (i.e., calcium) hardness and temporary (bicarbonate) hardness. The plasma used in this study is ionized gas having concentrated energy with highly localized temperature increases near the arc of the GAD. The geometry of the GAD system and its ability to distribute plasma in water makes it well suited to alter water chemistry, including the bicarbonate ion concentration, in water. Although the present study focuses on the ability of the GAD to prevent mineral fouling in produced water, the GAD can also oxidize hydrocarbons and inactivate microorganisms in produced water, which are topics that will be studied and reported in the future. It is known that GAD produces H+ ions in water, thereby reducing the pH of water. The H+ ions react with bicarbonate ions in produced water, converting them to H2O and CO2 (gas). Detailed geometry and specifications of the GAD used in the treatment of produced water have been reported in
In many industries, the removal of temporary hardness by the addition of lime (i.e., CaO or Ca(OH)2) is a common practice, and lime-softening of water is a highly effective chemical means for preventing fouling. The drawback of adding lime is that it increases the solid content of CaCO3 sludge, in effect increasing the overall cost of disposal to landfills or landfarms, which is an important economic and environmental driver in the treatment of produced water. Since the removal of temporary hardness using plasma discharges has not been previously reported in scientific literature or in industry publications, it is necessary to demonstrate the efficacy of calcium carbonate scaling prevention in plasma-treated produced water.
Experimental Methods
A plasma gliding arc discharge configured for reverse tornado flow was utilized to generate air plasma, which was applied to produced water for treatment. The plasma GAD reactor consisted of a 1-L reservoir and a GAD plasma generator connected to a power supply and a compressed air line. Feed water entered the reactor using a peristaltic pump. For safety, a snorkel ventilation unit was employed directly above the setup for safe extraction of air and vapor from the system to outside of the laboratory. For the first part of this study, produced water samples from hydraulic fracturing for shale gas were used (Springville, Pa.).
At the beginning of each test, 700 mL of produced water was isolated into a 1-L beaker. At baseline, 50 mL of this sample was extracted with a syringe, and laboratory assessments including alkalinity and pH measurements were performed. The remaining 650 mL volume was loaded into the cylindrical plasma reactor, and plasma power was turned on. The power supply parameters for generation of plasma were recorded, including voltage and current. After 10 min, plasma power was turned off, and 50-mL of treated water was sampled for laboratory assessments including bicarbonate ion concentration. These tests were repeated a total of six times, and the results are reported in Table 1.
For six additional tests, plasma treatment was continued beyond 10 min until the bicarbonate concentration was reduced to zero. Water samples of 50-mL volume were extracted every 10 min for one hour. Laboratory assessments were performed on all extracted water samples to assess the time required to achieve bicarbonate removal (i.e., time to zero bicarbonate) as reported in Table 1. During testing water was re-circulated at a flow rate of 50-200 mL/min using the peristaltic pump. Bicarbonate concentration was determined based on the assumption that alkalinity was due almost entirely to hydroxides, carbonates, or bicarbonates and furthermore that over the measured pH range, alkalinity was specifically due completely to bicarbonate.
While the first part of this study utilized produced water samples from a Marcellus shale gas well as previously described, the second part of the study employed municipal or distilled water with bicarbonate and calcium artificially added to tap or distilled water. This was done to verify that bicarbonate removal might be able to serve as a mechanism for scale prevention. The use of produced water for the fouling component of this study, on the other hand, would have been expected to result in oversaturation of NaCl, which could interfere with quantification of scale formation.
A schematic diagram of the fouling test facility is given in
A cylindrical cartridge-type heating element was used having dimensions as follows: outside diameter=15.65 mm and length=154 mm. The cylindrical cartridge-heating element was installed in the boiler vessel through a port in the sidewall of the vessel. It should be noted that the heating element had unheated sections at both ends (approximately 10 mm at the free end and 25 mm at the fixed end; see sections marked X in
Upon the completion of each fouling test, the variable transformer was used to turn the power to the heating element off. Then, the cut-off valve between the tank and floating ball valve was closed to prevent any additional water from flowing from the reservoir to the vessel. The tubing between the floating ball valve and the reservoir tank was also disconnected for cleaning prior the next test.
Prior to fouling tests, the following measurements were taken of the heating element: weight and diameter at eight points along the axial direction each spaced 22 mm apart from 0 to 154 mm, which were used as the baseline data. Upon the completion of the fouling test (at t=30 h), the power to the heating element was turned off, and water in the vessel was pumped out using a peristaltic pump at a low flow rate, in order to minimize the physical disturbances upon any scale that had formed on the heating element. The heating element was allowed to cool to room temperature for 30 min before the element was removed. Then, the heating element was placed on a white sheet of paper on the laboratory bench and allowed to dry for one hour before a photograph was taken.
Subsequently, the change in weight from t=0 to 30 h was determined in order to quantify the magnitude of scale that had accumulated on the heating element. The amount of the accumulated scale was measured using a laboratory balance (Model VB-302A, Virtual Measurements & Control, Santa Rosa, Calif.). The thickness of the scale layer in the heating element was then determined by measuring the diameter of the heating element before and after the fouling test at 8 equidistant points along the axial direction using a digital caliper (Cen-Tech model, Harbor Freight Tools, Calabasas, Calif.).
After the completion of fouling tests and assessments of the heating element, small pieces of the scale approximately 1 cm×1 cm in size were removed from the element using a razor blade and submerged in 200 mL of distilled water to ascertain whether or not the scale from the heating element would dissolve in water over the duration of 24 h; upon seeing that the scale had not been dissolved in the distilled water for any of the three test cases, it was concluded that the scale was an insoluble compound such as CaCO3 and not a soluble salt such as sodium chloride (NaCl). This is also strongly supported by the fact that the test fluid only contained two major chemicals, CaCl2 and NaHCO3, with a limited amount of Na+ (see Table 2A).
The desired composition of fouling test water used in the present study was achieved by mixing an appropriate proportion of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as shown in Table 2A. Water samples for fouling tests (a) and (b) used municipal water (Camden, N.J.), whereas that for fouling test (c) was prepared using distilled water.
To prepare the fouling test water samples, a large reservoir tank was filled with 38 L of water. Anhydrous CaCl2 powder (96%, extra pure, Acros Organics) was added to the reservoir with gentle stirring (done by hand using a stainless steel rod), and the CaCl2 in water solution was left to dissolve for 10 min following artificial water-hardening procedures previously utilized by our research group. For fouling test (a), anhydrous NaHCO3 powder (USP/FCC, Fisher Chemical) was slowly added (over the course of 10 min) into the reservoir, while gently stirring with a long metal rod. This solution was then left to sit for 5 min.
Prior to initiating fouling test runs, water from the makeup reservoir filled the steel vessel to a pre-determined line on its sidewall marking 3.8 L volume, at which point the floating ball valve automatically restricted water flow from the reservoir to the vessel. The water level in the makeup reservoir tank was recorded at the beginning of the test and recorded repeatedly at 6-h intervals over the test duration of 30 h. At the end of each fouling test, the volume of the water sample remaining in the reservoir was measured by emptying the remaining water into a graduated cylinder.
Water for chemistry analysis was sampled at t=0 h using a 50-mL syringe to extract a total 200-mL sample from the steel boiler vessel at each sampling time point. The first sample was used for initial laboratory assessments of water chemistry at baseline (i.e., t=0 h) for alkalinity, calcium hardness, total dissolved solids, salinity, conductivity, and pH. At t=6, 12, 24, and 30 h, the water level in the makeup reservoir was recorded, and then a 200-mL water sample was again extracted from the vessel in a similar manner. Samples were taken from the middle of the vessel volume while the heating element was turned on. Actual laboratory assessments of the water samples were performed after water samples reached room temperature and always within 20 h of the completion of each fouling test.
Water chemistry analyses of samples were conducted using a number of different measurement equipment and techniques. Water hardness was measured using a HI 3842 Hardness Range (400-3000 mg/L) chemical test kit from Hanna Instruments (Woonsocket, R1). Alkalinity was measured using a Carbonate Hardness/Alkalinity Test Kit from Salifert (Duiven, Netherlands). The pH and electric conductivity were measured using a MP521 Type pH/Electric Conductivity meter provided by SANXIN (Shanghai, China). Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) was measured by using a procedure similar to EPA 160.1 Total Dissolved Solids Test Method [13]. For the evaporation component of the TDS measurement procedures, the weight of a porcelain evaporating dish was measured before and after filling the dish with a 100-mL test water sample which was then heated using a laboratory hot plate (model Cimarec 3, Thermolyne, Dubuque, Iowa), to evaporate the liquid until solid particles were left inside the dish. The weight change of the evaporating dish provided a measure of the amount of solids, and this quantity was divided by the volume of water evaporated to give a value of TDS. Mass measurements were performed using a precision laboratory balance (Sartorius GP603S, Data Weighing Systems, Elk Grove, Ill.).
For the plasma component of this study the GAD was applied directly to produced water, and observed was a decrease in the concentration of bicarbonate ions in produced water as shown in Table 1. The baseline concentration of bicarbonate ions in produced water samples used in the present study was in the range of 680-780 ppm. The post-treatment bicarbonate concentration ranged from 0 to approximately 500 ppm during the present fouling tests. All 12 of the plasma GAD tests reported in Table 1 showed a decrease in bicarbonate concentration for the produced water samples following GAD treatment. This phenomenon was observed by measuring the bicarbonate concentration at time, t=0 min and t=10 min. For six of these tests (tests 7-12), after sampling at 10 min, plasma power was left on and allowed to continue running to investigate whether or not complete removal of bicarbonate content was possible. Water samples were taken for laboratory assessments every 10 min for a total of one hour of treatment. Plasma test 7 showed complete removal from 760 ppm to zero bicarbonate within 50 min; plasma tests 8 to 11 showed complete removal from 747 ppm, 684 ppm, 752 ppm, and 685 ppm respectively within 30 min; and, plasma test 12 showed complete bicarbonate removal from 685 ppm within 20 min. It can be observed from Table 1 that the treatment time required before complete bicarbonate removal was seen, decreased by more than half from 50 minutes to 20 minutes from test 7 to test 12. Reasons for this dramatic difference in the plasma treatment time required to completely remove bicarbonate content were not clear. Because of the use of compressed air to drive the gliding arc, the GAD is a highly dynamic system. Additional research is necessary to study the reason for these large differences in treatment time for achieving complete bicarbonate removal. It is noteworthy that the plasma GAD was able to decisively reduce bicarbonate in water and despite extremely high calcium ion concentrations in these produced water samples, when this water interacts with the heated surfaces of heat transfer equipment, mineral fouling such as that of CaCO3 should not occur. The secondary part of this study utilized fouling tests to clearly show the benefits of supplying bicarbonate-depleted process water into a heat transfer system.
Table 2A shows the initial conditions for the three fouling test cases. The average baseline calcium ion concentration for all three tests in the present study was 5,000 ppm, ranging from 4,800 to 5,200, whereas the bicarbonate concentrations varied from 7 to 445 ppm. For the water prepared for fouling test (b), NaHCO3 powder was not added to municipal water, but the concentration of bicarbonate ions was 118 ppm, reflecting the bicarbonate ions in the municipal water. Although distilled water was used for fouling test (c), a small amount of bicarbonate ions (i.e., 7 ppm) was already present in the distilled water. The pH values of the three water samples varied slightly. Both electric conductivity and salinity were relatively high in all three water samples due to the addition of CaCl2.
The present study explored the potential for a robust strategy utilizing high voltage plasma discharge to remove carbonate hardness (by reducing bicarbonate concentration), while allowing for extremely high concentrations of calcium ions, especially in produced water treatment and desalination. This approach to fouling prevention has the potential for application in the treatment of very complex wastewaters, which upon undergoing a thermal process such as distillation, can result in profound fouling crystallization problems with a negative impact on fluid processing equipment. The best plasma GAD system in this study was plasma test 12 (see Table 1), which was capable of bringing bicarbonate concentration of the 650 mL of water from almost 700 ppm to 83 ppm within 10 minutes. In addition, plasma test 12 showed that bicarbonate content could be completely removed within 20-min GAD-treatment time.
The results presented in the fouling component of this study showed that given extremely high concentration of calcium ions, i.e. 5,000 ppm, and bicarbonate level as low as 7 ppm, the thickness of the CaCO3 layer on a 1 kw heater was under 0.03 mm as compared to a 1.85 mm thick layer for the case of a 445 ppm bicarbonate concentration. The fouling component of this study also provides experimental trendline data on the duration of time required to form scale given the aforementioned initial conditions of sample waters and system operating conditions.
While it is well-known that CaCO3 scale is caused by the combination of calcium ions and bicarbonate ions, to date, strategies for preventing formation of scale often emphasize removing hardness by reducing calcium content such as through reverse osmosis, ion exchange, the addition of soda ash (Na2CO3) or even electrochemical processes. In produced water, the concentration of calcium ions is often extremely high [1] such that its removal is generally impractical. Accordingly, the removal of bicarbonate ions is an alternative strategy for the purpose of softening. Conventionally, the removal of bicarbonate ions in hard water is accomplished by adding lime (CaO). However, this chemical approach increases the overall mass of solids which ultimately need to be disposed reflecting a concomitant increase in cost.
The present study introduces a new fouling prevention method using a plasma discharge as a non-chemical device targeting bicarbonate in produced water. Since the plasma arc discharge generates intense, highly localized heating, the arc can been utilized to remove bicarbonate ions in produced water as shown in this study. The fouling problems associated with CaCO3 particles are caused when both calcium ion and bicarbonate ion are present in water. By dissociating and releasing bicarbonate, this plasma-based methodology removes one of two key culprits in the fouling process without addition of other solid materials as in chemical treatment. The present study utilized a non-chemical, clean technology for removing bicarbonate ions in produced water. Subsequently, using fouling tests with artificially hardened municipal and distilled water, bicarbonate control was verified as a mechanism for CaCO3 fouling prevention.
Without intending to be bound by the correctness or incorrectness of any particular theory of operation, one proposed mechanism for the modulation of bicarbonate by plasma in water is the effect of intense, highly localized heating (or "stochastic heating") which dissociates bicarbonate ions to hydroxyl ions (OH−) and CO2 (gas). Subsequently, the hydroxyl ions react with other bicarbonate ions, producing carbonate ions (CO32−), which react with Ca2+ to form CaCO3 particles. However in the present case, the generation of H+ ions in water by plasma GAD is also capable of removing bicarbonate ions by converting them to H2O and CO2 (gas). This reaction in plasma treated produced water may provide the basis for a new non-chemical fouling prevention method.
For the fouling tests, the bicarbonate ion concentrations significantly dropped in the first 6 h in tests (a) and (b) (see
As those skilled in the art will appreciate, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of these teachings, and all such are contemplated hereby. For example, in addition to the embodiments described herein, the present invention contemplates and claims those inventions resulting from the combination of features of the invention cited herein and those of the cited prior art references which complement the features of the present invention. Similarly, it will be appreciated that any described material, feature, or article may be used in combination with any other material, feature, or article, and such combinations are considered within the scope of this invention.
The disclosures of each patent, patent application, and publication cited or described in this document are hereby incorporated herein by reference, each in its entirety.
1. A method of treating adulterated water, said adulterated water having an initial level of bicarbonate ion of at least about 250 ppm and an initial level of calcium ion of at least 500 ppm, said method comprising:
- (a) contacting the adulterated water with a non-thermal plasma to produce plasma treated water having a level of bicarbonate ion of less than about 100 ppm, wherein the non-thermal plasma is formed with the coincident injection of air, oxygen, or a combination thereof; and
- (b) optionally distilling the plasma treated water.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising distilling the plasma treated water.
3. The method of claim 1, the adulterated water being flowback water or water produced during hydraulic fracturing of shale rock during oil or natural gas drilling.
4. The method of claim 1, the adulterated water having an initial level of bicarbonate ion in the range of from about 500 ppm to about 5,000 ppm.
5. The method of claim 4, the adulterated water having an initial level of bicarbonate ion in the range of from about 1,000 ppm to about 5,000 ppm.
6. The method of claim 1, the plasma treated water having a bicarbonate ion level less than about 50 ppm.
7. The method of claim 6, the plasma treated water having a bicarbonate ion level in the range of from about 10 ppm to about 50 ppm.
8. The method of claim 1, the non-thermal plasma being generated by a gliding arc discharge.
9. The method of claim 1, the non-thermal plasma being generated by a spark discharge.
10. The method of claim 9, spark discharge being generated by a plurality of high voltage pulses at a rate in a range of from about 1 to about 2000 pulses per second.
11. The method of claim 9, spark discharge being generated by a plurality of high voltage pulses, each pulse having a duration in a range of from about 10 nanosecond to about 10 microseconds.
12. The method of claim 9, spark discharge being generated by a plurality of high voltage pulses, each pulse having an intensity in a range of about 10 J to about 500 J per pulse.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the contacting the adulterated water with the non-thermal plasma comprises using the water as an electrode to generate the plasma.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the contacting the adulterated water with the non-thermal plasma comprises injecting the adulterated water into a plasma zone generated between two electrodes.
15. The method of claim 1, further comprising removing solids from the plasma treated water.
16. The method of claim 15, the removing of solids from the plasma treated water being accomplished by filtering.
Referenced Cited
U.S. Patent Documents
|September 2, 2010
|January 20, 2011
|April 21, 2011
|January 17, 2013
Foreign Patent Documents
|June 2011
|December 2007
|October 2011
Other references
- Dors, M., "Plasma for Water Treatment", Centre for Plasma and Laser Engineering, the Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland, 2010, http://www.plastep.eu/fileadmin/dateien/Events/2011/110725—Summer—School/Plasma—water—treatment.
- Kim et al, "Concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide Generated by Gliding Arc Discharge and Inactivation of E. coli in Water", International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Mar. 2013, 42, 5-10.
- Yang et al, "Plasma Discharge in Water", Advances in Heat Transfer, 2010, 42, 179-292.
- Yang et al, "Applications of Plasma Discharge for the Prevention of Mineral Fouling in Heat Exchangers", Presented at International Water Conference, Oct. 24-28, 2010, 13 pages.
- Yang et al, "Application of Pulsed Spark Discharge for Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in Hardwater", Water Research, 2010, 44, 3659-3668.
- Yang, "Mechanism of Calcium Ion Precipitation From Hard Water Using Pulsed Spark Discharges", Plasma Chem Plasma Process, 2011, 31, 51-66.
- Gerrity et al, "An Evaluation of a Pilot-Scale Nonthermal Plasma Advanced Oxidation Process for Trace Organic Compound Degradation", Water Research, 2009, 1-12.
- Gallagher et al, "Rapid Inactivation of Airborne Bacteria Using Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Grating Discharge", IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Oct. 2007, 35(5), 1501-1510.
- Locke et al, "Electrohydraulic Discharge and Nonthermal Plasma for Water Treatment", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2006, 45(3), 882-905.
- Takahashi et al, "Water Purification Using Non-Thermal Plasma Driven by Blumlein-Line Stacked Pulsed Power Generator", J. Plasma Fusion Res. Series, 2009, 8, 1459-1462.
- Sugiarto, A., and Masayuki, S., "Pulsed Plasma Processing of Organic Compounds in Aqueous Solution", Thin Solid Films, May 2001, 386(2), 295-299.
Patent History
Type: Grant
Filed: Nov 5, 2013
Date of Patent: Jul 4, 2017
Patent Publication Number: 20140124357
Assignee: Drexel University (Philadelphia, PA)
Inventors: Young I. Cho (Cherry Hill, NJ), Alexander Fridman (Philadelphia, PA), Alexander Rabinovich (Cherry Hill, NJ), Daniel J. Cho (Wayne, PA)
Primary Examiner: Krishnan S Menon
Assistant Examiner: Bradley R Spies
Application Number: 14/071,990
International Classification: C02F 1/00 (20060101); C02F 1/04 (20060101); C02F 1/46 (20060101); C02F 1/461 (20060101);


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Typically a solitary animal, juvenile blacktip reef sharks will commonly conjugate in shallow regions during high tide. Vulnerable to larger predators, they will reside in shallower areas until larger in size. Blacktip reef sharks tend to be more active during dawn and dusk, but like most sharks they are opportunistic feeders. Their diet consists of crustaceans, squid, octopus, and bony fish.
Founded in 1996, the Reef Check Foundation exists to help preserve the oceans and reefs which are critical to our survival, yet are being destroyed. With headquarters in Los Angeles and volunteer teams in more than 90 countries and territories, Reef Check works to protect tropical coral reefs and California rocky reefs through education, research and conservation.
The Caribbean reef shark infrequently attacks humans. In general, a shark attack on a human is behaviorally similar to an attack upon natural prey. A human is more susceptible to being attacked if the shark is cornered and feels that there is no escape route. In situations like these, the shark may rake the victim during the attack resulting in lacerations.
A reef is a bar of rock, sand, coral or similar material, lying beneath the surface of water. Many reefs result from abiotic processes (i.e. deposition of sand, wave erosion planing down rock outcrops, and other natural processes), but the best known reefs are the coral reefs of tropical waters developed through biotic processes dominated by corals and coralline algae.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
This! It's the street dance.
- IMDB Rating:
- Year:2019
- Director(s):
- Actors:Yi Qianqian, Luo Zhixiang, Han Geng, Wu Jianhao
- Genre:歌舞/真人秀
Summary:"This! It is the second season of Street Dance, which is a variety of street dance selections produced by Youku and Canxing. The program adopts the "star captain + professional dancer" mode, and under the leadership of the four captains, it forms four teams, and competes through individual selection and team battle performance, and eventually produces a championship. May will be broadcast in Youku.
CCTV Lantern Festival in 2019
The 2019 CCTV Lantern Festival was created by the original team of the Spring Festival Evening. It is in the same line of style, content construction and beauty design, and it is built around the three main lines of traditional culture, artistic performance and party features. In terms of content presentation, it covers a variety of art forms such as songs, dances, cross talks, sketches, acrobatics, and magic. Feng Gong, who is familiar with the audience, such as "I want to die," is also back, performing the essay "Happy", while the Rocket Girl 101 brings the song "Youth Have You", Miao Wei, Wang Sheng, Cao Yunjin, Zhang Yishan It is worth looking forward to the cross talk performance "New 咱 also try one".
Creation camp 2019
#2019Tencent Video V Vision Conference #男 Youth Youth Program - Tencent Video "Creation 101 Season 2" by Di Lieba as the founder of the men's team.
This! It's hip-hop.
By Youku, Tianmao, Weibo, giant artists, jointly produced by Canxing, the 2018 New Year's Variety "This! It's hip-hop, which will be premiered on Youku. It's a large-scale reality show of hip-hop. The new competition system of "Star Tutor + Professional Dancer Reality Show" is adopted to subvert all traditional dance program modes. Excellent hip-hop dancers are recruited through "sea selection", and the links of "dancer close-up dance", "world top hip-hop dancers and domestic first-line stars lead PK", "international top hip-hop dancers customize individual hip-hop show for the participants" are set up, supplemented by professional stage. Lighting design, all-round creation of the ultimate beauty of dance, with the core of hip-hop to redefine the culture of young people.
Stage K
"Stage K" is a program of Kpop dance competitions from challengers from all over the world. Kpop fans around the world called "Challenger", in order to stand on the stage with the dream "Dream star", reproduce "Dream" The star's performance unfolds a fierce dance showdown. Although each period has a different "Dream star", "K-Leaders" will not change but will continue to play, helping the challenger like the predecessors.
Love beans
In an interview with the media, Cheng Zhiqing, director of JTBC's new variety show "Love Bean Room", revealed that "Love Bean Room" will be co-produced by the whole Zhou Couple team, including Zheng Hengdun and Defconn. "At present, JTBC does not have any music programs. With the growing volume of TV stations, there is a demand for love beans and music programs." So we are preparing a variety show based on love beans. At this time, Zheng Hengdun and Defconn get off from Zhou occasionally, and the original program group also get off from the program. We just need an emotional agreement with love beans and fans. Joint program group, also determined to do such a special beans program, "Director also revealed that Zheng Hengdun and Defconn are very emotional, hope to work together in JTBC to create a new work." For the current online expectations of the program, the director also said that "originally this program group is very good at making love beans variety arts, so you will hold such great expectations, we thank you for your praise of the program group and the host in the message, hoping to create an upgraded version of the Love Bean variety beyond the previous program." Referring to the positioning of the program, the director is also thorough. "We want to emphasize communication with the audience," Lu said. "Compared with other TV stations'Aidou variety show, I hope this program can dig deeper into Aidou bar."
2019 Jiangsu Satellite TV Lantern Festival
On February 19th, at 15:30 on the 15th of the first month, Jiangsu Satellite TV's Litchi Lantern Festival will be a joyous encounter, and celebrate the Lantern Festival with a number of celebrity big coffee.
Manet's new variety show "Somebody in the Ambiguous Dance" publishes information about ten contestants. The program is a new program to receive "Show methemoney 777". Ten male and female dancers will be invited to launch a program to observe the ambiguity between men and women. The program's name is taken from the abbreviation of dancing body and ambiguous Something. Dancers with both strength and facial value will shoot double dance MV together with their favorite objects to create a romantic relationship. The ten dancers in the program group are also widely involved. Korean traditional dance, ballet, hip hop, street dance, modern dance and so on are all available. It is also expected that the program will be shown in what form. It is expected that the program will be broadcast from the evening of 23.
2019 Hunan Satellite TV Lantern Festival
"Hunan Satellite TV Lantern Festival Evening" was broadcast on the evening of February 19, 2019 (the first lunar month of the lunar calendar). The party's big coffee gathering, the domestic top traffic niche and the flow of small flowers are present to celebrate the Lantern Festival with the audience.
Hot Blood Street Dance Troupe
The Hot Blood Street Dance Troupe, produced jointly by IQI and Sina Weibo, is produced by Chen Wei, senior vice president of IQI, Che Che, vice president of IQI, director of program music, and Liu Zhou, producer of music. At the same time, the program group also invited Tang Yan, a famous dancing beauty designer, to act as visual director.
This! It's the street dance.
"This! It is the second season of Street Dance, which is a variety of street dance selections produced by Youku and Canxing. The program adopts the "star captain + professional dancer" mode, and under the leadership of the four captains, it forms four teams, and competes through individual selection and team battle performance, and eventually produces a championship. May will be broadcast in Youku.


text:
The Selections from the Principles of Philosophy
By René Descartes
- Category: Philosophy, Books, Nonfiction
- Type: ebook
- Release Date: 1650-01-01
- File Size: 69.77KB
- Author: René Descartes
- App Ratings: 3.5/5 (8 App Reviews)
The Selections from the Principles of Philosophy Details
The present volume contains a reprint of the preface and the first part of the Principles of Philosophy, together with selections from the second, third and fourth parts of that work, corresponding to the extracts in the French edition of Gamier, are also given, as well as an appendix containing part of Descartes' reply to the Second Objections (viz. , his formal demonstrations of the existence of Deity). The translation is based on the original Latin edition of the Principles, published in 1644.
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"Some years, very good books win the Man Booker Prize, but this year a masterpiece has won it." —A.C. Grayling, Chair of Judges, Man Booker Prize 2014
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"An unforgettable story of men at war . . . Flanagan's prose is richly innovative and captures perfectly the Australian demotic of tough blokes, with their love of nicknames and excellent swearing. He evokes Evans's affair with Amy, and his subsequent soulless wanderings, with an intensity and beauty that is as poetic as the classical Japanese literature that peppers this novel." —The Times (London)
"Extraordinarily beautiful, intelligent, and sharply insightful . . . Flanagan handles the horrifyingly grim details of the wartime conditions with lapidary precision and is equally good on the romance of the youthful indiscretion that haunts Evans." —Booklist
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Richard Flanagan's THE NARROW ROAD TO THE DEEP NORTH.Aug 8, 2013 - Richard Flanagan's THE NARROW ROAD TO THE DEEP NORTH. I first heard about this. And I believe, deep down in my guts, in my heart and with every fibre of my being that he has got the story right. Richard. Download.


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Yet after three years with the firm, she was dissatisfied. She was spending all her time advising millionaires when she wanted to work with average Torontonians, especially women. She couldn't help noticing that most of her female friends were broke, confused and floundering. Online, her social media feeds were filled with panicky talk of recession budgets and empty wallets. There was one problem: those women couldn't afford to pay her, and she certainly couldn't afford to work for free. "I really wanted to do it," she says, "but I couldn't figure out a business model."
In late 2012, Toronto even got its own spinoff of Trade School, a model that originated in New York in 2010. The Toronto Trade School holds classes—on anything from spoken word to origami flower–making to bicycle maintenance—and invites students to "pay" with an item or service from the teacher's barter wish list. It has hosted more than 70 classes.
Adam Smith, the father of modern economics, sought to demonstrate that markets (and economies) pre-existed the state, and hence should be free of government regulation[citation needed]. He argued (against conventional wisdom) that money was not the creation of governments. Markets emerged, in his view, out of the division of labour, by which individuals began to specialize in specific crafts and hence had to depend on others for subsistence goods. These goods were first exchanged by barter. Specialization depended on trade, but was hindered by the "double coincidence of wants" which barter requires, i.e., for the exchange to occur, each participant must want what the other has. To complete this hypothetical history, craftsmen would stockpile one particular good, be it salt or metal, that they thought no one would refuse. This is the origin of money according to Smith. Money, as a universally desired medium of exchange, allows each half of the transaction to be separated.[3]
Yes…yes…yes! When I went to school to become a Registered Massage Therapist, and discovering how difficult it (still) is for a male RMT to get a legit job be it here or a small town, our instructor told us to consider bartering whenever possible. This was in a smaller city (100,000) where bartering can do well for you to make inroads with the Downtown Council, locally owned businesses; let's say for example a new yoga studio or health club or salon is opening. I bring my massage chair over and do free 10 minute chair massages and give out my business card, in exchange, the yoga groups can use my space if they need to add an extra class. The salon knows if they're doing a training on a day I'm not working, they can use my studio. Things like that.
Although, as a general case, a ship unlucky in falling in with whales continues to cruise after them until she has barely sufficient provisions remaining to take her home, turning round then quietly and making the best of her way to her friends, yet there are instances when even this natural obstacle to the further prosecution of the voyage is overcome by headstrong captains, who, bartering the fruits of their hard-earned toils for a new supply of provisions in some of the ports of Chili or Peru, begin the voyage afresh with unabated zeal and perseverance.
Companies may want to barter their products for other products because they do not have the credit or cash to buy those goods. It is an efficient way to trade because the risks of foreign exchange are eliminated. The most common contemporary example of business-to-business barter transactions is an exchange of advertising time or space; it is typical for smaller firms to trade the rights to advertise on each others' business spaces. Bartering also occurs among companies and individuals. For example, an accounting firm can provide an accounting report for an electrician in exchange for having its offices rewired by the electrician.
It was the fifth lasagna that did it. Three months into the project, Simmons had signed up over 80 Barter Babes, and every time she bartered her financial services, she seemed to get a lasagna in return. She was trying to shove yet another five-pound pasta dish into her freezer when the tears started to flow. "I don't need another lasagna!" she yelled at her boyfriend. "I need a haircut! I need a bicycle!" She was overwhelmed with doubts about her bartering experiment: I'm so ridiculous. What the hell was I thinking? This whole thing is never going to work. Trades weren't happening at the frequency she had anticipated, and Simmons was feeling depressed. She couldn't afford a dye job at a salon, and she had started gaining weight. She'd gone from ballin' to having $200 in her joint account.
For example, the market for national security payloads and NASA missions (James Webb is a notable exception, bartered between NASA and ESA) are typically closed to Arianespace. — Eric Berger, Ars Technica, "As the SpaceX steamroller surges, European rocket industry vows to resist," 20 July 2018 Friends told the British press that Rowley would often search dumpsters for items to barter or sell. — William Booth, Anchorage Daily News, "Woman exposed to nerve agent in southern England dies; police launch murder investigation," 9 July 2018 Anyone who unlawfully captures or kills a big game animal and then sells or barters the animal is guilty of a felony. — Dustin Gardiner, azcentral, "10 Arizona laws that actually exist: Private armies, food-wasting ban, windshield repairs," 27 June 2018 This early depiction suggests that although chocolate was being bartered at this point, it may not have been traded as a form of currency, Baron says. — Joshua Rapp Learn, Science | AAAS, "The Maya civilization used chocolate as money," 27 June 2018 To generate publicity, the cash is handed out at ceremonies held in the weekly roadside markets where villagers gather to barter meager fish hauls for goods like plastic buckets or quart bottles of gasoline. — New York Times, "Nearly Eradicated in Humans, the Guinea Worm Finds New Victims: Dogs," 18 June 2018 Prize is not transferable or redeemable for cash and may not be sold, bartered or auctioned. — Union-tribune Rewards, sandiegouniontribune.com, "Enter to Win Two Tickets to San Diego Legion's Inaugural Rugby Season as well as a gift certificate to Hundred Proof!," 11 May 2018 Others report punishment for having hoarded, rationed or bartered for menstrual products. — refinery29.com, "Meghan Markle Has Championed Menstrual Equity — Here's Why You Should Too," 21 May 2018 As the city bartered for water with local farmers and hustled to build desalination plants, its residents simply started using less water. — Ryan Lenora Brown, The Christian Science Monitor, "Squeezing more out of taps: How Cape Town cut consumption in half," 30 Apr. 2018
It is estimated that over 450,000 businesses in the United States were involved in barter exchange activities in 2010. There are approximately 400 commercial and corporate barter companies serving all parts of the world. There are many opportunities for entrepreneurs to start a barter exchange. Several major cities in the U.S. and Canada do not currently have a local barter exchange. There are two industry groups in the United States, the National Association of Trade Exchanges (NATE) and the International Reciprocal Trade Association (IRTA). Both offer training and promote high ethical standards among their members. Moreover, each has created its own currency through which its member barter companies can trade. NATE's currency is the known as the BANC and IRTA's currency is called Universal Currency (UC).[28]


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Union Gap, Washington Estate Planning Lawyers
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Pepperdine University School of Law
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Estate Planning Lawyers in Nearby Cities
Estate Planning Lawyers in Nearby Counties
Planning your estate?
Estate planning arranges for the transfer of an individual's estate at the time of death. An estate consists of all property owned at death before it is distributed by will, trust, or intestacy laws. An estate may contain both real property and personal property. Estate planning allows an individual to decide exactly who will benefit from his or her estate, and to what extent. It can also reduce the taxes imposed on the transfer of assets at death.
An experienced estate planning lawyer can help minimize the amount of the estate surrendered to taxes as well as ensure that the management and distribution of the estate is carried out according to your plans. Particularly when your plans are complex and/or you have substantial property or assets, it is important to have an attorney who can ensure that your plan functions the way you intend. Depending on the complexity of your individual situation, your estate planning team may include attorneys, financial planners, bankers and insurance professionals. Some states certify attorneys as estate planning specialists, which means they have met certain requirements for experience, education, and testing in that field.
Fiduciary: A person or institution who manages money or property for another and who must exercise a standard care imposed by law, i.e., personal representative or executor of an estate, a trustee, etc.
Personal representative: The person who administers an estate. If named in a will, that person's title is an executor. If there is no valid will, that person's title is an administrator.
Researching Attorney Discipline


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Leon Cheatham v. William Muse, No. 14-7221 (4th Cir. 2014)Annotate this Case
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UNPUBLISHED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT No. 14-7221 LEON CHEATHAM, Plaintiff – Appellant, v. WILLIAM MUSE, Chairman, Virginia Parole Board; CLARK, Director, Virginia Department of Corrections, HAROLD Defendants - Appellees. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria. Claude M. Hilton, Senior District Judge. (1:13-cv-00320-CMH-TRJ) Submitted: December 16, 2014 Before DUNCAN Circuit Judge. and DIAZ, Circuit Decided: Judges, December 19, 2014 and DAVIS, Senior Dismissed by unpublished per curiam opinion. Leon Cheatham, Appellant Pro Se. James Milburn Isaacs, Jr., OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF VIRGINIA, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellees. Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. PER CURIAM: Leon Cheatham seeks to appeal the district court's order denying his motions for appointment of counsel and for discovery. This court may exercise jurisdiction only over final orders, 28 U.S.C. § 1291 (2012), and certain interlocutory and collateral orders, 54(b); Cohen v. 545-46 (1949). 28 U.S.C. Beneficial § 1292 Indus. (2012); Loan Fed. Corp., 337 R. Civ. U.S. P. 541, The order Cheatham seeks to appeal is neither a final order nor an appealable interlocutory or collateral order. Accordingly, we dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction. dispense with contentions are oral argument adequately because presented in the the facts We and legal materials before this court and argument would not aid the decisional process. DISMISSED 2


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Police forces have the power to seize vehicles that do not have the necessary insurance in place, until the owner of the vehicle pays the fine and signs a new insurance policy. Driving without the necessary insurance for that vehicle is an offence that will be prosecuted by the police and will receive penalty. Same provision is applied when the vehicle is standing on a public road.
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Motor vehicle insurance, also called automotive insurance, a contract by which the insurer assumes the risk of any loss the owner or operator of a car may incur through damage to property or persons as the result of an accident. There are many specific forms of motor vehicle insurance, varying not only in the kinds of risk that they cover but also in the legal principles underlying them.
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