text:
Construction of ewectronic cigarettes
An ewectronic cigarette is a handhewd battery-powered vaporizer dat simuwates smoking, but widout tobacco combustion.[1] E-cigarette components incwude a moudpiece, a cartridge (wiqwid storage area), a heating ewement/atomizer, a microprocessor, a battery, and some of dem have a LED wight on de end.[2] The onwy exception to dis are mechanicaw e-cigarettes (mods) which contain no ewectronics and de circuit is cwosed by using a mechanicaw action switch.[3] An atomizer consists of a smaww heating ewement, or coiw, dat vaporizes e-wiqwid and a wicking materiaw dat draws wiqwid onto de coiw.[4] When de user inhawes a fwow sensor activates de heating ewement dat atomizes de wiqwid sowution;[5] most devices are manuawwy activated by a push-button, uh-hah-hah-hah.[6] The e-wiqwid reaches a temperature of roughwy 100-250 °C (212º-482 °F) widin a chamber to create an aerosowized vapor.[7] The user inhawes an aerosow, which is commonwy but inaccuratewy cawwed vapor, rader dan cigarette smoke.[8] Vaping is different dan smoking, but dere are some simiwarities, incwuding de hand-to-mouf action of smoking and a vapor dat wooks wike cigarette smoke.[1] The aerosow provides a fwavor and feew simiwar to tobacco smoking.[1] A traditionaw cigarette is smoof and wight but an e-cigarette is rigid, cowd and swightwy heavier.[1] There is a wearning curve to use e-cigarettes properwy.[9] E-cigarettes are cigarette-shaped,[10] and dere are many oder variations.[11] E-cigarettes dat resembwe pens or USB memory sticks are awso sowd dat may be used unobtrusivewy.[12]
There are dree main types of e-cigarettes: cigawikes, wooking wike cigarettes; eGos, bigger dan cigawikes wif refiwwabwe wiqwid tanks; and mods, assembwed from basic parts or by awtering existing products.[13] Cigawikes are eider disposabwe or come wif rechargeabwe batteries and repwaceabwe nicotine cartridges.[14] A cigawike e-cigarette contains a cartomizer, which is connected to a battery.[15] A "cartomizer" (a portmanteau of cartridge and atomizer[16]) or "carto" consists of an atomizer surrounded by a wiqwid-soaked powy-foam dat acts as an e-wiqwid howder.[4] Cwearomizers or "cwearos", not unwike cartotanks, use a cwear tank in which an atomizer is inserted.[17] A rebuiwdabwe atomizer or an RBA is an atomizer dat awwows de user to assembwe or "buiwd" de wick and coiw demsewves instead of repwacing dem wif off-de-shewf atomizer "heads".[18] The power source is de biggest component of an e-cigarette,[19] which is freqwentwy a rechargeabwe widium-ion battery.[11]
As de e-cigarette industry continues to evowve, new products are qwickwy devewoped and brought to market.[20] First-generation e-cigarettes tend to wook wike traditionaw cigarettes and so are cawwed "cigawikes".[18] Most cigawikes wook wike cigarettes but dere is some variation in size.[15] Second-generation devices are warger overaww and wook wess wike traditionaw cigarettes.[21] Third-generation devices incwude mechanicaw mods and variabwe vowtage devices.[18] The fourf-generation incwudes sub ohm tanks and temperature controw devices.[22] The vowtage for first-generation e-cigarettes is about 3.7[23] and second-generation e-cigarettes can be adjusted from 3 V to 6 V,[24] whiwe more recent devices can go up to 8 V.[23]
E-wiqwid is de mixture used in vapor products such as e-cigarettes[25] and usuawwy contain propywene gwycow, gwycerin, nicotine, fwavorings, additives, and differing amounts of contaminants.[26] E-wiqwid formuwations greatwy vary due to fast growf and changes in manufacturing designs of e-cigarettes.[15] The composition of de e-wiqwid for additives such as nicotine and fwavors vary across and widin brands.[27] The wiqwid typicawwy consists of a combined totaw of 95% propywene gwycow and gwycerin, and de remaining 5% being fwavorings, nicotine, and oder additives.[28] There are e-wiqwids sowd widout propywene gwycow,[29] nicotine,[30] or fwavors.[31] The fwavorings may be naturaw, artificiaw,[27] or organic.[32] There are many e-wiqwids manufacturers in de US and worwdwide,[33] and upwards of 8,000 fwavors.[34] Under de US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ruwes, e-wiqwid manufacturers are reqwired to compwy wif a number of manufacturing standards.[35] The revision to de EU Tobacco Products Directive has some standards for e-wiqwids.[36] Industry standards have been created and pubwished by de American E-wiqwid Manufacturing Standards Association (AEMSA).[37]
- 1 Use
- 2 Construction
- 3 Device generations
- 4 Atomizer and tank
- 5 Power
- 6 E-cigarette wiqwid
- 7 Notes
- 8 Bibwiography
- 9 References
- 10 Externaw winks
An e-cigarette is a handhewd battery-powered vaporizer dat simuwates smoking, but widout tobacco combustion.[1] Once de user inhawes, de airfwow activates de fwow sensor, and den de heating ewement atomizes de wiqwid sowution.[5] The different kinds of trigger sensor or sensors used are acoustic, pressure, touch, capacitive, opticaw, Haww Effect or ewectromagnetic fiewd.[38] Most devices have a manuaw push-button switch to turn dem on or off.[6] E-cigarettes do not turn on by trying to "wight" de device wif a fwame.[11] The e-wiqwid reaches a temperature of roughwy 100-250 °C widin a chamber to create an aerosowized vapor.[7] However, variabwe vowtage devices can raise de temperature.[27] A gwycerin-onwy wiqwid vaporizes at a higher temperature dan a propywene gwycow-gwycerin wiqwid.[27] Rader dan cigarette smoke, de user inhawes an aerosow, commonwy but inaccuratewy cawwed vapor.[8] E-cigarettes do not create vapor between puffs.[39]
Vaping is different dan tobacco smoking, but dere are some simiwarities wif deir behavioraw habits, incwuding de hand-to-mouf action and a vapor dat wooks wike cigarette smoke.[1] E-cigarettes provide a fwavor and feew simiwar to smoking.[1] A noticeabwe difference between de traditionaw cigarette and de e-cigarette is sense of touch.[1] A traditionaw cigarette is smoof and wight but an e-cigarette is rigid, cowd and swightwy heavier.[1] Since e-cigarettes are more compwex dan traditionaw cigarettes, a wearning curve is needed to use dem correctwy.[9]
Compared to traditionaw cigarettes, de generaw e-cigarette puff time is much wonger, and reqwires a more forcefuw suction dan a reguwar cigarette.[40] The vowume of vapor created by e-cigarette devices in 2012 decwined wif vaping.[1] Thus, to create de same vowume of vapor increasing puff force is needed.[1] Later-generation e-cigarettes wif concentrated nicotine wiqwids may dewiver nicotine at wevews simiwar to traditionaw cigarettes.[41] Many e-cigarette versions incwude a vowtage potentiometer to adjust de vowume of vapor created.[11] The amount of vapor produced is controwwed by de power from de battery, which has wed some users to adjust deir devices to increase battery power.[7] Larger percentages of gwycerin in e-wiqwid awso increase vapor production, uh-hah-hah-hah.[42]
E-cigarettes come in many variations,[11] such as cigarette-shaped, pen-shaped, and tank-shaped stywes.[10] Some e-cigarettes wook wike traditionaw cigarettes, but oders do not.[9] There are dree main types of e-cigarettes: cigawikes, wooking wike cigarettes; eGos, bigger dan cigawikes wif refiwwabwe wiqwid tanks; and mods, assembwed from basic parts or by awtering existing products.[13]
E-cigarette components incwude a moudpiece, a cartridge (wiqwid storage area), a heating ewement/atomizer, a microprocessor, a battery, and some have a LED wight on de end.[2] The onwy exception to dis are mechanicaw e-cigarettes (mods) which contain no ewectronics and de circuit is cwosed by using a mechanicaw action switch.[3] E-cigarettes are sowd in disposabwe or reusabwe variants.[13] Most versions are reusabwe, dough some are disposabwe.[43] They range in cost from under $10 to over $200.[44] An entry-wevew reusabwe e-cigarette costs around $25.[45] Disposabwe e-cigarettes are discarded once de wiqwid in de cartridge is used up, whiwe rechargeabwe e-cigarettes may be used indefinitewy.[46] One piece devices are normawwy disposabwe.[47] E-cigarettes are typicawwy designed as one, two, dree or muwtipwe pieces.[47] A disposabwe e-cigarette wasts to around 400 puffs.[48] Reusabwe e-cigarettes are refiwwed by hand or exchanged for pre-fiwwed cartridges, and generaw cweaning is reqwired.[11] A wide range of disposabwe and reusabwe e-cigarettes exist.[38] Disposabwe e-cigarettes are offered for a few dowwars, and higher-priced reusabwe e-cigarettes invowve an up-front investment for a starter kit.[9] Some e-cigarettes have a LED at de tip to resembwe de gwow of burning tobacco.[41] The LED may awso indicate de battery status.[1] The LED is not generawwy used in personaw vaporizers or mods.[2]
First-generation e-cigarettes usuawwy simuwated smoking impwements, such as cigarettes or cigars, in deir use and appearance.[18] Later-generation e-cigarettes often cawwed mods, PVs (personaw vaporizer) or APVs (advanced personaw vaporizer) have an increased nicotine-dispersaw performance,[18] house higher capacity batteries, and come in various shapes such as metaw tubes and boxes.[49] They contain siwver, steew, metaws, ceramics, pwastics, fibers, awuminum, rubber and spume, and widium batteries.[50] A growing subcwass of vapers cawwed cwoud-chasers configure deir atomizers to produce warge amounts of vapor by using wow-resistance heating coiws.[51] This practice is known as cwoud-chasing.[52] Many e-cigarettes are made of standardized repwaceabwe parts dat are interchangeabwe between brands.[53] A wide array of component combinations exists.[54] Many e-cigarettes are sowd wif a USB charger.[55] E-cigarettes dat resembwe pens or USB memory sticks are awso sowd for dose who may want to use de device unobtrusivewy.[12]
The increasing numbers of new vaping products combined wif unrewated functions attest to a cwear trend toward customization of e-cigarettes.[56] It seems dat experienced users wike to adopt de e-cigarette to deir (inhawation) needs, weading to e-cigarettes wif adjusted airfwow inwet using atomizer heads wif different sized air howes.[56] This is appwied in de most recentwy introduced modews, which are activated by a pressure difference when de user inhawes from de e-cigarette, avoiding pressing a button to heat de device.[56] Oder interesting new e-cigarette-wike devices provide a combined function wif oder ewectronic products such as a Bwuetoof e-cigarette, which combines vaping wif wistening to music or cawwing friends and anoder device can be used bof as e-cigarette and mobiwe phone.[56]
Moreover, smartphone appwications were introduced dat track de number of e-cigarette puffs taken, cawcuwate cost savings and increased wife expectancy, and have features such as auto-shut down and password protection safety.[56] In wine wif dis, Phiwwip Morris Internationaw has fiwed a patent for an e-cigarette dat is Wi-Fi connected, and dus wouwd be abwe to connect to oder devices.[56] This device couwd potentiawwy synchronize to a smartphone appwication dat is intended to hewp peopwe qwit smoking, and carefuwwy track deir progress.[56] A simiwar product is de Vaporcade Jupiter, a "cewwuwar vaporizer," combining a smartphone wif an e-cigarette.[56] This awwows de user to monitor de e-cigarette use, de e-wiqwid remaining, and de fwavor used.[56]
Device generations[edit]
As de e-cigarette industry continues to evowve, new products are qwickwy devewoped and brought to market.[20] The earwy devices wooked wike a traditionaw cigarette, often incwuding a smaww wight on de tip dat wit when de user puffed.[57] These earwy systems were generawwy inefficient at dewivering nicotine, in part because de particwe sizes of de aerosow were too warge to penetrate deep into de wungs.[57] Newer versions feature repwaceabwe or refiwwabwe reservoirs and rechargeabwe batteries dat generate smawwer particwes and more efficient nicotine dewivery.[57] Since e-cigarettes are not reguwated in many countries, de device designs can change often, uh-hah-hah-hah.[58] There is wide differences in de qwawity of e-cigarettes, such as de airfwow rate, aerosow production, and weaking of e-wiqwid cartridges.[59]
First-generation e-cigarettes tend to wook wike tobacco cigarettes and so are cawwed "cigawikes".[18] The dree parts of a cigawike e-cigarette initiawwy were a cartridge, an atomizer, and a battery.[15] A cigawike e-cigarette currentwy contains a cartomizer (cartridge atomizer), which is connected to a battery.[15] Most cigawikes wook wike cigarettes but dere is some variation in size.[15]
They may be a singwe unit comprising a battery, coiw and fiwwing saturated wif e-juice in a singwe tube to be used and discarded after de battery or e-wiqwid is depweted.[18] They may awso be a reusabwe device wif a battery and cartridge cawwed a cartomizer.[21] The cartomizer cartridge can be separated from de battery so de battery can be charged and de empty cartomizer repwaced when de e-juice runs out.[18]
The battery section may contain an ewectronic airfwow sensor triggered by drawing breaf drough de device.[21] Oder modews use a power button dat must be hewd during operation, uh-hah-hah-hah.[21] An LED in de power button or on de end of de device may awso show when de device is vaporizing.[60]
Charging is commonwy accompwished wif a USB charger dat attaches to de battery.[61] Some manufacturers awso have a cigarette pack-shaped portabwe charging case (PCC), which contains a warger battery capabwe of recharging de individuaw e-cigarette batteries.[62] Reusabwe devices can come in a kit dat contains a battery, a charger, and at weast one cartridge.[62] Varying nicotine concentrations are avaiwabwe and nicotine dewivery to de user awso varies based on different cartomizers, e-juice mixtures, and power suppwied by de battery.[10]
These manufacturing differences affect de way e-cigarettes convert de wiqwid sowution to an aerosow, and dus de wevews of ingredients, dat are dewivered to de user and de surrounding air for any given wiqwid.[10] First-generation e-cigarettes use wower vowtages, around 3.7 V.[23]
Second generation devices tend to be used by peopwe wif more experience.[21] They are warger overaww and wook wess wike tobacco cigarettes.[21] They usuawwy consist of two sections, basicawwy a tank and a separate battery. Their batteries have higher capacity, and are not removabwe.[18] Being rechargeabwe, dey use a USB charger dat attaches to de battery wif a dreaded connector. Certain batteries have a "passdrough" feature so dey can be used even whiwe dey are charging.[4][63]
Second-generation e-cigarettes commonwy use a tank or a "cwearomizer".[21] Cwearomizer tanks are meant to be refiwwed wif e-juice, whiwe cartomizers are not.[18] Because dey're refiwwabwe and de battery is rechargeabwe, deir cost of operation is wower.[18] Hovever, dey can awso use cartomizers, which are pre-fiwwed onwy.[18]
Some cheaper battery sections use a microphone dat detects de turbuwence of de air passing drough to activate de device when de user inhawes. Oder batteries wike de eGo stywe can use an integrated circuit, as weww as a button for manuaw activation, uh-hah-hah-hah. The LED shows battery status. The power button can awso switch off de battery so it is not activated accidentawwy.[64] Second generation e-cigarettes may have wower vowtages, around 3.7 V.[23] However, adjustabwe-vowtage devices can be set between 3 V and 6 V.[24]
The dird-generation incwudes mechanicaw mods and variabwe vowtage devices.[65][66] Battery sections are commonwy cawwed "mods," referencing deir past when user modification was common, uh-hah-hah-hah.[18] Mechanicaw mods do not contain integrated circuits.[66] They are commonwy cywindricaw or box-shaped, and typicaw housing materiaws are wood, awuminium, stainwess steew, or brass.[67] A warger "box mod" can howd bigger and sometimes muwtipwe batteries.[67]
Mechanicaw mods and variabwe devices use warger batteries dan dose found in previous generations.[68] Common battery sizes used are 18350, 18490, 18500 and 18650.[69] The battery is often removabwe,[66] so it can be changed when depweted. The battery must be removed and charged externawwy.[66]
Variabwe devices permit setting wattage, vowtage, or bof.[4][66] These often have a USB connector for recharging; some can be used whiwe charging, cawwed a "passdrough" feature.[4][70]
The power section may incwude additionaw options such as screen readout, support for a wide range of internaw batteries, and compatibiwity wif different types of atomizers.[21] Third-generation devices can have rebuiwdabwe atomizers wif different wicking materiaws.[18][21] These rebuiwdabwes use handmade coiws dat can be instawwed in de atomizer to increase vapor production, uh-hah-hah-hah.[68] Hardware in dis generation is sometimes modified to increase power or fwavor.[71]
The warger battery sections used awso awwow warger tanks to be attached dat can howd more e-wiqwid.[67] Recent devices can go up to 8 V, which can heat de e-wiqwid significantwy more dan earwier generations.[23]
A fourf-generation e-cigarette became avaiwabwe in de US in 2014.[41] Fourf-generation e-cigarettes can be made from stainwess steew and pyrex gwass, and contain very wittwe pwastics.[22] Incwuded in de fourf-generation are sub ohm tanks and temperature controw devices.[22] The e-cigarette user can breade in warge puff vowumes, which resuwts in a significant usage of e‐wiqwid per puff.[72] Usuawwy used by experienced e-cigarettes users.[73]
Atomizer and tank[edit]
An atomizer consists of a smaww heating ewement dat vaporizes e-wiqwid and a wicking materiaw dat draws wiqwid onto de coiw.[4] Awong wif a battery and e-wiqwid de atomizer is de main component of every personaw vaporizer.[21] A smaww wengf of resistance wire is coiwed around de wicking materiaw and connected to de integrated circuit, or in de case of mechanicaw devices, de atomizer is connected directwy to de battery drough eider a 510, 808, or ego dreaded connector.[74] 510 being de most common, uh-hah-hah-hah.[74] When activated, de resistance wire coiw heats up and vaporizes de wiqwid, which is den inhawed by de user.[75]
The ewectricaw resistance of de coiw, de vowtage output of de device, de airfwow of de atomizer and de efficiency of de wick aww affect de vapor coming from de atomizer.[76] They awso affect de vapor qwantity or vowume yiewded.[76]
Atomizer coiws made of kandaw usuawwy have resistances dat vary from 0.4Ω (ohms) to 2.8Ω.[76] Coiws of wower ohms have increased vapor production but couwd risk fire and dangerous battery faiwures if de user is not knowwedgeabwe enough about ewectricaw principwes and how dey rewate to battery safety.[77]
Wicking materiaws vary from one atomizer to anoder.[78] "Rebuiwdabwe" or "do it yoursewf" atomizers can use siwica, cotton, rayon, porous ceramic, hemp, bamboo yarn, oxidized stainwess steew mesh and even wire rope cabwes as wicking materiaws.[78]
The cartomizer was invented in 2007, integrating de heating coiw into de wiqwid chamber.[79] A "cartomizer" (a portmanteau of cartridge and atomizer.[16]) or "carto" consists of an atomizer surrounded by a wiqwid-soaked powy-foam dat acts as an e-wiqwid howder.[4] They can have up to 3 coiws and each coiw wiww increase vapor production, uh-hah-hah-hah.[4] The cartomizer is usuawwy discarded when de e-wiqwid starts to taste burnt, which usuawwy happens when de e-cigarette is activated wif a dry coiw or when de cartomizer gets consistentwy fwooded (gurgwing) because of sedimentation of de wick.[4] Most cartomizers are refiwwabwe even if not advertised as such.[4]
Cartomizers can be used on deir own or in conjunction wif a tank dat awwows more e-wiqwid capacity.[4] The portmanteau word "cartotank" has been coined for dis.[80] When used in a tank, de cartomizer is inserted in a pwastic, gwass or metaw tube and howes or swots have to be punched on de sides of de cartomizer so wiqwid can reach de coiw.[4]
The cwearomizer was invented in 2009 dat originated from de cartomizer design, uh-hah-hah-hah.[79] It contained de wicking materiaw, an e-wiqwid chamber, and an atomizer coiw widin a singwe cwear component.[79] This awwows de user to monitor de wiqwid wevew in de device.[79] Cwearomizers or "cwearos", are wike cartotanks, in dat an atomizer is inserted into de tank.[17] There are different wicking systems used inside cwearomizers.[4] Some rewy on gravity to bring de e-wiqwid to de wick and coiw assembwy (bottom coiw cwearomizers for exampwe) and oders rewy on capiwwary action or to some degree de user agitating de e-wiqwid whiwe handwing de cwearomizer (top coiw cwearomizers).[4] The coiw and wicks are typicawwy inside a prefabricated assembwy or "head" dat is repwaceabwe by de user.[81]
Cwearomizers are made wif adjustabwe air fwow controw.[82] Tanks can be pwastic or borosiwicate gwass.[83] Some fwavors of e-juice have been known to damage pwastic cwearomizer tanks.[83]
Rebuiwdabwe atomizers[edit]
A rebuiwdabwe atomizer or an RBA is an atomizer dat awwows de user to assembwe or "buiwd" de wick and coiw demsewves instead of repwacing dem wif off-de-shewf atomizer "heads".[18] They are generawwy considered advanced devices.[84] They awso awwow de user to buiwd atomizers at any desired ewectricaw resistance.[18]
These atomizers are divided into two main categories; rebuiwdabwe tank atomizers (RTAs) and rebuiwdabwe dripping atomizers (RDAs).[85]
Rebuiwdabwe tank atomizers (RTAs) have a tank to howd wiqwid dat is absorbed by de wick.[86] They can howd up to 4 mw of e-wiqwid.[87] The tank can be eider pwastic, gwass, or metaw.[83] One form of tank atomizers was de Genesis stywe atomizers.[86] They can use ceramic wicks, stainwess steew mesh or rope for wicking materiaw.[86] The steew wick must be oxidized to prevent arcing of de coiw.[86] Anoder type is de Sub ohm tank.[87] These tanks have rebuiwdabwe or RBA kits.[87] They can awso use coiw heads of 0.2 ohm, 0.4 ohm, and 0.5 ohm.[87] These coiw heads can have stainwess steew coiws.[88]
Rebuiwdabwe dripping atomizers (RDAs) are atomizers where de e-juice is dripped directwy onto de coiw and wick.[89] The common nicotine strengf of e-wiqwids used in RDA's is 3 mg and 6 mg.[89] Liqwids used in RDA's tend to have more vegetabwe gwycerin, uh-hah-hah-hah.[89] They typicawwy consist onwy of an atomizer "buiwding deck", commonwy wif dree posts wif howes driwwed in dem, which can accept one or more coiws.[71] The user needs to manuawwy keep de atomizer wet by dripping wiqwid on de bare wick and coiw assembwy, hence deir name.[89]
Kandaw wire is used in RDA's, RBA's, RTA's, in addition to cwearomizers, tanks, and cartomizers.[4] Nickew wire or titanium wire can be used for temperature controw.[89]
Sqwonk mods[edit]
The origins of a sqwonk mod bottom-feeding system go as far back as 2009.[90] A member of de E-Cigarette Forum (ECF) named "Carwos49" was wargewy credited wif devewoping de first sqwonker avaiwabwe in de marketpwace.[90] Sqwonk mods differ from oder mod boxes wif deir construction, uh-hah-hah-hah.[90] Sqwonk mods have a 510 connection dat have been modified wif de use of an e-wiqwid bottwe pwaced inside de mod.[4] The user sqweezes an e-wiqwid bottwe drough an opening in de device to send e-wiqwid drough a tube into de attached atomizer.[90] Extra wiqwid goes back into de bottwe when it is unsqweezed.[90]
Variabwe power and vowtage devices[edit]
Variabwe devices are variabwe wattage, variabwe vowtage or bof.[4][66] Variabwe power and/or variabwe vowtage have an ewectronic chip awwowing de user to adjust de power appwied to de heating ewement.[21][66] The amount of power appwied to de coiw affects de heat produced, dus changing de vapor output.[21][54] Greater heat from de coiw increases vapor production, uh-hah-hah-hah.[54] Variabwe power devices monitor de coiw's resistance and automaticawwy adjust de vowtage to appwy de user-specified wevew of power to de coiw.[91] Recent devices can go up to 8 V.[23]
They are often rectanguwar but can awso be cywindricaw.[67] They usuawwy have a screen to show information such as vowtage, power, and resistance of de coiw.[92] To adjust de settings, de user presses buttons or rotates a diaw to turn de power up or down, uh-hah-hah-hah.[54] Some of dese devices incwude additionaw settings drough deir menu system such as: atomizer resistance meter, remaining battery vowtage, puff counter, and power-off or wock.[93] The power source is de biggest component of an e-cigarette,[19] which is freqwentwy a rechargeabwe widium-ion battery.[11] Smawwer devices contain smawwer batteries and are easier to carry but typicawwy reqwire more repeated recharging.[11] Some e-cigarettes use a wong wasting rechargeabwe battery, a non-rechargeabwe battery or a repwaceabwe battery dat is eider rechargeabwe or non-rechargeabwe for power.[38] Some companies offer portabwe chargeabwe cases to recharge e-cigarettes.[38] Nickew-cadmium (NiCad), nickew metaw-hydride (NiMh), widium ion (Li-ion), awkawine and widium powymer (Li-powy), and widium manganese (LiMn) batteries have been used for de e-cigarettes power source.[38]
Temperature controw devices[edit]
Temperature controw devices awwow de user to set de temperature.[89] There is a predictabwe change to de resistance of a coiw when it is heated.[94] The resistance changes are different for different types of wires, and must have a high temperature coefficient of resistance.[94] Temperature controw is done by detecting dat resistance change to estimate de temperature and adjusting de vowtage to de coiw to match dat estimate.[95]
Nickew, titanium, NiFe awwoys, and certain grades of stainwess steew are common materiaws used for wire in temperature controw.[89] The most common wire used, kandaw, cannot be used because it has a stabwe resistance regardwess of de coiw temperature.[94] Nickew was de first wire used because of it has de highest coefficient of de common metaws.[94]
The temperature can be adjusted in Cewsius or Fahrenheit.[96] The Evowv's DNA40 and YiHi's SX350J are controw boards used in temperature controw devices.[97] Temperature controw can stop dry wicks from burning, or e-wiqwid overheating.[97]
Mechanicaw devices[edit]
Mechanicaw PVs or mechanicaw "mods", often cawwed "mechs", are devices widout integrated circuits, ewectronic battery protection, or vowtage reguwation, uh-hah-hah-hah.[66] They are activated by a switch.[89] They rewy on de naturaw vowtage output of de battery and de metaw dat de mod is made of often is used as part of de circuit itsewf.[98]
The term "mod" was originawwy used instead of "modification".[18] Users wouwd modify existing hardware to get better performance, and as an awternative to de e-cigarettes dat wooked wike traditionaw cigarettes.[54] Users wouwd awso modify oder unrewated items wike fwashwights as battery compartments to power atomizers.[54][67] The word mod is often used to describe most personaw vaporizers.[4]
Mechanicaw PVs have no power reguwation and are unprotected.[89] Because of dis ensuring dat de battery does not over-discharge and dat de resistance of de atomizer reqwires ewectric current widin de safety wimits of de battery is de responsibiwity of de user.[98]
E-cigarette wiqwid[edit]
E-cigarette wiqwid,[100] E-Cig wiqwids,[7] e-wiqwid, juice, vapor juice, smoke juice,[11] e-juice,[101] e-fwuid,[13] or vape oiw[102] is de mixture used in vapor products incwuding e-cigarettes.[25] Since e-cigarettes are not reguwated in many countries, de composition of de wiqwid can change often, uh-hah-hah-hah.[58] There is a great amount of variabiwity in e-wiqwid formuwations due to fast growf and changes in de manufacturing designs of e-cigarettes.[notes 1][15] The composition of de e-wiqwid for additives such as nicotine and fwavors vary across and widin brands.[27] E-wiqwids come in many variations, incwuding different nicotine strengds and many different fwavors.[104] The main ingredients are propywene gwycow, gwycerin, and fwavorings; and most often, nicotine in wiqwid form.[105] The wiqwid typicawwy consists of a combined totaw of 95% propywene gwycow and gwycerin, and de remaining 5% being fwavorings, nicotine, and oder additives.[28] The most freqwentwy used e-wiqwid sowvents are propywene gwycow and gwycerin, uh-hah-hah-hah.[106] Fwavorings may contain mendow, sugars, esters, and pyrazines.[106] Fwavor components incwude eucawyptow, camphor, medyw sawicywate, puwegone, edyw sawicywate, cinnamawdehyde, eugenow, diphenyw eder, coumarin,[106] diacetyw, acetoin, 2,3-pentanedione, cycwohexanone, benzawdehyde, cresow, butyrawdehyde, and isoamyw acetate.[73] Sugars are freqwentwy used in e-wiqwids to provide a sweet fwavor.[107] Diacetyw, acetoin, and 2,3-pentanedione are used for buttery fwavoring.[73] Camphor and cycwohexanone are used for minty fwavoring.[73] Benzawdehyde is used for cherry or awmond fwavoring.[73] Cinnamawdehyde is used for cinnamon fwavoring.[73] Cresow is used for weadery or medicinaw fwavoring.[73] Butyrawdehyde is used for chocowate fwavoring.[73] Isoamyw acetate is used for banana fwavoring.[73] E-wiqwids named coffee, tea, chocowate, or energy drinks, typicawwy contain caffeine at wevews considerabwy wess dan in comparison wif dietary products.[108] E-wiqwids are awso avaiwabwe wif vitamins or cannabis fwavors.[56] In addition, specific e-cigarettes (mods) are avaiwabwe dat awwow for not onwy wiqwids but awso herbs, oiws, or fruits to be vaped.[56] Moreover, duaw-function devices handwe bof concentrates and e-wiqwids using muwtipwe cartridges.[56]
E-wiqwid can be made wif or widout nicotine, wif more dan 90% of e-wiqwids containing some wevew of nicotine.[109] The most reguwarwy used base carrier chemicaw is propywene gwycow wif or widout gwycerin, uh-hah-hah-hah.[10] E-wiqwid containing gwycerin and water made widout propywene gwycow are awso sowd.[29] There are e-wiqwids sowd widout propywene gwycow,[29] nicotine,[30] or fwavors.[31] E-wiqwids containing THC or oder cannabinoids is awso sowd.[99] Specific kinds of e-wiqwids contain a tiny amount of awcohow.[110] It is uncertain wheder de nicotine used in e-wiqwid is manufactured using a US Pharmacopeia grade nicotine, a tobacco pwant or tobacco dust extract, or a syndetic nicotine.[111] Most e-cigarette wiqwids contain nicotine, but de wevew of nicotine varies depending on user-preference and manufacturers.[112] Awdough some e-juice is nicotine-free, surveys demonstrate dat 97% of respondents use products dat contain nicotine.[113] About 3.5% of users use wiqwid widout nicotine.[114] An e-cigarette user used approximatewy dree fwavors.[110] A 2016 study showed dat measurabwe amounts of arsenic, nickew and oder metaws were in e-wiqwids.[115]
E-wiqwids typicawwy contain nicotine, propywene gwycow, gwycerin, 1,3-butanediow, 1,3-propanediow, edywene gwycow, mendow, safrowe, edyw vaniwwin, camphor, α-dujone, coumarin, and diedywene gwycow, according to a 2017 review.[116] E-wiqwid can contain a range of toxicants and can contain impurities.[117] A 2013 study found de e-wiqwids tested had as high as five times de upper dreshowd permitted wevews of impurities.[117] E-wiqwids have been found to contain wow wevews of some of de toxicants found in tobacco smoke, as weww as smaww concentrations of carcinogens.[118] The FDA in 2009 anawyzed e-wiqwid cartridge sampwes which were found to contain tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), diedywene gwycow (detected one e-cigarette cartridge), cotinine, anabasine, myosmine, and beta-nicotyrine.[119] The TSNAs N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(medywnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyw)-1-butanone (NNK), N-nitrosoanabasine, and nitrosoanatabine have been detected in five e-wiqwid cartridge sampwes from two companies in wevews comparabwe to nicotine repwacement products, according to de resuwts of de FDA's anawysis.[119] TSNAs were found in a broad range of wevews.[120] TSNAs present in tobacco smoke, were awso found in e-wiqwids, at different wevews, in trace amounts.[121] Studies in 2013 of oder e-wiqwids had not detected diedywene gwycow.[118] The majority of de e-wiqwids anawyzed contained NNN from 0.34–60.08 μg/L and contained NNK from 0.22–9.84 μg/L.[122] The FDA issued warnings to severaw e-cigarette companies for sewwing e-cartridges and refiww sowutions containing active pharmaceuticaw ingredients such as rimonabant (Zimuwti®) for de purpose of wosing weight and reducing smoking addiction, and tadawafiw (de active ingredient in Ciawis®) for de purpose of increasing sexuaw capacity.[123] FDA anawyses of dese e-cartridges and sowutions showed de presence of amino-tadawafiw and not tadawafiw, and de presence of an oxidative product of rimonabant, as weww as rimonabant.[123]
The e-wiqwid often contain oder substances unknown and/or undiscwosed to de user.[124] The specific origin of de e-wiqwid ingredients is often uncwear.[125] When content information is given on de packaging, it is usuawwy incompwete.[27] Contamination wif various compounds in e-wiqwids is a resuwt of poor qwawity controw.[27] Some nicotine and TSNAs have been found in e-wiqwids wabewwed as 'no nicotine'.[27] Nicotine content information on wabews for some e-wiqwid companies may be vague, inaccurate or absent.[118] E-wiqwid were found to contain wow wevews of andracene, phenandrene, 1-medyw phenandrene and pyren, uh-hah-hah-hah.[126] Diedywene gwycow, edywene gwycow, hydrocarbons, edanow, terpenic compounds and awdehydes, particuwarwy formawdehyde and acrowein were found in de e-wiqwid.[127] Diedywene gwycow is a potentiaw byproduct of propywene gwycow.[15] A 2014 study showed dat e-wiqwids from a specific manufacturer contained greater amounts of edywene gwycow dan gwycerin or propywene gwycow, which was wikewy a resuwt of improper manufacturing medods.[128] Some wiqwids contained residuaw sowvents such as 1,3-butadiene, cycwohexane, and acetone.[127] Some e-wiqwids contain tobacco awkawoids such as nornicotine, anabasine, or anatabine, and TSNAs, such as N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(medywnitrosamine)-1-(3-pyridyw)-1-butanone (NNK),[15] nitrates, and phenow.[128] Tobacco awkawoids dat were identified in some e-wiqwids were not found on de ingredient wist.[128] Smaww qwantities of vowatiwe organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene, towuene, xywene, and styrene have been found in de e-wiqwid.[36] Diedyw phdawate and diedywhexyw phdawate have been found in e-wiqwids.[129] Some e-wiqwids contain tin "whiskers," microscopic crystaws dat originate from tin in de sowder joints.[15]
Levews of awdehydes in e-wiqwid[edit]
|Totawwy Wicked
|Johnson Creek
|V2 Cigs
|Tasty Vapor
∗A 2013 anawysis tested a totaw of 42 bottwes of e-wiqwids.[130]
The e-wiqwid is sowd in bottwes or pre-fiwwed disposabwe cartridges, or as a kit for consumers to make deir own e-juices.[131] Some vendors of e-wiqwids offer options to change de amounts of fwavorings or nicotine strengds and buiwd each bottwe customized for de purchaser.[131] E-wiqwids are made wif various tobacco, fruit, and oder fwavors,[10] as weww as variabwe nicotine concentrations (incwuding nicotine-free versions).[105] The standard notation "mg/mw" is often used on wabews to denote nicotine concentration, and is sometimes shortened to "mg".[132] Some fwavors are created to resembwe de fwavors used in traditionaw cigarettes such as tobacco and mendow-tobacco.[133] Young aduwts overaww preferred sweet, mendow, and cherry fwavors, whiwe non-smokers in particuwar preferred coffee and mendow fwavors.[134] Aduwts in generaw awso preferred sweet fwavors (dough smokers wike tobacco fwavor de most) and diswiked fwavors dat ewicit bitterness or harshness.[134] In surveys of reguwar e-cigarette users, de most popuwar e-wiqwids had a nicotine content of 18 mg/mL, and de preferred fwavors were wargewy tobacco, mint and fruit.[118] Men tend to favor fwavors wif tobacco, whiwe women tend to favor chocowate or sweet fwavors.[125] The most favorite fwavors among reguwar e-cigarette users reported in a 2017 UK survey were fruit, tobacco, and mendow/mint.[135] The survey awso found 2.6% reguwar e-cigarette users used no fwavors.[135] A 2013 study examined 33 countries and found dat onwy 1% of de aduwt smokers excwusivewy used non-nicotine e-cigarettes.[134] A cartridge may contain 0 to 20 mg of nicotine.[136] Refiww wiqwids are often sowd in de size range from 15 to 30 mL.[137] E-wiqwids are freqwentwy sowd in dropper bottwes.[138] One cartridge may typicawwy wast as wong as one pack of cigarettes.[139] A refiww bottwe can contain up to 100 mg/mL of nicotine,[136] which is meant to be diwuted before use.[140] Some users, probabwy due to financiaw reasons and de wiwwingness to experiment, are opting to make homemade e-wiqwids.[25] A smaww percentage of wiqwids widout fwavoring is awso sowd.[141] The fwavorings may be naturaw or artificiaw.[27] Certified organic e-wiqwid is awso sowd.[32] About 8,000 fwavors exist as of 2014.[34] A user does not normawwy consume a whowe cartridge in a singwe session, uh-hah-hah-hah.[142] Most e-wiqwids are produced by a few manufacturers in China, de US, and Europe.[118] An e-cigarette user wiww usuawwy obtain 300 to 500 puffs per mL of e-wiqwid.[137] A 2017 survey found dat 62.2% of everyday e-cigarette users stated using wower dan 4 mL daiwy and 1.5% used higher dan 10 mL daiwy.[143] 18.1% of everyday e-cigarette users were not aware of de amount of e-wiqwid dey use.[143]
E-wiqwids are manufactured by many producers, bof in de US and across de worwd.[33] First tier manufacturers use wab suits, gwoves, hair covers, inside of certified cwean rooms wif air fiwtration simiwar to pharmaceuticaw-grade production areas.[33]
E-wiqwid manufacturing reqwirements under de US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ruwes incwude report user fee information, pay user fees, register deir estabwishment and submit wist of products, incwuding wabewing and advertisements, submit heawf documents, submit ingredient wisting, incwude reqwired warning statements on packages and advertisements, submit qwantities of harmfuw and potentiawwy harmfuw constituents, and submit a modified risk tobacco product appwication, uh-hah-hah-hah.[35] The revision to de EU Tobacco Products Directive has some standards for e-wiqwids.[36]
Standards for e-wiqwid manufacturing have been created by American E-wiqwid Manufacturing Standards Association (AEMSA), which is trade association dedicated to creating responsibwe and sustainabwe standards for de safe manufacturing of e-wiqwids used in vapor products.[144] AEMSA has pubwished a comprehensive wist standards and best known medods, which are openwy avaiwabwe for use by any manufacturer of e-Liqwids.[37] The AEMSA standards cover nicotine, ingredients, sanitary manufacturing rooms, safety packaging, age restrictions, and wabewing.[37] AEMSA guidewines recommend dat de nicotine wevews in e-wiqwids be widin de amount of ±10% from de wevews stated on de wabew.[122]
Effective August 8, 2016, under de FDA ruwes, a company dat mixes or prepares e-wiqwids is reguwated as a tobacco product manufacturer.[145] Under de same reguwation, a company dat sewws e-wiqwids is reguwated as a tobacco retaiwer.[145] Companies who import or try to seww for import into de US must conform to de Federaw Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.[146] The 2016 FDA ruwing did not incorporate reguwation concerning fwavoring of e-cigarettes.[147] Industry standards have been created and pubwished by de American E-wiqwid Manufacturing Standards Association (AEMSA).[37] The FDA audority to reguwate e-wiqwids was announced in May 2016.[148][149] The FDA has sought to reguwate e-wiqwid in 2014[150] drough use of de Famiwy Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Controw Act,[151] passed into waw in June 2009.[152] In Apriw 2014, de FDA issued its "Deeming" proposaws for pubwic comment, which wouwd cover e-wiqwids manufacturing.[153]
Manufacturers of e-wiqwid in de UK are reqwired to inform de Government regarding de content in each wiqwid.[154] The EU Tobacco Products Directive reqwires e-wiqwids to be tested 6 monds before dey are sowd.[155]
The Tobacco Products Directive in de EU wimits de sawe of e-wiqwid.[156] It can onwy be sowd in 10 mw bottwes, which need to have a chiwd-proof cwosure.[156] They have to be pre-registered to de Medicines and Heawdcare products Reguwatory Agency before sawe.[156] There is awso a wimit on de nicotine content, meaning de nicotine strengf of any e-wiqwid cannot exceed 20 mg/mw (2.0%).[156] Refiww wiqwids in de EU wif more dan 20 mg/mL of nicotine may be sowd wif prior audorization from de pharmaceuticaw reguwation.[36]
Nicotine yiewd[edit]
Smoking a traditionaw cigarette yiewds between 0.5 and 1.5 mg of nicotine,[157] but de nicotine content of de cigarette is onwy weakwy correwated wif de wevews of nicotine in de smoker's bwoodstream.[158] The amount of nicotine in de e-cigarette aerosow varies widewy eider from puff-to-puff or among devices of de same company.[8] In practice e-cigarette users tend to reach wower bwood nicotine concentrations dan smokers, particuwarwy when de users are inexperienced[157] or using first-generation devices.[18] Nicotine in cigarette smoke is absorbed into de bwoodstream rapidwy, and e-cigarette aerosow is rewativewy swow in dis regard.[18] Vaping typicawwy gives a wower amount of nicotine per puff dan smoking cigarettes.[159] The concentration of nicotine in e-wiqwid ranges up to 36 mg/mL.[160] In practice de nicotine concentration in an e-wiqwid is not a rewiabwe guide to de amount of nicotine dat reaches de bwoodstream.[161]
- McNeiww, A; Brose, LS; Cawder, R; Bauwd, L; Robson, D (February 2018). "Evidence review of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products 2018" (PDF). UK: Pubwic Heawf Engwand. pp. 1–243.
- Stratton, Kadween; Kwan, Leswie Y.; Eaton, David L. (January 2018). "Pubwic Heawf Conseqwences of E-Cigarettes" (PDF). Nationaw Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Nationaw Academies Press: 1–774. doi:10.17226/24952. PMID 29894118.
- McNeiww, A; Brose, LS; Cawder, R; Hitchman, SC; Hajek, P; McRobbie, H (August 2015). "E-cigarettes: an evidence update" (PDF). UK: Pubwic Heawf Engwand. pp. 1–113.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k w Caponnetto, Pasqwawe; Campagna, Davide; Papawe, Gabriewwa; Russo, Cristina; Powosa, Riccardo (2012). "The emerging phenomenon of ewectronic cigarettes". Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine. 6 (1): 63–74. doi:10.1586/ers.11.92. ISSN 1747-6348. PMID 22283580.
- ^ a b c "Ewectronic Cigarette Fires and Expwosions in de United States 2009 - 2016" (PDF). United States Fire Administration. Juwy 2017. pp. 1–56. This articwe incorporates text from dis source, which is in de pubwic domain.
- ^ a b Steve K (19 February 2014). "What is an e-Cigarette MOD E-cig 101". Steve K's Vaping Worwd.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k w m n o p q r "Vaping Terminowogy – Updated 2016". Spinfuew eMagazine. 17 December 2014.
- ^ a b Rahman MA, Hann N, Wiwson A, Worraww-Carter L (2014). "Ewectronic cigarettes: patterns of use, heawf effects, use in smoking cessation and reguwatory issues". Tob Induc Dis. 12 (1): 21. doi:10.1186/1617-9625-12-21. PMC 4350653. PMID 25745382.CS1 maint: Uses audors parameter (wink)
- ^ a b Kaisar, Mohammad Abuw; Prasad, Shikha; Liwes, Tywor; Cucuwwo, Luca (2016). "A Decade of e-Cigarettes: Limited Research & Unresowved Safety Concerns". Toxicowogy. 365: 67–75. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2016.07.020. ISSN 0300-483X. PMID 27477296.
- ^ a b c d Roweww, Temperance R; Tarran, Robert (2015). "Wiww Chronic E-Cigarette Use Cause Lung Disease?". American Journaw of Physiowogy. Lung Cewwuwar and Mowecuwar Physiowogy. 309: ajpwung.00272.2015. doi:10.1152/ajpwung.00272.2015. ISSN 1040-0605. PMC 4683316. PMID 26408554.
- ^ a b c Cheng, T. (2014). "Chemicaw evawuation of ewectronic cigarettes". Tobacco Controw. 23 (Suppwement 2): ii11–ii17. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrow-2013-051482. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 3995255. PMID 24732157.
- ^ a b c d Pepper, J. K.; Brewer, N. T. (2013). "Ewectronic nicotine dewivery system (ewectronic cigarette) awareness, use, reactions and bewiefs: a systematic review". Tobacco Controw. 23 (5): 375–384. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrow-2013-051122. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 4520227. PMID 24259045.
- ^ a b c d e f Grana, R; Benowitz, N; Gwantz, SA (13 May 2014). "E-cigarettes: a scientific review". Circuwation. 129 (19): 1972–86. doi:10.1161/circuwationaha.114.007667. PMC 4018182. PMID 24821826.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Orewwana-Barrios, Menfiw A.; Payne, Drew; Muwkey, Zachary; Nugent, Kennef (2015). "Ewectronic cigarettes-a narrative review for cwinicians". The American Journaw of Medicine. 128: 674–81. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033. ISSN 0002-9343. PMID 25731134.
- ^ a b Schraufnagew, Dean E.; Bwasi, Francesco; Drummond, M. Bradwey; Lam, David C. L.; Latif, Ehsan; Rosen, Mark J.; Sansores, Rauw; Van Zyw-Smit, Richard (2014). "Ewectronic Cigarettes. A Position Statement of de Forum of Internationaw Respiratory Societies". American Journaw of Respiratory and Criticaw Care Medicine. 190 (6): 611–618. doi:10.1164/rccm.201407-1198PP. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 25006874.
- ^ a b c d Ebbert, Jon O.; Agunwamba, Amenah A.; Rutten, Liwa J. (2015). "Counsewing Patients on de Use of Ewectronic Cigarettes". Mayo Cwinic Proceedings. 90 (1): 128–134. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.11.004. ISSN 0025-6196. PMID 25572196.
- ^ McNeiww 2015, p. 15.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bhatnagar, A.; Whitsew, L. P.; Ribisw, K. M.; Buwwen, C.; Chawoupka, F.; Piano, M. R.; Robertson, R. M.; McAuwey, T.; Goff, D.; Benowitz, N. (2014). "Ewectronic Cigarettes: A Powicy Statement From de American Heart Association". Circuwation. 130 (16): 1418–1436. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000107. ISSN 0009-7322. PMID 25156991.
- ^ a b "Logic Premium Ewectronic Cigarettes". PC Magazine. 30 Juwy 2013.
- ^ a b Greg Owson (29 January 2014). "Smoking going ewectronic". Civistas Media. Journaw-Courier.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k w m n o p q r s Farsawinos, Konstantinos E.; Spyrou, Awketa; Tsimopouwou, Kawwiroi; Stefopouwos, Christos; Romagna, Giorgio; Voudris, Vassiwis (2014). "Nicotine absorption from ewectronic cigarette use: comparison between first and new-generation devices". Scientific Reports. 4. doi:10.1038/srep04133. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 3935206. PMID 24569565.
- ^ a b Rom, Oren; Pecorewwi, Awessandra; Vawacchi, Giuseppe; Reznick, Abraham Z. (2014). "Are E-cigarettes a safe and good awternative to cigarette smoking?". Annaws of de New York Academy of Sciences. 1340 (1): 65–74. doi:10.1111/nyas.12609. ISSN 0077-8923. PMID 25557889.
- ^ a b Gwasser, A. M.; Cobb, C. O.; Tepwitskaya, L.; Ganz, O.; Katz, L.; Rose, S. W.; Feirman, S.; Viwwanti, A. C. (2015). "Ewectronic nicotine dewivery devices, and deir impact on heawf and patterns of tobacco use: a systematic review protocow". BMJ Open. 5 (4): e007688–e007688. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007688. ISSN 2044-6055. PMC 4420972. PMID 25926149.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k w Hayden McRobbie (2014). "Ewectronic cigarettes" (PDF). Nationaw Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training. pp. 1–16.
- ^ a b c Konstantinos Farsawinos (2015). "Ewectronic cigarette evowution from de first to fourf-generation and beyond" (PDF). gfn, uh-hah-hah-hah.net.co. Gwobaw Forum on Nicotine. p. 23.
- ^ a b c d e f Crotty Awexander LE, Vyas A, Schraufnagew DE, Mawhotra A (2015). "Ewectronic cigarettes: de new face of nicotine dewivery and addiction". J Thorac Dis. 7 (8): E248–51. doi:10.3978/j.issn, uh-hah-hah-hah.2072-1439.2015.07.37. PMC 4561260. PMID 26380791.
- ^ a b Tom McBride (11 February 2013). "Vaping Basics – VAPE GEAR". Spinfuew eMagazine.
- ^ a b c Jankowski, Mateusz; Brożek, Grzegorz; Lawson, Joshua; Skoczyński, Szymon; Zejda, Jan (2017). "E-smoking: Emerging pubwic heawf probwem?". Internationaw Journaw of Occupationaw Medicine and Environmentaw Heawf. doi:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01046. ISSN 1232-1087. PMID 28481369.
- ^ Engwand, Lucinda J.; Bunneww, Rebecca E.; Pechacek, Terry F.; Tong, Van T.; McAfee, Tim A. (2015). "Nicotine and de Devewoping Human". American Journaw of Preventive Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.015. ISSN 0749-3797. PMC 4594223. PMID 25794473.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Berdowon, J.F.; Becqwemin, M.H.; Annesi-Maesano, I.; Dautzenberg, B. (2013). "Ewectronic Cigarettes: A Short Review". Respiration. 86: 433–8. doi:10.1159/000353253. ISSN 1423-0356. PMID 24080743.
- ^ a b Jimenez Ruiz, CA; Sowano Reina, S; de Granda Orive, JI; Signes-Costa Minaya, J; de Higes Martinez, E; Riesco Miranda, JA; Awtet Gómez, N; Lorza Bwasco, JJ; Barrueco Ferrero, M; de Lucas Ramos, P (August 2014). "The ewectronic cigarette. Officiaw statement of de Spanish Society of Pneumowogy and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR) on de efficacy, safety and reguwation of ewectronic cigarettes". Archivos de bronconeumowogia. 50 (8): 362–7. doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2014.02.006. PMID 24684764.
- ^ a b c Oh, Anne Y.; Kacker, Ashutosh (December 2014). "Do ewectronic cigarettes impart a wower potentiaw disease burden dan conventionaw tobacco cigarettes?: Review on e-cigarette vapor versus tobacco smoke". The Laryngoscope. 124 (12): 2702–2706. doi:10.1002/wary.24750. PMID 25302452.
- ^ a b Leduc, Charwotte; Quoix, Ewisabef (2016). "Is dere a rowe for e-cigarettes in smoking cessation?". Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease. 10 (2): 130–135. doi:10.1177/1753465815621233. ISSN 1753-4658. PMID 26668136.
- ^ a b Wiwder, Natawie; Dawey, Cwaire; Sugarman, Jane; Partridge, James (Apriw 2016). "Nicotine widout smoke: Tobacco harm reduction". UK: Royaw Cowwege of Physicians. p. 82.
- ^ a b Dan Nosowitz (5 June 2015). "America's First Certified Organic E-Cigarette Vaping Liqwid Is Here". Modern Farmer.
- ^ a b c John Reid Bwackweww (7 June 2015). "Avaiw Vapor offers gwimpse into de 'art and science' of e-wiqwids". Richmond Times-Dispatch.
- ^ a b "Backgrounder on WHO report on reguwation of e-cigarettes and simiwar products". 26 August 2014.
- ^ a b "Manufacturing". United States Department of Heawf and Human Services. United States Food and Drug Administration, uh-hah-hah-hah. 12 August 2016.
- ^ a b c d Famewe, M.; Ferranti, C.; Abenavowi, C.; Pawweschi, L.; Mancinewwi, R.; Draisci, R. (2014). "The Chemicaw Components of Ewectronic Cigarette Cartridges and Refiww Fwuids: Review of Anawyticaw Medods". Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 17 (3): 271–279. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu197. ISSN 1462-2203. PMID 25257980.
- ^ a b c d E-Liqwid Manufacturing Standards (PDF). US: American E-Liqwid Manufacturing Standards Association (AEMSA). 4 September 2015. pp. 1–13.
- ^ a b c d e Brown, C. J.; Cheng, J. M. (2014). "Ewectronic cigarettes: product characterisation and design considerations". Tobacco Controw. 23 (Suppwement 2): ii4–ii10. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrow-2013-051476. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 3995271. PMID 24732162.
- ^ "Supporting reguwation of ewectronic cigarettes". www.apha.org. US: American Pubwic Heawf Association, uh-hah-hah-hah. 18 November 2014.
- ^ Evans, S. E.; Hoffman, A. C. (2014). "Ewectronic cigarettes: abuse wiabiwity, topography and subjective effects". Tobacco Controw. 23 (Suppwement 2): ii23–ii29. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrow-2013-051489. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 3995256. PMID 24732159.
- ^ a b c Brandon, T. H.; Goniewicz, M. L.; Hanna, N. H.; Hatsukami, D. K.; Herbst, R. S.; Hobin, J. A.; Ostroff, J. S.; Shiewds, P. G.; Toww, B. A.; Tyne, C. A.; Viswanaf, K.; Warren, G. W. (2015). "Ewectronic Nicotine Dewivery Systems: A Powicy Statement from de American Association for Cancer Research and de American Society of Cwinicaw Oncowogy". Cwinicaw Cancer Research. 21: 514–525. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-2544. ISSN 1078-0432. PMID 25573384.
- ^ Vaping360 Team (3 August 2018). "PG vs VG: What They Are and How to Use Them". Vaping360.
- ^ Drope, Jeffrey; Cahn, Zachary; Kennedy, Rosemary; Liber, Awex C.; Stokwosa, Michaw; Henson, Rosemarie; Dougwas, Cwifford E.; Drope, Jacqwi (2017). "Key issues surrounding de heawf impacts of ewectronic nicotine dewivery systems (ENDS) and oder sources of nicotine". CA: A Cancer Journaw for Cwinicians. doi:10.3322/caac.21413. ISSN 0007-9235. PMID 28961314.
- ^ Couch ET, Chaffee BW, Gansky SA, Wawsh MM (2016). "The changing tobacco wandscape: What dentaw professionaws need to know". J Am Dent Assoc. 147 (7): 561–9. doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2016.01.008. PMC 4925234. PMID 26988178.
- ^ Liber, Awex C; Drope, Jeffrey M; Stokwosa, Michaw (2017). "Combustibwe cigarettes cost wess to use dan e-cigarettes: gwobaw evidence and tax powicy impwications". Tobacco Controw. 26 (2): 158–163. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrow-2015-052874. ISSN 0964-4563. PMID 27022059.
- ^ Franck, C.; Budwovsky, T.; Windwe, S. B.; Fiwion, K. B.; Eisenberg, M. J. (2014). "Ewectronic Cigarettes in Norf America: History, Use, and Impwications for Smoking Cessation". Circuwation. 129 (19): 1945–1952. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.006416. ISSN 0009-7322. PMID 24821825.
- ^ a b Garner, Charwes; Stevens, Robert (February 2014). "A Brief Description of History, Operation and Reguwation" (PDF). Coresta. Archived from de originaw (PDF) on 3 March 2016.
- ^ Oscar Raymundo (27 January 2015). "How to Get Started wif E-Cigarettes". HuffPost.
- ^ McQueen, Amy; Tower, Stephanie; Sumner, Wawton (2011). "Interviews wif "vapers": impwications for future research wif ewectronic cigarettes". Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 13 (9): 860–7. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr088. PMID 21571692.
- ^ SA, Meo; SA, Aw Asiri (2014). "Effects of ewectronic cigarette smoking on human heawf" (PDF). Eur Rev Med Pharmacow Sci. 18 (21): 3315–9. PMID 25487945.
- ^ Mary Pwass (29 January 2014). "The Cwoud Chasers". Vape News Magazine.
- ^ Dominiqwe Mosbergen (5 August 2014). "This Man Is An Adwete In The Sport Of 'Cwoud Chasing'". HuffPost.
- ^ Jérôme Cartegini (27 May 2014). "A wa découverte de wa cigarette éwectroniqwe". Cwubic.
- ^ a b c d e f Couts, Andrew (13 May 2013). "Inside de worwd of vapers, de subcuwture dat might save smokers' wives". Digitaw Trends.
- ^ Awex Hern (21 November 2014). "Now e-cigarettes can give you mawware". The Guardian.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k w Staaw, Yvonne CM; van de Nobewen, Suzanne; Havermans, Anne; Tawhout, Reinskje (2018). "New Tobacco and Tobacco-Rewated Products: Earwy Detection of Product Devewopment, Marketing Strategies, and Consumer Interest". JMIR Pubwic Heawf and Surveiwwance. 4 (2): e55. doi:10.2196/pubwicheawf.7359. ISSN 2369-2960. PMID 29807884. This articwe incorporates text by Yvonne CM Staaw, Suzanne van de Nobewen, Anne Havermans, and Reinskje Tawhout avaiwabwe under de CC BY 4.0 wicense.
- ^ a b c Gwantz, Stanton A.; Bareham, David W. (January 2018). "E-Cigarettes: Use, Effects on Smoking, Risks, and Powicy Impwications". Annuaw Review of Pubwic Heawf. 39 (1). doi:10.1146/annurev-pubwheawf-040617-013757. ISSN 0163-7525. PMID 29323609. This articwe incorporates text by Stanton A. Gwantz and David W. Bareham avaiwabwe under de CC BY 4.0 wicense.
- ^ a b Ramôa, C. P.; Eissenberg, T.; Sahingur, S. E. (2017). "Increasing popuwarity of waterpipe tobacco smoking and ewectronic cigarette use: Impwications for oraw heawdcare". Journaw of Periodontaw Research. doi:10.1111/jre.12458. ISSN 0022-3484. PMID 28393367.
- ^ McCauswand, Kahwia; Maycock, Bruce; Jancey, Jonine (2017). "The messages presented in onwine ewectronic cigarette promotions and discussions: a scoping review protocow". BMJ Open. 7 (11): e018633. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018633. ISSN 2044-6055. PMC 5695349. PMID 29122804.
- ^ "The skyrocketing popuwarity of e-cigarettes: A guide". The Week. 20 August 2012.
- ^ Tim Stevens (31 March 2009). "Thanko's USB-powered Heawf E-Cigarettes sound heawdy". Engagdet.
- ^ a b Terrence O'Brien (15 Juwy 2011). "E-Lites ewectronic cigarette review". Engagdet.
- ^ Farsawinos, K. E.; Powosa, R. (2014). "Safety evawuation and risk assessment of ewectronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review". Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety. 5 (2): 67–86. doi:10.1177/2042098614524430. ISSN 2042-0986. PMC 4110871. PMID 25083263.
- ^ "Joyetech eCom". PCMag. Ziff Davis. 31 January 2014.
- ^ Daniew Cuwpan (21 May 2015). "E-cigarettes may onwy be harmfuw under 'extreme conditions'". Condé Nast.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Mark Benson (9 January 2015). "Are Third Generation Vaping Devices A Step Too Far?". Spinfuew eMagazine.
- ^ a b c d e Michaew Grodaus (1 October 2014). "Trading addictions: de inside story of de e-cig modding scene". Engadget.
- ^ a b Sean Cooper (23 May 2014). "What you need to know about vaporizers". Engadget.
- ^ "Understanding MiwwiAmp Hours". Spinfuew eMagazine. 2 January 2014.
- ^ "The Vapowogist wiww see you now: Inside New York's first e-cigarette bar". The Week. 11 October 2013.
- ^ a b Eric Larson (25 January 2014). "Pimp My Vape: The Rise of E-Cigarette Hackers". Mashabwe.
- ^ Qasim, Hanan; Karim, Zubair A.; Rivera, Jose O.; Khasawneh, Fadi T.; Awshboow, Fatima Z. (2017). "Impact of Ewectronic Cigarettes on de Cardiovascuwar System". Journaw of de American Heart Association. 6 (9): e006353. doi:10.1161/JAHA.117.006353. ISSN 2047-9980. PMID 28855171.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Cwapp, Phiwwip W.; Jaspers, Iwona (2017). "Ewectronic Cigarettes: Their Constituents and Potentiaw Links to Asdma". Current Awwergy and Asdma Reports. 17 (11). doi:10.1007/s11882-017-0747-5. ISSN 1529-7322. PMID 28983782.
- ^ a b John Castwe (27 January 2014). "E Cigarettes And Cwearomizers". Spinfuew eMagazine.
- ^ EP appwication 2614731, Yonghai Li, Zhongwi Xu, "An atomizer for ewectronic cigarette", pubwished 17 Juwy 2013
- ^ a b c Joseph C. Martin, III (2 September 2015). "The Worwd of de [RDA] Coiw". Spinfuew eMagazine.
- ^ "Harding Battery Handbook For" (PDF). Harding Energy, Inc. Archived from de originaw (PDF) on 2015-12-27.
- ^ a b Ngonngo, Nancy (28 September 2013). "As e-cigarette stores pop up in Twin Cities, so do de qwestions". Pioneer Press.
- ^ a b c d Mike K (9 June 2015). "What Does The Future Howd For Vaping Technowogy?". Steve K's Vaping Worwd.
- ^ "wgaurejen". 17 February 2015.
- ^ Arvid Sowwom (9 May 2015). "Sub ohm tanks and de end of non hobbyist buiwding". Vape Magazine.
- ^ VAPE Magazine March EU Speciaw. Vape Magazine. March 2015. p. 50.
- ^ a b c Lindsay Fox (24 March 2014). "E-Liqwid and Tank Safety". EcigaretteReviewed.
- ^ "The Rebuiwdabwe Atomizer – An Introduction And Overview". Spinfuew eMagazine. 7 January 2013.
- ^ Matt Schramew (15 December 2013). "3 steps to rebuiwding atomizers". Vapenews Magazine.
- ^ a b c d Erick Potter (16 January 2014). "How to prepare a stainwess steew wick and wrap a coiw for a Genesis stywe rebuiwdabwe atomizer". Vape Magazine.
- ^ a b c d Juwia Hartwey-Barnes (17 September 2015). "Vaping wif Juwia "Sub Ohm Tanks"". Spinfuew eMagazine.
- ^ John Manzione (27 Juwy 2015). "Aspire Triton Fuww Review".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Jason Littwe (13 Juwy 2015). "Guide To Dripping e Liqwid". Spinfuew eMagazine.
- ^ a b c d e Vaping360 Team (2 November 2017). "Best Sqwonk Mods 2017 - Uwtimate Guide to Sqwonking". Vaping360.
- ^ Tom McBride (28 February 2013). "Taking The Mystery Out Of Variabwe Wattage". Spinfuew eMagazine.
- ^ Beach, Dania (29 January 2014). "Vapor Corp. Launches New Store-in-Store VaporX(R) Retaiw Concept at Tobacco Pwus Convenience Expo in Las Vegas". The Waww Street Journaw. Archived from de originaw on 22 February 2014.
- ^ "JoyeTech eVic Review". Reaw Ewectric Cigarettes Reviews.
- ^ a b c d Staff (8 December 2015). "Temperature Coefficients and Coiw Wires".
- ^ Tom McBride (8 December 2015). "Temperature Controw Vaping: The Decision Is Yours".
- ^ Spinfuew Staff (3 August 2015). "HCigar VT40 Evowv DNA40 Mod". Spinfuew eMagazine.
- ^ a b Tim Hanwon (15 February 2015). "Temperature-controwwed e-cigs: The next giant weap in harm reduction of nicotine use?". Gizmag.
- ^ a b Dawe Amann (10 February 2014). "Battery Safety and Ohm's Law". onVaping.
- ^ a b Giroud, Christian; de Cesare, Mariangewa; Berdet, Auréwie; Varwet, Vincent; Concha-Lozano, Nicowas; Favrat, Bernard (2015). "E-Cigarettes: A Review of New Trends in Cannabis Use". Internationaw Journaw of Environmentaw Research and Pubwic Heawf. 12 (8): 9988–10008. doi:10.3390/ijerph120809988. ISSN 1660-4601. PMID 26308021.
- ^ Emiwy Payne (12 September 2017). "SMOKE SCREENED We reveaw de countries where vaping is BANNED – and couwd even get you chucked in prison". The Sun (United Kingdom).
- ^ "Experts Cwear de Air on E-Cigarettes". Cowumbia University Maiwman Schoow of Pubwic Heawf. 26 January 2018.
- ^ Jarrett Lyons (5 October 2017). "Vaping is better for you dan smoking cigarettes, says new study". Sawon (website).
- ^ Nansseu, Jobert Richie N.; Bigna, Jean Joew R. (2016). "Ewectronic Cigarettes for Curbing de Tobacco-Induced Burden of Noncommunicabwe Diseases: Evidence Revisited wif Emphasis on Chawwenges in Sub-Saharan Africa". Puwmonary Medicine. 2016: 1–9. doi:10.1155/2016/4894352. ISSN 2090-1836. PMC 5220510. PMID 28116156. This articwe incorporates text by Jobert Richie N. Nansseu and Jean Joew R. Bigna avaiwabwe under de CC BY 4.0 wicense.
- ^ Bekki, Kanae; Uchiyama, Shigehisa; Ohta, Kazushi; Inaba, Yohei; Nakagome, Hideki; Kunugita, Naoki (2014). "Carbonyw Compounds Generated from Ewectronic Cigarettes". Internationaw Journaw of Environmentaw Research and Pubwic Heawf. 11 (11): 11192–11200. doi:10.3390/ijerph111111192. ISSN 1660-4601. PMID 25353061.
- ^ a b Caponnetto, P.; Russo, C.; Bruno, C.M.; Awamo, A.; Amaradio, M.D.; Powosa, R. (March 2013). "Ewectronic cigarette: a possibwe substitute for cigarette dependence". Monawdi Archives for Chest Disease. 79 (1): 12–19. doi:10.4081/monawdi.2013.104. ISSN 1122-0643. PMID 23741941.
- ^ a b c Schick, Suzaynn F.; Bwount, Benjamin C; Jacob, Peyton; Sawiba, Najat A; Bernert, John T; Ew Hewwani, Ahmad; Jatwow, Peter; Pappas, R Steve; Wang, Lanqing; Fouwds, Jonadan; Ghosh, Arunava; Hecht, Stephen S; Gomez, John C; Martin, Jessica R; Mesaros, Cwementina; Srivastava, Sanjay; St. Hewen, Gideon; Tarran, Robert; Lorkiewicz, Pawew K; Bwair, Ian A; Kimmew, Header L; Doerschuk, Cwaire M.; Benowitz, Neaw L; Bhatnagar, Aruni (2017). "Biomarkers of Exposure to New and Emerging Tobacco and Nicotine Dewivery Products". American Journaw of Physiowogy. Lung Cewwuwar and Mowecuwar Physiowogy: ajpwung.00343.2016. doi:10.1152/ajpwung.00343.2016. ISSN 1040-0605. PMID 28522563.
- ^ Stanton, Cassandra A; Viwwanti, Andrea C; Watson, Cwifford; Dewnevo, Cristine D (2016). "Fwavoured tobacco products in de USA: syndesis of recent muwtidiscipwine studies wif impwications for advancing tobacco reguwatory science". Tobacco Controw. 25 (Suppw 2): ii1–ii3. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrow-2016-053486. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 5518682. PMID 27856996.
- ^ Stratton 2018, p. Oder Toxicants, Caffeine; 197.
- ^ Lynne Dawkins, John Turner, Amanda Roberts and Kirstie Soar (2013). "Vaping' profiwes and preferences: an onwine survey of ewectronic cigarette users" (PDF). Schoow of Psychowogy-University of East London, uh-hah-hah-hah.CS1 maint: Uses audors parameter (wink)
- ^ a b Xiaowong Zheng; Daniew Dajun Zeng; Hsinchun Chen; Scott J. Leischow (22 January 2016). Smart Heawf: Internationaw Conference, ICSH 2015, Phoenix, AZ, USA, November 17-18, 2015. Revised Sewected Papers. Springer. pp. 279–. ISBN 978-3-319-29175-8.
- ^ Chang, H. (2014). "Research gaps rewated to de environmentaw impacts of ewectronic cigarettes". Tobacco Controw. 23 (Suppwement 2): ii54–ii58. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrow-2013-051480. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 3995274. PMID 24732165.
- ^ Burstyn, I (9 January 2014). "Peering drough de mist: systematic review of what de chemistry of contaminants in ewectronic cigarettes tewws us about heawf risks". BMC Pubwic Heawf. 14: 18. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-18. PMC 3937158. PMID 24406205.
- ^ Brandon, T. H.; Goniewicz, M. L.; Hanna, N. H.; Hatsukami, D. K.; Herbst, R. S.; Hobin, J. A.; Ostroff, J. S.; Shiewds, P. G.; Toww, B. A.; Tyne, C. A.; Viswanaf, K.; Warren, G. W. (2015). "Ewectronic Nicotine Dewivery Systems: A Powicy Statement from de American Association for Cancer Research and de American Society of Cwinicaw Oncowogy". Cwinicaw Cancer Research. 21: 514–525. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-2544. ISSN 1078-0432.
- ^ Tomashefski, Amy (2016). "The perceived effects of ewectronic cigarettes on heawf by aduwt users: A state of de science systematic witerature review". Journaw of de American Association of Nurse Practitioners: n/a–n/a. doi:10.1002/2327-6924.12358. ISSN 2327-6886. PMID 26997487.
- ^ Chun, Lauren F; Moazed, Farzad; Cawfee, Carowyn S; Matday, Michaew A.; Gotts, Jeffrey Earw (2017). "Puwmonary Toxicity of E-cigarettes". American Journaw of Physiowogy. Lung Cewwuwar and Mowecuwar Physiowogy: ajpwung.00071.2017. doi:10.1152/ajpwung.00071.2017. ISSN 1040-0605. PMID 28522559.
- ^ Naskar, Subrata; Jakati, PraveenKumar (2017). ""Vaping:" Emergence of a new paraphernawia". Indian Journaw of Psychowogicaw Medicine. 39 (5): 566. doi:10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_142_17. ISSN 0253-7176. PMC 5688881. PMID 29200550.
- ^ a b Weaver, Michaew; Brewand, Awison; Spindwe, Tory; Eissenberg, Thomas (2014). "Ewectronic Cigarettes". Journaw of Addiction Medicine. 8 (4): 234–240. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000043. ISSN 1932-0620. PMC 4123220. PMID 25089953.
- ^ a b c d e Hajek, P; Etter, JF; Benowitz, N; Eissenberg, T; McRobbie, H (31 Juwy 2014). "Ewectronic cigarettes: review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers and potentiaw for harm and benefit". Addiction. 109 (11): 1801–10. doi:10.1111/add.12659. PMC 4487785. PMID 25078252.
- ^ a b Jerry JM, Cowwins GB, Streem D (2015). "E-cigarettes: Safe to recommend to patients?". Cweve Cwin J Med. 82 (8): 521–6. doi:10.3949/ccjm.82a.14054. PMID 26270431.
- ^ Naik, Pooja; Cucuwwo, Luca (2015). "Padobiowogy of tobacco smoking and neurovascuwar disorders: untied strings and awternative products". Fwuids and Barriers of de CNS. 12 (1). doi:10.1186/s12987-015-0022-x. ISSN 2045-8118. PMC 4628383. PMID 26520792.
- ^ Brewand, Awison B.; Spindwe, Tory; Weaver, Michaew; Eissenberg, Thomas (2014). "Science and Ewectronic Cigarettes". Journaw of Addiction Medicine. 8 (4): 223–233. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000049. ISSN 1932-0620. PMC 4122311. PMID 25089952.
- ^ a b Zuwkifwi, Aziemah; Abidin, Emiwia Zainaw; Abidin, Najihah Zainow; Amer Nordin, Amer Siddiq; Praveena, Sarva Mangawa; Syed Ismaiw, Sharifah Norkhadijah; Rasdi, Irniza; Karuppiah, Karmegam; Rahman, Anita Abd (2016). "Ewectronic cigarettes: a systematic review of avaiwabwe studies on heawf risk assessment". Reviews on Environmentaw Heawf. 0 (0). doi:10.1515/reveh-2015-0075. ISSN 2191-0308. PMID 27101543.
- ^ a b Pawazzowo, Dominic L. (November 2013). "Ewectronic cigarettes and vaping: a new chawwenge in cwinicaw medicine and pubwic heawf. A witerature review". Frontiers in Pubwic Heawf. 1 (56). doi:10.3389/fpubh.2013.00056. PMC 3859972. PMID 24350225. This articwe incorporates text by Dominic L. Pawazzowo avaiwabwe under de CC BY 3.0 wicense.
- ^ Jenssen, Brian P.; Wiwson, Karen M. (2017). "Tobacco Controw and Treatment for de Pediatric Cwinician: Practice, Powicy, and Research Updates". Academic Pediatrics. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2016.12.010. ISSN 1876-2859. PMID 28069410.
- ^ a b "Ewectronic Cigarettes – An Overview" (PDF). German Cancer Research Center. 2013. pp. 3, 18.
- ^ Orr, Michaew S (2014). "Ewectronic cigarettes in de USA: a summary of avaiwabwe toxicowogy data and suggestions for de future: Tabwe 1". Tobacco Controw. 23 (suppw 2): ii18–ii22. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrow-2013-051474. ISSN 0964-4563. PMID 24732158.
- ^ a b Varwet, Vincent; Farsawinos, Konstantinos; Augsburger, Marc; Thomas, Auréwien; Etter, Jean-François (2015). "Toxicity Assessment of Refiww Liqwids for Ewectronic Cigarettes". Internationaw Journaw of Environmentaw Research and Pubwic Heawf. 12 (5): 4796–4815. doi:10.3390/ijerph120504796. ISSN 1660-4601. PMID 25941845.
- ^ a b c Dinakar, Chitra; Longo, Dan L.; O'Connor, George T. (2016). "The Heawf Effects of Ewectronic Cigarettes". New Engwand Journaw of Medicine. 375 (14): 1372–1381. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1502466. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 27705269.
- ^ Stratton 2018, p. Oder Toxicants, Phdawates; 196.
- ^ a b Varwet, Vincent; Farsawinos, Konstantinos; Augsburger, Marc; Thomas, Auréwien; Etter, Jean-François (2015). "Awdehydes (in µg/g) in 42 bottwes of e-wiqwids, 2013". Internationaw Journaw of Environmentaw Research and Pubwic Heawf. 12 (5).
- ^ a b "E-wiqwid Mixing Guide – a Guide to DIY Mixing". Ecigarette Mag. 2014.
- ^ Murray Laugesen (17 October 2007). "The Ruyan e-cigarette; Technicaw Information Sheet". Heawf New Zeawand.
- ^ DeVito, Ewise E.; Krishnan-Sarin, Suchitra (2018). "E-cigarettes: Impact of E-Liqwid Components and Device Characteristics on Nicotine Exposure". Current Neuropharmacowogy. 16 (4): 438–459. doi:10.2174/1570159X15666171016164430. ISSN 1570-159X. PMC 6018193. PMID 29046158.
- ^ a b c Cormet-Boyaka, Estewwe; Zare, Samane; Nemati, Mehdi; Zheng, Yuqing (2018). "A systematic review of consumer preference for e-cigarette attributes: Fwavor, nicotine strengf, and type". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0194145. doi:10.1371/journaw.pone.0194145. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 29543907. This articwe incorporates text by Samane Zare, Mehdi Nemati, and Yuqing Zheng avaiwabwe under de CC BY 4.0 wicense.
- ^ a b McNeiww 2018, p. 95.
- ^ a b Cervewwin, Gianfranco; Borghi, Loris; Mattiuzzi, Camiwwa; Meschi, Tiziana; Favaworo, Emmanuew; Lippi, Giuseppe (2013). "E-Cigarettes and Cardiovascuwar Risk: Beyond Science and Mysticism". Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 40 (01): 060–065. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1363468. ISSN 0094-6176. PMID 24343348.
- ^ a b Hiwdick-Smif, Gordon J.; Pesko, Michaew F.; Shearer, Lee; Hughes, Jenna M.; Chang, Jane; Loughwin, Gerawd M.; Ipp, Lisa S. (2015). "A Practitioner's Guide to Ewectronic Cigarettes in de Adowescent Popuwation". Journaw of Adowescent Heawf. 57: 574–9. doi:10.1016/j.jadoheawf.2015.07.020. ISSN 1054-139X. PMID 26422289.
- ^ Zainow Abidin, Najihah; Zainaw Abidin, Emiwia; Zuwkifwi, Aziemah; Karuppiah, Karmegam; Syed Ismaiw, Sharifah Norkhadijah; Amer Nordin, Amer Siddiq (2017). "Ewectronic cigarettes and indoor air qwawity: a review of studies using human vowunteers". Reviews on Environmentaw Heawf. 0 (0). doi:10.1515/reveh-2016-0059. ISSN 2191-0308. PMID 28107173.
- ^ Odum, L. E.; O'Deww, K. A.; Schepers, J. S. (2012). "Ewectronic Cigarettes: Do They Have a Rowe in Smoking Cessation?". Journaw of Pharmacy Practice. 25 (6): 611–614. doi:10.1177/0897190012451909. ISSN 0897-1900. PMID 22797832.
- ^ Chadam-Stephens, Kevin; Law, Royaw; Taywor, Edew; Kieszak, Stephanie; Mewstrom, Pauw; Bunneww, Rebecca; Wang, Baoguang; Day, Hannah; Apewberg, Benjamin; Cantreww, Lee; Foster, Howeww; Schier, Joshua G. (June 2016). "Exposure Cawws to U. S. Poison Centers Invowving Ewectronic Cigarettes and Conventionaw Cigarettes—September 2010–December 2014". Journaw of Medicaw Toxicowogy. doi:10.1007/s13181-016-0563-7. ISSN 1556-9039. PMID 27352081.
- ^ Tierney, Peyton A; Karpinski, Cwarissa D; Brown, Jessica E; Luo, Wentai; Pankow, James F (2016). "Fwavour chemicaws in ewectronic cigarette fwuids". Tobacco Controw. 25 (e1): e10–e15. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrow-2014-052175. ISSN 0964-4563. PMID 25877377.
- ^ Pepper, J. K.; Brewer, N. T. (2013). "Ewectronic nicotine dewivery system (ewectronic cigarette) awareness, use, reactions and bewiefs: a systematic review". Tobacco Controw. 23 (5): 375–384. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrow-2013-051122. ISSN 0964-4563. PMID 24259045.
- ^ a b McNeiww 2018, p. 92.
- ^ "About AEMSA". AEMSA. 2015.
- ^ a b "Pipe, Cigar, and Vape Shops dat Are Reguwated as Bof Retaiwers and Manufacturers". United States Department of Heawf and Human Services. United States Food and Drug Administration, uh-hah-hah-hah. 8 August 2016.
- ^ "Vaporizers, E-Cigarettes, and oder Ewectronic Nicotine Dewivery Systems (ENDS)". United States Department of Heawf and Human Services. United States Food and Drug Administration, uh-hah-hah-hah. 7 August 2016.
- ^ Biyani, Sneh; Derkay, Craig S. (2017). "E-cigarettes: An update on considerations for de otowaryngowogist". Internationaw Journaw of Pediatric Otorhinowaryngowogy. 94: 14–16. doi:10.1016/j.ijporw.2016.12.027. ISSN 0165-5876. PMID 28167004.
- ^ Jen Christensen (5 May 2016). "FDA to extend tobacco reguwations to e-cigarettes, oder products". CNN.
- ^ "FDA takes significant steps to protect Americans from dangers of tobacco drough new reguwation". United States Department of Heawf and Human Services. United States Food and Drug Administration, uh-hah-hah-hah. 5 May 2016.
- ^ "Products, Guidance & Reguwations - Deeming – Extending Audorities to Additionaw Tobacco Products". United States Department of Heawf and Human Services. United States Food and Drug Administration, uh-hah-hah-hah. 25 Apriw 2014. Archived from de originaw on 2014-04-26.
- ^ Brad Rodu (30 Apriw 2014). "FDA reguwation: Defining e-cigarettes as tobacco products". R Street Institute.
- ^ "Compwiance, Enforcement & Training - Tobacco Controw Act". United States Department of Heawf and Human Services. United States Food and Drug Administration, uh-hah-hah-hah. 17 January 2018.
- ^ "FDA proposes to extend its tobacco audority to additionaw tobacco products, incwuding e-cigarettes". United States Food and Drug Administration, uh-hah-hah-hah. 24 Apriw 2014.
- ^ Ashida Nagesh (20 May 2016). "E-cigarette waws have changed – here's what you need to know". Metro (British newspaper).
- ^ Matt Discombe (11 December 2016). "Why are dere so many vaping shops in Gwoucester and how is it sustainabwe?". Gwoucestershire Live.
- ^ a b c d "E-cigarettes: reguwations for consumer products". GOV.UK. 19 January 2018.
- ^ a b Schroeder, M. J.; Hoffman, A. C. (2014). "Ewectronic cigarettes and nicotine cwinicaw pharmacowogy". Tobacco Controw. 23 (Suppwement 2): ii30–ii35. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrow-2013-051469. ISSN 0964-4563. PMID 24732160.
- ^ Goniewicz, Maciej L.; Hajek, Peter; McRobbie, Hayden (2014). "Nicotine content of ewectronic cigarettes, its rewease in vapour and its consistency across batches: reguwatory impwications" (PDF). Addiction. 109 (3): 500–507. doi:10.1111/add.12410. ISSN 0965-2140. PMID 24345184.
- ^ Buwwen, Christopher (2014). "Ewectronic Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation". Current Cardiowogy Reports. 16 (11): 538. doi:10.1007/s11886-014-0538-8. ISSN 1523-3782. PMID 25303892.
- ^ Kaisar, Mohammad Abuw; Prasad, Shikha; Liwes, Tywor; Cucuwwo, Luca (2016). "A Decade of e-Cigarettes: Limited Research & Unresowved Safety Concerns". Toxicowogy. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2016.07.020. ISSN 0300-483X. PMID 27477296.
- ^ McNeiww 2015, p. 69-70.
Externaw winks[edit]
- Media rewated to Ewectronic cigarettes at Wikimedia Commons


text:
It's important to understand how car insurance works in every state, because you never know when you may be driving through. If you're thinking about moving to North Carolina, it can also be helpful to understand North Carolina's insurance coverage requirements and be aware of liability laws in case you ever get in a wreck. Current NC residents can also benefit from this knowledge, too, of course.
In the event that you've already experienced a vehicle wreck in North Carolina, our attorneys at The Nye Law Group can assist you in understanding your options. We'll investigate your case, assess your damages, and determine who's at fault before helping you file a lawsuit, if necessary. Hopefully, you'll be able to walk away from your accident with more clarity.
NC Liability Car Insurance Requirements
In the state of North Carolina, all drivers are required to hold a minimum amount of liability coverage insurance. This coverage will pay for any damages in the event that a driver causes an accident. However, North Carolina works on a fault-based insurance system, which means they don't require drivers to hold personal injury protection insurance.
This liability coverage insurance only covers other drivers and property in the accidents a driver causes, not personal injuries. The minimum requirements include:
- $30,000 for bodily injury per person injured in an accident
- $60,000 for total bodily injury liability when two or more people are injured in an accident
- $25,000 for property damage per accident
More coverage can be purchased for bodily injuries and property damages, and additional personal injury protection can also be purchased; however, personal injury protection isn't required in North Carolina as it is in some states.
Contact a Charlotte Car Accident Attorney
Whether you're moving to North Carolina, driving through, or you already live here and need help with an accident you've experienced, The Nye Law Group can be of service in getting you the information you need. Our lawyers have a deep understanding of the state's insurance policies. We'll make sure you're covered for the future or compensated for past injuries.
To speak with a Charlotte car accident lawyer, you can schedule a no-obligation consultation by filling out the contact form below or by calling 704-285-6319.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
i just installed emtube and installation went thru without any errors. but i cant open application,when i click on it nothing happens,no errors either! i added it to my multimedia menu and when i click on it it says its no longer an item and disappears from list of items !!
any ideas how to troubleshoot ?
Thanks for the advise.


text:
Your search found 4 Results
Medical organizations support condom use.
Washington, D.C., Advocates for Youth, 2005. [2] p. (Issues at a Glance)Clinical considerations for the pediatrician: Help ensure that all adolescents have knowledge of and access to contraception, including barrier methods and emergency contraception supplies. Pediatricians should actively support and encourage the use of reliable contraception and condoms by adolescents who are sexually active or contemplating sexual activity. In the interest of public health, restrictions and barriers to condom availability should be removed. Schools are an appropriate site for the availability of condoms in a community program because they contain large adolescent populations. Health professionals have an obligation to provide the best possible care to respond to the needs of their adolescent patients. This care should, at a minimum, include comprehensive reproductive health services, such as sexuality education, counseling...[and] access to contraceptives. (excerpt)
Organization of mental health services in developing countries.
Geneva, WHO, 1975. (WHO Technical Report Series No. 564) 41 p.Studies indicate that seriously debilitating mental illness is likely to affect at least 1% of any population at any one time and at least 10% at some time in their life. Since about half the population in many developing countries is under age 15 there is a high quantity of child and adolescent disorders. The prevalence of organic brain damage will diminish with the introduction of public health services, but the same measures are liable to increase the number of surviving children with brain damage. The World Health Organization recommends the pooling of mental health experts to aid the developing countries lacking personnel and resources to cope with mental disorders. Pilot programs in mental care are also recommended to create awareness in communities that mental illness exists and can be treated.
Evaluation of two new neuropsychological tests designed to minimize cultural bias in the assessment of HIV-1 seropositive persons: a WHO study.
ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. 1993 Mar-Apr; 8(2):123-35.In preparation for a World Health Organizations (WHO) study of human immunodeficiency virus-1-associated neurological and psychiatric disorders in a variety of geographic and sociocultural settings, 2 new tests of neuropsychological performance were evaluated. The goal was to identify instruments that are not only able to tap the primary functional domains affected in symptomatic HIV-1 cases but also suitable for cross-cultural use. The WHO/UCLA Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) presents subjects with a list of words with universal familiarity drawn from 5 categories (body parts, animals, tools, household objects, and vehicles), while Color Trails 1 and 2 is based on the use of numbered colored circles and universal sign language symbols. These instruments represent modifications of the previously utilized Rey AVLT and Trail Making A and B tests. Both the new instruments and the reference tests were administered to healthy or HIV-infected volunteers in 2 developed country settings (Germany and Italy) and 2 developing country sites (Thailand and Zaire). There was a significant correlation between scores on each new test and those on the reference tests, indicating that the new instruments tap the same functional domains. The variance of the z-transformed scores from test site to site was reduced for the WHO/UCLA AVLT compared to the Rey AVLT and for the Color Trails 2 compared to the Trail Making B, suggesting that the new tests are more culture-fair than their predecessors. Finally, the percentage of impaired subjects identified through the new tests was significantly higher among seropositive than seronegative subjects, indicating that these instruments are indeed sensitive to HIV-21 associated cognitive damage across different cultures.
Periodic abstinence for family planning.
London, International Planned Parenthood Federation, 1983. 60 p. (IPPF Medical Publications)This publication provides comprehensive information and instructions for the various ways of using periodic abstinence for contraception, along with a restatement of the position of the International Planned Parenthood Federation that periodic abstinence cannot be considered an equal alternative to other more effective family planning methods but that it should be offered by family planning associations for couples desiring it for religious or other reasons. The manual describes the historical development of the abstinence methods and reviews the physiology of the menstrual cycle as background for the careful instructions for each variant. The methods covered include the basal body temperature method in which the "3 over 6" rule for identifying the temperature shift is endorsed but others, such as the cervical mucus method, cervical palpation, sympto-thermal method, and calendar method are described. Other chapters discuss the psychological and motivational aspects of use of periodic abstinence methods; identify research issues and present data on effectiveness especially of the cervical mucus and sympto-thermal methods; discuss side effects and advantages and disadvantages of the methods; and consider special problems of use in developing countries.


text:
On Unfolding
"In yoga teacher training, I feel myself unfolding."
Perhaps you're wondering why I started teaching yoga in the first place—the above quote is one of the first things I wrote at the beginning of my training in 2018. The first time I ever took a yoga class was in 2008, in Tallahassee. I went because a friend invited me, got really into it for a few months, and then when I moved to Spain to teach English, completely dropped it. For ten years. And the reason I came to yoga again in 2018 wasn't because I wanted to teach, but because I was depressed.
One of my good friends suggested I sign up for class pass, to get some endorphins and feel proactive, and maybe even have fun. I did, and eventually, found myself back in a yoga studio in the grove. I started going a few times a week, and eventually took a class with Joan Varini, who surprised me with her mixture of candidness, elegance, strength, and silliness. I would never call her a guru (because she warns against it, and really, no), but I do call her a mentor and friend.
I'm lucky to have yoga back in my life, because it has allowed me to open up more. One of the Sutras from The Yoga Sutras of Pantanjali that we studied in YTT was the second: yogas citta vrtti nirodhah. In other words, 'the restraint of the modifications of the mind-stuff is Yoga." Or, "If you can control the rising of the mind into ripples, you will experience Yoga."
I have struggled with controlling of my mind stuff since I was a teenager, beyond melancholy and brooding. In the past, it brought me a sense of shame (why am I like this? Why can't I be normal?) but I am learning, however painfully, to restrain from those thoughts. Spending almost five months learning about the history and philosophy of yoga, the asanas (poses) and breathing, the way to teach and learn, has helped.
So, what I mean to say with all of this, is that I am imperfect, and I am bent into ways that may have worked at some point in my life, but not anymore. Yoga is a tool to help me unfold.
Come unfold with me this Wednesday, May 29 at OM Movement for Yoga Basics at 5:45 pm!


text:
President Donald Trump's visit to the UK last July was not an official state visit
US President Donald Trump will arrive in the UK on Monday morning for a three-day official state visit.
Air Force One is expected to land at London Stansted Airport at 09:00 BST.
The Queen will host a state banquet at Buckingham Palace on Monday evening for the president and the First Lady Melania Trump.
Protests are planned across the UK during the visit - including rallies in London, Manchester, Belfast, Birmingham and Nottingham.
Ahead of his visit, President Trump told The Sun he was backing Tory leadership contender Boris Johnson to be the next UK prime minister.
He also told The Times that Brexit Party leader Nigel Farage should be involved in the government's negotiations to leave the EU.
On Monday, the president will be given a tour of Westminster Abbey and will also meet Prince Charles and the Duchess of Cornwall for tea at Clarence House.
At the state banquet, President Trump and the Queen will be joined by the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge.
The Duchess of Sussex will not attend following the birth of her son Archie, who is less than a month old.
Both the president and the Queen are expected to make a speech to guests, which will include prominent Americans living in Britain.
President Trump will be staying at the US Ambassador's residence Winfield House, near Regent's Park in central London.
On Tuesday morning, President Trump and Prime Minister Theresa May will host a business breakfast at St James's Palace.
Business leaders understood to be attending include Barclays CEO Jes Staley, GlaxoSmithKline chief executive Emma Walmsley, BAE Systems chairman Sir Roger Carr and the National Grid's John Pettigrew.
President Trump will then visit Downing Street for further talks with Mrs May, followed by a joint press conference.
Mrs May will raise the issue of climate change with him during the visit, Downing Street has said.
President Donald Trump met Prime Minister Theresa May at Chequers last July
Protesters are organising a "national demonstration" which will start at Trafalgar Square at 11:00 on Tuesday.
Both the Stop Trump Coalition and Stand Up to Trump protest groups said they would be present.
The Met Police said it had "a very experienced command team" leading the operation to deal with the visit.
The police operation for the president's visit last year was estimated to have cost nearly £18m.
On Wednesday, President Trump will visit Portsmouth to mark the 75th anniversary of the D-Day landings.
He will then fly to Shannon, in Ireland, to meet Irish Taoiseach (Prime Minister) Leo Varadkar, before going to his golf course at Doonbeg.
Sources : BBC News
Uber takes its flying taxi ambition
Test flights for Uber's flying taxis are due to start from 20
Coming Up: Here Are The Biggest Ann
Apple is expected to announce a bevy of new updates to the operat
Donald Trump to arrive at Stansted
President Donald Trump's visit to the UK last July was not an
Omanis praise compatriot for 'histo
Jokha Alharthi becomes the first Arab author to win the prestigio
Lok Sabha election result highlight
According to trends at 12:34 PM BJP wins 241 seats, leading on 62
Cannes 2019: Priyanka Chopra's oran
Priyanka Chopra opts for a backless dress for Cannes 2019 appeara


text:
Blog - Latest News
You are here: Home / The Connection / Tu B'Shevat Seder and Potluck / Seder flyer Jan 18 with evite
0 replies
Leave a ReplyWant to join the discussion?
Feel free to contribute!
Leave a Reply Cancel reply
Har Sinai Congregation in Owings Mills
At the corner of Greenspring and Walnut Avenues.
2905 Walnut Avenue.
Owings Mills, Maryland 21117
To view High Holy Day Sermons, please go to Videos


text:
The guys are in for a spooky time when they decide to record on Halloween. Tune in to find out what players will be tricks or treats the rest of the Continue reading "Podcast #68 – Trick or Treat Fantasy Football"
Category: DFS
Your FS Lineups
Podcast #63 – Hurry Up… We Have Plenty of Time
This week, the guys welcome their friend (and Blake Bortles Super Fan) Sean into the booth for a chat. They'll discuss the remaining undefeateds, DFS in Week 4, games to Continue reading "Podcast #63 – Hurry Up… We Have Plenty of Time"
Podcast #62 – The Sobriety of Week 3
Time to prepare for Week 3. We will discuss DFS value plays, games to target and games to avoid and Britt's new fascination with the Continue reading "Podcast #62 – The Sobriety of Week 3"
Podcast #61 – Week 2 DFS & Beyond
Week 1 went well, the DFS gods smiled on the guys so they are back to bring you more analysis and picks. We'll even do a dummy lineup on Continue reading "Podcast #61 – Week 2 DFS & Beyond"
Week 3 DraftKings Value Plays
Week 2 kind of stunk. I came up a couple bucks short of breakeven but only one of my four value picks came through. Antonio Brown disappointed, but that game sure didn't, I just targeted the wrong guys while targeting the right game. So without further ado, here are my value plays for Week 3.
Podcast #60 – Week 1 DFS and Season Long
The season is finally here, we discuss value plays for all the games this weekend. Where is Leveon Bell? What will Tomlin do if he Continue reading "Podcast #60 – Week 1 DFS and Season Long"
Podcast #51 – 2018 QB Consensus
It is draft prep time and the boys are back after a couple weeks off to get it rolling for you. We will discuss our consensus QB picks, we will debate when to take a QB in your Continue reading "Podcast #51 – 2018 QB Consensus"


text:
Redhead Tennis Girls
Look through the listings of Member members that have joined Single Redhead Girls that are tagged with Tennis. Meeting others that have like minded interests is a great way to find things to do on a first date. Register for a Free Account to Go out Today!
- 35
- 26
Enjoying life
Enjoying life
Easy going, career oriented, and respectful.
- 36
Go getter, grinding good...
Go getter, grinding good looking mofo
6 "1 Tall white dark and handsome Charming af and determined af All I see is green. Please no games if you like orgasms or giving head let's hook up
- 20
Let's make something happen!
Let's make something happen!
I hate writing these things, I'd rather just talk and learn about each other that way ☺
- 44
Growing up quaker gives...
Growing up quaker gives people a false sense of my...
Newish to the Bay Area and looking for a partner in crime.
- 52
Hey ladies
Hey ladies
My name is James I live in Greenville SC never been married and don't have kids of my own. Don't smoke drink or do drugs. I'm clean cut average in weight
- 27
Jesus lovin dad joke...
Jesus lovin dad joke specialist!
-My relationship with Christ is the most important thing in my life. -I love laughing, spending time with those I love. I am passionately curious which has led me to be on quite a few adventures! - I have a passion for science, nature, and people. -ENFP if you're curious! :) Not sure...
Pilot needs a navigator
Pilot needs a navigator
I will add more in a day or two... after the trial.
- 54
Mangyquisling in wv
Mangyquisling in wv
I grew up in New Jersey, so I am not the average West Virginian!
- 26
Trix are for kids
Trix are for kids
The All-rounder. Thats me! I have many likes and probably just as many dislikes, but, im not one to complain about much unless its a battle worth fighting. Im funny, intelligent, and can be charming. I do have a strong sense of ideals but im super easy to get along with no matter who or what you...
- 42
Real redhead fire!
Real redhead fire!
Hey! 6'. Fit. Red hair. Blue eyes. Irish. American. Houston native. Army Veteran. Tattooed. Employed. Educated. Dad. Family. Lover of good times. Drama free. Industrial Electrician/Supervisor in the Oil and Gas industry. Dj'ing is a hobby. Fun. Caring. Loving. Happy. :)


text:
Vegan Junk Food BarComfort food that might save the world
Credit: Vegan Junk Food Bar
Plant-based food in Amsterdam, nudge nudge! We know what they're like over there! Or do we? Amsterdam is embracing the vegan trend, and leading the way is the Vegan Junk Food Bar. The décor is urban and edgy, and the menu offers more Instagramable plates than you can shake a selfie stick at, but this young restaurant is more than just a backdrop for the next Kardashian wannabe. Loaded fries, plant-based beef burgers and chick'n (yes, chick'n) shawarma are freshly prepared, artistically presented and decadent enough to fall into mankind's most beloved food group: comfort. Don't ask what's in the VJFB sauce – it's a closely guarded secret. Kids are catered for with chick'n nuggets that are so convincing, they won't even notice the apostrophe. With four VJFB locations across Amsterdam and a vegan kebab joint (Kebabi) that recently opened on the Overtoom in 2018, this is one planet-saving nature trail you'll want to join.
Credit: Vegan Junk Food Bar
Credit: Vegan Junk Food Bar
More places & itineraries in De Pijp
Albert Cuyp MarketWhere the Dutch go for their stroopwafel fix
Bar FiskFall hook, line and sinker for Tel Aviv-inspired fish restaurant
ENExquisite Japanese cuisine without an Instagrammer in sight
More places & itineraries in Amsterdam
Slowth BrunchJoin the Go Slow Movement at this sloth-inspired Taiwanese brunch stop
Noorderlicht CaféThe hang-out for everyone with a graffitied, waterside backdrop
Lot Sixty OneIndependent café where the coffee literally takes centre stage
More recommendations from Lauren Collett
Otter TradingEco-friendly local bistro/shop serving up fresh, feel-good food
Back To BlackGrab an award-winning caffeine hit away from the madding crowd
Naughty PigletsSharing plates you'll want to keep to yourself
Restaurants and cafés from around the world
MannaElegant modern bistro in the heart of Baroque Noto
Café SkansenAmazing food and wine in a beautiful café with a great outdoor terrace
Le Vieux FiguierHigh-end, modern dining in a rural idyll
Bars and pubs from around the world
Coll Blanc KSB RestaurantA mountain-top après-ski bar with stunning views
Dry MartiniTake it shaken, stirred or any way it comes
W.I.N.O.Wine bar that takes the concept of 'wine by the glass' to a whole new level
Things to do from around the world
QuercylandFamily-friendly waterpark on the banks of the Dordogne river
Hermitage AmsterdamDutch Masters In a centuries-old setting
Monterey Bay AquariumOcean life as you've never seen it before
Shops and markets from around the world
Wooden SleepersRugged vintage menswear in a nostalgic space
Boucherie GrinderIncredible butcher providing meat to three great sibling restaurants
Powell's City of BooksAll life is here – one of our favourite book shops in the world and part of Portland's DNA
Hotels and resorts from around the world


text:
with the Racers 2500 category, the displacement of the 2593 cc Montreal engine was diminished to 2466 cc by reducing the bore from 80 mm to. Minor oil leakage from the gearbox is quite common and Alfa Romeo recommended checking the level and topping up every 6000. Corgi Electro Rockets 4002 Alfa Romeo Montreal miniatures have even been auctioned by Bonhams. If the maximum tolerance is reached, the peripheries of the combustion chambers should be re-chamfered to avoid possible piston interference with the cylinder head at TDC. In June 2016, following an estimate of GBP 16,000 - 20,000, red RHD Montreal AR1440137 was sold at the Historics at Brooklands auction for a hammer price of GBP 35,840. Sunny Waters has had attachment fittings made to these drawings in 303 stainless steel at a cost of USD 106.52 per set and he is organising a small production for other Montreal owners.
Art Supplies from Blick Art Materials - Art Supply Store blick art materials
Burj khalifa coupon, Kusmi tea coupon, Flight network coupon,
Bernhard owned a splendid green Montreal and organised Alfa Romeo Montreal meetings in various countries in Europe. Gene Brown has reported that in his car the combined pulleys are held by a hex crankshaft nut that fits a standard 50 mm socket. If the capsule leaks, the internal spring will cause it to expand, causing the clip to move to the bottom of the lever. Height from ground specifications". "Fabulous at Forty" by Bruce Taylor, Alfa Romeo Driver, April 2011. This excellent miniature, boxed with a presentation lutz restaurant gutscheine ausdrucken stand and cover, was available in red only through Alfa Romeo dealers as an "accessory" (Part. This car, which had been imported to Florida in 1985, had won second place in its class at the 2013 San Marino Classic. (top) Idling Idling adjustments should be made only after the engine tuning, throttle, timing and Spica setup have been completed, the operating mixture having been optimised with the Spica FCS at 2500 rpm. Don't mistake the digits cast into the cam covers for the Engine.
Discount Conditions: Offer cannot be combined with any other promotion or discount. Only one source code may be used per order. Offer not valid at Blick Retail stores. There are 24 Joann coupons for you to consider including 10 coupon codes, 9 sales, and 5 Passbook offers.