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Response of soil C:N:P stoichiometry, organic carbon stock, and release to wetland grasslandification in Mu Us Desert
Wetlands in Mu Us Desert have severely been threatened by grasslandification over the past decades. Therefore, we studied the impacts of grasslandification on soil carbon (C):nitrogen (N):phosphorus (P) stoichiometry, soil organic carbon (SOC) stock, and release in wetland-grassland transitional zone in Mu Us Desert.
Materials and methods
From wetland to grassland, the transition zone was divided into five different successional stages according to plant communities and soil water conditions. At every stage, soil physical and chemical properties were determined and C:N:P ratios were calculated. SOC stock and soil respirations were also determined to assess soil carbon storage and release.
Results and discussion
After grasslandification, SOC contents of top soils (0–10 cm) decreased from 100.2 to 31.79 g kg−1 in June and from 103.7 to 32.5 g kg−1 in October; total nitrogen (TN) contents of top soils (0–10 cm) decreased from 3.65 to 1.85 g kg−1 in June and from 6.43 to 3.36 g kg−1 in October; and total phosphorus (TP) contents of top soils (0–10 cm) decreased from 179.4 to 117.4 mg kg−1 in June and from 368.6 to 227.8 mg kg−1 in October. From stages Typha angustifolia wetland (TAW) to Phalaris arundinacea L. (PAL), in the top soil (0–10 cm), C:N ratios decreased from 32.2 to 16.9 in June and from 19.0 to 11.8 in October; C:P ratios decreased from 1519.2 to 580.5 in June and from 19.0 to 11.8 in October; and N:P ratios decreased from 46.9 to 34.8 in June and changed from 34.9 to 34.0 in October. SOC stock decreased and soil respiration increased with grasslandification. The decrease of SOC, TN, and TP contents was attributed to the reduction of aboveground biomass and mineralization of SOM, and the decrease of soil C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios was mainly attributed to the faster decreasing speeds of SOC than TN and TP. The reduction of aboveground biomass and increased SOC release led by enhanced soil respiration were the main reasons of SOC stock decrease.
Grasslandification led to lowers levels of SOC, TN, TP, and soil C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios. Grasslandification also led to higher SOC loss, and increased soil respiration was the main reason. Since it is difficult to restore grassland to original wetland, efficient practices should be conducted to reduce water drainage from wetland to prevent grasslandification.
KeywordsCarbon stock and release C:N:P stoichiometry Grasslandification Nutrient status Wetland
Acknowledgements This study was financially supported by Western Light Program of CAS (XBZG2011015) and State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Foundation (A314021402-1605).
Supplementary material
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UK court sets Assange US extradition hearing for February 2020
Published: 14 Jun 2019 10:14 PM BdST Updated: 14 Jun 2019 10:14 PM BdST
The full extradition hearing to decide whether Wikileaks founder Julian Assange should be sent to the United States to face accusations including spying charges will take place in February next year, a London court ruled on Friday.
Assange, 47, faces 18 counts in the US including conspiring to hack government computers and violating an espionage law. He could spend decades in prison if convicted.
"It is important that people aren't fooled into believing that WikiLeaks is anything but a publisher," said Assange, who appeared by videolink from a London prison, dressed in a grey T-shirt and wearing black-framed glasses.
"The US government has tried to mislead the press," he told Westminster Magistrates' Court.
As Ben Brandon, the lawyer representing the United States, ran through a summary of the charges against him including that he had cracked a US Defense network password, Assange said: "I didn't hack anything."
Australian-born Assange came to prominence when WikiLeaks published hundreds of thousands of secret US diplomatic cables in 2010, angering Washington which said he had put lives at risk.
His supporters hail him as a hero for exposing what they describe as abuse of power by modern states and for championing free speech.
He spent almost seven years holed up in cramped rooms at the Ecuadorean embassy in London where he fled in 2012 to avoid extradition to Sweden where he was wanted for questioning over allegations of rape.
He was dragged from the embassy on April 11 and jailed for 50 weeks for skipping bail.
The United States has since charged Assange with numerous offences including espionage, saying he unlawfully published the names of secret sources and conspiring with ex-Army intelligence analyst Chelsea Manning to obtain access to classified information.
Brandon said Assange's actions had been dangerous and "by publishing the unredacted material Mr Assange created grave and imminent risk that many intelligence sources, including journalists, human rights defenders and political activists would suffer serious physical harm or arbitrary detention."
However, Assange's lawyer Mark Summers said the charges were an "outrageous and full fronted assault on journalist rights and free speech" and that his client did not have access to a computer to allow him to follow the case.
He told the court that Assange, who had been too ill to attend the previous hearing in May, was receiving healthcare. He did not elaborate.
Judge Emma Arbuthnot said the full extradition case would be heard in the week starting Feb. 25 next year.
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Making Animals Happy By Temple Grandin, Catherine Johnson. Bloomsbury, £8.99
The American academic Temple Grandin has been working with animals for 30 years. She understands what makes them behave as they do and she shares her knowledge here in lucid prose. Her book is greatly to be recommended to anyone who has, or is thinking of getting, a pet. Why, she asks, have cats, unlike other pets, stayed much the same since they exchanged the wild for the domestic life? Why, as she reminds us, can't we train a cat using punishments? The answers are here. Nicholas Bagnall
If you want to be up to date with what's happening in the Middle East the man to go to is Con Coughlin. Here he examines the man who was supremo of Iran and the founder of the Islamic Revolution, which was launched, as Coughlin points out, on a largely unsuspecting nation. I don't know about you, but Khomeini and his legacy frightens me and Coughlin's book does nothing to allay one's fears. NB
Hitler's Private Library By Timothy W Ryback. Vintage, £9.99
I hadn't previously realised that Hitler was so well read, being familiar with English as well as German classics (Julius Caesar was apparently a favourite). The importance the Leader attached to his books is testified by the handsome bindings he had done for them. This is a fine analysis of the reading habits of a man whom the historian Ian Kershaw has called 'one of the most impenetrable personalities of modern history'. NB
The Wilderness By Samantha Harvey. Vintage, £7.99
Imagining the memories and anxieties of an elderly Lincolnshire architect suffering from dementia, this impressive first novel plays some original tricks with narrative, while never treating the disease as a literary conceit. Characters remain remarkably clear in essence, despite the crumbling of linear narrative, like a house becoming 'a mere pile of bricks of its own accord'. There is, however, an all-pervasive sense of loss – even when trying for levity – which saps some of the pleasure. Ophelia Field
? Fever of the Bone By Val McDermid. Little Brown, £6.99
Housemates Tony Hill, criminal profiler, and DCI Carol Jordan team up again to hunt a serial killer in the north of England who first grooms his young victims on a social networking site. This is a perfectly executed and perfectly conventional crime thriller from the creator of television's Wire in the Blood. The strongest writing is in the sections about Hill's own issues with his dead father and those carefully describing the suffering of the victims' families. OF
Eleven Minutes Late By Matthew Engel. Pan, £8.99
The cover alone – the painting of a steam train approaching a station – is enough to stir the heart of any self-respecting buff. But how is it, asks Matthew Engel, that a nation obsessed by trains has been so bad at running a railway? To find out why, he took trains all over Britain. 'It might be possible to argue', he says, 'that every single major decision, or indecision, taken by ministers since the railways began turned out to be wrong.' NB


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Unless it is Halloween or your family is at Disney World, it is not often that kids get to dress like royalty and spend time with their favorite characters. But Adonica Coleman, owner of A2D Events, on Sunday sponsored and coordinated a Royal Fairytale Ball while also helping a local family in need.
Coleman was a stay-at-home mom in 2011 when she started her business A2D, which refers to an attention to detail. She wanted a job that allowed her to work from home and spend time with her three kids. The bulk of her events were grand openings and fundraisers. That all changed after a family vacation to Disney World in December.
After vacation, Coleman had an assortment of dresses for her daughters to wear in Orlando that now hung in a closet. She thought there might be other parents in a similar situation and decided to throw a prince and princess party.
After eight weeks of organizing, the idea came to fruition Sunday. Kids dressed in their finest costumes lined up with their parents at the Cherry Hill Events Center and tried to peek through the dark windows to get a glimpse of the magic that awaited.
About 100 people attended the event, which included balloon animals, crown-shaped sugar cookies and face painting.
�It all fell together, kind of magically,� she said.
Coleman recruited volunteers to play the roles of a dozen Disney characters: Neighbors dressed as knights and fairy godmothers; Coleman�s chiropractor, Chris Collier from Focus on Health, was the gingerbread man; Coleman starred as Tiana from the movie �The Princess and the Frog.�
One of the attendees was 4-year-old Bryson Pruitt-Smith. Clad in knight armor, Bryson wielded a custom-drawn shield and balloon sword. With a big smile on his face, Bryson participated in choreographed sword fights and shared hugs with several princesses. In October 2014, Bryson was diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumor.
�My heart went out to� Bryson �and his mom,� Coleman said.
Coleman donated 10 percent of the ball�s ticket sales to Bryson�s family to help with medical and travel costs. Find out more at www.facebook.com/prayers4Bryson.


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By this author
Culture May 18, 2019
Game of Thrones
The penultimate episode of Game of Thrones generated enormous controversy among fans. Why has the HBO series provoked such strong feelings?
Culture February 09, 2019
Escape at Dannemora
Ben Stiller's small-screen directorial debut, Escape at Dannemora, a dramatisation of a real-life prison break, invites viewers' sympathy for two violent criminals and then churns it into a grim vision of Trump's America.