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Riemerella anatipestifer infection
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PicturesTop of page
IdentityTop of page
Preferred Scientific Name
- Riemerella anatipestifer infection
International Common Names
- English: anatipestifer syndrome; duck septicaemia; duck septicemia; goose influenza; infectious serositis; new duck disease; polyserositis; riemerella anatipestifer in birds, duck septicemia, infectious serositis; riemerellosis; septicaemia; septicemia; serositis; sinusitis
Local Common Names
- Germany: septicemia anserum exudativa
OverviewTop of page
Riemerella anatipestifer infection is a septicaemic (acute, peracute, sometimes chronic) disease of primarily ducks and geese, but it also affects turkeys, chickens, pheasants, guinea fowls, quails and swans. The infection causes serious losses in ducks and geese due to high mortality. It usually occurs in young birds of 1-8 weeks of age. In addition to mortality, it causes carcass condemnation and weight loss. The disease was first reported in the USA in 1932 (Henricksen and Hilbert, 1932) in ducks in an area of intensive duck farming where it was known as 'new duck disease'. Other synonyms are infectious serositis (Dougherty et al., 1955), anatipestifer syndrome and duck septicaemia. A similar disease in goslings 'septicaemia anserum exudativa' was reported by Riemer in 1904. Later, it was known to be caused by the same bacterium that is responsible for the disease in ducklings. R. anatipestifer infection has been reported worldwide.
R. anatipestifer infection is caused by a Gram-negative bacterium named initially as Pfeifferella anatipestifer. Because of its uncertain taxonomic status, it was placed under various genera and named as Moraxella anatipestifer, Pasteurella anatipestifer and species incertae sedis. On the basis of its DNA base composition and cellular fatty acid profile, it was transferred to Flavobacterium-Cytophaga group (Piechulla et al., 1986). Segers et al., (1993) reported significant differences between this organism and other members of Flavobacterium and Weeksella, and suggested the name Riemerella anatipestifer in honor of Riemer (1904) who initially reported the disease 'septicaemia anserum exudativa' in geese.
The control of this infection is rather difficult because R. anatipestifer has at least 21 known serotypes, and different serotypes do not provide cross-protection against each other. Very often, more than one serotype are responsible for disease in a flock or on a farm. An effective vaccine has to be multivalent to provide protection against predominant serotypes. The infection can be treated with antibiotics, but is mostly controlled through vaccination. The infection is not of any public health importance, and is not reportable to regulatory authorities.
Hosts/Species AffectedTop of page
Riemerella anatipestifer infection is primarily a disease of ducks and geese. It has also been reported in turkeys (Zehr and Ostendorf, 1970; Helfer and Helmboldt, 1977), chickens (Rosenfeld, 1973), pheasants (Bruner et al., 1970), swans (Munday et al., 1970), guinea fowls and quails (Pascucci et al., 1989).
DistributionTop of page
Information given in the Geographical Distribution table shows the occurrence of Riemerella anatipestifer infection in countries that produce ducks, geese and turkeys. The disease is widespread in intensive duck producing areas of China, Thailand, Taiwan, USA, UK, Germany and Hungary. The infection has also been reported from Canada, Denmark, Italy, France, Netherlands and Australia. Sporadic cases have been reported from India, Bangladesh, Singapore, Israel, Korea, Egypt, Russia and New Zealand.
Distribution TableTop of page
The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
|Last Reported
|First Reported
|Mustafa et al., 1985
|Cheng et al., 2003
|Hu et al., 2001
|Huang et al., 1999
|Guo Yujiang, 1983; Gao and Guo, 1988; Zhang et al., 1999
|Gao and Guo, 1988; Zhang and Guo, 1999
|Hu et al., 1997
|Zhu et al., 2001
|Cai et al., 2001; Wang et al., 2002
|Wang et al., 2001
|Bao et al., 1997; Hu et al., 2003
|Murthy et al., 1981; Sarma et al., 1985
|Chaudhury and Mahanta, 1985
|-West Bengal
|Sadhukhan et al., 2001
|Bendheim and Even-Shoshan, 1975; Bendheim et al., 1978
|Sakurai et al., 1987
|Korea, Republic of
|Kang and Koh, 1993; Kolodzieyski et al., 2002
|Singh et al., 1982; Loh et al., 1992
|Chang, 1984; Huang et al., 1991
|Mahitanan et al., 1982; Pathanasophon et al., 1994; Kohler et al., 1997
|Bayoumi et al., 1988; Ibrahim et al., 2000
North America
|Taylor, 1955; Sandhu and Harry, 1981
|Leavitt and Ayroud, 1997
|Wobeser et al., 1982
|Sandhu and Harry, 1981
|Wobeser and Ward, 1974
|Present based on regional distribution.
|Smith et al., 1987
|Jortner et al., 1969
|Graham et al., 1938; Tripathy et al., 1980; Campagnolo et al., 2001
|Sandhu and Harry, 1981
|Charles et al., 1991
|-New York
|Hendrickson and Hilbert, 1932
|Helfer and Helmboldt, 1977
|-South Carolina
|Eleazer et al., 1973
|Brogden et al., 1982
|Czech Republic
|Rachac and Vladík, 1987
|Bisgaard, 1982; Bisgaard, 1995
|Saint et al., 1972; Vallee et al., 1972; Ganiere et al., 1983
|Riemer, 1904; Gerlack, 1970; Ziedler et al., 1984; Floren et al., 1987
|Bitay et al., 1979; Ivanics et al., 1996
|Pascucci et al., 1981; Giovannetti and Pascuccci, 1983
|Gazdzinski and Minta, 1978
|Russian Federation
|Goroshko and Prokofeva, 1958
|Leon et al., 1980
|Asplin, 1955; Harry, 1969; Timms and Marshall, 1989
|Munday et al., 1970; Grimes and Rosenfield, 1972; Rosenfeld, 1973
|-New South Wales
|Jackson, 1972
|Reece and Coloe, 1985
|New Zealand
|Hemsley, 1996
PathologyTop of page
The infection causes septicaemic lesions in affected birds. The heart, liver and airsacs are covered with a yellowish white exudate consisting of fibrin. Both abdominal and thoracic airsacs have thin layers of dry caseous exudate. Spleen is mottled and kidneys are congested. In females, the oviduct contains caseous plugs. Lungs are rarely involved. Occasionally, caseous lesions in the nasal and infraorbital sinuses are observed (Leibovitz, 1972). Lesions in the nervous system include fibrinous meningitis. Chronic infections in ducks may occur in the joints or skin. Skin lesions are in the form of dermatitis with yellowish exudate seen between fat and skin layers, while the outside of the skin appears spongy like a honeycomb. Lesions in turkeys and chickens are similar but less severe.
Histopathological lesions include fibrinous exudate, infiltrated with mononuclear cells and heterophils on the serous surfaces of pericardium, airsacs and liver capsule. Multinuclear giant cells may be seen in airsacs and skin lesions in chronic cases. The liver cells show cloudy swelling, fatty degeneration and necrosis (Chaudhury and Mohanta, 1985). Mottling of spleen is due to an increase in size and number of germinating lymph follicles. Lesions in the central nervous system include serofibrinous inflammation of cerebral and spinal meninges. Extensive exudate in the ventricular system and leukocytic infiltration of subpial and periventricular brain tissue has been observed.
DiagnosisTop of page
Clinical signs in ducklings and goslings include lethargy, ruffled feathers, anorexia, lagging behind the flock, nasal and eye discharge, greenish diarrhoea, incoordination, falling on their back, paddle their legs, and unable to stand or walk. In later stages, affected birds suffer from convulsions of the head and neck, ataxia before death. Mortality can be as high as 75%.
Affected turkeys appear depressed, dehydrated, lame, and have difficulty walking. Later, the birds become moribund and die. The infection causes low but lingering mortality. Similar clinical signs have been observed in chickens and other birds.
Presumptive diagnosis of Riemerella anatipestifer can be made from flock history, clinical signs and lesions. Nervous signs such as tremors of head and neck, falling on back and difficulty to stand up, incoordination and ataxia are very common in infected ducks and geese. Septicaemic lesions, typically fibrinous pericarditis, perihepatitis, airsacculitis, meningitis and salpingitis are also indicative of this infection, although some of these lesions may also be observed in infections with Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli or Streptococcus faecium. Similar nervous signs have also been observed in Salmonella infection in ducklings. Chlamydiosis and Coenonia anatina infection should also be considered in differential diagnosis. Confirmatory diagnosis should be based on isolation and identification of the causative organisms.
R. anatipestifer can be easily isolated from brain, heart blood, airsacs, liver, or oviduct by culturing on trypticase soy agar enriched with 0.05% yeast extract, 5% bovine serum or sheep blood. The organism can be identified by sugar, biochemical and enzymatic reactions.
R. anatipestifer isolates are serotyped by agglutination and agar-gel precipitation reactions (Sandhu and Harry, 1981). Slide agglutination test is performed by mixing a small colony with a drop of antiserum on a glass slide. If the isolate is same serotype as the antiserum, agglutination occurs in a few seconds. Tube agglutination can be done to determine antibody titres in a serum. For agar gel precipitin test, supernatant from a heated culture suspension is used as an antigen against known serotype antisera. Precipitin bands appear in 48-72 h. Antibody titres in sera can also be determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (Hatfield et al., 1987), which is more sensitive than agglutination tests.
List of Symptoms/SignsTop of page
|Life Stages
|Digestive Signs / Abnormal colour of stool in birds, white, green, yellow faeces
|Poultry:Day-old chick,Poultry:Young poultry
|Digestive Signs / Anorexia, loss or decreased appetite, not nursing, off feed
|Digestive Signs / Diarrhoea
|General Signs / Ataxia, incoordination, staggering, falling
|General Signs / Discomfort, restlessness in birds
|Poultry:Day-old chick,Poultry:Young poultry
|General Signs / Dysmetria, hypermetria, hypometria
|General Signs / Fever, pyrexia, hyperthermia
|Poultry:Day-old chick,Poultry:Young poultry
|General Signs / Inability to stand, downer, prostration
|Poultry:Day-old chick,Poultry:Young poultry
|General Signs / Increased mortality in flocks of birds
|General Signs / Lack of growth or weight gain, retarded, stunted growth
|Poultry:Young poultry
|General Signs / Lameness, stiffness, stilted gait in birds
|General Signs / Polydipsia, excessive fluid consumption, excessive thirst
|Poultry:Day-old chick,Poultry:Young poultry
|General Signs / Reluctant to move, refusal to move
|General Signs / Swelling of the limbs, legs, foot, feet, in birds
|General Signs / Torticollis, twisted neck
|General Signs / Underweight, poor condition, thin, emaciated, unthriftiness, ill thrift
|General Signs / Weakness, paresis, paralysis of the legs, limbs in birds
|General Signs / Weight loss
|Nervous Signs / Dullness, depression, lethargy, depressed, lethargic, listless
|Nervous Signs / Tremor
|Ophthalmology Signs / Chemosis, conjunctival, scleral edema, swelling
|Ophthalmology Signs / Conjunctival, scleral, injection, abnormal vasculature
|Ophthalmology Signs / Conjunctival, scleral, redness
|Ophthalmology Signs / Lacrimation, tearing, serous ocular discharge, watery eyes
|Respiratory Signs / Coughing, coughs
|Respiratory Signs / Mucoid nasal discharge, serous, watery
|Respiratory Signs / Purulent nasal discharge
|Skin / Integumentary Signs / Ruffled, ruffling of the feathers
|Poultry:Day-old chick,Poultry:Young poultry
|Skin / Integumentary Signs / Soiling of the feathers, vent feathers
|Poultry:Day-old chick,Poultry:Young poultry
Disease CourseTop of page
Ducks and geese usually get infected through the respiratory tract, although infections through a break in the skin have also been reported ( Leibovitz, 1972). Healthy ducklings may carry the organisms in the respiratory tract (Ryll et al., 2001). Cooper (1989) suggested transmission of infection in turkeys may be transmitted by mosquitoes, but the experimental evidence is circumstantial. After respiratory infection, the organisms gain entry into the blood circulation causing bacteraemia and systemic disease. It is not known as to how the organisms produce septicaemic lesions, although fibrinolytic enzymes, haemolysins and lipopolysaccharides have been suggested to be involved (Bangun et al., 1981; Brogden, 1989). The organisms pass through the blood-brain barrier to cause nervous signs and lesions. In most cases, death occurs within 6-12 h after showing clinical signs, although some sick birds may survive for a few more days before death. Recovered birds are stunted in growth. Chronic infections may result in localized infections of joints and/or skin. Experimental infection can be reproduced by subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intrasinus (infraorbital) or web-pad injections. The incubation period is about 2 to 5 days. Experimental infection through parenteral routes can cause clinical signs and mortality within 24-48 h. An acute form of the disease occurs in young ducklings. Turkeys usually contract the chronic form; susceptible age is 4 to 18 weeks.
Recovered birds become resistant to infection with a homologous serotype. Although protective antigen(s) have not been isolated or identified, cell-free culture filtrate has been shown to provide protection in ducklings (Pathanasophon et al., 1996). Research studies showed that vaccination with a recombinant outer membrane protein was not protective in ducklings against challenge with a homologous serotype ( Huang et al., 2002).
EpidemiologyTop of page
Riemerella anatipestifer infection occurs in the respiratory tract through contact with infected birds or premises. The disease can also occur by infection through a break in skin. The birds develop systemic infection through bacteraemia. In chronic cases, the infection is localized in joints and skin. The organisms are shed through nasal or infraorbital sinus secretions aerosolizing the environments and contaminating feeders and drinkers. The infection spreads fast in flocks raised in confined houses and causes high mortality in young ducklings or goslings. There are no seasonal differences in the incidence of disease in ducks. Outbreaks are common in ducks and geese, but incidence in turkeys, chickens and other birds are sporadic. The disease is rare in older birds or breeder ducks. No vector is known, although mosquitoes have been reported to carry R. anatipestifer, and may be a possible mean of transmission in turkeys (Cooper, 1989).
Impact: EconomicTop of page
Riemerella anatipestifer causes high economic losses to the duck and goose industries of waterfowl producing countries. The losses are due to mortality, meat condemnation and weight loss. It adds the financial burden to producers of treatment and control measures, including costs of medications, vaccines and labour. Losses in other birds such as turkeys, chickens and others are low to moderate.
Zoonoses and Food SafetyTop of page
Riemerella anatipestifer infection does not have any public health significance. The carcasses of birds showing lesions of infection at the time of slaughter are usually condemned or downgraded.
Disease TreatmentTop of page
Riemerella anatipestifer infection can be treated with enrofloxacin (50 p.p.m. in drinking water) or subcutaneous/intramuscular injection of penicillin in dosages of 50,000 IU/kg bodyweight (Turbahn et al., 1997; Sandhu and Dean, 1980). Enrofloxacin should be repeated for the next 4 days at levels of 25 p.p.m. Other treatments include novobiocin, lincomycin or sulfadimethoxine-ormetoprim (5:3) in feed. Medications become less effective after prolonged use, due to development of resistant strains. Users should pay attention to the manufacturers' recommendations regarding usage, particularly in relation to drug withdrawal periods.
Prevention and ControlTop of page
Inactivated vaccines have been used to immunize ducklings against Riemerella anatipestifer infection ( Harry and Deb, 1979; Sandhu, 2003). Autogenous inactivated vaccines are commonly used to provide protection. Since more than one serotype may occur in a hatch of ducks at a farm or in an area, vaccines are usually multivalent to provide broad-spectrum protection against major serotypes responsible for the disease. Inactivated vaccines usually consist of bacterial cells grown in broth media and killed with formalin. Some vaccines are oil-emulsified or contain aluminum hydroxide or other adjuvants. Since most ducks are slaughtered at 6-7 weeks of age, adjuvanted vaccines may produce lesions at the site of injections resulting in condemnation of a part of the carcass. Inactivated vaccines are usually administered subcutaneously in the neck at 2 and 3 weeks of age.
A live avirulent vaccine developed against R. anatipestifer serotypes 1, 2 and 5 infection provide significant protection when administered by aerosol to one-day-old ducklings (Sandhu, 1991). Laboratory data showed protection up to 7 weeks of age though in the field some commercial duck farm follow up with an inactivated vaccine at 2-4 weeks of age. Progeny of breeder ducks vaccinated with an inactivated or live vaccine are protected up to 2-3 weeks of age through maternal immunity.
Management and sanitation play a major role in the prevention of infection. Ducklings maintained under stressful conditions are predisposed to R. anatipestifer infections. Sanitation in a house with confined rearing of multiple-aged flocks is very critical. The whole house should be depopulated for a major clean and disinfection.
ReferencesTop of page
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Pascucci S; Giovannetti L; Massi P, 1989. Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in guinea fowl and Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Proceedings of ninth International Congress of World Veterinary Poultry Association, Brighton, UK.
Pascucci S; Pacchioni G; Tagliabue S; Giovannetti L, 1981. Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in turkeys and fowls. Clinica Veterinaria, 104:10-11.
Pathanasophon P; Phuektes P; Tanticharoenyos T; Narongsak W; Sawada T, 2002. A potential new serotype of Riemerella anatipestifer isolated from ducks in Thailand. Avian Pathology, 31(3):267-270; 22 ref.
Pathanasophon P; Sawada T; Pramoolsinsap T; Tanticharoenyos T, 1996. Immunogenicity of Riemerella anatipestifer broth culture bacterin and cell-free culture filtrate in ducks. Avian Pathology, 25(4):705-719; 11 ref.
Pathanasophon P; Sawada T; Tanticharoenyos T, 1995. New serotypes of Riemerella anatipestifer isolated from ducks in Thailand. Avian Pathology, 24(1):195-199; 11 ref.
Pathanasophon P; Tanticharoenyos T; Sawada T, 1994. Physiological characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility and serotypes of Pasteurella anatipestifer isolated from ducks in Thailand. Veterinary Microbiology, 39(1/2):179-185; 16 ref.
Piechulla K; Pohl S; Mannheim W, 1986. Phenotypic and genetic relationships of so-called Moraxella (Pasteurella) anatipestifer to the Flavobacterium/cytophaga group. Veterinary Microbiology, 11(3):261-270; 40 ref.
Pierce RL; Vorhies MW, 1973. Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in geese. Avian Diseases, 17:868-870.
Rachac V; Vladík P, 1987. Isolation of the infectious serositis agent in ducklings and goslings. Veterinárství, 37(8):367-371.
Reece RL; Coloe PJ, 1985. The resistance of anti-microbial agents of bacteria isolated from pathological conditions of birds in Victoria, 1978 to 1983. Australian Veterinary Journal, 62(11):379-381; 16 ref.
Riemer S, 1904. Kurze Mitteilung (ber eine bei gansen beobachtete exsudative septik(mie und deren Erreger. Zentralbl Bakteriol I Abt Orig, 37:641-648.
Rosenfeld LE, 1973. Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in fowls in Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal, 49:55-56.
Ryll M; Christensen H; Bisgaard M; Christensen JP; Hinz KH; Köhler B, 2001. Studies on the prevalence of Riemerella anatipestifer in the upper respiratory tract of clinically healthy ducklings and characterization of untypable strains. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B, 48(7):537-546; 34 ref.
Sadhukhan T; Das S; Islam M; Bhowmik ND; Chakraborty G; Guha D, 2001. Outbreak of Pasteurella anatipestifer in ducks in West Bengal - a report. Indian Journal of Animal Health, 40(2):176-178; 9 ref.
Saint AG; Charles JM; Gaudry D, 1972. An outbreak of Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in Muscovy ducks. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences Veterinarires et de Medecine Comparee de Lyon, 74:145-150.
Sakurai K; Masuoka T; Kounosu Y; Iijima Y; Tamiya K; Oki M; Arai N; Nakajima I; Ikemoto H, 1987. Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in ducklings. Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association, 40(6):446-449; 11 ref.
Sandhu T; Harry EG, 1981. Serotypes of Pasteurella anatipestifer isolated from commercial White Pekin ducks in the United States. Avian Diseases, 25:497-502.
Sandhu TS, 1991. Immunogenicity and safety of a live Pasteurella anatipestifer vaccine in White Pekin ducklings: laboratory and field trials. Avian Pathology, 20(3):423-432; 10 ref.
Sandhu TS, 2003. Riemerella anatipestifer infection. In: Saif YM, Barnes HJ, Glisson JR, Fadly AM, MacDougald LR, Swayne DE, eds. Diseases of Poultry, edition 11. Ames, Iowa, USA: Iowa State Press, A Blackwell Publishing Company, 676-682.
Sandhu TS; Dean WF, 1980. Effects of chemotherapeutic agents on Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in White Pekin ducklings. Poultry Science, 59:1027-1030.
Sandhu TS; Leister ML, 1991. Serotypes of 'Pasteurella' anatipestifer isolates from poultry in different countries. Avian Pathology, 20(2):233-239; 7 ref.
Sandhu TS; Rhoades KR; Rimler RB, 1991. Pasteurella anatipestifer infection. Diseases of poultry., ed. 9:166-171; 50 ref.
Sarma DK; Baruah KK; Boro BR, 1985. Isolation of Pasteurella anatipestifer and P. haemolytica from an outbreak of duck mortality. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 20(4):326-327.
Segers P; Mannheim W; Vancanneyt M; Brandt Kde; Hinz KH; Kersters K; Vandamme P, 1993. Riemerella anatipestifer gen. nov., comb. nov., the causative agent of septicemia anserum exudativa, and its phylogenic affiliation within the Flavobacterium-Cytophaga rRNA homology group. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 43(4):768-776; 42 ref.
Singh R; Teng MF; Teo TP; Kua EK, 1982. Anatipestifer disease in ducklings in Singapore. Singapore Veterinary Journal, 6/7:53-57; 12 ref.
Smith JM; Frame DD; Cooper G; Bickford AA; Ghazikhanian GY; Kelly BJ, 1987. Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in commercial meat-type turkeys in California. Avian Diseases, 31:913-917.
Taylor JRE, 1955. Studies of infectious serositis of ducks in Canada. Veterinary Bulletin, 26:126.
Timms LM; Marshall RN, 1989. Laboratory assessment of protection given by experimental Pasteurella anatipestifer vaccine. British Veterinary Journal, 145(5):483-493; 11 ref.
Tripathy DN; Bangun A; Hanson LE, 1980. Studies of Pasteurella anatipestifer infections in ducks. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, June 24-26, 1980, I:115-117.
Turbahn A; Cortez de Jäckel S; Greuel E; Jong Ade; Froyman R; Kaleta EF, 1997. Dose response study of enrofloxacin against Riemerella anatipestifer septicaemia in Muscovy and Pekin ducklings. Avian Pathology, 26(4):791-802; 29 ref.
Vallee A; Le TY; Guillon JC; Le M, 1972. Natural Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in a flock of quail. Bulletinde I'Academie Veterinaire de France, 45:343-347.
Vancanneyt M; Vandamme P; Segers P; Torck U; Coopman R; Kersters K; Hinz KH, 1999. Riemerella columbina sp. nov., a bacterium associated with respiratory disease in pigeons. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 49(1):289-295; 19 ref.
Vandamme P; Vancanneyt M; Segers P; Ryll M; Köhler B; Ludwig W; Hinz KH, 1999. Coenonia anatina gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel bacterium associated with respiratory disease in ducks and geese. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 49(2):867-874; 18 ref.
Wang MS; Cheng AC; Chen XY; Liu ZY; Fang PF; Guo YF, 2002. Studies on isolation and pathogenicity of Riemerella anatipestifer serotype 4 in China. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 28:5-9.
Wang QQ; Zhang JW; Liu JS; Che JF; Pu YH, 2001. Isolation and identification of Riemerella anatipestifer from affected ducklings in Yunnan province. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 31:24-25.
Weng SC; Lin WH; Chang YF; Chang CF, 1999. Identification of a virulence-associated protein homolog gene and ISRa1 in a plasmid of Riemerella anatipestifer. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 179(1):11-19.
Wobeser G; Leighton FA; Osborne AD; Nieman DJ; Smith JR, 1982. Avian cholera in waterfowl in Western Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist, 96:317-322.
Wobeser G; Ward GE, 1974. Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in migrating whistling swans. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 10:466-470.
Wu LiJie; Chen ZeXiang, 2001. Isolation and characterization of different serotype Guangxi strains of Riemerella anatipestifer. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 31(3):13-14; 9 ref.
Zehr WJ; Ostendorf Jr J, 1970. Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in turkeys. Avian Diseases, 14:557-560.
Zhang DM; Guo YP, 1999. Comparison of some characteristics of Riemerella anatipestifer (RA) isolates of different serotypes. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 25:13-15.
Zhang YJ; Lu DH; Huang Z; Liao LC; Zhen ZK, 1999. Diagnosis and treatment of infectious serositis in duckling. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 29:32-33.
Zhu ZX; Deng SZ; Ye LF; He HJ; Wu XD, 2001. Microbiologic characteristics of seventeen Riemerella anatipestifer strains. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis, 23:212-215.
Ziedler K; Heidrich R; Hanke P; Sobanski E, 1984. Occurrence of Moraxella septicaemiae infection in Pekin ducks and Muscovy ducks. Monatshefte für Veterinärmedizin, 39(9):299-301; 18 ref.
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Funkita - Celtic Pride - Ladies Diamond Back One Piece
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Our classic training cut with a double bind shoulder strap and modest rear coverage is perfect for lap swimming. Front lining only, this is an easy style that says it all. Available in sizes 8 - 16.
Our design team has discovered a mystical Celtic chain lost in castle ruins while taking a Game of Thrones tour along the wild Irish coastline. To our surprise, weaving the colourful chain into our swimwear has provided the wearer with heightened speed and power which has led us to speculate that Michael Flatley had his underwear made from the chain to propel him around the stage.
Made from our exclusive C-Infinity fabric, a 100% Italian polyester that is a colourful breakthrough in chlorine resistant fabric technology! The superior choice for swimmers, C-Infinity has exceptional strength and can retain its durability far beyond other elastane swimwear fabrics. Ideal for frequent pool use for recreational and performance-based swimming.
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text: Godspeed last edited by StaticSpeedster on 12/04/18 04:20AM View full history OriginAugust Heart gained connection to the Speed Force during a Speed Force storm in Central City, along with many other citizens. He then became the Flash's partner and in secret became the serial killer known as "Godspeed". He is dangerous and is able to steal the Speed Force from other speedsters, draining them of their powers, and claims to be faster than the Flash.August is currently in Iron Heights after being knocked out by Wallace West and Barry Allen before being able to kill Professor Zoom. After being interviewed by Barry in Iron Heights, August admits knowing the real leader of the Black Hole but won't say who it is. August said that he's saving it for one day when he needs a favor from Barry.August appears again during the Grodd Wars when he is brought out of the prison by Barry in order to save Central City, during this event we see him disappear into the Speed-Force as seen by Barry. But then we get a glimpse of him talking to someone maybe inside the Speed-Force.PowersSpeed Force Conduit: As a conduit of the Speed Force, Godspeed's physiology is enhanced in many different ways.Superhuman Speed, Reflexes, Agility, Stamina, and DurabilityProtective Speed Force AuraSpeed Force ConstructsLightning Generation/ProjectionSteal Speed-In the Rebirth Continuity the ability is a bit different. In Godspeed's case, he is able to forcibly remove a speedster's connection to the Speed Force, adding it to his own and increasing his speed. Due to this being a forced process, anyone he drains speed from unwilling dies as a result.Speed Scouts-It is, however important to note that he has a variation on this ability. Unlike Bart Allen, Godspeed's speed scouts are made by him literally splitting his being into two & becoming two entities with half the speed of the original. In addition to the loss in 50% of his speed, Godspeed cannot maintain this for long as eventually the pain will force him to merge himself back together.Intangibility/PhasingCyclone GenerationNote: He also ranked 8th in DC's official list of 'Top 10 fastest DC characters'.PersonalityAugust is shown to have shown traits of loyalty and kindheartedness until he revealed himself to Barry as Godspeed. Since then he has shown no empathy and the drive to kill criminals and the eagerness to find his brother's killer and bring justice. Although he has shown signs of regret when Barry told him that the man he killed wasn't his brother's killer. He still considers himself as Barry's friend after everything that has happened between them. AppearanceThe Speed Force has given August a similar costume to Barry's except for the color. August's suite is white and yellow and August wears a full mask.August has jet black hair and is almost as tall as Barry. Font-sizeParagraphHeader 4Header 3Header 2 Quote Link Img Table TweetRemove FormatClean sizeSMLpositionLCRUDchangeCreditDeletesizeSMpositionLRUDchangetitle 1title 2captiondelete×Edit Image TitleTitle: CancelUpdate×Embed ImageWhat size image should we insert? (This will not affect the original upload) Small Medium How do you want the image positioned around text? Float Left Float Right CancelInsertGo to LinkUnlinkChange× Link to Comic Vine Content AllWiki Arcs Characters Companies Concepts Issues Locations Movies People Teams Things Volumes Series EpisodesEditorial Videos Articles Reviews FeaturesCommunity Users You can search for any Comic Vine content. CancelCreate Link×Link to a pageAllWiki Arcs Characters Companies Concepts Issues Locations Movies People Teams Things Volumes Series EpisodesEditorial Videos Articles Reviews FeaturesCommunity Users You can search for any Comic Vine content. Disable this feature for this sessionpositionUDchangeDeletepositionUDchangeDeleteInsert Row UpInsert Row DownInsert Column LeftInsert Column RightDelete RowDelete ColumnbordersonheaderonpositionUDtablemax-widthdelete×Insert TableRows: Columns: CancelInsertpositionLCRUDchangeDelete×Embed tweetEnter the URL for the tweet you want to embed.CancelInsert


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All the 33 faculty members including the Director of Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine resigned on Friday citing "inordinate delay" in the handling of the situation arising out of agitation in protest against the "brutal attack" on a junior doctor of NRS Medical College on June 10. "In view of the inordinate delay in the appropriately handling the situation by the concerned authority, all the faculty members of this institute expressed their desire to tender resignation from their respective posts with immediate effect," Director of the tropical medicine institute P Pundu said in a letter to the Secretary of the Department of Health and Family Welfare in West Bengal.
Earlier, 119 doctors in North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Darjeeling, resigned over "violence" against doctors in the state. The protests erupted on June 10 after a junior doctor was assaulted in NRS College. Since then, the protests have spiralled throughout the country with doctors from several states taking to streets to show solidarity with their counterparts in West Bengal.
(This story has not been edited by Devdiscourse staff and is auto-generated from a syndicated feed.)


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Our Knoxville, TN, Hibbett Sports is located it the Knoxville Center mall on Millertown Pike off Washington Pike and I-640, near Belk. Hibbett Sports makes it easy to step up your shoe game with weekly launches from premium brands like Jordan, adidas, PUMA, Nike, Timberland and more. Need a hoodie, some denim, a jacket or other trendy lifestyle apparel? We've got you covered. Grab a hat and rep your favorite team or brand. If you're looking to hoop it up check out selection of basketball gear and team apparel. Our friendly Knoxville Hibbett associates are happy to get you geared up in a style that is right for you.


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Crockpot French Onion Soup
We all know that French Onion Soup is just an excuse to eat the melty crunchy cheesey toasts. And I fully support that thought. I mean is there anything more comforting than soup with toast and melted cheese on top?
Hubby happens to love French Onion Soup. He orders it when we're out and always enjoys it. I had never had it before meeting him. The first time I tried it, I wasn't really a fan. But that was because he gave me a bite towards the bottom of the bowl. After he had finished off his cheesey toasted deliciousness.
I decided to make this soup in the crockpot. I researched recipes online and everything I found looked somewhat bland… I took ideas from a variety of recipes, threw in a bunch of garlic, thyme, and of course red wine and came up with this recipe. Hubby claims it's as good as any he's had in a restaurant.
One thing to note about this recipe, you cook the onions overnight. So you'll want to start this the day before you plan to enjoy it.
One Year Ago: White Bean Soup with Andouille and Collard Greens and My Go-To Cream Cheese Frosting
Two Years Ago: Chocolate Bacon Cupcakes with Caramel Frosting
Three Years Ago: Pretzel Chocolate Chip Cookies
Crockpot French Onion Soup
I caramelize the onions overnight and then cook the soup during the day
Yield: serves 8
For the Soup
4 Tbsp butter
3 lbs onions, sliced into rings
3 Tbsp flour
1 Tbsp Worcestershire sauce
1 tsp sugar
1/2 tsp freshly ground pepper
6 cloves garlic, minced
fresh thyme
26 oz beef stock
32 oz low-sodium beef broth
1/4 cup red wine
For the Toasts
French bread, sliced
Gruyere cheese, sliced
For the Soup
Place butter and onions in crockpot. Your crockpot should be full to the top with onions.
Place a double layer of paper towels over crockpot, extending past the edges. Put lid on crockpot. The paper towels will absorb the moisture as opposed to it dripping back into the onions.
Set crockpot on high for one hour. Reduce to low for 8-10 hours. (I let the onions cook overnight.)
Mix flour, Worcestershire sauce, sugar and pepper. Stir flour mixture, garlic, thyme, stock and broth into onions.
Cover and cook on low 6-8 hours (or high 2-3 hours). 30 minutes before the end of the cooking time, stir in the red wine.
For the Toasts
Heat grill pan over high heat. Grill bread 2 minutes on each side, until crispy.
To Assemble Soup
Set oven to broil setting.
Ladle soup into individual oven-safe serving bowls. Only fill bowls 3/4 full. Add one piece of toast and a slice of cheese.
Broil until cheese is melted (timing will depend on your oven - just keep an eye on it.
Recipe by Beantown Baker
3 Responses to "Dulce de Leche in the Crockpot"
Wow, how very interesting. When my jar of store-bought Dulce de Leche runs out, I really think that I'm going to try this. Thank you for posting.
want to try this soon. How long will it last in the refrigerator?
Can it be canned in a water bath to preserve?


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By Joy Boileau. End Table. Published at Friday, February 01st, 2019 - 02:47:34 AM.
Just because pieces of furniture do not have a label that call them end tables does not mean they cant play the role of end tables. When you are decorating you should not feel locked in to using one specific style of furniture to complete your room. This article will show you that end tables are in the eye of the beholder. Consider these other items that could become your next set of end tables: Nightstands - Today many nightstands are just a slight jump from end tables anyway.
Even though the average American home has almost doubled in size 2700 square feet today vs. 1400 square feet in 1970 many homeowners still do not have enough space to put their stuff. Fortunately end tables can help with this quandary. With the right end tables you can add storage and style to your living room family room or great room. there is an old saw that says that stuff expands to fill the space available. Remarkably the home we thought was so spacious when we first moved into it now may feel cramped.
We have all done it before looked over the little things without realizing their importance. Like the primer when you paint the matches for starting up the grill during those backyard barbecues even the bug spray when you are hiking. These small oversights can cause big problems and the same thing can happen in your home if you do not have nice surfaces to set down and display items. So avoid the frustration and purchase some luxurious end tables for your space. End tables are pieces of furniture that are a necessity if you want to put the finishing touches to any room throughout your home.
Its that time again - time to look around the house and see what parts of your home can use a fashion fix up. Did you know the new fashion trends are out for 2010? When it comes to home decor one of the major trends is less is more. That means you need to start looking around and figure out how to tone down some of the things that may be a little bit overdone in your home. One of the easiest ways to do this is to take a closer look in the living room. What often happens in the living room is that people start with a large sofa.
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Finance Minister Asad Umar chaired a meeting of Economic Coordination Committee in Islamabad on tuesday.
The Committee asked for details/data on revenue impact and trade on proposal of Textile Division regarding withdrawal of custom duty and sales tax on cotton import.
The Ministry of Industries shared with ECC progress on study regarding operationalization of Pakistan Steel.
The ECC desired for early completion and submission of the study.
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PTI has 18 secret accounts, alleges WahabPOLITICS
NAB Chairman bans foreign visits of officialsNational
NAB summons Miftah Ismail in LNG scam caseNational
SC reverses IHC's order on Grand Hyatt leaseCourt
Target killer among 10 outlaws held in KarachiCrime
Asif Zardari meets Maulana Fazlur RehmanPOLITICS
Rangers arrest 11 suspected criminals in KarachiCrime
Indian troops martyrfour in KashmirInternational
Govt will fall under Its own weight: AbbasiPOLITICS
LPG price raised by Rs. 2 per KgBusiness
PM Imran Khan to leave for Turkey tomorrowNational
Shah Mehmood Qureshi meets Punjab CMGOVERNMENT
Four dead in Loralai coal mine explosionNational
Actress Mathira injured in car accidententertainment
ICC rates Sri Lanka cricket most corruptSPORTS
Maulana Tariq Jameel suffers heart attackReligion
Winter vacations extended in Punjab, KPEducation
ATC sends TLP leaders on 14-day judicial remandCourt
Karachi suffered prolonged load shedding as most areas of the metropolis plunged into darkness yesterday night., , Despite all
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Texts tabled :
Debates :
Votes :
Texts adopted :
Report on an EU policy framework to assist developing countries in addressing food security challenges [2010/2100(INI)] - Committee on Development. Rapporteur: Gabriele Zimmer (A7-0284/2011)
Gabriele Zimmer made the presentation.
The following spoke under the 'catch-the-eye' procedure: Elena Oana Antonescu, Eduard Kukan, Monika Flašíková Beňová, Franziska Keller, João Ferreira, Georgios Papanikolaou and Jaroslav Paška.
The following spoke: Maroš Šefčovič (Vice-President of the Commission).
The item closed.
Vote: minutes of 27.9.2011, item 8.15.


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Exchanges Operating in: US, Panama, Australia, Canada, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, New Zealand, China, Poland, EU, Indonesia, South Korea, UK, Russia, Seychelles, Mexico, Netherlands, Brazil, Japan, Philippines, Ukraine, Turkey, Iceland, British Virgin Islands, Thailand, Germany, Cyprus, Chile, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, India, Spain, Sweden, South Africa, Tanzania, France, Taiwan, Vietnam, Argentina, Venezuela, Malta, Pakistan, Switzerland, Austria
Most cryptocurrencies are designed to gradually decrease production of that currency, placing a cap on the total amount of that currency that will ever be in circulation.[30] Compared with ordinary currencies held by financial institutions or kept as cash on hand, cryptocurrencies can be more difficult for seizure by law enforcement.[1] This difficulty is derived from leveraging cryptographic technologies.
The Board has approved a Distribution and Service Plan under which each Fund may pay financial intermediaries such as broker-dealers and investment advisers ("Authorized Firms") up to 0.25%, on an annualized basis, of average daily net assets of the Fund as reimbursement or compensation for distribution-related activities with respect to the Shares of the Fund and shareholder services. Under the Distribution and Service Plan, the Trust or the Distributor may enter into agreements ("Distribution and Service Agreements") with Authorized Firms that purchase Shares on behalf of their clients.
Now, if that margin-call does not get filled and the price continues to fall, then I'm making profits on my contract but nobody is paying for it since the counterparty who got margin-called didn't get the liquidation order filled. So what happens is that at settlement time of the contract, that unfilled liquidation loss to the system will be deducted from the profits of ALL traders before they are distributed.
All other procedures set forth in the Authorized Participant Agreement must be followed in order to receive the next determined NAV. The requisite Fund Securities and the Balancing Amount (minus a redemption Transaction Fee or additional charges for requested cash redemptions) or the Cash Redemption Amount, as applicable and at the discretion of the Advisor, will be transferred by the second (2nd) NSCC Business Day following the date on which such request for redemption is deemed received. Cash-only redemption orders and Global Fund orders may not be placed through the Clearing Process.
Orders to redeem Creation Units outside the Clearing Process (other than for Global Fund orders), including all cash-only redemptions, must be delivered through a DTC Participant that has executed the Authorized Participant Agreement. A DTC Participant who wishes to place an order for redemption of Creation Units to be effected outside the Clearing Process need not be a "participating party" under the Authorized Participant Agreement, but such orders must state that the DTC Participant is not using the Clearing Process and that the redemption of Creation Units will instead be effected through a transfer of Shares directly through DTC. A redemption order for a Fund must be received by the cut-off times set forth in "Redemption Cut-Off Times" above. The order must be accompanied or preceded by the requisite number of Shares of Funds specified in such order, which delivery must be made through DTC to the Custodian by the second Business Day (T+3) following such transmittal date. All other procedures set forth in the Authorized Participant Agreement must be properly followed in order to receive the next determined NAV.
The Board has not adopted a policy of monitoring for frequent purchases and redemptions of shares that appear to attempt to take advantage of potential arbitrage opportunities. The Board believes this is appropriate because ETFs, such as the Funds, are intended to be attractive to arbitrageurs, as trading activity is critical to ensuring that the market price of Fund shares remains at or close to NAV.
While Ethereum focuses on dapps and Ripple on ultra-fast finances, Monero focuses on – privacy! This technology actually uses cryptography to protect all incoming and outgoing addresses, as well as the transmitted amounts. Monero is an all-in-one solution for all privacy enthusiasts, and as such, it holds tremendous potential for great success in the crypto world. Monero is my favourite coin.
Interest Rate Swaps. Interest rate swaps, in their most basic form, involve the exchange by a Fund with another party of their respective commitments to pay or receive interest. For example, a Fund might exchange its right to receive certain floating rate payments in exchange for another party's right to receive fixed rate payments. Interest rate swaps can take a variety of other forms, such as agreements to pay the net differences between two different interest indexes or rates, even if the parties do not own the underlying instruments. Despite their differences in form, the function of interest rate swaps is generally the same: to increase or decrease a Fund's exposure to long- or short-term interest rates. For example, a Fund may enter into a swap transaction to preserve a return or spread on a particular investment or a portion of its portfolio or to protect against any increase in the price of securities the Fund anticipates purchasing at a later date.
Qualifying Income described in clause (i) of subparagraph (a) above) will be treated as Qualifying Income. In general, such entities will be treated as partnerships for federal income tax purposes because they meet the passive income requirement under Code section 7704(c)(2). In addition, although in general the passive loss rules of the Code do not apply to RICs, such rules do apply to a RIC with respect to items attributable to an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership. Moreover, the amounts derived from investments in foreign currency will be treated as Qualifying Income for purposes of subparagraph (a) above. There is a remote possibility that the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") could issue guidance contrary to such treatment with respect to foreign currency gains that are not directly related to a RIC's principal business of investing in stocks or securities (or options or futures with respect to stocks or securities), which could affect a Fund's ability to meet the 90% gross income test and adversely affect the manner in which that Fund is managed.
Strictly speaking, there's so much to be tested and validated in this field, yet Cryptocurrency is the most lucrative form of currency thought of till date. It has not been banned in most countries but most countries maintain a strict no regulation and no involvement stand on it. Considering the same, Cryptocurrency traders are always looking for the most reliable broking and trading platforms.
The data contained in this website isn't real-time or necessarily accurate, meaning prices are indicative and not appropriate for trading purposes. Your capital is at risk. This website is intended as a source of information only, not financial advice. Under no circumstances should you trade commodities, select a broker or perform any other task connected with commodity trading without taking professional advice first. Commodities can fall in value as well as rise in value: substantial losses can be made commodity commodity trading or trading with CFD services.
The Fund may invest in stocks of large-cap companies. Although returns on investments in large-cap companies are often perceived as being less volatile than the returns of companies with smaller market capitalizations, the return on large-cap securities could trail the returns on investments in smaller and mid-sized companies for a number of reasons. For example, large-cap companies may be unable to respond quickly to new competitive challenges, such as changes in technology, and also may not be able to attain the high growth rate of successful smaller companies.
Since a portion of the Fund's assets are invested in short positions in bitcoin futures contracts, the Fund will likely decline in value when the price of bitcoin futures contracts goes up (unless such losses are offset by gains in the value of the Fund's positions in other investments), a result that is the opposite from the results of taking long positions in bitcoin futures contracts.
These big coin strategies can also be used for trading bitcoin cash as well as other cryptocurrencies, in fact, you can use this as a trade guide for any type of trading instrument. The blockchain technology is a big step forward for how to access information and many companies are starting to develop applications to use it in their favor. Remember that when trading digital currency it may seem like it is not a real currency but it actually is real, this is not some Ponzi scheme. Before you buy bitcoins have a solid plan in place and don't underestimate the cryptocurrency markets, you must do your technical analysis just as if you were going to day trade any other instruments. You can also read our best Gann Fan trading strategy.
A Fund's ability to invest in MLPs that are treated as qualified publicly traded partnerships ("QPTPs") for federal income tax purposes is limited by the Fund's intention to qualify as a RIC, and if the Fund does not appropriately limit such investments or if such investments are recharacterized for U.S. tax purposes, the Fund's status as a RIC may be jeopardized. Among other limitations, a Fund is permitted to have no more than 25% of the total value if its total assets invested, including through corporations in which the Fund owns a 20% or more voting stock interest, in QPTPs including MLPs. A Fund's investments in MLPs potentially will result in distributions from that Fund (i) constituting returns of capital not included in a shareholder's income but reducing the shareholder's tax basis in his or her shares; (ii) attributable to gain recognized with respect to that is recharacterized as ordinary income and, therefore, not offset by capital losses; or (iii) taxable to such shareholder even though they represent appreciation realized by that Fund prior to the shareholder's investment therein. That Fund's investments in MLPs will also potentially cause it to recognize taxable income on its investments in in excess of the cash generated thereby, and therefore require the Fund to sell investments, including when not otherwise advantageous to do so, in order to satisfy the distribution requirements for treatment as a RIC and to eliminate a Fund-level tax.
Bitcoin is pseudonymous rather than anonymous in that the cryptocurrency within a wallet is not tied to people, but rather to one or more specific keys (or "addresses").[53] Thereby, bitcoin owners are not identifiable, but all transactions are publicly available in the blockchain.[53] Still, cryptocurrency exchanges are often required by law to collect the personal information of their users.[53]
Collateralized mortgage obligations ("CMOs") are debt obligations collateralized by mortgage loans or mortgage pass-through securities (collateral collectively hereinafter referred to as "Mortgage Assets"). Multi-class pass-through securities are interests in a trust composed of Mortgage Assets and all references in this section to CMOs include multi-class pass-through securities. Principal prepayments on the Mortgage Assets may cause the CMOs to be retired substantially earlier than their stated maturities or final distribution dates, resulting in a loss of all or part of the premium if any has been paid. Interest is paid or accrues on all classes of the CMOs on a monthly, quarterly or semi-annual basis. The principal and interest payments on the Mortgage Assets may be allocated among the various classes of CMOs in several ways. Typically, payments of principal, including any prepayments, on the underlying mortgages are applied to the classes in the order of their respective stated maturities or final distribution dates, so that no payment of principal is made on CMOs of a class until all CMOs of other classes having earlier stated maturities or final distribution dates have been paid in full.
The tables below shows performance examples of an Ultra and UltraShort ProShares Fund that have investment objective to correspond to two times (2x) and two times the inverse (-2x) of, respectively, the daily performance of an index. In the charts below, areas shaded lighter represent those scenarios where a Fund will return the same or outperform (i.e., return more than) the index performance times the stated multiple in the Fund's investment objective; conversely areas shaded darker represent those scenarios where the Fund will underperform (i.e., return less than) the index performance times the stated multiple in the Fund's investment objective.
• Tax Risk — In order to qualify for the special tax treatment accorded a regulated investment company ("RIC") and its shareholders, the Fund must derive at least 90% of its gross income for each taxable year from "qualifying income," meet certain asset diversification tests at the end of each taxable quarter, and meet annual distribution requirements. The Fund's pursuit of its investment strategies will potentially be limited by the Fund's intention to qualify for such treatment and could adversely affect the Fund's ability to so qualify. The Fund can make certain investments, the treatment of which for these purposes is unclear. If, in any year, the Fund were to fail to qualify for the special tax treatment accorded a RIC and its
As we have seen above, a futures contract has an expiration date. This is the date on which you can purchase the ton of pork bellies for 1,000 USD – this is called a physical settlement. Alternatively, futures contracts can be settled with cash as well. In these contracts, you receive the difference between the current price of the underlying asset and the price in your contract as cash.


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[Paducah, KY] - The Kentucky Cancer Program is once again partnering with Baptist Health Paducah, Lourdes Mercy Health and Paducah Dermatology to host a free SPOTme® skin cancer screening on Saturday, June 15, 2019 from 8:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. at Lourdes Mercy Health Marshal Nemer Outpatient Surgery Center by appointment only.
"Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States, and it is estimated that one person dies from melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, every hour," said Jamie Smith, Cancer Control Specialist with the Kentucky Cancer Program. "Yet not only is skin cancer preventable, it's highly treatable when detected early."
Anyone interested in attending the free skin cancer screening must call the Kentucky Cancer Program for an appointment at 270-442-1310. Appointments are limited, and no walk-ins will be seen.
"Unlike other cancers, skin cancer can be seen on the surface of your skin, making it critical to regularly check your skin for changing or suspicious spots," said Smith. "A skin cancer screening from a dermatologist is a visual exam that is painless, only takes a few minutes, and could save your life."
The SPOTme® skin cancer screening program is part of the American Academy of Dermatology's SPOT Skin Cancer™ initiative, a campaign to create a world without skin cancer through public awareness, community outreach programs and services, and advocacy that promote the prevention, detection and care of skin cancer.
Since 1985, AAD member dermatologists have conducted more than 2.4 million free skin cancer screenings and have detected nearly 248,000 suspicious lesions, including more than 27,500 suspected melanomas.
For more information on this free screening or to schedule an appointment, please call 270-442-1310.
For more information about how to prevent and detect skin cancer, including instructions on how to perform a skin self-exam, visit SPOTme.org. There, you can download a body mole map for tracking changes in your skin and find free SPOTme® skin cancer screenings in your area.


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Radiation hazards in a paediatric intensive care unit
- 30 Downloads
- Citations
Radiation doses received by premature babies X-rayed in an ICU were measured. The average dose for a single exposure was 12 mrad to the sternum, 10 mrad to the neck and 2–2.2 mrad to the gonads. The average number of X-ray exposures was 26.9 with 2 children being in the 100 > range. Radiation hazards due to a maximum possible dose of 1 rad are discussed. The present series is compared with similar population groups exposed to low dose radiation. The possibility of an increased incidence of leukemia and thyroid carcinoma is considered.
KeywordsPublic Health Radiation Carcinoma Intensive Care Unit Leukemia
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
- 1.Stewart AM, Kneale GW (1970) Radiation dose effects in relation to obstetric X-rays and childhood cancers. Lancet I: 1185Google Scholar
- 2.Hempelmann LH, Hall WJ, Phillips M (1975) Neoplasms in persons treated with X-ray in infancy: Fourth survey in 20 years. J Natl Cancer Inst 55: 519PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 3.Conard RA, et al (1975) A twenty year review of Medical findings in a Marshallese population accidentally exposed to radioactive fallout. Upton NY, Brookhaven National LaboratoryGoogle Scholar
- 4.Werner A, Modan B, Davidoff D (1968) Doses to brain, skull and thyroid, following X-ray therapy for Tinea capitis. Phys Med Biol 13: 247CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 5.Modan B, Ron E, Werner A (1977) Thyroid cancer following scalp irradiation. Radiology 123: 741PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 6.Robinson A, Dellagrammaticas HD (1983) Radiation doses to neonates requiring intensive care. Br J Radiol 56: 397PubMedGoogle Scholar
Copyright information
© Springer-Verlag 1986


text:
@adafruit LED matrix-enhanced pinewood derby car. pic.twitter.com/3H5dVydhvn
— Jonathan Ashbrook (@jonashbrook) March 15, 2014
Here is the official press release for the Arduino Micro in collaboration with Adafruit.
Arduino Micro in collaboration with Adafruit
Arduino Micro board – Based on the technology behind the Leonardo board, its main feature is the very small size.
The Arduino Micro packs all of the power of the Arduino Leonardo in a 48mm x 18mm module (1.9″ x 0.7″).
It makes it easier for makers to embed the Arduino technology inside their projects by providing a small and convenient module that can be either used on a breadboard or soldered to a custom designed PCB.
The Micro has been developed in collaboration with Adafruit Industries, one of the leaders of the Maker movement. Adafruit is already developing a series of accessories for the new board that will complement its power and simplicity.
Throughout the month of November the product is available exclusively from Adafruit online and Radio Shack in retail stores.
Main features of Arduino Micro:
- The Arduino Micro is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega32u4.
- Like its brother the Leonardo board, the Arduino Micro has one microcontroller with built-in USB. Using the ATmega32U4 as its sole microcontroller allows it to be cheaper and simpler. Also, because the 32U4 is handling the USB directly, code libraries are available which allow the board to emulate a computer keyboard, mouse, and more using the USB-HID protocol.
- It has 20 digital input/output pins (of which 7 can be used as PWM outputs and 12 as analog inputs), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a micro USB connection, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a micro USB cable to get started.
- This allows the Micro to appear to a connected computer as a mouse and keyboard, in addition to a virtual (CDC) serial / COM port.
Technical specifications:
- Microcontroller: ATmega32u4
- Operating Voltage: 5V
- Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
- Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V
- Digital I/O Pins: 20
- PWM Channels: 7
- Analog Input Channels: 12
- DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
- DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
- Flash Memory: 32 KB (ATmega32u4) of which 4 KB used by bootloader
- SRAM: 2.5 KB (ATmega32u4)
- EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega32u4)
- Clock Speed: 16 MHz
About Arduino
Arduino, the first widespread Open Source Hardware platform, was launched in 2005 to simplify the process of electronic prototyping. It enables everyday people with little or no technical background to build interactive products.
The Arduino ecosystem is a combination of three different elements:
- A small electronic board manufactured in Italy that makes it easy and affordable to learn to program a microcontroller, a type of tiny computer found inside millions of everyday objects.
- A free software application used to program the board.
- A vibrant community, true expression of the enthusiasm powering the project. Every day on the www.arduino.cc website thousands of people connect with other users, ask for help, engage and contribute to the project.
About Adafruit Industries
Adafruit was founded in 2005 by MIT engineer, Limor "Ladyada" Fried. Her goal was to create the best place online for learning electronics and making the best designed products for makers of all ages and skill levels. Since then Adafruit has grown to over 25 employees in the heart of NYC. Adafruit has expanded their offerings to include tools and equipment that Limor personally selects, tests and approves. Adafruit has one of the largest collections of free electronics tutorials, open-source hardware and software to help educate and inspire the next generation of scientists and engineers.
Stop breadboarding and soldering – start making immediately! Adafruit's Circuit Playground is jam-packed with LEDs, sensors, buttons, alligator clip pads and more. Build projects with Circuit Playground in a few minutes with the drag-and-drop MakeCode programming site, learn computer science using the CS Discoveries class on code.org, jump into CircuitPython to learn Python and hardware together, or even use Arduino IDE. Circuit Playground Express is the newest and best Circuit Playground board, with support for MakeCode, CircuitPython, and Arduino. It has a powerful processor, 10 NeoPixels, mini speaker, InfraRed receive and transmit, two buttons, a switch, 14 alligator clip pads, and lots of sensors: capacitive touch, IR proximity, temperature, light, motion and sound. A whole wide world of electronics and coding is waiting for you, and it fits in the palm of your hand.
Join 12,000+ makers on Adafruit's Discord channels and be part of the community! http://adafru.it/discord
Have an amazing project to share? The Electronics Show and Tell with Google Hangouts On-Air is every Wednesday at 7:30pm ET! To join, head over to YouTube and check out the show's live chat – we'll post the link there.
Join us every Wednesday night at 8pm ET for Ask an Engineer!
Follow Adafruit on Instagram for top secret new products, behinds the scenes and more https://www.instagram.com/adafruit/
Maker Business — Over 30 years of hardware development – An interview with Parallax, Inc.
Wearables — Sight line savvy
Electronics — You've got the power! (right?)
Biohacking — Moment : The Oura Ring Meditation Feature
Python for Microcontrollers — The need for speed, PewPew, Odroid C2, and more! #Python #Adafruit #CircuitPython #PythonHardware @circuitpython @micropython @ThePSF @Adafruit
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You may save up to 15 listings. Please note that this listing will be over-writing your oldest saved listing.
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Senior Appointments Make a Raft of Headline Press
Friday, April 1st, 2016
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Gilson Gray Makes Waves in Legal and Business World with help of Edinburgh PR Agency
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Find out how affordable video can bring a host of benefits to your business.
Make an impact with PR photographyFind out more
Every story can be told better with pictures. Discover our affordable, high-impact photo packages.
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