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Absolute monarchy [1] [2] is a form of monarchy in which the monarch holds supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs. [3] These are often hereditary monarchies. In contrast, in constitutional monarchies, the head of state's authority derives from and is legally bounded or restricted by a constitution or legislature. [4]
A monarchy is a form of government in which a single person holds supreme authority in ruling a country, also performing ceremonial duties and embodying the country's national identity. Although some monarchs are elected, in most cases, the monarch's position is inherited and lasts until death or abdication. In these cases, the royal family or members of the dynasty usually serve in official capacities as well. The governing power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic, to partial and restricted, to completely autocratic.
A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city. Legislatures form important parts of most governments; in the separation of powers model, they are often contrasted with the executive and judicial branches of government.
Hereditary monarchy is a form of government and succession of power in which the throne passes from one member of a royal family to another member of the same family. It represents an institutionalised form of nepotism.
Some monarchies have a weak or symbolic legislature and other governmental bodies the monarch can alter or dissolve at will. Countries where monarchs still maintain absolute power are: Brunei, Eswatini, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and the individual emirates composing the United Arab Emirates, which itself is a federation of such monarchies – a federal monarchy. [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]
Brunei, officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace, is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea, the country is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak. It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo; the remainder of the island's territory is divided between the nations of Malaysia and Indonesia. Brunei's population was 423,196 in 2016.
Eswatini, officially the Kingdom of Eswatini and also known as Swaziland, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. It is bordered by Mozambique to its northeast and South Africa to its north, west and south. At no more than 200 kilometres (120 mi) north to south and 130 kilometres (81 mi) east to west, Eswatini is one of the smallest countries in Africa; despite this, its climate and topography are diverse, ranging from a cool and mountainous highveld to a hot and dry lowveld.
Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is an Arab country on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. Its official religion is Islam.
In Ancient Egypt, the Pharaoh wielded absolute power over the country and was considered a living god by his people. In ancient Mesopotamia, many rulers of Assyria, Babylonia and Sumer were absolute monarchs as well. In ancient and medieval India, rulers of the Maurya, Satavahana, Gupta, Chola and Chalukya Empires, as well as other major and minor empires, were considered absolute monarchs. In the Khmer Empire, the kings were called "Devaraja" and "Chakravartin" (King of the world), and exercised absolute power over the empire and people.
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in the place that is now the country Egypt. Ancient Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3100 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Menes. The history of ancient Egypt occurred as a series of stable kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age.
Pharaoh is the common title of the monarchs of ancient Egypt from the First Dynasty until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Empire in 30 BCE, although the actual term "Pharaoh" was not used contemporaneously for a ruler until Merneptah, c. 1200 BCE. In the early dynasty, ancient Egyptian kings used to have up to three titles, the Horus, the Sedge and Bee (nswt-bjtj) name, and the Two Ladies (nbtj) name. The Golden Horus and nomen and prenomen titles were later added.
Assyria, also called the Assyrian Empire, was a Mesopotamian kingdom and empire of the ancient Near East and the Levant. It existed as a state from perhaps as early as the 25th century BC until its collapse between 612 BC and 609 BC - spanning the periods of the Early to Middle Bronze Age through to the late Iron Age. From the end of the seventh century BC to the mid-seventh century AD, it survived as a geopolitical entity, for the most part ruled by foreign powers such as the Parthian and early Sasanian Empires between the mid-second century BC and late third century AD, the final part of which period saw Mesopotamia become a major centre of Syriac Christianity and the birthplace of the Church of the East.
Throughout Imperial China, many emperors and one empress wielded absolute power through the Mandate of Heaven. In pre-Columbian America, the Inca Empire was ruled by a Sapa Inca, who was considered the son of Inti, the sun god and absolute ruler over the people and nation. Korea under the Joseon dynasty and short-lived empire was also an absolute monarchy. [11] In the Ottoman Empire, many sultans wielded absolute power through heavenly mandates reflected in their title, the "Shadow of God on Earth".
The Chinese emperor was considered the Son of Heaven and the autocrat of All under Heaven. Under the Han dynasty, Confucianism replaced Legalism as the official political theory and succession theoretically followed Salic primogeniture. The Chinese emperors who shared the same family were classified into historical periods known as dynasties. The absolute authority of the emperor was notionally bound with various duties and obligations; failure to uphold these was thought to remove the dynasty's Mandate of Heaven and to justify its replacement. In practice, emperors and heirs sometimes avoided the strict rules of succession and dynasties' ostensible "failures" were detailed in official histories written by their successful replacements. The power of the emperor was also often limited by the imperial bureaucracy staffed by scholar-officials and eunuchs and by filial obligations to surviving parents and to dynastic traditions, such as those detailed in the Ming dynasty's Ancestral Instructions.
Wu Zetian, alternatively named Wu Zhao, Wu Hou, during the later Tang dynasty as Tian Hou, in English as Empress Consort Wu or by the deprecated term "Empress Wu", was a Chinese sovereign who ruled unofficially as empress consort and officially as Regent and empress dowager and officially as empress regnant (皇帝) during the brief Zhou dynasty, which interrupted the Tang dynasty. Wu was the sole officially recognized empress regnant of China in more than two millennia.
The Mandate of Heaven or Tian Ming is a Chinese political and religious doctrine used since ancient times to justify the rule of the King or Emperor of China. According to this belief, heaven —which embodies the natural order and will of the universe—bestows the mandate on a just ruler of China, the "Son of Heaven" of the "Celestial Empire". If a ruler was overthrown, this was interpreted as an indication that the ruler was unworthy, and had lost the mandate. It was also a common belief among citizens that natural disasters such as famine and flood were signs of heaven's displeasure with the ruler, so there would often be revolts following major disasters as citizens saw these as signs that the Mandate of Heaven had been withdrawn.
Throughout much of European history, the divine right of kings was the theological justification for absolute monarchy. Many European monarchs, such as those of Russia, claimed supreme autocratic power by divine right, and that their subjects had no rights to limit their power. James VI of Scotland (later also James I of England) and his son Charles I of Scotland and England tried to import this principle. Charles I's attempt to enforce episcopal polity on the Church of Scotland led to rebellion by the Covenanters and the Bishops' Wars, then fears that Charles I was attempting to establish absolutist government along European lines was a major cause of the English Civil War, despite the fact that he did rule this way for 11 years starting in 1629, after dissolving the Parliament of England for a time. By the 19th century, the Divine Right was regarded as an obsolete theory in most countries in the Western world, except in Russia where it was still given credence as the official justification for the Tsar's power until February Revolution in 1917.
The divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God. The king is thus not subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm. It implies that only God can judge an unjust king and that any attempt to depose, dethrone or restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God and may constitute a sacrilegious act. It is often expressed in the phrase "by the Grace of God", attached to the titles of a reigning monarch.
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia. At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi), Russia is by a considerable margin the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with about 146.79 million people as of 2019, including Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital, Moscow, is one of the largest cities in the world and the second largest city in Europe; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. However, Russia recognises two more countries that border it, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, both of which are internationally recognized as parts of Georgia.
Tsarist autocracy is a form of autocracy specific to the Grand Duchy of Moscow, which later became Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire. In it, all power and wealth is controlled by the Tsar. They had more power than constitutional monarchs, who are usually vested by law and counterbalanced by a legislative authority; they even had more authority on religious issues compared to Western monarchs. In Russia, it originated during the time of Ivan III (1440−1505), and was abolished after the Russian Revolution of 1917.
There is a considerable variety of opinion by historians on the extent of absolutism among European monarchs. Some, such as Perry Anderson, argue that quite a few monarchs achieved levels of absolutist control over their states, while historians such as Roger Mettam dispute the very concept of absolutism. [12] In general, historians who disagree with the appellation of absolutism argue that most monarchs labeled as absolutist exerted no greater power over their subjects than any other non-absolutist rulers, and these historians tend to emphasize the differences between the absolutist rhetoric of monarchs and the realities of the effective use of power by these absolute monarchs. Renaissance historian William Bouwsma summed up this contradiction:
Francis Rory Peregrine "Perry" Anderson is a British intellectual and essayist. His work ranges across historical sociology, intellectual history, and cultural analysis. What unites them is Anderson's preoccupation with Western Marxism. Anderson is perhaps best known as the moving force behind the New Left Review. He is Professor of History and Sociology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Anderson has written many books, most recently The Antinomies of Gramsci and The H-Word: The Peripeteia of Hegemony, both published in 2017. He is the brother of political scientist Benedict Anderson (1936–2015).
Rhetoric is the art of persuasion. Along with grammar and logic, it is one of the three ancient arts of discourse. Rhetoric aims to study the capacities of writers or speakers needed to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations. Aristotle defines rhetoric as "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion" and since mastery of the art was necessary for victory in a case at law or for passage of proposals in the assembly or for fame as a speaker in civic ceremonies, calls it "a combination of the science of logic and of the ethical branch of politics". Rhetoric typically provides heuristics for understanding, discovering, and developing arguments for particular situations, such as Aristotle's three persuasive audience appeals: logos, pathos, and ethos. The five canons of rhetoric or phases of developing a persuasive speech were first codified in classical Rome: invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery.
Nothing so clearly indicates the limits of royal power as the fact that governments were perennially in financial trouble, unable to tap the wealth of those ablest to pay, and likely to stir up a costly revolt whenever they attempted to develop an adequate income. [13]— William Bouwsma
Though some historians[ who? ] doubt it, Louis XIV of France (1638–1715) is often said to have proclaimed "L'état, c'est moi" ("I am the State!"). [14] Although often criticized for his extravagances, such as the Palace of Versailles, he reigned over France for a long period, and some historians consider him a successful absolute monarch. More recently, revisionist historians[ who? ] have questioned whether Louis' reign should be considered 'absolute'[ example needed ], given the reality of the balance of power between the monarch and the nobility. [15] [ need quotation to verify ]
The King of France concentrated in his person legislative, executive, and judicial powers. He was the supreme judicial authority. He could condemn people to death without the right of appeal. It was both his duty to punish offenses and stop them from being committed. From his judicial authority followed his power both to make laws and to annul them. [16]
Absolutism was underpinned by a written constitution for the first time in Europe in 1665 Kongeloven ("King's Law") of Denmark-Norway, which ordered that the Monarch "shall from this day forth be revered and considered the most perfect and supreme person on the Earth by all his subjects, standing above all human laws and having no judge above his person, neither in spiritual nor temporal matters, except God alone". [17] [18] This law consequently authorized the king to abolish all other centers of power. Most important was the abolition of the Council of the Realm.
In Brandenburg-Prussia, the concept of absolute monarch took a notable turn from the above with its emphasis on the monarch as the "first servant of the state", but it also echoed many of the important characteristics of Absolutism. Frederick William (r. 1640–1688), known as the Great Elector, used the uncertainties of the final stages of the Thirty Years' War [ citation needed ] to consolidate his territories into the dominant kingdom in northern Germany, whilst increasing his power over his subjects. His actions largely originated the militaristic streak of the Hohenzollern.
In 1653 the Diet of Brandenburg met for the last time and gave Frederick William the power to raise taxes without its consent, a strong indicator of absolutism.[ disputed ] Frederick William enjoyed support from the nobles, who enabled the Great Elector to undermine the Diet and other representative assemblies. The leading families saw their future in cooperation with the central government and worked to establish absolutist power.
The most significant indicator of the nobles' success was the establishment of two tax rates – one for the cities and the other for the countryside – to the great advantage of the latter, which the nobles ruled. The nobles served in the upper levels of the elector's army and bureaucracy, but they also won new prosperity for themselves. The support of the Elector enabled the imposition of serfdom and the consolidation of land holdings into vast estates which provided for their wealth.
They became known as Junkers (from the German for young lord, junger Herr). Frederick William faced resistance from representative assemblies and long-independent cities in his realm. City leaders often revolted at the imposition of Electorate authority. The last notable effort was the uprising of the city of Königsberg which allied with the Estates General of Prussia to refuse to pay taxes. Frederick William crushed this revolt in 1662, by marching into the city with thousands of troops. A similar approach was used with the towns of Cleves. [19]
Until 1905 the Tsars and Emperors of Russia governed as absolute monarchs. Ivan the Fearsome was known for his reign of terror through oprichnina. Peter I the Great reduced the power of the Russian nobility and strengthened the central power of the monarch, establishing a bureaucracy and a police state. This tradition of absolutism, known as Tsarist autocracy, was expanded by Catherine II the Great and her descendants. Although Alexander II made some reforms and established an independent judicial system, Russia did not have a representative assembly or a constitution until the 1905 Revolution. However, the concept of absolutism was so ingrained in Russia that the Russian Constitution of 1906 still described the monarch as an autocrat. Russia became the last European country (excluding Vatican City) to abolish absolutism, and it was the only one to do so as late as the 20th century (the Ottoman Empire drafted its first constitution in 1877).
The form of government instituted in Sweden under King Charles XI and passed on to his son, Charles XII is commonly referred to as absolute monarchy; however, the Swedish monarch was never absolute in the sense that he wielded arbitrary power. The monarch still ruled under the law and could only legislate in agreement with the Riksdag of the Estates; rather, the absolutism introduced was the monarch's ability to run the government unfettered by the privy council, contrary to earlier practice. The absolute rule of Charles XI was instituted by the crown and the Riksdag in order to carry out the Great Reduction which would have been made impossible by the privy council which comprised the high nobility. After the death of Charles XII in 1718, the system of absolute rule was largely blamed for the ruination of the realm in the Great Northern War, and the reaction tipped the balance of power to the other extreme end of the spectrum, ushering in the Age of Liberty. After half a century of largely unrestricted parliamentary rule proved just as ruinous, King Gustav III seized back royal power in the coup d'état of 1772, and later once again abolished the privy council under the Union and Security Act in 1789, which, in turn, was rendered void in 1809 when Gustav IV Adolf was deposed in a coup and the constitution of 1809 was put in its place. The years between 1789 and 1809, then, are also referred to as a period of absolute monarchy.
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The popularity of the notion of absolute monarchy declined substantially after the French Revolution, which promoted theories of government based on popular sovereignty.
Many nations formerly with absolute monarchies, such as Jordan, Kuwait and Morocco, have moved towards constitutional monarchy, although in some cases the monarch retains tremendous power, to the point that the parliament's influence on political life is negligible.
In Bhutan, the government moved from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy following planned parliamentary elections to the Tshogdu in 2003, and the election of a National Assembly in 2008. Nepal had several swings between constitutional rule and direct rule related to the Nepalese Civil War, the Maoist insurgency, and the 2001 Nepalese royal massacre, with the Nepalese monarchy being abolished on May 28, 2008. In Tonga, the King had majority control of the Legislative Assembly until 2010.
On the other hand, Liechtenstein has moved towards expanding the power of the monarch: the Prince of Liechtenstein was given expanded powers after a referendum amending the Constitution of Liechtenstein in 2003, which led the BBC to describe the prince as an "absolute monarch again". [20]
The ruling Kim family of North Korea (Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un) has been described as a de facto absolute monarchy [21] [22] [23] or "hereditary dictatorship". [24] In 2013, Clause 2 of Article 10 of the new edited Ten Fundamental Principles of the Korean Workers' Party states that the party and revolution must be carried "eternally" by the "Paektu (Kim's) bloodline". [25]
|Reign Since
|Reign Length
|Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah
|15 July 1946
|72 years, 335 days
|4 October 1967
|51 years, 254 days
|Sultan Qaboos bin Said
|18 November 1940
|78 years, 209 days
|23 July 1970
|48 years, 327 days
|[27] [28]
|Emir Tamim bin Hamad
|3 June 1980
|39 years, 12 days
|25 June 2013
|5 years, 355 days
|King Salman bin Abdul'aziz
|31 December 1935
|83 years, 166 days
|23 January 2015
|4 years, 143 days
|Hereditary and elective
|King Mswati III
|19 April 1968
|51 years, 57 days
|25 April 1986
|33 years, 51 days
|Hereditary and elective
|Pope Francis
|17 December 1936
|82 years, 180 days
|13 March 2013
|6 years, 94 days
|President Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed
|7 September 1948
|70 years, 281 days
|3 November 2004
|14 years, 224 days
|Hereditary and elective
Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy, and according to the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia adopted by royal decree in 1992, the king must comply with Shari'a (Islamic law) and the Qur'an. [7] The Qur'an and the corpus of Sunnah (traditions of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad) are declared to be the Kingdom's constitution, but no written modern constitution has ever been written for Saudi Arabia, which remains one of two Arab nations where no national elections have ever taken place since its founding, with the other being Qatar. [35] No political parties or national elections are permitted and according to The Economist's 2010 Democracy Index, the Saudi government is the seventh most authoritarian regime from among the 167 countries rated. [36] [7]
Anthropology, sociology, and ethology as well as various other disciplines such as political science attempt to explain the rise of absolute monarchy ranging from extrapolation generally, to certain Marxist explanations in terms of the class struggle as the underlying dynamic of human historical development generally and absolute monarchy in particular.
In the 17th century, French legal theorist Jean Domat defended the concept of absolute monarchy in works such as "On Social Order and Absolute Monarchy", citing absolute monarchy as preserving natural order as God intended. [37]
A constitutional monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign exercises authority in accordance with a written or unwritten constitution. Constitutional monarchy differs from absolute monarchy in that constitutional monarchs are bound to exercise their powers and authorities within the limits prescribed within an established legal framework. Constitutional monarchies range from countries such as Morocco, Jordan, Kuwait and Bahrain, where the constitution grants substantial discretionary powers to the sovereign, to countries such as Japan and Sweden where the monarch retains no formal authorities.
A republic is a form of government in which the country is considered a "public matter", not the private concern or property of the rulers. The primary positions of power within a republic are not inherited, but are attained through democracy, oligarchy or autocracy. It is a form of government under which the head of state is not a hereditary monarch.
A royal family is the immediate family of a king or queen regnant, and sometimes his or her extended family. The term imperial family appropriately describes the family of an emperor or empress, and the term papal family describes the family of a pope, while the terms baronial family, comital family, ducal family, archducal family, grand ducal family, or princely family are more appropriate to describe, respectively, the relatives of a reigning baron, count, duke, archduke, grand duke, or prince. However, in common parlance members of any family which reigns by hereditary right are often referred to as royalty or "royals." It is also customary in some circles to refer to the extended relations of a deposed monarch and his or her descendants as a royal family. A dynasty is sometimes referred to as "the House of ...". As of July 2013, there are 26 active sovereign monarchies in the world who rule or reign over 43 countries in all.
Enlightened absolutism refers to the conduct and policies of European absolute monarchs during the 18th and 19th centuries who were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment, espousing them to enhance their power. The concept originated during the Enlightenment period in the 18th and into the early 19th centuries.
An elective monarchy is a monarchy ruled by an elected monarch, in contrast to a hereditary monarchy in which the office is automatically passed down as a family inheritance. The manner of election, the nature of candidate qualifications, and the electors vary from case to case. Historically it is not uncommon for elective monarchies to transform into hereditary ones over time, or for hereditary ones to acquire at least occasional elective aspects.
The New Monarchs was a concept developed by European historians during the first half of the 20th century to characterize 15th-century European rulers who unified their respective nations, creating stable and centralized governments. This centralization allowed for an era of worldwide colonization and conquest in the 16th century, and paved the way for rapid economic growth in Europe. Many historians argue the Military Revolution made possible, and indeed made necessary, formation of strong central governments in order to maximize military strength that could enable conquest and prevent being conquered.
The Trienio Liberal is a period of three years in the modern history of Spain between 1820 and 1823, when a liberal government ruled Spain after a military uprising in January 1820 by the lieutenant-colonel Rafael de Riego against the absolutist rule of Ferdinand VII.
The Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy, also known as the Constitution of Cádiz and as La Pepa, was the first Constitution of Spain and one of the earliest constitutions in world history. It was established on 19 March 1812 by the Cortes of Cádiz, the first Spanish legislature. With the notable exception of proclaiming Roman Catholicism as the official and sole legal religion in Spain, the constitution was one of the most liberal of its time: it affirmed national sovereignty, separation of powers, freedom of the press, free enterprise, abolished feudalism, and established a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system. It was one of the first constitutions that allowed universal male suffrage, through a complex indirect electoral system. It was repealed by King Ferdinand VII in 1814 in Valencia, who re-established absolute monarchy.
Absolute monarchy in France slowly emerged in the 16th century and became firmly established during the 17th century. Absolute monarchy is a variation of the governmental form of monarchy in which the monarch holds supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs. In France, Louis XIV was the most famous exemplar of absolute monarchy, with his court central to French political and cultural life during his reign.
Monarchy was the prevalent form of government in the history of Europe throughout the Middle Ages, only occasionally competing with communalism, notably in the case of the Maritime republics and the Swiss Confederacy.
There are several monarchies in Africa, defined as either actually or nominally self-governing states, territories, or nations on the continent of Africa where supreme power resides with an individual who is recognized as the head of state. All are similar in that the sovereign inherits their office and typically keeps it until their death or until their abdication. However, only three are currently sovereign, while the remaining are sub-national monarchies. Two of these are constitutional monarchies, in which the sovereign is bound by laws and customs in the exercise of his or her powers, and one is an absolute monarchy (Eswatini), in which the sovereign rules without bounds. The sub-national monarchies are not sovereign, and exist within larger political associations. In addition to these, there are also three dependencies of two European monarchies.
Criticism of monarchy can be targeted against the general form of government—monarchy—or more specifically, to particular monarchical governments as controlled by hereditary royal families. In some cases, this criticism can be curtailed by legal restrictions and be considered criminal speech, as in lèse-majesté. Monarchies in Europe and their underlying concepts, such as the Divine Right of Kings, were often criticized during the Age of Enlightenment, which notably paved the way to the French Revolution and the proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy in France. Earlier, the American Revolution had seen the Patriots suppress the Loyalists and expel all royal officials. In this century, monarchies are present in the world in many forms with different degrees of royal power and involvement in civil affairs:
Despotism is a form of government in which a single entity rules with absolute power. Normally, that entity is an individual, the despot, as in an autocracy, but societies which limit respect and power to specific groups have also been called despotic.
King, or king regnant is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. The female equivalent is queen regnant, while the title of queen on its own usually refers to the consort of a king.
Joseon was an absolute monarchy


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Top stock-picker Neil Woodford suspends flagship fund | His Word - Christianity Today#flagship #fund #Neil #stockpicker #suspends #Top #Woodford
One of the UK's most high profile stock-pickers has suspended trading in his largest fund as rising numbers of investors ask for their money back.
Neil Woodford said after "an increased level of redemptions", investors would not be allowed to "redeem, purchase or transfer shares" in the fund.
Investors have withdrawn about £560m from the fund over the past four weeks.
However, it was a request from Kent County Council to withdraw £250m that led to the suspension.
Kent County Council was unavailable for comment.
At its peak, the Woodford Equity Income fund managed £10.2bn worth of assets, such as local authority pension funds.
However, it now manages £3.7bn, according to the financial services and research firm Morningstar.
Mr Woodford's firm, Woodford Investment Management, is also the biggest investor in Kier Group, the construction and services group which on Monday warned on profits, sending its shares crashing 41%.
It is understood that the fall in Kier's share price is not connected to the decision to suspend trading in the Woodford Equity Income fund.
The firm said the suspension would give it "time to reposition the element of the fund's portfolio invested in unquoted and less liquid stocks, in to more liquid investments".
The Financial Conduct Authority, the city watchdog, said: "The FCA is aware of this situation and in contact with the firms involved to ensure that actions undertaken are in the best interests of all the fund's investors."
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It's World Cup Season! Hit Up These Places For Special Menus And Live Match Screenings
The entire nation is hooked to the Cricket World Cup right now waiting with bated breath for the Men in Blue to bring the cup back to India. We are sure you must be glued to your TV screens to catch all the action.
If you're upset about not making it to England for the World Cup, don't be because we've found you the most happening places in Kolkata where you can watch live match screenings with your squad while enjoying World Cup special lip-smacking dishes and drinks.
OTT - Over The Top & The Myx Bar & Kitchen
Cheer for your team while enjoying the World Cup special menu at OTT- Over The Top and The Myx Bar & Kitchen in Park Street without burning a hole in your pocket. Enjoy delish combos like 'Beer & Burger plus Hookah' or 'LIIT Pitcher plus Hookah' at really affordable prices until July 15, 2019 from 4 pm to 12 midnight.
They also have a special food menu curated by celebrity chef Shaun Kenworthy based on the names of the teams participating in this World Cup.
- Price for two: ₹ 1000
The Lords And Barons
Presenting to you the World Cup Special menu by The Lords and Barons, to take you back to 19th Century 'Calcutta'! They have introduced some special cocktails named after your favourite cricketers and their famous cricket moves like the MS Helicopter, Eoin's Reverse Lap, Glen's Reverse Sweep and De Villiers Lapshot to name a few.
- Price for two: ₹ 1500
Cha Bar
This café adjacent to the Oxford Bookstore in Park Street also has an amazing World Cup menu. Go for the Straight Drive, which has the Cha Bar Blend Tea served with Chilli Cheese Toasties. You can also try the Fantastic Four – First Flush served with Chai Piazi – or the Leg Bye that has Kashmiri Kahwa served with Cha Samosa.
They also have live screening of the matches once the café opens at 11 am. So, watch the Men in Blue in action while having coffee or some kahwa and munching on some fries or samosas.
- Price for two: ₹ 300
The Big Ben - Kenilworth Hotel
This restaurant in Kenilworth hotel has curated a special food and drinks menu especially for the World Cup and are also screening the matches so that you don't miss out on all the action.
We suggest you try their Bleed Blue cocktail that has Tequila, Sambuca, Blue Curacao with Sweet and Sour Mix. You must try their special food menu as well that has both veg and non-veg appetizers like Kurkure Khumb, Mini Cheddar Cheese Cigars, Tandoori Kukkad Tikka and Peri Peri Chicken Wings among others.
- Price for two: ₹ 2000
Chapter 2
Celebrate the spirit of the World Cup with Chapter 2's Hit and Run offer that has specially curated delicacies, cocktails and mocktails available throughout the cricket season. Named after key players of each of the 10 teams like Appetizing Russel, Malinga Melange, Grilled by Gayle and Warner's Wonder, wash the food down with cocktails like MadMax, Gayle Storm and Bumrah's Bomb.
- Price for two: ₹ 1500
Enjoy their '#LeKarRahenge' menu comprising several food and drink combos, bucket of 5 beers and special LIIT offers – there's one priced at INR 999 per person where you can order unlimited LIIT with a plate full of chakhnas.
You can also order unlimited LIITs for free for 2 hours, 3 shots per person. Get a 750 ml bottle of Chandon Brut Champagne for INR 2300 under their Celebrate with Chandon offer. Also get shots on the house in-between the innings.
What are you waiting for? Head there now!
- Price for two: ₹ 1000
Traffic Gastropub
If you like LIITs, then head to Traffic Gastropub for their special cricket season menu that has some amazing flavoured LIITs and dishes to make your match evenings even better. With attractive colours, each LIIT represents the 10 teams competing at the World Cup like Bleed Blue (Blue LIIT for India), In the Name of Lords' (Light Blue for England), Thunder Down Under (Yellow for Australia), and so on. Each of them priced at INR 499.
The menu also has some delish dishes and desserts that you must try. It's available from 12 noon to 12 midnight every day until the finale. They're screening the matches too!
- Price for two: ₹ 1800
The Parking Lot
The Parking Lot is all set to make sure you join the World Cup craze with dishes like Mahi's Mint & Penne, Captain's got Wings, Bhaji Calzone, Rohit's Stick & Dip and much more. Enjoy live screening of the matches too with some amazing deals on alcohol at affordable rates.
- Price for two: ₹ 1000
JW Kitchen - JW Marriott
JW Kitchen is taking your palate on an epic journey to the 10 countries participating in the world cup and enjoy famous local dishes from across the world like England's 'Fish and Chips' and 'Bakewell Tart', New Zealand's 'Kiwi Burger', Sri Lanka's 'Kokis', and many more. Also, enjoy a marvellous live counter filled with an array of fried chicken and fish the Sri Lankan way.
They also have World Cup themed cocktails like 'Cover Drive', 'Full Toss', 'Extra Cover' to name a few. All of it is available from 12.30 pm to 3.30pm, every Sunday.
- Price for two: ₹ 3000
Pour House
Pour House has come up with an all new Cricket World Cup menu that has dishes like Kohli's Neighbourhood Rajma Galouti, Dhawan's Charmoula Panner Tikka, Pandya's Prawn Cocktail and Smith's Chicken Tikka Pizza among others. They also have a variety of cocktails and mocktails available that you must try.
They also have live screenings of the matches. All of it is available from 12 noon – 11:30 pm every day.
- Price for two: ₹ 1500
Monkey Bar
Get ready to Bleed Blue with Monkey Bar's World Cup special Blue Fever Bar Menu that has six new 'Blue Fever' cocktails available across all outlets from May 30 - July 14. The blue-tinged drinks is guaranteed to cool you down and keep the Indian spirit burning bright even as temperatures run high.
Sip on some Hit Wicket (5 White spirits, Blue Curacao, lemon juice and Red Bull), or shake an LBW or Leg Before Whiskey (Whisky stirred with bitters, maple syrup and apple juice)! You can also munch on a range of small plates like Flutter Fly Chilli Cheese Dragon Rolls, Loaded Nachos, or the Chicken 65 or Lal Maas Phulka Tacos among many other lip-smacking dishes!
So head over to Monkey Bar and cheer for our Men In Blue while letting the 'Blue Fever' grip you!
- Price for two: ₹ 1500
The Irish House
The cricket season just got better and bigger with The Irish House's amazing beer bucket and shots tray offers of 4's and 6's along with a special 4's and 6's platters menu to gorge on throughout the match.
The pub has also introduced a special 'Season Pass' priced at INR 500 offering a complimentary beer/shot/platter on the first bucket/tray/platter of 4 or 6 ordered during the game and a 10% off on the food bill (on a minimum billing of INR 500 from the A La Carte menu). How awesome is that!
Guess what? There's a list of 28 appetizers to choose from! Wait! That's not it. There's more! If you correctly predict the winner of a match in the first hour, you get a free beer!
So, if you are looking to catch all the cricket action live with your gang along with some amazing deals and a crowd with the same spirit as yours, Irish House is where you should be.
- Price for two: ₹ 1900


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No catches, no fine print just unconditional book loving for your children with their favourites saved to their own digital bookshelf.
New members get entered into our monthly draw to win £100 to spend in your local bookshop plus lots lots more...Find out more
The Rubik's Quest series allows children to achieve a sense of 'creating your own adventure story' using knowledge of machines and engineering to decide how the exciting adventure unfolds. Complete the mission and the reader will have become an engineering whizz.
The Rubik's Quest series Mission Invent is part of a series of four exciting books. Each one takes the reader on an engaging adventure into the science and maths behind the Rubik's Cube which in 2014 celebrates its 40th birthday. Readers must use their problem-solving skills in a twisting-turning world of toys and puzzles.
"Since its global launch in 1980 the Rubik's Cube has cemented itself firmly as a retro icon, now it really is a glowing example of cool."
You love being an apprentice designer at Toy Towers, where they make the world's most amazing toys. You arrive one morning to find My Jollypops' assistant waiting for you. She tells you that Mr Jollypops wants to see you urgently - all will be explained when you get there!
The Magic Cube was invented in 1974 by Hungarian architecture professor Erno Rubik.
After being reâ€launched in 1980 as the Rubik's Cube, it sold an estimated 350 million
around the world. To celebrate the 40th anniversary of the Rubik cube, there is a special exhibition of the toy puzzle. Titled Beyond Rubik's Cube, it explores the humble beginnings of the cube, showing its first prototypes made out of wood and rubber bands.
The exhibition will travel to the UK and there are a range of books released set to challenge and engage young minds.
Can you complete the entire Rubik's Quest?
Mission Invent
Beat the Game
Cube Countdown
The Robot's Revenge
and there are further Rubiks brain-busting Puzzles in
Beyond the Rubik Cube: Number Puzzle
Beyond the Rubik Cube Pattern Puzzle
|Publication date:
|7th July 2014
|John Farndon
|QED Publishing
|Other book format
|Suitable for:
|7+ readers, 9+ readers
John Farndon is an internationally known author, as well as a playwright, composer and songwriter. He has written hundreds of books, which have sold millions of copies around the world in most major languages and include many best-sellers, such as the award-winning Do Not Open.More About John Farndon
Check out the latest activities in our KidsZone.


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Job Description - Product Change Management Senior Specialist, Bakery (1905432)
Job Description
Product Change Management Senior Specialist, Bakery(
Job Number : 1905432)
Cadbury Dairy Milk, Milka and Toblerone chocolate; Sour Patch Kids candy and Trident gum. Our 90,000+ colleagues around the world are key to the success of our business.
Great people and great brands . That's who we are.Join us on our mission to continue leading the future of snacking around the world by offering the right snack , for the right moment , made the right way .
Function description : The Product Change Management role in Mondelēz organizational structure is responsible for project managing business change initiatives for example product innovation , pack change , quality improvement , limited edition -
from project initiation through to implementation & launch.This role interfaces extensively with Consumer Marketing, Customer Development / Business Planning, Finance, RD&Q, Quality, Legal, Consumer Insights and all functions within Global Supply Chain (Procurement, D2P, Manufacturing and Customer Service and Logistics), to deliver projects within the specified time, cost and quality parameters. Responsibilities :
In return for your commitment, drive and enthusiasm, we offer top attractive social benefits.
Mondelēz International is an equal opportunity employer and all qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation or preference, gender identity, national origin, disability status, protected veteran status, or any other characteristic protected by law.
CS&L Product Change Management


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How to make this easy superhero craft using craft sticks and cupcake liners.
Kids can make this summer craft into the The Incredibles or their favorite superhero using popsicles sticks and markers!
So here's my idea for a EASY superhero craft for kids made with popsicle sticks. You can make the whole Incredibles family or any superhero whether it be Superman or Captain America using simple craft items like craft sticks, cupcake liners, and googly eyes. This easy craft makes a great Incredibles craft for birthday parties, retirement homes, or classrooms. I also have an option for me to put all the pieces together for you in a craft kit (more info on that below). Either way, enjoy this superhero popsicle stick craft.
I'm guessing that if you are reading this blog post, then your family is just as excited about the new Incredibles 2 movie by Disney that is coming out this summer. I know we are are stoked about it! Even my husband is counting down that days until it comes out. We feel like this sequel to the original Incredibles movie should have happened a long time ago, right? Anyway, you also may be here just because you like superheroes in general or at least you have a kiddo that does. Here's an easy kids craft to create the whole Incredibles Family or any kind of superhero that you want!
If you are looking for more popsicle stick crafts for kids or just some easy kids crafts, here's a bunch of ideas for you:
Easy Clothespin Dragonfly Craft
Cute & Easy Valentine Crafts for Kids
30 Popsicle Stick Crafts for Kids
You can be as detailed or as un-detailed as you want (is that a word?). Isn't this a cute popsicle stick Dash?
How to Make Craft Stick Superheroes
You will need:
Large Craft Sticks (tongue depressor size)
Googly Eyes (smaller size is better)
Markers (any kind will work. I used Crayola Washable Markers and Fine Sharpies for detail)
Stickers (stars or any superhero-type sticker)
Cupcake liners, optional (for capes)
These are the basic items you will need. I also sell these in craft kits in my Etsy Shop and my blog store, if you don't want to search for all the pieces, I can put them together for you and send them to you!
Color on the clothes and hair using basic washable markers. Follow the designs I have used or make your own. The masks are just a rectangle black marker shape where the eyes should be. Then glue the eyes on top of the mask. Use a fine point Sharpie marker to add in the fine details. Add stickers as desired.
If you want to make capes: spread open the cupcake liner and fold down the top 1/3 of the liner. Then fold in the 2 sides so it looks like a cape. Glue the cape onto the back of your craft stick.
LET ME FIND ALL THE CRAFT ITEMS FOR YOU! My craft kits are very popular in my shop. I can put together these superhero craft kits for you, so you don't have to. I'll send them ASAP to you just in time for your crafting event! Perfect idea for birthday parties, classrooms, summer camps, or retirement homes. I take small orders and large bulk orders (discounts for bulk orders).
You may also like:
Ballerina Craft Stick Dolls
Superhero Printables
How to Make a Craft Stick Airplane


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Mindfulness for Bipolar Disorder: How Mindfulness and Neuroscience Can Help You Manage Your Bipolar Symptoms
Continue reading "Mindfulness for Bipolar Disorder: How Mindfulness and…"
Tag: Bipolar
Health Guide to Adult Bipolar Disorder by Dean A. Haycock +
The Everything Health Guide to Adult Bipolar Disorder: A Reassuring Guide for Patients and Families by Dean A. Haycock
Requirements: .ePUB, .MOBI/.AZW reader, 1.8 Mb
Overview: More and more people are being diagnosed with bipolar disorder, which affects 2.6 percent of all American adults. This diagnosis can be scary for patients and their loved ones, but new medications, therapies, and lifestyle changes have transformed treatment and benefited patients. With this health guide, you'll find authoritative, reassuring advice on topics like:
The causes of bipolar disorder
Common side effects to medications
Alternative and nontraditional approaches
Mania and manic episodes
Links between bipolar and other disorders
This completely revised and updated edition includes the latest treatment options as well as recent studies and classifications. Bipolar disorder is a complex diagnosis. With this positive, supportive guide, you'll find the answers to all your questions–even the ones you haven't thought to ask.
Genre: Non-Fiction > Health, Fitness & Medical
Continue reading "Health Guide to Adult Bipolar Disorder by Dean A. Haycock +"
Coping with Bipolar Disorder by Steven Jones +
Coping with Bipolar Disorder: A CBT Guide to Living with Manic Depression by Steven Jones, Peter Hayward, Dominic Lam
Requirements: .ePUB, .PDF, .MOBI/.AZW reader, 1.2 Mb
Overview: A guide to coping with bipolar disorder which offers information on all the key areas, including medication, dealing with stress, and using psychological techniques to cope with manic depression.
Genre: Non-Fiction > Health, Fitness & Medical
Continue reading "Coping with Bipolar Disorder by Steven Jones +"
Bipolar Disorder: Clinical and Neurobiological Foundations
Madness: A Bipolar Life by Marya Hornbacher
Madness: A Bipolar Life by Marya Hornbacher
Requirements: .ePUB reader, 653 KB
Overview: An astonishing dispatch from inside the belly of bipolar disorder, reflecting major new insights
When Marya Hornbacher published her first book, Wasted: A Memoir of Anorexia and Bulimia, she did not yet have the piece of shattering knowledge that would finally make sense of the chaos of her life. At age twenty-four, Hornbacher was diagnosed with Type I rapid-cycle bipolar, the most severe form of bipolar disorder.
In Madness, in her trademark wry and utterly self-revealing voice, Hornbacher tells her new story. Through scenes of astonishing visceral and emotional power, she takes us inside her own desperate attempts to counteract violently careening mood swings by self-starvation, substance abuse, numbing sex, and self-mutilation. How Hornbacher fights her way up from a madness that all but destroys her, and what it is like to live in a difficult and sometimes beautiful life and marriage — where bipolar always beckons — is at the center of this brave and heart-stopping memoir.
Genre: Non-Fiction > Biographies & Memoirs
Continue reading "Madness: A Bipolar Life by Marya Hornbacher"
Handbook of Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorders
Bipolar Disorder For Dummies, 2nd Edition
Bipolar by Koehler: And Other Writings by John Koehler
Bipolar by Koehler: And Other Writings by John Koehler
Requirements: .ePUB reader, 1.2 MB
Overview: Bipolar by Koehler is about a man who never gave up.
John Koehler is a uniquely gifted man who was humbled at the age of thirty by seasonal depression and bipolar syndrome. The story elaborates John's frustration as well as his tenacity for solving his own equation. How he relied on his wife and friends, his doctors, medication and his God to help him deal with the issues and fears in his life. For those that suffer like John, this book offers guidance and wisdom so that you too can live life large and in control.
Dear Lord is a great letter writing campaign that John has with God. Taking the cue of David's complete and utter honesty in the Psalms, Koehler pours out his heart when he is flying with the angels and when he is in the desert, cut off and fighting off the demons.
The Road to Capernaum is John's answered prayer. It tells how John got caught up with kids with disabilities in a ministry called Young Life Capernaum. And how he used the gift of his own disability to connect with special people and teach them that they belong to God as much as anyone else.
Genre: Non-Fiction > Faith, Beliefs & Philosophy
Continue reading "Bipolar by Koehler: And Other Writings by John Koehler"
bp Magazine for Bipolar – Winter 2019
bp Journal for Bipolar – Winter 2019
Necessities: .PDF reader, 12 mb
Overview: Award-winning bp Journal is the one shopper publication devoted to empowering individuals with bipolar dysfunction to dwell wholesome, fulfilling lives. Revealed 4 instances a 12 months "bp" delivers first-person success tales together with celeb profiles like: Demi Lovato, Carrie Fisher and Richard Dreyfuss and columns by individuals with lived expertise. "bp" is full of in-depth options on constructing wholesome existence, addressing subjects akin to sleep, train, stress discount, therapies, relationships, and employment issues-and gives innovative information and analysis. Be part of the 1000's of individuals with bipolar and their members of the family who flip to bp Journal for inspiration, data – and hope!
Style: Magazines & Newspapers


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Lukaku stops immense Old Trafford goal dry season
Romelu Lukaku finished a keep running of very nearly 1,000 minutes without a focused goal at Old Trafford by mesh Manchester United's third against Fulham on Saturday.
Jose Mourinho's men had already eased into a comfortable lead through goals from Ashley Young and Juan Mata before Lukaku sent them in at half-time 3-0 to the great.
Romelu Lukaku
The Belgium worldwide was dropped for the 2-2 midweek draw against Arsenal despite scoring when the Red Devils were held by the same scoreline at Southampton last weekend.
That game was at St Mary's, however, meaning his finish from Mata's cross to further punish Premier League strugglers Fulham finished a dry spell of 997 minutes on home turf – dating back to March's 2-0 win over Swansea City.
juan mata assist
Mata's assist was his 50th in the Premier League, hot on the heels of his 50th goal in England's top flight when he stylishly converted Marcus Rashford's cutback in the 28th minute.
The former Chelsea man is the third Spanish player to complete the feat, following Manchester City playmaker David Silva and Cesc Fabregas.


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Estonian national event "IWAMA final seminar and sludge compost certification" was held in Saku, Estonia on 11 April 2019 to disseminate project results and lessons learned to local stakeholders.
Presentations from the event introducing IWAMA project and recent trends in water management are available in Estonian.
The national dissemination event for spreading information about IWAMA project to local stakeholders – seminar "New solutions for water management" was held in Kaunas, Lithuania on 5 April 2019. This event was organized by Environmental Center for Administration and Technology (ECAT-Lithuania) in cooperation with the Institute of Hydraulic engineering of Vytautas Magnus University Agricultural Academy.
The Swedish national dissemination event was held in Kalmar, Sweden, on 10 April 2019 under the topic of Collaboration and opportunities for future water and sludge management: focus on IWAMA project.
Presentations from the event introducing IWAMA project and recent trends in water management are available in Swedish.
The Interreg Baltic Sea Region Programme Conference on 9–10 April 2019 gathered more than 300 participants in Lübeck to demonstrate achievements of the programme and its funded projects and discuss further regional cooperation. The agenda of the event encompassed plenary sessions for all the audience, as well as 16 parallel sessions presenting both single projects and project platforms funded by Interreg, united into key topics of transnational importance.
The XX International environmental forum "Baltic Sea Day" was organized in St. Petersburg on 21–22 March 2019 bringing together more than 700 participants from the region to share experiences and practices, propose solutions and discuss current and future cooperation. The IWAMA project was presented at the event in the framework of the practical discussion on potential solutions to enhance P-recycling in the wastewater sector.
Celebrating World Water Day, IWAMA project held one of five national dissemination events on 19 March 2019 at Åbo Akademi University in Turku, Finland. "Southwest Finland's Water Day" gathered altogether 60 participants representing municipal decision-makers, academia, private companies, water utilities and wastewater treatment plants providing a forum for discussion on the local water expertise in the context of global trends, existing institution competence and education and capacity development needs.
The first national dissemination event took place on 28 February in Rostock, Germany, gathering over 75 participants representing water companies and wastewater treatment plants, academia and research institutes as well as technology providers and engineering companies.
The event provided thematic and functional background of the transnational IWAMA activities, and presented in details the achievements of German partners.
The IWAMA project Final Conference organized on 30.1.–1.2. in Turku brought together more than 100 participants to discuss the wastewater sector and how to make it smart and efficient.
Check materials from the conference: presentations and the photo gallery are now available!
The Linnaeus Eco-Tech 2018 Conference was organized in Kalmar, Sweden on 19–21 November 2018, it aims at establishing cooperation among different actors in the Baltic Sea Region. The main attention of the event was focused on the matter of smart water resourcing raised as a topic in the context of the upcoming crisis of drinking water usage, signs of which are increasingly recognized in Sweden.
The IWAMA project has organized six extensive workshops throughout its duration, each focusing on a particular topic, recognized by partners as essential in the continuous process of capacity development in the wastewater treatment sector. The project covered subjects of energy consumption and production, sludge handling, reduction of nutrients – and most recently, existing challenges in maintenance of plants.


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Doughnuts | Basics With Babish Live
Tonight we're whipping up some cake-for-breakfast: is it spelled doughnuts or donuts? YOU get to decide!
Watch the Basics episode here: us-new.com/online/video-9PWomdbZi2U.html
Binging With Babish Website: bit.ly/BingingBabishWebsite
Basics With Babish Website: bit.ly/BasicsWithBabishWebsite
Patreon: bit.ly/BingingPatreon
Instagram: bit.ly/BabishInstagram
Facebook: bit.ly/BabishFacebook
Twitter: bit.ly/BabishTwitter
Published on 7 months ago


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This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Please consider splitting content into sub articles, condensing it, or adding or removing subheadings. (November 2017)
Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34. It is a nonmetal (more rarely considered a metalloid) with properties that are intermediate between the elements above and below in the periodic table, sulfur and tellurium, and also has similarities to arsenic.It rarely occurs in its elemental state or as pure ore compounds in the Earth's crust.
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Below are the materials required to craft the treatments and serums you'll find over the course of the game. Treatments are needed to heal 10 citizens for Hippocratic oath, although keeping citizens healthy keeps the districts stable and provides you with a source of XP in your Not even once playthrough. Serums don't have an achievement tied to them, but can give you a boost in combat!
Available at the start of Chapter 1
Treatment for fatigue - 1 glass vial; 1 Quinine; 2 Ferrous tartrate; 2 Sodium hypochlorite solution
Treatment for anemia – 1 glass vial; 2 Quinine; 8 Ferrous tartrate; 8 Sodium hypochlorite solution
Treatment for sepsis – 1 glass vial; 4 Quinine; 15 Ferrous tartrate; 15 Sodium hypochlorite solution
Chapter 2 – Receive An enigmatic formula from either the cabinet in the underground morgue (preferable) or buying it from Rakesh for 75 shillings.
Treatment for Cold – 1 glass vial; 1 Clove essence; 2 Codeine; 2 Potassium permanganate
Treatment for Bronchitis – 1 Glass vial; 2 Clove essence; 8 Codeine; 8 Potassium permanganate
Treatment for Pneumonia – 1 glass vial; 4 Clove essence; 15 Codeine; 15 Potassium permanganate
Chapter 3 – After leaving through the west gate of Stonebridge cemetery, turn south to find a broken piece of wall and a corpse holding A Strange Formula.
Treatment for Headache – 1 glass vial; 1 salicin; 2 ergotamine; 2 opium
Treatment for Migraine – 1 glass vial, 1 salicin; 8 ergotamine; 8 opium
Treatment for Neuralgia – 1 glass vial; 4 salicin; 15 ergotamine; 15 opium
Light Regeneration Serum (Chapter 1 – after analyzing Bishop's blood)
Regenerate 300 health points instantly, then 150 health points over 15 seconds
Light Blood Serum (Chapter 2 – Analyze Water rich blood sample)
Regenerate 60 blood points instantly.
Increased Stamina Serum (Chapter 2 - Analyzing Razvan Vasile's blood [story progression])
Increase the stamina regeneration rate by 50% for 15 seconds;
Stamina Serum (Chapter 3; On the east side of Stonebridge Cemetery, the area you fought Samuel during "Holy Crusade", enter the flat north of the south-east corner and find a Brisk Blood sample on a corpse. (Earliest time you can find this blood sample)
Increase the stamina regeneration rate by 100% for 15 seconds
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Topics: essential-oil-crops, winnaleah-7265
Topics: rural, agribusiness, essential-oil-crops, crop-harvesting, community-development, south-arm-7022
When the Foster family bought their new family home, they had no idea they would become lavender farmers — and the work it would involve.
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Topics: rural, agribusiness, oilseeds, essential-oil-crops, launceston-7250
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Australians are one step closer to seeing locally grown black sesame seed products on supermarket shelves, with the first commercial crop harvested in Queensland.
Topics: rural, crop-harvesting, science-and-technology, horticulture, plant-cultivation-and-propagation, plant-cultivation, harvesting, sustainable-and-alternative-farming, agricultural-crops, essential-oil-crops, research-projects, academic-research, oilseeds, rockhampton-4700, qld, central-queensland-mc-4702, central-queensland-university-4701
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A tea-tree farmer is using leftover hydrosol as the base of a natural moisturiser creating no waste on his farm.
Topics: health, rural, sustainable-and-alternative-farming, agricultural-crops, maternal-and-child-health, skin, recycling-and-waste-management, dry-mulches, live-mulches, mulching, agricultural-marketing, pests, pest-management, pest-control, essential-oil-crops, byfield-4703, australia, qld, china, nsw
Posted| Updated
Australia's natural oils are offering an increasing range of benefits to international markets, proving the demand is "here to stay".
Topics: sustainable-and-alternative-farming, oilseeds, essential-oil-crops, planting, farm-labour, canberra-2600, nsw, darwin-0800, wauchope-2446, lismore-2480, casino-2470, crystal-creek-2484
Topics: essential-oil-crops, edible-plants, crop-harvesting, agricultural-crops, rural, derrinallum-3325


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Ce Que Tout Francais Doit Savoir sur l'Afrique du Nord.
Paris: 1920. Illustrated. Printed wrappers. Paris, ca.1920. More about Ce Que Tout Francais Doit Savoir sur l'Afrique du Nord
Paris: 1920. Illustrated. Printed wrappers. Paris, ca.1920. More about Ce Que Tout Francais Doit Savoir sur l'Afrique du Nord
370 pages. 8vo, cloth, d.w.; small tears & chips on d.w.,former owner signature on front endpaper. New York, 1954. Very good. More about Tell Freedom: Memories of Africa
Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2003. With texts by several authors. 161 color and 147 black-and-white illustrations. 320pp., 4to, blue cloth, d.w.; minor bumping to upper corners. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, (2003). A near fine copy in a very good dust wrapper. More about The Mediterranean in History
New York: McDowell Obolensky, 1959. 8vo, gray cloth, d.w. New York: McDowell Obolensky, (1959), First Edition. The second issue dust wrapper (reviews on the back panel) is chipped at the edges & corners; ownership name on flyleaf, end-papers slightly toned, but a very good copy of Achebe's first, well loved novel of Nigeria. More about Things Fall Apart
With map & 24 photographic illus. 420pp. Small 12mo, original printed wrappers. worn. Paris, 1922. More about Notre Carthage
London: 1951. London, 1951. Spine soiled. More about White Man Boss: Footsteps to the South African Volk Republic
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971. 600pp. 4to, cloth. Harvard University Press, 1971. More about African History and Literatures: Classification Schedule Classified Listing by Call Number,...
Geneva: Abbeville, 1958. International Labour Office. 712pp. 4to., d.w. Geneva, 1958. More about African Labour Survey
Munich: 1968. Folding map. 164pp. 12mo, cloth; (cover soiled). Munchen, (1968). More about Afrika-Vademecum: Grunddaten zur Wirtschaftsstruktur und Wirtschaftsentwicklung Afrikas
Paris: 1968. One folding map. 8vo, cloth. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1968. More about Afrique (Cote Nord) A L'est Du Detroit De Gilbraltar Levant Entre La Mer Egee Et Le Canal De Suez
New York: Holt, 1941. Some illustrations. 300pp. 8vo, yellow cloth (just a bit grubby). New York: Henry Holt, (1941). First edition. A very good copy. More about War in the Desert: the Battle for Africa
London: 1962. Frontis. 8vo, dec. cloth. London, (1962). More about On the Tiger's Back
New York: 1959. Illus. Tall 8vo, cloth. N.Y., (1959). Very good. More about Seaports South of Sahara: the Achievements of an American Steamship Service
New York: The Century Co., 1923. Illustrated with black & white photographs by the author. 296pp. Small 8vo, cloth, dust wrapper; d.w. chipped & some pages have foxing. New York: The Century Co., 1923. More about Men of the Inner Jungle
Brussels: 1961. Illus. 93pp. small 8vo, printed wrappers. Bruxelles, 1961. More about Les Algeriens et le Droit des Gens
Paris: 1944. 8vo, printed wrappers. (Paris), 1944. More about Mehariste, 1917-1918
New York: 1962. 8vo, cloth, d.w. New York, (1962). More about Facing Danger in the Last Wilderness
Illus. 8vo, cloth, d.w. New York, 1975. More about When the Spider Danced: Notes from an African Village
London: T.V. Boardman, 1960. Photos. 276pp. 8vo, cloth, d.w. London: T.V. Boardman & Company Ltds., (1960). Very good. More about Curtain-Up on South Africa: Presenting a National Drama
London: Jonathan Cape, 1954. 206pp., 12mo, cloth, d.w. (cloth lightly worn at top and bottom of spine, d.w. chipped and worn). London: Jonathan Cape, (1954). Fourth impression. A very good(-) copy. More about The Law of the Vultures
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text:
Lisa M Schwartz: devoted her career to improving transparency and understanding of medical evidenceBMJ 2018; 363 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k5323 (Published 18 December 2018) Cite this as: BMJ 2018;363:k5323
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