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Category: Student news
Archambault Scholarship recipient Hess on public health: "You just feel so welcome at VCU"
Danielle Hess, a third-year Pharm.D. student at VCU School of Pharmacy, received the prestigious George Archambault Scholarship at APhA's annual meeting in Seattle earlier this year. The scholarship is awarded to a student who demonstrates leadership and professional experiences that align with the United States Public Health Service core values of service to the underserved, integrity, leadership and academics.
We spoke to her about her passion for public health and how the School of Pharmacy has helped her pursue it.
What got you interested in public health?
I grew up on a Christmas tree farm and my parents and grandparents always said, "You've got to work really hard for what you want in life and nothing's going to be handed to you."
Then on every mission trip I went on, I saw a lot of people working really hard, but still not getting what they need to survive or to be truly healthy. These people are doing all they can; they just don't have the resources to get where they need to be. I really loved supplying those resources and going into a community and trying to empower them rather than just, "Here's a bunch of free stuff, good luck."
When we went to Honduras with HOMBRE [the Humanitarian Outreach Medical Brigade Relief Effort, a nonprofit organization at VCU] after my first year, we took water purification systems. In years past, they had given them out and said, this is what you can purify your water with. And when they came back the next year, they were being used as flower pots. That's when they realized something was missing.
When I went, they did it again, and I said, "How about we go to the homes and ask them, can you show me how to use this right now?" We realized a lot of them still didn't know how. So we spent the rest of that day going around and making sure they all knew how to use the system. That was more empowering them and making sure they could use it in their life.
Talk about your formal work in public health.
I earned a global health certificate in undergrad, and with the mission trips and the research that I did in Thailand through that, I saw a lot of what public health can do in different communities, especially in underserved ones. With that certificate, I had an opportunity to apply to the WHO in Switzerland. I completed an internship at the World Health Organization before starting pharmacy school. It was amazing to see what different people are doing all across the world.
After that internship, I knew I needed to put public health into pharmacy during my career. Then, the U.S. Public Health Service came up my P1 year through a recommendation by Dr. Peron [faculty member Emily Peron, Pharm.D.]. I reached out to a pharmacist who had worked at the Gallup Indian Medical Center, and we spoke for about 45 minutes about it and she encouraged me to apply to their externship.
Through working at the Indian Health Service, I saw that what they're doing in the community is an awesome way to put public health into pharmacy. You're seeing patients all day, but then you are going into the community and helping them with things that supplement their medicines. Because if they don't have the things they need at home, medicines aren't solving everything.
It gives you the opportunity to see someone's life as a whole. If they come into clinic you might say, "OK, let's increase your metformin and let's get your diabetes under control." Whereas in public health, we are looking at all aspects of their life, making sure that they have food security, making sure that their life as a whole is optimal to make sure their health can be as well. That's what I like about it. You're seeing the bigger picture of people's lives and then the population as a whole.
How has the school helped you pursue your passion of public health?
At the beginning, it's intimidating because you don't exactly know where to go. I just paid attention to what all my professors were doing. That's why Dr. Peron was the first one I reached out to after I heard that she goes on HOMBRE trips, she's interested in global health, and she's out in the community doing things. I contacted her and asked, "Can we sit down and talk about how you got to where you are now?"
She shared many global and public health ideas with me and then it led to reaching out to Dean O [Associate Dean K.C. Ogbonna]. I heard about his work with the Richmond Health and Wellness program and was encouraged to go talk to him. He showed me how he helped set up that whole program and much of the behind the scenes work. It's amazing how willing everyone is to help you find your path.
– they truly dedicate themselves to students.
Anybody else in particular you want to shout out to?
Dr. [Abigale] Matulewicz wrote my letter of recommendation for the scholarship, and she has been very instrumental in helping me improve my leadership skills through APhA-ASP throughout my time at VCU.
Because ambulatory care has great opportunities for incorporating public health into pharmacy, I reached out to Dr. [Evan] Sisson and Dr. [Dave] Dixon this past year. They took me on as an elective student for both semesters, where I was able to see patients at the Center for Healthy Hearts every week and complete a research project. With their mentorship, I was able to witness many ways a pharmacist can go above and beyond to make sure patients are receiving optimal care, including finding access for those uninsured and making sure that patients are able to afford the medications they are prescribed.
Auxiliary Label: Meat juice, the cure-all that built a Richmond fortune
Victoria Hammond
Auxiliary Label Staff
Richmond, home of VCU, is known for its excellent pharmacy and medical programs. But the city holds another legacy in health care: as the birthplace of a product that once was famous around the world as a source of health and nutrition.
That would be Valentine's Meat Juice.
Meat juice was created in 1870 when Richmond resident Anna Marie Gray Valentine fell extremely ill, possibly with a form of stomach cancer. Her husband, businessman Mann S. Valentine Jr., prepared a drink from meat and water and gave it to her. After drinking this "meat-juice," she felt better.
News spread quickly of her improvement. People wanted the juice, and the Valentine Meat Juice Company was born. Though Anna Marie Valentine died from her condition three years later, the public remained convinced the product had helped.
"It didn't save her but it was a way to get her eating and gaining nutrition," observed MckenZie Walker, volunteer programs manager for the Valentine Museum. The nonprofit Richmond history museum was founded by the Valentine family and has an extensive collection of meat-juice artifacts.
Valentine's Meat Juice was advertised as a way to prevent nausea and promote digestion. Each 2-ounce bottle of meat juice contained the juice from 4 pounds of meat "exclusive of fat." Patients were instructed to drink the juice "frequently and in small quantities … in preference to large draughts administered at longer periods of time." The juice was said to be most effective when taken an hour before a meal.
The manufacturers also suggested using meat juice as an enema or to prevent seasickness. President Garfield used meat juice in his recovery from an attempted assassination. Many testimonials to use meat juice in medicinal practice can be found including this from J.B. McCaw, M.D., a well-known Virginia physician and namesake of VCU's medical library who died in 1906: "Having used the 'Meat Juice' in many obstinate and almost hopeless cases of disease, I can confidently recommend it to the favorable consideration of the medical profession. … I am more and persuaded that we have gained by it a valuable dietetic."
"It was a cure-all for everything, so whatever you were sick with you could buy meat juice for," Walker said.
Valentine's Meat Juice was popular not only in the United States but also in Europe. Valentine received awards at the 1876 International Exposition in Philadelphia, 1878 Paris Exposition, and the 1881 International Medical and Sanitary Exposition in London for his creation.
The product is similar to some being sold today as ways to improve health, Walker added. Bone broth, for example, is a popular tonic sold in health-food stores.
This product was available until 1986 when the company closed its factory doors after years of declining sales. The introduction of widely available over-the-counter vitamin supplements probably played a role in that, according to the Valentine Museum's web page on meat juice.
The public's taste changed too, Walker added: "Most people that I talk to say that just the name sounds repulsive to them."
Today there are Richmond advocates who want to bring Valentine's Meat Juice back to market. Why not? It made a fortune once before. Maybe it can again.
Auxiliary Label is a student-created blog examining pharmacy life, education and research at the VCU School of Pharmacy from a student perspective. It is overseen by Greg Weatherford, the school's director of communications. Contact him here.
Sources include:
- Southern Planter and Farmer (1867-1881); Oct 1881; 42, 10; American Periodicals pg. 612
- Valentine, M. (1873). A Brief History of the Production of Valentine's Meat Juice Together With Testimonials of the Medical Profession. Richmond, VA: B.W. Gillis Steam Pressors.
- Taylor, W H American Journal of Pharmacy (1835-1907); Jul 1873; American Periodicals pg. 325
How to Be an Entrepreneur, Lesson 3: Go Where You are Needed
By Nicole Carter
Auxiliary Label Staff
Hope Pharmacy is a new independent pharmacy inside a new independent grocery store, The Market @25th, that is projected to open March 28 in the Church Hill neighborhood of Richmond.
Shantelle Brown, Pharm.D., is Hope's owner and operator. The 2003 graduate of Howard University College of Pharmacy believes she will be the first African-American female to open an independent pharmacy in Richmond. Auxiliary Label had the opportunity to speak with her and tour her pharmacy while it was in the final stages of construction.
Auxiliary Label: How did you decide on the name Hope Pharmacy?
Shantelle Brown: Well, I didn't want to do last name. I think hope is so pivotal. It's something that we all have or hope to have. I think it's just encouragement. [The pharmacy's logo shows the word with a second P superimposed over the first.] This stands for "helping others physically prosper every day."
What's your pharmacy's mission?
I would definitely say education. I think that's what's missing with the disparities that happen with the East End. And my prayer is that I'll be able to bridge the gap between the residents that have been here for years and the new residents that are now coming into Church Hill. I had the chance to go to a town hall meeting and the longstanding residents expressed their concern that they were being pushed out, that maybe all the change is not for them. So, hopefully, with working with the grocery store and their promotion of good, healthy foods with affordable fruits and vegetables, and me being a mouthpiece for African-Americans in this area, I can relay the message to the residents that you're wanted in this community. We want everyone to come together.
What has been the biggest challenge you've faced thus far?
Financing has been my challenge. For me, it was important not only to do this as the first African-American female [pharmacy owner] in Richmond but to be able to do it with just myself and my family. I told my husband that we need to be able to do this on our own. Thankfully, I closed on my loan at the beginning of January with Virginia Community Capital. They saw the vision and they do a lot of work with the community. Right now, for banks to give money to startups is unheard of.
What are you going to use your startup loan for?
I did a term loan for the store buildout and a line of credit for my inventory*. With any pharmacy, you're going to be responsible to pay that bill from the drug distributor at least once or twice a month. It's quite often. But you don't get reimbursed from the insurance company for 45-60 days so you need to have a line of credit in order to bridge that gap.
I have a term loan for my build out and a line of credit for my inventory.
How did you figure out what kind of drug inventory your store needs?
We haven't pinpointed exactly what we are going to start off with yet, but I've spoken with the old district manager for Ukrop's [Super Markets Inc., a longtime grocery chain in Richmond that closed in 2010] and I spoke to a couple of independent owners. I learned that there are quite a few brands that skyrocket your inventory numbers, but you don't really need to start with all those brands. Most of the time I end up sending them back. So, of course, there are exceptions. For example, you have to pay brand for your insulins. Most people say the norm for starting inventory is $60,000, but you should be able to almost cut that in half by utilizing more generics.
What advice do you have for future pharmacist entrepreneurs?
Do your research. Get the feedback from the residents. You want to be in an area where you're needed.
Auxiliary Label is a student-created blog examining pharmacy life, education and research at the VCU School of Pharmacy from a student perspective. It is overseen by Greg Weatherford, the school's director of communications. Contact him here.
[*This sentence has been updated and clarified.]
P-3 David Doan inaugurates an inspiring new Aux Label series
By Christian Ruiz
Auxiliary Label Staff
From the author: Each person in my class is remarkable in his or her own way, especially to have come this far in pharmacy school. However, a dozen of them have inspired me in one way or another, and I wanted to share their secrets to success because I believe that we all can, and should, grow immensely as people and as pharmacists in this school.
So for each article in this series titled "OTC Advice" I will interview and write about a classmate who has inspired me over the past three years, whether it was inside the classroom, outside the classroom, or both. I consider their advice OTC — "over the counter" — since no prescription is necessary; just open a web browser and spend a few minutes reading.
I learned so much from these classmates over the years. I hope you enjoy what I learned. — Christian Ruiz
David Doan, a third-year pharmacy student at the VCU School of Pharmacy, has amazed me in numerous ways. He has served as class president for his first two years in pharmacy school and is now the student body president, and he has served in other leadership positions in various student organizations. Above all, he consistently embodies professionalism and friendliness, always offering a smile, a laugh, or a refreshing conversation even on our roughest days.
If I could summarize his following advice in a few words, it would be this: We all want to see each other succeed, whether it be through learning through mentors, learning a variety of different skills, or learning how to solve problems.
So say "yes" to each challenge that the faculty, staff and your own classmates offer as learning opportunities. You might be impressed with how much you can grow as a person and as a pharmacist.
Auxiliary Label: Why did you apply to pharmacy school?
David Doan: I chose to apply to pharmacy school because I had great respect for one of my mentors when I was working at the NIH [National Institutes of Health] who happened to be a pharmacist. I saw his job and what he was doing, and I wanted to do that. He had a Pharm.D. and an MBA and he ran a research lab at the NIH, and it's something that I could see myself doing.
What did you like most about what he did at the lab?
I liked the variety of things that were going on at the lab, whether it be support for clinical trials, his own research in prostate cancer, or learning leadership techniques. It really taught me a lot.
What is your favorite thing about pharmacy school so far?
I just love to learn. Every single day you walk through these doors, you can learn so many different things, connect with so many different people, and build relationships. The school allows you to do that, and you walk out of these doors when you finish as a better person and a great pharmacist.
If you could be any faculty or staff member in the school, who would you be and why?
Dr. Gravatt. I think she's amazing. She's so well-rounded, she provides all of her students with the knowledge and skills, and she shares her experiences us and tries to make us better. She challenges us. She's a great mentor. And she genuinely wants to see all of us succeed.
How do you think you have grown as a student and/or a pharmacist over the last three years?
Outside of the clinical aspects — learning pharmacy itself — it's really about the ability to interact with people and with patients. It's more about the soft skills. Being a pharmacist is more than just medications – you're a professional problem-solver. Whether it be logistics, medication issues, or clinical situations, you're the go-to for being that problem solver, and I think that's what I've learned most.
If you could give your P1 self the most important advice or lesson you have learned so far in pharmacy school, what would it be and why?
Don't be afraid to take on new challenges. Be someone that always says yes. The more opportunities that you seek out and go for, the more doors will open. And cherish the time you have here; it's short, and after this, it's real life. So, take advantage of it, and take advantage of the opportunities that the School gives you because they provide so many.
And don't be afraid to step outside your comfort zone. Try to grow as much as possible. The more that you grow here, the better pharmacist you'll be and the better care you'll be able to provide your future patients.
Auxiliary Label is a student-created blog examining pharmacy life, education and research at the VCU School of Pharmacy from a student perspective. It is overseen by Greg Weatherford, the school's director of communications. Contact him here.
Auxiliary Label: The ancient, mysterious history of pharmacy show globes
Pharmacy show globes: a tradition, a mysterious history
Show globes — large glass urns or vases filled with colored liquids — are found in many traditional pharmacies. What do they mean? Well, that depends. Victoria Hammond, Pharm.D. Class of 2020, investigates for the School of Pharmacy's Auxiliary Label blog of student life and research.
Posted by VCU School of Pharmacy on Thursday, December 6, 2018
By Victoria Hammond
Auxiliary Label Staff
Unless you have been to an apothecary museum or know someone who is a pharmacist, you probably have not heard of a show globe, but you may have seen one. Show globes are pieces of glassware that are often vase shaped and filled with colorful liquid, often seen in apothecary's front window displays.
Show globes are ancient and have been symbols of pharmacy for a long time. They still are used today; in fact, in Pennsylvania it is illegal to display a show globe at a place of business that is not a pharmacy.
There are many theories about the purpose of show globes but nothing definite about their purpose is known.
One theory is thought to date from around the 16th century. Apothecaries needed a symbol to grab the attention of a mostly illiterate population. In this time period streets were crowded and needed a symbol that was bright, unique and easily recognizable to draw in business.
Another theory suggests that show globes date as far back as Julius Caesar's invasion of Britain around 53 B.C. According to the story, an apothecary was located across from a dock for boats. The apothecary would place lanterns behind multiple show globes which would guide boats carrying troops safely to shore. When the troops arrived safely, the story goes, Caesar allowed all apothecaries to keep show globes in their front windows.
It has also been hypothesized that show globes were used to relay messages to travelers about the health in the town. Red liquid in a show globe meant that there was an epidemic and to stay away from the town. Green liquid in a show globe would mean that all is well in the town. Another theory also hypothesizes that show globes were used to send messages but to sick individuals during the Great Plague of London. It is thought that the colored liquid would show where individuals could find medical care.
The final hypothesis of show globes involves maceration. Maceration is a process that involves softening or breaking up solids through soaking into a liquid. It was thought that directions of maceration involved the process to be done in light in a container that could hold 2 to 3 gallons. This process would normally be done in an area with the best light: the apothecary's front window.
Not much is known about the purpose of show globes, but they continue to be a symbol of the profession and are a unique piece of pharmacy history.
Auxiliary Label is a student-created blog examining pharmacy life, education and research at the VCU School of Pharmacy from a student perspective. It is overseen by Greg Weatherford, the school's director of communications. Contact him here.
Pharmacists as part of medical team make patients healthier and reduce costs, study says
By Christian Ruiz
Auxiliary Label Staff
Pharmacists working in collaboration with other health-care providers can improve the quality and cost of care for patients, according to a recent study.
A recent article in the American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy makes the case that pharmacists working as part of the primary-care team can be crucial life savers for their patients. In the case of the study, having pharmacists on the team reduced hospitalizations by 23.4 percent and reduced costs by approximately $5 million.
The study — of six hospitals from the Carilion Clinic health system in southwest Virginia in conjunction with 22 patient-centered medical homes associated with Carilion Clinic — was led by VCU School of Pharmacy's Gary Matzke, Pharm.D.; Leticia Moczygemba, Pharm.D., Ph.D.; Karen Williams, Pharm.D.; Michael Czar, Pharm.D., Ph.D.; and William Lee. The study took place from January 2013 to June 2015. Funding sources for the study included the CMS Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation and the Carilion Clinic health system.
A total of 2,480 patients in the study had two or more of these seven chronic health conditions: heart failure, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and depression. In addition, the patients were taking at least four medications and had a primary care physician in the Carilion Clinic health system.
The researchers studied the difference between collaborative care, in which pharmacists were members of the primary care team and worked closely with physicians, and "usual care," in which pharmacists were not part of the primary care team, on the progress of their patients' chronic health conditions and on their patients' use of hospital resources.
The collaborative-care pharmacists called patients within 72 hours after their hospital stay to see if those patients had any medication-related problems or issues. Additionally, these pharmacists met the patients face-to-face or by phone to address patient-specific problems or concerns, which encouraged patients to self-manage their medications and health conditions.
Patients in the usual-care group did not interact with pharmacists in these ways.
Patients in the group working more closely with pharmacists showed better improvement in each of their health conditions compared to the usual-care group in terms of their diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.
In addition, the number of patients who were treated with the collaborative-care group experienced a 23.4 percent decrease in hospitalizations, from 1,675 hospitalizations before treatment by the collaborative-care group to 1,283 hospitalizations after treatment by the collaborative-care group.
The usual-care group, in comparison, experienced an 8.7 percent decrease in hospitalizations, from 355 hospitalizations before treatment and 324 hospitalizations after treatment.
Along with the health improvements, pharmacists in the collaborative-care group helped reduce the cost of hospitalizations overall by $5,156,675 — $2,619 less per patient than standard procedures would have been expected to cost. In comparison, the usual-care group recorded a cost reduction of $475,071, or $241 less per patient than standard procedures would have been expected to cost. This means that pharmacists in the collaborative-care group helped save $4,681,604 more than the usual-care group — or $2,378 more per patient than standard procedures would have been expected to cost — over the course of the study.
This study demonstrates that pharmacists can contribute far more to health care in the community than just serving as "pill counters" – a perceived role that immensely underestimates and undervalues the impact they can have on both the health of their patients and the cost of health care. Additionally, when health care providers work together as a team, our jobs as life savers can be worth so much more to our patients.
Auxiliary Label is a student-created blog examining pharmacy life, education and research at the VCU School of Pharmacy from a student perspective. It is overseen by Greg Weatherford, the school's director of communications. Contact him here.
How to Be an Entrepreneur, Lesson 2: Find a niche
By Nicole Carter
Auxiliary Label Staff
Midlothian Apothecary is an independent pharmacy in Chesterfield County, just outside Richmond, that has survived under the same management since 1990. Auxiliary Label's Nicole Carter met with Janet Darby, a VCU School of Pharmacy alumna, to talk about the business of independent pharmacy today.
Auxiliary Label: What is your biggest revenue source?
Darby: It's not drugs any more. With generics, I almost have to give them away for free. Brand-name drugs are still profitable. We do vaccinations and they pay well on those. Also, home health-care products such as durable medical equipment, but we don't bill Medicare for that. Medicare has a designated location for patients to buy DME [durable medical equipment] but a lot of people don't want to go through the hassle so we just sell it straight to the customer.
What do you think has the biggest growth potential out of all the services you offer?
We're starting to do point-of-care testing for flu, strep throat, cholesterol and blood glucose. We can charge for that. The problem is, though, in Virginia I can't write a prescription if I find out somebody is positive for flu. … We are setting up a collaborative practice agreement so that after I get the test result, I can call the doctor and then get the prescription.
How do you bill for the point-of-care testing?
It's out of pocket. In Virginia we can't bill insurance unless we are the one who writes the prescription. Last year, with the big flu epidemic, no doctor could see anyone [because they were too busy] — people were having the flu and couldn't get any medications. The doctors are looking for help too because they can't see everybody.
How is having the fountain in the pharmacy an asset to the business?
It's always busy. It's kind of like paying for advertising: A lot of people come in here [for the fountain] not knowing about the pharmacy, and some people come in not knowing about the fountain. So it brings in people and kind of keeps things hopping all the time. You can't say it's a moneymaker because you have to sell a lot of food to make money. But we see the money that goes toward the fountain as money we would have otherwise spent on advertising.
What is the biggest threat to independent pharmacy?
PBMs, the processors for insurance companies, right now they are ruining pharmacy. They mandate how much we get paid. And the insurance company pays them one thing and then they pay us something else. Now for generics they are using the average for the year. So if they think they paid us too much for the first six months of the year then they take money back. But they don't give us a reason. It's really crooked.
Competition isn't a threat because I offer something entirely different. We provide individualized care that other pharmacies just don't.
What is the biggest opportunity for independent pharmacy?
There is a niche. You got to want to do customer service. You've got to want to do a lot more than just fill a prescription. And you've got to answer question upon question. There are people out there that want that individual service.
What advice do you have for pharmacy students?
You've got to want to work. And you've got to want to work hard. If you can't multitask you can't be a pharmacist. And you've got to want to work long hours. It's a great profession if you like people. You've just got to know what niche you want and what you want to do.
Auxiliary Label is a student-created blog examining pharmacy life, education and research at the VCU School of Pharmacy from a student perspective. It is overseen by Greg Weatherford, the school's director of communications. Contact him here.
Auxiliary Label: Antibiotic stewardship research in a community outpatient setting
By Victoria Hammond
Auxiliary Label Staff
Antibiotic resistance — when bacteria are untreatable by current antibiotics — is a growing public health concern.
To reduce antibiotic resistance, prescribers use antibiotics only when necessary. In hospital settings, experts called antibiotic stewards monitor trends in resistance, prescribing, costs and adverse effects. Prescribing trends are compared to current treatment guidelines.
Stewards in an antibiotic stewardship have a goal to "enhance patient health outcomes, reducing resistance to antibiotics, and decreasing unnecessary costs," according to the Society of Healthcare Epidemiology of America.
In 2015, about 269 million antibiotic prescriptions were dispensed in outpatient settings — at least 30 percent of which were unnecessary, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Unnecessary treatment of antibiotics can increase the risk of side effects or opportunistic infections such as C. difficile.
Settings with high volumes of antibiotics being prescribed would benefit from an antibiotic stewardship program to prevent side effects and opportunistic infection.
To improve patient outcomes in outpatient settings, VCU School of Pharmacy faculty members John Bucheit, Pharm.D., Teresa Salgado, M.Pharm., Ph.D., and Amy Pakyz, Pharm.D., Ph.D., have been implementing an antibiotic stewardship program in a free outpatient health clinic in the Richmond area. (They asked that the clinic's name not be published.)
The faculty members' first focus targets the prescribing trends of uncomplicated urinary-tract infections, or UTIs. Bucheit, Pakyz and Salgado are developing an antibiogram — a profile of antibiotic susceptibility for a specific practice site — based on prescribing trends from the past two years.
The antibiogram will provide information about which antibiotics are providing beneficial therapy to patients based on the clinic's antibiotic susceptibility to resistant or nonresistant bacteria. This antibiogram will then be compared with current therapy guidelines to develop clinic specific guidelines for practitioners to use at the clinic. The project was made possible by a grant from the VCU School of Pharmacy's Center for Pharmacy Practice Innovation.
"We are excited about this project to not only improve patient care at our clinic," Bucheit said, "but also to provide an example for other outpatient offices interested in improving antibiotic prescribing for uncomplicated UTI."
After the guideline is developed, Bucheit, Pakyz, Salgado and their team will educate the staff and reevaluate in a year.
The goal of this project is to provide prescriber education and improve patient health outcomes in a setting where high volumes of antibiotics are prescribed.
Auxiliary Label is a student-created blog examining pharmacy life, education and research at the VCU School of Pharmacy from a student perspective. It is overseen by Greg Weatherford, the school's director of communications. Contact him here.
Auxiliary Label: Lessons from pharmacy school
by Victoria Hammond
Auxiliary Label Staff
In my third year of pharmacy school, as I am beginning to think about choices for Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences rotations, I am reflecting on my experience here.
When I started, I remember thinking how thriving in pharmacy school was going to be impossible. When classes began I was overwhelmed by the amount of coursework.
Now in my new shoes as a third-year student, or P3, I look back and realize that while pharmacy school can be stressful, success is possible.
Here is the story of how I learned to succeed in pharmacy school. I hope some readers may find it helpful.
When I began, I saw pharmacy school as a reservoir of knowledge and opportunity. I wanted to take steps to gain a variety of experiences but still perform well academically. More importantly, I wanted to prove that I belonged in my seat. My first year and a half of pharmacy school was a competition between myself. I was my own worst enemy.
I was applying for outreach programs, working 12 hours a week, involved in committees and training for a marathon while studying for all my tests. All in a grand gesture for me to feel confident in my ability to be a pharmacist.
As you can imagine, this schedule put my time management to the test. I quickly felt the pressure from managing my life in pharmacy school and my life at home. I was constantly stressed and did not believe in myself.
In my P2 year of pharmacy school I had better self-confidence but I was in the battle. I was perpetually clouded in self doubt.
It was not until elections for organizations where I finally broke my bad habit. I had nominated myself for the secretary position in my class and had been nominated for an executive position in Phi Delta Chi, one of several active pharmacy fraternities. To my surprise, I was elected to both.
Breaking outside my comfort zone and being chosen for these leadership positions broke my spell. I found that my new confidence improved my academic standing and social savvy. I soon realized I wasn't the only one who had faced this battle.
The hardest aspect of pharmacy school for me hasn't been from content taught in the classroom. The hardest aspect is finessing time management skills while maintaining mental health. The amount of coursework can be worrisome but it is manageable. Your involvement in an organization will enhance your knowledge from the classroom. Pharmacy school is a lifestyle and with everything you do you have support from friends and faculty.
To all pharmacy students, I have a few pieces of advice:
- Even if it scares you, sign up for that position or go to the volunteer event. It could change your whole outlook.
- Focus on the present moment; if you don't it's easy for your mind to get cloudy with self doubt.
- Don't forget to have some fun outside of studying whether it be running or playing the banjo (the choice is yours!).
- Be confident. You will be a pharmacist.
Auxiliary Label is a student-created blog examining pharmacy life, education and research at the VCU School of Pharmacy from a student perspective. It is overseen by Greg Weatherford, the school's director of communications. Contact him here.
Auxiliary Label: Pharmacy students take part in community care
By Michael Ong
Auxiliary Label Staff
I arrived for my afternoon shift at the Charles City County Fair around 1 p.m. With the forecast of rain later on in the day, I hadn't expected many people to attend. But the large parking lot was full.
As I was getting out of my car, a mother pushing a stroller waved at me. She was walking away from a row of tents toward their own car parked just spaces from mine.
I had driven to Charles City County, about 40 miles from Richmond, to participate in a health booth. The prevalence of health disparity in the access and availability of care is a rapidly growing problem. Urban centers such as Richmond boast a nationally renowned medical center, yet pockets of disparity can be found across the city. Into the surrounding counties and municipalities, health access further diminishes.
Rural areas like Charles City County have some of the highest rates of rural poverty and lack of available healthcare. Through partnerships and opportunities such as the Charles City County Fair, VCU, through its educators and student volunteerism, is addressing this vast community need.
As I walked to the fair, I saw a row of tents pitched on the practice field, filled with food and homemade jewelry, soaps, and other sundries. Under a large white tent, families sat entertained by a performer juggling on top of a unicycle. Nearby was another tent selling boxes of Krispy Kreme donuts and raffles to be drawn at end of the day.
The VCU booth at the Charles City County Fair is a long tradition and work of dedication anchored by Patricia Slattum, Pharm.D., herself a Charles City County resident. The health outreach and preventative services are great resources for a smaller county with limited health-awareness opportunities for its residents.
The fair-goers proved the perfect target population for the group organizing the event, the VCU chapter of the Student National Pharmaceutical Association (SNPhA). Its motto for serving the underserved is well lived in the variety of events at which its students volunteer. From rural fairs like the Charles City County Fair to back-to-school immunization events with Crossover Clinic in downtown Richmond to advocating for safe HIV testing at the annual VA PrideFest on Richmond's Brown's Island, SNPhA engages its student members to be invested in its greater Richmond community.
Partnering with Slattum, SNPhA is able to provide blood-pressure readings and blood-glucose checks for fair attendees. Alongside these point-of-care services, we had another full table littered with a library of education pamphlets available for anyone to pick up.
While I was at the health booth we had a variety of people visit our tables. Some, like an older lady, chose not to get a reading but chatted with several of our volunteers about her recent hospital stay. She even had a small photo album with her pictures of the during the stay.
Others, like a tribal dancer from the local Chickahominy tribe, asked for everything we could provide. All were open to casual conversations about their lives, their health and were open ears to the information we provided.
As a student, volunteer experiences like these form a fundamental aspect of the overall education VCU School of Pharmacy offers. Being able to take traditional lecture learning into a more clinical setting multiplies student learning. In first year we learn how to take vitals such as blood pressure. In our second year we are trained on how to read glucose meters. All for just this situation — providing front-line care to our neighbors.
Late in the afternoon, a father and son stopped by the tables. The father had wanted to get his blood pressure checked and the son, a high school student, sat down with him. After some cajoling from his father, the son let one of our student volunteers take his blood pressure.
The father's reading was elevated, which after talking with him we were expecting. However, the son's was slightly above the normal range for his age. This was a wonderful teaching moment for the VCU student to reinforce what she learned in her cardiology module and suggest some lifestyle choices for the pair.
After handing them some informational pamphlets on hypertension, it was endearing to hear them bicker about exercise; the dad telling his son they were going running in the morning from now on and the son rebutting with how he gets enough exercise with the football team.
Near the end of the day, after having seeing and helping several dozen people, I took the time to do one last run outside to indulge in a warm plateful of funnel cake. The line was long and the wind had picked up significantly while I was inside the gym. But it wasn't a fair until I enjoyed the fried dough and powdered sugar.
And in between bites, while putting away our excess brochures and other supplies, I smiled and waved back at a lady we had helped earlier in the afternoon.
Auxiliary Label is a student-created blog examining pharmacy life, education and research at the VCU School of Pharmacy from a student perspective. It is overseen by Greg Weatherford, the school's director of communications. Contact him here.


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Eat five or six smaller meals per day. According to "The Abs Diet," this diet strategy elevates your metabolic rate so that you burn more fat and store less of it. Include lean sources of protein, low-glycemic carbohydrates and fruits and vegetables, as well as healthy fats, in every meal. These nutrient-dense foods not only cleanse our bodies, but also make us feel like we are eating more, with fewer calories than unhealthy alternatives.
Representations regarding the efficacy and safety of KETO Burn have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The FDA only evaluates foods and drugs, not supplements like these products. These products are not intended to diagnose, prevent, treat, or cure any disease. Two human clinical trials suggest that ingestion of Garcinia Cambogia can lead to a reduction in weight or body fat, copies of which may be found here: view one, two, three and four. It is recommended that users follow a strict diet and exercise regimen to achieve weight loss results.
Research has shown that cucumber contains antioxidants and other compounds that may help soothe your skin from the inside out, lower blood pressure and prevent cancer. Referred to as 'superfood', cucumbers are rich in essential nutrients, such as vitamin C, beta-carotene, manganese, molybdenum, and several flavonoid antioxidants. And here's drinking how cucumber water can aid your weight loss. Read - Weight loss: Is the 7-day oatmeal diet plan good for you? 7 tips to flatten your belly and burn more fat
Calorie for calorie, sugar is different to other food groups such as protein, complex carbohydrates, and fat, because it confuses your normal appetite controls and causes your body to produce fat. Refined sugars are often hidden in a plethora of different products that you wouldn't expect such as fruit juices. Make sure to check the labels before eating the products.
To get rid of that excess fat, Dr. Kara Mohr, an exercise psychologist, and fitness expert, told Fitness Magazine: "I would suggest increasing the intensity of your cardio workouts, making sure you include intervals (alternating walking with fast walking or sprinting). And be sure your strength training includes combination moves that work multiple muscles including the core (plank rows, push-ups, squat with military press, etc) rather than single muscle groups."
It is the intent of AMB WELLNESS PARTNERS LLC ("Sponsor") to operate products through this Website consistent with the work of Dr. Anthony Balduzzi, NMD. However, Sponsor is not a healthcare practitioner or provider. To the extent that any information is provided through this Website, it is for general informational purposes only and is not intended to constitute or substitute for (i) medical advice or counseling, (ii) the practice of medicine including but not limited to psychiatry, psychology, psychotherapy or the provision of health care diagnosis or treatment, (iii) the creation of a physician-patient or clinical relationship, or (iv) an endorsement, a recommendation or a sponsorship of any third party, product or service by the Sponsor or any of the Sponsor's related companies, agents, employees, consultants or service providers. If you have or suspect that you have a medical problem, contact your health care provider. Information and statements regarding dietary supplements available on this Website have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. FTC LEGAL DISCLAIMER: Results are atypical, and your results may vary. Testimonials are not purported to be typical results, and your weight loss, if any, may vary. Please see our full FTC Legal Disclaimer for a comprehensive disclaimer of risks of use, typical results, testimonials, & other legal items. READ FULL DISCLAIMER & TERMS.
Every tea has its own special weight-loss powers, but if your boat is sinking and you can only grab one package of tea before swimming to the deserted island, make it green tea. Green tea—a core component of The 7-Day Flat-Belly Tea Cleanse—is the bandit that picks the lock on your fat cells and drains them away, even when we're not making the smartest dietary choices. Chinese researchers found that green tea significantly lowers triglyceride concentrations (potentially dangerous fat found in the blood) and belly fat in subjects who eat fatty diets.
So-called "detox" teas have been popular for years, primarily among people who frequent health-food stores, or consult with alternative practitioners. These days, though, they've become big business, and a handful of celebrities are touting their weight-loss benefits on social media. In a way, detox teas have become the liquid version of waist trainers–the before and after results are often dramatic, and their celeb backing generates buzz, but you may be wondering: Do they really work, and are they safe? Before you plunk down your hard-earned money and start sipping, here are five things you should know.
What can you do to reverse a post-pregnancy mommy belly bulge? Make sure you're doing your Kegels to strengthen your pelvic floor muscles, which support your uterus, and also your urethra, bladder, and rectum. Whilst you're sitting down, squeeze your pelvic muscles together (as if you're trying to stop a stream of urine), then continue squeezing, bringing this same sensation up your abdomen so you're contracting your stomach at the same time.
So what can we do about tubby tummies? A lot, it turns out. The starting point for bringing weight under control, in general, and combating abdominal fat, in particular, is regular moderate-intensity physical activity — at least 30 minutes per day (and perhaps up to 60 minutes per day) to control weight. Strength training (exercising with weights) may also help fight abdominal fat. Spot exercising, such as doing sit-ups, can tighten abdominal muscles, but it won't get at visceral fat.
NO NO please don't drink them one after another.. the lemon or any other citrus fruits does NOT go well with dairy products.. it can make you feel sick and it's unhealthy. The detox drink is meant to be taken in the first thing in morning.. even before your breakfast. And the golden milk you can drink any time of the day. Just make sure you drink it at least 1 hour after the detox drink 🙂
When it comes to getting rid of love handles, there is no substitute for quality cardio workouts, healthy diet, and commitment. You need all three components to be successful. Intense exercise and a poor diet will not help you reduce lower belly fat because you will constantly be taking back in the calories you are burning. And though you may have success with cleaning your diet with minimal or no exercise, you will get faster results if combined with exercise. And finally, if you don't commit to stick with your lifestyle changes in the long-term, losing your lower body fat and love handles will not work.
Aloe vera is used both for wellness and beauty. The plant has an array of health benefits from improving constipation to strengthening immunity. One of the best things about the plant is it is helpful in detoxifying and cleansing the body due to its antioxidants and polysaccharides. The intake of aloe vera juice will increase your metabolism rate and help in burning calories faster [33] .
White tea is dried naturally, often in sunlight, making it the least processed and richest source of antioxidants among teas (as much as three times as many polyphenols as green tea!). A study published in the journal Nutrition and Metabolism showed that white tea can simultaneously boost lipolysis (the breakdown of fat) and block adipogenesis (the formation of fat cells) due to high levels of ingredients thought to be active on human fat cells. If there's such a thing as diet tea, this is it. And while you're on the 7-Day Flat-Belly Tea Cleanse, chill out with these delicious and refreshing 5 Best Iced Tea Smoothies for Weight Loss!
Detox teas that combine caffeine with diuretics can trigger the loss of water weight. Just two cups of water weighs one pound on a scale, so shedding fluid can make you look and feel lighter–even if you haven't lost an ounce of body fat. Detox teas can also trigger a laxative effect, which causes your body to eliminate waste from your GI tract, another result that can make your stomach flatter, and allow you to feel lighter, even if your lean-to-fat ratio remains exactly the same. If this quick-fix effect gives you the confidence boost and motivation you need to start eating healthier and working out–the real keys to getting healthy and lean–terrific (assuming the teas are even safe to drink–see below). Just remember: If you go back to your former less-than-stellar eating or exercise habits, or stop drinking the tea, you can gain the weight right back just as quick as you dropped it.
Ginger and mango are both great for boosting your metabolism and ginger is a natural pain reliever as well. Mango aids in digestion and can help to flush a number of free radicals out of your body. To make this day spa detox water, you need about an inch of ginger root and a cup of fresh or frozen mango. Just peel the ginger and cut it into three or four slices. Drop into a pitcher, add your cup of cubed or sliced mango and then top with about three cups of ice before filling with purified water. This needs to sit in the fridge for about three hours to allow the flavors to come out.
These are just three of the reasons people tend to suffer weight gain and health crises when they're under pressure. In fact, it was shortly after the death of my father that my mom, a former nurse in Korea, suffered a dramatic increase in her diabetes symptoms—a health emergency that sent me in search of traditional Eastern remedies. What I learned in my research, and collected in my new book, The 7-Day Flat Belly Tea Cleanse, in which test panelists lost up to 10 pounds in just one week, was that different teas help our bodies manage stress in different ways—and that can make all the difference in our weight and our health.
Subcutaneous fat is the fat just under the skin. If you are wondering why you cannot see your six-pack abs, it is probably because subcutaneous fat is covering them. The cells in this type of fat are active and can contribute to the development of disease, but the placement and activity level of the cells of this type of fat makes it less dangerous than visceral fat.
So what can we do about tubby tummies? A lot, it turns out. The starting point for bringing weight under control, in general, and combating abdominal fat, in particular, is regular moderate-intensity physical activity — at least 30 minutes per day (and perhaps up to 60 minutes per day) to control weight. Strength training (exercising with weights) may also help fight abdominal fat. Spot exercising, such as doing sit-ups, can tighten abdominal muscles, but it won't get at visceral fat.


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The Sandycove website uses cookies. By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. For more details about cookies and how to manage them see our
privacy policy
Absolutely, pets love caravanning too. All we ask is that they are kept under control at all times. We also insist you remember to take them home with you!
No, unfortunately our site licence does not permit tents on our parks.
No, we never have and never will.
All parks are on a Ulster Bus Service which serve Newtownards & Belfast (Service 7) and Bangor & Bloomfield Centre (Service 3 & 3c). They are great services and the Bus Drivers are always very helpful and friendly.
Yes, we do not insist you buy a caravan from us. Please contact our sales office for details of pitches and pitch fees.
Pitch fees are dependent on where you caravan in positioned on the park, the less popular a pitch is, the lower the pitch fee is. Customers may also receive discounts for paying early and buying a caravan from us. Contact our sales office for more information.
Please provide your details only if you are happy for us to use them to contact you.
Search for new & used static caravans for sale at Sandycove Holiday Park, prices from just £7,995.
"Sandycove is less than an hour away from my home, but it feels so much further. I feel like I am on holiday as soon as I get here."
Water Sports & Caravan Enthusiast on Sandycove


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Your Local Rathdrum Joiners
Our Rathdrum joiners are skilled Uran Build qualified artisans right at the top of their trade. By utilizing the best tradesmen in the sector our reputation has been developed as the 'go to' company when quality and service issues. Their workmanship can be seen in a few of city 's most special addresses but costs are always tailored to fit the project whether it be floorings, stairs cupboards or full repairs. We can even supply a ' group' of multi skilled tradesmen for huge tasks with each member being a expert within their very own trade.
Offered 24 hours our joiners also supply emergency services for such points as doors, windows, and burglary or unintentional damages. Our tradespersons will always make certain minimum interruption and that they leave your properties clean and tidy following their visit.
Professional Joiners Rathdrum
joiners Services are open 24 hours a day for joiners within 1 hour
"Call Us Now For A Fixed Free Quote"
Carpentry Work we do in
- Bathrooms
- Boarding up & securing
- Ceilings
- Cupboards
- Design & project management
- Door locks
- Doors – internal & external
- Fencing & gates
- Fitted furniture
- Flooring installation
- Garden sheds
- Kitchens
- Shelving
- Wardrobes
- Worktops
Whatever you should understand about locating joiners
joiners develop, put up or fix frameworks that are made from wood, steel or wood substitutes. They could develop the frame of the house, walls and roof covering; install doors, windows, floors, cabinetry, ceiling ceramic tiles; set up scaffolding; complete other structural job such as sub-floor framing; and may even repair broken furniture. Carpenters could be experts in a particular location of the profession, so be sure your chosen expert is able to finish your specific task.
Role of a joiners:
Layout/design: joiners need to pick the products for the job and step and mark them to make sure that they are the right dimensions required.
Cutting and signing up with materials: Cutting could be performed with power or hand devices. The reducing stage also includes any shaping that has to be done. Products are joined using nails, glue, screws or bolts and rulers. Degrees and other framing tools are utilized to make certain precision in joining.
Evaluation: joiners approximate the amount of products that will be needed to complete a job.
Interpretation: joiners analyze and read plans and other strategies to figure out what will be required for a task.
Comply with structure standards: joiners are required to comply with local and national building ordinance and standards when servicing any job.Rathdrum
Projects Joiners Can Assist With
Doors: joiners set up, repair work and replace all types of doors from conventional bed room doors to complicated ornate doors. If the old door structure is no more adequate, they can mount a totally brand-new frame relying on your demands. See joiners – doors to learn more.
Windows: As well as doors, joiners can mount brand-new windows and repair service or change old windows. They could also mount home window accessories such as hinges and openers. To find out more see joiners – windows.
Formwork: This is required when concrete is layed on your home. A carpenter is the ideal specialist for creating, structure and dismantling formwork and ensuring it is durable and able to support the structure.
Handrails: These are essential to make sure staircases, balconies, patios and decks are risk-free and safe and secure. joiners are knowledgeable at the office with lumber, so could construct a simple or ornate hand rails to fit your residence style and tastes. For more information see joiners – handrails.
Structure decking: A carpenter could make and build a beautiful deck, so you can appreciate your outside area year-round. They could likewise mount required devices such as stairways, ramps and handrails. See structure decking for more.
Architraves: These are an attractive attribute in any kind of residence, as they walk around home windows or doors to conceal gaps between the home window or door framework and the wall (see architraves). joiners can assist pick the suitable architrave and the suitable type of fixing to match.
House structures: As the house framework is the skeletal system of the residence, it is necessary to guarantee it is erected correctly. Carpenters can erect residence structures for brand-new homes and extensions or additions, be it flat roofing systems, gable roofs or other types of house frames. For more informatoin see carpenters – home frameworks.
Ramps: joiners have the ability to build any kind of type of ramp you need, including wheelchair and accessibility ramps, skate ramps, watercraft ramps and so forth. They can also help you acquire the called for authorizations for the ramp, and design a ramp that is secure and suitable. See carpenters – ramps for more details.
Improvements: Whether you are taking on little or huge improvements in your home, carpenters could aid throughout the procedure. They can aid set up kitchen cabinets, include an expansion or deck, install new floorings, closets and so on. They could also aid you get preparing authorizations and allows where required and assist with the design of your improvement. To find out more see joiners – improvements.
Skirtings: Skirtings are an attractive function that can assist round off the look of a room. Carpenters could mount brand-new skirtings or change old skirtings easily making use of timber, MDF or plaster. See joiners – skirting for even more choices.
What does it cost? Does a joiners Cost?
joiners will typically charge anywhere from EUR30 to EUR50 each hr, depending upon your place and their experience. This will certainly include their time and you ought to confirm if materials become part of any type of quote. Extra pricey wood timbers, for instance, will carry a price costs over soft hardwoods such as pine. joiners can advise you which type of wood is best suited to your project. If you are building a huge framework such as a hardwood deck, any quote should include itemised work and materials costings.
Carpenter Licensing
In some cities joiners are needed to be accredited to do work above a specific worth. This is a legal need and guarantees your job is done by a certified tradesperson. There is even more info on licensing of carpenters on www.nationalguild.ie.
Useful links: National Guild. Construction Industry Register, Passive House Association.
Nearby areas we cover:carpenters near Rathdrum
joiners near Rockstown
carpenters near Ballinaclash
carpenters near Greenan
joiners near Kilcashel
joiners near Glenealy
joiners near Redcross
joiners near Killiskey
carpenters near Avoca
carpenters near Three Wells
Urban Build Joiners RathdrumUrbanBuild is a Rathdrum based carpentry, joinery & fitting firm with years of experience. Get your furniture solutions designed by reliable joiners joiners.1892 5th Street East
Rathdrum, L EI31
Wicklow, Leinster (L)Email: email@example.com: 0877090265


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Mayakovskaya Metro Station
It seems to me, if you are separating Moscow Metro from all other metro networks around the world because you find it beautiful, you would also separate Mayakovskaya Station from all other Moscow metro stations following the same feeling. Mayakovskaya Station is indeed one of the most photogenic and popular stations in Moscow and I think I can tell why this station is so popular:
First of all, it is beautiful! The light structure of the station combining with the beautiful mosaics on ceiling makes you take photos of this beauty. Secondly, it is on the center and therefore tourists mostly don't skip it and tell their friends about it when they go back to their homes.
Mayakovskaya Station is also the only one -among the other central stations on the green line-, which does not have a connection to any other line. That's why it is also surprisingly calmer comparing to other stations in the center. This makes you like it more.
And lastly, it is carrying the name of Vladimir Mayakovsky.
History and Structure
Mayakovskaya Station, opened in 1938, is the first deep column station in the world. For those, -like me- who don't understand what this means: This is a type of station with a central hall and two side halls supported by a row of columns. Thanks to their lighter structures such stations look brighter comparing to the traditional pylon stations, where halls are separated by a row of heavy pylons with passages between them.
During the World War II, the station was used as a bomb shelter like as many other Moscow metro stations, but it was Mayakovskaya Station, where Stalin made a speech on November 1941 and said that Moscow will stand!
The columns carry a row of domes over the main hall, which –with bunch of lights- look like bright holes on the ceiling. But instead, there are ceiling mosaics by Alexander Deyneka, a serial of works named '24-Hour Soviet Sky'.
If you start checking them from north, you first will see a Soviet flag and planes above aligned to form letters CCCP.
Then it continues with scenes from nature and some planes on air.
It goes on with more planes, paratroopers and some sportswomen and sportsmen.
It ends with a scene of two airplanes and a blooming apple tree.
Vladimir Mayakovsky
The name of the station comes from Vladimir Mayakovsky, a very famous Russian poet. In 2005 a new exit was built on north and this vestibule has a mosaic work on the ceiling, with lyrics from his poem 'Moscow Sky'.
Places Nearby
All exits of Mayakovskaya Station are on Tverskaya street, which is the main radial street in Moscow and leads you directly to the Red Square. I personally was not enjoying much to walk on this street, since there was nothing interesting for pedestrians. So when it comes to a big celebration (like Victory Day or Moscow Day) Russians closing it to traffic. Those time I liked the street more.
One of the south exits is just next to the Tchaikovsky Concert Hall. The square in front of it, called Triumph Square, was just a boring empty space with the statue of Mayakovsky in the middle and asphalt on the ground.
The area recently (on September 2015) has been renovated, following the project by BuroMoscow, the winner of the architectural competition for the reconstruction of the square.
Closer to the exit of the station they added big swings, which are busily occupied and behind the statue they added some modern kiosks as well to make the square more active.
ID Mayakovskaya Station
Zamoskvoretskaya Line (no. 2, green)
Opened: 11 September 1938
Depth: 33 meters (108 ft.)


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More important than recordings for the growth of country music was broadcast radio. Small radio stations appeared in the larger Southern and Midwestern cities in the 1920s, and many devoted part of their airtime to live or recorded music suited to white rural audiences. Two regular programs of great influence were the "National Barn Dance" from Chicago, begun in 1924, and the "Grand Ole Opry" from Nashville, begun in 1925. The immediate popularity of such programs encouraged more recordings and the appearance of talented musicians from the hills at radio and record studios. Among these were the Carter Family and Jimmie Rodgers, whose performances strongly influenced later musicians. These early recordings were of ballads and country dance tunes and featured the fiddle and guitar as lead instruments over a rhythmic foundation of guitar or banjo. Other instruments occasionally used included Appalachian dulcimer, harmonica, and mandolin; vocals were done either by a single voice or in high close harmony.
The first commercial recordings of what was considered instrumental music in the traditional country style were "Arkansas Traveler" and "Turkey in the Straw" by fiddlers Henry Gilliland & A.C. (Eck) Robertson on June 30, 1922, for Victor Records and released in April 1923.[23][24] Columbia Records began issuing records with "hillbilly" music (series 15000D "Old Familiar Tunes") as early as 1924.[18]
It was only a short, exhaustively well-rehearsed and well-recorded step away to the Eagles and Ronstadt (and Asylum Records). Their careers proved central to those of surrounding singer-songwriters like Jackson Browne, Karla Bonoff, and Warren Zevon, whose simultaneous countryesque confessions creatively fed both the band and the singer. For Ronstadt, country rock progressively gave way to a wide variety of other styles, always approached from the point of view of her American sources, always mounted with the painstaking studio finesse exemplified by producer Peter Asher. For the Eagles, working first with the English producer Glyn Johns and later with Bill Szymczyk, the style became so full-blown that the band's multimillion-selling album Hotel California (1976) both dramatized the Los Angeles milieu that underpinned the country-Hollywood connection and reflected the growing significance of the symbolism of country rock. Surrounding these careers were a number of other key figures. In addition to founding the influential Flying Burrito Brothers, Parsons introduced former folksinger Emmylou Harris to the music of George Jones, spawning her pursuit of a vernacular vocal art of operatic seriousness and intensity. Neil Young, formerly of Buffalo Springfield, began the traditionalist part of a gnarled, varied body of music that grew into a stylistic cosmos of genius unto itself. Like the Dillards, who came to country rock from a bluegrass background, all three chose not to work as commercially as the Eagles, Ronstadt, or Poco, whose driving force, Richie Furay, was another former member of Buffalo Springfield. Instead they preferred to have their music felt over time in ways less direct and less oriented to mass culture.
In what was then known as New France, the first formal ball was given by Louis-Théandre Chartier de Lotbinière (1612–1688) on 4 Feb. 1667.[19] Louis Jolliet (1645–1700) is on record as one of the first classically trained practicing musicians in New France, although history has recognized him more as an explorer, hydrographer and voyageur.[20] Jolliet is said to have played the organ, harpsichord, flute, and trumpet.[20] In 1700, under British rule at this time, an organ was installed in Notre-Dame Basilica in Montreal and military bands gave concerts on the Champ de Mars.[16] A French-born priest, René Ménard, composed motets around 1640, and a second Canadian-born priest, Charles-Amador Martin, is credited with the plainchant music for the Sacrae familiae felix spectaculum, in celebration of the Holy Family feast day in 1700.[7]
Outside its handful of stars, country rock's greatest significance was on artists in other genres, including the Band, Grateful Dead, Creedence Clearwater Revival, the Rolling Stones and George Harrison's solo work.[1] It also played a part in the development of Southern rock, which, although largely derived from blues rock, had a distinct southern lilt, and it paved the way for parts of the alternative country movement.[1] The genre declined in popularity in the late 1970s, but some established artists, including Neil Young, have continued to record country-tinged rock into the twenty-first century. Country rock has survived as a cult force in Texas, where acts including the Flatlanders, Joe Ely, Butch Hancock, Jimmie Dale Gilmore and California-based Richard Brooker, have collaborated and recorded.[1][18] Other performers have produced occasional recordings in the genre, including Elvis Costello's Almost Blue (1981)[1] and the Robert Plant and Alison Krauss collaboration Raising Sand, which was one of the most commercially successful albums of 2007.[19]
Rock and roll has usually been seen as a combination of rhythm and blues and country music, a fusion particularly evident in 1950s rockabilly.[3] There has also been cross-pollination throughout the history of both genres; however, the term "country-rock" is used generally to refer to the wave of rock musicians of the late 1960s and early 1970s who began recording rock songs with country themes, vocal styles, and additional instrumentation, most characteristically pedal steel guitars.[1] John Einarson states, that "[f]rom a variety of perspectives and motivations, these musicians either played rock & roll attitude, or added a country feel to rock, or folk, or bluegrass, there was no formula".[4]
Not a bad list but where is Steppenwolf and Weeknd? Drake should be much higher on this list. He will easily go down as the most popular and talented artist in Canadian history despite what the critics (tradiitonal people) here might say. He is one of the only Canadian artists who has literally changed the landscape and direction of pop music and hiphop music. No other artist on this list did that on a grand scale
Hailed by Rolling Stone as "the most important record producer to emerge in the 80s", Lanois is one of Canada's distinguished producers-composers and has worked with the likes of Brian Eno (Apollo: Atmospheres And Soundtracks), Peter Gabriel, Bob Dylan, Emmyous Harris and is the man behind U2's Joshua Tree and The Unforgettable Fire. In his famous studio in Hamilton, Ontario, he produced records for Canadian artists such as Martha and the Muffins and Ian and Sylvia. As a solo artist, the multi-instrumentalist and singer released a string of albums that featured his wonderfully atmospheric textures and poetic songwriting.
Female artists such as Reba McEntire, Patty Loveless, Faith Hill, Martina McBride, Deana Carter, LeAnn Rimes, Mindy McCready, Lorrie Morgan, Shania Twain, and Mary Chapin Carpenter all released platinum-selling albums in the 1990s. The Dixie Chicks became one of the most popular country bands in the 1990s and early 2000s. Their 1998 debut album Wide Open Spaces went on to become certified 12x platinum while their 1999 album Fly went on to become 10x platinum. After their third album, Home, was released in 2003, the band made political news in part because of lead singer Natalie Maines's comments disparaging then-President George W. Bush while the band was overseas (Maines stated that she and her bandmates were ashamed to be from the same state as Bush, who had just commenced the Iraq War a few days prior). The comments caused a rift between the band and the country music scene, and the band's fourth (and most recent) album, 2006's Taking the Long Way, took a more rock-oriented direction; the album was commercially successful overall but largely ignored among country audiences[citation needed]. After Taking the Long Way, the band broke up for a decade (with two of its members continuing as the Court Yard Hounds) before embarking on a reunion tour in 2016.
Australian country music has a long tradition. Influenced by American country music, it has developed a distinct style, shaped by British and Irish folk ballads and Australian bush balladeers like Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson. Country instruments, including the guitar, banjo, fiddle and harmonica, create the distinctive sound of country music in Australia and accompany songs with strong storyline and memorable chorus.
Another subgenre of country music grew out of hardcore honky tonk with elements of Western swing and originated 112 miles (180 km) north-northwest of Los Angeles in Bakersfield, California, where many "Okies" and other Dust Bowl migrants had settled. Influenced by one-time West Coast residents Bob Wills and Lefty Frizzell, by 1966 it was known as the Bakersfield sound. It relied on electric instruments and amplification, in particular the Telecaster electric guitar, more than other subgenres of the country music of the era, and it can be described as having a sharp, hard, driving, no-frills, edgy flavor—hard guitars and honky-tonk harmonies.[52] Leading practitioners of this style were Buck Owens, Merle Haggard, Tommy Collins, Gary Allan, and Wynn Stewart, each of whom had his own style.[63][64]
If Johnny Cash covered one of your songs on his final albums, it automatically meant it embodied some sort of country spirit however musically disguised. Cash, of course, interpreted the title track from this 1999 record the following year on American III: Solitary Man. I See a Darkness is dark, yes. It is gothic without being goth. Yet, its confessional cries and distant, discordant layering (especially on tracks like "Nomadic Revery (All Around)") are also subversive in a way that honors the subgenre.—Hilary Saunders
Drawing at the well alongside Randy Newman and Townes Van Zandt, the laconic, demure Lovett is a hard-luck romantic unopposed to good humor or the occasional murder ballad. Rarely eliciting emotional extremes, he's a superb magician nonetheless; with a quick turn of phrase listeners are transported into new skin. When Lovett sings, "put down that flyswatter, and pour me some ice water" on the five-star Joshua Judges Ruth, I'm rising early for carpenter's work on a hot July morning in southeast Texas. If alt-country takes traditional country songs and adds new elements, Lovett pulls the genre in a more soulful direction with his wry wit always on full display.—Jeff Elbel
Alternative country-rock is often simply referred to as alternative country, but the two styles are actually somewhat distinct from one another -- simply put, alternative country performers come from the country side of the equation, whereas alternative country-rock is rooted more in rock. It's considered a branch of alternative rock -- even though it may not always sound that way on the surface -- because it doesn't fit any mainstream sensibility, and also because its bands usually get their start as part of the American indie-label scene. In contrast to alternative country, which pushes the boundaries of country music from the inside, alternative country-rock is music made by outsiders who love the sound and spirit of country. They faithfully preserve traditional sounds, but reinterpret the spirit in personal, contemporary, and idiosyncratic ways that rarely appeal to straight country fans. The godfather of alternative country-rock was Gram Parsons, the single most important figure in the invention of country-rock and an enduring cult legend for his deeply emotional records. Neil Young's varying musical personalities were also an important influence, as was the progressive country movement of the '70s, particularly an Austin, TX-centered group of highly literate singer/songwriters like Townes Van Zandt, Guy Clark, and Jerry Jeff Walker, among others. The man who heralded the birth of alternative country-rock was Lyle Lovett, whose wit and eclecticism seemed to revitalize country's possibilities in the minds of many rock fans. But the first true alternative country-rock band was Uncle Tupelo, who at the start of their career fused punk and country in a far more reverent way than any band in the short-lived '80s cowpunk movement. Their cover of the A.P. Carter spiritual "No Depression" gave its name to their seminal 1990 debut album, the premier fanzine chronicling the alt-country scene, and a nickname to the movement in general. Uncle Tupelo soon became a more tradition-minded country-rock outfit, and following their 1993 landmark Anodyne split into two different bands, the staunchly revivalist Son Volt and the more pop-inflected Wilco; by that time, alternative country-rock itself had begun to split into several strains. One school was chiefly dedicated to reviving the Parsons/Young sound of the early '70s, sometimes adding elements of Beatlesque pop to their crunchy rockers and aching ballads. Others were sincere traditionalists, drawing from the most haunting qualities of old-time country and Appalachian folk while updating the lyrical sensibilities just enough. A related school made that old-timey sound into a soft, spare, ethereal hybrid of country and indie rock, usually featuring a female vocalist. Still other alt-country-rock bands brought a sense of humor to their traditionalist work, whether it was the good-natured wit of a twangy, rollicking bar band, or the flat-out weird irony of Lambchop. Alternative country-rock continued to produce new, critically acclaimed hybrid acts into the new millennium, with an increasing indie-rock flavor.
Brooks shattered the blueprint for what a country singer should sound like -– on stage and off. His music was a fusion of George Jones and James Taylor, and his concerts are like nothing a country fan has seen before or since. Brooks also changed the way that the format was thought about from a sales standpoint -– selling well over 100 million copies of his music, making a Brooks release date seem something akin to a national holiday for retailers across the globe.
This multiple JUNO award winning singer-songwriter is the clear heir apparent to The Tragically Hip, both in terms of writing energetic folk-rock with lyrical homage to Canada and for in his relative obscurity outside of the country. Hailing from Halifax, Nova Scotia, Plaskett has a prolific output that spans more than 20 years and includes 17 studio releases both with his 90s hard-rock band Thrush Hermit, his solo recordings and then with his band, the Joel Plaskett Emergency.
In Brazil, a musical genre known as música sertaneja, a very popular genre of music in Brazil, is very similar to American country music, sharing the music's rich history of development in the countryside. In South America, on the last weekend of September, the yearly San Pedro Country Music Festival[127] takes place in the town of San Pedro, Argentina. The festival features bands from different places of Argentina, as well as international artists from Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, Peru and the United States.
But commercialization proved a much stronger influence as country music became popular in all sections of the United States after World War II. In 1942 Roy Acuff, one of the most important country singers, co-organized in Nashville the first publishing house for country music. Hank Williams' meteoric rise to fame in the late 1940s helped establish Nashville as the undisputed centre of country music, with large recording studios and the Grand Ole Opry as its chief performing venue. In the 1950s and '60s country music became a huge commercial enterprise, with such leading performers as Tex Ritter, Johnny Cash, Tammy Wynette, Buck Owens, Merle Haggard, Patsy Cline, Loretta Lynn, and Charley Pride. Popular singers often recorded songs in a Nashville style, while many country music recordings employed lush orchestral backgrounds.
Leo, the Royal Cadet a light opera with music by Oscar Ferdinand Telgmann and a libretto by George Frederick Cameron was composed in Kingston, Ontario in 1889. The work centres on Nellie's love for Leo, a cadet at the Royal Military College of Canada who becomes a hero serving during the Anglo-Zulu War in 1879. The operetta focussed on typical character types, events and concerns of Telgmann and Cameron's time and place.[48]
Country music has enjoyed mainstream exposure and success throughout the '60s and '70s in the United Kingdom. However, this somewhat diminished in the '90s and 2000s. Though, there have been exceptions such as Garth Brooks and Shania Twain in the '90s (particularly the latter) and Taylor Swift, Carrie Underwood, Lady Antebellum and the Dixie Chicks in the 2000s. Crossover hits (in terms of singles and albums) within the country genre are few and far between and have been since the '80s. There are some British country music acts and publications. Although radio stations devoted to country are among the most popular in other Anglophone nations, none of the top 10 most-listened-to stations in the UK are country stations, and national broadcaster BBC Radio does not offer a full-time country station (BBC Radio 2 Country, a "pop-up" station, operated four days each year between 2015 and 2017). The BBC does offer a country show on BBC Radio 2 each week hosted by Bob Harris.[122] UK Country music is overseen by the British Country Music Association.
Carrie Underwood was one of several country stars produced by a television series in the 2000s. In addition to Underwood, American Idol launched the careers of Kellie Pickler, Josh Gracin, Bucky Covington, Kristy Lee Cook, Danny Gokey, Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery (as well as that of occasional country singer Kelly Clarkson) in the decade, and would continue to launch country careers in the 2010s. The series Nashville Star, while not nearly as successful as Idol, did manage to bring Miranda Lambert, Kacey Musgraves and Chris Young to mainstream success, also launching the careers of lower-profile musicians such as Buddy Jewell, Sean Patrick McGraw, and Canadian musician George Canyon. Can You Duet? produced the duos Steel Magnolia and Joey + Rory. Teen sitcoms also have influenced modern country music; in 2008, actress Jennette McCurdy (best known as the sidekick Sam on the teen sitcom iCarly) released her first single, "So Close", following that with the single "Generation Love" in 2011. Another teen sitcom star, Miley Cyrus (of Hannah Montana), also had a crossover hit in the late 2000s with "The Climb" and another with a duet with her father, Billy Ray Cyrus, with "Ready, Set, Don't Go." Jana Kramer, an actress in the teen drama One Tree Hill, released a country album in 2012 that has produced two hit singles as of 2013. Actresses Hayden Panettiere and Connie Britton began recording country songs as part of their roles in the TV series Nashville.
Alt-country is such a hard genre to define that the wonderful music magazine devoted to it proclaimed itself the "alternative-country (whatever that is) bi-monthly." For our best alt-country albums list, we've chosen to focus on albums with significant country elements operating outside of the mainstream country music industry. So country stars we love like Kacey Musgraves and Chris Stapleton didn't make the cut. Neither did folky Americana acts like Josh Ritter, The Civil Wars or First Aid Kit, though we're huge fans of all three.
With the exception of a few artists, modern country has taken a hard left turn for the worse over the past two decades. Ask some people, and they might even say country's become a shell of its former self. Sturgill Simpson is not one of those people—mostly because he doesn't seem to care what is happening within the confines of the country music world. Instead the Kentucky-born singer looks to more far-out places on his second full-length, Metamodern Sounds In Country Music. One of the first things you'll notice is Simpson's voice, which conjures the ghost of Waylon Jennings. Producer Dave Cobb's warm production can't be overstated—it holds the entire thing together and also makes Metamodern Sounds a shelf-worthy addition next to the greats. If you don't like country music, don't bother. But if you do have an ear for Waylon and Willie and the boys, then you'll find plenty to love. Simpson may reside in Nashville these days, but he's operating on a completely different plane. Here's hoping his own mind-expanding experiments will expand the minds of listeners as well.—Mark Lore
Other acts who became prominent in the alt-country genre during the 1990s and 2000s included The Bottle Rockets, The Handsome Family, Blue Mountain, Robbie Fulks, Blood Oranges, Bright Eyes, Drive-By Truckers, Old 97's, Old Crow Medicine Show, Nickel Creek, Neko Case, and Whiskeytown, whose lead singer Ryan Adams later had a successful solo-career.[95] Alt-country, in various iterations overlapped with other genres, including Red Dirt country music (Cross Canadian Ragweed), jam bands (My Morning Jacket and The String Cheese Incident), and indie folk (The Avett Brothers).
Australian country music has a long tradition. Influenced by American country music, it has developed a distinct style, shaped by British and Irish folk ballads and Australian bush balladeers like Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson. Country instruments, including the guitar, banjo, fiddle and harmonica, create the distinctive sound of country music in Australia and accompany songs with strong storyline and memorable chorus.
In the Philippines, country music has found their way into Cordilleran way of life, which often compared Igorot way of life to the American cowboys. Baguio City has a FM station that caters to country music, DZWR 99.9 Country, which is part of the Catholic Media Network. And Bombo Radyo Baguio has a segment on its Sunday slot for Igorot, Ilocano and country music.
Authoring a song that would launch almost a 100 covers, 'Hallelujah' is just a small sliver of Leonard Cohen's immense contribution to music over the past five decades. The accomplished poet and novelist was the toast of the Montreal literary scene before he turned to music to become the foremost songwriter of his era. His meditations on love, faith, despair and politics could be conveyed in even the simplest of terms. Songs like 'Suzanne' and 'Bird on the Wire' and 'Sisters of Mercy' would cement his reputation as a in-demand folk songwriter, spawning hits for countless other artists, but no one could replace Cohen's deep, resonant voice.
Alternative Country refers to country bands that play traditional country but bend the rules slightly. They don't conform to Nashville's hitmaking traditions, nor do they follow the accepted "outlaw" route to notoriety. Instead, alternative country bands work outside of the country industry's spotlight, frequently subverting musical traditions with singer/songwriter and rock & roll lyrical (and musical) aesthetics.
In the past, country music had an extensive presence, especially on the Canadian national broadcaster, CBC Television. The show Don Messer's Jubilee significantly affected country music in Canada; for instance, it was the program that launched Anne Murray's career. Gordie Tapp's Country Hoedown and its successor, The Tommy Hunter Show, ran for a combined 36 years on the CBC, from 1956 to 1992; in its last nine years on air, the U.S. cable network TNN carried Hunter's show.
Drawing at the well alongside Randy Newman and Townes Van Zandt, the laconic, demure Lovett is a hard-luck romantic unopposed to good humor or the occasional murder ballad. Rarely eliciting emotional extremes, he's a superb magician nonetheless; with a quick turn of phrase listeners are transported into new skin. When Lovett sings, "put down that flyswatter, and pour me some ice water" on the five-star Joshua Judges Ruth, I'm rising early for carpenter's work on a hot July morning in southeast Texas. If alt-country takes traditional country songs and adds new elements, Lovett pulls the genre in a more soulful direction with his wry wit always on full display.—Jeff Elbel
In 2010, the group Lady Antebellum won five Grammys, including the coveted Song of the Year and Record of the Year for "Need You Now".[100] A large number of duos and vocal groups emerged on the charts in the 2010s, many of which feature close harmony in the lead vocals. In addition to Lady Antebellum, groups such as Herrick, The Quebe Sisters Band, Little Big Town, The Band Perry, Gloriana, Thompson Square, Eli Young Band, Zac Brown Band and British duo The Shires have emerged to occupy a large portion of the new country artists in the popular scene along with solo singers Kacey Musgraves and Miranda Lambert.
With a name like The Tragically Hip, the bluesy-Canadian rock outfit sealed their fate by being cool to Canadian audiences but never cracking the US and world markets. They've been called "Canada's R.E.M" (only by Americans, we suspect) for their clever lyricism and their roots-rock meets alt-country sound. With a staggering amount of hit songs and albums under their belt from the past 30 years, they are part of Canada's cultural identity, so much so that when beloved frontmen Gord Downie performed his last concert with the band in 2016, 11.7 million Canadians tuned in to watch.
Derived from the traditional Western and honky tonk musical styles of the late 1950s and 1960s, including Ray Price (whose band, the "Cherokee Cowboys", included Willie Nelson and Roger Miller) and mixed with the anger of an alienated subculture of the nation during the period, outlaw country revolutionized the genre of country music. "After I left Nashville (the early 70s), I wanted to relax and play the music that I wanted to play, and just stay around Texas, maybe Oklahoma. Waylon and I had that outlaw image going, and when it caught on at colleges and we started selling records, we were O.K. The whole outlaw thing, it had nothing to do with the music, it was something that got written in an article, and the young people said, 'Well, that's pretty cool.' And started listening." (Willie Nelson)[65] The term outlaw country is traditionally associated with Willie Nelson, Jerry Jeff Walker,[66] Hank Williams, Jr., Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Joe Ely,[67] Steve Young, David Allan Coe, John Prine, Billy Joe Shaver, Gary Stewart, Townes Van Zandt, Kris Kristofferson, Michael Martin Murphey, Tompall Glaser, Steve Earle, and the later career renaissance of Johnny Cash, with a few female vocalists such as Jessi Colter, Sammi Smith, Tanya Tucker and Rosanne Cash. It was encapsulated in the 1976 album Wanted! The Outlaws.
If there has ever been a manual on how to build a career, Kenny Chesney would be its case study. He started slow -- earning his first top 10 hit in 1995 -- but by the early part of the next decade, Chesney was in the fast lane. He hasn't pulled over since. His records run the gamut from tropical-based hits as "No Shoes, No Shirt, No Problems" to thought-provoking slices of life as "When I Close My Eyes" or "Don't Blink." Whether it's on record or his stage show, nobody works harder than Kenny Chesney.
During the mid-1980s, a group of new artists began to emerge who rejected the more polished country-pop sound that had been prominent on radio and the charts, in favor of more, traditional, "back-to-basics" production. Many of the artists during the latter half of the 1980s drew on traditional honky-tonk, bluegrass, folk and western swing. Artists who typified this sound included Travis Tritt, Reba McEntire, George Strait, Keith Whitley, Alan Jackson, Ricky Skaggs, Patty Loveless, Kathy Mattea, Randy Travis, Dwight Yoakam, and The Judds.
The 1970s saw the growth of the "outlaw" music of prominent Nashville expatriates Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings. The gap between country and the mainstream of pop music continued to narrow in that decade and the next as electric guitars replaced more traditional instruments and country music became more acceptable to a national urban audience. Country retained its vitality into the late 20th century with such diverse performers as Dolly Parton, Randy Travis, Garth Brooks, Reba McEntire, Emmylou Harris, and Lyle Lovett. Despite its embrace of other popular styles, country music retained an unmistakable character as one of the few truly indigenous American musical styles.
Brooks shattered the blueprint for what a country singer should sound like -– on stage and off. His music was a fusion of George Jones and James Taylor, and his concerts are like nothing a country fan has seen before or since. Brooks also changed the way that the format was thought about from a sales standpoint -– selling well over 100 million copies of his music, making a Brooks release date seem something akin to a national holiday for retailers across the globe.
The Tamworth Country Music Festival began in 1973 and now attracts up to 100,000 visitors annually. Held in Tamworth, New South Wales (country music capital of Australia), it celebrates the culture and heritage of Australian country music. During the festival the CMAA holds the Country Music Awards of Australia ceremony awarding the Golden Guitar trophies. Other significant country music festivals include the Whittlesea Country Music Festival (near Melbourne) and the Mildura Country Music Festival for "independent" performers during October, and the Canberra Country Music Festival held in the national capital during November.
The third generation (1950s–1960s) started at the end of World War II with "mountaineer" string band music known as bluegrass, which emerged when Bill Monroe, along with Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs were introduced by Roy Acuff at the Grand Ole Opry. Gospel music remained a popular component of country music. Another type of stripped-down and raw music with a variety of moods and a basic ensemble of guitar, bass, dobro or steel guitar (and later drums) became popular, especially among poor whites in Texas and Oklahoma. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the ranchera music of Mexico and the border states. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, and honky tonk was played by most country bands. Rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music, with Johnny Cash emerging as one of the most popular and enduring representatives of the rockabilly genre; rockabilly was also a starting point for eventual rock-and-roll superstar Elvis Presley, who would return to his country roots near the end of his life. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the Nashville sound turned country music into a multimillion-dollar industry centered in Nashville, Tennessee; Patsy Cline and Jim Reeves were two of the most broadly popular Nashville sound artists, and their deaths in separate plane crashes in the early 1960s were a factor in the genre's decline. The late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres. In the aftermath of the British Invasion, many desired a return to the "old values" of rock n' roll. At the same time there was a lack of enthusiasm in the country sector for Nashville-produced music. What resulted was a crossbred genre known as country rock.


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