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Ethereum mining has seen massive improvements in industrialization of GPUs, says Monero's Riccardo Spagni
Riccardo Spagni, the lead developer of Monero, opined on whether Monero [XMR] was currently more decentralized than Bitcoin [BTC], during an interview with Monero Talk. This argument was put forth after taking into consideration the fact that Bitcoin was purely ASIC mined, in a market where only a handful of manufacturers produced the ASICs and big mining pools ran those ASICs.
Spagni began the discussion by stating that he was "hesitant" to say that Monero was more decentralized than Bitcoin. He also pointed out the fact that despite a lot of ASIC manufacturers being in China, there were several others across the globe producing "interesting things to a greater or lesser degree," which were "quite promising." He added,
"[…] as 7nm ASICs come out, I think we're going to come up against the performance wall very quickly. So, manufacturers will not be able to present new equipment that have massive gains because they'll all be manufacturing on roughly the same level and the jump from 7nm to 5nm is massive and that's many many years away[…]"
FluffyPony also stated that Bitcoin miners were spread out around the world, adding that mining was previously dominated by Chinese miners. It has since decreased owing to a "big scare" about the government placing a ban on it, he said. Spagni further stated that at present, there were large mining farms in the United States, Europe, and particularly, Sweden, Norway, Greenland, and Iceland.
Spagni stressed on the relative increase in the number of mining farms in places with cheap power and "where the weather plays its part." He added that this was, on the contrary, not the case with Saharan Africa, South Africa, or Australia as these places did not have a combination of the factors required for mining. He said,
[…] frankly, there's a limited number of countries where you can build an efficient mining farm; partly because you need reasonably good internet access, you need weather that is predominantly cool or at least cool for some months of the year, you need access to cheap power."
This was followed by Spagni stating that mining would be dominated by large mining farms, regardless of whether its ASIC mining or GPU mining. He stated that these farms would exist in roughly 30-40 countries, adding that this was "how mining was going to be centralized in the future and will continue to."
Spagni then stated that Monero was on the same track as that of Bitcoin. He said that people often forget that CPU and GPU mining "appears to be egalitarian" in terms of "reward size." However, as the value of Monero increases, the potential reward for miners also increases, and this in turn will lead to professional miners stepping into the market, resulting in "small home users crowded out." He said,
"[…] you really have are like highly competitive large-scale farms you know that are competing against each other and then a couple of kids and dorm rooms that are abusing the free electricity and that's your mining component. And I think that's where Bitcoin has gone and honestly ASICs help with that […]"
He went on to state that the reason for this was that it would be easier to build an industrial-class ASIC, than creating an industrial level mining computer. He added,
[…] It's easy to cool them you know you can do all sorts of fancy things like you can buy a container filled with Asics to mine Bitcoin you dropped the container down wherever plugging power plug it, in turn, it off you go and they exist right now you can go buy them […]"
Spagni clarified that this was not the case with GPU mining yet, adding that it was not "quite the economies of scale," as with ASICs. Nevertheless, FluffyPony stated that GPU mining would reach the same level as ASICs if Monero continued to gain in value. He stated,
"[…] we've seen massive improvements in industrialization of GPUs for Ethereum mining because Ethereum mining has been so profitable. So, you know, if Monero mining has the potential to be that profitable, we're gonna see exactly the same thing happen."
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Tron's Justin Sun claims stablecoins will be key to cryptocurrency development
The Justin Sun-led Tron has been in the news multiple times recently, thanks to its regular updates and noticeable price hikes. The CEO has also played a very active role in promoting the cryptocurrency, as exhibited by his recent AMA on Periscope.
Sun focused on how the initial success with protocol governance in the Tron ecosystem paved the way for future developments in the blockchain. The CEO stated,
"Tron had 27 Super Representatives passing 17 new protocols out of which 10 were voted in and accepted. Tron is also the third blockchain after Ethereum to be associated with the stablecoin Tether."
Justin Sun further opined that 2019 was the year of the stablecoins and that inked assets will be a key focal point when it comes to future developments. He believes that the stablecoin system is the ecosystem in which centralized finance will be taking off. Sun added,
"We will be collaborating with more parties to boost Tether USDT use cases in the TRX ecosystem."
The Tron Foundation had launched Tether on the TRX blockchain in April to much fanfare, with Tron tweeting,
"Today #USDT is launched on TRON's blockchain. $USDT is issued by @Tether_to on the #TRON network based on #TRC20 protocol. There will also be a total reward of 20 million $USDT for 100 days. $USDT will be fast, free and smart! #TRX #BTT"
This program was later postponed due to certain discrepancies that came to light post the Tether-Bitfinex episode. Another topic touched on by the Tron CEO was the much-celebrated BitTorrent, which has come a long way since its acquisition by Tron in 2018. Sun admitted that BitTorrent was 'integral' to the overall growth of Tron's development cycle. BTT recently completed its fifth airdrop on June 11, right after the Tron blockchain had breached the 10 million mark in terms of block height. The BTT airdrop involved the transfer of close to a billion tokens which were sent as a reward to TRX holders.
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how to implement user authentication against LDAP Server?
how can i implement user authentication against LDAP Server from Microsoft active directory. Need a over view detail approach .
See also questions close to this topic
Kerberos Integration with MapR for user authentication with the AD (Active Directory)
Kerberos Integration with MapR for user authentication with the AD (Active Directory) please share any kind of suggestion or any links.
- ArgumentNullException: Value cannot be null. Parameter name: connectionString
An error stopped the authentication process, error is: The specified domain either does not exist or could not be contacted
Error Message; An error stopped the authentication process, error is: The specified domain either does not exist or could not be contacted.
What I did; I tried accessing a remote server to test the development process. A user remote access permission was granted to me but i still can't manage to get the login form that prompts for the server anytime I run the application.
What I expected; I expect to get a login form as soon as i run the application but instead i am getting an authentication error as the client.
Kubernetes - Connecting to external ldap server from node in Kubernetes cluster
Problem:- I have deployed one application on Kubernetes cluster. Application is using active directory authentication by connecting to ldap server available in client domain. From deployed application(in Kubernetes) I am not able to connect to ldap server. Getting connection related error.
Question:- Do I need to add ldap server in firewall rules in GCP or do I need to change any setting?
Background of the application:- Application consist of front-end developed in Angular and back-end web api in asp.net core. I have created docker images for both front-end(Angular part) and back-end(web api asp.net core). Both docker images are deployed in Kubernetes cluster. In login API response, I am getting ldap server connection related error. In below given code, it's going inside catch block.
Note:- I have deployed same application(without docker images) on GCP server(which is in client domain), where I am not getting any error while connecting to ldap server.
Check which I have done from my side:- From node in Kubernetes cluster, I have tried to execute curl command with ldap server. but it trowed error like "Protocol "ldap" not supported or disabled in libcurl".
Below is ldap server connection related asp.net web api core code:-
bool isValid = true; int ldapPort = LdapConnection.DEFAULT_PORT; System.String ldapHost = _ldapConSettings.Value.ldapHost; System.String loginDN = (_ldapConSettings.Value.domainName + @"\" + userName); System.String pass = password; System.String objectDN = String.Format(_ldapConSettings.Value.objectDN, userName); System.String name = parameters.UserName; LdapConnection conn = new LdapConnection(); conn.Connect(ldapHost, ldapPort); // Authenticate to the server //conn.Bind(loginDN, pass); if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(loginDN)) { try { conn.Bind(loginDN, pass); isValid = true; } catch (Exception ex) { isValid = false; return Json(new ResponseData { Code = "104", Message = "Unable to eastablish connection with active directory.." + ' ' + ex.Message.ToString(), Data = null }); } }
Java - How to Configure LDAP Authentication?
I want to use LDAP Authentication to login the system. And I configure ldap properties with xml file. Unexpectedly, I got this error while compiling the project.
PropertyAccessException 1: org.springframework.beans.MethodInvocationException: Property 'base' threw exception; nested exception is org.springframework.ldap.BadLdapGrammarException: Failed to parse DN; nested exception is org.springframework.ldap.core.ParseException: Encountered "#" at line 1, column 1. Was expecting one of: ATTRIBUTE_TYPE_STRING ... LDAP_OID ... " " ...
url=ldap://test.example.com:389 base=DC=test,DC=example,DC=com userDn=username encryptedPassword=owakasdrlscdkdmmweils
<bean id="contextSource" class="org.springframework.ldap.core.support.LdapContextSource"> <property name="url" value="#{ldapProperties.url}" /> <property name="base" value="#{ldapProperties.base}" /> <property name="userDn" value="#{ldapProperties.userDn}" /> </bean> <bean id="ldapTemplate" class="org.springframework.ldap.core.LdapTemplate"> <constructor-arg ref="contextSource" /> </bean>
How can I avoid this situation? Thank you for your help.

subset: commoncrawl


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Published at Thursday, October 18th 2018, 00:51:09 AM by Quentin Bourque. Pillows and Throws. Pillows are items generally used to support and cushion a part of the body. They consist of an outer case that contains some kind of stuffing. Some may be stuffed with feathers, but these are costly pillows and not suitable for the many people who are allergic to feathers. Hence a polyester stuffing is available as an alternative, or even polystyrene beads.
Published at Sunday, June 24th 2018, 10:42:06 AM. Halloween Decoration By Fabien Dubos. You will also want to think about how scary you would like your decorations to be. If you're opening up your Halloween party to include children then you may want to keep the scariness down to a minimum. You don't want to give your guest's children nightmares for a week after the actual party. When expecting kids, stick more to decorations and accessories that still have elements of the classic Halloween themes, but that are more on the humorous or light hearted side and are age appropriate for your guests.
Published at Sunday, June 17th 2018, 10:27:36 AM. Home Accent By Robin Rapace. Home accents are the things such as bookcases, magazine racks, storage, shelving, storage cabinets, jewelry amoires, pillows, mirrors, coat racks, clocks, wall arts, accent tables and many more. These pieces will transform a dry, dull and lifeless home into something alive, vibrant and chic. Most homeowners would just buy furniture and would usually forget to put the right accent that goes with them. A sofa set needs the right centrepiece on its center table. The bedroom needs the right mirror that blends with the room's theme or motif. An ordinary living room will have a sophisticated and modern look if it is accented with a wall art. A study room can also have a modern flair. There are stylish and contemporary shelving or storage pieces that can create a modern look to an ordinary study room. A contemporary bathroom can also be transformed with a new look when it has the right accents such as a mirror and a decorative wall art.
Published at Sunday, June 17th 2018, 10:24:36 AM. Wall Decor By Quentin Bourque. How many times have you looked in a modern or contemporary home and noticed that it looks a lot like an art gallery? Why not use this effect to it's full potential. If you are creating a contemporary living room, why not use this space as your own personal gallery to show off a special sculpture or piece of wall art. You can use lighting to visually point everyone's eyes towards the piece as soon as they enter the room. You can even arrange the furniture in the room so guests can take a seat and contemplate the beauty in front of them.
Published at Saturday, June 16th 2018, 10:24:33 AM. Home Accent By Nathalie Bombelles. Lawrence Essentials has carved a beautiful rectangle bud vase, which is made out of resin. This vase makes lilacs look really elegant. Jan Barboglio's collections have two really distinct votive holders. The Basket Flower Candle Holder is made up of iron and holds a hand-blown glass for votives. This piece will add warmth to your home. The Rail Votive Holder is an iron railroad candle holder that can hold up to 12 votives. This hand finished piece is quite an embellishment.
Published at Saturday, June 09th 2018, 10:24:30 AM. Wall Decor By Marine Jacquier. Wallpaper patterns inside the late 1800s featured trellises by means of Gothic inspiration in earthy shades with leaf and floral work and were used in all rooms. Use the wall decal, along through a locker shelf and a locker mirror and before you'll it you would have a nicely decorated locker. In either case, be sure that you are comfortable by means of the locations of the colleges. Wall decals are also sometimes referred to as wall graphics, wall appliques, otherwise wall decal.
Published at Wednesday, June 06th 2018, 10:18:04 AM. Home Accent By Magali Courbis. Traditional a more classic design is more elegant and refined then some other interior design styles. It may have some traditional elements appearing here and there like glass panels or raised accents separated by wood strips. Lustrous wood finishes can be highlighted with metals like brass or metallic-tone hardware to give them a shine and standout appeal. While traditional design is charming and elegant in its own way, contemporary design is a pleasure for the eyes. Contemporary design would feature sleek cabinets, plain panel doors. Home accent hardware to go with this design should be inconspicuous and subtle. Unobtrusive hardware would bring out/highlight the contemporary design.
Published at Tuesday, June 05th 2018, 10:18:00 AM. Window Treatment By Fabien Dubos. For complete sunlight protection and privacy, the benefits of using screens are outstanding. It is the vital part of decoration in Asian and Spanish homes. The striking patterns of grill work screen are highly appealing. When style is your important concern, shades are selected depending on the style of the room. The roller shades and sun control shades come in special designs that will smoothly blend with the décor. The curtains are another type of windows treatment that adds a touch of elegance to the surroundings at a lower cost. This cost-effective method is very popular in regulating sunlight and privacy. The curtains with a fixed drapery will suit with any interior arrangements in the most beautiful way.
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Alphabet Printable Coloring Pages
Complete Alphabet Colouring Pages Wanted Coloring Of Letters For Within Printable
desudesu.org - On this article we recommend you 11 images about Alphabet Printable Coloring Pages that we have collected from any source about Coloring Page. Coloring Page and Coloring Book, and of course what we provide is the most best of images for Complete Alphabet Colouring Pages Wanted Coloring Of Letters For Within Printable. If you like images on our website, please do not hesitate to visit again and get inspiration about Coloring Page and Coloring Book of our images collection.
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Quality Hotel Mermaid Waters
Corner Markeri Street And Sunshine Boulevard , Mermaid Waters QLD 4218
Superior King
Quality Hotel Mermaid Waters is the closest 4 star full serviced hotel to the Gold Coast Convention Centre. It is also just 6km to Surfers Paradise and 1km to Jupiter's Casino and Pacific Fair Shopping Centre. Free shuttle is available to these destinations 8 times daily, 7 days a week. Mermaid Waters features 104 Rooms and Junior Suites, well appointed spacious and air-conditioned rooms many overlooking the pool or garden. Hotel facilities include a licensed sports bar, café, gaming lounge and restaurant. It has boardroom and 3 conference rooms with capacity of up to 320 guests which are ideal for corporate and private events as well as weddings. Free car and coach parking are available.
- 24 Hour Reception
- Air Conditioning
- Baggage Holding Room
- Bar on Premises
- Barbecue
- Babysitting Available
- Business Service Available
- Cafe
- Parking - Car Space Available
- Child Minding Facilities
- Conference Facilities
- Cots Available
- Courtesy Transfers
- Day Tours/Tour Desk
- Drycleaning
- Disabled Facilities
- Currency Exchange
- Games Room
- High Rise (3 Floors or More)
- Hotel
- Lift
- Guest Laundry
- Low Rise (2 Floors or Less)
- Non Smoking Property
- Parking - Outdoor Parking
- Children's Play Area
- Pool
- Restaurant - On Premises
- Room Service Available
- Safety Deposit Box Available
- Pay Wi-Fi
- Free Wi-Fi
Reception Hours:
24 hours.
Check In:
Check Out:
Number Of Rooms:
Number Of Floors:
Distance To Nearest Airport:
Distance To Nearest Beach:
Distance To Nearest Public Transport:
Restaurant Info:
Bar Info:
Credit Cards Accepted:
All major credit cards.
Note that a credit card may be requested upon check-in as a form of security deposit.
Disabled Facilities:
Disabled room(s) available on request.
Childrens Facilities:
Babysitting available on request, charges apply, payable direct.
Driving Info:
Parking facilities available on-site.
Transfer Info:
Free shuttle is available to certain destinations 8 times daily, 7 days a week.
Important Information:
Dates and Passenger details
Retrieving information....


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Sir William Cornwallis
Admiral William Cornwallis after a Portrait by Daniel Gardner, Published in the Naval Chronicle
|Member of Parliament
for Eye
|In office
|In office
|In office
|In office
|Member of Parliament
for Portsmouth
|In office
|Personal details
|10 February 1744
|5 July 1819 75)(aged
|Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, Viscount Charles Townshend
|Military service
|Blue Billy [1] Coachee, Billy go tight and Mr Whip
Great Britain and Ireland
|Years of service
| HMS Wasp
HMS Swift
Admiral Sir William Cornwallis, GCB (10 February 1744 – 5 July 1819) was a Royal Navy officer. He was the brother of Charles Cornwallis, the 1st Marquess Cornwallis, British commander at the siege of Yorktown. Cornwallis took part in a number of decisive battles including the Siege of Louisbourg in 1758 and the Battle of the Saintes but is best known as a friend of Lord Nelson and as the commander-in-chief of the Channel Fleet during the Napoleonic Wars. He is depicted in the Horatio Hornblower novel, Hornblower and the Hotspur .
Admiral is a senior rank of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom, which equates to the NATO rank code OF-9, outranked only by the rank of admiral of the fleet. Royal Navy officers holding the ranks of rear admiral, vice admiral and admiral of the fleet are sometimes considered generically to be admirals. The rank of admiral is currently the highest rank to which a serving officer in the Royal Navy can be promoted, admiral of the fleet being in abeyance except for honorary promotions of retired officers and members of the Royal Family.
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years War against the Kingdom of France. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century; the oldest of the UK's armed services, it is known as the Senior Service.
Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis,, styled Viscount Brome between 1753 and 1762 and known as The Earl Cornwallis between 1762 and 1792, was a British Army general and official. In the United States and the United Kingdom he is best remembered as one of the leading British generals in the American War of Independence. His surrender in 1781 to a combined American and French force at the Siege of Yorktown ended significant hostilities in North America. He also served as a civil and military governor in Ireland and India; in both places he brought about significant changes, including the Act of Union in Ireland, and the Cornwallis Code and the Permanent Settlement in India.
His affectionate contemporary nickname from the ranks was Billy Blue and a sea shanty was written during his period of service, reflecting the admiration his men had for him. [2]
A sea shanty, chantey, or chanty is a type of work song that was once commonly sung to accompany labor on board large merchant sailing vessels. The term shanty most accurately refers to a specific style of work song belonging to this historical repertoire. However, in recent, popular usage, the scope of its definition is sometimes expanded to admit a wider range of repertoire and characteristics, or to refer to a "maritime work song" in general.
William Cornwallis was born 10 February 1744. His father was Charles the fifth baron and first earl Cornwallis and his mother was Elizabeth, daughter of Viscount Charles Townshend. William was the younger brother of General Charles Cornwallis.
Charles Cornwallis, 1st Earl Cornwallis, styled The Honourable Charles Cornwallis until 1722 and known as The Lord Cornwallis between 1722 and 1753, was a British peer.
Baron is a rank of nobility or title of honour, often hereditary. The female equivalent is baroness.
An earl is a member of the nobility. The title is Anglo-Saxon in origin, akin to the Scandinavian form jarl, and meant "chieftain", particularly a chieftain set to rule a territory in a king's stead. In Scandinavia, it became obsolete in the Middle Ages and was replaced by duke (hertig/hertug/hertog). In later medieval Britain, it became the equivalent of the continental count. However, earlier in Scandinavia, jarl could also mean a sovereign prince. For example, the rulers of several of the petty kingdoms of Norway had the title of jarl and in many cases they had no less power than their neighbours who had the title of king. Alternative names for the rank equivalent to "earl/count" in the nobility structure are used in other countries, such as the hakushaku of the post-restoration Japanese Imperial era.
The young William entered the navy in 1755 aboard the 80-gun HMS Newark bound for North America in the fleet of Admiral Edward Boscawen. Cornwallis was shortly after exchanged into HMS Kingston and was present in her at the Siege of Louisbourg in 1758. The siege was one of the pivotal battles of the war. Louisbourg was the only deep water harbour that the French controlled in North America, and its capture enabled the British to launch an attack on Quebec City. General James Wolfe's attack on Quebec and victory at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham saw the beginning of the end of French colonisation in North America.
HMS Newark was an 80-gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched at Hull on 3 June 1695.
Admiral Edward Boscawen, PC was an Admiral in the Royal Navy and Member of Parliament for the borough of Truro, Cornwall. He is known principally for his various naval commands during the 18th century and the engagements that he won, including the Siege of Louisburg in 1758 and Battle of Lagos in 1759. He is also remembered as the officer who signed the warrant authorising the execution of Admiral John Byng in 1757, for failing to engage the enemy at the Battle of Minorca (1756). In his political role, he served as a Member of Parliament for Truro from 1742 until his death although due to almost constant naval employment he seems not to have been particularly active. He also served as one of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty on the Board of Admiralty from 1751 and as a member of the Privy Council from 1758 until his death in 1761.
HMS Kingston was a 60-gun fourth rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, built by Frame in Hull and launched on 13 March 1697. She had an eventful career, taking part in numerous engagements.
When the Kingston returned to England in 1759, Cornwallis was taken aboard the 60-gun Dunkirk by Captain Robert Digby. During the planned French invasion of Britain in 1759 the Dunkirk was with Admiral Edward Hawke's squadron and took part in the Battle of Quiberon Bay against the French fleet under Admiral Conflans. The victory was part of what became known as Annus Mirabilis of 1759 and in concert with the other victories of that year gave the Royal Navy almost complete dominance over the oceans for over a century. The succession of victories led Horace Walpole to remark "our bells are worn threadbare ringing for victories". [3]
HMS Dunkirk was a 60-gun fourth-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, built at Woolwich Dockyard to the draught specified by the 1745 Establishment as amended in 1750, and launched on 22 July 1754.
Admiral Robert Digby was an officer in the Royal Navy officer who also served briefly as a Member of Parliament (MP). He is the namesake of Digby, Nova Scotia.
Admiral of the Fleet Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke, KB, PC was a Royal Navy officer. As captain of the third-rate HMS Berwick he took part in the Battle of Toulon in February 1744 during the War of the Austrian Succession. He also captured six ships of a French squadron in the Bay of Biscay in the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre in October 1747.
Cornwallis remained in the Dunkirk when she was assigned to the Mediterranean fleet then commanded by Admiral Charles Saunders. Dunkirk was detached on blockade duty, ensuring the French fleet remained in the city of Heraklion, Crete. Cornwallis moved to Saunders' flagship HMS Neptune where he remained for little over a year. On 5 April 1761 Cornwallis passed his examination for lieutenant and was promoted into the newly commissioned third-rate HMS Thunderer. In July 1761 Cornwallis was with Thunderer and two other line-of-battle ships blockading Cadiz. Two French ships escaped the blockade and the British squadron set off in pursuit. Thunderer caught up with the 64-gun Achille and captured her in a single-ship action that lasted about half an hour. The British lost seventeen killed and one hundred and thirteen wounded.
Admiral Sir Charles Saunders, KB was a Royal Navy officer. He commanded the fourth-rate HMS Gloucester and led her in action at the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre in October 1747 during the War of the Austrian Succession. After serving as Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, English Channel in charge of the Western Squadron between October 1758 and May 1759). He took command of the fleet tasked with carrying James Wolfe to Quebec in January 1759 and consolidated the dead general's victory after the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in September 1759 by devoting great energy to keeping the British Army, now under the command of Colonel George Townshend, well supplied during the Seven Years' War. He later became Senior Naval Lord and then First Lord of the Admiralty.
A blockade is an effort to cut off supplies, war material or communications from a particular area by force, either in part or totally. A blockade should not be confused with an embargo or sanctions, which are legal barriers to trade. It is also distinct from a siege in that a blockade is usually directed at an entire country or region, rather than a fortress or city. While most blockades historically took place at sea, blockade is still used on land to prevent someone coming into a certain area.
Heraklion or Heraclion is the largest city and the administrative capital of the island of Crete and capital of Heraklion regional unit. It is the fifth largest city in Greece. According to the results of the 2011 census, the municipality's population was 173,993 and according to the results of 2011 census, the metropolitan area has a population of 225,574 and it extends over an area of 684.3 km2 (264.2 sq mi).
In July 1762 Cornwallis received his first command in the 8-gun sloop-of-war HMS Wasp. In 1763 he was given command of the more powerful and newly launched 14-gun HMS Swift. He continued in her into the peace with France after the Treaty of Paris had ended the war in 1763. During the peace in 1765 he was promoted post-captain and given command of the 44-gun HMS Prince Edward. He commanded her until she was paid off and the ship was sold in 1766. In September of the same year he was given command of HMS Guadeloupe and was variously employed throughout the peace between the Seven Years' War and the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War.
When the French lent their official support to the American cause in 1778 with the Treaty of Alliance and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce, the war between Britain and the United States became a global war. Captain Cornwallis was in command of the newly commissioned HMS Lion. The Lion was sent, with Admiral John Byron, to the West Indies.
When war was officially declared, the Comte d'Estaing, the French naval commander in North America swiftly captured the islands of Saint Vincent and Grenada. Byron on hearing the news that Saint Vincent had been captured assembled his forces but on his way to recapture the island he received intelligence that d'Estaing and his fleet were in the process of capturing Grenada. Byron consequently took his fleet to Grenada in the hopes of engaging them and preventing the capture of Grenada. The island however had only held out for two days and was already in French hands.
The Battle of Grenada took place on 6 July 1779 d'Estaing saw the British fleet of 21 ships of the line approaching and weighed anchor. Byron gave chase and attempted to form line of battle as per the Sailing and Fighting Instructions set down by Admiral Blake in 1653. d'Estaing, realising that his force although superior in guns was not so in numbers, had ordered his captains not to engage directly but to bear away when British ships approached and to bear down on any individual ship that might through wind or poor seamanship become separated from the line.
This tactic proved successful and d'Estaing's ships managed to escape the superior force causing considerable damage to three of the British ships. Cornwallis' Lion was one of those ships and when he became separated from the British fleet she was forced to break away and make a run for Jamaica rather than risk capture. [4] Lion suffered a reported 21 killed and 30 wounded. [4]
During his time in the West Indies, Cornwallis came to own, then later free the "doctoress" Cubah Cornwallis. Cubah became Cornwallis' mistress and housekeeper in Port Royal, Jamaica. Later she treated Cornwallis' friend, Captain Horatio Nelson on his return from the disastrous mission to Nicaragua. She also treated Prince William Henry, later William IV, when he was stationed in the West Indies. [5]
Lion remained on the Jamaica station under the orders of Admiral Peter Parker and when she was repaired began a series of cruises in the West Indies. On 20 April 1780 Cornwallis was in command of a small squadron of two line-of-battle ships, the Lion and HMS Bristol and one large 44-gun frigate, HMS Janus.
Off Saint-Domingue the small British squadron discovered a convoy under the protection of 4 ships-of-the-line and one frigate commanded by Monsieur de la Motte Picquet. The French chased and the British ran. The French outsailed the British ships and when in range opened fire. The chase continued throughout the night and into the morning of the 21st. The breeze died and the two squadrons began to repair their damage. When the wind blew once more the chase renewed and continued throughout the night of the 21st and into the 22nd.
On the morning of the 22nd three sails appeared to leeward. The arrival of these new sails would determine the outcome of the battle. The newcomers proved to be the 64-gun HMS Ruby, the 32-gun HMS Niger and the 28-gun HMS Pomona. The French squadron bore away for Cap-Français, leaving the two small British squadrons to repair and make for Jamaica. The British squadron under Cornwallis had lost 12 killed including Captain Glover of the Janus.
Cornwallis returned to England in the Lion in June 1781 and was appointed to command the 74-gun third-rate HMS Canada. He immediately returned to the West Indies under the orders of Admiral Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood.
Canada was with Hood's fleet at the Battle of St. Kitts in 1782. Hood took his 21 ships of the line and lured the French fleet of 29 ships of the line under the Comte de Grasse from its anchorage at Basseterre on St. Kitts and then sailed into the roadstead and anchored. Hood then repulsed de Grasse's efforts to dislodge the British fleet. The Battle of Brimstone Hill sealed the fate of the island despite Hood's efforts and St. Kitts fell into French hands. With the island in enemy hands and the French fleet cruising off the harbour, Hood was forced to withdraw and made his way to Antigua. The Canada in Commodore Edmund Affleck's division suffered 1 killed and 12 wounded. [6] On 22 March Hood joined Admiral George Rodney's fleet in Barbados
Between 9 April 1782 and 12 April 1782, Canada made up part of the fleet of Admiral Rodney at the Battle of the Saintes. During the battle, Cornwallis and Canada were fourth in line on the starboard tack in the centre division between HMS Repulse and HMS St Albans. Canada sustained 35 casualties in total with 12 killed and the rest wounded. [7] The outcome of the battle meant that the French and Spanish abandoned their planned invasion of Britain's most valuable Caribbean island, Jamaica. The battle, although a victory for the English caused a great deal of controversy in later years that included Cornwallis' direct criticism in writing of Rodney. The final couplet of the poem said to have been written in Cornwallis' own hand reads:
Had a chief worthy Britain commanded our fleet,
Twenty-five good French ships had been laid at our feet. [8]
It appears that the criticisms of Admiral Hood and Cornwallis went unheard and Rodney was created a baron and given a life pension of £2,000 per year. Cornwallis was sent home under Rear-Admiral Thomas Graves with the convoy that included the captured French flagship Ville de Paris. A violent storm hit the convoy and the Ville de Paris sank along with several of the convoy and one of the escorts, HMS Centaur. [9] The convoy and her escorts finally arrived at Portsmouth and the Canada was paid off in October 1782.
In January 1783 Cornwallis was given command of HMS Ganges and in March of the same year was moved to HM Yacht Charlotte. The American Revolutionary war between Britain and the allied forces of America and France ended with Britain's defeat in September 1783 and the subsequent signing of the Treaty of Paris. With the peace came the downsizing of the navy. Cornwallis however remained employed in command of the Royal Yacht until 1787. In 1787 he was briefly given command of HMS Robust before hoisting his broad pennant as commodore in the 64-gun HMS Crown in October 1788 when he was appointed commander-in-chief of the East Indies Station.
In November 1791 Cornwallis ordered that French shipping be intercepted and searched for contraband. The British and French were not at war but the French were openly aiding the Tipu Sultan in his war against the British. Cornwallis detached Captain Richard Strachan in HMS Phoenix to intercept the French frigate Résolue and two French merchant ships that were heading for the French held port of Mangalore. The subsequent Battle of Tellicherry [10] [11] saw Phoenix capture and search all of the vessels. The local French commander was outraged and sent word back to France, but the French authorities were too busy with internal upheaval to pay the incident much notice.
Though the conflict with Tipu Sultan was over, the French Revolutionary Wars had only begun. Promoted to rear-admiral on 1 February 1793, Cornwallis remained in the area and aided in the capture of Pondicherry, captaining his new flagship, the frigate HMS Minerva, and commanding a small flotilla of three East Indiamen [12] — Triton, Princess Charlotte, and Calcutta (1795).[ citation needed ] He left command of Pondicherry to Captain King and returned to England, docking at Spithead in August 1793. [13] He was succeeded in command of the East Indies Station by Commodore (later Admiral) Peter Rainier.
In May 1794 he hoisted his flag aboard the 74-gun HMS Excellent and was promoted vice-admiral of the blue squadron. In August he shifted his flag to the newer and larger 80-gun HMS Caesar and then once more in December to the first rate Royal Sovereign. Throughout this period he was in command of various divisions within the Channel Fleet. The Channel Fleet was responsible for preventing invasion from France and for the blockade of French Channel ports.
On 16 June 1795 he was in command of a small squadron that sighted a much larger French fleet. The ensuing action became famously known as "The Retreat of Cornwallis."
Cornwallis was cruising near Brest with five ships of the line, HMS Royal Sovereign, HMS Mars, HMS Triumph, HMS Brunswick, HMS Bellerophon, two frigates and one cutter, HMS Phaeton, HMS Pallas, HMS Kingfisher when a French fleet of twelve sail of the line and fourteen large frigates appeared, commanded by Admiral Villaret Joyeuse. The odds being very greatly against him, he was compelled to order a retreat. But two of his ships were slow and unweatherly and fell behind the rest. The van of the French fleet began to catch the two slower British ships. The rearmost ship, Mars, was caught and suffered severely in her rigging and was in danger of being surrounded by the French. Witnessing this, Cornwallis turned his squadron around to support her. The French admiral made the assumption that Cornwallis must have sighted assistance beyond his own field of vision and had turned to engage the enemy knowing that a superior force was nearby to come to their relief. The French admiral ordered his ships to disengage and Cornwallis and his small squadron retreated in order. The action is remarkable evidence of the moral superiority which the victory of the Glorious First of June, and the known efficiency of the British crews, had given to the Royal Navy. The reputation of Cornwallis was amplified and the praise given him was no doubt the greater because he was personally very popular with officers and men.
In 1796 Cornwallis incurred a court-martial (in consequence of a misunderstanding and apparently some temper on both sides) on the charge of refusing to obey an order from the Admiralty. He was practically acquitted. The substance of the case was that he demurred on the ground of health at being called upon to go to the West Indies, in a small frigate, and without "comfort".
Cornwallis was promoted admiral of the blue squadron in 1799 and held the Channel Command for a short interval when Admiral Jervis (Earl St. Vincent) fell ill in 1801. Cornwallis took command once more when Jervis stood down as commander and became first lord of the Admiralty between 1801 and 1804. During this time Cornwallis was in charge of protecting the coast of the United Kingdom as Napoleon was building a large invasion force. Following Lord Nelson's victory at Trafalgar, Cornwallis was removed from his post and Earl St. Vincent took his place.
In 1796, Cornwallis was promoted to Rear-Admiral of Great Britain, the title becoming Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom after the Act of Union came into force in 1801, [14] and then in 1814 he was promoted to Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom
His greatest honours might be considered to be his various nicknames among the sailors, "Billy go tight" (given on account of his rubicund complexion), as well as "Billy Blue", "Coachee", and "Mr Whip". Sailors appear to have only given nicknames to those commanders whom they liked. The various nicknames of Cornwallis seem to show that he was regarded with more of affection than reverence. Cornwallis was also made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in 1815.
Cornwallis served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Eye during the periods, 1768–1774, 1782–1784, 1790–1800 and, 1801–1807. He also served as MP for Portsmouth from 1782 to 1790.
Cornwallis never married. In 1800 he leased and later purchased the Newlands estate in Milford on Sea in Hampshire. [15] He was joined by his close friend and fellow naval officer Captain John Whitby and his wife Mary Anna Theresa Whitby. [15] John Whitby died in 1806, but Mary and her infant daughter Theresa stayed on looking after Cornwallis into his old age. [15] On Sir William Cornwallis' death in 1819, Mary Whitby and her daughter inherited his fortune. [15]
The Battle of the Saintes, or Battle of Dominica, was an important naval battle in the Caribbean between the British and the French that took place 9 April 1782 – 12 April 1782, during the American Revolutionary War. The British fleet under Admiral Sir George Rodney defeated a French fleet under the Comte de Grasse, forcing the French and Spanish to abandon a planned invasion of Jamaica.
Admiral James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez, GCB was an admiral of the British Royal Navy, notable for his victory at the Second Battle of Algeciras.
Admiral of the Fleet Sir James Alexander Gordon, GCB was a Royal Navy officer. As a volunteer, he fought at the Battle of Groix, at the Battle of the Glorious First of June and at the Battle of Cape St Vincent during the French Revolutionary Wars and then, as a midshipman, served under Admiral Sir Horatio Nelson at the Battle of the Nile.
Rear-Admiral Sir George Johnstone Hope, KCB was a British naval officer, who served with distinction in the Royal Navy throughout the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, including service at the Battle of Trafalgar. A close personal friend of Admiral Nelson, he received many honours following the battle, and later served as a Lord of the Admiralty.
Count Honoré Joseph Antoine Ganteaume was a French Navy officer and Vice-admiral.
HMS St Albans was a 64-gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 12 September 1764 at Blackwall Yard, London. She served in the American War of Independence from 1777 and was part of the fleet that captured St Lucia and won victories at Battle of St. Kitts and The Saintes. She was converted to a floating battery in 1803 and was broken up in 1814.
Vice-Admiral Sir Joshua Rowley, 1st Baronet (1734–1790) was the fourth son of Admiral Sir William Rowley. Sir Joshua was from an ancient English family, originating in Staffordshire (England) and was born on 1 May 1734 in Dublin Rowley served with distinction in a number of battles throughout his career and was highly praised by his contemporaries. Unfortunately whilst his career was often active he did not have the opportunity to command any significant engagements and always followed rather than led. His achievements have therefore been eclipsed by his contemporaries such as Keppel, Hawke, Howe and Rodney. Rowley however remains one of the stalwart commanders of the wooden walls that kept Britain safe for so long.
Admiral Sir James Hillyar KCB KCH was a prominent British Royal Navy officer of the early nineteenth century, who is best known for his service in the frigate HMS Phoebe during the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812. While in command of Phoebe, Hillyar was present at the Invasion of Ile de France in 1810, was heavily engaged at the Battle of Tamatave in 1811 and captured the USS Essex off Valparaíso in Chile in 1814. In addition, Hillyar was engaged in numerous other operations, his first battle occurring in 1781 off Boston. He remained in the Navy until his death in 1843, and was active at sea during the 1830s, commanding fleets in the North Sea and off Portugal. He was knighted twice and two of his sons later became full admirals, Charles Farrell Hillyar and Henry Shank Hillyar.
Vice-Admiral Sir George Murray KCB was an officer in the Royal Navy who saw service in a wide range of theatres and campaigns. His active naval career spanned the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Murray served under many of the most notable commanders of his age and participated in several of their greatest victories. He was with Parker and Howe in the West Indies and North America, Johnstone and Hughes in the East Indies, Jervis at Cape St Vincent, Nelson at Copenhagen, and took part in a host of other actions and engagements. Temporarily a captive of the French he was a keen scholar and spent time learning the French language and their naval customs, as well as being a competent surveyor, experience that was to help him in later life. He had a particularly enduring friendship with Nelson, who personally requested his services as his captain of the fleet. It was only chance that prevented Murray from serving as such at Trafalgar. With Murray absent, Nelson declined to appoint a replacement, one biographer reasoning that "none but Murray would do".
The Atlantic campaign of 1806 was one of the most important and complex naval campaigns of the post-Trafalgar Napoleonic Wars. Seeking to take advantage of the withdrawal of British forces from the Atlantic in the aftermath of the Battle of Trafalgar, Emperor Napoleon ordered two battle squadrons to sea from the fleet stationed at Brest, during December 1805. Escaping deep into the Atlantic, these squadrons succeeded in disrupting British convoys, evading pursuit by British battle squadrons and reinforcing the French garrison at Santo Domingo. The period of French success was brief: on 6 February 1806 one of the squadrons, under Vice-Admiral Corentin Urbain Leissègues, was intercepted by a British squadron at the Battle of San Domingo and destroyed, losing all five of its ships of the line.
Captain Henry Inman was a British Royal Navy officer during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, serving in the American Revolutionary War, the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. Inman's service in the American war was punctuated by three shipwrecks: the burning of HMS Lark off Rhode Island in the face of a superior French squadron, the grounding of HMS Santa Monica on Tortola and the foundering of Hector following an engagement with two French ships in the Mid-Atlantic. After the war he was placed in reserve until the Spanish Armament of 1790, when he was given command of the 14-gun cutter HMS Pygmy stationed off the Isle of Man.
Sir Lawrence William Halsted GCB was an officer of the Royal Navy who served during the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
Samuel Granston Goodall was an officer of the Royal Navy who saw service during the Seven Years' War, the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary Wars in a career that spanned 50 years, rising to the rank of Admiral of the White.
HMS Prince William was a 64-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy. She had previously been the Nuestra Señora de la Asunción, but was better known as Guipuzcoano, an armed merchantmen of the Spanish Basque Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas.
James Macnamara was an officer of the Royal Navy who served during the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
Robert Linzee was an officer of the Royal Navy who served during the American War of Independence, and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
John Loring was an officer in the Royal Navy who served during the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
John Bligh CB was an officer in the Royal Navy who served during the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
Thomas Lennox Frederick was an officer in the Royal Navy who served during the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary Wars. He was a highly educated officer and a very greatly esteemed seaman, rising to the rank of rear-admiral of the red.
HMS Ceres was an 18-gun sloop launched in 1777 for the British Royal Navy that the French captured in December 1778 off Saint Lucia. The French Navy took her into service as Cérès. The British recaptured her in 1782 and renamed her HMS Raven, only to have the French recapture her again early in 1783. The French returned her name to Cérès, and she then served in the French Navy until sold at Brest in 1791.
|date= (help)
Schom, A. (1990). Trafalgar: Countdown to battle 1803–1805. New York: Atheneum.
|Military offices
|Preceded by
Charles Hughes
| Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station
|Succeeded by
Peter Rainier
|Parliament of Great Britain
|Preceded by
The Viscount Allen
Richard Burton
| Member of Parliament for Eye
With: The Viscount Allen 1768–1770
Richard Burton Phillipson 1770–1774
|Succeeded by
Richard Burton Phillipson
John St John
|Preceded by
Richard Burton Phillipson
Arnoldus Jones-Skelton
| Member of Parliament for Eye
With: Richard Burton Phillipson
|Succeeded by
Richard Burton Phillipson
Peter Bathurst
|Preceded by
Sir Henry Fetherstonhaugh
Hon. Thomas Erskine
| Member of Parliament for Portsmouth
With: Sir Henry Fetherstonhaugh
|Succeeded by
Sir Henry Fetherstonhaugh
Hon. Thomas Erskine
|Preceded by
Richard Burton Phillipson
Peter Bathurst
| Member of Parliament for Eye
With: Richard Burton Phillipson 1790–1792
Peter Bathurst 1792–1795
Viscount Brome 1795–1796
Mark Singleton 1796–1799
James Cornwallis 1799–1800
|Succeeded by
Parliament of the United Kingdom
|Parliament of the United Kingdom
|Preceded by
Parliament of Great Britain
| Member of Parliament for Eye
With: James Cornwallis 1801–1806
Marquess of Huntly 1806–1807
|Succeeded by
Marquess of Huntly
James Cornwallis
|Honorary titles
|Preceded by
The Lord Bridport
| Rear-Admiral of Great Britain/the United Kingdom
|Succeeded by
Sir William Young
|Preceded by
The Viscount Bridport
| Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom
|Succeeded by
Sir William Young


text:
Country living in the heart of Kelowna! This very private property offers a park like setting, 18.05 acres with approx 1500 feet of frontage on Mission Creek! The main residence is a spacious Bi-level home with bright floor plan, 3 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, 2 fireplaces, large covered sundeck, 1 carport. This property also has 2 duplex + a farm worker cottage generating $58,000 + net income per year. This property has an excellent Artesian water well & water rights on Mission Creek. Currently planted to a Hay crop this flat property has potential for many agricultural uses and would be perfect for organic vegetable farming, green houses and or Equestrian activities or raising livestock. Property is in the ALR, has farm status and cannot be subdivided. Located approx 5 minutes drive to shopping centres and close to golf courses and the Mission Creek Greenway. All measurements & room sizes are approximate. Call Jaxon Jurome at 250-300-0375 or David Jurome 250-862-1888 for an appointment to view. (id:6289)
Golf Course, Recreation, Shopping, Schools
Central location, Park setting, Private setting, Level
Dryer - Electric, Refrigerator, Washer, Range - Electric, Dishwasher
Macdonald Realty Kelowna.


text:
เทคนิคการสอนสุนัขทำท่าทางต่าง ๆๆ (English Version)
How to Teach Your Dog New TricksBy Crystal Tate Posted April 29, 2010 from Woman's Day June 1 2010Photo: © ShutterstockReady to enter your pooch in a dog contest, or at least make him the star of your block? Andrea Arden, certified dog trainer for Animal Planets Underdog to Wonderdog, shares three tricks that will wow dog owners and fellow pups alike.Take a SpinArden taught readers of our June 1, 2010, issue how to get their dogs to spin. Here are the tips, in case you missed them:1. Hold a tiny treat at your dogs nose, then move your hand slowly toward his tail. Say yes and give the treat when he begins to move his head away from you.2. Gradually increase the turn by holding the food in your hand farther away. When your dog confidently follows your hand through a full spin, say spin right before you move your hand to lure so hell start to connect with the behavior.3. Once hes mastered that, use a smaller hand circle as a cue, so hell learn to spin when you make that gesture and say the command.Crawl to Your OwnerBegin on a smooth surface so your dog feels comfortable moving along the floor, suggests Arden. Help your pup make his crawling debut with these steps:1. Start by teaching your dog to lie down. Hold a treat just in front of your dogs nose when he is lying down and move it slightly forward. Reinforce any movement forward by saying yes and giving a little treat. If he tries to stand up, dont say anything. Simply start again.2. When you are confident that your dog understands to follow your hand by staying low to the ground and inching forward, add the cue "crawl" just before you begin to move your hand.3. Move the treat progressively farther away from your dog, but remember to be patient. Even if your dog is very fit, he will need to gradually build up to being able to crawl for more than a few inches. Take a BowThis is a great finale to a routine of tricks, says Arden. Follow these tipsand then get ready to applaud your dog.1. Most dogs will stretch when they wake up or go into a bow as a way to solicit play. In either case, you can capture the behavior by simply marking the moment she bows. Say "yes" and give a treat. This way you are clearly telling your dog that what happened at the exact moment she heard the marker sound is what results in the reward.2. You can also lure this behavior by holding a treat at your dog's nose when she is standing. Lower your hand to the ground and be prepared to mark the moment her front end goes down so she doesn't slide her whole body to the ground and lie down. If she does, just try again and be careful to mark before her rear end starts to go down.3. Once you can reliably get the bow either because your dog is freely offering it or because you are luring, add the cue word or phrase such as take a bow or bravo right before she goes into a bow so she starts to connect the verbal cue with the behavior.Credit Article to //www.womansday.com/Articles/Family-Lifestyle/How-to-Teach-Your-Dog-New-Tricks.html


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In terms of legal status, Adrafinil is legal in the United States but is unregulated. You need to purchase this supplement online, as it is not a prescription drug at this time. Modafinil on the other hand, is heavily regulated throughout the United States. It is being used as a narcolepsy drug, but isn't available over the counter. You will need to obtain a prescription from your doctor, which is why many turn to Adrafinil use instead.
After I ran out of creatine, I noticed the increased difficulty, and resolved to buy it again at some point; many months later, there was a Smart Powders sale so bought it in my batch order, $12 for 1000g. As before, it made Taekwondo classes a bit easier. I paid closer attention this second time around and noticed that as one would expect, it only helped with muscular fatigue and did nothing for my aerobic issues. (I hate aerobic exercise, so it's always been a weak point.) I eventually capped it as part of a sulbutiamine-DMAE-creatine-theanine mix. This ran out 1 May 2013. In March 2014, I spent $19 for 1kg of micronized creatine monohydrate to resume creatine use and also to use it as a placebo in a honey-sleep experiment testing Seth Roberts's claim that a few grams of honey before bedtime would improve sleep quality: my usual flour placebo being unusable because the mechanism might be through simple sugars, which flour would digest into. (I did not do the experiment: it was going to be a fair amount of messy work capping the honey and creatine, and I didn't believe Roberts's claims for a second - my only reason to do it would be to prove the claim wrong but he'd just ignore me and no one else cares.) I didn't try measuring out exact doses but just put a spoonful in my tea each morning (creatine is tasteless). The 1kg lasted from 25 March to 18 September or 178 days, so ~5.6g & $0.11 per day.
The truth is, taking a smart pill will not allow you to access information that you have not already learned. If you speak English, a smart drug cannot embed the Spanish dictionary into your brain. In other words, they won't make you smarter or more intelligent. We need to throttle back our expectations and explore reality. What advantage can smart drugs provide? Brain enhancing substances have excellent health and cognitive benefits that are worth exploring.
l-Theanine – A 2014 systematic review and meta-analysis found that concurrent caffeine and l-theanine use had synergistic psychoactive effects that promoted alertness, attention, and task switching;[29] these effects were most pronounced during the first hour post-dose.[29] However, the European Food Safety Authority reported that, when L-theanine is used by itself (i.e. without caffeine), there is insufficient information to determine if these effects exist.[34]
(As I was doing this, I reflected how modafinil is such a pure example of the money-time tradeoff. It's not that you pay someone else to do something for you, which necessarily they will do in a way different from you; nor is it that you have exchanged money to free yourself of a burden of some future time-investment; nor have you paid money for a speculative return of time later in life like with many medical expenses or supplements. Rather, you have paid for 8 hours today of your own time.)
The data from 2-back and 3-back tasks are more complex. Three studies examined performance in these more challenging tasks and found no effect of d-AMP on average performance (Mattay et al., 2000, 2003; Mintzer & Griffiths, 2007). However, in at least two of the studies, the overall null result reflected a mixture of reliably enhancing and impairing effects. Mattay et al. (2000) examined the performance of subjects with better and worse working memory capacity separately and found that subjects whose performance on placebo was low performed better on d-AMP, whereas subjects whose performance on placebo was high were unaffected by d-AMP on the 2-back and impaired on the 3-back tasks. Mattay et al. (2003) replicated this general pattern of data with subjects divided according to genotype. The specific gene of interest codes for the production of Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), an enzyme that breaks down dopamine and norepinephrine. A common polymorphism determines the activity of the enzyme, with a substitution of methionine for valine at Codon 158 resulting in a less active form of COMT. The met allele is thus associated with less breakdown of dopamine and hence higher levels of synaptic dopamine than the val allele. Mattay et al. (2003) found that subjects who were homozygous for the val allele were able to perform the n-back faster with d-AMP; those homozygous for met were not helped by the drug and became significantly less accurate in the 3-back condition with d-AMP. In the case of the third study finding no overall effect, analyses of individual differences were not reported (Mintzer & Griffiths, 2007).
10:30 AM; no major effect that I notice throughout the day - it's neither good nor bad. This smells like placebo (and part of my mind is going how unlikely is it to get placebo 3 times in a row!, which is just the Gambler's fallacy talking inasmuch as this is sampling with replacement). I give it 60% placebo; I check the next day right before taking, and it is. Man!
Clarke and Sokoloff (1998) remarked that although [a] common view equates concentrated mental effort with mental work…there appears to be no increased energy utilization by the brain during such processes (p. 664), and …the areas that participate in the processes of such reasoning represent too small a fraction of the brain for changes in their functional and metabolic activities to be reflected in the energy metabolism of the brain… (p. 675).
Caffeine keeps you awake, which keeps you coding. It may also be a nootropic, increasing brain-power. Both desirable results. However, it also inhibits vitamin D receptors, and as such decreases the body's uptake of this-much-needed-vitamin. OK, that's not so bad, you're not getting the maximum dose of vitamin D. So what? Well, by itself caffeine may not cause you any problems, but combined with cutting off a major source of the vitamin - the production via sunlight - you're leaving yourself open to deficiency in double-quick time.
Either prescription or illegal, daily use of testosterone would not be cheap. On the other hand, if I am one of the people for whom testosterone works very well, it would be even more valuable than modafinil, in which case it is well worth even arduous experimenting. Since I am on the fence on whether it would help, this suggests the value of information is high.
Took pill 12:11 PM. I am not certain. While I do get some things accomplished (a fair amount of work on the Silk Road article and its submission to places), I also have some difficulty reading through a fiction book (Sum) and I seem kind of twitchy and constantly shifting windows. I am weakly inclined to think this is Adderall (say, 60%). It's not my normal feeling. Next morning - it was Adderall.
The evidence? Although everyone can benefit from dietary sources of essential fatty acids, supplementation is especially recommended for people with heart disease. A small study published in 2013 found that DHA may enhance memory and reaction time in healthy young adults. However, a more recent review suggested that there is not enough evidence of any effect from omega 3 supplementation in the general population.
The concept of neuroenhancement and the use of substances to improve cognitive functioning in healthy individuals, is certainly not a new one. In fact, one of the first cognitive enhancement drugs, Piracetam, was developed over fifty years ago by psychologist and chemist C.C. Giurgea. Although he did not know the exact mechanism, Giurgia believed the drug boosted brain power and so began his exploration into "smart pills", or nootropics, a term he coined from the Greek nous, meaning "mind," and trepein, meaning "to bend.
Since my experiment had a number of flaws (non-blind, varying doses at varying times of day), I wound up doing a second better experiment using blind standardized smaller doses in the morning. The negative effect was much smaller, but there was still no mood/productivity benefit. Having used up my first batch of potassium citrate in these 2 experiments, I will not be ordering again since it clearly doesn't work for me.
Another moral concern is that these drugs — especially when used by Ivy League students or anyone in an already privileged position — may widen the gap between those who are advantaged and those who are not. But others have inverted the argument, saying these drugs can help those who are disadvantaged to reduce the gap. In an interview with the New York Times, Dr. Michael Anderson explains that he uses ADHD (a diagnosis he calls "made up") as an excuse to prescribe Adderall to the children who really need it — children from impoverished backgrounds suffering from poor academic performance.
"How to Feed a Brain is an important book. It's the book I've been looking for since sustaining multiple concussions in the fall of 2013. I've dabbled in and out of gluten, dairy, and (processed) sugar free diets the past few years, but I have never eaten enough nutritious foods. This book has a simple-to-follow guide on daily consumption of produce, meat, and water.
Exercise and nutrition also play an important role in neuroplasticity. Many vitamins and ingredients found naturally in food products have been shown to have cognitive enhancing effects. Some of these include vitamins B6 and B12, caffeine, phenethylamine found in chocolate and l-theanine, found in green tea, whose combined effects with caffeine are more extensively researched.
along with the previous bit of globalization is an important factor: shipping is ridiculously cheap. The most expensive S&H in my modafinil price table is ~$15 (and most are international). To put this in perspective, I remember in the 90s you could easily pay $15 for domestic S&H when you ordered online - but it's 2013, and the dollar has lost at least half its value, so in real terms, ordering from abroad may be like a quarter of what it used to cost, which makes a big difference to people dipping their toes in and contemplating a small order to try out this 'nootropics thing they've heard about.
Amphetamines have a long track record as smart drugs, from the workaholic mathematician Paul Erdös, who relied on them to get through 19-hour maths binges, to the writer Graham Greene, who used them to write two books at once. More recently, there are plenty of anecdotal accounts in magazines about their widespread use in certain industries, such as journalism, the arts and finance.
Both nootropics startups provide me with samples to try. In the case of Nootrobox, it is capsules called Sprint designed for a short boost of cognitive enhancement. They contain caffeine – the equivalent of about a cup of coffee, and L-theanine – about 10 times what is in a cup of green tea, in a ratio that is supposed to have a synergistic effect (all the ingredients Nootrobox uses are either regulated as supplements or have a "generally regarded as safe" designation by US authorities)
Ethical issues also arise with the use of drugs to boost brain power. Their use as cognitive enhancers isn't currently regulated. But should it be, just as the use of certain performance-enhancing drugs is regulated for professional athletes? Should universities consider dope testing to check that students aren't gaining an unfair advantage through drug use?
Kennedy et al. (1990) administered what they termed a grammatical reasoning task to subjects, in which a sentence describing the order of two letters, A and B, is presented along with the letter pair, and subjects must determine whether or not the sentence correctly describes the letter pair. They found no effect of d-AMP on performance of this task.
The acid is also known to restore the vitamin C and E levels in the body. Alpha Lipoic Acid's potent antioxidant property protects brain cells from damage during an injury. This helps in making sure that your brain functions normally even if there is any external or internal brain injury. OptiMind, one of the best nootropic supplements that you can find today contains Alpha Lipoic Acid that can help in enhancing your brain's capabilities.
He used to get his edge from Adderall, but after moving from New Jersey to San Francisco, he says, he couldn't find a doctor who would write him a prescription. Driven to the Internet, he discovered a world of cognition-enhancing drugs known as nootropics — some prescription, some over-the-counter, others available on a worldwide gray market of private sellers — said to improve memory, attention, creativity and motivation.
The methodology would be essentially the same as the vitamin D in the morning experiment: put a multiple of 7 placebos in one container, the same number of actives in another identical container, hide & randomly pick one of them, use container for 7 days then the other for 7 days, look inside them for the label to determine which period was active and which was placebo, refill them, and start again.
That left me with 329 days of data. The results are that (correcting for the magnesium citrate self-experiment I was running during the time period which did not turn out too great) days on which I happened to use my LED device for LLLT were much better than regular days. Below is a graph showing the entire MP dataseries with LOESS-smoothed lines showing LLLT vs non-LLLT days:
I bought 500g of piracetam (Examine.com; FDA adverse events) from Smart Powders (piracetam is one of the cheapest nootropics and SP was one of the cheapest suppliers; the others were much more expensive as of October 2010), and I've tried it out for several days (started on 7 September 2009, and used it steadily up to mid-December). I've varied my dose from 3 grams to 12 grams (at least, I think the little scoop measures in grams), taking them in my tea or bitter fruit juice. Cranberry worked the best, although orange juice masks the taste pretty well; I also accidentally learned that piracetam stings horribly when I got some on a cat scratch. 3 grams (alone) didn't seem to do much of anything while 12 grams gave me a nasty headache. I also ate 2 or 3 eggs a day.
…researchers have added a new layer to the smart pill conversation. Adderall, they've found, makes you think you're doing better than you actually are….Those subjects who had been given Adderall were significantly more likely to report that the pill had caused them to do a better job….But the results of the new University of Pennsylvania study, funded by the U.S. Navy and not yet published but presented at the annual Society for Neuroscience conference last month, are consistent with much of the existing research. As a group, no overall statistically-significant improvement or impairment was seen as a result of taking Adderall. The research team tested 47 subjects, all in their 20s, all without a diagnosis of ADHD, on a variety of cognitive functions, from working memory-how much information they could keep in mind and manipulate-to raw intelligence, to memories for specific events and faces….The last question they asked their subjects was: How and how much did the pill influence your performance on today's tests? Those subjects who had been given Adderall were significantly more likely to report that the pill had caused them to do a better job on the tasks they'd been given, even though their performance did not show an improvement over that of those who had taken the placebo. According to Irena Ilieva…it's the first time since the 1960s that a study on the effects of amphetamine, a close cousin of Adderall, has asked how subjects perceive the effect of the drug on their performance.
Productivity is the most cited reason for using nootropics. With all else being equal, smart drugs are expected to give you that mental edge over other and advance your career. Nootropics can also be used for a host of other reasons. From studying to socialising. And from exercise and health to general well-being. Different nootropics cater to different audiences.
Overall, the studies listed in Table 1 vary in ways that make it difficult to draw precise quantitative conclusions from them, including their definitions of nonmedical use, methods of sampling, and demographic characteristics of the samples. For example, some studies defined nonmedical use in a way that excluded anyone for whom a drug was prescribed, regardless of how and why they used it (Carroll et al., 2006; DeSantis et al., 2008, 2009; Kaloyanides et al., 2007; Low & Gendaszek, 2002; McCabe & Boyd, 2005; McCabe et al., 2004; Rabiner et al., 2009; Shillington et al., 2006; Teter et al., 2003, 2006; Weyandt et al., 2009), whereas others focused on the intent of the user and counted any use for nonmedical purposes as nonmedical use, even if the user had a prescription (Arria et al., 2008; Babcock & Byrne, 2000; Boyd et al., 2006; Hall et al., 2005; Herman-Stahl et al., 2007; Poulin, 2001, 2007; White et al., 2006), and one did not specify its definition (Barrett, Darredeau, Bordy, & Pihl, 2005). Some studies sampled multiple institutions (DuPont et al., 2008; McCabe & Boyd, 2005; Poulin, 2001, 2007), some sampled only one (Babcock & Byrne, 2000; Barrett et al., 2005; Boyd et al., 2006; Carroll et al., 2006; Hall et al., 2005; Kaloyanides et al., 2007; McCabe & Boyd, 2005; McCabe et al., 2004; Shillington et al., 2006; Teter et al., 2003, 2006; White et al., 2006), and some drew their subjects primarily from classes in a single department at a single institution (DeSantis et al., 2008, 2009; Low & Gendaszek, 2002). With few exceptions, the samples were all drawn from restricted geographical areas. Some had relatively high rates of response (e.g., 93.8%; Low & Gendaszek 2002) and some had low rates (e.g., 10%; Judson & Langdon, 2009), the latter raising questions about sample representativeness for even the specific population of students from a given region or institution.
An additional complexity, related to individual differences, concerns dosage. This factor, which varies across studies and may be fixed or determined by participant body weight within a study, undoubtedly influences the cognitive effects of stimulant drugs. Furthermore, single-unit recordings with animals and, more recently, imaging of humans indicate that the effects of stimulant dose are nonmonotonic; increases enhance prefrontal function only up to a point, with further increases impairing function (e.g., Arnsten, 1998; Mattay et al., 2003; Robbins & Arnsten, 2009). Yet additional complexity comes from the fact that the optimal dosage depends on the same kinds of individual characteristics just discussed and on the task (Mattay et al., 2003).
On the other metric, suppose we removed the creatine? Dropping 4 grams of material means we only need to consume 5.75 grams a day, covered by 8 pills (compared to 13 pills). We save 5,000 pills, which would have cost $45 and also don't spend the $68 for the creatine; assuming a modafinil formulation, that drops our $1761 down to $1648 or $1.65 a day. Or we could remove both the creatine and modafinil, for a grand total of $848 or $0.85 a day, which is pretty reasonable.
That doesn't necessarily mean all smart drugs – now and in the future – will be harmless, however. The brain is complicated. In trying to upgrade it, you risk upsetting its intricate balance. "It's not just about more, it's about having to be exquisitely and exactly right. And that's very hard to do," says Arnstein. "What's good for one system may be bad for another system," adds Trevor Robbins, Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of Cambridge. "It's clear from the experimental literature that you can affect memory with pharmacological agents, but the problem is keeping them safe."
Blinding stymied me for a few months since the nasty taste was unmistakable and I couldn't think of any gums with a similar flavor to serve as placebo. (The nasty taste does not seem to be due to the nicotine despite what one might expect; Vaniver plausibly suggested the bad taste might be intended to prevent over-consumption, but nothing in the Habitrol ingredient list seemed to be noted for its bad taste, and a number of ingredients were sweetening sugars of various sorts. So I couldn't simply flavor some gum.)
Some data suggest that cognitive enhancers do improve some types of learning and memory, but many other data say these substances have no effect. The strongest evidence for these substances is for the improvement of cognitive function in people with brain injury or disease (for example, Alzheimer's disease and traumatic brain injury). Although "popular" books and companies that sell smart drugs will try to convince you that these drugs work, the evidence for any significant effects of these substances in normal people is weak. There are also important side-effects that must be considered. Many of these substances affect neurotransmitter systems in the central nervous system. The effects of these chemicals on neurological function and behavior is unknown. Moreover, the long-term safety of these substances has not been adequately tested. Also, some substances will interact with other substances. A substance such as the herb ma-huang may be dangerous if a person stops taking it suddenly; it can also cause heart attacks, stroke, and sudden death. Finally, it is important to remember that products labeled as "natural" do not make them "safe."
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If you want to try a nootropic in supplement form, check the label to weed out products you may be allergic to and vet the company as best you can by scouring its website and research basis, and talking to other customers, Kerl recommends. "Find one that isn't just giving you some temporary mental boost or some quick fix – that's not what a nootropic is intended to do," Cyr says.
As discussed in my iodine essay (FDA adverse events), iodine is a powerful health intervention as it eliminates cretinism and improves average IQ by a shocking magnitude. If this effect were possible for non-fetuses in general, it would be the best nootropic ever discovered, and so I looked at it very closely. Unfortunately, after going through ~20 experiments looking for ones which intervened with iodine post-birth and took measures of cognitive function, my meta-analysis concludes that: the effect is small and driven mostly by one outlier study. Once you are born, it's too late. But the results could be wrong, and iodine might be cheap enough to take anyway, or take for non-IQ reasons. (This possibility was further weakened for me by an August 2013 blood test of TSH which put me at 3.71 uIU/ml, comfortably within the reference range of 0.27-4.20.)
The effect? 3 or 4 weeks later, I'm not sure. When I began putting all of my nootropic powders into pill-form, I put half a lithium pill in each, and nevertheless ran out of lithium fairly quickly (3kg of piracetam makes for >4000 OO-size pills); those capsules were buried at the bottom of the bucket under lithium-less pills. So I suddenly went cold-turkey on lithium. Reflecting on the past 2 weeks, I seem to have been less optimistic and productive, with items now lingering on my To-Do list which I didn't expect to. An effect? Possibly.
Even though smart drugs come with a long list of benefits, their misuse can cause negative side effects. Excess use can cause anxiety, fear, headaches, increased blood pressure, and more. Considering this, it is imperative to study usage instructions: how often can you take the pill, the correct dosage and interaction with other medication/supplements.
Analyzing the results is a little tricky because I was simultaneously running the first magnesium citrate self-experiment, which turned out to cause a quite complex result which looks like a gradually-accumulating overdose negating an initial benefit for net harm, and also toying with LLLT, which turned out to have a strong correlation with benefits. So for the potential small Noopept effect to not be swamped, I need to include those in the analysis. I designed the experiment to try to find the best dose level, so I want to look at an average Noopept effect but also the estimated effect at each dose size in case some are negative (especially in the case of 5-pills/60mg); I included the pilot experiment data as 10mg doses since they were also blind & randomized. Finally, missingness affects analysis: because not every variable is recorded for each date (what was the value of the variable for the blind randomized magnesium citrate before and after I finished that experiment? what value do you assign the Magtein variable before I bought it and after I used it all up?), just running a linear regression may not work exactly as one expects as various days get omitted because part of the data was missing.
Modafinil, sold under the name Provigil, is a stimulant that some have dubbed the "genius pill." It is a wakefulness-promoting agent (modafinil) and glutamate activators (ampakine). Originally developed as a treatment for narcolepsy and other sleep disorders, physicians are now prescribing it "off-label" to cellists, judges, airline pilots, and scientists to enhance attention, memory and learning. According to Scientific American, "scientific efforts over the past century [to boost intelligence] have revealed a few promising chemicals, but only modafinil has passed rigorous tests of cognitive enhancement." A stimulant, it is a controlled substance with limited availability in the U.S.
A rough translation for the word "nootropic" comes from the Greek for "to bend or shape the mind." And already, there are dozens of over-the-counter (OTC) products—many of which are sold widely online or in stores—that claim to boost creativity, memory, decision-making or other high-level brain functions. Some of the most popular supplements are a mixture of food-derived vitamins, lipids, phytochemicals and antioxidants that studies have linked to healthy brain function. One popular pick on Amazon, for example, is an encapsulated cocktail of omega-3s, B vitamins and plant-derived compounds that its maker claims can improve memory, concentration and focus.
Next, if these theorized safe and effective pills don't just get you through a test or the day's daily brain task but also make you smarter, whatever smarter means, then what? Where's the boundary between genius and madness? If Einstein had taken such drugs, would he have created a better theory of gravity? Or would he have become delusional, chasing quantum ghosts with no practical application, or worse yet, string theory. (Please use "string theory" in your subject line for easy sorting of hate mail.)
What if you could simply take a pill that would instantly make you more intelligent? One that would enhance your cognitive capabilities including attention, memory, focus, motivation and other higher executive functions? If you have ever seen the movie Limitless, you have an idea of what this would look like—albeit the exaggerated Hollywood version. The movie may be fictional but the reality may not be too far behind.
So is there a future in smart drugs? Some scientists are more optimistic than others. Gary Lynch, a professor in the School of Medicine at the University of California, Irvine argues that recent advances in neuroscience have opened the way for the smart design of drugs, configured for specific biological targets in the brain. "Memory enhancement is not very far off," he says, although the prospects for other kinds of mental enhancement are "very difficult to know… To me, there's an inevitability to the thing, but a timeline is difficult."
I noticed on SR something I had never seen before, an offer for 150mgx10 of Waklert for ฿13.47 (then, ฿1 = $3.14). I searched and it seemed Sun was somehow manufacturing armodafinil! Interesting. Maybe not cost-effective, but I tried out of curiosity. They look and are packaged the same as the Modalert, but at a higher price-point: 150 rather than 81 rupees. Not entirely sure how to use them: assuming quality is the same, 150mg Waklert is still 100mg less armodafinil than the 250mg Nuvigil pills.
The greatly increased variance, but only somewhat increased mean, is consistent with nicotine operating on me with an inverted U-curve for dosage/performance (or the Yerkes-Dodson law): on good days, 1mg nicotine is too much and degrades performance (perhaps I am overstimulated and find it hard to focus on something as boring as n-back) while on bad days, nicotine is just right and improves n-back performance.
If you want to try a nootropic in supplement form, check the label to weed out products you may be allergic to and vet the company as best you can by scouring its website and research basis, and talking to other customers, Kerl recommends. "Find one that isn't just giving you some temporary mental boost or some quick fix – that's not what a nootropic is intended to do," Cyr says.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid, also known as GABA, naturally produced in the brain from glutamate, is a neurotransmitter that helps in the communication between the nervous system and brain. The primary function of this GABA Nootropic is to reduce the additional activity of the nerve cells and helps calm the mind. Thus, it helps to improve various conditions, like stress, anxiety, and depression by decreasing the beta brain waves and increasing the alpha brain waves. It is one of the best nootropic for anxiety that you can find in the market today. As a result, cognitive abilities like memory power, attention, and alertness also improve. GABA helps drug addicts recover from addiction by normalizing the brain's GABA receptors which reduce anxiety and craving levels in the absence of addictive substances.
So it's no surprise that as soon as medical science develops a treatment for a disease, we often ask if it couldn't perhaps make a healthy person even healthier. Take Viagra, for example: developed to help men who couldn't get erections, it's now used by many who function perfectly well without a pill but who hope it will make them exceptionally virile.
Nootropics are a broad classification of cognition-enhancing compounds that produce minimal side effects and are suitable for long-term use. These compounds include those occurring in nature or already produced by the human body (such as neurotransmitters), and their synthetic analogs. We already regularly consume some of these chemicals: B vitamins, caffeine, and L-theanine, in our daily diets.
So it's no surprise that as soon as medical science develops a treatment for a disease, we often ask if it couldn't perhaps make a healthy person even healthier. Take Viagra, for example: developed to help men who couldn't get erections, it's now used by many who function perfectly well without a pill but who hope it will make them exceptionally virile.
Adrafinil is a prodrug for Modafinil, which means it can be metabolized into Modafinil to give you a similar effect. And you can buy it legally just about anywhere. But there are a few downsides. Patel explains that you have to take a lot more to achieve a similar effect as Modafinil, wait longer for it to kick in (45-60 minutes), there are more potential side effects, and there aren't any other benefits to taking it.
Racetams, such as piracetam, oxiracetam, and aniracetam, which are often marketed as cognitive enhancers and sold over-the-counter. Racetams are often referred to as nootropics, but this property is not well established.[31] The racetams have poorly understood mechanisms, although piracetam and aniracetam are known to act as positive allosteric modulators of AMPA receptors and appear to modulate cholinergic systems.[32]


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a litter of mini Daxi puppies, 3 girls and a boy, that will be ready to leave here sometime around the 11th of July.
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