text:
Algernon Sidney
|15 January 1623
Baynard's Castle, London, England
|7 December 1683 60) (aged
Tower Hill, London, England
| 17th-century philosophy
(Modern philosophy)
|Western philosophy
Main interests
|Political philosophy
Notable ideas
|The individuals have the right to choose their own form of government and that, if that government became corrupt, the people retained the power to abolish it and form another
Algernon Sidney or Sydney (15 January 1623 – 7 December 1683) was an English politician and member of the middle part of the Long Parliament. A republican political theorist, colonel, and commissioner of the trial of King Charles I of England, he opposed the king's execution. Sidney was later charged with plotting against Charles II, in part based on his most famous work, Discourses Concerning Government, used by the prosecution as a witness at his trial. He was executed for treason. [1] After his death, Sidney was revered as a "Whig patriot–hero and martyr".
The Long Parliament was an English Parliament which lasted from 1640 until 1660. It followed the fiasco of the Short Parliament which had convened for only three weeks during the spring of 1640, and which in turn had followed an 11-year parliamentary absence. In September 1640, King Charles I issued writs summoning a parliament to convene on 3 November 1640. He intended it to pass financial bills, a step made necessary by the costs of the Bishops' Wars in Scotland. The Long Parliament received its name from the fact that, by Act of Parliament, it stipulated it could be dissolved only with agreement of the members; and, those members did not agree to its dissolution until 16 March 1660, after the English Civil War and near the close of the Interregnum.
Charles I was the monarch over the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.
Charles II was king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. He was king of Scotland from 1649 until his deposition in 1651, and king of England, Scotland and Ireland from the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 until his death.
The works of Algernon Sidney, along with those of contemporary John Locke, are considered a cornerstone of western thought. Discourses Concerning Government cost Sidney his head. However, the ideas it put forth survived and ultimately culminated in the founding of the United States. Sidney directly opposed the divine right of kings political theory by suggesting ideas such as limited government, voluntary consent of the people and the right of citizens to alter or abolish a corrupt government. Discourses Concerning Government has been called "the textbook of the American revolution." [2] [1]
John Locke was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism". Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Sir Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory. His work greatly affected the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American revolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence.
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States or America, is a country comprising 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions. At 3.8 million square miles, the United States is the world's third or fourth largest country by total area and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe's 3.9 million square miles. With a population of over 327 million people, the U.S. is the third most populous country. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the largest city by population is New York City. Forty-eight states and the capital's federal district are contiguous in North America between Canada and Mexico. The State of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The State of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate, and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries.
The divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God. The king is thus not subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm. It implies that only God can judge an unjust king and that any attempt to depose, dethrone or restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God and may constitute a sacrilegious act. It is often expressed in the phrase "by the Grace of God", attached to the titles of a reigning monarch.
Sidney's father was Robert Sidney, 2nd Earl of Leicester, a direct descendant of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland and the great-nephew of Sir Philip Sidney. His mother was Dorothy Percy, daughter of Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland. Sidney was born at Baynard's Castle, London, and was raised at Penshurst Place in Kent. His mother wrote to her husband in November 1636 that she had heard their son "much comended by all that comes from you . . . [for] a huge deall of witt and much sweetness of nature". [1] After spending time in Ireland, after his father was appointed Lord Lieutenant of that country, Sidney returned to England in 1643.
Robert Sidney, 2nd Earl of Leicester was an English diplomat and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1614 and 1625 and then succeeded to the peerage as Earl of Leicester.
John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland was an English general, admiral, and politician, who led the government of the young King Edward VI from 1550 until 1553, and unsuccessfully tried to install Lady Jane Grey on the English throne after the King's death. The son of Edmund Dudley, a minister of Henry VII executed by Henry VIII, John Dudley became the ward of Sir Edward Guildford at the age of seven. Dudley grew up in Guildford's household together with his future wife, Guildford's daughter Jane, with whom he was to have 13 children. Dudley served as Vice-Admiral and Lord Admiral from 1537 until 1547, during which time he set novel standards of navy organisation and was an innovative commander at sea. He also developed a strong interest in overseas exploration. Dudley took part in the 1544 campaigns in Scotland and France and was one of Henry VIII's intimates in the last years of the reign. He was also a leader of the religious reform party at court.
Sir Philip Sidney was an English poet, courtier, scholar, and soldier, who is remembered as one of the most prominent figures of the Elizabethan age. His works include Astrophel and Stella, The Defence of Poesy, and The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia.
Despite having earlier vowed that only "extreme necessity shall make me thinke of bearing arms in England", Sidney served in the Army of the Eastern Association, becoming lieutenant colonel of the Earl of Manchester's regiment of horse (cavalry). He fought at the Battle of Marston Moor in 1644, where an observer wrote: "Colonel Sidney charged with much gallantry in the head of my Lord Manchester's regiment of horses, and came off with many wounds, the true badges of his honour". [3] He was later appointed colonel of the regiment when it was transferred to the New Model Army, but relinquished the appointment due to ill health.
The Eastern Association of counties was a Parliamentarian organisation during the English Civil War. It provided and administered an army which eventually became a mainstay of the Parliamentarian military effort towards the end of 1644.
Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester, KG, KB, FRS was an important commander of Parliamentary forces in the First English Civil War, and for a time Oliver Cromwell's superior.
The Battle of Marston Moor was fought on 2 July 1644, during the First English Civil War of 1642–1646. The combined forces of the English Parliamentarians under Lord Fairfax and the Earl of Manchester and the Scottish Covenanters under the Earl of Leven defeated the Royalists commanded by Prince Rupert of the Rhine and the Marquess of Newcastle.
In 1645 Sidney was elected to the Long Parliament as Member of Parliament for Cardiff where he opposed compromising with the King, Charles I. In 1648 he opposed the purge of moderates who had formed the Rump Parliament. Despite being a commissioner for the trial of Charles, Sidney opposed the decision to execute the king, believing it to be of questionable lawfulness and wisdom. [3] He said in explaining his view:
Cardiff was a parliamentary constituency centred on the town of Cardiff in South Wales which returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons from 1542 until it was abolished for the 1918 general election.
The Rump Parliament was the English Parliament after Colonel Thomas Pride purged the Long Parliament, on 6 December 1648, of those members hostile to the Grandees' intention to try King Charles I for high treason.
First, the King could be tried by noe court; secondly, that noe man could be tried by that court. This being alleged in vaine, and Cromwell using these formall words (I tell you, wee will cut off his head with the crowne upon it) I ... immediately went out of the room, and never returned. [1]
Oliver Cromwell was an English military and political leader. He served as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland "and of the dominions thereto belonging" from 1653 until his death, acting simultaneously as head of state and head of government of the new republic.
By 1649 Sidney had changed his opinion, declaring the king's execution as "the justest and bravest act ... that ever was done in England, or anywhere". [1]
In 1653 when Cromwell's army entered Parliament to dissolve it after a Bill was introduced that would have made elections more free, Sidney refused to leave the House until threatened with physical removal. He regarded Cromwell as a tyrant. [4]
In retirement, Sidney was bold enough to outrage the Lord Protector by allegedly putting on a performance of Julius Caesar , and playing the role of Brutus. He was for a time the lover of Lucy Walter, later the mistress of Charles II. Sidney regarded the Republic as vigorously pursuing England's national interests (in contrast to the Stuarts' record of military failure), writing in his Discourses Concerning Government:
... such was the power and wisdom and integrity in those that sat at the helm, and their diligence in chusing men only for their merit was blessed with such success, that in two years our fleets grew to be as famous as our land armies; the reputation and power of our nation rose to a greater height, than when we possessed the better half of France, and the kings of France and Scotland were our prisoners. All the states, kings and potentates of Europe, most respectfully, not to say submissively, sought our friendship; and Rome was more afraid of Blake and his fleet, than they had been of the great king of Sweden, when he was ready to invade Italy with a hundred thousand men. [5]
After Cromwell's death in 1658, the army abolished the Protectorate in 1659 and reconvened the Rump Parliament, with Sidney taking up his seat in the Commons. During 1659–1660 he was part of a delegation to help arbitrate peace between Denmark and Sweden, as war would threaten England's naval supplies, as well as those of the Dutch. The delegation was commanded by Edward Montagu, with Sidney and Sir Robert Honeywood. The third planned plenipotentiary, Bulstrode Whitelocke, declined because: "I knew well the overruling temper and height of Colonel Sydney". [1]
Sidney discarded conventional diplomatic norms ("a few shots of our cannon would have made this peace") to impose a peace favourable to England. Due to the Swedish king Charles X being unable to immediately receive them, the delegation negotiated with the Dutch on forming a joint fleet to impose peace terms. Charles X complained that the English "wish to command all, as if they were masters".[ citation needed ] Sidney in person handed Charles the treaty proposal (already accepted by Denmark), threatening military action. He recorded that Charles "in great choler ... told us, that we made projects upon our fleets, and he, laying his hand upon his sword, had a project by his side".[ citation needed ] Sidney would not back down and an observer wrote: "Everyone is amazed how Sidney stood up to him".[ citation needed ] But, Montagu planned to go back to England with the fleet, leading Sidney to give "his opinion, [that] for sending away the whole fleet he thought he should deserve to lose his head".[ citation needed ]
Despite this curtailment of England's influence, Denmark, Sweden, France, England and Holland signed a treaty on 27 May 1660. [1] It was during this period that Sidney signed the visitor's book at the University of Copenhagen with: "PHILIPPUS SIDNEY MANUS HAEC INIMICA TYRANNIS ENSE PETIT PLACIDAM CUM LIBERTATE QUIETEM" ("This hand, enemy to tyrants, by the sword seeks peace with liberty"). [1] This expression was incorporated into the Great Seal of Massachusetts in 1780 by act of legislature during the American Revolutionary War.
Sidney was abroad when the monarchy was restored in 1660. His first reaction to the Restoration of the Stuart monarchy was to write:
Since the Parliament hath acknowledged a king, I knowe . . . I owe him duty and the service that belongs unto a subject, and will pay it. If things are carried in a legall and moderate way, I had rather be in employment, than without any. [1]
Because in 1659 he had defended the execution of Charles I, Sidney thought it wise to remain in exile in Rome. While he was prepared to submit he would not, he wrote, countenance "acknowledgement of our faults, in having bin against this king, or his father. ... I shall be better contented with my fortune, when I see theare was noe way of avoiding it, that is not worse than ruine". [1] He was saved by a stranger from an assassination attempt. In 1663 during a trip to the Calvinist academy at the University of Geneva, Sidney wrote in the visitor's book: "SIT SANGUINIS ULTOR JUSTORUM" ("Let there be revenge for the blood of the just"). [1] In Augsburg in April 1665, he was the target of another assassination attempt.
When in Holland, Gilbert Burnet records, Sidney and other republicans:
... came to De Witt, and pressed him to think of an invasion of England and Scotland, and gave him great assurances of a strong party: and they were bringing many officers to Holland to join in the undertaking. They dealt also with some in Amsterdam, who were particularly sharpened against the king, and were for turning England again into a commonwealth. The matter was for some time in agitation at the Hague: but De Witt was against it, and got it to be laid aside. He said, their going into such a design would provoke France to turn against them: it might engage them in a long war, the consequences of which could not be forseen: and, as there was no reason to think that, while the parliament was so firm to the king, any discontents could be carried so far as to a general rising, which these men undertook for, so, he said, what would the effect be of turning England into a commonwealth, if it could possibly be brought about, but the ruin of Holland? It would naturally draw many of the Dutch to leave their country, that could not be kept and maintained but at a vast charge, and to exchange that with the plenty and security that England afforded. Therefore all that he would engage in was, to weaken the trade of England, and to destroy her fleet; in which he succeeded the following year beyond all expectation. [6]
In mid-1666 Sidney was in Paris, where he negotiated with the king, Louis XIV. Louis subsequently wrote that Sidney "promised me to produce a great uprising ... but the proposition he put to me to advance him 100,000 ecus ... was more than I wished to expose on the word of a fugitive [so] I offered him [initially] only 20,000". [1] He remained in France until 1677, when he returned to England.
During 1665–66 Sidney wrote Court Maxims, in which he argued for a reversal of the Restoration of the monarchy: " ... as death is the greatest evil that can befall a person, monarchy is the worst evil that can befall a nation". Sidney also claimed that an English republic would have a natural "unity of interest" with the Dutch Republic in "extirpat[ing] the two detested families of Stuart and Orange". This manuscript was not widely known, and Court Maxims was not published until 1996. [1]
Sidney returned to England in early September 1677. On his father's death, Sidney inherited £5,100 but to obtain his inheritance was forced to bring a lawsuit against his brothers, who as executors of the estate refused to pay him the money, in the Court of Chancery. Although he won the case the proceedings were lengthy and required him to remain in England for several years. He stayed at Leicester House in London. Here he became involved in politics, with the French Ambassador, Paul Barillon writing on 6 October:
At the moment my most intimate liaison is with Mr. Algernon Sidney; he is the man in England who seems to me to have the greatest understanding of affairs; he has great relations with the rest of the Republican party; And nobody in my opinion is more capable of rendering service than him. [1]
Due to his helping gain the fall of Danby in December 1678, Sidney received 500 guineas from the French, getting another 500 guineas the next year. Sidney wished for an alliance of English and Dutch republicans against the Stuart–Orange alliance and told Barillon "that it is an old error to believe that it is against the interest of France to suffer England to become a republic". [1] Sidney believed that it was a "fundamental principle that the House of Stuart and that of Orange are inseparably united". [7]
After the dissolution of Charles II's last Parliament in 1681, Sidney, according to Burnet, helped write the answer to the king's declaration, entitled A Just and Modest Vindication of the Proceedings of the Two Last Parliaments: "An answer was writ to the king's declaration with great spirit and true judgment. It was at first penned by Sidney. But a new draught was made by Somers, and corrected by Jones". [8]
Sidney united with Lord Shaftesbury and others in plotting against the perceived royal tyranny, of a 'force without authority.' Sidney was later to be implicated in the Rye House Plot, a scheme to assassinate Charles and his brother James, who later became King James II.
On 25 June 1683 Sidney's arrest warrant was issued. During his arrest his papers were confiscated, including the draft of the Discourses. He was tried on 7 November 1683. William Howard, 3rd Baron Howard of Escrick was the only witness, and since the law stated that two witnesses were necessary, the government used the Discourses as its second witness. Lord Chief Justice Jeffreys (whose conduct of the trial caused much criticism, then and later) ruled: "Scribere est agere" ("to write is to act"). [1]
Heneage Finch, the Solicitor General, described the Discourses as "An argument for the people to rise up in arms against the King". In response, Sidney said that it was easy to condemn him by quoting his words out of context: "If you take the scripture to pieces you will make all the penmen of the scripture blasphemous; you may accuse David of saying there is no God and of the Apostles that they were drunk." He argued that he was entitled to write what he chose, as long as he did not publish it. Jeffreys replied that no man has a right to curse the King, in public or in private. Sidney was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death on 26 November. Jeffreys, ill-tempered as ever, said that he hoped God would put Sidney into a proper state to enter the next world "for I see you are not fit for this one".
In The Apology of Algernon Sydney, in the Day of his Death, Sidney wrote that his life's work was to:
... uphold the Common rights of mankind, the lawes of this land, and the true Protestant religion, against corrupt principles, arbitrary power and Popery . . . I doe now willingly lay down my life for the same; and having a sure witness within me, that God doth ... uphold me ... am very littell sollicitous, though man doth condemne me. [1]
He petitioned the King for mercy on the grounds of Jeffreys' unprofessional conduct, and friends and relatives added their pleas: but the King was as implacable as he had been in the case of William Russell, Lord Russell. Sidney resigned himself to death, remarking coarsely that for all he cared "the King can make a snuffbox from my arse".
On the scaffold, Sidney argued that his conviction was unlawful, disputing the quality of the evidence against him and pointing out various deviations from proper legal procedure at his trial. He also reiterated his objections to absolute monarchy from Discourses Concerning Government, arguing that these did not constitute treason. Still, he observed that he was abstaining from tackling truly "great matters" in this last speech of his, because "We live in an age that makes truth pass for treason". [9] He concluded by declaring that he was dying for the Good Old Cause. [9]
He was beheaded on 7 December 1683, and his remains were buried at Penshurst.
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For Sidney absolute monarchy was a great political evil. His Discourses Concerning Government (the text for which Sidney lost his life) was written during the Exclusion Crisis, as a response to Robert Filmer's Patriarcha, a defense of divine right monarchy, first published in 1680. The divine right of kings is a political system in which all powers of government are vested solely in the king and granted to him by God. Under this system, the king acts as God's hand on earth. His power extends beyond government into the private religious life of his subjects. Under this system, citizens were often persecuted and imprisoned for their religious beliefs. It is this divine right of kings government that Sidney strongly opposed. In 1698, his Discourses Concerning Government was published outlining what he believed constituted a valid civil government.
Sidney believed that the individuals have the right to choose their own form of government and that, if that government became corrupt, the people retained the power to abolish it and form another. In his own words, "God leaves to man the choice of forms in government ... He who institutes, may also abrogate."
Sidney also argued that for a valid civil government to exist, it must be formed by general and voluntary consent. Sidney states in his Discourses Concerning Government that, "General consent ... is the ground of all just governments."
Furthermore, Sidney believed that civil government should have limited jurisdiction. He said the, "only ends for which governments are constituted and obedience rendered to them, are the obtaining of justice and protection." This suggests a limited civil government whose primary purpose is to 1) render legal justice through its court system and 2) provide for the safety of its citizens. We can also conclude from Sidney that, if a government fails to accomplish these basic components, obedience to that government is no longer required.
Sidney's Discourses Concerning Government along with Locke's Two Treatises on Government are recognized as critical works in the founding of the United States of America. The founding fathers read and studied these works during their years as students in the early colonial universities. Thomas Jefferson in particular, is known to have heavily studied and researched the works of Locke and Sidney. The Discourses Concerning Government has been called the "textbook of the American Revolution." [10]
After his death, Sidney was revered as the "Whig patriot–hero and martyr". [1] Burnet said of Sidney:
... a man of the most extraordinary courage, a steady man, even to obstinacy, sincere, but of a rough and boisterous temper, that could not bear contradiction, but would give foul language upon it. He seemed to be a Christian, but in a particular form of his own. He thought it was to be like a divine philosophy in the mind, but he was against all public worship, and every thing that looked like church. He was stiff to all republican principles, and such an enemy to every thing that looked like monarchy, that he set himself in a high opposition against Cromwell when he was made protector. He had indeed studied the history of government in all its branches beyond any man I ever knew. [8]
Sidney's influence on political thought in eighteenth-century Britain and Colonial America was probably second only to that of John Locke among seventeenth-century political theorists. [1] In his study of political theory in Britain from 1689 to 1720, J. P. Kenyon said that Sidney's Discourses "were certainly much more influential than Locke's Two Treatises ". [11] The poet James Thomson, in his poem The Seasons , praised Sidney as "the British Cassius", the hero "warmed" by "ancient learning to the enlightened love/Of ancient freedom". [12]
Sidney's reputation suffered a blow when Sir John Dalrymple published his Memoirs of Great Britain and Ireland in 1771, which exposed him as a pensioner of Louis XIV. [13] Dalrymple, who had greatly admired Sidney, wrote that he would hardly feel more shame if he had seen his own son run away from a battle.
The Whig MP Charles James Fox described Sidney and Lord Russell as "two names that will, it is hoped, be ever dear to every English heart" and predicted that "when their memory shall cease to be an object of respect and veneration ... English liberty will be fast approaching its final consummation". [14]
Sidney had a significant effect on the American conception of liberty. He was a hero of John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon, "the best-read and most widely regarded pamphleteers of prerevolutionary times." Their " Cato's Letters (after which the modern libertarian think tank the Cato Institute is named)" adopted Sidney's argument that "free men always have the right to resist tyrannical government". [15] Thomas Jefferson believed Sidney and Locke to be the two primary sources for the Founding Fathers' view of liberty. [16]
John Adams wrote to Jefferson in 1823 on the subject of Sidney:
I have lately undertaken to read Algernon Sidney on government. ... As often as I have read it, and fumbled it over, it now excites fresh admiration [i.e., wonder] that this work has excited so little interest in the literary world. As splendid an edition of it as the art of printing can produce—as well for the intrinsic merit of the work, as for the proof it brings of the bitter sufferings of the advocates of liberty from that time to this, and to show the slow progress of moral, philosophical, and political illumination in the world—ought to be now published in America. [16]
The Whig historian Thomas Babington Macaulay said of Sidney in 1828:
Never was there less of national feeling among the higher orders than during the reign of Charles the Second. That Prince, on the one side, thought it better to be the deputy of an absolute king than the King of a free people. Algernon Sidney, on the other hand, would gladly have aided France in all her ambitious schemes, and have seen England reduced to the condition of a province, in the wild hope that a foreign despot would assist him to establish his darling republic. [17]
But in 1848, Macaulay wrote of the Whig opposition to Charles II:
It would be unjust to impute to them the extreme wickedness of taking bribes to injure their country. On the contrary, they meant to serve her: but it is impossible to deny that they were mean and indelicate enough to let a foreign prince pay them for serving her. Among those who cannot be acquitted of this degrading charge was one man who is popularly considered as the personification of public spirit, and who, in spite of some great moral and intellectual faults, has a just claim to be called a hero, a philosopher, and a patriot. It is impossible to see without pain such a name in the list of the pensioners of France. Yet it is some consolation to reflect that, in our time, a public man would be thought lost to all sense of duty and of shame, who should not spurn from him a temptation which conquered the virtue and the pride of Algernon Sidney. [18]
The libertarian philosopher Friedrich Hayek quoted Sidney's Discourses on the title page of his The Constitution of Liberty : "Our inquiry is not after that which is perfect, well knowing that no such thing is found among men; but we seek that human Constitution which is attended with the least, or the most pardonable inconveniences".
Algernon Sidney is one of the namesakes for Hampden–Sydney College in Virginia. The College formerly used the original spelling of Sidney. He was chosen because of the role his ideas played in moulding the beliefs of the American Revolutionary thinkers.
Sidney became widely used as a given name in the United States after the American Revolution due to admiration for Algernon Sidney as a martyr to royal tyranny. [19]
See also: Published literature from and about Algernon Sidney.
|url= (help)The first edition of this text is available at Wikisource: . Dictionary of National Biography . London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
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|Preceded by
John Boys
| Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
|Succeeded by
Thomas Kelsey
|Parliament of England
|Preceded by
Not represented 1642–1645
William Herbert 1640–1642
| Member of Parliament for Cardiff
|Succeeded by
Not represented in Barebones Parliament of 1653
John Price 1654-1660
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Charles Davenant (1656–1714) was an English mercantilist economist, politician, and pamphleteer. He was Tory member of Parliament for St Ives (Cornwall), and for Great Bedwyn.
Catharine Macaulay, later Catharine Graham, was an English Whig republican historian.
Whiggism is a political philosophy that grew out of the Parliamentarian faction in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639–1651). The Whigs' key policy positions were the supremacy of Parliament, as opposed to that of the king, tolerance of Protestant dissenters and opposition to a "Papist" on the throne, especially James II or one of his descendants.
William Russell, Lord Russell, was an English politician. He was a leading member of the Country Party, forerunners of the Whigs, who laid the groundwork opposition in the House of Commons of England to the concept of a reign of an openly Catholic King during the reign of King Charles II but ultimately resulted in his execution for treason, almost two years before King Charles died and James acceded to the throne.
Mixed government is a form of government that combines elements of democracy (polity), aristocracy and monarchy, making impossible their respective degenerations which are conceived as anarchy, oligarchy and tyranny. The idea was popularized during classical antiquity in order to describe the stability, the innovation and the success of the republic as a form of government developed under the Roman constitution.
The Good Old Cause was the name given, retrospectively, by the soldiers of the New Model Army, to the complex of reasons that motivated their fight on behalf of the Parliament of England.
John Hampden, the second son of Richard Hampden, and grandson of Ship money tax protester John Hampden, returned to England after residing for about two years in France, and joined himself to William Russell and Algernon Sidney and the party opposed to the arbitrary government of Charles II. With Russell and Sidney he was arrested in 1683 for alleged complicity in the Rye House Plot, but more fortunate than his colleagues his life was spared, although as he was unable to pay the fine of £40,000 which was imposed upon him he remained in prison. Then in 1685, after the failure of Monmouth's rising, Hampden was again brought to trial, and on a charge of high treason was condemned to death. But the sentence was not carried out, and having paid £6000 he was set at liberty. In the Convention Parliament of 1689 he represented Wendover, but in the subsequent parliaments he failed to secure a seat. It was Hampden who in 1689 coined the phrase "Glorious Revolution". He died by his own hand on 12 December 1696. Hampden wrote numerous pamphlets, and Bishop Burnet described him as "one of the learnedest gentlemen I ever knew".
James II and VII was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685 until he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The last Roman Catholic monarch of England, Scotland and Ireland, his reign is now remembered primarily for struggles over religious tolerance. However, it also involved the principles of absolutism and divine right of kings and his deposition ended a century of political and civil strife by confirming the primacy of Parliament over the Crown.
Edmund Bohun (1645–1699) was an English writer on history and politics, a publicist in the Tory interest.


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Sunday 15 November - 10h30
by Mukaddas Mijit
The Uyghur dance of Xinjiang (the autonomous region in northwest China) stems from multiple influences, notably Buddhist, Zoroastrian, Islamic, Manichaean and Turkish. The dance is characterised by the finesse of its gestures and positions, inseparable from the music that accompanies them. Mukaddas Mijit was trained from an early age at the Xinjiang dance institute. Today she is based in Paris where she continues to develop an artistic practice that explores the spiritual meanings of dance.

subset: commoncrawl


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Portland Oregon is arguably the Knife makers' capital of the world. Within a 25 mile radius you will find the biggest names in the industry. Something in the water?! Must be because here you will also find a myriad of custom manufacturers, including among the best straight razor & custom kitchen knife makers. Origin Blade Maker strives to live up to the high standards of our peers in this area by producing top quality knife making equipment, with an industry best guarantee & unrivaled customer support!
OBM at its core is a niche market manufacturing concern. Our only interest is to provide the best possible knife making equipment to hobbyists & professionals alike, at a fair price. Just as a knife maker lives for the expression on his customer's face when he hands him his custom made knife for the first time, just so do we strive to have our customers completely satisfied in both the quality & value of our products.
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Best grinder out there for the money. – Belt Grinder 2×72″ Complete Chassis
I have this grinder. I probably bought one of the first ones and it has been a workhorse for me. – Belt Grinder 2×72″ Complete Chassis
I was finally able to put my new belt grinder to work this evening, it runs great! Got a few knife blanks cutout on the bandsaw and then profiled on the new grinder. – Belt Grinder 2×72″ Complete Chassis
Super stoked to have a badass 2×72 grinder in my arsenal now! Purchased and pieced together components and built a few parts of my own for one sweet and modular setup. Cant wait to get in some grind time soon! . – Belt Grinder 2×72″ Complete Chassis
Very well built machine. Works great. Still need to get the small wheel setup and a few other accessories. – Belt Grinder 2×72″ Complete Chassis – Black
Just waiting for the belts to arrive. Then it's time to "spit em out". Great grinder and fast delivery! Highly recommend. Thanks a bunch #oregonblademaker.
The motor is a 3 phase 400V 2pole 2.2kW (3hp) 2860rpm metal eating monster. A couple of 36 grit ceramic belts on this one. – Belt Grinder 2×72″ Complete Chassis
Although it's just a belt grinder, this has been a huge upgrade to my shop and my knife making capabilities. Shout out to Oregon Blade Maker who happens to be local to me for the grinder. – Belt Grinder 2×72″ Complete Chassis
Having a good quality machine makes everything easier. – Belt Grinder 2×72″ Complete Chassis
Works like a champ! – Belt Grinder 2×72″ Complete Chassis
Finally up and grinding! I love this new #oregonblademaker #2×72#2x72beltgrinder. It definitely helps make quick work of profiling knives. – Belt Grinder 2×72″ Complete Chassis
Got my new KMG "knife making grinder" today from #oregonblademaker what a great product. I should be grinding on some projects tomorrow. – Belt Grinder 2×72″ Complete Chassis – Black
Just got in my new tool rest from #oregonblademaker such a quality product. – Tool Rest – Red
I LOVE MINE.. USE IT DAILY! I BUILT IT MYSELF. – Belt Grinder 2×72″ Complete Chassis
The wheel set I'm using is from #oregonblademaker. Very happy with these. The quality is excellent. – Aluminum Wheel Set
Well I finally have a real grinder!! #oregonblademaker – Belt Grinder 2×72″ Complete Chassis
Thank you #oregonblademaker for getting me those wheels so quickly. Now I can make sparks all weekend.
Some parts just have to be precise. Thanks to #oregonblademaker! – D Backing Plate with Idler Wheels
I'm really happy with this grinder now that I've ground a bunch of blades on it. Only issue I had was there not being much clearance on the left side of the platen. I fixed that by spacing the platen out with 3/4 x 2 inch aluminum. Made a huge difference. I think for the money it's pretty hard to beat and their service is incredible. Hoping to figure out how to get it set up with an 8 or 10 inch wheel sometime soon. – Belt Grinder 2×72″ Complete Chassis
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Had an unexpected mail call today when I received this new tool rest with adjustable angle guide from Oregon Blade Maker. Just tried it out real quick this evening and its going to make life a lot easier for me getting consistent grind angles on scales and bolsters. – Tool Rest
My new variable speed belt grinder. Don't know how I ever did anything without it. Got this from Oregon blade maker on EBay. – Belt Grinder Complete Chassis


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Ferid Murad, (born September 14, 1936, Whiting, Indiana, U.S.), American pharmacologist who, along with Robert F. Furchgott and Louis J. Ignarro, was awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system. Their combined work uncovered an entirely new mechanism for how blood vessels in the body relax and widen.
Murad received his M.D. and Ph.D. from Western Reserve University (later Case Western Reserve University) in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1965. In addition to his clinical practice, Murad taught pharmacology at the University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (1975–81), at Stanford University (1981–89), and then at Northwestern University (1988). While at Stanford he ventured into the private sector as a vice president of Abbott Laboratories (1988–92) and then became president of the Molecular Geriatrics Corporation (1993–95). He began teaching at the medical school of the University of Texas, Houston, in 1997. Murad moved to the George Washington University in Washington, D.C., in 2011.
In 1977 Murad showed that nitroglycerin and several related heart drugs induce the formation of nitric oxide and that the colourless, odourless gas acts to increase the diameter of blood vessels in the body. Furchgott and Ignarro built on this work. About 1980 Furchgott demonstrated that cells in the endothelium, or inner lining, of blood vessels produce an unknown signaling molecule, which he named endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). This molecule signals smooth muscle cells in blood vessel walls to relax, dilating the vessels. Ignarro's research, conducted in 1986 and done independently of Furchgott's work, identified EDRF as nitric oxide. These discoveries led to the development of the anti-impotence drug sildenafil citrate (Viagra) and had the potential to unlock new approaches for understanding and treating other diseases.
The Nobel Assembly of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, which presented the prize, said that the identification of a biological role for nitric oxide was surprising for several reasons. Nitric oxide was known mainly as a harmful air pollutant, released into the atmosphere from automobile engines and other combustion sources. In addition, it was a simple molecule, very different from the complex neurotransmitters and other signaling molecules that regulate many biological events. No other gas is known to act as a signaling molecule in the body.
Murad was also the recipient of the Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award in 1996 for his discovery. Murad and Ignarro collaborated on Nitric Oxide: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Therapeutic Implications (1995).
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Louis IgnarroFurchgott and Ferid Murad, was co-awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system. This work uncovered an entirely new mechanism by which blood vessels in the body relax and widen.…
Robert F. FurchgottIgnarro and Ferid Murad, was co-awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system. Their combined work uncovered an entirely new mechanism by which blood vessels in the body relax and…
Nobel Prize
Nobel Prize, any of the prizes (five in number until 1969, when a sixth was added) that are awarded annually from a fund bequeathed for that purpose by the Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Nobel. The Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards given for intellectual achievement…
nitric oxide
Nitric oxide (NO), colourless toxic gas that is formed by the oxidation of nitrogen. Nitric oxide performs important chemical signaling functions in humans and other animals and has various applications in medicine. It has few industrial applications. It is a serious air pollutant generated by automotive…
blood vessel
Blood vessel, a vessel in the human or animal body in which blood circulates. The vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called arteries, and their very small branches are arterioles. Very small branches that collect the blood from the various organs and parts are called venules, and…
More About Ferid Murad2 references found in Britannica articles
association with
- Furchgott
- Ignarro


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Investors generally operate within market infrastructures that do not prioritise social, environmental and economic considerations. We are, therefore, required to ask: how can more capital be mobilized towards impact?Read This Post
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How do intermediaries in Vietnam build the ecosystem for social impact? Member LIN Center for Community Development builds resilient cross-sector partnerships for scalable and sustainable business development.Read This Post
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Pioneering companies and financial institutions have been crucial in promoting sustainable agriculture and forestry investment, yet progress has been slow. USAID Green Invest Asia is taking the lead by working with mid-growth enterprises and linking them with investors to scale up profitable and sustainable agriculture and forestry practices.Read This Post
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In a global agreement to limit global temperature rise to below 2 degrees Celsius, Southeast Asian countries, have committed themselves to achieve the goal of net zero emissions by 2050. ClimateWorks Australia offers a few solutions.
4 min read
Frontier Law and Advisory develops a streamlined PPP methodology to engage public and private sectors in smaller scale social and environmental projects.
Find out how they have applied the toolkit to Conservation Tourism in the City of Danang, Vietnam.Read This Post
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From funders to social purpose organisations, the session reveals where opportunities and challenges lie to scale up in the educations sector.Read This Post
The original AVPN investment showcase is back on our website with many new cases profiled by our members! The purpose of the investment showcase is to provide a platform for AVPN members to showcase their investees and to encourage the deal sharing, co-investment and partnership among our members. All projects posted are supported by our […]Read This Post


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Here's what people have asked and answered about working for and interviewing at Wesley Family Services.
View all 22 questions about Wesley Family Services
Every 2 weeks.
Answered - Leader (Current Employee) - Pittsburgh, PA
You get paid every two weeks. You never get a raise because there is never any money in the budget. If you do get a raise, it only amounts to a few cents per hour.
Answered - Family Based Therapist II (Current Employee) - Greensburg, PA


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Corporate citizenship
Corporate citizenship
AUDI HUNGARIA Zrt. has been an important factor for the development of the Hungarian economy and the city of Győr since 1993. For Audi Hungaria, it is only natural to accept social responsibility and promote cultural and sporting events with the goal of improving the quality of life in the region.
Here are a few examples from the cultural scene:
- Sponsoring the Győr Ballet Ensemble since 1997
- Financial support for the Győr Philharmonic Orchestra since 2015
- Supporting various cultural events, such as the Jazz Terrace in Pannonhalma
- Main sponsor of the annual end-of-summer concert in Győr
AUDI HUNGARIA Zrt. is also an important player in Győr's sporting life.
- The company has been the main and name sponsor of the Győri AUDI ETO women's handball team since 2006
- and is the naming partner of the 5,500-seat Audi Aréna Győr.
Reflecting its social responsibility, Audi Hungaria hosted the fifth Volunteer Day in 2018. This event is very popular among the employees. 400 employees volunteered their time to actively help with 27 projects in Győr and the surrounding area. Audi Hungaria has also been involved in health care in the region since the company's founding. It has donated several times to the Petz Aladár County Hospital, and presented an Audi A3 Sedan* to the outpatient clinic operated by Győr's primary care physicians. Audi Hungaria provided an Audi A4 Avant* to the Győr emergency medical services in 2017. The command center uses it primarily for special calls and trips to severely ill patients. A donation from Audi Hungaria enabled the General and Thoracic Surgery Unit of Peter Aladár County Hospital in Győr to purchase medical instruments and a specialized laser device, which are indispensable for modern surgical interventions such as laparoscopic surgery. As such, the company makes a substantial contribution to enhancing the standard of care.


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One of the challenges I came up against when writing about cameras regularly was that while a certain percentage of my readers were actively shopping for a new camera, many readers already owned one. In fact, writing a 'photography tips' blog means you attract more people wanting to learn how to use a camera that they already own, rather than buying a new one.
Some merchants run their own (in-house) affiliate programs using dedicated software, while others use third-party intermediaries to track traffic or sales that are referred from affiliates. There are two different types of affiliate management methods used by merchants: standalone software or hosted services, typically called affiliate networks. Payouts to affiliates or publishers can be made by the networks on behalf of the merchant, by the network, consolidated across all merchants where the publisher has a relationship with and earned commissions or directly by the merchant itself.
Affiliate marketing owes its birth and first developments to CDNow.com and Amazon.com. Back in November, 1994 CDNow started its Buyweb Program — the first online marketing program of its kind at that time. Amazon continued this pattern in July 1996 with its Associates Program. Amazon claims that currently the number of their affiliates worldwide exceeds 1 million associates. (A Practical Guide to Affiliate Marketing, p. 11)
First of all, it's a low-risk and inexpensive business. The bare minimum for getting started as an affiliate is having a blog, a website, or even just a social media profile. This makes it a very cost-effective method for earning money. It also means you don't have to commit a lot of cash up-front since you can start small and grow your marketing efforts over time.
"Brick Marketing has been a dependable, professional SEO company that has helped us get results. In the last 6 months of using their services, visits to our website have increased by almost 30%. Our dedicated SEO Specialist was pleasant to deal with. Her suggestions for articles and press releases were industry specific. Brick Marketing always answered our phone calls and emails within an hour which made us feel valued as a client. I would recommend Brick Marketing to all businesses to handle their SEO needs."
File-Sharing: Web sites that host directories of music, movies, games and other software. Users upload content to file-hosting sites and then post descriptions of the material and their download links on directory sites. Uploaders are paid by the file-hosting sites based on the number of times their files are downloaded. The file-hosting sites sell premium download access to the files to the general public. The websites that host the directory services sell advertising and do not host the files themselves.
While any "regular" job requires you to be at work to make money, affiliate marketing offers you the ability to make money while you sleep. By investing an initial amount of time into a campaign, you will see continuous returns on that time as consumers purchase the product over the following days and weeks. You receive money for your work long after you've finished it. Even when you're not in front of your computer, your marketing skills will be earning you a steady flow of income.
Creating blog content is a very useful and effective way of consistently building content on a site. When creating blog posts, it's a good idea to do some keyword research to figure out what it is that your audience is interested in and searching for online. Also, be sure to research competitors, forums and social media to narrow down on topics for your blog.
Give it all a try yourself: As a hopelessly stubborn person, I understand that sometimes you just want to try things out for yourself. No stress, friend! All these resources will still be around later, so if your gut tells you that it's not time to buy a course or eBook, don't force it. Test the waters for yourself and then see later whether or not you need the extra boost.
I'm very newbie in this field, even I haven't my website/blog pages. Its takes some time to build my website. With this article, I get some knowledge how to start. But I have question that if I want to start this from the social media like Facebook. Then what we should do first. Should we make a page relevant to niche ? And is social media is correct way to start or we should first make our own website/ blog pages?
Most businesses require startup fees as well as a cash flow to finance the products being sold. However, affiliate marketing can be done at a low cost, meaning you can get started quickly and without much hassle. There are no affiliate program fees to worry about and no need to create a product. Beginning this line of work is relatively straightforward.
i have completed this article ,really it has many valuable talks about amazon affiliate,but one thing I didnt understood that is, the content was supposed to be in the list of number 5, but why the content is number 4? i m confused, maybe it could be (1)Keyword Research-(2) Domain-(3) Hosting- (4) Theme-(5) the Content (6)On-Page Seo (7) Off-Page Seo (8) Applying to Amazon Associates Program, maybe I am wrong , I just Cant understood, will you clear it Farhan bro?.Please.
The other type of Amazon affiliate link I use is when I'm mentioning a product in passing and/or a new product is announced. For example, when Nikon announced the Nikon D300s we immediately posted about the news because it was a notable and anticipated camera announcement. The camera was not yet available in stores and we were not able to get a review sample yet – but it was available for Pre-Order on Amazon so we linked to it.
You earn commission on anybody's purchase, except yours, if they use your referral link within 24 hours. One tip here is that you can trade referral links with family members and friends and use their link to make your own purchases and ask them to do the same so there can be sharing of the spoils. This might not be the major way to make money in the affiliate program Amazon runs, but it can help your commission structure.
RightCasino managed to monetize traffic through industry and entertainment news, Twitter, PPC (we've just translated our site into foreign languages to take advantage of cheaper sources of traffic in other countries), email marketing and others. (We will show you how you ways to promote your affiliate products faster if you click here to join our digital marketing training)
Robey is particularly rankled by the distinction between "beauty" and "luxury beauty" — a difference between a 6 and 10 percent commission under the new system. Almost none of the products she covers are grouped in Amazon's luxury beauty category, although she considers many of them luxury goods. The result is a major incentive to write about brands in the favored category, although Robey says she won't change the products she writes about.
Ooh that makes sense! Yeah, surname would probably be a big one. I've also heard that they keep tabs on any old addresses you've registered and if the address is the same as someone buying from you, then that doesn't count either. I can't imagine they'd be able to know who ALL your friends are, but a good thing to be mindful of! When I first started I thought, hey, why not just make a FB post and tell everyone to buy off me? haha then I realized maybe it's not that simple.
Readers are in the mood to spend money and are eagerly looking for products to purchase as presents. If it fits your blog well, write a "best gifts" post for your audience.Create multiple pin images for the post and promote the holiday pin images starting in October. You can visit the Pinterest business blog to know when to start promoting your seasonal content.
I have yet to implement all the tools you have shared and recommended in this article, but I really like the way you explain things. It is written in a very easy-to-read style, and ho hype or exaggerated comments. Now I have to get busy and take the necessary time to study, and implement, your recommendations. Thank you for all that you have shared.
Ooh that makes sense! Yeah, surname would probably be a big one. I've also heard that they keep tabs on any old addresses you've registered and if the address is the same as someone buying from you, then that doesn't count either. I can't imagine they'd be able to know who ALL your friends are, but a good thing to be mindful of! When I first started I thought, hey, why not just make a FB post and tell everyone to buy off me? haha then I realized maybe it's not that simple.
Affiliate marketing was a very early implementation of marketing strategy via the web. Several different industries are associated with its origins (such as flower delivery, music and even adult entertainment) but it is difficult to track an exact origin, partially due to its rapid expansion concurrent with the rise of the world wide web in the 1990s.
Another compelling aspect of affiliate marketing is that it lets you be creative, and provide something genuinely useful to your audience. Since you can use affiliate links pretty much anywhere, you can set up a review site, publish long-form articles, or even produce video content. Since you're promoting other companies' products, you don't even need to worry about actually creating, shipping, and supporting the items yourself.
Most of the traffic for your affiliate website will come from product related searches, and product reviews. Generally, these will be more long-tail terms such as, "Blendtec 570 vs Vitamix 5300", or "greenworks mower vs black and decker". The traffic coming from keywords like these will be very targeted, as the searcher has the intention to purchase something.
This book over delivers on its promise - a "No-Nonsense Guide on How to Make Money Online", without all the hype and misleading information that you so very often find in other similar books. The information presented is well researched, and the author "tells it like it is", without providing you with false hope of making it big time with little or no effort. If you're serious about building an internet marketing business using affiliate marketing, but have either been let down and disappointed by previous expensive books and courses, and are willing to out in the time and effort that it takes to succeed, then I think you'll be pleasantly surprised by the content of this book. I know that I'll be referring to it often as I continue to work on building my business.
Most businesses require startup fees as well as a cash flow to finance the products being sold. However, affiliate marketing can be done at a low cost, meaning you can get started quickly and without much hassle. There are no affiliate program fees to worry about and no need to create a product. Beginning this line of work is relatively straightforward.
The term "qualified sale" (or its synonym, "qualified purchase") is important in the affiliate marketing context because the advertiser (the ecommerce merchant) defines in advance what constitutes a qualified sale. When an affiliate agrees to promote the merchant's products, that affiliate is accepting the merchant's definition of a "qualified sale."
That's a great tip Sean, thanks! I was thinking about what you said in your post about some companies not putting that they have affiliate links and you having to do some digging and there are couple of companies/authors who made products I love and keep using, but I'm not sure how to go ahead and ask about the affiliate link. I read the post you linked below about asking for guest blogging, which I thought was a must-read, and so, if you think of doing a follow-up on this one, would love to read some of your tips and do's and don't about this. Thanks again, Sean, you're doing some very inspiring work here!
Affiliate marketing works because it creates a win-win situation for everyone involved. Companies only pay commissions on sales that are generated which guarantees a strong return on investment. Affiliates get to earn more money which can eventually turn into passive income over time. It's a low-risk marketing channel that benefits both advertisers and publishers.
Forms of new media have also diversified how companies, brands, and ad networks serve ads to visitors. For instance, YouTube allows video-makers to embed advertisements through Google's affiliate network.[22][23] New developments have made it more difficult for unscrupulous affiliates to make money. Emerging black sheep are detected and made known to the affiliate marketing community with much greater speed and efficiency.[citation needed]


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Patriots vs. Packers: Highest-rated game in three years
The first meeting between Tom Brady and Aaron Rodgers on Sunday was the highest-rated NFL regular-season game in nearly three seasons.
The Packers' 26-21 win averaged a 17.6 rating (the percentage of households with televisions tuned to a program) and 32 share (the percentage of homes with televisions in use at the time) on CBS.
CBS said Wednesday it was the network's highest-rated game since Brady's win over Tim Tebow and the Broncos on Dec. 18, 2011.
According to CBS, an average of 30.9 million viewers watched the game.


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DohaAbout usThe InterContinental® brand looks for charming, confident, sophisticated and internationally-minded people who know what it takes to exceed guest expectations.
The InterContinental Doha is the authentic urban resort and business hotel in Doha, Qatar. We have 375 guestrooms and 14 high quality restaurants and bars serving International cuisine, the longest private 500 meter Arabian Gulf Beach in Doha, an impressive grand ballroom that accommodates up to 800 guests, five flexible function rooms that can host business meetings and social gatherings, outstanding high-
tech recreational facilitiesWhat we need from youIdeally, you will have at least a minimum of 2 years experience at same position with 4 / 5 Star leading hotel chain.
Diploma / Bachelor's Degree in Hospitality, certified lifeguard, computer literate, very good English communication skills (both oral and writing).
not forgetting a competitive salary and benefits package with hotel discount worldwide!


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Sailor Ship Escape Game
Sailor Ship Escape is the latest point and click escape game made by Wow Escape. Let's assume that you are a nautical student and you are on your practicing level to become a professional seaman. You enjoyed a lot in the sailor ship with your classmates because it is your first time to ride a ship. While you are there, you decided to roamed around the sailor ship to familiarize everything. You were so amazed of what you see not knowing that you are already lost. You were stucked in one of the cabin in the ship. How areyou going to escape from the sailor ship and go back to your companions? Good luck!This game is from Wow Escape.
Escape Game Developers
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I love these games and have beaten almost all of them. Pokemon is one of my favorite series. But for many years, I've had growing issues with the series. Unfortunately many people have simply insisted I just don't like Pokemon or that I'm just looking to hate the games.
In a way it does feel good to finally see people not settling for a substandard job. GameFreak has demonstrated they no longer consider themselves capable of delivering the Pokemon experience fans want, and I think it's either time for GameFreak to change or to no longer develop the games.
I personally think Nintendo should work with Creatures to buy their third of The Pokemon Company and develop future games in house. I wouldn't be opposed to them having a well trusted developer like Bandai Namco do it either. Unfortunately, I just don't have faith in GameFreak right now, and I think it's fair for me to feel that way.
Edit: Since this seems to be a widely read post, I've made this poll: Why do you think GameFreak isn't putting all Pokemon in Sword and Shield? and this poll: Would you be upset if Pokemon Sword and Shield were the last Pokemon games fully developed my GameFreak?
Whoever did the story for Mystery Dungeon Sky; I'd kill to have them write the story for the next Mainline Pokemon game. Just saying.
Did the mystery dungeon games keep having good stories? I only played Red and Blue rescue teams but really enjoyed the stories in those.
Red/Blue and Time/Darkness/Sky were the pinnacle of the series, and Sky is a direct upgrade from Time/Darkness. Gates to Infinity wasn't very good but not awful. Super was better than Gates but didn't reach the upper echelons of the first two games.
Gates to infinity was alright.
The main reason i like it is for "BITTERCOLD ANCIENT DRAGON OF THE WEST" but thats a really niche joke.
I personally thought Gates was the disappointment of the whole series. Not many available pokemon, no endgame, and it was painfully easy. Even the story was less engaging than the other games. Also the town buildimg feature felt like wasted potential, it was cool to have a concrete goal to work towards with non-storyline missions but the facilities were utterly useless.
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So I am in the second decade of my life and have never cried over any game, movie or media in general. But damn mystery dungeon team sky made me emotional. Not only that but the story is crazy good
Not even when Simba thought he was to blame for his own fathers death, leading him to live his formative years as an outcast who didn't know the love his pride felt for him in his absence.
Or when Percy didn't wet the sponge and poor John Coffey was inhumanely executed for crimes he didn't commit after living a life of love and compassion when he was faced with cruelty and subjugation in return .
You Sir are a cold cat!
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Explorers is fantastic. Sky especially I'd consider an improvement in basically every aspect I can think of.
I don't know so much about the ones after that, though. I think they were still decent, but I haven't heard anyone talking about them on the same level as the first 2 (5?).
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The stories are very good, yes. Each game after Blue slowly deteriorates things that I really loved but they all have the same core gameplay and they all have good stories and are worth playing.
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The story in Time/Darkness (maybe Sky too idk) was basically a direct mirror of Red/Blue. If you played one, you know the rough plot already. But if its not broke, why fix it? The ending of those games hits like a truck even when you know whats coming, Id say it was far more emotional than Red/Blue Rescue Team.
sky was arguably better story wise, labyrinth was garbage, super was ok
Sky had the 5 bonus chapters right? I might have to pick it up, I never got to see those. Still playing Darkness to this day :D
it's totally worth it, don't remember everything but there were also a bunch of side story missions where you play through the stories of side characters as them
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It did indeed. Sky is a very, VERY long game. Both in story, and bonus content.
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