text:
Association Between Television, Movie, and Video Game Exposure and School Performance
BACKGROUND. The relationship between media exposure and school performance has not been studied extensively in adolescents.
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to test the relative effects of television, movie, and video game screen time and content on adolescent school performance.
METHODS. We conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey of middle school students (grades 5–8) in the Northeastern United States. We looked at weekday television and video game screen time, weekend television and video game screen time, cable movie channel availability, parental R-rated movie restriction, and television content restriction. The main outcome was self-report of school performance (excellent, good, average, or below average). We used ordinal logistic-regression analysis to test the independent effects of each variable, adjusting for demographics, child personality, and parenting style.
RESULTS. There were 4508 students who participated in the study; gender was equally represented, and 95% were white. In multivariate analyses, after adjusting for other covariates, the odds of poorer school performance increased with increasing weekday television screen time and cable movie channel availability and decreased with parental restriction of television content restriction. As compared with children whose parents never allowed them to watch R-rated movies, children who watched R-rated movies once in a while, sometimes, or all of the time had significantly increased cumulative odds of poorer school performance. Weekend screen time and video game use were not associated with school performance.
CONCLUSIONS. We found that both content exposure and screen time had independent detrimental associations with school performance. These findings support parental enforcement of American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for media time (particularly weekdays) and content limits to enhance school success.
Over the past 20 years, US children have been participants in what is called, a "mass media explosion." In 2000, 97% of American homes with children had television sets, 97% had a video cassette recorder, and 89% had a personal computer or other video game-capable equipment.1 More than 70% of US homes had >1 television set, 69% had cable television, and 15% had satellite television service.2 As a result, children spend ∼40 hours per week consuming all forms of media; more than half of this time is spent watching television, movies, or videos.3
Television exposure has been linked to obesity, aggression, and high-risk behavior.4–10 However, studies of the relationship between television exposure and school performance have focused primarily on exposure during the preschool years and have yielded conflicting results.10–17 One longitudinal study found that increased television screen time during the preschool years was related to higher grades for boys and lower grades for girls during high school.14 Content of television programs viewed had a differential effect on school performance for boys and girls. For example, exposure to more violent programming was related to worse academic performance for girls during high school. However, for both boys and girls, exposure to educational programming was related to less aggression and higher grades during high school.14 More recently, both a longitudinal and a cross-sectional study found an association between increased television screen time and worse academic achievement.15–17 However, these studies were criticized for not also assessing the content of television programs viewed.18
We hypothesized that both screen time and media content would have independent associations with school performance. Based on previous studies, screen time is an obvious choice as a mediator for a detrimental effect on school performance, because it "displaces" time that would normally be spent doing schoolwork, reading for pleasure, or engaging in other educational activities. Studies have documented a relationship between increased screen time and decreased time spent reading and doing homework,19, 20 and Anderson et al14 have referred to this mechanism as the "displacement hypothesis." Content of television, movies, and videos could also affect school performance. Although educational content could enhance school function (as demonstrated by Anderson et al14), increased exposure to violence, sexuality, and so forth has been shown to enhance engagement in more high-risk behaviors,4–10 which is associated with poorer school performance.21 This mechanism has been referred to as the "content hypothesis."14
In the present analysis, we sought to provide information on the association among television, movie, and video game use and school performance among adolescents, a group for which few data are available. In addition, we aimed to separate the effects of screen time versus content to test both the displacement or content hypotheses.
We invited middle school students to participate in a survey about "the effects of media on children." Students were recruited from 15 New Hampshire and Vermont middle schools (grades 5–8), limiting eligibility to those with ≥150 students. The communities served by these schools ranged from towns with <2000 persons to cities of ≥100000. The population was predominantly white, and most parents had graduated from high school. A confidential student survey was administered during class time by survey proctors during September 1999. Additional details about the study sampling method are available elsewhere.9 The study protocol was approved by the Dartmouth College Human Subjects Committee.
Of 5902 total students, 128 parents or students (2.2%) refused participation, and 380 students (6.4%) were absent (average participation rate by school: 91.4%). Of the 5394 students who completed the survey, 886 were excluded because of missing data for ≥1 covariate, providing a final sample of 4508 adolescents.
Survey Measures: Main Outcome
School performance was assessed by self-report responses to the following question: "How would you describe your grades last year?" (excellent, good, average, or below average). Past reports have corroborated self-reports of student school performance by adolescents with teacher reports.22
Screen-Time Measures
To test the displacement hypothesis, we used 4 variables that measured time spent with visual media: television/movie weekday screen time, television/movie weekend screen time, video game weekday screen time, and video game weekend screen time. We hypothesized that if the displacement hypothesis was most important, then weekday screen time would have a stronger relationship with school performance than weekend screen time, because it would conflict with demands to complete homework for the following school day. The weekday (and weekend) screen-time variables were derived from the responses to the following questions: "On school days (or weekends), how many hours a day do you watch TV? (Include the time you spend watching TV or movies on video, but NOT time you spend playing video games)" (0 = none, 1 = <1 hour, 2 = 1–3 hours, 3 = 4–7 hours, 4 = ≥8 hours) and "On school days (or weekends), how many hours a day do you play video games? (0 = none, 1 = <1 hour, 2 = 1–3 hours, 3 = 4–7 hours, 4 = ≥8 hours).
Content Measures
To test the content hypothesis, we used 3 variables: cable movie channel availability, parental television content restriction, and parental R-rated movie restriction. To measure cable movie channel availability, subjects responded to the following question: "Do you have any of these special channels at home? Check all that you have." (Cinemax, The Movie Channel, HBO, and Showtime). The variable was coded to reflect the number of channels checked as available in the home. We postulated that exposure to more cable movie channels would increase the likelihood of exposure to adult themes depicted in the movies and programs delivered by these channels.
The parental television restriction variable coded responses to: "Are you allowed to watch anything you want on TV?" (yes or no). The parental R-rated movie restriction variable reflected responses to the following question: "How often do your parents let you watch movies and videos that are rated R?" (never, once in a while, sometimes, or all the time). We asked specifically about R-rated movies because in the United States, the Motion Picture Association of America uses the "R" rating to designate a movie that is intended for older adolescents and adults ("Under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian").
Validation of Media Measures
We expected content measures to be more highly associated with viewing adult media venues than screen-time measures. To validate this presumption, we assessed their relationship with an R-rated movie exposure variable. The R-rated movie exposure variable was derived from an assessment of movie exposure that has been described previously,9 for which we randomly selected 50 movie titles from a pool of 601 popular contemporary movies (each adolescent responded to a unique list of 50 movie titles, 23 of which were R-rated titles). Adolescents in this study sample had seen a median of 3 (interquartile range: 1–7) of the 23 R-rated movie titles on their movie list. We regressed the number of R-rated movies seen against the media variables, controlling for age, gender, school, parent education, parenting style, rebelliousness, sensation seeking, and self-esteem (see below for a full description of the covariates), and accounting for clustering by school. As predicted, the 3 media content measures were significantly associated with the outcome, with the number of R-rated movies increasing by an average of 0.57 (interquartile range: 0.46–0.68) for each 1 point increase in cable movie channel availability, decreasing by an average 0.59 (interquartile range: 0.32–0.86) with television content restriction, and decreasing by an average of 1.50 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29–1.71) for each 1 point increase in parental R-rated movie restriction. There was no association between any of the 4 measures of time spent with media and R-rated movie exposure. Thus, parental R-movie restriction, cable movie channel availability, and television content restriction are associated with exposure to adult entertainment media, whereas weekday and weekend screen time are not, validating the notion that these 2 classes of variables may be used to distinguish between the content and the displacement hypotheses.
Measured Covariates
We sought to distinguish between the effects of media exposure and the effects of other variables (confounders) that might affect school performance and also be related to media exposure. We present these variables in 3 general classes: parenting style, child personality, and demographics.
Parenting Style
Parental television and R-rated movie restriction could simply reflect the general effect of parenting style on school performance. Increased parental support, communication, and limit setting have been related to less high-risk behavior23 and better school performance24, 25 in adolescents. Hence, we believed parenting style to be an important potential confounder in the relationship between adolescent television, movie, and video game use and school performance. Moreover, we thought it important to distinguish between general measures of parenting style and media-specific parenting, such as R-rated movie restrictions, which were specifically hypothesized to influence school performance by affecting media content.
To capture parenting style, subjects responded to questions about their mothers, based on Baumrind's26 authoritative parenting construct, and using items validated previously in adolescents by Jackson et al.27 Authoritative parenting captures 2 domains: maternal support (also termed responsiveness) and maternal control (which taps monitoring and limit setting and is also referred to as demandingness). Responses to 4 questions ("she makes me feel better when I'm upset," "she listens to what I have to say," "she wants to hear about my problems," and "she is too busy to talk to me") were combined to create a maternal support index (range: 0–12). Responses to another 4 questions ("she tells me what time I have to be home," "she asks me what I do with my friends," "she knows where I am after school," and "she always makes me follow her rules") were combined to create a maternal control index (range: 0–12). A higher value on both indexes indicates a more authoritative parenting style, which has been related in previous studies to decreased high-risk behavior and better school outcomes in adolescents.23–27 Cronbach's α for the maternal support index (.77) and the maternal control index (.60) have been published previously.9
Child Personality
Previous work has shown that adolescents with low self-esteem and high levels of rebelliousness or sensation seeking have increased media exposure.7–9 These factors are also linked with engagement in high-risk behaviors and worse school performance28–30; hence, we included these child personality characteristics as covariates in this analysis. Items for the indexes used to capture these domains and their Cronbach's α have been published previously.9 The self-esteem index (range: 0–24; Cronbach's α = .74) included the following items: "I will be successful when I grow up," "I wish I was someone else," "I like myself the way I am," "I am happy with how I look," " I wish I was better looking," "I worry that other kids don't like me," "I feel tired all the time," and "I often feel sad." Items for the rebelliousness index (range: 0–21; Cronbach's α = .73) included: "I get in trouble in school," "I argue a lot with other kids," "I do things my parents wouldn't want me to do," I do what my teachers tell me to do," "I sometimes take things that don't belong to me," "I argue with my teachers," and "I like to break the rules." Items for the sensation-seeking index (range: 0–18; Cronbach's α = .69) included: "I like to do scary things," "I get bored being with the same friends all the time," "I would like to try drinking alcohol or beer," "I like to do dangerous things," "I often think there is nothing to do," and "I like to listen to loud music."
Demographics and socioeconomic status could be associated with media exposure and school performance. Subjects answered questions about their gender, current grade in school, and their age. Because previous work has demonstrated that "age for grade" is a risk factor for poor school performance,31 we created a dichotomous variable to code for whether a subject was younger than the modal age for his grade and another to indicate whether a subject was older than the modal age for grade.
Previous investigators have suggested that television use by children of lower socioeconomic status may be particularly beneficial to their school performance.12–14, 32 In a study by Fetler,12 among children in lower socioeconomic class homes, those who watched little/no television had worse academic performance than those who watched moderate amounts of television. Conversely, among children from higher socioeconomic class homes, children who watched little/no television had better academic performance than those who watched moderate amounts.12, 13 Hence, we believed that socioeconomic status may be an important confounder of the relationship between television, movie, and video game use and school performance. A categorical variable was created to reflect whether parents had graduated from high school (both parents, 1 parent, or neither parent). In addition, because we did not have rich individual measures of family socioeconomic status, we used data from the New Hampshire and Vermont Departments of Education Web sites to obtain socioeconomic data (percent of students eligible for free lunch) for each of the 15 schools.33, 34 We categorized school socioeconomic status into the following groups: ≥30% of students receive free lunch, 6%–29% of students receive free lunch, and <6% of students receive free lunch.
Statistical Analysis
First, to test whether subjects included in this study differed from those with missing data, we compared demographics and media use for the 2 groups. We used Student's t test to compare means for continuous data. The χ2 test was used to compare proportions for categorical variables.
To test the assumption that the covariates detailed above were indeed potential confounders of the relationship between media use and school performance, we examined the relationship between media use and each covariate. Because the media use variables were ordered categorical scales, we used nonparametric statistics, calculating Spearman correlations.
To evaluate the association between poorer school performance and media use, we used ordinal logistic regression with an ordinal school performance variable (excellent, good, average, or poor) as the dependent variable so that we were modeling the odds of performing more poorly. To test the suitability of using the linear form of our media exposure indices in the final regression equation, we plotted line graphs with the x-axis representing the media exposure categories and the y-axis representing the proportion of subjects with excellent, good, average, and poor school performance for each category.
We used ordinal logistic-regression analysis to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for the relationship between school performance and each of the media use variables while adjusting for parenting style, child personality, demographics, and clustering by school. This model gives cumulative ORs modeling the probability of being in any higher category on the school performance variable given a baseline category. With an ordered dependent variable, these models have the advantage of retaining information that would be lost by combining the data into 2 arbitrary groups, as one does when using logistic regression. Finally, we tested for interactions between each of the media use variables and the following covariates for which effect modification has been suggested in previous studies: gender, parental education, and socioeconomic status.
Participant Characteristics
We received complete data for all of the variables for 4508 subjects. Forty-nine percent of subjects were boys. The median age was 12 years (range: 9–15 years); 8% were fifth graders, 26% sixth graders, 31% seventh graders, and 35% eighth graders. The modal age for each grade was as follows: fifth grade: 10 years; sixth grade: 11 years; seventh grade: 12 years; and eighth grade: 13 years. Overall, 3291 subjects (73%) were at the modal age for their grade. Ninety subjects (2%) were younger than the modal age for their grade, and 1129 (25%) were older than the modal age for their grade.
Table 1 details the differences between study subjects as compared with those excluded for having missing data. Study subjects reported significantly better school performance than did excluded subjects. Study subjects also reported slightly but significantly less weekday screen time and weekend screen time and cable movie channel availability than subjects who were excluded for missing data. Parental R-rated movie and television restriction did not differ between the 2 groups. Overall, study subjects reported significantly higher levels of maternal support, maternal control, and self-esteem and less rebelliousness. Retained subjects also had higher parental education and came from schools with a higher socioeconomic status.
Correlates of Media Use
Table 2 details the relationship between media use and the covariates. There were significant correlations between all of the covariates and the media use variables. Weekday screen time, weekend screen time, and cable movie channel availability all decreased with increasing maternal support, maternal control, child self-esteem, grade, parental education, and school socioeconomic status and increased with increasing rebelliousness, sensation seeking, and older age for grade. Parental R-rated movie and television content restriction increased with maternal support, maternal control, child self-esteem, parental education, and school socioeconomic status and decreased with increasing grade, rebelliousness, and sensation seeking, and the correlations with these last 2 variable were particularly strong. As compared with girls, boys reported higher weekday and weekend screen time and less parental restriction of television content and R-rated movie viewing.
Relationship With School Performance
Overall, 36% of subjects reported excellent school performance, 38% reported good performance, 20% reported average performance, and 7% reported below average performance. The line plots in Fig 1 illustrate the relationship between school performance and each of the media use variables. The proportion of subjects with below average performance rose beyond 3 hours of weekday television screen time (Fig 1A) or 1 hour of weekday video game screen time (Fig 1B) but was not affected by weekend screen time except at the highest level of exposure (Fig 1 C and D). The proportion of students with excellent school performance seemed more sensitive to the effect of weekday media time; for example, the proportion of students with excellent performance dropped from 50% for adolescents with no television weekday screen time to 24% for adolescent with 4–7 hours of screen time (Fig 1A). Again, the effect of weekend screen time was weaker.
The line plots in Fig 2 show the relationship between media content measures and school performance. All of the measures of content were linked strongly with excellent and poor school performance, with the strongest association being seen with parental R-rated movie restriction (Fig 2C). For example, whereas only 0.4% of adolescents who were never allowed to view R-rated movies reported below average grades, 13% of those reporting no restriction reported below average grades.
After adjusting for other covariates, the cumulative odds of poorer school performance increased with higher weekday television screen time and cable movie channel availability (Table 3). The odds of poorer school performance decreased substantially with report of television content restriction and with higher levels of parental R-rated movie restriction. The effect size for the content restriction variables on poor school performance exceeded that of other important influences, including parenting style and child self-esteem and rebelliousness. All else being equal, weekend screen time and video game use were not associated with school performance.
Testing for interaction effects revealed interactions by gender for cable movie channel availability and R-rated movie restriction (Table 4). The effects of these media exposure variables varied for girls versus boys. The association between exposure to cable movie channels and poor school performance was greater in girls than in boys (1.11 vs 1.04; P = .02). On the other hand, the association between parental R-rated movie restriction and poorer school performance was greater for boys. As compared with never watching R-rated movies, boys who were allowed to watch R-rated movies "once in a while," "sometimes," or "all the time" had a consistent 64% increased odds of poorer school performance. Although the association between R-rated movie restriction and school performance was weaker and not statistically significant in girls, the odds of poorer school performance increased in a stepwise fashion with more laxity of parental R-rated movie restriction (Table 5).
We found a strong detrimental relationship between measures of media use and school performance in middle school children. This relationship persisted after controlling for a number of potential confounding influences. Our study supports both the displacement and the content hypotheses, with exposure to adult content having the strongest and most consistent negative impact on school performance. In addition, increased television weekday screen time had a detrimental impact on school performance, consistent with recent reports by others.15–17 Weekend screen time was not associated with school performance, lending some support to the displacement hypothesis, in that weekend screen time would be less likely to displace school work due on the following day. Taken as a whole, our findings add empirical support to the importance of American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines35 for parental limits on media time (particularly weekdays) and content as a way to enhance the chances of success in school during adolescence.
This study has several strengths, including theory-based measures of media exposure, large sample size, and controls for a number of personality and parenting characteristics. The finding that television, movie, and video game use during the middle school years is uniformly associated with a detrimental impact on school performance despite extensive controls speaks to the strength of the media-school performance relationship. The finding that weekday, rather than weekend, media exposure time is more strongly associated with poor school performance adds to the notion that weekday exposure displaces time that might have otherwise been spent doing schoolwork and suggests that pediatricians should instruct parents to pay particular attention to media exposure on school days. The finding that exposure to adult media content may have impact over and above the impact of media exposure time suggests that other mechanisms are in play. Future studies should consider the strong correlation we have found between exposure to adult media content and sensation seeking/rebelliousness. One potential causal pathway could be from exposure to adult media content, to higher levels of sensation seeking and rebelliousness, to poor school performance.
Our findings contrast with the findings of Anderson et al,14 who found overall positive effects of educational television exposure during preschool years on adolescent school performance. Although we are unable to comment on a potential beneficial effect of viewing educational programming during adolescence, we suspect that educational viewing declines as adolescents start to make more independent choices in the content of the media they use.3 The varied susceptibility to the detrimental effects of cable movie channel availability or R-rated movie exposure by gender is interesting and deserves additional exploration. In the present study, we found that girls were more vulnerable if there were more cable movie channels in the home, whereas boys were more vulnerable if R-rated movie viewing was not restricted. In addition, whereas the risk of poorer school performance for boys increased dramatically with any loosening of R-rated movie restriction, for girls the risk increased incrementally with loosening of these restrictions. We struggled to explain why response to 2 different content measures would affect boys and girls differently. Preliminarily, the results suggest that girls respond poorly to the ability to access more adult content and boys respond poorly to a lessening of parental control over access to content. Previous work has documented that children's patterns of media use differ by gender.36 A study in college students found that exposure to media content had different effects on girls' and boys' attitudes and behaviors; for girls, the greatest impact on high-risk behavior was exposure to music videos.37 Given the borderline statistical significance for our interaction results, they should be viewed with caution. Additional studies are warranted to examine the underlying mechanisms through which media exposure affects school performance and with an emphasis on how boys may respond differently from girls.
This study is also subject to several limitations. We used a self-report measure of school performance as our main outcome. Use of self-report for school performance is supported by previous studies showing that, whereas students may inflate their grades,14, 38 self-reports generally correlate with teacher reports. Specifically, Anderson et al14 reported that whereas self-reported grades were inflated from 0.26 to 0.37 points on a 4-point scale, they were highly correlated with transcript grades (r = 0.71–0.82). Hence, we believe that despite the probable grade inflation, the substantial and statistically significant correlative associations between the self-reported grades and all of the covariates are internally valid. The study was conducted in a limited geographic area, so it is possible that the findings may not hold true for children in other areas of the country. A national sample would be needed to determine whether the relationships between media use and school performance apply across populations, especially among minority populations. In addition, it is always possible that there are other unmeasured confounders that would explain the association between television exposure and school performance. Notably, our study did not include any measure of child intelligence quotient. It is possible that children with low intelligence quotient perform more poorly in school and, as a result, have less interest in school and greater interest in television, movie, and video game use. Finally, whereas we have established a relationship between exposure to adult content in television and movies and poorer school performance, because of our cross-sectional design, we cannot infer a before-and-after relationship between content exposure and school performance. Additional work is needed to clarify directionality, along with the intervening processes between adult content exposure and school performance. A longitudinal study, with data on potential mediators, as well as school performance, could be helpful in studying this relationship.
We found a strong, independent relationship between measures of exposure to media and poor school performance. The findings in this study add support to the recommendation that parents of young adolescents limit not only the amount but also the content of their child's media exposure. Specifically, our data support the recommendation that parents limit weekday television and video game time to ≤1 hour and restrict access to adult media by limiting exposure to cable movie channels and R-rated movies and videos.
- Accepted April 17, 2006.
- Address correspondence to Iman Sharif, MD, MPH, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Residency Program in Social Pediatrics, 3544 Jerome Ave, Bronx, NY 10467. E-mail: isharif{at}montefiore.org
Financial Disclosure: Dr Sharif was supported in part by a fellowship from the Bronx Center to Reduce & Eliminate Ethnic & Racial Health Disparities (Bronx CREED).
This work was presented in part at the annual meetings of the Eastern Society for Pediatric Research; March 5, 2005; Greenwich, CT.
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Vintage mohair jacket Cloth via @lafayettesaltieldrapiers
12:54pm 06/17/2019 2 84
Vintage mohair jacket Cloth via @lafayettesaltieldrapiers
Green tartan wool silk sports jacket Cloth by @aristonimparato
Rockford M65 linen jacket by @ethereal.bvkb Cloth by @aristonimparato
Hunter safari shorts Cloth by @dugdalebrosandco
It's rare to see a single breasted suit with peak lapel Cloth by @hollandandsherryapparel
Dark navy herringbone suit Cloth by @dugdalebrosandco
Our in-house cutting with spalla camicia
Razor sharp linen trousers
Linen Drawstring Trousers Cloth by @dugdalebrosandco
Summer vibes Linen Sports jacket with denim jeans
For our client Mr BW - Navy linen suit @harrisons1863
Pure linen Cloth by @harrisons1863 Mersolair
Pow sports jacket Cloth by @marlingandevans
Men in Black @hollandandsherryapparel
The first basted fitting
Our good friend 🇯🇵 - @motokwokfan in his new green polo by us!!
Green Thursday Cloth by @caccioppoli1920
We would love to see more guys pairing the navy jacket with sand chinos outfit
Smith Woollens Solaro suit Demonstrated by a TVB artist - @patrick_sir_on_air
A 19 year old young man is wearing his first ever tailored suit by @thegaudery
Bad weather with a nice jacket Softly constructed of army green plaid wool silk linen sports jacket Cloth by @caccioppoli1920
Light grey summer tweed Cloth from @marlingandevans
Lipari Pocket Square @serafinesilk
Elder Soave @serafinesilk
BlackBerry Ripasso Pocket Square @serafinesilk
Navy houndstooth wool silk linen unlined jacket made from @marlingandevans
Your Exclusive Custom-Fitted Shirt A gentleman's taste of life should be signified through every single detail, no matter how small it is. In The Gaudery, we hope to bring the best experience with every item that we sell to our valued customers. A fully hand-made shirt that takes over 60 hours to make not only would show the impeccable craftsmanship, but also the impeccable fit and comfort. Because of that, The Gaudery will now have 3 different levels of tailored shirts for your experience: The Green Line, Gold Line and Haute Couture Line. Green Line: - Made by In-House Tailors - Choice of fabrics: In-House Cotton, Non- Iron Cotton, Thomas Mason , Caccioppoli ...... - A 2-3 weeks wait (fitting included) - Craftsmanship features: Hand drawn pattern, 3mm pearl buttons, Split York, Gusset… Gold Line (Semi hand-made) - Made by a globally well-established shirt-maker - Choice of fabrics: In-House Fabrics (Thomas Mason, Carlo Riva, Caccioppoli, Soktas, Albini, Alumo, Monti, Canclini......) - A 4-6 weeks wait (fitting included) - 36 hours of actual shirt making and crafting - Craftsmanship features: Individually hand cut per shirt, Signature Hand matched fabric patterns, Hand sewn collar, Semi hand sewn armhole, Hand sewn gusset… Haute Couture: (100% Hand-made) - Made by a globally well-established shirt-maker - Choice of fabrics: In-House Fabrics (Thomas Mason, Carlo Riva, Caccioppoli, Soktas, Albini, Alumo, Monti, Canclini......) - A 4-6 weeks wait (fitting included) - 60 hours of actual crafting - Over 36 hand crafted features such as: Invisible stitching with 25 stitches per inch, Signature Buttonholes embroidered by hand using the magnifying glass, Hand sewn side seams with finest 2-3mm french single seams, Hand sewn shoulder, Hand rolled bottom, Hand sewn all body parts, Hand sewn sleeves… ------- Business hours: Monday - Saturday (1200-2000) Tel/whatsapp: 65840238 Address: Room A, 21/f, Jade Centre, 98 Wellington Street, Central, HK
Chocolate brown
Linen jacket are super lightweight and maintain their coolness in soaring temperatures.
Mixing the colours
Summer Jacket Wool silk line brown plaid unlined jacket made from @caccioppoli1920 via @merinobrothers
Vanilla Ripasso Pocket Square @serafinesilk
Fiori Di Limone Pocket Square @serafinesilk
Cocoa Beans Amarone Pocket Square @serafinesilk
Our collar styles...
Our client Mr. KC is trying on his navy Polo by us.
Nice drape Fox chalk stripe @foxbrothers1772
Cinnamon Ripasso Pocket Square @serafinesilk
Salina Pocket Square @serafinesilk
Capri Pocket Square @serafinesilk
Windowpane plaid consists of wide checks, often in white but sometimes in light colour such as light blue. It gets its name from the fact that the pattern does indeed look like a series of window panes, which adds quite a bit of dimension and a huge statement to a suit or separates.
Another Pine green unlined jacket made from @caccioppoli1920
Tobacco linen sb jacket made from Mersolair @harrisons1863
As it gets warmer, men begin the annual transition from heavy to lightweight clothing to beat the heat. Here's a good example of unlined wool silk linen jacket made from @caccioppoli1920
Double pleated
A beautiful lake blue heavy cotton Chinos made from @dugdalebrosandco
Made to measure Mid grey Polo with our in-house style - one piece collar
Dark brown double pleated with 2" cuff
Light grey 2piece with patch pockets made from @vitalebarberiscanonico1663
Mandarin suit For special occasions
Classic Monday Heavy chalk stripe flannel @foxbrothers1772
Super 150's light grey
Our client - Mr. DK in his new pair of mid grey fresco lite trousers, configured with flat-fronted and extended waistband. A very good choice for the summer
Denim on Denim
Our signature hand sewn lapel buttonhole
Let's get some colours in the summer vibes Wool silk linen unlined jacket made from @aristonimparato
Our good friend - Romain @gentlemenclover in his new jacket by us!
Summer and fashion don't always go hand in hand for men. Looking good comes easy when the temperatures drop. But Summer… that's a different monster. With the onset of warm weather, trips to the beach, and summer vacations, casual outfits are not only a comfortable choice, but a practical one as well. Contrary to what you may think, it's not impossible to look great when you're dressing down. - 3 tips for summer outfit - Be Comfortable - Layering - Keep it simple
A closer look of this beautiful classic brown chalk stripe from @foxbrothers1772
New pants from @thegaudery by @huddersfieldfineworsted fresco lite with shades of summer grey.
Spread collar polo pairing with a wool linen unlined blazer made from @harrisons1863
Polo made from @caccioppoli1920
Stripe on stripe Classic brown chalk stripe flannel 2piece made from @foxbrothers1772


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Looking for a great piece of land on which to build your dream home? This Featured Search only displays lots and vacant land listings.
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26/05/2019 | 02:09:46
Danny Pitman Presents - Matt Bogard - 25/05/19
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Broadcast recorded live for House 559 Music Radio.
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28/05/2019 | 01:58:39
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En Desincopado | 55:22 Promocionado
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KEXP's Song of the Day podcast features exclusive in-studio performances, unreleased songs, and recordings from independent musicians that KEXP thinks listeners should hear along with songs from more well-known artists.
Each episode we talk with someone who knows their stuff about one album they can't get enough of. Think of it as a musical shot of espresso.
Steve from the Retro Man Blog and Adam from The Jetsonics are joined in the Pod by the legendary Rock Photographer Paul Slattery. Throughout the series we will play and discuss some hidden gems and rare nuggets from Punk Rock, New Wave, Power Pop, Soul, Psychedelia, Mod, Garage Rock, Ska and Reggae from house-hold names to new and unsigned bands. There will be reviews and reports on gigs and music related events featured on Retro Man Blog such as book launches and exhibitions. We'll also be inviting in various Special Guests from the world of music - including Musicians, Bloggers, Photographers and Artists, to discuss their work and their influences. Retrosonic Podcast has a valid PRS Certificate.
John Wilson talks with musicians about a career-defining album, and a live audience also puts questions. Featuring exclusive live performances
The acclaimed folk music podcast from the United Kingdom, bringing you the best in folk, folk-rock, singer-songwriter and roots-based music. FolkCast - OUR finger in YOUR ear! See our website: www.folkcast.co.uk
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Recent Tweets!
- Join hyper folk family band @instant_bingo as they open up next weeks #ClarkParkFest at 11am on June 29th! #music… twitter.com/i/web/status/1…- 4 days ago
- Instant Bingo to Open the Clark Park Music & Arts Festival! - mailchi.mp/fa7fa6c8238b/i… https://t.co/9GK3nU1eNE- 4 days ago
- The Mary Veils To Perform During Clark Park Music & Arts Festival - mailchi.mp/d7c58549b38a/t… https://t.co/HLqJ9mCFI6- 1 week ago
- Beach Bod to Perform at Clark Park Music & Arts Festival - mailchi.mp/7c15e927254a/b… https://t.co/esDpVwcmrN- 2 weeks ago
- Come see cvgebird when she headlines the #ClarkParkFest on June 29th! #clarkpark #westphilly #livemusic #music… twitter.com/i/web/status/1…- 2 weeks ago
- We can't wait to have @leveedrivers as one of our headliners during the #ClarkParkFest on June 29th! #clarkpark… twitter.com/i/web/status/1…- 2 weeks ago
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Author Archives: Clark Park Festivals
Based out of Frankford Ave in Fishtown,
Based out of Frankford Ave in Fishtown, Urban Exchange Project is a community based thrift store that prides itself in donating clothing to community organizations, and providing fashionable items at a reasonable cost. We look forward to finding out whats … Continue reading
" http://ow.ly/Utje30jZ9tk Unidos da Fi
" http://ow.ly/Utje30jZ9tk Unidos da Filadelfia is a community based samba school that is modeled after the Carnaval Parade Organizations of Rio de Janeiro and Salvador da Bahia, Brazil. But you may have also seen ""their dedicated instructor and several of … Continue reading
We are delighted to have Wildlife Rehabi
We are delighted to have Wildlife Rehabilitation Support of Pennsylvania (WRSPA) as a non profit at our festival this year. WRSPA is dedicated to helping wildlife rehabilitators throughout the state of Pennsylvania through charitable giving and public education. Currently they … Continue reading
Come out to buy some of the best vintage
Come out to buy some of the best vintage clothing and accessories from Velvet Castle Vintage. From throw back 90s jean jackets to 60s floral shirts VCV has it all. Velvet Castle Vintage has something for everyone from Men to … Continue reading
Headliner Released
Grandchildren to Headline The Clark Park Music & Arts Festival! Since their first release, Everlasting (2010), Grandchildren have evolved from pioneers of Philadelphia's DIY scene into a dynamic powerhouse known for their cinematic blend of pop, folk, and electronica. Over the past … Continue reading
Line-up Revealed
Its finally here! The Summer Solstice Festival will start at 11am on Saturday, June 25th. Dont miss out! RSVP on the facebook and tell your friends! https://www.facebook.com/events/1567684086895163/
Hiring a Vendor Cordinator
Clark Park Festivals is seeking a vendor coordinator for our upcoming summer festivals. Clark Park Music and Arts community has been putting on festivals in Clark Park in West Philadelphia for 40 years. The Festival traditionally happens on the Saturday … Continue reading


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People in this category often wake up tired even after sleeping for 8 hours, have cravings for sweets and fats, have saggy skin on their arms and tend to have thinner outer eyebrows. Solution for getting rid of the thyroid belly is to restore the functioning of this gland and normalize the levels of estrogen. Women are more likely to get this type of fat, but men can have it as well.
New Delhi: If you're trying to shed a few extra kilos that you have gained, replacing those sugary beverages and sodas with cucumber water can help you cut some calories and get rid of your belly fat. Also known as cucumber detox water or cucumber infused water, this healthy refreshing drink has been around for a very long time years before the infused water craze started. It is believed that the popular health drink can help remove toxins from the body and help with weight loss.
Purchase a cleanse product that fits into your lifestyle. Many such products are available at your local health retailer. Cleansing products are kits that typically contain herbs for detoxifying the body as well as fibers to help eliminate them. Cleansing programs generally last from 7 to 30 days. Be sure to pick something gentle and stay close to a restroom while you are cleansing.
Sorry, kitchen's closed (for 12 to 15 hours since you last ate). Nighttime fasting—or reducing your "eating window"—may help to reset your metabolism and burn the extra glucose in your system after a period of overindulgence, according to researchers at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. The scientists fed adult mice one of four diets—some high in sugar, some high in fat, some both. And each of the four diets contained the same number of calories. From there, mice in each diet group were then given set times to eat. Some could eat whenever they wanted, others were restricted to feeding times of 9, 12 or 15 hours a day. Regardless of what kind of diet they ate, and regardless of the fact that they ate the same number of calories, mice in the 9-hour and 12-hour groups remained healthy, while all of the mice in the 15-hour group became obese.
If you ask any dietary expert in which part of the body is the most difficult for lowering fat, and he will answer you that it is the stomach area. It is even harder to lose fat around your stomach if you have gone through pregnancy or if you are carrying weight around your middle. But, if you make some changes in your diet regime, your efforts for losing weight will pay off and you will begin to lose some fat in your mid-section.
According to Health.com, excess abdominal fat, or what others call "unwanted belly fat," is a predictor of heart diseases, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and even several cancers. Each of those diseases and conditions affects your health in a negative way and can also become fatal if you don't take care of that excess belly fat. But in order to take care of it, you must first figure out what type of belly you have. Once you identify that, you can take the next steps to getting rid of it. Below you will find the most common types of bellies and how you can get rid of them.
But before trashing all your food and buying anything that says "whole grain" on the label, be warned that not all products labeled as whole grain are created equal. Many products may contain whole grain, but the percentage is small and not enough to make a difference in your lower belly fat. Long ingredient lists almost always contain a mix of chemical preservatives and additives, which may actually cause additional weight gain. Look for instead items that are 100% whole grain.
A pear-shaped body type tends to have a smaller waist with larger hips and legs. Although an overweight pear-shaped person may still have higher than ideal levels of visceral fat, her risk for heart disease tends to be lower because she stores more fat in her extremities. As a result, she has less toxic fat surrounding her organs and producing dangerous hormones and byproducts.
This master cleanse detox water recipe is designed to flush every bad toxin out of your body. You will need about twelve ounces of filtered water, 2 tablespoons of lemon juice, 2 tablespoons of organic maple syrup, 1/10 of a teaspoon of cayenne pepper and a dash of sea salt. Just mix the ingredients together and drink. There are also optional ingredients like green tea and laxatives that you can add but the detox water in itself is great for ridding your body of free radicals and leaving you feeling and looking much healthier.
Parsley has many, many health benefits, including reducing effects of diarrhoea, improving digestion, regulating the menstrual cycle and increasing the rate of urination, which means that more matter is expelled from the body, including more calories and thus reducing weight loss. The diuretic aspect of parsley juice also means that it detoxifies the body faster than other drinks, and acts as an appetite suppressant making you feel fuller than you are.
Also known as branch chain amino acids. BCAAs are three amino acids known as Leucine, Valine and Iso-Leucine. They help prevent muscle breakdown and can be bought as yummy flavoured powders to use in place as sports drinks. Drink them during your workout instead of water as they will help you tone up as you lose that belly and may even help in the formation of abdominal muscle.
Many people have a tendency to overeat carbohydrates- especially the processed carbs like white pastas, breads, many cereals, and pastries. Though tasty, these foods pack on the lower belly fat. Studies show that diets full of these over-processed carbohydrates contribute to weight gain and cardiovascular problems and Type 2 diabetes. These quick to digest products do not leave you feeling full for very long.(9) In contrast, whole grains are rich in fiber and essential minerals. Food full of fiber satisfies your hunger for a longer period of time than foods lower in fiber. Additionally, whole grains can help lower cholesterol levels. And in some cases, whole grains can help protect you against certain cancer types. If that's not enough, whole grains can:
Purchase a cleanse product that fits into your lifestyle. Many such products are available at your local health retailer. Cleansing products are kits that typically contain herbs for detoxifying the body as well as fibers to help eliminate them. Cleansing programs generally last from 7 to 30 days. Be sure to pick something gentle and stay close to a restroom while you are cleansing.
To indulge in a supreme detoxification experience, this devilishly rich combination achieves liquid perfection. Despite their sweetness, strawberries are uniquely healthy, especially when it comes to promoting antioxidant intake. This spunky pink fruit has a ravishingly tasty bite, and it empties the body of errant toxins. Strawberry detox water is masterfully enhanced by limes citrus zing. This fruit purifies the intestines and fortifies the colon. Cucumber plays a role in managing efficient hydration, and the mint keeps all of the digestive organs calm.
New Delhi: If you're trying to shed a few extra kilos that you have gained, replacing those sugary beverages and sodas with cucumber water can help you cut some calories and get rid of your belly fat. Also known as cucumber detox water or cucumber infused water, this healthy refreshing drink has been around for a very long time years before the infused water craze started. It is believed that the popular health drink can help remove toxins from the body and help with weight loss.
Most detox teas contain caffeine, probably because this stimulant may suppress appetite, trigger your digestive system to let go of waste, and help you shed water weight. A caffeine-induced energy boost may also lead to working out a little longer or harder than usual. However, too much caffeine can also be risky (see above) and interfere with getting enough sleep–and catching too few zzzs may ultimately undo the tea's weight-loss effects. In fact, too little shuteye has been shown to trigger excessive eating and weight gain and even slow metabolism, which can make it easier to gain weight even if you don't eat extra calories. A good rule of thumb, regardless of where your caffeine is coming from, is to nix it at least six hours before bed. And if you're trying to shed pounds, commit to making adequate sleep a top priority.
That's in part because when you restrict calories, you restrict nutrients. As a result, you lose weight on a crash diet, but much of it is lean, healthy muscle tissue. With less muscle, your body's metabolism is set at a lower point. So when you go off the diet, even if you eat the exact same number of daily calories as you ate before, you'll actually gain more fat than you originally carried.
The first type of belly fat to know about is intra-abdominal fat, which Dr. David Greuner, a New York City surgeon, describes as fat that's closely related to your glucose and insulin metabolism. "Intra-abdominal fat is that inside the peritoneal cavity, made up of fat on and within the organs (liver and intestines) and the omentum (an apron of fat that hangs off the stomach)," he says.
The lemon and cayenne pepper detox water works by lowering your calorie intake. As lemons are rich in vitamin C, it helps in burning fat effectively [28] . Cayenne pepper contains a compound called capsaicin which is known to speed up metabolism and lower your appetite. A study shows that people who had cayenne pepper with every meal had a feeling of satiety and fewer cravings [29] .
Ginger and mango are both great for boosting your metabolism and ginger is a natural pain reliever as well. Mango aids in digestion and can help to flush a number of free radicals out of your body. To make this day spa detox water, you need about an inch of ginger root and a cup of fresh or frozen mango. Just peel the ginger and cut it into three or four slices. Drop into a pitcher, add your cup of cubed or sliced mango and then top with about three cups of ice before filling with purified water. This needs to sit in the fridge for about three hours to allow the flavors to come out.
High in good bacteria, the benefits of yoghurt on gastrointestinal health have been said to provide health benefits for certain gastrointestinal conditions, including lactose intolerance, constipation, IBS, colon cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, Helicobacter pylori infection, and allergies. Look for the nutrition label and make sure no added sugar is used. Opt for Greek yoghurt varieties and use your own frozen berries and cinnamon to sweeten.
A lot of anxiety can be directly traced to one's diet, but all of these mental troubles can be alleviated by one cup of fancy pineapple detox water. There is a lot of natural sweetness, which creates tons of energy alongside the boosts instilled by basil. Vitamin C enters the game to keep everything functioning normally. It is also accompanied by plenty of digestive enzymes. The strawberries also provide a bunch of generous compounds including iron, folic acid and vitamins A, C, E and K. It is time to pour meditation into a cup, and watch the weight simply drift away over time.
Well detox is supposed to cleanse your body internally and after a week or two the toxins build up again so it's essential to detox again but when you're tryna lose weight.. You need to do it more frequently so it can remove the toxic fat. Which is why it's important to be consistent. If you leave 2-3 days in between its fine but the weight loss process will be slower unfortunately:)
Hibiscus tea, which is made from the magenta-coloured calyces of the Hibiscus sabdariffa flower, contains high antioxidant properties that may help boost your health in many ways. Several studies have shown that drinking hibiscus tea can help boost weight loss and prevent obesity. This herbal tea may also help lower blood pressure, improve liver health and protect against cancer.
In order to have a mommy belly, you need to be a mommy. During pregnancy and delivery, the pelvic floor muscles are extremely stressed. They don't snap back. Usually, you need to make a point of it to retrain them. The uterus doesn't really go back to its original placement either. A mommy belly will resemble a pregnant belly that's softer to the touch, but still rounded.
Red tea, also known as rooibos, is a great choice for when you're struggling with midday stress. What makes rooibos particularly good for soothing your mind is the unique flavanoid called Aspalathin. Research shows this compound can reduce stress hormones that trigger hunger and fat storage and are linked to hypertension, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Passionflower has the flavone chrysin, which has wonderful anti-anxiety benefits and, in part, can work similarly to the pharmaceutical Xanax (Alprazolam). A mild sedative, this particular species of passionflower provides a vegetal-tasting tea that calms nervousness and anxiety and helps you get to sleep at night. It is generally considered safe to use, but should be avoided by pregnant women. Drink a cup if you're a nervous flyer, or to calm yourself after a hard day's work—and if you're a particularly anxious person, sip these 4 Teas Better Than Therapy!
When you decide to "go on a diet," you're making the conscious decision that this is a temporary choice. You're going to go on it, but that means that you're going to one day—probably sooner than you expect—go off it. That's the concept of weight cycling (also known as yo-yo dieting), and it's extremely unhealthy. A 2014 study in the journal Diabetes Care found that a pattern of weight cycling—losing at least five pounds and then gaining it back within two years—resulted in as much as a 33 percent higher risk of diabetes and higher blood pressure.
While the most exact way to measure visceral fat is by MRI or CT scan, an at-home approach is to calculate the waist-to-hip ratio by dividing the waist measurement by the hip measurement. For example, if the waist measures 56 inches and the hips measure 45 inches, dividing 45 into 56 gives a ratio of 1.2. A waist-to-hip ratio higher than 0.95 in men and 0.85 in women significantly increases the risk of a heart attack or stroke. Simply measure the waist to identify if there is a higher probability of excess visceral fat. In men, a waist measurement over 40 inches (and in women, a waist measurement over 35) indicates an unhealthy accumulation of visceral fat and an increased risk of health problems.
Estimate your body fat percentage:This is the amount of lean tissue vs. fat you have on your body.You can use the picture above for reference.If you weigh 250lbs and have body-fat of 25%, you will have 62.5lbs of fat and 187lbs of lean tissue (muscle, bones, organs, etc).Your body composition is directly related to how many calories you burn at rest, so knowing this will indicate what your daily calorie intake should be.Here is a link to our free calorie calculator tool for fat loss.
Copyright 2016-2018 by EasyHealthySmoothie. Earnings Disclaimer: When you buy certain products from some of the sites we link to, EasyHealthySmoothie receives a commission at no additional expense to you. Amazon Disclosure - EasyHealthySmoothie.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by linking to Amazon.com. Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates.
The reason why consuming herbal tea may be especially beneficial if you're trying to shed the pounds is that it is a very low-calorie beverage. Besides being rich in antioxidants, herbal teas, which are made using a variety of different herbs, contain anti-obesity properties that help reduce your appetite, increase your metabolic rate and prevent the body from forming new fat cells. Here are five of the best slimming teas that can help you lose weight and melt that stubborn belly fat. Read - Ayurvedic medicines for weight loss: The 5 most effective herbs and spices for losing belly fat
This is the result of a lazy thyroid, the gland being responsible for producing hormones that control the metabolism. A lower metabolism is surely a trigger for weight gain, but it's not just the excess belly fat that gives headaches to this group of people: they also tend to have poor circulation and cold extremities, hair loss, saggy underarm skin and brittle fingernails.


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Wild Wild Country
MP3•Series home•Public Feed
Manage episode 210430232 series 2359753
ByDiscovered by Player FM and our community — copyright is owned by the publisher, not Player FM, and audio streamed directly from their servers.
Adam, Monrok, and Jess discuss the Duplass Brothers documentary Wild Wild Country, which tells the story of an Oregon commune that either started as a murderous cult, or was forced into being that by unfriendly locals, depending on who you ask.
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19 episodes available. A new episode about every 20 days averaging 43 mins duration .


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Knitting - Free Knitting Patterns
You will find lots of free knitting patterns to choose from here; holidays, knit clothing, accessories, kitchen and home decor, afghans, throws, baby and toddler clothes, doilies, beaded knitting patterns and more. Enjoy!
Featured Knitting - Free Knitting Patterns
Dorm Socks - Enjoy this free knitting pattern for Dorm socks! These socks are not only fashionable but if you are like me you cannot keep your feet warm- these definitely do the trick and are so fun to wear!
From Head To Toe Mitts - Knit Head To Toe Mitts with our new free knitting pattern!
Spring Time Baby Blanket - Create a soft, supple Spring-time baby blanket using our newest knitting pattern!
Flower Afghan - Create a pretty flower afghan for yourself or for a gift using our free knitting pattern.
Comfy Cozy Cowl - Create a comfy cozy cowl to wear or share with our free knitting pattern and enjoy the cold weather in style!
Back To School Socks - Knit a pair of back-to-school socks with our new free pattern!
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Winchester Model 1894 Lever Action Saddle Ring Carbine....Click the image to load the highest resolution version.
DescriptionWinchester Model 1894 Lever Action Saddle Ring Carbine. Serial No. 894625, .30 W.C.F. caliber, 20-inch round barrel with blade front sight and adjustable rear sight. Blued finish. Walnut stock and fore-end. Curved metal buttplate. Manufactured 1921.
Condition: Very good. Retaining approximately 30-35% thin finish which has aged to a uniform brown patina. Metal surfaces with scattered light scratching. Stock with a few dings and light scratching. Mechanically crisp. Bore dirty in spots but generally bright.
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