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Research Article | Open Access
Effect of Some Fabric and Sewing Conditions on Apparel Seam Characteristics
Many previous studies showed that seam appearance as well as performance depends on the interrelationship of fabrics, threads, and the stitch/seam selection and lastly on the sewing conditions, which include the needle size, needle thread tension, stitch density, and the appropriate operation and maintenance of the sewing machine. Present investigation elucidates the effect of blend composition, sewing thread size, and sewing needle parameters on garment seam characteristics (i.e., seam strength, seam strength efficiency, seam puckering, seam stiffness, and drape coefficient). The seam quality characterization is studied through the L9 orthogonal design methodology. In good quality apparels, compatibility of the seams with the functional requirement is very important for serviceability and life of the apparel. Reversibility as well as repairing of seams in the apparel is very limited in the condition of seam failure. Seam strength efficiency is higher for the uniform fiber matrix in the structure of fabrics. The polyester dominated suiting fabrics give minimum seam stiffness because polyester component has low flexural rigidity. The cotton dominated suiting fabrics have less seam puckering due to increase in fabric stiffness.
1. Introduction
The fabric quality influences not only the quality of the garment but also the ease with which a shell structure can be produced out with flat fabric. The specifications of fabrics for apparel manufacturing can be considered in terms of primary and secondary quality characteristics. The primary quality characteristics are static physical dimensions and secondary characteristics are the reactions of the fabric to an applied dynamic force. The apparel manufacturer is primarily interested in the secondary characteristics of the fabric and focus on the seam quality during the fabrication and production of apparel [1, 2]. On the other hand, apparel consumers are mainly paying attention to appearance, comfort, and wearability of fabric and evaluate seamquality based on the seam appearance and its mechanical intactness after wear and care procedures of apparel. The production of garments from high quality fabrics not only gives comfort to the wearer but also helps in the smooth working of manufacturing processes and leads to almost defect-free garments. Further, the primary function of a seam is to provide uniform stress transfer from one piece of fabric to another, thus preserving the overall integrity of the fabric assembly. For proper appearance, seam should not contain any defects including skipped stitches, unbalanced stitches, seam grin, distortion or unevenness or puckering, unsteadiness, improper drapeability, uneven seam density, and yarn severance or damage. The overall quality of a seam depends on its strength, elasticity, durability, stability, and appearance [3]. The seam characteristics parameters are seam strength, seam pucker, seam stiffness, seam appearance, and seam efficiency [4, 5]. According to many researchers [6, 7], there are various factors affecting the seam quality. These comprise sewing thread, sewing condition, and others.
A sewing thread is a strong, smooth, evenly spun, hard twisted and elastic, ply or cabled yarn treated by special finishing process to make it resistant to abrasion in its passage through the eye of the needle and through materials in seaming and stitching operation. Sewing thread may be constructed from staple yarn, continuous filament, or core spun yarns. The sewing thread plays a significant role for improving even though it usually represents much less than 1% by mass of a garment. The high strength of sewing thread always gives better functional performance of seam, namely, seam strength and seam strength efficiency. The different manufacturing parameters of sewing thread are type, ply, finish, twist, and size. The spun-polyester, 3-ply, normal twist, and standard finish sewing thread quality is widely used for all types of sewn fabrics [8]. However, the size of the sewing thread is the most crucial for the stability of seam in apparel, as the improper use of sewing thread size directly affects the seam quality of apparels. Rengasamy et al. [9] established that sewing thread type has a great influence on seam efficiency. He explained that seam efficiency of sewn fabric stitched with polyester textured thread lies in between those of fabric stitched with cotton and spun polyester threads, but more closer to fabric stitched with spun polyester threads. A few researchers conducted research on the effect of thread finishes on seam quality. In the course of garment manufacturing, for protective measures to prevent the thread strength reduction and/or breakage during sewing from the needle heat up, the different types of finishes can be applied over sewing thread according to the specific end use of apparel products. Similarly, Sundaresan et al. [10] found that sewing thread size and ply are the most influencing factors for the seam strength and seam puckering. Higher sewing thread size (Tex value) was subjected to greater friction during sewing operation, which ultimately reduces its strength leading to poor seam-strength and also greater seam puckering. On the contrary, more number of ply in a sewing thread helps to increase the strength of a sewing thread and leads to higher seam strength and/or seam efficiency with a less chance of seam slippage. But the diameter becomes high with more number of ply causing the structural jamming along the seam line, which in turn leads to seam puckering and change in draping behavior of apparel product due to increased stiffness. There is a trend in the apparel industry to select the lowest size of thread with the greatest possible strength for making a seam which is less visible and has good seam functional performance.
The fabric properties which affect the seam quality of apparel are cover factor, weight, thickness, strength, shrinkage, functional finishes, extensibility, bending rigidity, and shear rigidity, some of which form an integral part of low stress mechanical properties. The role of fibre types and its % in made-up fabric is very important for sewing performances and characteristics due to its effect on made-up fabric mechanical properties. In present experimental work, we have taken polyester-cotton blend and 100% cotton to see the influences of polyester and cotton fibre on stitching qualities and performances. The L9 orthogonal experimental design is taken into account to see the effect of blend composition, needle thread tension, needle size, and sewing thread linear density on the stitching performances like seam efficiency, seam stiffness, seam puckering, and drape coefficient of seam, as incorporating larger influencing factors and output effects through statistical analysis.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
Commercially available three types of suiting fabrics of medium weight construction, varying in the blend composition of polyester and cotton components, are taken into consideration for this work. The details of suiting fabric are 210 g/m2, 2/1 Twill, 100 ends/inch (EPI), and 60 picks/inch (PPI). The other characteristics of the fabrics are shown in Table 1.
The GSMs of fabrics are calculated with GSM cutter and electronic weighing balance. The ASTM-D105911 methodology is used for fabric yarn count determinations. The fabric thickness is measured under constant compressive load of 2 KPa with the thickness tester (Karl Schröder KG). The fabric yarn densities are measured according to ASTM-D3375 [11]. Commercially available polyester/cotton core spun sewing threads of different linear densities (40, 60, and 80 Tex) are used. These sewing threads are used in the experimental work due to their least reversible strain as compared to cotton sewing threads. The threads are characterized for actual linear density, number of plies, twist direction, and tensile properties. The twist per unit length is measured by direct counting method according to ASTM-D1423 [11], and the tensile testing of the threads is performed at a gauge length of 250 mm on Zwick tensile testing machine at 35 mm/minute (corresponding to 20 s breaking time), as per ASTM-D2256 [11]. The number of test of 30 is carried out and the error is less than 4% at 95% confidence level. The specifications of the sewing threads are shown in Table 2.
The most appropriate needle sizes are used in stitching works (i.e., Organ 11, 14, and 16) and the stitch density is kept constant at 10 stitches per inch (SPI). The details of the needle dimensions are given in Table 3.
2.2. Seam Preparation
All stitching work has been done on Juki industrial lockstitch sewing machine, Japan, at a speed of 4000 stitches/min and producing a balance seam. Any wrinkled fabrics are ironed before preparation of the seam specimen. The seam specimens are prepared in such a way that the existing seams ran through the middle of each specimen. Stitch density is measured on the sewn fabrics by means of a magnifying glass and an accurately marked scale ASTM-D1683 [11]. Similar sewing thread is used as needle thread and the bobbin thread of machine for preparing the seams. During sample preparation the static bobbin thread tension is kept constant. The needle thread tension values are measured by using strain gauge type digital tension meter.
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Experimental Design
The individual and interactive effects of needle size, needle thread tension, and sewing thread linear density on seam quality critical dimensions of suiting fabrics are studied at three levels using L9 orthogonal design. The actual values of different parameters corresponding to coded levels are mentioned in Table 4.
|P: polyester; C: cotton.
Through the use of L9 orthogonal design, information on single linear effects, single quadratic effects, along with the two factor linear interaction can be obtained. In the present case, 4-factor, L9 orthogonal experimental design at three levels is chosen as it can adequately fulfill the present requirement with only 9 treatment (experiment) combinations wherein parameters can be kept at 3 levels. For effective statistical analysis and validity of inferences, the samples are prepared in a standard order; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 as shown in Table 5.
Conclusively, the testing samples are prepared by changing the parameters, that is, needle thread tension, needle size, and sewing thread linear density, at three levels as per L9 orthogonal design methodology (Table 5) on Juki industrial sewing machine.
The ANOVA technique is conducted to see the effect of individual factors on the seam quality dimensions. The three replicate measures (at different fabric positions from the whole fabric sample lot) are taken, and total degree of freedom is 26 (total combination 9 × 3 = 27; hence, degree of freedom is 27 − 1 = 26). -ratio and percentage contribution of different factors are studied. Finally regression equations (Table 8) relating the main factors with seam quality dimensions and response surface regression analysis are established. From the ANOVA analysis, % contribution of different factors is evaluated based on the following expression: where is sum of square of the factor, is degree of freedom of the factor, is mean square of the error, and is total sum of squares.
Sewn fabrics are tested for seam stiffness on circular bend stiffness tester as per ASTM standard D 4032-94 [11]. The sample of 8 inch × 4 inch is cut from the fabric and sewn in warp direction with seam allowance of 1 inch; the short side of the specimen must be parallel to the machine (length) direction of the fabric. The air pressure control to the actuator is kept at 60 psi to confirm the tester plunger speed of s under no load conditions. Ten readings are carried out for each sample.
Sewn fabrics are tested for seam efficiency on Instron tensile testing machine at a speed of 305 mm/min and 75 mm gauge length as per ASTM-D1683. Ten tests are conducted for each sample. For seam strength testing, the sample of 8 inch × 4 inch is cut from the fabric and sewn in warp direction with seam allowance of 1 inch. Consider
Sewn fabrics are tested for drape coefficient on drape meter. Most garments are sewn in the warp direction. Hence, experimental fabric seams are sewn in the warp direction. After seaming, samples are cut into 25 cm diameter round shapes with the seam positioned across the specimen diameter [12]. The drape coefficient can be calculated as: where is the area of draped shadow, is the area of the disc, and is the area of the fabric.
Seam puckering has been calculated by measuring the fabric and seam thickness under constant compressive load of 2 KPa (ISO 9073-2 : 1997-02). Ten readings are carried out for each sample and puckering calculated by the following formula: where is the seam thickness in mm and is fabric thickness in mm.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Study of the Seam Stiffness
It is observed from Table 6 that with the replicate measures seam stiffness is changing for all experimental runs. The main factor influencing the seam stiffness is fibre %, the percentage contribution being 67% (Table 7). It is also observed from Figure 1 that with the change in blend composition the seam stiffness increases. The increasing trend of seam stiffness with the change in blend percentage is due to the fact that the polyester fibre content goes on decreasing which has low bending stiffness in low load regions (flexural rigidity of polyester fibre is 0.30 mN·mm2/tex2). On the contrary, cotton dominated suiting fabrics has high flexural rigidity of 0.53 mN·mm2/tex2. So the polyester dominated suiting fabrics show less resistance when bent by the external force encountered during fabric manipulation in spreading and sewing. Hence, fibre types and % largely influence the seam stiffness (Table 7). However, the effect of sewing thread linear density on seam stiffness is statistically insignificant for medium weight suiting fabrics.
|A: blend composition; B: needle thread tension; C: needle size; D: sewing thread linear density (Tex value).
|Not significant at 95% confidence level.
| blend composition; B: needle thread tension; C: needle size; D: sewing thread linear density.
3.2. Study of Seam Strength Efficiency
Figure 2 showed the effect of blend composition and needle thread tension on the seam strength efficiency. As fabric strength increases, the seam strength efficiency decreases because it is inversely proportional to the fabric strength for a given sewing thread. The low seam strength efficiency for the polyester dominated suiting fabrics is attributed to the fact that the polyester based suiting fabrics have high extensibility (elongation at break—30%) and tenacity (45 gf/tex) as compared to cotton dominated fabrics (elongation at break—7%) and tenacity (35 gf/tex). Similarly, in seamed conditions this high strength and elongation is not desirable, hence, results in low seam efficiency for polyester dominated fabrics. The latter decreasing trend for the seam efficiency is due to the less uniform fibre matrix which may lead to fibre slippage and yarn failure. As the fibre matrix becomes uniform in cotton dominated fabrics (100% cotton), the seam efficiency increases as shown in Figure 2.
The needle thread tension has significant effect on seam efficiency, and the low needle thread tension during stitching improves the seam strength and, hence, seams efficiency considerably; the percentage contribution of needle thread tension is 53% (Table 7). This is due to some flexibility at the seam to improve the seam strength under sudden stress. However, at high needle thread tension, the fabric has been pulled at the seam leading to puckered, unstable seam resulting in low seam strength efficiency.
It has also been observed that the sewing thread linear density has considerable effect on the seam efficiency; the percentage contribution is 5% (Table 7). Seam efficiency increases with the sewing thread linear density. This is due to the fact that more number of fibres is incorporated in the coarser sewing thread resulting in high seam strength. Figure 3 showed also the effect of blend and sewing thread Tex value on seam strength efficiency. The seam efficiency first decreases and then increases considerably with change in blend composition.
The coarser sewing thread has better gripping with the bulkier and resilient polyester fibre component (density 1.40 g/cc) in the polyester suiting fabrics leading to high seam strength efficiency (Figure 3), but the later decreasing trend in seam efficiency is due to the reason of fabric structural jamming in cotton dominated fabrics leading to high fabric strength and low seam efficiency.
3.3. Study of the Draping Behavior
It is observed from Figure 4 that the blend composition of fabric has drastic effect on the drape coefficient (%); the percentage contribution is 85% (Table 7). The low-stress extensibility for P/C : 65/35 is high which determines the mobility of threads within the fabrics. Higher low-stress extensibility gives more wearing comfort, high drape ability, and consequently low drape-coefficient for polyester dominated suiting fabrics. As the cotton composition goes on increasing the drape coefficient increases in P/C : 15/85 since the bending stiffness of the cotton fibre is higher than the polyester fibre. The later decreasing trend of drape coefficient in cotton dominated suiting fabrics is due to the uniform fibre matrix in 100% cotton fabrics. However, the other factors needle thread tension and sewing thread linear density have negligible effect on draping behavior.
3.4. Study of the Seam Puckering
It is observed from Figure 5 that seam puckering is highly dependent on sewing thread linear density, the contribution being 80% (Table 7). This indicates that the coarser yarn causes the fabric structural jamming and leads to low flexibility at the seam causing seam puckering.
The polyester-based suiting fabrics with the extensible polyester component give higher extensibility in the low-load region; hence, the fabric dimensional stability is reduced which may lead to high seam puckering. The latter decreasing trend in cotton-based suiting fabric is due to the fact that the increase in fabric stiffness leads to the increase in in-plane compression resistance which causes the decrease in seam puckering value.
4. Conclusions
(i)The polyester dominated suiting fabrics give minimum seam stiffness because polyester component has low flexural rigidity.(ii)Seam strength efficiency is high for the uniform fibre matrix in the textile structure.(iii)At high needle thread tension, seam strength efficiency is low because fabric has been pulled leading to puckered and unstable seam.(iv)The higher low-stress extensibility of polyester-cotton suiting fabrics P/C : 65/35 is high which gives high drapeability and wearing comfort.(v)Seam pucker is most effective dimension for evaluating seam quality; bending stiffness has considerable effect on seam puckering.(vi)Seam puckering and seam strength efficiency increase with the increase in sewing thread linear density(vii)The cotton dominated suiting fabrics have less seam puckering due to increase in fabric stiffness which leads to increase in in-plane compression resistance.
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Copyright © 2013 A. K. Choudhary and Amit Goel. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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From 5 cars in 1980 to a rental fleet of 400 in 2018, Automax/Busmax is still the family owned business that has the uncanny ability to make every customer feel like their at home. No matter their growth, they will always be "authentic" and put their "family" first.
What motivates your company?
Our company is motivated by customer service and making sure our customers have the best experience in renting their vehicle. We are motivated as well by gaining repeat customer and knowing that the customers entrust us with their automobile/bus renting needs. We strive to be the best in the business when it comes to doing business with customers no matter if it is a large corporation who spends thousands of dollars with us or an individual who spends a hundred dollars with us we make them feel like family.
Tell us about your location
We actually have 3 locations in Georgia and 1 location which opened this year in Tennessee. We have locations in Cartersville GA, Rome GA and Norcross GA. We also have our newest location which just opened in Lenoir City Tennessee.
Tell us a bit about your customers
We have a large customer base. We service individuals who may need a rental for a family trip or if their car is in the shop. We also work with companies who need travel for their employees. We work with churches who need to rent large vans and buses to their congregation to go on trips. A large portion of our business we work with private and public schools as well as colleges/universities for their bus rentals. We offer a buses from 15 passenger up to 45 passenger buses. Our motto is BIG or SMALL we got it all.
Share the history of your company
Our company was founded in 1980 in Rome Georgia by Sherold Salmon. We started with a rental fleet of 5 cars. By doing business the right way and offering exceptional customer service we have grown into 4 locations with over 400 units in our fleet and about 50 employees. We offer vehicles from passenger car rentals, minivans, SUV's, box trucks, cargo vans, 15 passenger vans and what sets us apart from other rental companies is our fleet of buses from 15 passenger buses, 25 passenger buses, 33 passenger buses and 45 passenger buses. We can handle any need of rental which we offer delivery to our corporations to make it easier for them to get a rental car. We hope to see more growth and add more repeat customers in the near future.
How are you involved with your customers and community?
We are involved with our customers by building lasting relationships with our customers. We have customers that have been doing business with us for over 10 years. We also make sure that we take care of our customers with their rental needs by providing excellent customer service and also when we are approached by our customers we are always their to listen. We may do a sponsorship for their golf tournament or possible buy cookies from their children for a fund raiser. In the community we are always there to help as far as donating buses to help with community events or volunteering our time in different service events. We try our best to stay involved in the local chamber by attending and participating in events put on in the community.
Tell us about your employees
We are a family owned and operated business and the family is still very much involved with the day to day operations of the company. We have over 50 full-time and part-time employees. We value the hard work and dedication of our employees and make sure they are well taken care of. Every employee is treated like family and we care about our employees needs and we take the time to listen to our employees. We base our success on the team of employees that we have that represent our company. Without employees who work hard and are dedicated to their responsibilities you can not have a successful company.
What makes you excited to work here?
I am excited to work for this company because I enjoy helping people. We have the chance to interact with people from different walks of life. We may have a CEO of a major company who needs a car for business travel or we may have a customer who just had an accident and their form of transportation is in the shop and they are relying on us to make sure they have reliable transportation until their car is fixed. We might have a family that is needing a bus for their daughters wedding to transport a bunch of people and we also may deal with someone who is distraught because they have lost a loved one and traveling to a funeral. We try and make the rental process as smooth and easy for our customers. I like to tell customers that we can handle the logistics of their travel needs and let them worry about handling their business. I like the fact that when customers call me and tell me their needs that our company can handle them easily so our customers don't have to stress about how they will get from point a to point b or how they are going to move a large group of people for an event or gathering. I am excited to work here because each day is different and I take pride in seeing results and helping others. I also enjoying working for a company who has owners that really care about the needs of their employees and gives us the tools to succeed.
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I have live in Cartersville/Bartow County since I was 10 years old. I love the community because it still has the small town feel where everyone knows everyone but there is still a lot to offer for the community. We have a great Chamber of Commerce who really cares are serving the business of Bartow County and the events in town are awesome. I love that on Friday nights the local high school football teams are supported by the local people and businesses. I also like the fact the the local parks and recreation department have locals who volunteer and businesses who support them. I love Cartersville and Bartow County because it is a great place to work and be successful and also a great place to raise a family.
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Morning everybody,
Since we mentioned it yesterday while discussing content driven web design, let's talk about structured data.
So what is structured data? We first heard about it when were looping though all the menus in our Webmaster Tools. There was no structured data detected on our website and we were not really sure if it was a good thing or bad. But hey, since this is mentioned in Google Webmaster Tools, it is probably a good thing to have.
So we start googling what it is and how to implement it.
Pretty much structured data is a set of additional attributes and meta tags to describe your content.
You might think now, but we have already explained to search engines what is what, we have our title, we have meta description and keywords, we have our headings, we have awesome content, what else do you need?
Well, let's look again at our example, our website dedicated to best bars in the world. On our default page we want to display information about top rated bars. Each bar is defined as set of HTML tags and we display folloring information:
- bar image
- bar name
- address
- bar rating in our system (stars from 0 to 5)
- bar description

Bar 96

Leidsestraat 1111, 1000AB, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Boutigue Bar 96 is located in the heart of Amsterdam. Here you can try the best
It does look like enough well formed information, doesn't it? Well with structured data you can actually tell search engines what exactly you are talking about, you can specify that this is information about a bar, this is a bar logotype, this is its' name, this is the address, this is the rate, and the description. In return your information would be formed differently in search results.
We don't want to copy all the information google already provided. So here are a few links for you so you can get a better idea why, how etc:
Rich snippets and structured data
Why Schema.org
Schema.org - getting started
Let's touch up our HTML to make it even more search engine friendly.
First thing we want to indicate that we are talking about bars, so let's alter parent div tag with following attributes:
itemscope itemtype=http://schema.org/BarOrPub
so now we have our div like this:

next step, let's just go down the content. Our image - we want to specify that this is actually an image related to the bar we are talking about:

Bar name:

Bar 96

Bar address:

 Leidsestraat 1111, 1000AB, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Your GPTeam


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However, if you would like to keep it, we have secured 200 licences for just £20 per year. Place an order for it at any time now, and not only will you pay just £20 for the first year, but also for every year you decide to renew it. (After the 200 licences are sold (or on the 5th July), whichever comes first) it will revert to the normal price of £50 per year.
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Perhaps one of the most enlightening moments of The Monster's Indian trip is a visit to the Sikh Temple in New Delhi. Sikhs are clearly recognizable with their hair wrapped in a turban and long flowing beards. One of the beautiful philosophies of their teachings is the importance of philanthropy. Anyone may come to a Sikh Temple to eat and during meal time you will find rich and poor side by side on the floor sharing a meal.
The kitchen of a Sikh Temple is the nerve-center of this operation and volunteers, both Sikh and otherwise, give their time to prepare these huge meals. Vast cauldrons and giant earthen pots fill the giant room and huge portions of food are prepared.


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Connecticut Top 16 Preview List closes today Wednesday, September 6. Please send corrections to Times Officer Ginger McCurdy. These times are compiled from all meets during the 2016-2017 short course season and 2017 long course season, in an individual event within the following age groups: 10/U, 11/12, 13/14, 15/16, 17/18 and Senior. This includes the Open Water Championship mile swim for 11/O athletes (page 147). The mini mile is not considered a Top 16 event.
Coach Education Incentive Grant has opened. The deadline is Wednesday, September 13.
Teams are reminded that meet announcements, session reports and entry files for short course meets through 12/31/17 are due by Friday, September 8th. Sanction deposits are due for all applicable short course meets are also due that day. For more information see the Meet Management page.


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Photo TR: Hanno (and camera) go Behemoth/East Coast with TPREast Coast: (last) Day 11: Knoebels on P20..
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Archived Photo Trip Reports of Theme Parks, Roller Coasters, and Donkeys!
These are awesome! Great memories!!!!!
Great job! Keep em coming!
What I wanna know is how big is his ISO is and if he plays with it at night.
Sorry for the delay.. but things have been pretty hectic here the last couple of days..
As promised the next update is about the second part of Day 2
Martin's Fantasy Island
I'm dutch.. not much i can do about that
My coasters/parks and other stuff photo's
I must have spotted you while on the Starflyer because for most of the ride I was holding on for dear life. That thing was pretty terrifying.
I'm terrified of heights but I didn't feel any fear on the starflyer, must have been the jetlag, in fact I didn't feel any fear on any ride the whole trip. Statosphere Tower of the top of Half Dome at Yosemite - well that was another story.
I'm just happy Hanno hasn't photgraphed me scratching my butt or anything else, because you never know when Hanno has you in his sites.
Thanks for the all effort Hanno, I do notice that you spend a lot of time taking photos when you could be riding and it's great that you can share your really great photos with us. Especially with number of mind erasers on this trip there might be a few blank spots in the memory bank where your photos can fill in the gaps.
Great photos Hanno! The action shots of the splashdown really captured the drenching provided by the log flume.
Can't wait to see the rest of your photos from the trip.
Thanks for all the nice comments so far. Happy to hear that people enjoy the pictures (so far)
No worries about me posting pictures of somebody scratching his/her...
I would most likely not see it happening or would not be quick enough with my camera... on the other side i guess it's just way too grosse to post...
although it might be very funny.. hmm.. i guess i have to double check my pictures....
anyway.. time for some more pictures..
Day 3 was spent all day at Canada's Wonderland
(aka Behemoth Bash)
Here's a selection of the pics i took.. hope you enjoy them
I'm dutch.. not much i can do about that
My coasters/parks and other stuff photo's
Hey Hanno!!!!
Great Photos!! WoWW!!
Thank you sooo much for all the Awesome Photos you take!!
I have two favorites. The one where the suns rays are bursting through the clouds over Silver Comet and the other with the Behemoth entrance at night!!
Great Work!!
I miss our talks and walks!!!
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Never the less, continue to set up a deadline or time table.Coyote wrote:We can't make people be interested in a topic. Real motivation derives from the people who would be the participants; see the set-up with Bubble Boy and Alyrium Denryle over Intelligent Design...ray245 wrote:If you don't put up a restriction, NOTHING will be done. The Senate will simply spend another year trying to find a 'good' debate.
You set up a deadline, open it up to the public and let the senate choose two debaters by a certain date.
Announce the entry submission and say when will the registration date end.
The timetable isn't there for the members, it is for the senate to get things done.
If there isn't enough people interested in a certain month, just announce there will be no matches this month due to a lack of particpation.
Eventually, there will be interest in the coliseum if the senate actually make a move.
If the senate don't make a move, we will wait for years just to see another debate as compared to waiting for months to see another debate.
I think many members will not mind arguing against their personal stand, given the interest I've seen in this topic.
I think many people are interested in a debate for the sake of debating. Given that many people who are in debating society likes to debate not because they are arguing for their personal views, but join those clubs for the enjoyment of debating and arguing.
Look at the World's debate tournament, often people are not given a chance to argue for their personal stand and views. Yet people like myself continue to enjoy that debate.
If possible, can the Senate hold a referendum and see how many people don't mind debating against their personal views, or don't really mind what kind of motion they are given?
I think the senate might be surprised by how many people don't mind what kind of topic the debate is about.


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June 11 – Znojmo to Vranov nad Dyji – 35 km
We started out by taking a delightful path through a national park. End of route was on a busier highway which was remarkably wide. Nice castle at picturesque destination.
More pics here
June 12 Vranov nad Dyji to Telc 54 km
Rode mostly on quiet country roads but also a short section of narrow and busy highway. Realised later that there was a parallel bike route. Telc has a lovely castle and pictureque square.
More pics here
June 13 – Telc to Trebon
We took the train from Telc to Slavonice since we had cycled most of the route the previous day. We then cycled mostly on the Prague-Vienna Greenway route. We then chose Czech regional route 322 to Chlum U Trebone and then completed the day by riding on Czech national route 122. Portions of our route were on excellent paths – some to cycling highway standard. Other portions were very rough. Here is a movie of one of the good sections:
Trebon is a beautiful little town
More pics here
June 14 – Trebon to Cesky Krumlov – 55 km
Explored Trebon in the morning. Very nice car free square. Note all the bikes parked in the middle of the square.
On the way out of Trebon we came across a bike safety training facility. A fellow came over and explained that all students in Czech Republic receive such training at age 10 and receive a cycling license after successful completion of the course. I saw a similar facility like this in Germany a few years ago. Why don't we have a program like this across Canada?
Rode all the way to Ceske Budejovice on national cycling route 122. Varied levels of quality but much of it was car-free. Stopped for a look around Ceske Budejovice, then took train to Cesky Krumlov.
More pics here
June 15 – Extra day in Cesky Krumlov
Many agree that this is one of the prettiest towns in the Czech Republic. It is indeed quite beautiful but also very crowded with tourists.
I am writing this post while sitting in a park. A nearby bird is singing away: Bird song in park in CZ
More pics here
June 16 – Cesky Krumlov to Tyn nad Vltavou
We now come across EuroVelo 7 – the international route which extends between Malta and the northern part of Norway. We rode on EV7 the entire day. Most of the route through the city of Ceske Budejovice is on delightful riverside paths.
Another day, another castle… Along the way, we stopped at the castle in Hluboka nad Vitavou.
Rest of route was mostly along nicely paved riverside paths which extended to the centre of Tyn nad Vltavou. Here is an example:
The quality of the cycling infrastructure that we have encountered in CZ is way beyond my expectations. So many delightful off road paved paths!
More pics here
June 18 – Tyn nad Vltavou to Prague
We heard that the cycling route from here to Prague was very hilly and not too interesting, so we cycled 16 km to a train station in Bechyne to catch a train to Prague. Mostly good cycling but a few km were on a rough dirt path beside a river. We followed regional cycling route 1039.
Funky local train to Tabor followed by excellent regional train to Prague. They do make it easy to take one's bike on the train.
More pics here
June 19, 20 – Extra days in Prague
We stayed in a small hotel in the south part of town. Took metro to town centre – very nice metro system. City is quite impressive but teeming with tourists. Got some escape from the crowds in St Nicholas Cathedral and in the Castle garden. Now I know where Santa originated!


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How to Draw Dragons in Simple Steps
- Brand: Search Press
Start now and learn how to draw a fantastic selection of dragons. Even absolute beginners will be able to reate great pictures by following this simple technique. How to Draw Dragons in Simple Steps contains step-by-step images to guide you along your drawing journey!
Paperback; 32 Pages
Item not available in Hobby Lobby Stores.
Check your local store for availability.
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For this Sled, you need four 30cm (12") bamboo BBQ skewers. Also, you need to cut off 2 short 0.3SL (8.7cm, 3 1/2") lengths of skewer. The photos show how these are all glued together.
Both pairs of skewers are lined up straight, flat against the table top. These are the vertical spars. Well, almost vertical when this kite is ready to fly! To make sure there are no kinks at the joins, get your head down low and look along the skewers. Shift one a little, if necessary, before the glue dries.
Now for the bottom edge...
20 pound strength Dacron line is ample for all the Skewer Series kites.
All the construction details for the bridle are contained in the large photos below. For a Sled kite, this is rather simple and straightforward. Just use 20 or 30 pound flying line for the bridle loop.
If you are new to this, you might need instructions on how to tie the following knots...
Once your kite + bridle looks like the photo up there...
Lay the kite on the floor, with the 2 spars touching each other along their entire lengths.
Stretch out the bridle, unlock the Prusik knot and slide it along until both lines are exactly the same length. Then lock the Prusik knot again.
At this point, you've finished making the 2-Skewer Sled!
To attach the flying line, just Lark's Head the flying line to the short bridle line as in the photo.
I'm referring to Simplest Dowel Kites, my popular kite-making download. It's a printable PDF file. Make a diamond, delta or sled. Each kite is capable of flying hundreds of feet up for hours on end.
Could you do me just a small favor though?
Please sign up for my free monthly publication, "Tethered Flying". No other emails will be sent, and your details are safe with me. You need to be at least 16 years old. There's...
We earn a small commission if you click the following link and buy something. The item does not cost you any more, since we are an "affiliate" of Amazon.
Click here to buy anything you need. Just use the Search box in there if you need different weights or lengths of line, for example.
P.S. Keep an eye out for books by kite author Glenn Davison, a prominent kite person in the USA.
Jul 13, 20 02:14 AM
It's always a roll of the dice, trying to fly in Winter, but the monthly fly day went ahead. With some success... Those who turned up close to mid-day enjoyed a period of good smooth wind from the sou…
Wind Speeds
Light Air
1-5 km/h
1-3 mph
1-3 knots
Beaufort 1
Light breeze
6–11 km/h
4–7 mph
4–6 knots
Beaufort 2
Gentle ...
12–19 km/h
8–12 mph
7–10 knots
Beaufort 3
Moderate ...
20–28 km/h
13–18 mph
11–16 knots
Beaufort 4
Fresh ...
29–38 km/h
19–24 mph
17–21 knots
Beaufort 5
Strong ...
39–49 km/h
25–31 mph
22–27 knots
Beaufort 6
High Wind
50-61 km/h
32-38 mph
28-33 knots
Beaufort 7
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Piano Arrangements / Re: Gurtis's Arrangements« on: February 10, 2019, 11:07:53 PM »
Thank you so much for your feedback. I've never really paid attention to rhythm groupings, so I was not surprised in the least that I had a lot of work to do there. I'll take your notes into consideration and continue to work on it!


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Stephen addresses Bill "Papa Bear" O'Reilly's critique of his writerless performance, goes around the world in 11.6 seconds, tries yet again to get his portrait into the Smithsonian, interviews evolutionary biologist Neil Shubin, and ingests ungodly amounts of lo mein.
© 2020 Comedy Partners. All Rights Reserved. Comedy Central and all related titles, logos and characters are trademarks of comedy partners.


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One of the most important questions a new mother has is whether to schedule feed their baby or practice breastfeeding on demand.
Arguably, the best method to use depends on what works for you, your family, and your baby. Every situation is different and getting advice from your friends and family on this matter is likely to give you any unbiased information.
Many people advocate for a feeding schedule, and you will quickly notice that a lot of your friends and family members advocate for this method as well. This means feeding your baby every 3 hours at the maximum and never letting them go unfed for more than 4 hours. This is supposed to get your baby get used to a routine that works for your family life.
For many mothers, sticking to a routine helps them feel like they're in control and have a plan for feeding their babies. They'll feel a lot less clueless about feeding.
The problem is that schedule feeding isn't natural. This is a practice that came about with the advent of formula feeding. Feeding on a regular pattern and making your baby sleep for longer periods at a time is something very modern. It's also pretty harmful to the proper growth and development of your child. How? Well, let's take a moment to talk about the benefits of the other side of the coin: feeding on demand.
This is also known as responsive feeding and is based on you closely observing your child for any cues that show they need to feed. You watch your baby, not the clock.
Your baby will definitely have needs which are different from those of other kids. A rigid feeding schedule won't help your breastfeeding as your baby will be hungrier and you will be more stressed.
Your baby doesn't know or understand what it means to follow a routine. All they know is how to follow their instincts and give you cues for their different needs, such as feeling thirsty or hungry, feeling full, feeling the need for comfort, and so on.
Breastfeeding on demand forces you to become cognizant of these cues and meet the needs of the baby early, thereby preventing them from crying for hours on end.
This isn't just about keeping your baby well fed. There are many studies on child development that show that meeting the needs of your baby on time generally leads to better health for the baby, and you as well. We're talking complete health here; mental, physical, and social.
The milk in your breasts is prepared on the basis of supply and demand. When your baby feeds more, your breasts will make more milk. Because of that, it's very important that your baby feed as often as possible. There are even times when you baby will be feeding all the time. Don't get frustrated by this. It sends a signal to your mammary glands to produce more milk in preparation for a growth spurt.
The baby will learn the difference between hunger and satiety much more easily via feeding on demand. They will learn to trust the judgement of their body when it comes to the intake of calories. Feeding on demand, when started early enough, allows the baby to strengthen this ability and may even help them avoid diseases like obesity in the future.
Breastfeeding isn't just about breastfeeding; it's about a lot more. You're not only passing nutrients to your baby but also hormones that help you two bond. The mere power of skin to skin touch goes a long way in strengthening the bond between you and your baby.
Breastfeeding also comforts your baby when they're feeling upset. You'll notice that it's much easier to calm them down when they're breastfeeding than it is when they're not.
Breastfeeding can also help your baby develop vital communication skills. They will learn to interact with other people through the interactions they have with you.
When babies aren't catered to, their brains will release cortisol, a stress hormone. When they are exposed to this hormone for long periods of time their development may be slowed down, or even stunted in some respects.
Breastfeeding, on the other hand, releases the hormone oxytocin in the baby, which counters the effects of cortisol. Oxytocin encourages a lot of things in a baby, such as better communication, emotional control, and easy bonding with the mother. Such a baby, who feels secure, will do much better in the future than a baby that constantly felt abandoned.
Breast milk has the remarkable property that it doesn't maintain the same composition as your child grows and develops. The breast milk you produced when you child was fresh out of the womb isn't the same as the breast milk you produce when the baby hits the six month mark.
The different nutrients put into your breast milk by your body are necessary for the different stages of growth that your baby undergoes. Sometimes your baby needs to take in more calories to aid a growth spurt and your body replies in kind. At the same time, the antibodies present in your breastmilk aid the baby's body in fighting the different diseases they may encounter, making their immunity much stronger.
It's a common worry among mothers that, because their baby is feeding rather frequently, they might not be getting enough per feed. Your friends and family might not help with this, either, commenting that the baby must be hungry whenever they seem to want to feed more often.
The truth is the baby's needs keep changing and they will feed as often as necessary to meet these needs. With formula feeding, you are sure just how much your baby is getting at every meal. With breastmilk, however, you don't know, and this will leave you in uncertainty. Don't worry, however, as long as your baby is gaining weight and producing healthy pee and poo, then they're feeding enough.


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The fourth edition of Bioethics and the Law by Janet L. Dolgin, the Jack and Freda Dicker Distinguished Professor of Health Care Law, and Lois L. Shepherd was published by Wolters Kluwer in December 2018. The book is part of the Aspen Casebook Series.
From the Publisher
Bioethics and the Law takes a multidisciplinary approach that combines legal discussion with jurisprudential, philosophical, and sociological materials. Strong expressions of different points of view highlight debates about bioethical issues. The text underscores the need to mediate between the law's focus on broad rules and the bioethicist's concern with context and detail.
Students are required to consider the ethical implications of healthcare as a business, face the shifting parameters of the provider/patient relationship in healthcare, and understand the role of government in designing and implementing healthcare programs such as Medicaid and Medicare.
Bioethics and the Law supplements the traditional focus of bioethics on the interest of the individual with a second focus on the socio-economic developments that shape healthcare. Connecting broad public healthcare issues to concerns of the individual patient/healthcare consumer, the text promotes understanding of unsettling and complex situations and shows the implications of bioethical developments for understandings of personhood.
A helpful glossary defines basic terms and several short appendices summarize recent developments in science and technology.


text: I was so nervous, anxious, and stressed about what would happen to me and my kids. But Mr. Perskin quickly got to the heart of the matter, helped me understand my options, and reassured me regarding the future. Mr. Perskin made himself available to me at all times and was instrumental in me getting from point A to point B every step of the way. I'm very thankful.


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Nelson Mandela Was a Terrorist/The Media Myth and Global Cult
"They that are bound for heaven must be willing to swim against the stream, and must do, not as most do, but as the best do." ~ Wesley
Mandela död: "En värld i djup sorg"
"Det är en stor förlust för världen. Det är en person som bidrog till att förändra världen, säger statsminister Fredrik Reinfeldt till journalister."
Nelson Mandela är död
Mandela makes the Double V-sign/Kabbalah
The Media Myth and Global Cult of Nelson Mandela
by Shaun Willcock
The purpose of these articles is to provide an analysis of the contemporary South African and southern African scene from a Christian, "politically-incorrect" perspective, in order to counter the propaganda of the Reds, almost-Reds (liberals and others), and religious Reds ("liberation theologians"); to warn Christians living in South Africa of real and potential dangers; to encourage Christians elsewhere to pray for the people of this part of the world, especially for their Christian brethren; and to do what they can to assist them.
Christians are to pray for those in authority (1 Tim. 2:1,2), and to obey them in all matters not contrary to the Word of God (Rom. 13:1-7; Acts 5:29). But any danger to believers, whether from a religious or political source, must be brought to the attention of the Church of God (Acts 20:28-31; 2 Thess. 2:1-9; etc.); and this is what we seek to do.
The Media Myth and Global Cult of Nelson Mandela, PDF format
The ugly truth about the world's favourite terrorist-turned-politician, Nelson Mandela, has been buried deep beneath the media-created myth of the man, who for decades has been given such a whitewashing by the liberal/Socialist media that the real Mandela disappeared from the world's eyes, and in his place appeared a messiah, a saviour, a demigod, whose only resemblance to the real Mandela was the outer shell. The man who emerged from prison and became president of South Africa was at heart the same man who had gone into prison so many years before, a Communist revolutionary, much older but just as committed to the ideology and the revolution as he had been when the prison gates slammed shut on him. Yet by the time he emerged from prison, the worldwide liberal/leftist media had repackaged him, presenting him to the world as a wise, big-hearted, moderate, decent man, who had been unjustly imprisoned for his stand against apartheid, and who would, when he became president of South Africa, govern this complex and diverse country with wisdom and magnanimity, creating a wonderful earthly paradise where all would live happily ever after.
The real Nelson Mandela was, however, vastly different from the media-created myth. But this was the deliberately-constructed image which the international Communist movement, and Mandela's own organisation, the African National Congress (ANC), wanted the world to believe; and the media, so enamoured with Communism and the ANC, ensured the dissemination of this myth. As the saying goes, tell a lie, tell it often enough, and the people will believe it. They did. In their millions.
The truth is that he and the others had planned the manufacture of many thousands of anti-personnel mines, hand grenades, bombs, pipe bombs, syringe bombs, and bottle bombs! They had planned to overthrow the South African government. It was not, therefore, for unjust reasons that Mandela was arrested and imprisoned; it was, in essence, for high treason!
Read more
December 5, 2013
Left, Nelson Mandela and Joe Slovo in Moscow give the clenched fist salute in front of the blood-drenched Hammer and Sickle flag of Illuminati Jewish Bolshevism.
Nelson Mandela Dead
Prepare for a nauseating outpouring of media praise for Illuminati puppet Nelson Mandela. Terrorists are "freedom fighters" if they advance the Illuminati agenda. (The real freedom fighters, like the Editor of the Guardian, who released the Snowden documents, are "terrorists." )
The African National Congress waged a terrorist war against South Africa's Apartheid regime for 30 years. The plight of Black South Africans now is worse under ANC rule.
by Henry Makow Ph.D.
(from May 2, 2012)
Terrorism is not terrorism when the Illuminati Jewish banking cartel is behind it.
From 1961-1990, the Illuminati-sponsored African National Congress waged a terrorist war against the Apartheid government of South Africa. It was characterized as a "people's struggle" in the Zionist-controlled mass media.
However, when the Palestinians employ terror against the Apartheid regime of Israel, they are "terrorists." Never mind that Israel was built on Zionist terror against the British. When the Illuminati bankers or their shills use it, terrorists are "freedom fighters" and "insurgents." (Syria today is another example.)
(Terrorist Mandela wins 1994 Nobel Peace Prize)
In South Africa during the 1960's and 70's, barely a week went by without terrorism -- dynamite at a fuel depot, a car bomb outside Air Force headquarters in in a city center. The ANC's guerrilla force -- known simply as MK, or more formally as Umkhonto we Sizwe translated "Spear of the Nation" was founded in 1961 by Nelson Mandela and his handler, the Communist Jew Joe Slovo.
At first, the targets were infrastructure but two decades later MK was killing civilians without compunction -- grenades would be bowled into a hamburger joint, or a trip-wired limper mine planted in an arcade -- and Mandela did not object.
"Notable among these attacks were the January 8, 1982 attack on the Koeberg nuclear power plant near Cape Town, the Church Street bombing on May 20, 1983, killing 19, and the June 14 1986 car-bombing of Magoo's Bar in Durban, in which 3 people were killed and 73 injured." (Wikipedia)
Of course, Mandela had been in jail since 1963 when captured in a raid of MK headquarters at a farm outside Johannesburg. The ANC was funded and run by Communist Jews who in turn were shills for the Illuminati bankers. Mandela posed as a farmhand.
Sverige skänkte miljoner till ANC i hemlighet
Hemliga fonder, bulvaner och påhittade projekt som täckmantel. I hemlighet slussade Sverige in hundratals miljoner kronor till ANC under apartheidåren.
White South Africa Was Conquered by Guilt
In 1994 the covert communist ANC took over the reins of South Africa. Without firing a single shot, the country that brave men gave their lives for began its final descent. It was done mainly through the lies and guilt trips that the secret societies forced down the white South Africans throats. We all believed the lie that this was done to give equal rights to the poor black people.The moral implications of Apartheid can be debated but the fact of the matter is this: The current black government of South Africa was handed a rising super power and ran it into the ground. How did this happen?
-What was the purpose of destroying the South African government and replacing it with a corrupt puppet government other than being able to completely plunder and ransack its economy and natural resources?
South Africa was the blueprint for the USA, and the coming world order. We were the experiment. Compare the two countries:
The Real Mandela (Published Online 7/24/2013)
As South Africa's 95-year-old Nelson Mandela lies in the hospital, the worldwide media portrays him as a larger-than-life heroic figure and the liberator of his people. But is that truth or fiction? And how will honest historians judge him?
Mandela's ex-wife Winnie, also a longtime ANC activist, prefers a method called "necklacing," where a gasoline-filled tire is placed around the neck of a victim and set ablaze.
"With our boxes of matches and our necklaces we shall liberate this country," she is infamous for saying.
-An estimated 3,000 victims died by necklacing
Queen Elizabeth II and George W. Bush never pass out awards to anyone who isn't serving their agenda in some way. So when a person gets an award from both of them, you know that "person" is up to no good.
The sign of the fist with Nelson Mandela, Richard Nixon, Michael Hayden, Ted Turner and Pervez Musharraf.
The secret hand signs, symbols, and codes of the Illuminati are part of the ritual performance of black magic.
Freemason and Knights of Malta - Nelson Mandela:
South Africa's former President Thabo Mbeki is also a Knight of Malta.
Initial Membership List of the Knights of Malta and here
The Knights of Malta , new world order
The "Protestant" Knights of Malta in essence are a product of a mystical form of Roman Catholicism and occult practice.
Nelson Mandela was a 33 degree Freemason video
Mandelas prisoner number for the last 25 years of his sentence was 46664.
Mandela Day – 46664
Mandela Day on July 18 is an annual international day adopted by the United Nations. It is more than a celebration of Nelson Mandela's life and legacy;
A very "strange" number!
A Façade for the Global Lodge
The Elders were founded in 2007 under the initiative of Nelson Mandela. He and eleven other "global leaders" constitute the visible heads of the group. (1) Among the 12 are various heads of international abortion and homosexuality groups as well as promoters of a new universal religion through groups with varying goals, such as Planetary Ethics, Earth Charter, and the Alliance of Civilizations.
This is the man that the controlled/ing mainstream media loves - a pawn for the elite and a traitor!
Edward Snowden, Barack Obama, Nelson Mandela....... Illuminati??
Nicolaas "Siener" van Rensburg Part 1 of 3 video
A documentary on Siener van Rensburg which aired on SABC 3 a couple of years ago. After the show aired the presenter, Max du Preez was fired. It was rumored that the ANC government didn't approve of the show.
Nelson Mandela prisas av alla.
Jesus Kristus världens hopp spikades upp på ett kors föraktad av alla!
3 Föraktad var han och övergiven av människor,
en smärtornas man och förtrogen med krankhet;
han var såsom en, för vilken man skyler sitt ansikte,
så föraktad, att vi höllo honom för intet.
4 Men det var våra krankheter han bar,
våra smärtor, dem lade han på sig,
medan vi höllo honom för att vara hemsökt,
tuktad av Gud och pinad.
5 Ja, han var sargad för våra överträdelsers skull
och slagen för våra missgärningars skull;
näpsten var lagd på honom, för att vi skulle få frid,
och genom hans sår bliva vi helade.
6 Vi gingo alla vilse såsom får,
var och en av oss ville vandra sin egen väg,
men HERREN lät allas vår missgärning drabba honom.
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Shawna Knox was the killer of waiter Lee Dupree in Bayou Blood (Case #6 of Pacific Bay).
Shawna is a 17-year-old African-American waitress at the Gumbo Jumbo seafood restaurant. Shawna sports brown skin, dons a gray shirt with a shrimp logo on it, sports braided afro-style, neck-length hair, has brown eyes, and also sports a Gumbo Jumbo name tag on the left side of her shirt. Shawna also sports suspenders and wears shells in her hair. It is known that Shawna is in contact with shrimps, chews tobacco and uses foot cream.
|135 lbs
Events of Criminal Case
Shawna was a waitress at Ignatius Dupree's seafood restaurant, Gumbo Jumbo.
Frank and the player first ran into Shawna when they found an order pad at the Gumbo Jumbo restaurant, grounds for Russell to psychologically analyze it, from which he concluded that there was only one female server working at the seafood restaurant, who happened to be Shawna. Shawna was infuriated when the team approached her about Lee because Lee labeled her as a scapegoat to make her life a hell by making fun out of her. Lee almost caused Shawna to be fired by blaming her of his cash register mistakes and, if she lost her job, she would have lost everything since she had to go through the pressure of providing her family with money since her father passed away.
Later on, the team talked to Eugene after finding his diary at Bill Farnham's voodoo shop and revealed to be his drawing of Shawna being protected by him from Lee. Eugene would not kill Lee to defend Shawna although Eugene had to do something to keep Lee away from Shawna given his wanton bullying record, but Eugene felt Lee was also trying to sexually harass Shawna by kissing her, which prompted a second talk with Shawna, not to mention a love potion analyzed by the team earlier on was made for Shawna. Shawna felt Lee was not behaving at his age not to mention admitting Eugene had a crush on her but did not want her line of work to be disrupted since she was about to start her shift at the time the team wanted to talk to her.
It was later revealed that Shawna was responsible for Lee Dupree's murder. Shawna claimed to kill Lee in self-defense because Lee kept flirting with her, even though Shawna did not like it, so she carried BBQ skewers for protection. When Lee tried to sexually assault Shawna, she killed him with the BBQ skewers and blamed Bill by stabbing Lee in the heart with the skewer and pinned him to the tree. Judge Dante ordered Shawna to be placed in an institution for violent minors.
Case appearances
- Bayou Blood (Case #6 of Pacific Bay)


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Testament - Legacy Skull Phone Pop Up
Availability: Out of stock
This sticks flat to the back of your phone, tablet or case with its rinsable, repositionable gel. Once extended, it becomes a media stand for your device, a photo or texting grip, or lower it for a video chat. For best results, use in conjunction with a phone case.
Testament - Legacy Skull Phone Pop Up


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Travelling Like You're Just Playing CS:GO
If there's one activity in this world that every one of us would love to do over and over again in our current lifetime, it would be travelling. You see, there's just something about doing so that makes one want to see just about every single place in this world. Because aside from the fact that travelling allows you to see places you've only seen from others' pictures before, there's also the fact that travelling allows you to keep your body healthy enough to explore in what the world has yet to offer you without getting pained that [Continue reading...]


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Restoration Brothers Hopewell
24 HOUR EMERGENCY WATER DAMAGE CLEANUP SERVICE IN Hopewell Virginia
Our Services
Water Damage Assessments
Water Extraction (Removal)
Removal of Buckling Wood Floors
Water Damage Restoration
Basement Flooding Cleanup
Reliable Emergency Flood Damage Repair Service In Hopewell
Why You Should Select Us As Your Hopewell Water Removal Contractor
Call Us
Cleaning and Sanitizing
The Way to Properly Extract Hopewell Water Damage
After severe weather in Hopewell, Virginia, a broken pipe, or another sort of disaster that leads to flooding, creates water damage to your property an ultimate reality. When this happens, the first step you must do is contact our 24 hour storm water damage removal Hopewell specialists so that we can cleanup, prevent, and resolve any flood water damage ..
Here are some DIY tips for cleaning water damage while waiting on our experienced flood damage removal Hopewell professionals to arrive:
- First, search for any possible electrical risks and beware of glossy surfaces.
- Switch on fans/AC and open windows – don't be concerned if you do not have much drying equipment, we will bring in the heavy duty gear.
- Hang any upholstery, rugs (particularly colored ones) and cushions in a dry, airy place.
- Collect loose things out of table tops, flooring, and walls and store in a clean and airy site.
- Get out the mops to clean up as much water as possible.
- Wipe all wooden surfaces.
- Position a watertight barrier like aluminum foil between furniture legs and wet carpeting.
How Our Hopewell Water Damage Extraction ProfessionalsTeam Can Help
Once the experts with Hopewell flood damage repair arrives, you can rest assured that we can handle even the most complicated water damage repair Hopewell instances. Water cleanup Hopewell requires skilled professionals who understand how to deal with all probable situations in order to guard your property. Does a water damage removal expert in Hopewell need to know how to repair the cause of the flood damage, but they also must know where to search for the places mold forms. Our Hopewell flood repair experts are trained modern flood cleanup best practices that's demonstrated in our flood damage removal services in Hopewell, Virginia where we are certified by the Institute of Inspection,  Cleaning and Restoration Certification (IICRC) and the Indoor Air Quality Association (IAQA).
Take a Look at Our Flood Damage Repair Service in Hopewell Virginia:
- We utilize large industrial fans, dry shop vacs, and pumps to wash all indoor surfaces and carpeting.
- We pull all carpeting and padding, but salvage what we can.
- We try to restore all personal belongings (art, furniture, books, etc).
- We clean and dehumidify the impacted water damaged areas to prevent mold growth.
During each step of the restoration process, our Hopewell flood extraction professionals will gently handle your possessions with intense care. We go to great lengths to ensure mold isn't an issue after recovery along with also your indoor air quality is top notch.
Flood Damage Extraction & Restoration
The Way to Cleanup Water Damage
After a storm in Hopewell Virginia, a burst pipe, or other catastrophe that leads to flooding, makes water damage a real possibility. The first thing you should do is call our emergency flood damage repair experts so that we could mitigate, prevent, and resolve any damage. Here are some DIY tips for removing flood damage while awaiting our Hopewell flood extraction professionals to arrive:
- First, search for any possible electrical hazards and beware of slippery surfaces.
- Turn on fans/AC and open windows – don't worry if you do not have a lot, we will bring in the heavy duty gear.
- Hang any upholstery, rugs (particularly colored ones) and cushions in a dry, airy place.
- Collect loose items from table tops, flooring, and walls and store in a dry and airy place.
- Get out the mops to eliminate as much water as you can.
- Wipe down any wooden furniture.
Position watertight barrier like aluminum foil between furniture legs and wet carpeting.
The Way Hopewell Flood Damage Removal & Repair Professionals Can Assist
After our Hopewell flood removal experts arrives, we can manage the harder flood cleanup tasks. Cleaning flood damage requires skilled specialists who understand how to handle all possible consequences and repercussions. Not only does an emergency restoration expert have to know how to fix the cause of the water damage, but they also must know where to look for the areas mold grows. All of our water restoration specialists in Hopewell, Virginia are trained in water cleanup and flood damage cleanup services and are certified by the Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and Restoration Certification (IICRC) and the Indoor Air Quality Association (IAQA).
Check Out Our Water Damage Removal Process:
- We use large industrial fans, dry shop vacs, and pumps to clean all indoor surfaces and carpets.
- We pull all carpeting and padding, but preserve what we can.
- We try to restore all personal belongings (furniture, art, books, and so forth).
We clean and dehumidify the affected areas to avoid mold growth.
Throughout each step of the procedure, we gently handle your possessions with utmost caution. We go to great lengths to guarantee mold isn't a problem after recovery and your indoor air quality is contaminant free.
Water Removal / Water Extraction
Our Professionals Move or Block Furniture
We move property and furniture items and block items to help prevent furniture or rust stains on wet carpets.
- Block Furniture
- Water Removal / Water Extraction
- Water Damage Extraction:
- Eliminating the Easy water
Moreover, bad water extraction may lengthen the drying process significantly. Last, the most crucial thing throughout the cleanup isn't exactly how much water is removed, but just how much is really left behind. If heavy water extraction isn't accessible, we will need to eliminate all carpets cushioning to prevent prolonged drying times. If the carpet isn't eliminated, additional water will stay underneath the carpet raising the prospect of there's secondary harm to your industrial or residential property. Also, leading to needing more time and desired equipment to completely dry the property.
Water Removal Services Hopewell
When hardwood is undergoing the drying process, complete extraction of the water is essential only as each other surface. Hardwood emergency water damage mats are utilized being placed on the ground and connected to the vacuum cleaner. Furthermore, the time period required for a complete extraction is determined by the entire quantity of water found on the ground. The procedure is wholly done when it's totally visible by our flood damage technician that there's no more visible water.
Hopewell Water Damage Extraction and Restoration
Removing interior water too fast, together with the pressure present out, could lead to structural damage to the home. What is more, if water isn't decreasing at the technician's expected speed, there's a possible water from external isn't entering. Our flood damage repair professionals avoid this issue by calculating the quantity of water within the region to discover the flow rate necessary to take the water out to prevent any structural damage to the house.
Flood Damage Restoration Service | How do we know its drying?
If our technician's inspection is done correctly, we could detect the progress made in the property. In addition to this, more important than the beginning quantity of water in the home is how much it had been eliminated and removed over time.
Tracking the water removal process frequently
Normal inspection through the water extraction procedure by monitoring and assessing the property is accomplished by our water restoration technicians to properly ascertain improvement.
Flood Repair Drying Standards | How we know the water removal procedure is finished
The drying process isn't fully complete until each the substances that were affected by secondary or water damage accomplish our drying goals, a.k.a a sterile normal significance receiving a moisture reading of a material that has been unaffected.
Our company guarantee a powerful dry standard by applying this reading. It is set by using an untouched substance and comparing it to the affected giving us a target that needs to be achieved. This enables our technicians to use it as a benchmark as it enables them to see normal moisture levels in the environment.
The water removal step eliminates nearly all the water out of your home or property. By doing a comprehensive water extraction, Experts help reduce the drying period and help to prevent mold and secondary flood damage. We utilize strong pumps and truck-mounted vacuum components to swiftly eliminate thousands or tens of thousands of gallons of water out of your premises.
Move-Out / Pack-Out
If your home requires extensive cleaning or restoration, Professionals could run an organized, efficient move-out to protect your possessions from further damage.
Move-Out Service
Emergency Water Removal
Highly trained emergency repair technicians will start the water extraction process almost immediately. Based on the whole amount of water, we could use strong submersible pumps in addition to industrial power, wet/dry vacuums. This step can help decrease drying time and helps to prevent mold and secondary water damage.
Eliminate Extra Water
Use Submersible Pumps and Industrial Wet/Dry Vacuums
Inspect the Carpet Pad and Carpet
Water Experts inspect the carpet and pad and determine if it should be removed to protect the subfloor.
Inspect Carpet Pad and Remove If Desired
Inspect Carpet and Remove If Desired
Water Extraction Equipment
Dirt detectors, hygrometers, and other meters measure the magnitude of moisture modification.
Infrared cameras could be used to locate"hidden" water inviting ceilings and walls.
Submersible and gas-powered pumps are utilized for continuous pumping of high-level water.
Truck-mounted and portable extraction components perform effective water removal.
Dehumidification and Drying
Dehumidification / Drying
Our Hopewell Repair Company will manipulate temperature and relative humidity to eliminate the residual moisture. We utilize specialized water drying equipment, such as industrial air movers and dehumidifiers, to remove water retained by building materials and other hard-to-access moisture. We carefully monitor the improvement using moisture meters before the materials return to appropriate drying goals.
Use Dehumidification Equipment
Use Tracking Tools to Track Progress
Monitor Floor and Walls
We assess that the moisture levels to monitor the drying process.
Monitor Floors
Monitor Walls
Drying Equipment
Industrial-grade dehumidifiers help stop secondary water damage such as swelling and lots of flooring, walls, and furniture.
High-speed air movers produce warmth round walls, carpets, pads, and furniture, which accelerates the flow of moisture.
Water Damage Assessment and Inspection
Water Damage Repair Hopewell Experts Identify and Stop the Water Supply
We check for the origin of water in your home and business and block it. The water supply must be stopped before the drying process can start.
- Stop the Source
- Check for Contaminated Water
- We Identify the Kind of Water
Our Water Damage Repair Experts in Hopewell, Virginia must establish the classification and kind of water to revive your home firmly to business specifications. The kind of water contamination will affect the particular restoration procedures used to restore your home.
- White / Category 1 Water
- Gray / Category 2 Water
- Black / Category 3 Water
We identify the amount of the water damage and inspect the premises
We inspect and analyze your home to discover the extent of the harm. In addition, we will try to discover security issues and explain them to you. If you know of any security problems, such as asbestos or lead, please discuss them with us.
- Survey Fixing
- Complete Safety Inspection
Hopewell Water Damage Repair & Restoration provides you with:
Emergency Building Services
If your home was damaged by a storm or water, the most immediate concern may consist of temporary protective measures to prevent additional property damage, like tarping your damaged roof.
- Board-Up
- Roof Tarp
- Temporary Fencing
- Move-Out / Pack-Out
- Temporary Warehouse Space
- Repairs and Minor Building Services
The following construction and repair services may be essential to restore your house to pre-water harm condition.
- Drywall Removal and Installation
- Hardwood Floor Repair
- Tile Floor Repair
- Painting
- Carpet Repair and Installation
Building Services and Reconstruction
Our Restoration Company in Hopewell, Virginia can simplify the repair process by managing the initial water damage mitigation and rebuilding the affected regions. Having one competent repair company for the full repair and restoration process can save yourself time and keep cost low. We offer this continuity by supervising an entire assortment of restoration services which will bring your property back to its original state.
Restoration Brothers Hopewell
When Disaster Strikes, Don't Panic!
Call Us
Hopewell Flood Damage Restoration Experts | We Clean It Up!
Hopewell is located in an area that's quite susceptible to water damage as a result of the typical heavy rain we encounter throughout the year. What's more, it's very probable your home or commercial property will sooner or later face water damage unless you have had repairs. Emergency restoration services are critical in commercial buildings, especially apartments, as consumer dissatisfaction because of inadequate maintenance proves difficult in enhancing living spaces or retention. It's important to understand that water damage is very common in Hopewell, Virginia. It takes only one uncontrolled source of water in just about any area of your house or office to cause significant damage. This type of water damage is placed into one of two categories, gray and black water. Black water comes from outside water while gray water comes from inside your home or commercial building. Additionally, leaky pipes, cracked walls, and ruined wood surfaces are clear signs of flood damage that needs restoration. If you find any stains in your ceilings it is also a sign of a water leak in your home. Call us today to schedule a free inspection of your home. If you think that your home could be experiencing water damage you should immediately call us. If water is left to stand, the humidity will start to grow and it will not be long before mold begins to grow. This can lead to serious health issues and expenses that are considered through the mold removal procedure.
Restoration Brothers Hopewell
Fast, Affordable Hopewell Flood Cleanup Services You Can Rely on
When a flood or any type of water event has resulted in damage to your home or commercial property, we understand it can be a very stressful time for you and your family. The loss of personal items, a few of which can be irreplaceable, is bad . When you begin the flood damage appraisal city process and start adding up the costs of cleanup and recovery, things can get scary. The trained experts at Restoration Brothers Hopewell possess years of knowledge and coaching to guide you through every step of the water repair service process, including handling the paperwork included with your property insurance carrier.
Call Us
Client Testimonials
"Restoration Brothers Richmond is very professional and extremely knowledgeable in water damage mitigation. They do incredible work and truly had my best interest at heart."
Restoration Brothers Hopewell
Hopewell Virginia


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Regular pants, who needs 'em? Try on a pair of Cargo Work Pants instead. You'll love that some have extra pockets, among a variety of styles. This reliable workwear was created to make your job a little easier. Choose from tough, durable brands like Dickies, Carhartt, Red Kap, and more! From khakis to scrubs, and cotton blends to ripstop, you can f...ind the perfect pair of cargo pants. Features like stain- and wrinkle-resistance assist you even more. Whether you need practical or tactical pants, Cargo Work Pants from Working Person's Store are here to give you much more than just ordinary. (Learn More About cargo work pants)(See less)


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Be a Supporting Adult Presence
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We're so glad you are considering volunteering at First Day School! Every First Day School class has two volunteer adults, the Leading Adult Presence and the Supporting Adult Presence. Additionally, our Youth Coordinator helps with all classes as needed.
To Be a Supporting Adult Presence:
- Connect with your Leading Adult Presence at least a few days before to introduce yourself and have a chance to talk over the lesson plan and any particular ways they might want support.
- Our policies do require a background check for any adult volunteering with our children. Please contact the Youth Coordinator soon to submit your information. It's a very quick and easy process.
The Day Of:
- Please arrive by 10:15 to help encourage any lingering meetings to clear the children's spaces and prepare for class.
- Support the Leading Adult Presence in whatever ways you have discussed or become clear are needed. For instance, you might help hand out supplies, welcome late arriving children, sit next to a disruptive child, or teach a game to some kids while the Leading Adult Presence is supervising a craft activity with others.
Afterwards, Please Share:
- Please email to the Youth Coordinator any thoughts you have on how to improve the program in general, this lesson in particular, or the experience of being a Supporting Adult Presence.
Thank you!