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Sarah's holidaying in Tokyo with her family! And here I am stuck in fickle-weathered Singapore. For those of you who miss her already, here's what she wore to Parco's next-Next Fashion Show last Friday at Millenia Walk.
First, an A-line white shirt from Zara, ruched leggings ala Sass & Bide from Bysi, and black leather lace-up wedges from Aldo.
While we were walking around, she set her eyes on this black crepe maxi-dress-jumpsuit from Max Tan. It is so cute because it really does look like a maxi dress from afar, but is actually one that is sewn up at the bottom with two tubular openings for the ankles. Got. To. Have. At. Some. Point.
Eventually she brought home a vented leather/wet-look jacket with extra long sleeves by Mae Pang. Sleek and sultry I say. Lots to check out from both the designers and more, so buy smaller presents and splurge on yourself instead. Okay I kid.
Sooo this weekend I'll be going solo at Topshop Knightbridge's opening party – their largest store outside of their Oxford Circus store in London!
Hansel's birthday/opening party at Mandarin Gallery on Friday. Can't wait to see what the store decor is like.
And lastly, Front Row's 5th Anniversary Fete on Sunday at White Rabbit. For more informations, go here.
Hope your December is going well so far. This month makes me feel kinda reflective and I'm not quite sure what to make of this year. More happy days ahead!


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An Oopart in ancient pre-Columbian Peru
Article written by-il Pensatore-, August 14th 2014
(Translated from Italian)
I consider the academic archaeology, as taught in the universities and then disclosed to the public, a large scam when deals with periods prior to the Classical age based on ancient Greece and Rome. This becomes even more striking when the topic is based on civilizations born and developed outside the European context. The archaeological evidences -i.e. artifacts and ancient documentary sources- can be dated with a better degree of verisimilitude when the connected periods are fairly close to us, because we can observe their cultural and technological evolution -in form of written documents, graphical representations and technological innovations- developing throughout the centuries and arriving until today. However, be careful my dear Reader, since everything is sieved trough the grid of the establishment. For explaining this concept I want to make the following example. During the so-called barbarian invasions, the Western World lost a huge amount of very precious books, but - according to the official mindset - there is no mystery about this loss: the main reason was the indiscriminate destruction of libraries perpetrated by the invaders… but in reality not the only one. The official historiography always neglects to give the due importance to a pivotal event; after 314 AD, Constantine the Great was the unique owner of the Roman Empire, he stopped the persecutions against the many and different Christian sects and, above all, after the Nicene council –this was a big and fundamental meeting of bishops and scholars that lasted from May 20th to July 25th, 325 AD- he started to give important positions inside the administrative power to Christian functionaries. This practice grew with his sons and successors, Constantius II and Constans, who began also to discriminate the pagan subjects, but without the use of violence against the traditional Roman temples and simulacra. But those bishops forming the emerging, powerful and dreadful Roman Catholic faction did not accept other competitors: the emperor Theodosius the First was a very devout Nicene Christian and declared, in February 27th 380 AD, the Roman Catholicism as state religion. The true winner was Ambrose (Aurelius Ambrosius) bishop of Milan; he was the most important imperial counselor and also a man full of rancor toward other people's opinions. Ambrose convinced Theodosius to impose, even with the use of violence, the Roman Catholicism as the only creed permitted in all the Empire, promulgating the so called "Theodosian Decrees". So, in 391 AD, the persecutions started against the pagans -who, anyway, were still the majority of the population inside the Empire's borders- and also against all the symbols of ancient gods. The other different Christian sects were ravaged without mercy too. Surely the books were a legitimate target: at that time, the Christian literature was at an embryonic state compared to the immeasurable Greek-Roman literature. Many public libraries were dedicated to ancient gods, some others were installed inside shrines. A the beginning of the 3rd century, emperor Caracalla closed the Musaeum, the huge building that was the main and first location of the very famous Library of Alexandria. Many years later, in 264 AD, the books were relocated in the Serapeum of Alexandria, shrine dedicated to Jupiter Serapis. A few weeks after the "Theodosian Decrees", the shrine was destroyed completely by a crowd of Christian fanatics acting on behalf of bishop Theophilus; the books burnt together with many other absolute masterpieces of Art, such as sculptures, mosaics, frescos and paintings. This is an useful way always loved by the power -above all when it is undermining an older one- for deleting concepts, ideas, memories and for perverting the History: the nazis were not the first to burn books. It has always been told that the medieval monks were the saviors of the Western civilization, during and after the barbarian invasions; sadly, this is just partially true. The amanuensis monks, during the Middle Ages, had the complete possibility to choose –through the repeated copy of the original old manuscripts- what to transmit to the posterity and what don't. That was the first kind of censorship applied in the Western World after the fall of the Roman ecumenism, with the plain purpose to allow the surviving of ideas, concepts and memories in line with -or, using the opportune manipulations. could be in line with- the Papal supremacy, because this one was the power's intolerant ideology and not just its simple religion. Probably, the so called Barbarians were less barbaric than, or at least as barbaric as, many fanatic Christians who inflicted to other people –but with an extension a lot wider- the same persecutions that some Christian followers suffered at one time. Even the masterpieces of the Greek-Roman canon were vandalized because of the nudity and because often showing the ancient gods; the Taliban, when destroyed the icons of Buddha in south Afghanistan, were not the first to demolish the relics of past religions1. Therefore, the sublime artistic value of the very famous bronze statues from Riace, Italy, (I Bronzi di Riace) is absolutely pertinent to the most sumptuous period of ancient Greece, when operated such sublime artists as Phidias, Polykleitos and Praxiteles; at that time, is positively established the high Hellenic mastery2 in metal casting technology. Then this artistic inspiration and the manual ability were transmitted to Imperial Rome and further enriched. With the fall of Rome many traumatic changes occurred throughout the Old World: those knowledge heritage, skills and crystallinity of views decayed during the next Middle Age (up to Nicola Pisano: this multi-faceted genius for me marks a pivotal moment). The European artists, followers of that past splendor, found themselves unable to rise to the levels of their ancient inspiring and far mentors. In this deficiency they were the sons of their cruel, bigoted and asphyxiated time. This can also be seen in the delay with which the majesty of buildings such as the Parthenon, the Pantheon and the Imperial Basilicae, just to name some of them, was first equaled and then in some cases exceeded by Gothic cathedrals. Namely, during the Dark Ages, European sculptors and architects even if are not starting from zero, in reality they have practically almost to improvise. This means that, for example, at the time of Charlemagne, the construction of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus3 and the creation of the Discobolus of Myron were truly impossible, they would have been OOPART, i.e. of Out of Place Artifacts. All this notwithstanding, I repeat, the European civilization had, parked into oblivion, all the knowledge and skill to continue on that bright path: the fall of the Roman world had signed a hiatus, its ideals had been almost destroyed. But if this sort of handicap is surely true in a period of decline which follows a period of splendor, it's strongly truer and oppressive when it is referred to a civilization that in its past -i.e. the cultures of the so-called Formativo Inicial- didn't have, as well as in its present -precisely the period Chavín- doesn't have and even will not have in its future either the technology or the skill and the appropriate gesture, during the apotheosis of the Inca period. There is no sign, no hint, that could match the sublimity of that peculiar and elusive intermezzo –i.e. the monolith that we will see below- according to the dictates related by the captious official archaeology; I'm referring to the succession of civilizations in the ancient Peru until the arrival of the Conquistadores, in particular to the so-called Chavín de Huantar age. This may sound like a rhetorical assertion, but actually reflects the situation of an enormous amount of knowledge and artifacts of civilization very far away from us in time and distance, for example the pyramids of Giza, the astronomical knowledge of the Mayas, the cyclopean walls of Sacsayuhaman on the top of Cuzco, the Trilithon of Baalbek in Lebanon (just to name some examples). All these are archaeological evidences in front of anyone, but the pharisaic official scholars distort, pervert and displace temporally them to their use and consumption. In this article, for obvious reasons of brevity and lack of financial resources to go wherever I felt the need, but above all for personal sympathy towards the topic, I will focus on an element belonging to the pre-Columbian world, to the pre-Inca period of that huge area known, in its apotheosis, with the name of Tahuantinsuyo, i.e. the -Empire of the Four Corners of the World-, exact name of the Amerindian Empire with capital the Andean city of Cuzco, which in Quechua language4 means –Navel of the World -. I'm talking about the so-called "Antonio Raimondi Stele", unique and unappreciated artifact.
The discoverer
Antonio Raimondi5, who was this man? Yes, he was one of the many that, in our history, have left a forgotten inheritance even if very precious: one of those who have made for the neighbor and the posterity a lot more than many of us might be able to do, but he never will reach in his homeland the reputation of Piero Angela. He was first a patriot on the barricades in Milan, between March 18th and 22nd, 1848, and then, due to the final Austrian victory, an exiled in the New World, where he arrived with no means but rich of genius; Peru became his new home. That nation was still consolidating its independence and identity, since it was for a long time, thanks to the city of Lima built three centuries earlier by Francisco Pizarro, the cradle of the Hispanic Viceroyalty in South America. He was one of the first foreign teachers at the University of Lima and one of the founders of the Faculty of Medicine, but above all he was the first modern explorer of those places, which traveled in every possible direction. Talented illustrator, Raimondi has left thousands of representations of plants, landscape and pre-Columbian artifacts. He was an Indiana Jones that has existed for real, but with his hands without the blood of his fellow man. When the young officer Leoncio Prado6, son of the constitutional President of Peru Mariano Ignacio Prado, was missed during an exploratory mission led by a platoon of soldiers in the Amazon jungle, Raimondi, assisted by some native guides, was able to find and bring him back to civilization safely. It does not appear that he loved guns, but he became skilled to use the machete to open the path in the tangled rainforest. When the city of Lima, at the end of the South-Pacific war, was occupied in January 1881 by Chilean soldiers, he exhibited on the balcony of his house the Italian flag and, during that long terrible period, tens of people of every gender and age were able to find there a shelter, escaping from the violence constantly committed by enemy soldiers. So big was his prestige that de facto the big and old mansion became a territory protected by diplomatic immunity. Nowadays, two of the best schools in the Country have his name.
Picture I-Antonio Raimondi and the top of the statue to him inspired in the limeña square that could only be called Plaza Italia
The discovery
In 1860, Raimondi was investigating the vast archaeological site currently known as Chavín de Huantar7 and was approached by a farmer, the native Timoteo Espinoza, who spoke in Quechua; no problems at all, the Italian explorer was already very fluent in this language. More or less, the campesino told him: "Stranger, I know you are looking for ancient things, so do you want to see something really unique?". In the following, almost farcical, way happens one of the most important discoveries in the history of American archeology; below the Italian's amazed eyes, the great stone slab used as dining table, at the Espinoza's home, shows her truly identity: a magnificent, very ancient, finely and intricately carved stele. These are its measures, height 198 cm, width 74 cm, 17 cm thickness. It depicts the so-called Dios de Los Dos Baculos, i.e. the – God with two sticks-. Despite its obvious importance, this relic remained in oblivion for thirteen years; finally, President José Balta ordered the transport in the capital. But the vicissitudes were not finished: during the looting perpetrated by Chilean soldiers in the first months of 18818 against all the Peruvian cultural heritage, the stone, still wrapped in a heavy blanket, was struck by those who were plundering the Museo de Historia and fell badly on the floor, breaking in two pieces. When the looters looked at what lied at their feet just saw the back completely smooth and did not gave further importance; thus the Raimondi stele remained fortuitously in its Peru. In 1940, it suffered another shock but with minimal consequences: the great earthquake of that year caused the rupture of some parts of the frame.
Picture II – the original
Picture III: graphic transposition with better resolution
Picture IV: thanks to this comparison, we can see that the central figures, flipping the stele, have another expression
In August 2001, I could directly see this masterpiece at the Museo Nacional de Arqueología Antropología e Historia del Perú, that los Limeños call proudly and simply El Museo de la Nación. Thanks to the fact that, in those days, I was involved in the excavations at the Huaca Pucllana9, a pre-Inca site located now in the current context of Lima, I was allowed to get close and make some summary measurements about which, unfortunately, I am not satisfied at all. I was not allowed to put on the surface of the stone either the centesimal gauge or the measuring tape. In addition, since that time the Museum was preparing a new edition of the catalog, the Director denied also the permission to take some photographs of any exhibit and above all of the stele; at least, I was allowed to touch it with bare hands and that, for its time, was a real concession. Apparently, in recent years, since there are several pictures portraying the stone available on the Web, something has changed in the direction of that Museum. The protagonist is literally a dwarf of about 90 cm, with his head covered by a full helmet depicting a large feline, probably a jaguar or puma. This helmet/mask is surmounted by a series of complicated elaboration of feline and snakelike elements that take turns to each other, especially big snake heads. Flipping the picture the expression of various characters changes, the feeling is the transition from threat to happiness. This technique, which in the Raimondi stele reaches the climax, is indicated by Prof. N.J.Wade10 as -Binocular Rivalry- (or Contour Rivalry). In short, this phenomenon describes the effect of visual perception of different and alternate contiguous images, shown at the same time to both eyes. The first scholar to become aware of this very intriguing phenomenon was, according to Wade, the Neapolitan mathematician and physicist – but especially alchemist- Giambattista della Porta; the argument is explained, for the first time in literature, in his book De Refactione Optces, 1589. Now I urge you to look carefully at the pictures of the stele: technically speaking, it presents the most carved areas all around the figure (i.e. along its boundaries); this contrivance allows the figure almost to emerge from the frame, having a three-dimensional effect of some sort. The pygmy's features and the ones belonging to the other figures - i.e. the marks on the central part- are generally less deep; the same it's true for the two sticks. The external carved sectors have a consistent depth of about 3 cm (surely not deeper than 5 cm) and the angle of 90° is respected along its entire perimeter. I was literally astonished when my fingertips could feel that perfect and continuous edge –truly almost cutting- as far as my hands arrived. Instead, the lines (we can certainly call them continuous engravings, rather than superficial graffiti) forming the dwarf's outlines have a consistent depth of about 3 or 5 mm and an equal width; the same it's true for the headdress. The pygmy's nostrils, the dragons' eyes -or the big snakes forming the central headdress sector on the mask- have a depth apparently equal to the areas carved between the figures and the frame; even the 90° angle is respected. At the touch, the inner surface of the figures is almost mirror polished, it is interrupted only by the figures' outlines and the diagonal split -the sad memory from 1881- immediately above the helmet/mask. My fingertips don't perceive any coarseness; same for the sides and the posterior part, which are completely devoid of engravings. Also the lateral carved sectors are very smooth. The character is enclosed in a frame about 3 cm thick; that thickness is consistently maintained along the perimeter of the stele. All the different measures: depth, width, straightness, curves and angles are almost always consistent; i.e. there are no deviations, the few errors are subtles; the repetition of the drawings is precise. Where this precision does not exist, I think about flaws, first of all, due to the effect of weathering and the vicissitudes of Millennia, rather than to the author's mistake. The execution seems to have been made by placing on the surface of the slab a sheet of graph paper, on which was drawn first one half and then symmetrically the other. Antonio Raimondi wrote, among other things, regarding this topic in the report sent to the Government in Lima: "This stone is worthy of great respect for the complicated and refined design, for the amazing and precise symmetry; you notice a work so difficult that the best artist could not overcome this perfection."11. Over a century later, in his masterpiece Historical Atlas and World Mythology, prof. Joseph Campbell12 speaks of the chisel work necessary to reach such a preciosity but without facing the question of its working methods. In addition, since Campbell was also a brilliant scholar (and likely practitioner) of esotericism, he believes to find -hidden in the complicated pattern- the fourth chakra of Hinduism, that of the heart called Anahata, which in this case symbolizes the union of immanence and transcendence. At this point it is necessary to speak about the period in which this extraordinary artifact was created: well, the official historiography attributes it to the Chavín culture, existed in Peru between 1200 BC and 200 BC. Nowadays, its most important location is the huge archeological site named Chavín de Huántar, Conchucos Valley (3,180 m above sea level); current province of Huari, Department of Ancasch, approximately 462 kilometers Northwest of Lima. The etymology of the name Chavín de Huántar is obscure13 and the language is Quechua. However, very probably this denomination is more recent than the period in question; therefore, it is not certain that it was the name used by the natives to indicate their nation. Generally, it is recognized as the most important pre-Inca period, albeit still dotted with more gaps and questions than certainties. The supposed date of the stele's manufacture collecting the wider consensus is proposed by Campbell, i.e. around 900 BC. However, the official historians making this declaration wrap themselves in a huge contradiction: why? Simple: the Spaniards, when face and destroy the great pre-Columbian civilizations, have the good fortune to come across enemies that cannot defend themselves with similar advanced weapons. The Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas have a primordial metallurgy: they do not know either the iron or steel; in South America, the first attempts to get the bronze casting (the bronze is an alloy produced by combining copper and tin) is supposed to have occurred only after the 9th century AD; for instance, in Europe at that time the bronze was used just as material apt for sculptures using the casting methods, starting from the 10th century BC at least. However, according to the official historiography, metallurgy has always represented a minor entry in the economy of that time, even during the Inca imperial age.
The material
At least, this is true according to the agenda asserted by the academic establishment. Gold, silver, and copper are malleable metals and for this reason, in the context of human progress, have given way to those harder and resistant, in order to create more robust tools for all kinds of jobs. Even if more resistant than copper, bronze remains fragile and to overcome this problem it has to be used in large quantities for each product; for example, statues, bells and cannons. The so-called Chavín did not know even the bronze but had the ability to create this gem, working a huge granite block and using even ridiculous tools: this can't have happened! Let's see why. Granite is rock of igneous origin which, technically speaking, is described as very hard; using as reference point the Mohs scale, some types of granite have a hardness of level 6 while others have 7. Just to be clear, the marble has a level between the 3 and the 4 while the diamond is at the top with level 10. The empirical utility of the Mohs scale is given by the following criterion: each item is able to scratch what precedes it (i.e. lower-level ones) but not vice versa.
Mohs Scale
Tender (it is possible to scratch them with a finger nail)
- talc
- chalk
Semi-hard (it is possible to scratch them with a metallic point)
- calcite
- fluorite
- apatite
Hard (it is not possible to scratch them with a metallic point)
- orthoclase
- quartz
- topaz
9- corundum
10 – diamond
Vickers Scale
But here I must cite a thing: almost up until today, in reference to this stele was always spoken of granite in the broadest sense of the word: instead, in 2009, Prof. George Rapp14, a very famous geologist at the University of Minnesota, asserts it is made of diorite. Without falling into disquisition if the diorite is a rock of granitic type or a different kind, this means that its hardness tends more toward the level 8 than the 7 properly said. The table following the Mohs one permits to compare the granitic rocks with other elements using the more recent Vickers scale. We can see that the granite is almost hard as the modern tempered industrial steel, even if the last one usually contains, besides carbon, also others components as chrome, molybdenum and vanadium, at least. The quartz is even harder than the hardened steel. The next one is very updated and has been elaborated by BTI, a Canadian leader industry in breaker technology, showing, among other elements, the high diorite hardness15:
The first sculptural works representing perfectly the human body, as I already said, belong to the classical Greece, where immeasurable artists had adequate tools made of iron, perhaps even of steel (chisels, hammers, wedges, files etc. ), to work the marble, a material not hard and not resistant; however, they have never dared to tackle similar endeavor against the granite. It is true that this stone was also used in remote antiquity, for example in Egypt and Mesopotamia, but never to produce refined objects in which the accuracy of the workmanship was essential to compose features and the 3D effect: the granite was usually used for flooring, building colonnades and partition walls; attempts to sculpt statues have given rough and summary results, though of very high artistic value. And if possible otherwise the great artists of the Greek canon would have used it certainly. Ops, excuse me, instead -in places as, above all, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Latin America and with a little smaller percentage everywhere- there are many other intriguing "eyesores" that are at same level of the Raimondi stone but, I beg your pardon, in this work I have time just to cite an handful of them in a further page.
The Processing
The granitic rocks (and the similar ones, including the diorite) are highly resistant to any kind of friction, to the high temperatures and to the acids. To be able to cut pieces of granite that were truly slabs correctly formed, I mean with a perimeter having four angles of 90° - i.e. perfect parallelepipeds -, it had to wait for the invention of the helical steel cable twisted-wire, with splinters of diamond on pulley leaf, dating back to the end of 1800. To further refine the working process the Italian Luigi Madrigali16 invented thirty years ago, the steel wire with cylinders of steel alternating with globules of synthetic diamonds on rotating support. Especially, nowadays to obtain grooving, precise engravings equal to the figures' lineaments in the Raimondi stele, it is necessary to use drills with diamond-tungsten bits having a thickness of few millimeters (or military type laser); no one would dream to use hammer and chisel because such precision is unattainable with similar means. An ironic example, the woodsman's ax is not suitable for cutting a nice, thin, round slice of mortadella. For each purpose that involves precision and refinement must be put in place the appropriate mode, otherwise the intent fails. I will make other examples: the surgeon's lancet and the butcher's knive have blades very sharp, but no surgeon will ever use the second to operate on the pancreas. The power of the kinetic energy delivered by explosive ordnances is calculated using the kiloton, a kiloton is equal to the explosion of a compact mass of one thousand tons of TNT. The Little Boy bomb dropped on Hiroshima on the 6th August 1945 (8:15 local time) was approximately 16 kiloton; before that very infamous day, between the 13th and 14th February 1945, within less than 24 hours, the German city of Dresden was buried by 3,900 tons of conventional bombs dropped by the liberators. In short, you can blow up all the TNT that you want, but to get radioactive radiation the condicio sine qua non is the nuclear fission of uranium 235, or plutonium 239, highly concentrated. The human being to self-destruct himself with his own hands has used explosives since the middle Ages, but to get the quantum leap of the atomic mushroom cloud had to wait that, in the -Manhattan project-, the Oppenheimer's genius had the appropriate technology. Proceeding with this discourse, the amount of pressure in kg per cm2, exercised for the purpose of obtaining the complex figure portrayed on the stele, with the unsuitable utensils of all pre-Columbian civilizations, could obtain either the destruction of the same tools or to irregular block split, probably even both effects. Nowadays it is impossible to have at your disposal a copper saw, similar to the ones used during the Chavín de Huantar period, of at least 150 cm in length (attention, anyway nobody has been able to find such a big saw in any archaeological site in the New World). Therefore, dear reader, I encourage you to buy a modern handsaw in any hardware store: try to cut a simple diorite stone (it's possible to find it in geology and mineralogy stores), after having put it in a bench vise, you'll see the tool's teeth scraping in vain first and then overheating, bending and losing the edge. Try with the help of a friend, I mean: you on one side and the other person on the opposite, so you will develop the friction faster on the rock... and in this way you can damage earlier the saw and save time, instead of making useless experiments. The intent can only get a very gaping cut at its inception and coarsely wavy along its depth; given the hardness of this particular stone is absolutely impossible to get a clean and perfectly perpendicular cut with a normal manual modern tool, although the saws that we can find at our trusted shopping centre are made in highly tempered carbon steel. The friction increases exponentially and therefore the generated heat damages the same blade's molecular compactness; even any water cooling intent, however, wouldn't truly change the situation, while the structure of the diorite endures ineffable. Or, buy an already polished granite slab, in a normal building store, and try to draw on it some fine engravings, long, deep and precise as those of our stele, using just the normal hammer and chisel and you'll feel immediately frustrated to death. If you want to use a drill with a steel tip therefore you will get hungry even more; the next step is to spend an important sum to buy another fast and powerful drill, connected to a vertical column, with many diamond and tungsten carbide tips (of the most subtle types, please), and only then you will be able to achieve some success! Same problems for getting that high honed surface, almost a mirror: try to use on it a porbeagle shark skin, if you're so lucky to find it on sale somewhere, or try with a small pile of normal sand held in the palm of your hand, because these were the poor tools that people, still not able to forge files used daily (files however unsuited to smooth mirror-like a material harder than marble). If you want to play a game to the brink of insanity, challenge directly a huge and shapeless boulder of diorite with all the tools that you can buy at the Mall - but without absolutely contact a specialized industry - therefore see for how many minutes you can avoid to send all to the hell ... and do not forget that, for the Pharisaic official science, the metallurgy during the Chavín age did not go further the copper! Absolutely another matter is sculpting limestone blocks: these, because sedimentary in nature, are much more brittle; this has allowed their use even by populations without metallurgy, thanks to a particular stone readily available on the terrestrial surface, usually oval in shape and hard enough to sculpt and square also tuff blocks, the so-called choppers.
The "three-age scheme" and the partial fake of the meteoric iron
The material forming whatever artifact is closely related to the tools necessary for its processing: now, dear Reader, accompany me in the vivisection of a dogma which dominates us from the good and innocent times at the primary schools. It's a journey devoted to demolish a mummified assertion that continues to exist only because it is convenient, and then is also a pretext for a broader purpose. At the dawn of the Enlightenment, on September 12th 1734, in front of his fogies colleagues of the Académie des inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, the Jesuit and French archaeologist Nicolas Mahudel exposes, through a long and detailed oral dissertation, his theory on the evolution of the human civilization: is the famous -Scheme of three Ages-, i.e. the stone age, the bronze age and iron age17. This categorization was rejected for six years by the distinguished body, until it was accepted in 1740; it is simple, without explicitly attacking the biblical account in the –Genesis- book, it offered an interpretive grid alternative to the Catholicism's teachings. It's a worth noting element: with a century ahead on Charles Darwin, this important but unappreciated scholar identifies an evolutionary flow almost constant in the history of the humanity, starting from a condition almost miserable and arriving, thanks to a gradual and increasingly sophisticated technological manipulation, to the sublime levels of the Greek-Roman antiquity, and so on. This periodization has been accepted by all scholars substantially, especially in the light of the next great consent obtained by the Darwinian evolutionary theory and the advent of Positivism. The problems start, at the end of 1800, with the beginning of the great archaeological expeditions conducted by the most famous German and British orientalists in the Near and Middle East. Oh well, already some jams were caused by Heinrich Schliemann, between 1873 and 1890, especially with the discovery of Troy, but also with the excavations at Tiryns and Mycenae; though not an official researcher, he was a brilliant amateur, but anyway just an outsider. Thanking to the advancement of technology and chemistry at the end of the 19th century, stratigraphic investigations allow the scholars to understand that Schliemann's findings show a society highly developed prior to the period of the epic Trojan saga (12th-11th centuries BC). The studies conducted by Prof. Carl W. Blegen of Yale University, between 1932 and 1938, are the ultimate evidence: the remnants of the primeval core (so-called-Troy 1-18) belong to a period between 3000-2600 BC. These new achievements show an ancient civilization that can almost rival the first Egyptian dynastic period; yet in the coastal region of Anatolia, where is the hill of Hissarlik-Troy18, according to the previous studies it was considered highly unlikely that such a level could exist at that time. The tree-age system starts to look like a shirt that tightens more and more on a child that, in full development, continues to grow, until that the person, become an adult, continues to bring that skimpy, miserable and swinging garment, in spite of the obvious ridiculousness. But there is no scandal: as long as, in the community of scholars, the proverbial Baby does not scream: "But the King is naked!", the big forgery continues to be taught. Things get more and more complicated for real when the credited intelligentsia arrives in Egypt and in Mesopotamia; so, in short, what happens? It happens that many exhibits of fine workmanship appear to be more ancient than the period within which they should be inserted, following the simple subdivision canonized by academic researchers. In other words, the antiquity of many artifacts push to backdate the use of iron, as obvious product of developed stages, in antecedent eras. At the end of 1800, it was possible to date an artifact not only about its apparent characteristics but also in the frame of the geological context in which it was found: the chemical analysis allowed to identify with good approximation the epoch of the outer layers of the Earth's crust. Consequently, when an iron object - or a product whose manufacture indicated the use of iron tools - was found in a layer more ancient than expected it was necessary to backdate the discovery of iron. The three-age system, although useful conceptually, goes almost into lethal crisis when, at the beginning of the Fifties, it is invented the carbon 14 technique for dating, this isotope is also known as radiocarbon19. In short, thanks to the decay of this radioactive isotope present in organic material, it is possible to calculate the age of the specimen up to about 60,000 years before the current time (taking as terminus ante quem the 1950); nearer is the period of the artifact in question -the Sumerian period, according to these parameters, is to be considered almost very near- and greater is the dating accuracy. Thus, for example, if the inner layers of an iron blade have organic elements which date back to 2500 BC, consequently, it must be said that that knife was built long before the period considered usual. To avoid that the tripartite system could enter in collapse, the metallurgical period has been consistently adapted and extended almost until prehistoric times, even adjusting it about the geographic realities. In short, the metallurgic composition, updated, reloaded and fixed, still is taught at school; though a keen and independent eye cannot fail to identify temporal contradictions that can defined real enclave, where the same observer can find (actually many) artifacts that are strongly in contradiction with the overall context. The official scientific community uses the discovery of meteoric iron in the intent to finally solve the problem. The finding of objects made of this unique mineral, literally fallen from the sky, is a very good excuse to explain the existence of a cumbersome and "uncomfortable" amount of iron produced during very ancient times, anyway times lacking the most basic tools for mining (attention, this is the version according to the official historiography). This is a real mess-up allowing to explaining how the debut of the iron age20, in form of ornamental objects, was backdated up the 3rd millennium BC in Africa, particularly pre-dynastic Egypt. Therefore, while unable to exploit the deposits they had under their own feet because they didn't have the means, the Africans were so lucky to rely on the meteoric iron just because it was there, before their eyes and ready to be exploited. However, I know that no tool has been found made of meteoric iron, really capable of any hard utilization, that can be attributed to that remote epoch. In fact, there is another problem: this mineral is composed of a very complex and very resistant alloy, impossible to work profitably without suitable metallurgical tools (particularly blast furnaces and refractory crucibles to very high temperatures required for fusion). In short, people without the apt technology cannot achieve results that require certain interconnected factors. To this end, it is interesting to note how the meteoric iron is always appreciated for forging high-quality blades21 (called -combat ready-) very difficult to craft, since in fact it is a real steel waiting to be worked22. The problems are not finished, until the beginning of the 90's of the last century, it was supposed that the steel was an innovation related, chronologically speaking, to the 3rd century crisis of Imperial Rome and the Mongols' invasions from East; yet recent discoveries backdater its use up 2000 BC, I am referring to the artifacts from Kaman-Kalhoyuk in the heart of modern Turkey, found and studied by the Japanese researcher Hideo Akanuma23, between 2006 and 2008; they were manufactured in steel with high carbon content in a context that plays havoc with the previous hypothetical scenario. Anyway the tripartite scheme -then become quadripartite due to the copper entry- is still there to be taught ex cathedra, instead of being thrown in the trash can coram pupulo. But you and I can see that these abnormal contradictions of time and place, these alluring Out Of Place Artifacts, rather than marginal enclave appear as real eczema spreading on the sick tissue elaborated, written and sponsored by the "Mafia of the Knowledge. Very valuable contemporary scholars such as, Kristian Kristiansen24, Graham Connah25, Peter Bogucki26, David Browman27, highlight the oversimplification, gaps and inconsistencies of the entire system, but they avoid to bring to the fore the hints present incidentally in their strict deductions. At this point it is necessary to focus on the article -A Short History or f Metal- written by prof. Alan W. Cramb28, one of the leading experts of metals engineering; in reference to the history of iron he writes:
"Iron was available to the ancients in small amounts from meteors. This native iron is easily distinguishable because it contains 6-8% nickel. There is some indication that man-made iron was available as early as 2500 B.C., however, ironmaking did not become an everyday process until 1200 BC. Hematite, an oxide of iron, was widely used by the ancients for beads and ornaments. It is also readily reduced by carbon. However, if reduced at temperatures below 700-800 C it is not suitable for forging and must be produced at temperatures above 1100 C. Wrought iron was the first form of iron known to man. The product of reaction was a spongy mass of iron intermixed with slag. This was then reheated and hammered to expel the slag and then forged into the desired shape. In the early days iron was 5 times more expensive then gold and its first uses were as ornaments. Iron weapons revolutionized warfare and iron implements did the same for farming. Iron and steel was the building block for civilization. Interestingly, an iron pillar dating to 400 A.D., remains standing today in Delhi, India. Corrosion to the pillar has been minimal a skill lost to current ironworkers. Iron is rarely found in its native state the only known sources being Greenland where the iron occurs as nodules in basalt that erupted through beds of coal and two very rare nickel-iron alloys. Iron's symbol is Fe from the latin
These seven metals:
gold, silver, copper, lead, tin, mercury and iron, and the alloys
bronze and electrum were the starting point of metallurgy and even in
this simple, historic account we find some of the basic problems of
process metallurgy. The problems are:
The ores must be found, separated and sized before use.
The ores must be reacted under a controlled temperature and gas atmosphere.
The liquid metal must be collected and cast into a desired shape.
The metal must be worked to achieve desired final properties and shape."
And I add also the difficulty to find and to recognize the heat-refractory material suitable to build functioning furnaces: then we come to understand how the native Peruvians29 of that era were literally unable to have adequate tools to work this amazing monolith. I will say more: what I affirm must to be extend to many other artifacts, including (just to name someone, the list is very long) the so-called sarcophagus of Cheops, the Aztecan Piedra del Sol and the Hammurabi stele. In the face of these same inconsistency and illogicality blatant official academic dogma, Joseph Davidovits30 says that the Egyptians had a technology so advanced to pulverize first the huge limestone blocks, weighing from 2 up to 15 tons, and after to reorganize them on the pyramids' ramparts, but what in reference to the gigantic granite blocks? On this topic it seems that Davidovits does not take position. Now, I find useful to report some excerpts from the fundamental book The Piramydes and Temples of Gyzeh, written by Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie31, one of the greatest Egyptologist of all time:
-We now know, however, that jewelled saws and drills were the tools used by Pyramid builders; and the rough stone hammers are of exactly the types belonging to the rude remains of Ptolemaic times.-
-The amount of pressure, shown by the rapidity with which the drills and saws pierced through the hard stones, is very surprising; probably a load of at least a ton or two was placed on the 4-inch drills cutting in granite.-
-Yet these grooves cannot be due to the mere scratching produced in withdrawing the drill, as has been suggested, since there would be about 1/10 inch thick of dust between the drill and the core at that part; thus there could be scarcely any pressure applied sideways, and the point of contact of the drill and granite could not travel around the granite however the drill might be turned about. Hence these rapid spiral grooves cannot be ascribed to anything but the descent of the drill into the granite under enormous pressure; unless, indeed, we suppose a separate rymering tool to have been employed alternately with the drill for enlarging the groove, for which there is no adequate evidence.-
Surely those very ancient builders used - jewelled saws and drills- but also many others tools and machineries. Whatever point of arrival is the end of a chain: I mean that the result represented by a drilled granite rock –as described by Sir Petrie- assumes an advanced technology and the co-existence of many and precise factors. To apply properly a pressure of some –probably many- tons on a drill having a diameter of 4" it's necessary a very complex, powerful and sophisticated equipment, not just the simple brutal force created by a brigade of men. Just the simple addition of diamond splinters on the top of a hardened steel point it's a very costly and difficult operation even today. Again I want to propose some examples. Even if the sand is very hard and exists from the dawn of the times, it was used -as a tool for smoothing down whatever surfaces - just in the palm of the hand until the 13th century AD, when, in China, somebody began to use the natural gum to glue sand, crushed shells and seeds on parchment. We can imagine a copious crew of castaways on a desert island with a chainsaw without gasoline, they will never be able to cut a tree trying to rub the simple chain against whatever trunk; instead they will be obliged to assemble stone axes and to act as Neanderthals. From the time of the Phoenician supremacy on the Mediterranean Sea, the man has been able to build the powerful trireme, so lethal to destroy with its rostrum the enemy vessels, but for breaking the polar ice it is necessary a modern and apt steamboat. Beside, it is very interesting how Sir Petrie shows implicitly that the more recent Ptolemaics were a lot less advanced than the ancient pyramids builders; and what is a pity is that no one of the ancient drills ha been ever found. Above all, what is truly a pity is that Petrie did not try to explain better his surprise. This coherent context is reached just in the contemporary technology. Anyway, no one, in the academic establishment, has ever dared to hypothesize of drills with diamond splinters during all the pre-Columbian era in Latin America. Therefore, more for the failings of the others than for my personal excellence, I find myself to be the only one who recognize the Antonio Raimondi stone as an Oopart.
Logical and temporal contradictions
It's interesting (and I find also fun) to underline an element almost dystonic: the traditional archaeology, especially here in Italy, is a humanistic discipline, i.e. based on ancient philology, Romance and Germanic linguistics, history of classical art. Also the numismatics plays a very important role. Recently, are coming, here more slowly than elsewhere, even other disciplines such as geology (in particular the stratigraphy), physical anthropology and cultural anthropology. The gradual coming of chemistry and physics make the contemporary archaeology a highly, interdisciplinary and developed structural complex; but this causes a big problem: historians, philologists and archaeologists are part of a clique tending to perpetuate the status quo; i.e. it is permitted to discover new things but the all-encompassing dogmatic system must be maintained, cannot be revolutionized (at least without Annuit Coeptis). The problems are created by the scientists, those dealing with the so-called natural, physics and mathematics sciences; this category, if not previously silenced or a made more gentle by any center of power, for example, the pharmaceutical companies and/or the military, does not give a shit about the securities waved by academic humanists. So, when they publish articles that contradict the stories compiled by the contemporary Pharisees, they do it without any problems whatsoever. It is very useful to see, for example, the works written by the Italian geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli Sforza32 that anticipate more than 40,000 years the presence of humanity in America, compared with the tale of migration across the Bering Strait during the end of last glaciation. It seems to see the devil making the pots but not the lids (ancient Italian proverb). Scholars of Humanities disciplines baste charming and seemingly solid stories that stand until scientists hurl torpedoes able to sink also battleships ... but don't worry! The dogmatic system of the official truth encompasses and digests everything, just as the stomach of an ostrich; it is simple, those apparently viral elements are not explained and disclosed to the public. Above all, let the regime's hucksters continue to repeat the falsehoods comforting the hearts and obfuscating the brains. At the end of this chapter it is legitimate to ask the following question: is it possible to compare the incongruity between the poor technology of its historical context and the exceptional, technical and artistic result of the Raimondi stele to the situation of other artifacts? The answer is obviously yes: if you want to immerse yourself in a monumental and rigorous work I recommend definitely to read Forbidden Archeology by Richard Cremo33, co-written with Richard l. Thompson.
Heretical Cultural Anthropology
Dulcis in fundo, what does the grotesque protagonist in the Raimondi stele represent? He is identified by scholars as El Dios de los dos Báculos, i.e. -God with two sticks- and offers the possibility of an analytical approach both orthodox and unorthodox; let's go with order. The word Totem belongs to the Algonquian-Athabaskan linguistic group (North America) and has a plethora of meanings, but all lead to the transcendence. The Totem are precisely those famous objects that we saw many times during our infancy; we have met them in western movies and in comics books; well, they were, for the most part, faithful reproductions of the originals. They are big wooden poles, on which are carved figures of different animals intermingled to each other -more rarely also anthropomorphic figures- having often, on the top, a hawk or an eagle with wide wings opened. Unfortunately, often they are depicted as instruments of torture, which is not true. In fact they were the intent to unite our world with the supernatural world. In these elements of mediation, were merged into symbiosis the representations of various deities and the structural parts of the social group, beginning with the basic band and ending with the whole nation. Certainly the ambition was skyward but the artifact's base was placed in the ground firmly, not just for purely utilitarian reasons; many pre-Columbian steles (or stelae, if you prefer to use the Latin plural nominative -from the singular noun stela, first declension- as Wikipedia does) are real stone Totem. We find, therefore, that the same cultural anthropological approach leads us to read the subject at three different levels:
- the Totem as a catalyst between transcendence and immanence;
- the Totem as explicit depiction of divine beings and their association with the humans;
- the Totem as the depiction of native people historical identity.
The aim is the achievement and maintenance of the harmony; the shaman is the medium already predestined at birth and after recognized by the social group. The Raimondi stele is a stone Totem: in it, the unknown artist has - or more properly: unknown artists have - wanted to immortalize the superhuman beings with which the so-called Chavín civilization was in contact, beings who have been transfigured into more suited mystical and tribal perspective. Not only Picasso, Salvador Dalí and Giorgio De Chirico, just to name some great artists, have distorted and re-modelled the contemporary and technological realities that they had under their eyes, for adding other meanings, hidden or even strangers. This strategy was already used during the construction of our –Stone Banqueter-34. Yes, I am saying that there are Aliens depicted on the Raimondi stele. The following fundamental authors in the field of -Alterity-35, Erich von Däniken, Peter Kolosimo, John Mack, Zecharia Sitchin and Corrado Malanga36 - I consider the last one the most eminent - have, albeit through different approaches, repeatedly detected in the long list of the alien Bestiarium some outstanding figures: the Reptilians, the Nordics with lozengelike pupil and the Greys. It is absolutely useless that I describe here these categories; the above-mentioned scholars have already done extensively this work. I can just point out that, through the comparative analysis of ancient religions, I propose my interpretative grid on narrative and artistic allegories, both in the form of oral and written myths, as well pictograph or sculptural representations, which are based on these alien species. Because I have discussed at length on this topic in various articles that can be found at www.Sentistoria.Org37, here I just want to synthesize the following interpretation, the Reptilians are transfigured in the form of Dragons, the Nordics with glowing thatch and lozengelike pupils are assimilated to the Jaguar God; while the so-called Grey, silent and obeying dwarf, appears in the Raimondi stele like a jester, bearing a heavy headdress depicting his masters. On the last one we can focus our attention and identify him as the minion who does most of the dirty work during the abductions. The Grey, chubby and caricatured little guy, in the extensive case studies of kidnappings appears as the classic cheese on macaroni, ineffable and zealous Arlecchino servant of many masters38; in this epiphanic demonstration it is possible to see him associated with two of the most flagrant persecutors of abductees. We have to return again to the stele; the visual transposition is careful, painstaking; the redundancy of details is at Baroque levels and nothing is left at random. The artist, single or collective, has wanted to make a representative project: the evidence is that not the -Jaguar God- is the main subject but the Grey, with three fingers on each hand (with opposable thumb) and two toes on each foot, is the protagonist. This figure is widely quoted39 in the -Branton files- and in various sightings in Latin America, especially during the events of Varginha, Brazil, in January 1992; it is also the identikit of the famous nocturnal wanderer universally known as Chupacabras. If the unknown artist had wanted to portray a deified Jaguar, there would have been plenty of space to carve five toes/claws on each front paw and four toes/claws on each rear paw. For different reasons, both psychological as well as artistic, are relevant the two scepters (Los dos Baculos, in Spanish). These are the almost ubiquitous symbols of duality, of opposition: immanence and transcendence, Yin and Yang, mortal and immortal, terrestrial and extraterrestrial, but the list is infinitely long. If some people truly competent see the depictions, with an appropriate explanation, of some type of circuits, oh well, I have no objections whatsoever. While the hominid named Moon-Watcher40 enjoyed to observe an anonymous block (silent only in appearance), a black granite monolith, mirror polished and almost of the same size, we have the possibility to admire a magnificent artwork, jarring and clashing: the representation of a portal -this is the explanation of the frame that runs around the perimeter- on which this syncretistic character appears, in the act of crossing the threshold between two worlds. But if this slab is so uncomfortable why has never been declared a modern fake? Simple: it is under the eyes of everyone, especially the researchers, uninterruptedly since 1860, a year during which the contemporary instrumentation to create it did not yet exist. The same argument is true for many other artifacts; the important thing is just to conceal that, technically speaking, is patently impossible to achieve them, even according to the contradictory theories that the official culture puts around, without being very attentive to the congruity of its own affirmations, counting on the fact that the so-called mass is not aware at all about the deception. When, about thirty-five years ago, I was speaking with my professor of history about similar misgivings related to the sarcophagus of Cheops, I received this response: "... If it exists… one heck of way they have found for carving it! ...and don't bore me anymore! " and that's what I say, along with many other heretical scholars-, but I disagree totally with the illuminist and positivist scheme represented by the sequence of the age, which the official establishment wants to inculcate in our minds, from birth to now; in reality, this linearity is stained by chintzy, logical, temporal and also spatial contradictions. Even if the Darwinian and positivist approach about the evolution of the homo sapiens may appear more valuable than the story of Adam and Eve (which, however, allegorically means much more, but that's another story), I reject the dogmatic context of the historical course that goes from the stone age to the "Ipad age" or, if you prefer, from the squat hominid Moon-Watcher to the sublime Naomi Campbell. I don't claim to know chapter and verse, each stage, each

subset: commoncrawl


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text:
News: Perda Launches Affordable Housing Scheme In Taman Sungai Bakap Perdana
The Penang Regional Development Authority (Perda) has recently launched an affordable housing scheme in Taman Sungai Bakap Perdana. This project, located in Sungai Bakap in southern Seberang Prai, will be developed in three phases.
Phase 1 is scheduled to be completed by December and will comprise of 112 terrace houses, 72 double-storey terrace cluster and five double-storey shop lots. Phases 2 and 3 will commence in 2020 and 2021 respectively and will consist of 105 double-storey terrace houses, reported The Star.
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Freehold terrace units, whose prices start from RM341,250, sit on an area of 1,440 sq ft and built-ups of 1,800 sq ft. These units will come with three bathrooms and four bedrooms.
The low-cost cluster homes priced at RM42,000, meanwhile, must be applied through the Penang State Housing Department and under the affordable housing Type A category.
These homes are within an integrated community having a multi-purpose hall and surau.
Regarding the shop lots, the freehold units are priced starting from RM520,695 and have built-ups of 1,400 sq ft.
The project is a short drive away from the Jawi Toll Plaza (North-South Expressway), KTM train station, the Design Village Outlet Mall and the Southern Seberang Prai administration centre.
Check out these new properties in town! Start your search today and check how much the banks will loan you using our 'Home Loan Pre-Approval', with a 99.9% accuracy! Click here.


text:
Saudi Railway Company (SAR) has selected Huawei, a global provider of information and communications technology (ICT), as a partner to initiate smart railway and digital transformation in the Kingdom.
The companies signed a strategic memorandum of understanding to initiate their partnership during a ceremony held recently at SAR. Dr. Bashar Al-Malik, CEO of SAR, and Dennis Zhang, CEO of Huawei Tech Investment Saudi Arabia, signed the agreement.
Through their new partnership, SAR and Huawei will work together to jointly design and innovate in the field of smart railway, including the application of a next-generation railway wireless network, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, cloud services and 5G across SAR's railway network.
The collaboration will also include training and knowledge transfer for innovative railway ICT solutions, which will enable SAR to provide a distinctive, high quality and reliable railway service across the Kingdom.
The Huawei ICT Roadshow 2019 showcases some of the most influential, cutting-edge technologies and solutions that are at the heart of the digital transformation era.
Additionally, Huawei established its ICT roadshow at SAR's headquarters. The Huawei ICT Roadshow 2019 showcases some of the most influential, cutting-edge technologies and solutions that are at the heart of the digital transformation era. These include artificial intelligence-enabled ICT infrastructure, all-flash storage, Wi-Fi 6, campus network, cloud data center, software-defined wireless area network (WAN), active-active disaster recovery, and intelligent video surveillance.
Zhang said: "We are looking forward to working with SAR to develop a unique smart railway system that will be designed specifically to the needs of the Kingdom. This is a major infrastructure project that will have a significant impact on the country, and we are honored to have been selected as a partner to bring our technology into making this vision a reality."


text:
As we settle into 2018, PAS Volunteer CJ Walker recalls some of the highlights from last year.
It's a new year, and that means that there's a new set exciting projects, challenges and opportunities on the horizon for us all. But before we put 2017 behind us, we should take a minute to appreciate how great a year it was for PAS, and the fantastic volunteers who made it so.
The time, expertise, and enthusiasm our volunteers invest in PAS is invaluable, and without them, it would be impossible for PAS to run as many projects as we do. Before we go too far into 2018, let's revisit some of the last year's highlights.
With the launch of the Bridging the Gap programme in March, our volunteers worked with students at Galashiels Academy, supporting them to explore their place with the Place Standard tool and help develop the tool into the Place Standard app. We encouraged the students to think about their responses to the Place Standard and explore and present what they had learned during the workshop.
PAS volunteers supported the facilitation of charrette workshops and school workshops for Golden Glenrothes, which encouraged the residents of Macedonia, Tanshall and Caskieberran to create a vision of what they wanted their space and community to look like in the future.
Throughout 2017, the Advice Service offered by PAS took on hundreds of new cases. PAS relies on the hard work of specialist volunteers to handle the number of mostly developmental management and domestic enquiries – be they from private individuals, community/resident groups or business start-ups – within 48 hours. The hard work of the volunteers is clearly paying off – over 88% clients commented, after speaking to an advisor, on how they felt more confident in engaging in the planning process in the future.
Volunteers have also supported and delivered a number of talks and presentations on a variety of subjects. We assisted the students of the University of Highlands and Islands in Inverness with understanding the planning requirements of opening a local business, and gave an introduction to planning at the Ordnance Survey AGM, and numerous other activities. This helped introduce people to the principles of planning, and empower them in getting involved with their built environment.
Volunteering has always been at the heart of what PAS does, and we hope to continue this tradition throughout 2018. We are always keen to know how we can support and develop our volunteers, and make your experience with us the best it can be. If you'd like to get in touch, find out more about PAS volunteering, or become a PAS volunteer yourself then please get in touch with Erin, Interns and Volunteer Manager at email@example.com.
CJ Walker


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Showing 5 of 513 reviews
Susie S.
Overall Rating5/5
Ease of Use5/5
Features & Functionality5/5
Customer Support5/5
Value for Money5/5
Likelihood to Recommend10/10
- Reviewer Source
- Source: GetApp
- Reviewed on 06/11/2019
"Outstanding Product and Support"
Comments: The BEST Payroll, and HRIS system on the market hands down!
Pros: This product has high technology and excellent ease of use. It is ever changing and improving to allow you to keep up with the latest technology. Paycom also will customize your product for your individual companies use. The customer support is outstanding and they are always there to assist you!
Cons: There isn't much I don't love about Paycom. They have outstanding support and walk me through each portion of the program. The only issue I have had with Paycom is not having the Back Benefits automatically calculated. BUT this feature is coming soon!
Vendor Response
by Paycom on 07/11/2019
Susie, thank you for sharing your Paycom experience! We are so thrilled that you enjoy using our products.
- Reviewer Source
- Source: GetApp
- Reviewed on 06/11/2019
Elaine R.
Overall Rating4/5
Ease of Use4/5
Features & Functionality5/5
Customer Support3/5
Value for Money5/5
Likelihood to Recommend8/10
- Reviewer Source
- Reviewed on 20/12/2019
"Paycom- From Manual Processes to the Modern Age"
Comments: Overall our experience with Paycom has been very positive. Like any new system it has not always been easy, and some days I have really wished that hitting a computer did make it work better. However, if you take time to understand the system, and really think through your processes to mold them to what Paycom is designed to do instead of trying to may Paycom fit into your old processes, it always works out.
Pros: Paycom has been a massive change for my company. In January of 2019, we switch from a paper-driven, multi-system segmented way of running our HR and Payroll departments to Paycom, and we will NEVER go back! I worked with my team as well as Paycom's implementation team to get the system set up and then in training our Management Team as well as our employees in how to effectively use Paycom. After some bumps in the road, our departments are running smoothly, and we cannot begin to tell you how much of our time we have gotten back in our days because of it. My favorite thing about the system is how intuitive it is. Once you understand how the Personel Actions Forms work, you can easily understand the Performance Discussion forms. The things you learn from those programs will help you know how to interact with the other modules as well. We also really appreciate how often they create, advertise, and then released new features for free. Things that our team use regularly now did not exist when we first rolled out the system. It has made a massive difference in how we manage our people-data and administer almost every HR and Payroll function and several other processes besides.
Cons: The thing that we have struggled with the most is that the system is almost too customizable. Take a PAF (Personel Action Form), for example. On there is has an effective date feature that allows you to either back-date the pay-change or set it for a future date. We had been using that feature for months when an audit showed that the effective date was not working. When we contacted our Account Specialist, they said that they needed to "turn that feature on" before it would be working. There have been a few other features that we didn't know we needed to ask for them to be "turned on" and just assumed that they were.
Vendor Response
by Paycom on 30/12/2019
Thank you for the review and feedback, Elaine! We are thrilled that you and your organization are enjoying Paycom! Please let us know if there is any way we can improve your experience by either directly reaching out to your specialist or contacting our team at [email protected]
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- Reviewed on 20/12/2019
Joel V.
Overall Rating5/5
Ease of Use5/5
Features & Functionality5/5
Customer SupportUnrated
Value for MoneyUnrated
Likelihood to Recommend10/10
- Reviewer Source
- Reviewed on 26/06/2020
"Review of Paycom"
Comments: My overall experience using Paycom is great! I've been using it for over seven years now and have had minimal issues.
Pros: I like how easy it is to use Paycom. The interface is very user friendly and easy to navigate. I use Paycom weekly to approve time sheets and process PAFs for my employees. I like that Paycom provides videos that show you how to use all their features. The mobile app is also an essential part of my work as sometimes i am not near a computer to access Paycom. The App is very easy to use and very convenient.
Cons: What i like least about Paycom is that sometime i feel like i'm clicking on a bunch of links to get to my destination. Paycom has gotten better with time but when I am in a hurry and need to get somewhere quick, it feels like it takes forever with all the links i have to click.
Vendor Response
by Paycom on 29/06/2020
Joel, thank you for the 5-star review! We're glad you find Paycom to be user friendly! We appreciate your feedback, please be sure to let us know if there are any other improvements you would like to see at [email protected]
- Reviewer Source
- Reviewed on 26/06/2020
Karissa B.
Overall Rating3/5
Ease of Use2/5
Features & Functionality3/5
Customer Support4/5
Value for Money2/5
Likelihood to Recommend0/10
- Reviewer Source
- Reviewed on 13/02/2020
"Bait and switch, twice"
Comments: Bait and switch, twice now. Do not recommend.
Pros: Client specialist is excellent at responding.
Cons: Beware this is a company that seems to be having some internal changes to its policies and practices. The first sign is when our sales person quit. Upper Management and local sales team members blame others instead of focusing on customer service and doing the right thing. We were absolutely "misled". Twice. We should have gone with Paylocity which was considerably less expensive but chose this company because it had excellent reviews and we were told that our price point would not change, that Paycom does not raise their prices on existing clients. Lie. Just received a notice of a 3.8% after one year. We were told price would only increase if we opted to use any future add on features they developed. We were also misled and told that what we signed on for included all the modules they offered at the time of signing. Another lie. When we went to get training on some of these features, we were told we didn't have them activated even though we provided email proof with our sales person that we were expecting to have access to these modules when we signed on. I do not trust this company. A little over a year with them and we've had two major issues where we've had the bait and switch pulled on us. Software is ok once you're trained. We've experienced payroll glitches with incorrect amounts being shown as being removed from our bank but all three times it was caught and fixed in time thankfully. I cannot recommend this company.
Vendor Response
by Paycom on 18/02/2020
We're saddened to see this as your experience, as what you have described does not meet our expected standards. We pride ourselves on cultivating strong partnerships with our clients through our commitment to transparent communication. We would love the opportunity to learn more about your feedback and how we can help to improve your experience. Please reach out to us at [email protected] We look forward to speaking with you, Karissa!
- Reviewer Source
- Reviewed on 13/02/2020
Armaan D.
Overall Rating5/5
Ease of Use4/5
Features & Functionality5/5
Customer Support5/5
Value for Money5/5
Likelihood to Recommend10/10
- Reviewer Source
- Source: GetApp
- Reviewed on 01/05/2020
"Paycom is Incredible and has the best support team!"
Comments: Engaging with our employees has been so much more efficient with Paycom! They love the interface and once they got the hang of using it, we began to learn things from them as we made our transition.
Pros: There are so many features within Paycom that we utilize to make our operations smoother and mainly to communicate messages from the top level all the way to our team members.
Cons: There are still times where you have to jump through certain hoops to get to an end goal, or a particular report is dug down deep somewhere, but for the most part, Paycom has been user friendly and their support team is great.
Vendor Response
by Paycom on 05/05/2020
Thank you for the 5-star review, Armaan! We're thrilled you have enjoyed working with our sales team and our support specialists! We appreciate your feedback, and we encourage you to continue sharing any enhancements you would like to see from us with your dedicated support team.
- Reviewer Source
- Source: GetApp
- Reviewed on 01/05/2020


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Colbert viciously mocks Trump's 'insane' SOTU speech
The Late Show With Stephen Colbert aired live following President Trump's State of the Union address Tuesday night, and Colbert made a mockery of just about everything the president said. To be sure, this is nothing out of the ordinary for Colbert, but the SOTU speech gave Colbert more fodder for comedy than a usual day. From the get go, for anyone new to the show, Colbert made his feelings about the speech known.


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We have published a new technical paper for our community that details how you can create tests for installation programs with TestComplete.
Typically, while creating functional tests, you record a sequence of actionsperformed against your tested application and then verify that the actual resultequals the expected one. However, you may also need to create tests that notonly perform actions over an application, but also automate the applicationinstallation process. These tests are very helpful when you need to test theapplication deployment, installation and execution processes. Such a test, forexample, may copy the installation files to a computer, install the applicationand then execute another test against the installed application automatically.Quite often, installation programs require rebooting the computer to completethe installation successfully.
Read the rest of the article: Testing Applications That Require Rebooting
We hope that you find it helpful. If you have any questions, please feel free to come back and leave a comment below to start the discussion.
Happy testing,
The SmartBear Team
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By Kevin Koczwara
I am writing Group E as one blog post because the Dutch are a tough bunch of players to understand. They don't live up to their potential or make life easy for themselves–the internal fighting and temper-tantrums never help there chemistry and chances.
This group also poses some other interesting questions: who will overlook the Danish squad and forget that they are one of the most formidable teams in the tournament–they play like the stingy Italians? Can Cameroon repeat their run into the Quarterfinals with their athletic and underrated squad? Is Japan going to surprise everyone and come in second in the group and move on, or will they be the chopping boys of the group?


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Greatest McDonald's All-Americans E-V-E-R!!!
Literally the best-of-the-best to play in McDonald's All-American Game
April 6, 2013
For an elite level high school hoops player, there is no bigger honor than being selected as a McDonald's All-American. Since 1977, McDonald's has hand selected the very best HS seniors to participate in the annual McDonald's All American Game, which has served as a both a showcase of the nation's best amateur players as well as helping to serve as a springboard for the careers of some of the most exciting NCAA and NBA players we have ever seen.
Earvin Magic Johnson (1977)* – Game Stats: N/A
Clark Kellogg (1979) – Game Stats: N/A
Ralph Sampson (1979) – Game Stats: 4 Points and 10 Blocks
Isiah Thomas (1979)* – Game Stats: 19 Points
Dominique Wilkins (1979)* – Game Stats: 16 Points
James Worthy (1979) – Game Stats: 12 Points
For the rest of our list, click here.
Be sure to bookmark our site, as well as follow us on Social Networks below…
Amateur Sports News Network
"Capturing the Art of Sport in Motion"
2012 US Olympic Team Roster
July 12, 2012
The complete roster for the 530-member U.S. Olympic team for the 2012 London Games (updated as of 7/13/12). Athletes listed by sport, with their respective discipline or event.
Women (3)
Miranda Leek
Khatuna Lorig
Jennifer Nichols
Men (3)
Brady Ellison
Jake Kaminski
Jacob Wukie
Women (12)
Seimone Augustus, Forward
Sue Bird, Guard
Swin Cash, Forward
Tamika Catchings, Forward
Tina Charles, Center
Sylvia Fowles, Center
Asjha Jones, Forward
Angel McCoughtry, Forward
Maya Moore, Guard
Candace Parker, Forward/Center/Guard
Diana Taurasi, Guard/Forward
Lindsay Whalen, Guard
Men (12)
Carmelo Anthony, Forward
Kobe Bryant, Guard
Tyson Chandler, Center
Kevin Durant, Guard
Blake Griffin, Forward
James Harden, Guard
Andre Iguodala, Forward
LeBron James, Forward
Kevin Love, Forward
Chris Paul, Guard
Russell Westbrook, Guard
Deron Williams, Guard
Women (3)
Marlen Esparza, Flyweight
Claressa Shields, Middleweight
Queen Underwood, Lightweight
Men (9)
Dominic Breazeale, Super Heavyweight
Marcus Browne, Light Heavyweight
Joseph Diaz Jr., Bantamweight
Terrell Gausha, Middleweight
Jamel Herring, Light Welterweight
Michael Hunter, Super Heavyweight
Jose Ramirez, Lightweight
Errol Spence, Welterweight
Rau'shee Warren, Bantamweight
Women (12)
Kristin Armstrong, Road
Dotsie Bausch, Track
Lea Davison, Mountain
Georgia Gould, Mountain
Sarah Hammer, Track
Arielle Martin, BMX
Amber Neben, Road
Shelley Olds, Road
Alise Post, BMX
Jennie Reed, Track
Evelyn Stevens, Road
Lauren Tamayo, Track
Men (12)
Timmy Duggan, Road
Tyler Farrar, Road
Connor Fields, BMX
David Herman, BMX
Chris Horner, Road
Bobby Lea, Track
Nic Long, BMX
Taylor Phinney, Road
Sam Schultz, Mountain
Tejay van Garderen, Road
Jimmy Watkins, Track
Todd Wells, Mountain
For more visit www.amateursports365.com/olympic/2012-roster.html
Be sure to bookmark our site, as well as follow us on Twitter at @ASNN365 (like us also on Facebook – @ASNN365).
Amateur Sports News Network
"Capturing the Art of Sport in Motion"


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Choosing the Right Tree Care in Houston
When finding tree care experts Houston it is advisable to take your time to ensure you get the right one. It can be a very daunting task to find tree care experts Houston. The following are some of the tips on finding the right tree care experts Houston.
First and foremost, consider the experience levels they have. By experience figure out how many years they have been in the market offering similar services to their clients. Also, do not forget to find out how many clients they have successfully handled these past years. This is because experienced service providers know what they are doing, how to do it best and you can expect good outcomes from their services. Remember getting un-experienced service providers is a risky venture. Thus, incurring other costs for you.
On a second note consider the expertise level. Expertise is the special skills a certain service provider has. It is evident that tree care expertise might have been attained through numerous years of practicing care giving on one particular type of tree or taking special training or interest in one type of tree. Hence the most important is getting a tree care expert kingwood on the type of trees you have. This way they will focus all their effort in using studies related to the particular tree to take good care of it.
Thirdly it is advised that you consider the cost you will incur in the event you seek these services of tree experts Houston. Create a budget to guide in you in financial planning. Make sure it is reasonable, that is not too high for you to reach and not too low. Ensure all estimates in the budget are clearly outlined and nothing is left out. List down a few tree care service providers in order to slowly filter out those who are not eligible. Make sure you go for a service provider that meets quality service provision and affordable services for you.
Allow people around you to offer recommendations, these people could be your family members or friends. It is a good idea to only consider those that prove to have received direct tree care experts the woodlands services from the service provider. They should have received satisfactory services from tree care experts the woodlands service providers. Online reviews are yet another way of getting good leads on good tree care providers. These reviews give you more information on how service providers offer their services. Thus you get prior information on what to expect from hiring services from a particular tree care giver.


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Personalized Coming Home Outfit for Baby!
$ 45.00
This Personalized Newborn coming home outfit is the perfect outfit to bring your baby boy home in! This personalized take home outfit makes a PERFECT baby shower gift! Yours will be the best gift of the party!
- Please provide personalization requested for hat and bodysuit when you order. Reply to order email with the baby name and initials.
- Fabric Jersey Knit
- We use several brands of bodysuits including Carters Brand, ect.
- Made in the USA!
- Newborn size-5-9lbs
- 0-3 month size 9-12lbs
- Available in short and long sleeve options
Care Instructions:
Leggings and hat-Machine wash cold/ Dry on lowest setting. Bodysuit - Machine wash cold, hang to dry. Do not iron vinyl design.
2-4 day turn time plus FAST shipping in ONLY 3-5 business days. Sets will be shipped via USPS 1st Class Mail.
Return Policy:
This item is non-returnable and non-exchangeable. However, if you are unsatisfied with the quality or delivery - please contact customer service so we can guarantee your satisfaction.
All orders will be processed the next business day, and shipped USPS Priority from Seattle, WA. FREE shipping for USA orders, Canada is $13 and International shipping is $25. Exception is for pre-ordered items, which states the ship date on the pre-order button, these usually ship within 10-14 days.
Machine Wash cool, hooks connected and in lingerie bag with any removable pads taken out. Longest lasting if you hang dry, but you can put on Cool setting in Dryer.


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US Stock Market Holiday Calendar 2015, 2016
October 10, 2018
The Forex commerce is the most effective recognized of all day buying and selling, nevertheless it definitely is not the only commodity swing buying and selling that occurs. In spite of this, many day traders choose to do online futures trading and different day trading with direct entry brokerages. These restrictions have caused much volatility and quite a few information tales, but the monetary markets have not really seen a lot of a damaging or constructive impression during the past few weeks. Profits are made when one is able to predict which currency's worth will improve by the top of a set time period.
For on-line traders, Internet accessibility is important so that they can browse the Website of inventory trading firms anytime to see market updates. They know that when Davidson makes a prediction, he backs it up. True to form, in a new controversial video, Davidson makes use of 20 unquestionable charts to show his point that a 50{083390938f484c452e08a84ea1fac0a9158b26745442978ab7ea4003b5815b10} inventory market crash is right here.
If margined on the unusual maximum of two to 1, then that amount may very well be as little as $5,000, nevertheless the dealer is exposed to the hazards inherent with being leveraged …


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I've never had a happy time with computers. I've avoided them for as long as I could but recently this has become an impossible position. I think they prosecute people who don't have an email address.
This is a show about computers, by someone who knows nothing about them. In it, amongst other things, I have become a computer, or fallen into a computer, or something. My head sort of becomes a computer. You'd have to see it.
Lots of it isn't about computers. It's stories. It's a cardboard cabaret. A skewed stand-up quest to the wiry heart of the cyber web, and into the reasons I once hit a seven year old girl with a stick (I was six and she was annoying).
Fresh from the Edinburgh Fringe 2007 this is the latest show from 2004 Perrier Award winner and 2006 Fringe First winner Will Adamsdale.


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Youth Grants
College Tour
April 2018
Teachers of the Northfield High School 9th Grade Academy have planned a field trip to a four-year college and a community college. The trip is planned in conjunction with a career interest inventory and classroom discussions regarding career options. This college tour will be open to all Academy and 9th grade TORCH students.


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Offer 94
Diagonal Channel Set Diamond Wedding Ring
5mm diagonal channel set diamond wedding ring, featuring 0.18 carats of round brilliant cut diamonds, channel set into a flat court profile wedding ring design available within our special offers in finger size T.
Offer 94
Diagonal Channel Set Diamond Wedding Ring
5mm diagonal channel set diamond wedding ring, featuring 0.18 carats of round brilliant cut diamonds, channel set into a flat court profile wedding ring design available within our special offers in finger size T.
Diagonal Channel Set Diamond Wedding Ring
Enjoy the luxury of Diamonds within a diagonal channel set Diamond wedding ring. This substantial medium weight men's Diamond Wedding Ring, is the last one available and at an incredible price. A 5mm flat court shaped Wedding Band holds 12 Round Brilliant cut Diamonds across three precision cut channels. The set of natural Round Brilliant cut Diamonds weight 0.18 carats in total and have been graded G colour, VS1 Clarity prior to setting. Created in 18ct White Gold in a size T. This exclusive ring design is available for immediate dispatch. Delivered to your door in Serendipity's own bespoke packaging, including a valuation for insurance. Your ring will arrive beautifully boxed and gift packaged in readiness for your special occasion.
Diamond Wedding Rings & Eternity Rings
Many buyers ask us the difference between diamond eternity rings and diamond wedding rings. Our collection is divided into both categories to make searching easier. Most of our designs are, however, versatile. They can serve the purpose of either a diamond set wedding ring or a diamond eternity ring depending on the occasion.
View our full collection of diamond eternity rings from Serendipity Diamonds.
Packaging and Delivery
All items are beautifully packaged within luxury Serendipity Diamonds presentation boxes. Within our main outer box (arriving under a plain wrapping) you will find your diamond wedding ring or diamond eternity ring within our inner presentation box, alongside a document wallet with your valuation for insurance. All deliveries across the UK are sent by Royal Mail Special Delivery, arriving next day before 1pm the day after they are sent.
Ask us a question
Our expert diamond wedding ring and eternity ring team are on hand to answer any questions and to provide any support you might require.
Do you need a finger size tool?
Order our handy Multisizer to estimate your correct finger size. All of our Multisizers include UK sizes and are fully refunded once your final order is placed.
For complete peace of mind...
Dedicated diamond wedding ring advice
60 days returns
Free delivery across UK fully insured
Free insurance valuation
Lifetime guarantee on workmanship and materials
Finance subject to conditions
Approximately four weeks timescale


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This game requires Flash Player.
Click on this link to temporarily activate it.
Your browser can block the activation of Flash Player, so click on the 🔒 at
the top left of the page and select "Allow".
PressOn/Off Fuel.
You are playing Earn to Die 2012 hacked and unblocked by BlessFlasher.com.
Smash through hordes of zombies! Your cars! Your rules!
Recommended games: Robostorm.io. Miragine War.


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My special thanks to the photographers and dogs who shared photos. The Black Newfoundland Dog is Guus by X Posid and the Landseer is by PeterHauschild.
The traditional G.I. type metal tag is an excellent jewelry selection for guys or gals who love T-shirts and jeans but dog tags can also be used on:
- custom lanyards
- kids jewelry
- zipper pulls
- key rings
- back packs
Each dogtag is standard military size on a 24inch ball (bead) chain necklace. The picture area is a mini art poster digital art work, covered with a clear cold enamel (resin) coating which gives the finished tag picture a glass covered appearance. Dogtags are waterproof and durable. The tags are not pulled from a shelf but made just for you when you order.
The Snow Quartz gemstone dog tag is dressed up for the Lab loving ladies. It's actually not a dog tag but is shaped like one. The stone in this pendant is mounted on an ornate slider bail with steel mesh chain or faux suede rope.
Thank you for sharing Newfie Dog Tags with your social friends.
Coordinating Newfoundland Dog jewelry also available:
Newfoundland Dog Pendant Necklaces • Newfoundland Dog Photo Earrings • Newfoundland Dog Brooches and Pins • Newfoundland Dog Photo Gifts


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LONDON: Consumer food multinational Unilever, a partner of The Climate Group's campaign RE100, has announced today it is to become 'carbon positive' in its operations by 2030 – meaning that it will save more emissions than it produces.
To do this, the company will source 100% of its energy from renewables by 2030, source 100% of its electricity purchased from the grid from renewables by 2020, eliminate coal from its energy mix by 2020 and directly support the generation of more renewable energy than it consumes and make the surplus available to the markets and communities in which it operates.
Unilever is already committed to 100% renewable power as part of The Climate Group's campaign RE100. It currently sources all of its grid electricity from renewable energy in Europe and the US, and Unilever Japan is to become the first Unilever business to switch to 100% renewable power for all its domestic operations.
The company had previously set an interim target to source 40% of its electricity globally from renewable energy by 2020. Today's announcement strengthens its commitment by setting an end goal for 2030, when all of its electricity will need to come from renewables, and a bolder interim target for 2020.
The Climate Group's CEO Mark Kenber welcomed the announcement: "It's fantastic and encouraging that Unilever is making such ambitious climate and energy commitments - leading by example in the drive to a low carbon economy.
"Unilever was already committed to using 100% renewable electricity as part of the RE100 campaign – today's announcement goes much further and sets out a clear trajectory for action.
"Forward thinking companies are signalling loud and clear to governments meeting in Paris that they want green to be the direction of travel."
As part of its announcement Unilever acknowledges that much has changed since it launched its Sustainable Living Plan five years ago, and that while there is growing optimism for a strong climate agreement to come out of COP21 climate talks in Paris over the coming fortnight, the company wants to "go further and faster in the areas over which we have direct control."
A company briefing says: "We hope our ambitious move forward will both encourage others to do the same and give confidence to leaders attending Paris that business supports and is planning for an accelerated decarbonisation of our economy."
Unilever says that to reach its 2030 energy target it will source a mix of purchased and self-generated renewables. The company intends to become a 'net positive' generator, supporting the generation of more renewable energy than it consumes and making the surplus available to the markets and communities in which it operates. By 2020, it expects to be powering more than 50% of its total energy consumption (heat and power combined) from renewables.
The company says that its success on being 100% renewable by 2030 "depends in part on the broader changes taking place in energy markets worldwide". But by setting an overall target year, Unilever is sending a strong signal to the different markets it operates in that it wants renewable energy – and its own investments will keep driving down costs.
Related news:


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Wear occurs when components are touching and there is insufficient lubrication. If there is high contact pressure, adjacent surfaces may bond (weld together). Abrasive wear occurs due to micro cutting by asperity peaks on one part of the rubbing pair. Lubricating oils or other base fluids are employed in order to avoid such wear. Including wear protection additives can improve both adhesive and abrasive wear. Although wear cannot be completely prevented, it can be considerably reduced.
Additives containing phosphates exhibit a positive influence on abrasive wear, while those containing sulphur are used as protection against adhesive wear. It is common to sue additives with a combination of phosphorus and sulphur because protection against both adhesive and abrasive wear is generally demanded.
|Paints and coatings
|Adhesives and sealants
|Construction chemicals
|Amine phosphates
|Sulfurous esters of fatty acids
|Sulfurated Olefines


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Course Description
PY 470 Psychological Aspects of Athletic Performance 3 cr.
- Prerequisite: PY 100S, L, H, or G
Study of psychological applications in the fields of sports and coaching. Topics include behavioral coaching of motor skills, competition anxiety analysis and management, mental rehearsal techniques and aggression control.
Note: Cross-listed as ES 470


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The game 80 ball bingo is suited for those who love to play fast because this particular game is a fast paced one. A lot of people enjoy playing bingo but not everyone knows that there are different versions that one can partake in. In this article, we will discuss the strategies of 80 ball bingo.
How To Play 80 Ball Bingo
If you want to play 80 ball bingo, you have to know that playing this means your card will have 16 squares, 4 across and 4 down. This game is played on some unique cards and you can say that this is perfect for those who want something in the middle since some people find the 75 ball bingo game is not enough for them while the 90 ball is too much for them. If you prefer something in the middle, and something just right for you, then this is definitely the perfect one for you. You can compare this game to the 5 x 5 square North American 75 ball but with little differences.
So, this specific bingo game has a card that contains 5 rows of 16 columns and the numbers are divided into four groups of various colors, at 20 number intervals:
• Red – 1-20
• Yellow – 21-40
• Blue – 41-59
• Silver – 60-80
The winning patterns for the 80 ball bingo are the following:
• Diagonal Line
• 80 Full Card
• Horizontal Line
• Vertical Line
• Big X
• Four Corners
• Center Square