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Lionfish Frequently Asked Questions
What is Lionfish Central?
Lionfish Central is an organization committed to the evaluation, education, and eradication of invasive lionfish from our reefs. Our growing database of lionfish information is designed as a comprehensive tool for those wishing to contribute to managing lionfish and natural resources in our waters. Lionfish Central works in collaboration with other organizations to prevent the further introduction of invasive lionfish. Our organization is dedicated to providing public education and awareness of lionfish, while supporting research efforts focusing on the biology, ecology, impact and control of the species.
We offer support to organizations and individuals developing tools for control, monitoring and management of lionfish. These efforts are critical to reducing population densities of lionfish in high priority areas, such as coral reefs. Our goal is to help more individuals develop a better understanding of the impacts of lionfish and to protect native species and habitats from the direct and indirect effects of the invasive species. We want to bring the successful efforts of these organizations into focus and share them with those having trouble succeeding. We encourage everyone to get involved and help in this global fight!
Are lionfish dangerous to the oceans?
Basically yes. The lionfish can survive all kinds of conditions and breed extremely fast making them and threat to our ocean-life. Lionfish have been spotted 1,000 feet deep, in cold waters off New York and they can even move into freshwater. With the appetite they have and the speed in which they mature and reproduce – yes they are dangerous…
Frequently Asked Questions about Lionfish
There are a lot of questions about lionfish out there and we would like to bring them all here in one place. So if you can't find the answers you are looking for feel free to let us know and we will add your questions to our list.
What is Lionfish Central?
Lionfish Central is an organization committed to the evaluation, education, and eradication of invasive lionfish from our reefs. Our growing database of lionfish information is designed as a comprehensive tool for those wishing to contribute to managing lionfish and natural resources in our waters. Lionfish Central works in collaboration with other organizations to prevent the further introduction of invasive lionfish. Our organization is dedicated to providing public education and awareness of lionfish, while supporting research efforts focusing on the biology, ecology, impact and control of the species. We offer support to organizations and individuals developing tools for control, monitoring and management of lionfish. These efforts are critical to reducing population densities of lionfish in high priority areas, such as coral reefs. Our goal is to help more individuals develop a better understanding of the impacts of lionfish and to protect native species and habitats from the direct and indirect effects of the invasive species. We want to bring the successful efforts of these organizations into focus and share them with those having trouble succeeding. We encourage everyone to get involved and help in this global fight!
Are lionfish dangerous to the ocean?
Basically yes. The lionfish can survive all kinds of conditions and breed extremely fast making them and threat to our ocean-life. Lionfish have been spotted 1,000 feet deep, in cold waters off New York and they can even move into freshwater. With the appetite they have and the speed in which they mature and reproduce – yes they are dangerous…
How do lionfish kill coral reefs?
Lionfish themselves don't actually kill coral reefs, but they eat the fish help that maintain healthy reefs. Many different reef fish eat algae and prevent the corals from getting overgrown and dying. These reef fish help keep our reefs healthy and if they get eaten in large numbers then the reefs are in danger of getting overgrown in algae. Throw in warmer oceans, pollution, and other stresses on our reefs and you are left with a fragile ecosystem.
How often do lionfish reproduce?
It is believed that a mature lionfish can reproduce every 3 to 4 day! Yes that's a quick. They can also lay upto about 30,000 eggs each time they reproduce! That works out to about 2,000,000 eggs per year!
The scary part is that the eggs do not go into the food chain because of their toxic coating around the eggs. This means that in good conditions 2,000,000 new lionfish will be added to our reefs each year from a single lionfish. With all the lionfish out there you have to think that 50% are females and they reach maturity within a year – that's a lot of hungry lionfish populating our reefs!
Please help – only humans can stop this.
Are Lionfish Fast Breeders?
Lionfish are potentially the fastest breeders in the Western Atlantic Basin. Lionfish can reproduce frequently, producing about 25,000 eggs per female every four days. In the Caribbean, a single female lionfish can spawn over 2 million eggs per year!
A lionfish can become capable of reproducing in their first year of life. In comparison, most fish native to the western Atlantic and Bermuda areas take 3 to 5 years before becoming capable of reproduction. Once becoming capable of reproduction, a lionfish breeds throughout the year. It is estimated that lionfish have been able to populate a million square miles of ocean in 10 years!
How Do Lionfish Reproduce?
Studies in the Pacific show that male lionfish start off the act of "courtship." Male lionfish use their spines and fins in a visual display to both intimidate predators but also attract a mate. While this process may go on for days, a male lionfish eventually attracts a female to reproduce through a spawning dance. The male and female lionfish circle each other face to face while ascending slowly. Just before reaching the surface, the female lionfish will release two egg sacks. As these sacks continue to ascend, the male will turn upside down and release a cloud of sperm into the sacks.
Lionfish lay large egg sacks that are capable of producing thousands of baby lionfish. These egg sacks contain a noxious chemical that acts as a repellent. Many more lionfish eggs end up hatching as a result of the toxic sack, compared to the eggs of other fish laid directly in the water. The noxious chemical surrounding the lionfish egg prevents other fish from eating it.
What is Known About Lionfish Larvae?
Lionfish eggs hatch into larvae in a very short time span, between approximately 24 to 36 hours! Lionfish larvae have a large head, a large triangular snout, long serrated head spines, and a large pelvic spine. Only the pelvic spine of the larvae is colored. Lionfish larvae are good swimmers and eat small ciliates and zooplankton just four days after conception. The larval duration of microscopic size larvae is approximately 25 to 30 days. In the larval stage, the larvae looks for hideouts along the seafloor. In approximately 3 more months, the larvae turns into a lionfish resembling its parents.
How Long Do Lionfish Live?
The typical red lionfish is thought to live for approximately 10 years. However, lionfish in captivity have survived for as long as 35 years. In waters where there are no natural predators, lionfish can probably survive much longer than 10 years. Most native fish in these waters have no evolutionary experience with lionfish, and potentially predatory fish do not recognize them as food or know how to approach them. Additionally, lionfish are susceptible to very few parasites compared to other fish, which allows them to spend maximum time hunting and eating. Considering their life expectancy and capability of breeding fast and young, it is no surprise that lionfish populations are reaching alarming numbers.
How can I help save our reefs from lionfish?
There are so many ways to help everyone and every organization out there trying to control the lionfish population. Here are just a few:
- Learn more about the dangers of invasive lionfish and spread the word – tell your family and friends, get involved and educate! Let us help you.
- Support the nonprofits trying to help control the lionfish. There are plenty out there and they could all use support.
- Start calling around to see if restaurans in your area serve lionfish. If they get enough calls they will look for it and add it to their menu. The greater the demand for lionfish the more divers will go out and collect them – thus reducing the population and saving our reefs!
- start a fundraiser and help us or other organizations keep up the good fight!
What ocean do lionfish live in?
When talking about lionfish you can break it down into 2 areas – Native, or where they are naturally found and Non-Native where they are found but shouldn't be there.
Lionfish are native to the South Pacific and Indian Oceans. They can be found from western Australia and Malaysia east to French Polynesia and the United Kingdom's Pitcairn Islands, north to southern Japan and south Korea and south to Lord Howe Island off the east coast of Australia and the Kermadec Islands of New Zealand. Lionfish are also found throughout Micronesia.
Non-native lionfish have been reported along the southeastern United States coast from Florida to North Carolina. Juvenile lionfish have been collected in waters off Long Island, New York, and Bermuda. Lionfish are a popular marine ornamental fish and were possibly intentionally released into the Atlantic.
Are Lionfish Dangerous to Humans?
In some situations, lionfish can be dangerous to humans. However, lionfish are not aggressive and there is no documented evidence of a lionfish offensively attacking a human. Most often, lionfish stings occur to individuals who hunt and capture them. For instance, a sting may occur where a thrashing lionfish escapes a spear tip and blindly swims into the hunter while trying to escape. Although rare, some unsuspecting swimmers and bathers in shallow waters have accidentally kicked or stepped on a lionfish resulting in injury. In some situations, individuals get stung by lionfish when handling them after a hunt or preparing them to be cooked. Always treat a lionfish as if it is capable of stinging you until the spines are removed and disposed of properly.
Can I Die From a Lionfish Sting?
There have been no known fatalities documented from a lionfish sting. However, in certain circumstances, death could be possible depending on the individual. A more sensitive individual may be more impacted by the shock, the intensity of the shock, or complications caused by the sting. Individuals who are extremely allergic to different bug bites or stings could be at higher risk for death from a lionfish sting.
How Do I Protect Myself Against a Lionfish Sting?
Individuals should take precaution to protect themselves against a lionfish sting. The difference between poison and venom is the method of delivery. Venom must be injected into the bloodstream to cause injury. Lionfish have sharp spines that deliver the venom. You need to be careful when handling the lionfish. So you don't get pricked. Protective gloves, prongs and nets are used when capturing lionfish.
What are the Symptoms of a Lionfish Sting?
Symptoms of a lionfish sting include an immediate onset of intense pain followed by swelling, redness and bruising in the area of the puncture wound. There are several secondary symptoms of a lionfish bite, including shortness of breath, anaphylaxis, dizziness, nauseousness, fainting, and temporary paralysis. Pain from a lionfish sting may last several hours and slowly subside after 24 hours. In certain cases, it may take several days for the symptoms to complete subside.
Typically, the severity and duration of the symptoms associated with a lionfish sting are related to the amount of venom delivered, how deep the spines punctured the body, as well as the individual's sensitivity to the venom.
What Should I Do If I'm Stung By a Lionfish?
It is advisable to seek medical attention in the event of a lionfish sting. If the sting happens during a dive, end the dive as soon as possible and get to a safe place where you can receive assistance. Aid and treatment of lionfish stings include inspecting the puncture wound and removing any pieces of the spine that may have broken off and remain in the wound. Further, control bleeding and immediately apply the hottest tolerable water without scalding or burning the skin. Immersing the area in hot water is advisable. However, if this is not possible, apply a clean cloth soaked in hot water. Hot packs or a hair dryer may also provide relief to the affected area as well. Despite the amount of swelling that may occur, never apply ice or cold compresses until the pain has completely subsided. Cold will make the pain worse and prolong the amount of time dealing with pain symptoms. Over-the-counter pain medications are also helpful for reducing and managing the pain associated with a lionfish sting. Always make sure that the wound is thoroughly cleaned to protect against infection.
Most importantly, seek medical attention immediately if you suspect an extreme allergic reaction, shortness of breath, trouble breathing, decompression illness, fainting, or if the pain becomes intolerable. Likewise, seek immediate medical attention if the wound appears infected or if the injection site appears to be blackening, putrefying, or being eaten away (necrosis or tissue death).
Where are the Lionfish's Spines?
A typical lionfish has 18 venomous spines in total. In the dorsal fin, lionfish have 13 long spines. In the pelvic fins, the lionfish has 1 short spine in each fin. Likewise, the lionfish has 3 short spines in the leading edge of the anal fin.
Are Lionfish Poisonous or Venomous?
Lionfish are venomous, not poisonous. Venomous means that venom must be injected into the body through their spines before the toxin has any effect. Lionfish have needle-sharp spines that are capable of delivering a potent, protein-based neuromuscular toxin. Just because they are not poison does not mean the sting won't hurt – it will hurt very badly!
Is Controlling Lionfish Populations Helping the Recovery of Native Fish?
Scientists at Oregon State University, Simon Fraser University and other institutions have shown through the use of computer models and field testing that reducing lionfish populations by specified amounts at the studied areas – between 75-95 percent – allows for a rapid recovery of native fish. Additionally, the study determined that this may aid larger ecosystem recovery as well. The study found that on reefs where lionfish were kept below certain threshold densities, as opposed to complete removal, native fish increased by 50-70 percent. Where no intervention was made, native species continued to decline and disappear. These studies show that controlling lionfish populations in areas that are hot spots for juvenile fish, like mangroves and shallow reefs, is critical to the wellbeing of native fish.
Can You Set Traps Specifically for Lionfish?
Yes but it is not as effective as divers with spears. Lionfish-specific traps are being used to catch this invasive species. One effective trap is known as a fish aggregation device (FAD). An advantage of this trap over other traps is that it does not continue to capture or harm fish or other marine life. Another advantage of this type of trap is that it does not use bait. Accordingly, these traps only catch lionfish and not other species who may be lured by the bait. After the traps are collected, the lionfish are sold to restaurants and markets.
What Efforts Are Being Made to Stop the Lionfish Invasion?
Divers, researchers and ocean advocates have teamed together in an effort to stop the lionfish invasion and save reefs and native marine life. Big names such as Guy Harvey and FWC have become lionfish awareness advocates, hosting contests and events such as "Lionfish Removal Day" where people compete to catch the most lionfish. Currently, the FWC does not have any restrictions on lionfish removal. In fact, the FWC has even gone so far as to raise the lobster bag limit during season for every 50 lionfish caught. Grocery stores such as Whole Foods and Publix are also joining the mission to help curb the growth of the lionfish population by carrying the fish in their stores.
How Are Some Coastal Communities Tackling the Lionfish Problem?
As lionfish populations continue to grow, many communities are beginning to change laws to make exceptions for divers to hunt lionfish. In Aruba, for instance, many divers have actively sought to reduce the impact of lionfish on the native fish population. Individuals and dive schools throughout Aruba actively promote and participate in lionfish hunting, linking up via social media to compete in "lionfish derbies." During these derbies, divers go around to different reefs and attempt to cull as many lionfish as possible. Some of these expeditions can engage as many as 20 divers and can eliminate more than 100 to 150 lionfish at a time.
Are lionfish a problem?
The easy answer is Yes. The fact is they eat large numbers of reef fish and destroy marine ecosystems and that is a problem. Given the incredible numbers of their reproductions and appetite mixed with few or no predators that can keep them at bay – the reality is that they are here to stay – and yes that's a problem.
Lionfish are an extremely serious problem because they are out-breeding, out-competing and out-living native fish stocks and other marine species. The consequences of the lionfish invasion threatens food security and economies affecting over one hundred million people. If left unchecked, lionfish will ultimately cause the destruction of the reefs, native fish stocks, and the livelihood of those dependent upon them.
How did the lionfish become invasive?
It is believed that some aquarium owners had pet lionfish that outgrew their tanks or interest so they released them it into the wild. and as you can see with the speed of growth and reproductive numbers the population grew incredibly fast. The eggs can travel with the currents and land throughout the many reefs in the Atlantic ocean. When a fish threatens coral reefs and different marine ecosystems with their reproductive numbers, that makes them invasive.
Can a Lionfish kill a human?
Lionfish can be harmful to humans but mostly they just cause a lot of pain if you were to get pricked by their venomous fins. However if you are allergic to different bug bites or stings like bees, wasps, etc. there is alway a chance that they could kill you.
What problems do lionfish cause?
Lionfish can cause serious damage to our coral reefs, mangroves, sea grasses and other important ecosystems. Lionfish have such a high rate of reproduction and can grow really fast if there is an abundance of small reef fish available. That causes a problem because they can destroy more than 50% of the reef fish in a short period of time – less than a couple of years. Less reef fish means the corals and sea grasses that depend of these reef fish to keep it healthy run the risk of dying off.
Less reef fish also means less larger fish in the area because they will have to go elsewhere to feed. So if you enjoy fishing on your favorite reef you might not be as lucky as time goes on.
How many lionfish are in the world?
It's hard to say just how many lionfish are in the world. NOAA estimates that in some reefs there are over 1,000 lionfish present per acre. Do the math of their reproduction over their lifespan and the reproduction of their offspring over their lifetime and so on…. the numbers are incomprehensible! Let's just say that unfortunately there will probably never be a shortage of lionfish….
What are Lionfish?
The lionfish is a carnivorous fish native to the Indo-Pacific that is now an invasive species in the U.S. Southeast and Caribbean coastal waters and other locations in the Atlantic. Lionfish have distinctive red, white, creamy or black bands covering both their head and body as well as fan-like pectoral fins and venomous spiky fin rays. Adult lionfish may grow as large as one foot, while young lionfish may be as small as 1 inch or less. This poisonous spiky fish is predatory, hunting small fish. However, the venom of a lionfish is capable of being fatal to larger creatures.
What Kind of Marine Habitat Do Lionfish Prefer?
Lionfish can be found in almost all marine habitats, but prefer the warm waters of the tropics and depths from 1 to 300 feet. However, lionfish can survive in a number of habitats, including hard bottom, mangrove, sea grass, coral and artificial reefs (i.e., shipwrecks). Typically, lionfish thrive in coastal waters around rocky crevices and coral reefs where there are lots of smaller fish to eat and places to hide.
However, lionfish are extremely adaptable and capable of living at depths down to 1,000 feet! Lionfish may live in mangroves or brackish water, and can tolerate water temperatures down to 50 degrees Fahrenheit. In fact, lionfish populations are now found as far north as Massachusetts and as far south as Brazil. Wintertime temperatures seem to be the only limiting factor of lionfish distribution. Science suggests that lionfish are not capable of surviving water temperatures below 50 degrees Fahrenheit.
Can Lionfish Survive in Freshwater?
While adaptable to a number of marine environments, lionfish cannot survive in freshwater. In Florida, however, lionfish can be found in brackish, estuarine environments over 4 miles inland away from the ocean. In these areas, the salinity is approximately only 6 parts per thousand compared to the ocean average of 33 parts per thousand!
What Do Lionfish Eat?
Lionfish eat a wide variety of small fish and crustaceans that inhabit tropical reefs, mainly during dusk and dawn. Lionfish are non-selective feeders and eat mostly any type of fish that they can fit inside their mouth. This includes fish approximately half the length of their body. A lionfish catches its prey by hiding in rock or coral crevices and ambushing it as it swims past. The lionfish then corners its prey with its large fins before swallowing it whole.
The stomach of a lionfish can expand up to 30 times its size. In fact, some lionfish have been found with as many as 40 to 60 prey in their expanded stomachs. As a result, lionfish are capable of hoovering up about 80% of the marine creatures in its area in just 5 short weeks! When food is scarce, a lionfish can survive up to 3 months or longer without eating and will only lose approximately 10% of its body weight.
While not exhaustive, some of the fish that a lionfish will eat include: Grouper, Parrotfish, Snapper, Grunts, Sea Bass, Clownfish, Damselfish, Gobies, Basslets, Wrasse, Blennies, Filefish, Cardinalfish, Jawfish, Sand divers, Shrimps, Crabs, Lobsters, Worms, Seahorses, Octopuses to name a few. Pretty much anything they can fit in their mouths!
In addition to the marine life listed above, lionfish eat a number of important cleaner fish and shrimp responsible for keeping other reef fish clean and healthy. Lionfish also eat algae eaters that keep reefs free from algae build up. Algae build up prevents oxygen and sunlight from reaching coral, and could potentially kill it. Unfortunately, with no natural enemies in the tropical western Atlantic lionfish have invited themselves to an all-you-can-eat seafood buffet in these areas.
What Marine Life Eats Lionfish?
In their native habitat, lionfish have a number of natural predators that have caught and eaten them for millenia. The predators known to eat lionfish in their native habitat are sharks, eels, grouper, cornetfish, frogfish, and scorpionfish.
However, these same predators living in the Western Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea have not recognized the lionfish as food. In these areas, the lionfish is prey to few predators due to both their size and intimidating appearance. While there are a few reports of grouper eating healthy lionfish, the numbers are so low that they are having a minimal effect on controlling lionfish populations.
Can We Train Fish to Eat Lionfish?
It is not likely that we can train other fish to eat lionfish. Some efforts have been made to train sharks and large grouper to eat lionfish with little success. In one experiment, researchers placed small lionfish in a tank of several hungry grouper. Many larger predators cowered away from the more aggressive lionfish and avoided them almost to the point of starvation until the researchers intervened. Unlike mammals, fish do not teach their offspring to hunt and there is no transfer of knowledge from one generation of fish to the next. Accordingly, each new generation of potential lionfish predators would have to be trained to eat lionfish.
Another risk associated with ad hoc training by inexperienced handlers is that trainers (usually divemasters and instructors) teach potentially dangerous predators to equate lionfish hunters with food. As a result, these animals become aggressive and may cause serious injuries to these trainers.
Are Lionfish Safe to Eat?
Lionfish are safe and delicious to eat, and similar in taste to grouper or hogfish. Lionfish have a flaky white flesh that is mild and buttery in taste. Moreover, lionfish are a healthy fish containing a higher concentration of heart healthy Omega 3 fatty acids and lower concentrations of Omega 6 fatty acids. Nutritional studies found that, in comparison to other fish, lionfish are high in lean protein and contain lower levels of heavy metals such as mercury. Once the venomous spines of the lionfish are removed, they can be prepared like any other fish.
Is Eating Lionfish Dangerous?
Lionfish are not dangerous to eat and there are no risks associated with eating lionfish that is improperly prepared or cooked. Because the venom of a lionfish would be denatured the moment it came into contact with stomach acid, even ingesting lionfish venom would not present any health risks. Lionfish are extremely safe to eat in most areas, however, just like snapper, grouper and barracuda, caution must be exercised in areas where ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a problem. Local fisherman, divers, and restaurants will often be aware if these type of issues are causing local seafood concerns.
How Do Lionfish Affect Native Species of Marine Life?
Invasive lionfish feed on native species that do not recognize lionfish as a predator. As a result, small fish do not flee from a hungry lionfish. In fact, small fish will often congregate around a lionfish believing they are seeking shelter in the lionfish's long spines, fin rays, and feathery pectoral fins from other predators. However, when the lionfish becomes hungry, these small fish are herded into alcoves where they cannot escape. Lionfish are lightening fast and are capable of gulping down dozens of whole fish at a time. Studies have demonstrated that a single lionfish can reduce native marine creatures in its range by 80 to 90 percent within a 5 week span!
How Do Lionfish Affect Coral Reefs?
Lionfish feed on important species including "grazers" and "cleaners" that maintain the health of coral reefs and other fish. Grazer species of marine life eat the algae that grows over the reef and include species such as parrotfish, goatfish, wrasses, surgeonfish, and many others. These species are important in keeping algae levels low enough that the coral gets enough oxygen to survive. Likewise, maintaining algae levels also allows the coral to spawn and creates space for baby coral to settle onto substrate where it can establish itself and grow.
Over 42 million people in the Western Atlantic Basin make their living through coral reefs, mainly through fishing and tourism. These same coral reefs also provide protection and shelter to entire schools of marine creatures. Moreover, some say that reefs and the algae that grows on them may provide as much as 80% of the world's oxygen!
How Do Lionfish Affect the Health of Other Fish?
Lionfish affect the health of other marine species because they are diminishing populations of cleaner fish such as shrimp, wrasse and gobies. Cleaner fish are responsible for removing harmful material from native fish and other marine creatures. A lionfish will consume small fish and invertebrates that are designed to work in cleaning stations. Reef fish, turtles and other marine life go to these stations to have parasites and other detritus removed to keep themselves healthy. Typically, these cleaner species are free from predators or harm while doing their work and are able to crawl over the mouths of potential predators. However, lionfish are the exception to this rule and will gorge themselves on cleaner species and decimate entire cleaning stations. The decline in cleaning stations due to lionfish poses a serious threat to the overall health of the creatures that depend on them for survival.
How Do Lionfish Affect the Commercial Fishing Industry?
Lionfish are decimating many species of fish important to the commercial fishing industry. Many fish eaten by lionfish are commercially sold for human consumption as well as for nutritional supplements and for other industrial uses such as pharmaceuticals, animal feeds, pigments, clothing (skins and pearls), and fertilizers. As commercially important fish diminish due to lionfish consumption, the price of these items will go up. Several "table fish" varieties served in local restaurants such as grouper, snapper and tuna will become more difficult to catch and the result is a spike in price. Accordingly, eating habits may shift to other protein sources and force fisherman and other fishing communities out of business.
How Do Lionfish Affect Tourism?
While lionfish undoubtedly affect the commercial fishing industry, lionfish can also negatively impact tourism. Entire economies, such as those in the Bahamas, Caymans, Cozumel, and the Bay Islands of Honduras depend on tourism related revenue that sport fishing and scuba diving generates. In fact, diving alone accounts for a $2.1 billion economy in the Caribbean. Businesses such as hotels, dive centers, fishing charters, restaurants and their employees rely on this tourism. If reefs and fish die in these areas, scuba divers will choose a different destination and sports fisherman will stop coming. This could result in an economic collapse of these areas who rely on the tourism-related revenue that sport fishing and scuba diving generates.
What is an Invasive Species?
An invasive species is an organism that causes ecological or economic harm to a new environment where it is not native. Invasive species can cause harm to natural resources in an ecosystem as well threaten human use of these resources. Invasive species are introduced to new areas via the ballast of water of ships, intentional and accidental releases of marine species, specimens or bait, as well as other means. Invasive species can cause the extinction of native plants and animals, reduce biodiversity, compete with native species for limited resources, and alter habits. Accordingly, this can result in significant economic impacts and disruption of entire ecosystems.
Are Lionfish an Invasive Species?
Lionfish are an incredibly invasive species. Invasive lionfish threaten native fish as well as the environment in U.S. Atlantic coastal waters. Due to the fact that lionfish are an invasive species, they have no natural predators. With a reproductive rate of 3 to even 4 times the rate of any other fish, an abundance of food, and the fact that they have no natural predators, the lionfish population has grown by 700% in some areas.
How Did Lionfish Get Into the Atlantic Ocean?
Just as little is known about what keeps lionfish in check in their native area, it is unknown precisely how lionfish found their way to the Atlantic Ocean. Some believe that lionfish were introduced into the Atlantic Ocean in the 1980s both by local aquariums and private owners. Others believe that lionfish, a popular ornamental aquarium fish, were released into the Atlantic Ocean when their owners no longer wanted them as pets. Yet others believe that lionfish might have escaped Florida's waters in 1992, when Hurricane Andrew capsized many transport boats. After their release, the swift and warm Gulf Stream likely transported lionfish egg and larvae from Florida northward.
Where Are Lionfish Now?
Lionfish have now spread throughout the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, South America and as far north as Massachusetts. In 2000, a recreational diver saw two tropical lionfish off the coast of North Carolina, nearly 140 feet below the surface. This diver alerted the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration which began tracking lionfish sightings in the Atlantic. Within two years, lionfish were seen in Florida, Georgia, Bermuda, and the Bahamas. Lionfish populations now span from Massachusetts to Brazil.
Can We Stop the Lionfish Invasion?
Most scientists agree that it is unlikely that we can reverse the lionfish invasion of U.S. waters. Any large-scale attempt to remove lionfish would be too costly and impractical because of the range and depths that this species now occupies. However, scientists do believe that we can control the spread of lionfish in certain areas. Nevertheless, scientists predict that lionfish will continue to increase in abundance if not controlled.
What Can You Do to Help Stop the Lionfish Invasion?
There are a number of ways that you can help stop the lionfish invasion. Here are a few examples of how you can help:
Learn More About the Dangers of Invasive Lionfish and Spread the Word
Educate your friends and family about the dangers of invasive lionfish. Although invasive lionfish is a serious problem in areas of the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico, a large portion of the population does not know! Additionally, there are many myths and misinformation regarding the biology and ecology of lionfish. Consider sharing posts containing pictures, factsheets and videos to your social media accounts to reach as many people as possible. Talk to your friends, family and colleagues about lionfish control and the ways they can help. If you are an educator, incorporate lessons about invasive species such as lionfish in your curriculum. Sadly, many people are unaware of the negative implications of the lionfish invasion and the ways that they can help solve the problem.
Support Nonprofits Trying to Help Control Lionfish
You can show your support of nonprofits and their efforts to help control the lionfish population in a number of ways. Consider donating your time to an organization that promotes public education and awareness of the lionfish problem. Targeting dive industries, medical and health industries, educational institutions and the media and providing them with outreach materials like posters and stickers is just one of many ways you can contribute. Likewise, your financial support of these organizations can provide adequate training and appropriate gear to fisherman and sport divers, and raise additional awareness. There is no donation that is too small to help the efforts of organizations committed to the elimination of invasive lionfish populations.
Participate in a Lionfish Derby
A lionfish derby is a single day competition to collect and remove as many lionfish as possible. Teams collect lionfish by netting or spearing lionfish while SCUBA diving, free diving, or snorkeling. Teams begin competing at sunrise and bring their catch to the scoring station by 5:00 p.m. Each fish is measured and prizes are awarded to teams for catching the most, biggest, and smallest lionfish. Research studies show that lionfish derbies are highly effective in lowering the lionfish populations of certain areas. Over the past ten years, the lionfish derbies hosted by the Reef Environmental Education Foundation was responsible for the removal of 24,522 lionfish. Moreover, these derbies promote research, education of the safe handling of lionfish, as well as offer the opportunity for the public to try free tastings of lionfish. If you live in a coastal area, research whether lionfish derbies are held nearby. If none exist in your area, consider researching and hosting your own lionfish derby!
Encourage Local Restaurants to Add Lionfish to the Menu
Encourage the consumption of lionfish in local restaurants by calling establishments in your area to see if they have lionfish on their menu. Chefs throughout the country are finding ways to incorporate the invasive species into their seafood recipes. Local restaurants could benefit from promoting the ecological benefits of eating lionfish with their patrons. The greater the demand for lionfish the more divers will go out and collect them, thus reducing the population and saving our reefs!
Eat More Lionfish!
Another way to help is to eat more lionfish! Local dive shops throughout Florida host lionfish derbies and lionfish removal days, where they show you how to catch, clean and cook your own lionfish. There a number of delicious recipes online to assist you in how to prepare lionfish. Even if you live offshore, you can request lionfish from your local grocery store. Do your part by cooking and eating this flaky, white, delicious fish!
Start Your Own Fundraiser to Promote Lionfish Control
Raise money for a specific cause. Consider starting your own fundraiser to help us and other organizations fight against invasive lionfish that pose a significant threat to ocean-life. There are a number of organizations that could benefit from a donation, big or small. We can help you organize it.
Tell Everyone The Lionfish Invasion Matters To You
Be vocal about the lionfish invasion and that it matters to you. Ask to be involved in developing and implementing programs to prevent the spread of invasive lionfish. Additionally, help us build new and expand existing partnerships between agencies, private sector and other businesses. These partnerships could drastically improve prevention objectives through coordination and collaboration and thus reduce duplicative efforts and help conserve funds. Furthermore, research and voice your concerns about any hurdles that stand in the way of control efforts. Speak up about why invasive lionfish are a problem in your area!
Adopt a Dive Team or a Reef
There are several ways you can adopt a dive team or a reef – both online and through local organizations. By adopting a coral reef, you contribute directly to the preservation of the reef and the marine ecosystems which depend on them, including you! We can assist you!


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Publications 2014
McQuade LR, Balachandran A, Scott HA, Khaira S, Baker MS, Schmidt U. Proteomics of Huntington's disease-affected human embryonic stem cells reveals an evolving pathology involving mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic disturbances. J Proteome Res. 2014 Dec 5;13(12):5648-59.
Krisp, C; Hebert, N; McKay, M; Yang, M; Van Soest, R; Settineri, T; Molloy, M P. MudCHiP: Online 2D chip-LC Peptide Trapping as a Robust Approach for Proteomic Biomarker Applications. J. Biomol. Tech. 2014;25(Suppl):S24-S25.
Kaufman, K L; Ly, L; McKay, M; Mallawaarachty, D M; Mactier, S; Crossett, B; Molloy, M; Buckland, M E; McDonald, K L and Christopherson, R I. Comprehensive proteomic profiling of bevacizumab-resistant glioblastoma. NeuroOncology 2014, 16(Suppl 2) ii98.
Liang, V I; Ullrich, M; Lam, H; Chew, Y L; Banister, S; Song, X; Zaw, T; Kassiou, M; Götz, J; Nicholas, H R. Altered proteostasis in aging and heat shock response in C. elegans revealed by analysis of the global and de novo synthesized proteome. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014 Sep;71(17):3339-61.
Huang, P Y; Best, O G; Almazi, J G; Belov, L; Davis, Z A; Majid, A; Dyer, M J; Pascovici, D; Mulligan, S P; Christopherson, R I. Cell surface phenotype profiles distinguish stable and progressive chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2014 Sep;55(9):2085-92
Rogers, L J; Suchowerska, N; Khan, A; Polaskova, V; McKenzie, D R. Profiling of the secretome of human cancer cells: Preparation of supernatant for proteomic analysis. Electrophoresis. 2014 Sep;35(18):2626-33.
Ullrich M, Liang V, Chew YL, Banister S, Song X, Zaw T, Lam H, Berber S, Kassiou M, Nicholas HR, Götz J. Bio-orthogonal labeling as a tool to visualize and identify newly synthesized proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nat Protoc. 2014 Sep;9(9):2237-2255.
Ahn, S-B; Khan, A. Detection and quantitation of twenty-seven cytokines, chemokines and growth factors pre- and post-high abundance protein depletion in human plasma. EuPA Open Proteomics 3 (2014) 78-84.
Chik, J H; Zhou, J; Moh, E S; Christopherson, R; Clarke, S J; Molloy, M P; Packer, N H. Comprehensive glycomics comparison between colon cancer cell cultures and tumours: Implications for biomarker studies. J Proteomics. 2014 Aug 28; 108:146-62.
Winterberg B, Du Fall LA, Song X, Pascovici D, Care N, Molloy M, Ohms S, Solomon PS. The necrotrophic effector protein SnTox3 re-programs metabolism and elicits a strong defence response in susceptible wheat leaves. BMC Plant Biol. 2014 Aug 15;14(1):215.
Vörös, A; Simm, R; Slamti, L; McKay, M J; Hegna, I K; Nielsen-LeRoux, C; Hassan, K A; Paulsen, I T; Lereclus, D; Okstad, O A; Molloy, M P; Kolstø, A B. SecDF as Part of the Sec-Translocase Facilitates Efficient Secretion of Bacillus cereus Toxins and Cell Wall-Associated Proteins. PLoS One. 2014 Aug 1;9(8):e103326.
Parker, R; Clifton-Bligh, R; Molloy, M P. Phosphoproteomics of MAPK inhibition in BRAF mutated cells and a role for the lethal synergism of dual BRAF and CK2 inhibition. Mol Cancer Ther. 2014 Jul; 13(7): 1894-906.
Simonian M, Ogorzalek Loo RR, Loo JA, Stoodley MA, Molloy MP. "Proteomics Detection of Endothelial Cell Surface Proteins Following Irradiation as Potential Targets for Brain Arteriovenous Malformations Molecular Therapy." MOJ Proteomics Bioinform 2014; 1: 00002 (6 pp.).
Hayes, S A; Hudson, A L; Clarke, S J; Molloy, M P; Howell, V M. From mice to men: GEMMs as trial patients for new NSCLC therapies. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2014 Mar; 27:118-27.
Hart-Smith, G; Chia, S Z; Low, J K; McKay, M J; Molloy, M P; Wilkins, M R. Stoichiometry of Saccharomyces cerevisiae lysine methylation: insights into non-histone protein lysine methyltransferase activity. J Proteome Res. 2014 Mar 7; 13(3):1744-56.
D'Agostino, P M; Song, X; Neilan, B A; Moffitt, M C. Comparative proteomics reveals that a saxitoxin-producing and a nontoxic strain of Anabaena circinalis are two different ecotypes. J. Proteome Res. 2014 Mar 7; 13(3): 1474-84.
Brinkman, D L; Konstantakopoulos, N; McInerney, B V; Mulvenna, J; Seymour, J E; Isbister, G K; Hodgson, W C. Chironex fleckeri (box jellyfish) venom proteins: expansion of a cnidarian toxin family that elicits variable cytolytic and cardiovascular effects. J. Biol.Chem. 2014 Feb 21; 289(8):4798-812.
Mirzaei, M; Soltani, N; Sarhadi, E; George, I S; Neilson, K A; Pascovici, D; Shahbazian, S; Haynes, P A; Atwell, B J; Salekdeh, G H. Manipulating root water supply elicits major shifts in the shoot proteome. J Proteome Res. 2014 Feb 7; 13(2):517-26.

subset: commoncrawl


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Main Navigation
- Star Systems ☀
- Planets 🌍
- Art 🎨
- Audio 🎶
Sci-fi roleplaying and worldbuilding community
The Blue Lotus is a popular restaurant on Chiharu no Iori. It gets its name from the collection of Nymphaea nouchali in a large indoor pond that is also populated with Koi. The interior of the restaurant features lots of hand carved hard wood. The columns depict typical scenes of Yamataian life. On the walls are tapestries that feature panoramic images of Yamatai and other worlds in the Empire.
The Aoi Hasu features both traditional Yamataian and Nepleslian style dishes, but with a unique flair. The restaurant also makes it a rule to include local produce when feasible along with importing other items.
The Manager
Miyagi Amaterasu is a seductive brown-skinned NH-29 medic with narrow dark blue eyes and curly shiny black hair. When working she puts her hair up in a bun (Chignon) and holds it in place with a Kanzashi. Her usual outfit is a red silk dress with gold embroidery.
All meals 20 KS. Meals come with either a salad or soup. It also includes seasonal vegetables, white or fried rice, or baked or mashed potatoes.


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Virtual Library
Start Your Search
Masafumi Yamaguchi
Author of
P3.01 - Advanced NSCLC (Not CME Accredited Session) (ID 967)
- Event: WCLC 2018
- Type: Poster Viewing in the Exhibit Hall
- Track:
- Presentations: 1
- Moderators:
- Coordinates: 9/26/2018, 12:00 - 13:30, Exhibit Hall
P3.01-76 - Clinical Background and Response to Chemotherapy in NSCLC Patients with MET Exon14 Skipping Mutation or High MET Gene Copy Number (ID 12850)
12:00 - 13:30 | Author(s): Masafumi Yamaguchi
- Abstract
- Slides
MET exon14 skipping mutation (SM) and high gene copy number (HGCN) are present in 3-4% and <1% of NSCLCs. The response to MET inhibitor treatment has been reported in ongoing clinical trials; however, the response to chemotherapy, including immunotherapy, is currently unknown. We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with MET gene alteration.a9ded1e5ce5d75814730bb4caaf49419 Method
We collected the clinicopathological data of NSCLC patients with MET gene alteration. The response to chemotherapy was evaluated according to RECIST v1.1.4c3880bb027f159e801041b1021e88e8 Result
Systemic chemotherapy was given to 10 patients: SM (n=5) and HGCN (n=5). The median age was 67.5 (range 41- 77) years. Thirty percent of the patients were female and 40% were never smokers. The most common histology was adenocarcinoma (40%), followed by pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (20 %). The tumor PD-L1 expression was >50% in 57% (4/7) of the cases and 1-49% in 43% (3/7) of the cases. Platinum doublet, MET inhibitor, immunotherapy (I-O), and I-O+chemotherapy were given to 6, 8, 2 and 1 patients. The overall response rate was 50%, 83%, 0% and 100%, respectively. Hyper-progressive disease after immunotherapy was observed in one patient with SM.8eea62084ca7e541d918e823422bd82e Conclusion
The responses to platinum doublet and MET inhibitor treatment were good, while the response to immunotherapy was poor in NSCLC patients with MET gene alteration. MET gene alterations should be identified before the administration of immunotherapy.6f8b794f3246b0c1e1780bb4d4d5dc53
Only Active Members that have purchased this event or have registered via an access code will be able to view this content. To view this presentation, please login or select "Add to Cart" and proceed to checkout.


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Here's the official announcement of Suriya39
Kaappaan is an Indian Tamil-language action thriller film directed by K. V. Anand and written by Pattukkottai Prabakar.
It is produced by Lyca Productions and stars Suriya, Mohanlal and Arya and another announcement of suriya 39 it's released today.
Nadippin Nayagan Suriya and Mega Blockbuster director director siva team up for the first time in Suriya39 and to be bankrolled by Studio Green2. D.Imman composes the music part of the film.


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How well can you cycle in winter conditions?
Two weeks ago the Netherlands was covered with a thin layer of snow. Enough snow to make cycling very uncomfortable if the roads and cycleways hadn't been treated, but they … Continue reading
A winter ride
Snow is becoming increasingly rare in this country, because of the climate change obviously. I did show you quite a bit of snow a little over one year ago, but … Continue reading
How to make cycling possible in the snow
We had almost grown unaccustomed to it… snow! The last time there was substantial snow in the south of the Netherlands was in February 2013, almost 2 years ago. But … Continue reading
Clearing the streets of snow and ice
When I mentioned the city of 's-Hertogenbosch had forgotten to clear one new cycle route of snow in my post two weeks ago, the city quickly responded and the route … Continue reading
Bicycle route in the snow, 's-Hertogenbosch
This main cycle route from the north of the city of 's-Hertogenbosch (aka Den Bosch) to the centre in the south is completely cleared of snow and ice during winter. … Continue reading


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Research Project
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
The overall purpose of our study is to examine how biology and psychosocial factors interact to affect the development in puberty. The present study aims to investigate the sexual and psychological development in 73,309 Japanese females, from 10years to 15years old. The menarche stands as our primary indicator of the onset of sexual maturity. Each mean menarcheal age of Japanese females has been estimated by probit analysis from status quo data.Once the secular trend of Japanese for earlier appearance of menarche extinguished in 1980s. But the mean menarcheal age in Japan is decreasing at present. From our data, the new secular trend in sexual maturity is cotinuing in Japan. Specially, the mean menarcheal age of Okinawa prefecture is under12years old. And the development of the females in Okinawa were outstanding in psychosocial and biological points. It may be said, that the rich interplay of biological and psychosocial influences on development is especially prominent in Okinawa.These facts lead to the coclusion that the context of development are changing in Japan. Our research found that the parent-child relationship can affect the time of puberty in female. With negative relationship the mean menarcheal age tends to decrease. And, those who eat breakfast less frequently the mean menarcheal age tends to decrease. Then the development of feminity can affect the time of puberty. Negative sexual identity tends to decrease the time of puberty.The secular trend has been attributed to general improvements in health and nutrition. Such changes, however, can be markedly affected by psychosocial stress through a general decline in health. In conclusion, it can been seen that the change of puberty affects the psychosocial development and vice versa the psychosocial factors affect the time of puberty.
Published: 1998-03-31
Modified: 2016-04-21
User Guide
Terms of Use
Attribution of KAKENHI


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Flying a localizer approach is pretty straight forward, but flying a back course approach is a whole different animal...
When you fly a localizer back course approach (LOC BC), you're navigating to the runway using horizontal guidance off of a localizer system, but in the opposite direction that you'd normally use the localizer. Navigation is very similar to a localizer-only approach, but with a few key differences.
Two signals are transmitted laterally from a localizer (LOC), one that's 90 Hz and one that's 150 Hz. The LOC receiver interprets the overlap of the two frequencies to determine which side of the localizer course the airplane is flying on, or if it's flying perfectly down the middle of the course.
The localizer transmits a "front course" and a "back course" from the antenna system. The "front course" is the LOC navigation used to fly a standard ILS or LOC approach. When flying standard approaches, the localizer is situated at the departure end of the runway you're landing on.
When you're using LOC BC approach, your receiver references signals emitting from opposite side of the localizer antenna.
Just like a standard LOC approach, the localizer back course signal is only guaranteed to be accurate up to 10 degrees on either side of the runway to 18NM. At an angle of 35 degrees on either side of runway centerline, the useful volume is limited to 10NM. You might receive localizer signals outside of the service volume, but you can't rely on them for navigation.
You'll often find LOC BC approaches on runways with an ILS installed, but pointing in opposite direction. In Grand Forks, ND (KGFK), winds are predominantly out of the northwest. The ILS for KGFK's north-facing Runway 35L is also used to create a LOC BC approach to Runway 17R. Winds out of the south aren't common in Grand Forks, so it saves money to install just one ILS system.
Speaking of money, that's another reason you'll find LOC BC approaches. Even at airports with winds that frequently change direction, there may be just one ILS approach installed.
Take Kona, Hawaii for example. There's an ILS approach to Runway 17, and a LOC BC to Runway 35. It's not uncommon when flying into Kona for wind changes to shift traffic flow a few times during a matter of hours.
Another unusual example of LOC BC is the missed approach procedure for Aspen, Colorado (KASE). The localizer approach into Aspen requires pilots to chop and drop nearly 1,900 feet in just 3.1 NM. The approach angle is 6.59 degrees. It terminates with a missed approach that turns you onto a remotely located mountaintop localizer for a back-course departure, through a valley, to the waypoint LINDZ.
Keep in mind, just because a back course exists, doesn't mean you should use it. As stated in the FAA's AIM, "do not use back course signals for approach unless a back course approach procedure is published for that particular runway and the approach is authorized by ATC." If an approach isn't published, you're putting yourself at risk for losing safe separation with terrain and obstacles.
For pilots flying a LOC BC approach using a course deviation indicator (CDI) with an omni bearing selector (OBS), you must pay close attention to "reverse sensing" associated with the back course. According to the AIM, "when flying inbound on the back course it is necessary to steer the aircraft in the direction opposite the needle deflection when making corrections from off-course to on-course. This 'flying away from the needle' is also required when flying outbound on the front course of the localizer."
It doesn't matter whether you select the front course or the back course with the OBS knob (in the image below, 174 degrees or 354 degrees, or any OBS setting for that matter), the needle will work the same. However, it's easier for many pilots to dial the final approach course with the OBS to remember which general direction they're flying the approach.
When you're established on the LOC BC approach, you will always "reverse sense" using a CDI with OBS. If you're in this situation, try saying out loud "fly away from the needle."
In the image below, and CDI is set up for the Localizer Back Course approach to runway 17R in KGFK (174 degree final approach course). The CDI needle is deflected to the left. You need to turn right (fly away from the needle) to get back on course for this localizer back course approach.
If you're lucky enough to fly with a horizontal situation indicator (HSI), flying LOC BC approaches gets significantly easier. The HSI combines a heading indicator with CDI needles. As long as you tune the front course for the localizer, you won't get reverse sensing. When configured properly, you can fly the LOC BC approach with normal sensing, and fly "to the needle" like you do in all other navigation.
For example, if you were flying the LOC BC to runway 17R in Grand Forks, instead of dialing the back course of 174 degrees, you'd dial the front course of 354 degrees, and fly to the needle to navigate the approach.
Once you're established on a LOC BC approach, flying is as simple as any non-precision approach. You'll reference step down fixes and DME before leveling off at your minimum descent altitude (MDA).
Unlike most localizer approaches, expect a missed approach point on a LOC BC approach to be located more than half a mile before the runway. The reason? It would be impossible to fly all the way to the runway threshold at MDA on a LOC BC approach. As you get closer and closer to the localizer antenna, it becomes increasingly difficult to stay on course due to increasing signal sensitivity. Since the localizer system you're using for the back course is located near the runway threshold, as opposed to the departure end, the missed approach point is farther away from the runway.
The FAA offers a warning about flying back course approaches: "False glide slope signals may exist in the area of the localizer back course approach which can cause the glide slope flag alarm to disappear and present unreliable glide slope information. Disregard all glide slope signal indications when making a localizer back course approach unless a glide slope is specified on the approach and landing chart."
When you fly an autopilot-coupled LOC BC approach, ALWAYS push the "back course button" if there's one installed for your autopilot system. By pushing this button, you're telling the autopilot to turn inbound on the back course instead of outbound. Here's the scenario...
If you're flying with an HSI, you should have tuned the front course for the localizer to avoid reverse sensing. Your CDI needle will thus point away from the runway. If ATC clears you to track inbound on the localizer and you click "NAV" mode on the autopilot, the autopilot will turn the wrong way, outbound!
The autopilot doesn't know that you're flying a back course approach. If you've engaged NAV mode, it will intercept and fly the course you've set. By pushing the "BC" button, you're telling the autopilot to track inbound on the back course, which will avoid you making an inadvertent and potentially dangerous outbound turn.
Think you're ready to fly the approach? Take this quiz: Could You Fly This Localizer Back Course Approach?
How many times have you had to fly a LOC BC approach? Tell us in the comments below.
Swayne is an editor at Boldmethod, certified flight instructor, and an Embraer 145 First Officer for a regional airline. He graduated as an aviation major from the University of North Dakota in 2018, holds a PIC Type Rating for Cessna Citation Jets (CE-525), and is a former pilot for Mokulele Airlines. He's the author of articles, quizzes and lists on Boldmethod every week. You can reach Swayne at email@example.com, and follow his flying adventures on his YouTube Channel.


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A Malaysian entrepreneur has developed the country's first advanced humanoid robot named ADAM which was presented at the Beyond Paradigm Summit in Kuala Lumpur on July 17. The conference showcased innovative technologies of automation and data exchange in the digital age, also known as Fourth Industrial Revolution.
ADAM, the acronym for Advanced Development Autonomous Machine, has been developed by Robopreneur Sdn Bhd, a local robotics company based in Cyberjaya. The project is funded by Malaysia's ministry of finance through their tech hub enablers Cyberview Sdn Bhd and Futurise Sdn Bhd in Cyberjaya.
According to the company's founder and CEO Hanafiah Yussof, ADAM was first activated in March 2019 after a year of research and development and prototyping work. The robot weighs 44 kilogrammes, has a seamless full body movement with movable upper body joints including fingers, and is capable of natural-like interaction with humans, using voice detection and recognition empowered by artificial intelligence.
"The idea of developing a humanoid robot is actually one of the initiatives in contributing to Malaysia's vision of the Fourth Industrial Revolution," Yussof told Bernama.
Yussof said ADAM will be completed in three phases over five years, with the second phase focusing on total body development. The third phase would lead towards empowering the machine learning algorithm so that the robot will have the capability of more natural speech, visual recognition and emotion detection.
"For the third phase also, we will equip the robot with more human-like features, like the cover skin," he said, adding that "we hope by then the robot will have a Malaysian face. So, this robot will become the icon of Malaysia."
He said the company also has plans to mass-produce ADAM, as the robot offers a ready platform for artificial intelligence and machine learning, making it suitable to become a research platform. Further development towards creating social and healthcare robots that work in a human environment could follow.
Robot creator Yussof has ambitious dreams. In five years' time, he wants Robopreneur to be among the top five service robotics companies, not only with ADAM, but also with two other humanoid robots the startup has developed, namely "Pepper," a robot for information services in professional environments, and "NAO V6," a service robot in research and education. The company also develops robotic arms and a robotic wheelchair, among other robotic inventions, provides 3D printing products and develops artificial intelligence solutions.
"We want to explore more business overseas and we want to be listed as a Fortune 500 company one day," Yussof said.
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What's Your Exit Plan?
Strategic Planning for Executives
You've invested years of blood, sweat, and tears in building your business. Now it's time to reap the rewards. Whether you decide to hand over your company to someone else or sell it, each option has a different set of procedures. We can help you figure out which option to pursue and organize your back office operations accordingly to increase your company's valuation.
The Strategic Planning for Executives includes:
• BeLogic Assessment
• Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)
• Strategic Planning for Executives Workshop
The benefits of the Strategic Planning for Executives:
• Encompasses the BeLogic Assessment and the Standard Operating Procedures – essential for building the foundation for Exit Planning – and can create value.
• Audit of your back office to ensure your contracts, agreements, and financial records from the company's inception to now are up-to-date.
• Ensures you understand the options for exiting and what's needed financially to sell the business.
• Builds out your company's operational structure so your company can operate without you on a day-to-day basis.
• Identifies the key employees and leadership members required for the continued success of the company.
• Enables you to focus on Exit Planning while your management team continues to focus on running the company.


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Take the chance and do something custom with your bike during the winter, you'll feel like a King come spring!
On the 8th of November my wife, our two kids, and I along with a small army of friends moved into our new home in Idaho Falls, Idaho. The day of the move the weather was beautiful, at least for November in Idaho it was beautiful. It was sunny and in the upper 60's so everyone was walking around in jeans and t-shirts. The night before I road my 2001 Harley Davidson Fatboy over to the new house and left it in the garage, along with my 1951 GMC 2 ton project truck with the help of a neighbor and his flatbed trailer. The sun had dipped behind the mountains and the temps had fallen but it was still a surprisingly comfortable ride in just jeans and my leather coat.
Three days later we had six inches of fresh snow, more coming, and temps in the single digits.
What is a motorcyclist to do during a winter like this? Well as my brother would point out, it depends on how much of a wuss you are. If you do a search on Vimeo for 'motorcycles in winter' you will get a return of 122 videos, at the time of this writing. Clearly there are people out that more die hard than me!
The video that doesn't seem to be in the search returns though is this one:
"Waiting out Winter" by Cast & Salvage.
WAITING OUT WINTER from Andrew David Watson on Vimeo.
This video surface on my radar last winter and it really resonated with me. I love riding my motorcycle, I really do however when it hits 32 degrees… I'm about done with riding and that is when the gearhead side of me takes over. See, during the riding season I'd rather be riding than wrenchin' on my two wheeler of freedom so the bike kinda goes neglected both in maintenance and customization all summer long. Winter is my time to pull the tins, clean stuff, cut stuff, weld stuff, and paint stuff.
The winter after I bought my first Harley, an 05 Sportster, I put the bike in a stand and torn it apart.
In the spring I rolled the bike out… and it wouldn't start cuz the battery was dead.
Round 2… I rolled the bike out and it fired right up and was hot shit!
The pictures of my Sportster aren't there to get input or opinions on the project, in fact I sold that bike to pay for my Harley Davidson Softail Fatboy so I don't care anymore anyway, they are there only to illustrate that you can still have fun with motorcycles during winter!
So instead of googling for tips on 'winterizing your motorcycle' or 'motorcycle winter storage' or 'ten steps to winterize you motorcycle' how about you grab a pad of paper and start making a list of stuff you wanna do to the bike. I'll even get you started on your journey, click this link for simple stand to hold your baby while you wrench: Home Made Motorcycle Lift.