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Invasive Pneumococcal Disease
Queensland Health Guidelines for Public Health Units
Revision History
|February 2010
|Full revision of guideline.
|June 2018
|Full revision of guideline.
- Disclaimer
- Infectious Agent
- Notification Criteria
- Notification Procedure
- Reporting to NOCS
- Public Health Significance and Occurrence
- Clinical Features
- Reservoir
- Mode of Transmission
- Incubation Period
- Period of Communicability
- Susceptibility and Resistance
- Management
- Preventive Measures
- Feedback
- Summary
- References
Infectious Agent
The bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (also referred to as pneumococcus). More than 90 different serotypes of S. pneumoniae, based upon differences in the capsular polysaccharides, have been identified [1].
Notification Criteria
Laboratory Definitive Evidence
- Isolation of S. pneumoniae from a normally sterile site
- Detection of S. pneumoniae from a normally sterile site by nucleic acid testing.
Notification Procedure
Pathology Laboratories
To notify on confirmation of diagnosis by usual means.
Reporting to NOCS
Report only confirmed cases.
Confirmed case:
A confirmed case requires laboratory definitive evidence only.
Objectives of surveillance
To define the epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Queensland (in particular, to monitor the impact of vaccines upon the burden of IPD).
Community outbreak criteria
An increase in the expected number of cases of the same serotype of S. pneumoniae in a defined population.
Public Health Significance and OccurrenceS. pneumoniae is a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis worldwide. The highest incidence of IPD occurs in young children and in the elderly [2].
Since the introduction of the first conjugate pneumococcal vaccine in 2000 (PCV7), global reductions in disease burden in children younger than 5 years of age have been observed. The number of deaths attributable to pneumococcal disease has halved since 2000 among HIV negative children younger than 5 years of age, from approximately 600,000 to 294,000 deaths in 2015. Despite these reductions, pneumococcal disease burden remains high, particularly in low income countries. Pneumonia, from all causes, accounts for approximately 16% of childhood deaths in low and middle-income countries, compared to 5% in high income countries; S. pneumoniae is a leading cause of these pneumonia deaths [3].
Groups at increased risk for serious IPD include individuals at the extremes of age (particularly aged younger than 2 years and 65 years and older), those with underlying organ dysfunction (asplenia, splenic dysfunction, chronic heart, lung, liver, and kidney disease) and immunocompromising conditions (HIV infection, antibody defects, complement deficiencies, neutropenia, and malignancies) [2]. Other conditions that increase risk of IPD are smoking cigarettes or exposure to second-hand smoke, cerebrospinal fluid leak, and having a cochlear implant [4]. In Australia, the incidence of IPD in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people remains several-fold greater than that in non-Indigenous people [5].
IPD outbreaks, caused by the same serotype of S. pneumoniae are very uncommon but are well-recognised. IPD outbreaks have occurred among adults in crowded living conditions (e.g. military camps, prisons, shelters for the homeless and residential aged care facilities) [2], childcare centres [6], and in marginalised groups within the broader population (eg. in remote Aboriginal communities) [5].
Clinical Features
S. pneumoniae frequently colonises the nasopharynx and from there pneumococci can spread directly via the airway to the lower respiratory tract, causing pneumonia, or to the sinuses or middle ears [7]. Common manifestations of non-invasive pneumococcal disease include middle ear infections, sinusitis and bronchitis [8]. Following nasopharyngeal carriage and contiguous spread of disease to other sites in the respiratory tract, progression to pneumonia requires additional factors (e.g viral infection, lung injury, impaired host defences, etc) [9].
Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is defined by the isolation of S. pneumoniae from a usually sterile site; most often from blood, but also from CSF, joint aspirate etc. The commonest manifestations of IPD are pneumonia with bacteraemia, empyema and/or bacteraemia, and meningitis [8]. Although S. pneumoniae is a frequent cause of non-bacteraemic pneumonia, pneumonia without bacteraemia or empyema is not invasive disease [8,10]. In developing countries, non-bacteraemic pneumonia causes the majority of pneumococcal deaths in children [8]. Bacteraemia without a known site of infection is the most common manifestation of IPD in children younger than 2 years of age [10].
Signs and symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia include fever and chills or rigors. Other signs and symptoms include pleuritic chest pain, cough productive of mucopurulent sputum, dyspnoea, tachypnoea, hypoxia, tachycardia, malaise, and weakness. Nausea, vomiting, and headache occur less frequently.
Complications of pneumococcal pneumonia include empyema, pericarditis, and endobronchial obstruction, with atelectasis and lung abscess formation. Pneumococcal pneumonia has been demonstrated to complicate influenza infection [4].
Pneumococcal meningitis has similar clinical symptoms, cerebrospinal fluid profile, and neurologic complications to other forms of purulent bacterial meningitis. Signs and symptoms may include headache, lethargy, vomiting, irritability, fever, neck stiffness, cranial nerve signs, seizure, and coma. Neurologic sequelae are common among survivors [4].
Fulminant pneumococcal infection presents with a rapidly progressive clinical course and is more common in patients with asplenia or immunocompromise, although it can occur in non-immunocompromised individuals [11]. Features of fulminant IPD include sepsis, purpura fulminans, and Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome [12].
Humans. Pneumococci are commonly carried asymptomatically in the upper respiratory tract of healthy people worldwide.
Mode of Transmission
Transmissibility of pneumococcal bacteria is not fully understood, however, pneumococcal disease is not generally regarded as highly contagious [2]. Transmission occurs through respiratory droplets from people with pneumococcal disease or more commonly, healthy individuals who carry the organism in their nasopharynx [13]. Modes of transmission include droplet spread, direct oral contact, or indirectly though articles freshly soiled with respiratory discharges (including fingers and hands).
There are many healthy, asymptomatic carriers of S. pnemoniae [8]. Person to person transmission of the organisms is common, but illness among casual contacts and attendants is infrequent.
Incubation Period
Unknown; probably short, 1 – 4 days.
Period of Communicability
The period of communicability for pneumococcal disease is unknown, but presumably transmission can occur as long as the organism appears in respiratory secretions [14]. Discharges from the nose and mouth usually no longer contain infectious numbers of pneumococci within 24 hours of initiation of effective antibiotic therapy [15].
Susceptibility and Resistance
Susceptibility is general and disease may occur in persons susceptible to the serotype involved. In otherwise immunocompetent adults, the incidence of IPD is increased with alcohol abuse, congestive heart failure, chronic lung disease, cigarette smoking, asthma, recent influenza infection, diabetes mellitis, institutionalisation, neurological disorders, and men [9]. Among immunocompetent, non-elderly adults, cigarette smoking is the strongest independent risk factor for IPD. Cigarette smoke impairs mucociliary clearance, enhances bacterial adherence, and disrupts the respiratory epithelium [16].
Colonisation with specific serotypes may elicit serotype-specific antibodies. While protection is serotype-specific, cross protection is found in some cases. In addition to anticapsular antibodies (whether acquired naturally or by vaccination), other factors are also involved in eradicating pneumococci, including anatomical barriers, cilia, and other immune processes [9].
All cases of IPD in children younger than 5 years of age should have any predisposing risk factors (including Indigenous status and passive smoking) and vaccination history recorded on the case report form.
If there is adequate capacity (within a PHU), the above details should be obtained for other IPD cases, giving priority to those age groups eligible for funded pneumococcal vaccination.
Exclusion from work, school or childcare is not necessary. The person can return when he or she feels well.
Standard and droplet transmission-based precautions are recommended:
Pneumococcal infection is spread via respiratory droplets as noted above. In hospital and residential care settings, the infected person should be cared for in a single room using droplet transmission-based precautions in the first 24 hours after commencing appropriate antibiotic treatment. Where single rooms are unavailable, cohorting of cases should be implemented.
The importance of infection control should be reinforced to protect at-risk individuals, for example, in residential aged care. Hand hygiene (washing hands with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand rub) should always be performed after coughing, sneezing, or using tissues. Education should be provided about respiratory etiquette, including use of a tissue or the arm when coughing or sneezing. Used tissues should be disposed immediately into the bin and hand hygiene should immediately follow.
Contact Tracing
Because secondary cases of IPD are uncommon, chemoprophylaxis is not indicated for contacts of patients with such infection [17].
Other Control Measures
IPD may occur as a result of multiple factors, including genetic factors, comorbidities, overcrowding, hygiene conditions, nutrition, poverty, and vaccine uptake. Most of these factors are very difficult to change. Vaccines are the most cost-effective way to prevent IPD and to reduce disparities in IPD rates between populations worldwide [18]. See prevention measures below.
Outbreak Control Measures
The epidemiology of an outbreak of IPD within a facility or community should be defined, including the implicated serotype. Vaccination is not likely to be useful in acute control but may be considered if the implicated serotype is contained in the available vaccine. Chemoprophylaxis is generally not indicated. Enhanced infection control should form the mainstay of the response to the outbreak.
Preventive Measures
The pneumococcal vaccine is the main form of prevention. Yearly influenza vaccination is also important because the flu increases pneumococcal disease risk [17].
For recommendations on the use of pneumococcal vaccines, see the current Australian Immunisation Handbook.
It is particularly important that anyone with hyposplenia or asplenia – either functional or anatomical – is adequately vaccinated against pneumococcal and other invasive bacterial diseases.
For further details on the Spleen Australia Registry, see https://www.health.qld.gov.au/public-health/subsidies-support/services/spleen-registry .
Literature and registry data indicate that being on a spleen registry reduces the risk of invasive pneumococcal disease and meningococcal disease by 69% compared to patients not registered [19]. To reduce the risk for people living without a functioning spleen, Queensland Health engages Spleen Australia to maintain a state-wide registry and provide a range of clinical support services, free of charge, to eligible Queenslanders and their doctors.
Report to notifying agency.
Prepare a summary report of the investigation for the Communicable Diseases Branch, Queensland Health, on request.
- Geno KA, Gilbert GL, Song JY, Skovsted IC, Klugman KP, Jones C, et al. Pneumococcal capsules and their types: past, present and future. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2015; 28(3): 871–899
- Janoff EN, Musher DM. Streptococcus pneumoniae. In: Bennett J, Dolin R, Blaser MJ. Mandell, Douglas and Bennett's Principals and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 8th edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders 2015; p 2309–2327
- World Health Organization. Executive summary: SAGE October 2017, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine session [online]. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available from URL: http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2017/october/1_Hosangadi_PCV_ExecutiveSummary_SAGE_PCV_WG_Oct2017.pdf [cited November 2017]
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumococcal Disease [online]. In: CDC. Epidemiology and prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases: the pink book: course textbook, 13th edition. CDC: Atlanta 2015; p 279–296. Available from URL: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/pneumo.html [cited November 2017]
- Toms C, de Kluyver R, the Enhanced Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Surveillance Working Group for the Communicable Disease Network Australia. Invasive pneumococcal disease in Australia, 2011 and 2012. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2016; 40(2): E267–E284
- Cherian T, Steinhoff MC, Harrison LH, Rohn D, McDougal LK, Dick J. A cluster of invasive pneumococcal disease in young children in child care. JAMA 1994; 271(9): 695–697
- Dockrell DH, Whyte MKB, Mitchell TJ. Pneumococcal pneumonia: mechanism of infection and resolution. Chest 2012; 142(2): 482–491
- World Health Organization. International travel and health: pneumococcal disease [internet]. WHO 2017 [cited November 2017]. Available from URL: http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/pneumococcal/en/
- Lynch JP, Zhanel GG. Streptococcus pneumoniae: epidemiology, risk factors, and strategies for prevention. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2009; 30(2): 189–209
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumococcal disease: clinical features [online]. CDC 2017 [cited November 2017]. Available from URL: https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/clinicians/clinical-features.html
- Natio R, Miyazaki T, Kajino K, Daida H. Fulminant pneumococcal infection. BMJ Case Reports 2014, doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-205907
- Hale AJ, LaSalvia M, Kirby JE, Kimball A, Baden R. Fatal purpura fulminans and Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome from fulminant Streptococcus pneumoniae sepsis in a young asplenic adult. ID cases 2016; 6: 1–4, doi: 10.1016/j.idcr.2016.08.004
- Donkor ES. Understanding the pneumococcus: transmission and evolution. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 2013; 3:7, doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00007
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumococcal disease: transmission [online]. CDC 2017 [cited November 2017]. Available from URL: https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/clinicians/transmission.html
- Heymann DL (ed). Control of communicable diseases manual, 20th ed. Washington: American Public Health Association 2015, p 465–469
- Nuorti JP, Butler JC, Farley MM, Harriosn LH, McGeer A, Kolczak MS, et cal. Cigarette smoking and invasive pneumococcal disease. New England Journal of Medicine 2000; 342: 681–689
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Pneumococcal disease: prevention [online]. CDC 2017 [cited November 2017]. Available from URL: https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/clinicians/prevention.html
- Greenberg D, Ben-Shimol S. Editorial commentary: disparities in invasive pneumococcal disease rates between populations: will the extended pneumococcal conjugate vaccine be a game-changer? Clinical Infectious Diseases 2014; 58(9): 1258–1259
- Arnott A, Jones P, Franklin L, Bunn C, Mcnamara J, Pratt N, et al. A registry for patients with asplenia/hyposplenism reduces the risk of infections with encapsulated organisms: time for a national registry? [internet]. Alfred Health Week Research Poster Display 23–27 October 2017 [cited November 2017]. Available from URL: https://www.alfredhealth.org.au/contents/resources/research/Book-of-Abstracts-Alfred-2017.pdf


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Teaching Family Model: A new model of care
"An important part of the model is how family meetings and leadership roles are used in the home to allow young people to learn."
Berry Street began implementing this innovative model with some children in 2017. We aim to be fully accredited with support from New Zealand-based organisation, Youth Horizons | Kia Puāwai, by the end of 2020.
When children like Simon, Sam and Ruby have such positive outcomes within a new model, we are driven to advocate strongly for this new way of caring.
In 2018, we were proud to support two of our carers to become Australia's first certified TFM practitioners and, with generous support, we hope to train more specialised carers in the model in future.
Subscribe to our newsletter and find out more about Berry Street.
More stories
*Name has been changed in the interest of privacy. The models and volunteers pictured are not connected to the case study.

subset: commoncrawl


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Buy Villa Rose Hotel vouchers for deals on 1-2nt Stay, Bubbly, Breakfast & Thermal Suite @ 4* Villa Rose Hotel. Indulge with an overnight stay for two people at the 4* Villa Rose Hotel. Upgrade and enjoy a two-night stay instead - the perfect winter retreat. Stay in a stylish double or twin room, with a glass of bubbly upon arrival. Enjoy an hour-long Thermal Suite Experience for some serious TLC. Along with a delicious breakfast each morning, and late 12pm check out. Awarded a TripAdvisor Certificate of Excellence. Based in Ballybofey.
Click Buy Button to Get Deal
Click buy button. Purchased voucher valid for stays until 31st Dec 2019 Limited number of vouchers available for sale. Deal subject to closure without notice when sells out.
Terms & Conditions Apply
Valid: 30/10/2019 to 01/12/2019


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In most start-up offices, it's wonderfully rare that anyone should need to use the first aid kit, and for the most part it's not something that staff needs to think about on a regular basis.
Office emergencies are relatively rare and as such it can be very tempting to forget about making a priority of office safety and taking the appropriate health and safety measures. Even though people in start-ups tend to be young and carefree – first aid is a necessity.
As with anything in life, however, disaster always seems to strike when we're least prepared, and that's why the law states that it's absolutely essential to keep your kit well stocked and ready, as well as ensuring that you and all other employees are well versed in the first aid workplace policies in your area.
We've put together a few things you need to know about first aid in the office in order to help you gather all the supplies you need to deal quickly and efficiently with an emergency situation:
Appoint a Health and Safety Officer
If you haven't done this already, it's vital that you do; appointing someone in this capacity to ensure that the kit is properly stocked at all times and that everyone is apprised of the appropriate policies and procedures will go a long way toward not only obeying the law but avoiding disaster should a real emergency occur.
Assess the Situation
Not every office has the same needs as far as their first aid kit, particularly as not every office has the same level of staffing, risk and/or activity; perform a comprehensive risk assessment to ascertain the supplies you should keep on hand in order to address an emergency; be intelligent and remember it's better to be slightly over prepared then left floundering in a bad situation.
Leave Out Potential Allergens
Depending on how many office staff you have, there are a wide variety of potential allergens in the average kit, from ointment and painkillers to other over-the-counter meds; if someone in the office requires any of these items for health reasons, they should be able to supply them on their own, while keeping them away from others who may be allergic.
Post Your Medical Emergency Plan
Writing and posting your formal emergency plan is a must in any office; information should be posted in a position where it is readily available when required and all employees should be apprised of both its location and contents.
The plan should include the address and phone number of the office, as well as the location of the first aid kits and any staff members who are specially trained to administer assistance; also include any emergency numbers as well as directions to and contact information for the medical services facilities closest to your location.
Keeping employees informed is a vital part of dealing with an emergency quickly and efficiently.
Buy Prepackaged
There are a variety of companies who sell prepackaged first aid kits and purchasing one of these handy supplies has a few advantages; first of all, as experts in emergency supplies, they'll know firsthand the items a company such as yours may require; these kits are also quite conspicuously marked and recognizable to employees, and the items inside are generally of sound quality.
So regardless of how unlikely an office emergency seems at your place of work, always be well stocked and prepared for a first aid emergency; keeping all staff well informed and ready will go a long way toward dealing with a crisis in the most safe and effective way.


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Events for August 14, 2019 › Williamsburg
Events Search and Views Navigation
Using iPhone X Series of iPhone X, XR, XS, and XS Max Basic Skills and Features
York Store Classroom - 757-873-1580 - $25 90-minutes - The iPhone XS, XS Max, and XR phones are updates to last year's iPhone X, 8 and 8Plus. The iPhone XS, XS Max, and XR retain the familiar design of the iPhone X, including a 5.8-inch OLED display. The latest iPhones are certainly Apple's best even though their design doesn't look ...Find out more »
Cybersecurity Basics, A Simple Guide To Your Online Security NEW VERSION
Williamsburg Store Classroom - 757-564-3996- $25 90-minutes New mobile phone security methods for Apple and Android phones. The latest information from the National Cyber Awareness System, Homeland Security, and Vulnerability summaries are also included. There Are Bad Guys and Good Guys, Current Malware trends including CyptoLocker, Ransomware, Phishing and Spear Phishing, Browser Highjackers to name just a few. Zombie Computers ...Find out more »


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Monthly Archives: May 2015
How to Keep Your Feet HealthyOur feet are perhaps the most underrated part of our bodies. They carry our weight and get us from one place to the next–but how much attention do we really give them?
Benefits of Spreading Your Toes"Create fluffy toes, spreading your toes into the earth" is something I constantly say to my yoga students weather they are in mountain pose (Tadasana) or Warrior II (Virabhadrasana II). Sometimes I am unsure if they truly know why it is so important to do so and I wanted to write an article about it. Here are some reasons: ...
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Do you love waffles? Do you love ice cream? Yes? Then I have the perfect treat you'll want to get every day while living in China for a semester! Bubble waffle ice cream cones.
Pst: These special ice cream cones are one of the many daily treats
you'll want get while volunteering in China
Bubble waffles are not like traditional waffles you'll find all over the States. They are exactly what they sound like. Waffles with big bubbles all over them.
What Are They?
While the bubble waffle is becoming more popular even around the US, China takes it one step further. They take the bubble waffle and form it into a cone (like a normal waffle cone) and then they add ice cream and fresh fruit, sprinkles, chocolate, caramel ... pretty much any topping you can think of.
You can also chose your ice cream flavor. They have the traditional flavors like vanilla and chocolate, but you can also opt in for some flavors like fresh berry, mango, coconut or (if you find the right shop) honeysuckle.
If that's not enough, the also have options like Pocky sticks that can add a little more flare to your ice cream cone.
Where Are They?
You'll find it all over China, but especially keep your eyes peeled while you're in bigger cities like Shanghai and Beijing where you'll see shops selling them more often. You'll find them at Shanghai Disney and all along this famous street in Suzhou, China.
Come experience a semester abroad in China with us
Just like most of the treats you'll find in China, the bubble waffle ice cream cones are cheap! So, if you get addicted (like most ILP volunteers do), don't worry...it won't break the bank to get them every day!
Make sure you follow the ILP Instagram to see our current volunteer's adventures (and the other treats they are discovering)!
Do you want some more China tips? Check out the ILP blog and read all about the going to church in China, the Shanghai Wild Animal Park, and how you will get your own ILP group! You can also click below.


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AHHerald Search
Events Calendar
Feeding Garden Birds
Tuesday, March 12, 2019, 07:30pm
Hits : 508
The Highlands Garden Club has asked David, owner of Wild Birds Unlimited to speak about feeding garden birds on March 12, 2019 starting at 7:30 pm at Robert D. Wilson Community Center, Snug Harbor Avenue, Highlands. This program is FREE. A few items will be available for purchase (cash or check only). Please spread the word.
Location Robert D. Wilson Community Center, Snug Harbor Avenue, Highlands


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Behind The Headlines (May 01, 2009)
Three of five entries submitted by Truck News took home hardware at the recent Truck Writers of North America (TWNA) communications awards banquet.
Executive editor James Menzies won a gold award in the News category for his entry Ontario introduces speed limiter legislation, appearing in the May, 2008 edition.
The article focused on Ontario's controversial Bill 41, which mechanically limits truck speeds to 105 km/h.
Menzies also won a silver award in the Environmental/Regulatory category for his piece California Nightmares, which explored what Canadian carriers need to know about complying with California's stringent anti-idling restrictions.
And Joanne Ritchie, executive director of the Owner-Operators' Business Association of Canada (OBAC) won a silver award in the Column category for her monthly column Voice of the Owner/Operator.
Since the awards' inception in 2003, Truck News, Truck West and MotorTruck Fleet Executive have won 26 TWNA Communications awards – more than any other Canadian publisher.
Have your say
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Publications & Revisions Requested
"Patronage by Credit: International Sources of Patronage Politics". 2017 David A. Lake Award for Best Paper Presented at IPES. Revise & Resubmit, Journal of Politics [Download PDF]
"Priors rule: When do malfeasance revelations help and hurt incumbent parties?" (with Horacio Larreguy, John Marshall and Pablo Querubin). NBER Working Paper 24888. Revise & Resubmit, Journal of the European Economic Association [Download PDF]
This project is part of the EGAP Metaketa I: Information and Accountability Initiative. Description in EGAP. EGAP Registry. EGAP Policy Review. Featured in J-PAL Policy Insight.
"Inflation Concerns and Mass Preferences Over Currency Policy" (with Michaël Aklin and Julia Gray). Revise & Resubmit, Economics & Politics [Download PDF]
"How Large Are The Political Costs of Fiscal Austerity?" (with David Stasavage). 2019. Journal of Politics 81(4): 1517-1522. [Journal Version] [Download PDF]
"Voter information campaigns and political accountability: Cumulative findings from a pre-registered meta-analysis of coordinated trials" (with Thad Dunning and 27 other collaborators). 2019. Science Advances 5(7):eaaw2612 [Journal Version] [Download PDF]
"Information Provision, Voter Coordination, and Electoral Accountability: Evidence from Mexican Social Networks" (with Pablo Balan, Horacio Larreguy, John Marshall, and Pablo Querubin) 2019. American Political Science Review 113(2):475-498 [Journal Version][Download PDF]
"How Does Media Influence Social Norms? Experimental Evidence on the Role of Common Knowledge". 2019. Political Science Research & Methods 7(3):561-578 [Journal Version] [Download PDF]
Media coverage in The New York Times, PBS's Newshour, The Washington Post's Monkey Cage, Behavioral Science & Policy Association's Blog, Harvard's Kennedy School Gender Action Portal. Description in EGAP Policy Brief
"Cooperative Autocracies: Leader Survival, Creditworthiness and Bilateral Investment Treaties" (with James R. Hollyer and B. Peter Rosendorff). 2018. American Journal of Political Science 62(4):905-921 [Journal Version][Download PDF]
"Tenure, Promotion and Performance: The Career Path of U.S. Ambassadors" (with Alastair Smith). 2018, Review of International Organizations 13(1):77-103 [Journal Version] [A Data Set of US Ambassadors – Codebook].
Book Chapters and Other Publications
"When Does Information Increase Electoral Accountability? Lessons from a Field Experiment In Mexico." In T. Dunning, G. Grossman, M. Humphreys, S. Hyde C. McIntosh, and G. Nellis (eds). Metaketa I: The Limits of Electoral Accountability. 2019. Cambridge University Press. (with Horacio Larreguy, John Marshall and Pablo Querubin)
"Promises and Perils of Informational Interventions for Electoral Accountability." 2018. APSA Comparative Democratization Newsletter 16(1) [Download PDF]
"Domestic Politics of International Trade". 2015. In Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences (eds.) Robert Scott and Stephen Kosslyn. Wiley. (with Michaël Aklin, Emine Deniz, and B. Peter Rosendorff) [LINK] [Download PDF]
Working Papers
"Impartiality and US Influence in International Courts: Evidence from the WTO Appellate Body" [Available upon request]
"Does the Content and Mode of Delivery of Information Matter for Electoral Accountability? Evidence from a Field Experiment in Mexico" (with Horacio Larreguy, John Marshall and Pablo Querubin). [Available upon request]
"Why do Governments Fail to Avoid Debt Crises? The Role of Discounting and Distribution Preferences" (with Matthew R. DiGiuseppe and Patrick Shea). [Available upon request]
"Government Choices Over Borrowing Strategies" (with Layna Mosley and B. Peter Rosendorff) [Available upon request]
Work in Progress
"The Fed Curse: How US Monetary Policy Shapes Governance in the Developing World" (Book Project)
"The Construction of Trust in the State: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Colombia" (with Rebecca Hanson, Dorothy Kronick and Tara Slough) [Pre-Analysis Plan]
This project is funded by and part of the EGAP Metaketa IV: Community Policing Initiative, Economic Development & Institutions programme, and CAF's Corruption and Prevention Policies. Description in EGAP. AEA Registry. EGAP Registry.
"Financing Private Goods" (with Matthew R. DiGiuseppe)
"When Does Flexibility in Tariff Rates Hurt Trade? The Political Sources of Policy Uncertainty"


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Their unique experiences in the cities of Cartagena, Cali, and Tuluá sparked an interest to bridge together their personal experiences and passion for fashion.
Sol Y Mar pays homage to the rich colors, biodiversity, and culture of Colombia by creating original, handmade pieces that take you on a journey without having to buy a plane ticket. Their goal is to bring out the inner goddess that lies within each and every woman by creating diverse pieces designed to make you feel confident, empowered, and untouchable.
Check out Sol Y Mar's website and follow them on Facebook and Instagram.


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Wait, Didn't You Retire?
Yes I did - but it's fun working part time.
Working part time while you are retired is a fantastic way to earn extra money for travel.
Work just a small part of the year and use that money to travel and see the world.
By Barb | January 5, 2019
Photo from Barb
A common question these days when telling friends I've gone back to work part time. "Wait, didn't you retire"? Well, yes, almost three years ago!
Those almost three years were blissful! Not having to rush around, get ready, hurry out the door with coffee on the run. No ringing phones, deadlines or people with problems, etc., etc. Traveling was so awesome! Shreech . . .! Oh, traveling was also expensive. Yeah, that did put a crimp in the budget. Our retirement is enough for our living expenses and we get by nicely, however, in our case, travel during the summer for any length of time does require additional funds. Could we retire and still make money?
So, with that in mind I picked up 3 1/2 months of part-time work doing my previous job as the person replacing me left a year in. I agreed to be a part-time, non-benefit employee at the university since I was already collecting a state pension. All went smoothly working 3 days a week. Hey, if I had those hours before, I may not have retired. Hmmmm, maybe not. Anyway, this allowed enough savings to cover the summer travel in the RV easily.
This year, I'm pretty much doing the same but for a different department at the university. 3 months part-time while the permanent employee is on maternity leave. Won't pay quite as much but could run longer either way.
Things to watch for:
Social Security – if you are collecting early social security and under the regular required age of 66, making more than $17,000 a year could cost you more in taxes for that earned income overage.
Permanent vs. Temporary – It hurts your credibility if you are hired as a permanent employee rather than a temporary, saying goodbye after a few months. OR if you are saying goodbye after a few months, don't mention in the interview and have a different reason for leaving (medical or family issues, etc.) not to travel. Unless they are OK with it.
Get over your age difference – Seniors are mature, experienced employees. Own up to it. Stop worrying about grey hair and younger people. They have young kids and have to take time off and miss work, you don't. Be dependable and say so! They would be lucky to have you.
So, if you are thinking about working after retirement, get out there! It might only be part time, and not pay a lot but boost your income to do additional, fun activities. I know I'll keep doing this part-time gig each year if possible and boost the savings for RVing or other travel. Yes, I did retire!


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7th March Saturday 2020
Christmas Concert Party
7 pm to eat at 7.30 pm.
This event is drinks and food followed by entertainment by "certain" members of the choir.
19th October Saturday 2019
Quiz 7 pm
Eaton Golf Club
Price £10 includes food.
Bring money for the bar and raffle.
2nd November Saturday afternoon
Big Sing at St George's Church Wroxham Road, Norwich. MAP
A chance for all three groups to get together and sing ready for our season of concerts. It's always great to hear the whole choir together.
Door open 1.45
Sing 2 - 3.30 pm
Tea break 3.30 - 4 pm Bring nibbles to share.
Sing 4 - 5.30 pm
17th November Sunday afternoon 3 pm
Concert in St Anne's Church, Colman Road.
23rd November Saturday
Bury Christmas Market
Shopping trip no singing involved. Open to friends and family.
charge £11 per head £8 children under 16 years old.
You can't be on the list unless you have paid.
Timings as follows (subject to confirmation with Fayre organisers)
Dep Norwich 8.30am can start pickups Sprowston Road
Arrive 10.00 am
Depart 4 pm
Back in Norwich approx 6 pm.
29th November Friday afternoon 6 pm
Banham Zoo - for annual pass holders only.
Two 25 minute sets.
Banham Zoo is the first UK venue to be announced as a host for the 2019 launch of The Snowman and The Snowdog official BRICKLIVE tour, launching on Friday 29th November 2019 at an exclusive event to the zoo's annual pass holders only.
Sat Nav: NR16 2HE, Kenninghall Road.
6th December Friday 7 pm
Winter Celebration at Mangreen Hall
Small group event
Music and words.
7th December Saturday
Global Market at the Forum, Norwich.
Singing carols for about an hour with a break half way for mulled wine.
Time TBC
We will be singing outside but under cover.
9th December Monday
Mancroft Carol Service
Service starts at 7.30 pm
St Peter Mancroft Church Norwich
16th December Monday
Nelson's Journey Carol Service
Service starts at 6.30 pm
Octagon Barn, Plumstead
21st December Saturday 2019
Carol Service
St Mary and St Margaret's church Sprowston
6 pm
St Mary & St Margaret Church Lane, Sprowston NR7 8AU
Arrive 5.15 pm
22nd December Saturday 2019
Vegan Food Festival
St Andrews and Blackfriar's Halls, NR3 1BB
1 pm
20th August Tuesday 2019
Free singing workshop at St Andrew's church, Eaton.
I am told there are 20 people signed up already. It would be nice to have some friendly faces (and good singers) from our choir. 👏
We will be doing some rounds and simple songs that can be learnt in one session including some you won't know unless you've been in the choir for a v long time.
Details 2 pm for 90 minutes, Tuesday August 20th at our usual Eaton venue St Andrews Hall - MAP.
No charge.
22nd June Saturday 2019
Choir performance at summer family day St Anne's Church, Coleman Road.
In the church at 2 - 2.45 pm
Please arrive at 1.15 pm to warm up.
Lots of stalls and ice cream
For map click HERE
13th July Saturday 2019
Banham Zoo
The choir will sing in the cafe area at 7.30 pm for about 40 minutes.
If everyone wants to come we may have to limit numbers!
The choir won't be charged to enter and can be identified by their black and purple clothes and more importantly the badge.
Arrive 7 pm meeting place to TBC
14th July Sunday 2019
Choir outing
Hunstanton - there will be various coach pick ups.
Spend the day at this lovely old fashioned seaside and then the coach will take us all home again between 4 and 5 pm.
Choir and their families and friends are welcome.
Accessible for wheelchair.
Price £15, we would hope to reduce this if numbers are good and we get a full coach.
Pick up details:
Pick up from holiday Inn, Ipswich Road 9.30. Then Colman Road (bus stop opposite Jessopp Road) and Dereham Road (lay-by north of Bowthorpe roundabout). To travel to Hunstanton seaside coach park.
29th June Saturday 2019
Choir summer party
Starts at 5 pm eat at 6 pm.
Price includes a lovely buffet which is open all evening.
Tickets £11 available at choir.
Special diets please let us know when you buy a ticket.
There will be a book sale and a raffle.
Bring a money and a blanket.
8th June Saturday 2019
Performance at Grapes Hill Community Garden
1 pm for about 30 minutes
Meet and warm up outside the garden 12.30.
Refreshments, buskers, arts and crafts and table top sales. Garden tours on request. Help us raise funds for the community garden There's a family growing group taster session from 3 – 4pm – bring the children so that they can get their hands dirty and learn a bit about gardening – this will be an hour session.
11:00 – Grand opening of the WooWoo eco-toilet and opportunity to thank our funders
14:00-15:00 – Family gardening taster session
Saturday May 11th 2019
7 pm
Concert at St Cuthbert's Church Sprowston 7 pm.
5.45 pm Arrival for choir.
To raise money for Christian Aid.
Saturday 6th 2019
Joint concert with Norwich Community Choir, Norwich Community Gospel Choir, UEA Community Choir and Akabellas.
United Reformed Church on Princes Street
7.30 pm. For tickets email: email@example.com
Saturday 23rd 2019
Singing Workshop with Caz Jeffreys from Ireland.
At St Andrews Church Hall Eaton
Sing from 2 - 3.15
Break 30 mins.
Sing from 4.15 - 5 pm
£15 (£20 on door).
Sunday 24th 2019
Annual Norfolk Choir Festival
November 24th 2018
10th Birthday Celebration Concert will be on the evening of
Saturday 24th November 2018
at Norwich Cathedral 7.30 pm
Saturday 1st December 2018
Global Village Market at the Forum Norwich
12.50 to 13.50
Sing for an hour
Mulled wine provided
Tuesday 4th December 2018
Mancroft Carol Service
Service starts at 7.30 pm
Programme probably:
Away in a Manger
Quem Pastores
Candlelight Carol
Winter Wonderland
Mangreen Carols and Stories
Saturday 8th December 2018
Mancroft Concert
Starts at 7 pm.
When a Child, Candlelight, Joy to the World and Field Mice
Monday 10th December 2018
Carol Service for Nelson's Journey
Service starts at 6.30 pm
Buffet for choir afterwrd
Octagon Business Park in Little Plumstead.
O Holy Night
Candlelight Carol,
Field Mice carol
Winter Wonderland
Saturday 15th December 2018
Carol Service St Mary and St Margaret's church Sprowston
6 pm
Saint Marys Grove & Saint Margarets Drive
Norwich, NR7 8AW, England
O Holy Night
Candlelight Carol
Field Mice Carol
Winter Wonderland
Sunday 16th December 2018
Sing St Andrews Hall 1 pm
Food Fair
25th December 2018 Christmas Day
Sing St Andrews Hall for Open Christmas
Usually 2 pm TBC.
November 11th Sunday
Armistice Day Time 6 pm.
We will be singing:
Crossing the Bar - a setting of words taken from Alfred Lord Tennyson's poem of that name.
The poem is a metaphor for death.
Bring Him Home from Les Miserables
Wherever You Are was written by Paul Mealor the Royal Wedding Composer in 2011.The words are expressions of love taken from the letters sent to and from service men and their wives during a 6 month tour of Afghanistan.
May the Peace of Love go with You.
St Cuthbert's Church Wroxham Road.
November 3rd Saturday
2 pm in the Haymarket, Norwich
13th October 2018 Quiz
6.45 for 7.30 pm Quiz
At Eaton Golf Club.
Saturday 2nd December
1.10 pm (ten past one).
Global Market at the Forum, Norwich.
Singing carols for about an hour with a break half way for mulled wine.
Meet 1240 near the entrance.
We will be singing outside but under cover.
Tuesday 5th December
Carol Service 7.30 pm
Arrive one hour before the service. Put belonging downstairs then return for sound test.
St Peter Mancroft Church Norwich
O Holy Night
When a Child
Tomorrow Shall be
Winter Wonderland
Saturday 9th December
2.30 pm
Arrive 1.30 pm
Carol Concert
St George's Church, Sprowston Road
Monday 11th December
Carol Service for Nelson's Journey 6.30 pm
Arrive 5.30 pm
Refreshments afterwards.
Singing: Candlelight Carol, O Holy Night, Field Mice Carol and Winter Wonderland.
The Octagon, Little Plumstead.
Hospital Rd, Little Plumstead, NR13 5FH
Wednesday 13th December
At The Octagon, Colegate, Norwich, NR3 1BN
7 pm
Arrive 6 pm
A CD will be made of this concert.
An amazing building to sing in and a first for us!
At The Octagon, Colegate, Norwich, NR3 1BN
Come and join us for an evening of choral performance. The Norwich Community Choir will be performing a selection of carols and Christmas songs to entertain and delight. Mulled wine and mince pies will be served at the interval and are included in the ticket price. All welcome.
The evening is in aid of AGE UK NORFOLK, Arnolds Keys' charity of the year 2017. This is the finale event and culminates a year of fundraising for the property services firm.
Fridday 15th December
at Costessey Methodist Church, Norwich Road.
7 - 9 pm
Arrive 6 pm
Tickets: £5. Email Ray or phone or phone 01603 743345.
Saturday 16th December
Carol Service St Mary and St Margaret's church Sprowston
6 pmSaint Marys Grove & Saint Margarets Drive
Norwich, NR7 8AW, England
Arrive 5.15 pm
When a Child
Tomorrow Shall Be
O Holy
Winter Wonderland
I think we will be singing The Drummer Boy with the band but I haven't received the music yet!
Try to arrive 5.30 pm. There is nowhere to warm up but we do need to sort out seating.
Church Lane, Sprowston, NR7 8AW


text:
The Palestinian Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement strongly denouncing the attack carried out by Israeli police officers against Palestinian Christians, celebrating Plan Sunday, in occupied Jerusalem, for 'Äúraising a Palestinian flag.'ÄĚ
In a Press release, the ministry said, 'Äúthis unprovoked attack against the worshipers is part of Israel'Äôs ongoing, and escalating, violations against the Palestinians and their holy sites,'ÄĚ and added that 'ÄúIsrael'Äôs growing restriction on the freedom of worship to both Muslim and Palestinian Christians is another proof that Tel Aviv does not believe in coexistence.
'ÄúWhile Israel continues to protect, organize and support provocative Israeli tours in Al-Aqsa Mosque, and the alleys of Jerusalem'Äôs Old City, it continues to deny the Palestinian basic rights, especially the freedom of worship,'ÄĚ the ministry added.
It also demanded the United Nations, and all its related international organizations, to condemn the attack, and to take all needed measures to protect all worshipers, and their holy sites.
It is worth mentioning that the soldiers and officers abducted two Palestinians from the procession, and took them to an interrogation facility in the occupied city.


text:
Events at Living Faith:
Stories of Changed Lives:
* This teaching on leadership
has been great for me. It will also be a great blessing for my family, for the
church and for the community... Everything that we heard in the seminar has been
of great help to me as a servant of God, and has come to confirm my ministry.
It has also encouraged me to keep going and to change some things that I have
been doing wrong. Thank you!
* It was a great privilege to have received
this seminar. I have been in the ministry for six years and I've been to a lot
of seminars. However, I had never been to one that was so beautiful, so filled
with power, and, truthfully, saturated with the Holy Spirit. It's been a blessing
for me. I thank God that I have learned many things about my ministry.
For a long time I have been praying to the Lord asking for answers regarding my
leadership, and you have given me the answers to those prayers.
* I am
very grateful for such precious teaching... All this will help me for the rest
of my ministry. It will also help me to grow and to keep on building leaders.
* This seminar has been a great blessing for me. I have learned many beautiful
things. I have also realized the mistakes I have made. With God's help I am going
to be able to change my bad leadership attitudes.
* The seminar has been
very special... I am also thankful because on Wednesday you prayed for my wife
and God healed her. She had a serious womb infection, and 2 hours after the prayer,
when she went to be examined, the infection was gone.
* This seminar has
been very special for me
I thank God for sending you to our country. It's
a blessing from God.
* This seminar has been a huge blessing for my life
Our wish is that many other brothers are blessed, just as we were.
* This
was a seminar that will help us to serve others the way Christ did it. It will
also help us to search for God's purpose. I have to say that they didn't include
a course on leadership at the theological seminary I attended. The teaching was
also very motivational, especially because it was based in the Scriptures and
in the person of Christ. Thank you for blessing our ministry!
* Extraordinary
teaching! It has helped me a lot.
* Thank you for the teaching. The Lord
didn't bring you here in vain. This is the first time that I have received a seminar
like this. Everything has been excellent.
* The global vision of our ministry
has expanded as a result of this seminar. It has also allowed me to see little
things in which I have failed. I will be able to apply 100% of what we learned.
* This seminar has opened my eyes. It also has expanded the vision about
serving the Lord the way He wants us to. I want to pass to others what I have
learned, that we have to serve others and not ourselves.
* This seminar
was a gift from God to me. This will help me in the rest of my ministry. Thank
you for coming to my country.
* The seminar has been very special for me.
The teaching is deep... Everything has been very well taught, and has been well
absorbed by everyone.
* What you are doing is life
Because you teach,
God, in this short time, amazingly blesses us
Thank you for your teaching
God used your words to renew my life.


text:
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text:
Dragonboat Regatta at Gloucester Quays
Friday 17th May 2019
Latest News from Quattro Design Architects
We had a fantastic time racing funds for the local Pied Piper Appeal at Gloucester Docks on the weekend!
With the sun shining, Quattro once again took to the water in 40-foot-long canoes for the annual Dragon Boat Regatta. This year we achieved a respectable time of 56.48 seconds with a full boat of rowers working in unison to propel through the canal. Some new recruits had never stepped foot in a Dragon Boat before!
Being placed fourth overall and making it through to the semi-finals, we can't until next year to race for victory!
Well done to everyone involved!


text:
Well, I finally was able to play along with Friday Sketchers this week! I was going through a wee bit of withdrawal there, smile! I haven't done a FS card in two weeks, my goodness, what was wrong with me, lol! So, I combined two challenges this week, as the CCT challenge is to use autumn colours and I am loving this BG Mellow 6x6 pad, so I thought it would be perfect!!!!
This will be a brief post this afternoon. Hubby is having his hockey pool this evening and I need to tidy and vacuum and I spent way too long fiddling with this card....uugghh! It didn't turn out how I envisioned it....just a titch disappointed with it but I spent so much time on it, I thought I would enter in the challenges any way!
I made the card base 6X6 with some Bazzill Basics yellow cardstock and used pp from my new 6X6 pad of BG, Mellow! I stamped Tilda on Pacific Georgia paper and then masked her and stamped the mushrooms from the Magnolia Fall stamp club and the birds. I used my Memento, Rich Cocoa ink for a change and coloured the image with my Copcis. I cut the main image with my largest square Nestibilites and embossed it and then I used the Tim Holtz ink applicator tool and Brushed Corduroy Distress ink to sponge the edges.
I really had a hard time cutting a circle this morning. I messed up my first one with my Provo Craft Curvy Cutter. I think that thing is going to end up in the bin one of these days. Then I managed to selvage the second one...uurrgghhh!!! I inked all the edges of the pp and cut and embossed the scalloped mat for the main image with my largest scalloped Nestibilites die.
I then added some mossy green twill that I had in my stash and cut all the die cuts; the peace heart, circle and folk heart circle and tag with my QK Squeeze. The sentiment is from a new CC designs sentiment set that I got from All That Scraps...love it! I thought this one was the perfect sentiment for this card, as I just love Tilda's slouch socks!!!
Well, there you have it!!! Whata ya think!? I guess it is starting to grow on me, smile!!!Thanks for stopping by and having a wee look!!! Hope you have a great weekend! I gotta clean like mad now!!!


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Do sunk costs of exporting matter for net export dynamics?
Download full text from publisher
Other versions of this item:
- George Alessandria & Horag Choi, 2007. "Do Sunk Costs of Exporting Matter for Net Export Dynamics?," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 122(1), pages 289-336.
References listed on IDEAS
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- Linda Allen & Julapa Jagtiani, 1997.
"Risk and Market Segmentation in Financial Intermediaries' Returns,"
Journal of Financial Services Research,
Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 12(2), pages 159-173, October.
- Linda Allen & Julapa Jagtiani, 1996. "Risk and Market Segmentation in Financial Intermediaries' Returns," Center for Financial Institutions Working Papers 96-36, Wharton School Center for Financial Institutions, University of Pennsylvania.
- John H. Boyd & Stanley L. Graham, 1988. "The profitability and risk effects of allowing bank holding companies to merge with other financial firms: a simulation study," Quarterly Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, vol. 12(Spr), pages 3-20.
- Simon H. Kwan, 1998.
"Securities activities by commercial banking firms' Section 20 subsidiaries: risk, return and diversification benefits,"
Working Papers in Applied Economic Theory
98-10, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
- Simon H. Kwan, 1998. "Securities activities by commercial banking firms' section 20 subsidiaries: risk, return, and diversification benefits," Proceedings 609, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
- Robert B. Avery & Allen N. Berger, 1988.
"Risk-based capital and off-balance sheet activities,"
Finance and Economics Discussion Series
35, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.), revised 1988.
- Robert B. Avery & Allen N. Berger, 1988. "Risk-based capital and off-balance sheet activities," Proceedings 202, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
- Marcia Millon Cornett & Evren Ors & Hassan Tehranian, 2002. "Bank Performance around the Introduction of a Section 20 Subsidiary," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(1), pages 501-521, February.
- João Santos, 1998.
"Commercial Banks in the Securities Business: A Review,"
Journal of Financial Services Research,
Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 14(1), pages 35-60, July.
- Joao A. C. Santos, 1996. "Commercial banks in the securities business: a review," Working Papers (Old Series) 9610, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.
- João A. C. Santos, 1998. "Commercial banks in the securities business: A review," BIS Working Papers 56, Bank for International Settlements.
- Shanken, Jay, 1987. "Multivariate proxies and asset pricing relations : Living with the Roll critique," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 18(1), pages 91-110, March.
- Kwan, Simon H. & Eisenbeis, Robert A., 1995. "An analysis of inefficiencies in banking," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 19(3-4), pages 733-734, June.
- Bhargava, Rahul & Fraser, Donald R., 1998. "On the wealth and risk effects of commercial bank expansion into securities underwriting: An analysis of Section 20 subsidiaries1," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 22(4), pages 447-465, May.
- Black, Fischer, 1972. "Capital Market Equilibrium with Restricted Borrowing," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 45(3), pages 444-455, July.
More about this item
KeywordsForeign exchange rates; Exports;
NEP fieldsThis paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:
- NEP-DGE-2005-10-04 (Dynamic General Equilibrium)
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Singer/songwriter and music's rebellious girl Kesha (formerly Ke$ha) treaded the red carpet in style at Sunday night's 2014 Billboard Music Awards in Las Vegas.
The songstress wowed in a mermaid cut lace gown by Ines Di Santo. Kesha's rock girl look of sorts – pink hair, smoky makeup, a tan – was met with dramatic attire: black dress with nude underlay in an ultra-feminine shape. The look proved to be a successful mix of rebel meets sophisticate, the ultimate grand reentry for the singer after a brief hiatus from the entertainment scene.
We carry the bridal version of the same Ines Di Santo gown; it's exquisite. If you you love Kesha's look here, how about donning something with the same feel on your wedding day? Contact us; we'll be happy to assist!
(Above) Left: Kesha in Ines Di Santo at 2014 Billboard Music Awards on May 18, 2014 via Bauer-Griffin | Right: A look from Ines Di Santo's Fall 2014 Couture Collection; see more on the Lovella blog.
(Above) Kesha in Ines Di Santo at 2014 Billboard Music Awards on May 18, 2014 via Frazer Harrison for Getty Images.
(Above) Different views of the bridal version of Kesha's Ines Di Santo dress.


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By Jim Jordal
Blessed is he who considers the poor: Yahweh will deliver him in the day of evil. Yahweh will preserve him, and keep him alive, He shall be blessed on the earth, And he will not surrender him to the will of his enemies. Yahweh will sustain him on his sickbed, And restore him from his bed of illness.
Psalm 41:1-3 WEB
In a Time magazine article (Aug. 11, 2008) entitled "How to Fix Capitalism," recently-retired Microsoft CEO Bill Gates defines what he terms "creative capitalism" and calls for the corporate world to embrace the concept of acting for the social good as well as for their own bottom line.
Gates cites the historical role of capitalism as a growth engine that has brought economic betterment to huge sectors of society. That's the positive side. But he also mentions that "it [capitalism] has left out billions more. They have great needs, but they can't express those needs in ways that matter to markets."
What Gates is saying is that the market mechanism alone cannot satisfy basic requirements of the world's needy billions because free markets allocate goods and services only to those able to afford them. Thus, those persons or groups owning productive factors (resources, labor, capital, management) get rewarded for their input to the productive process, while those lacking access to these productive resources (or being unable to organize sufficiently to demand more for their services) largely fail to benefit from the overall distribution of goods and services. Thus we have a billion people living on less than $1 per day, and a second billion, on $2 daily. The simple truth is that they don't own anything the market values, so they receive no rewards in a market economy.
Since the underdeveloped world is transitioning rapidly from self-contained subsistence economies to market economies operating in the global context, the poor are left out. Their only options are to endure abject poverty, capture the attention of charitable groups so as to receive subsistence, overthrow the governments they view as oppressive, or to re-develop local subsistence economies to replace what they have lost to globalization.
But Gates sees another alternative: creative capitalism. He asks, "How can we most effectively spread the benefits of capitalism and the huge improvements in quality of life it can provide to people who have been left out?" He answers his own question by admitting that, while charity is helpful, it is too limited and too slow in reacting to human suffering. What is needed is an alliance between government, non-profits, and corporations to better channel the efforts of businesses and innovators into the area of relief for the world's economically marginalized billions.
Gates believes corporations can be recruited to this goal if they have the incentive of making money at it. The problem is, of course, that corporations often believe their only goal is to make profits for their shareholders, so altruistic efforts become lost in the consuming drive for increased profits. None other than the great guru of the Chicago school of free market economics, Milton Friedman, said that the only business of corporations is to make money. Any other considerations like social responsibility would have to go elsewhere for solution.
By its very nature, capitalism seeks to maximize profit by purchasing and combining the factors of production as cheaply and efficiently as possible. This creates a conflict between corporate efficiency and social responsibility—one usually resolved in favor of efficiency no matter what the cost in human terms. Thus we sometimes have massive environmental degradation, wages not sufficient to provide a decent living, and little care paid to worker health—all in the interests of producing as cheaply as possible.
Gates is doing what many advocates for human betterment do not do: He is putting vast resources from his own charitable foundation into the struggle. He also on occasion takes the bully pulpit provided by his position as one of the world's richest persons to speak for aiding the oppressed people, especially in the Developing World.
Gates is a persuasive speaker who puts his money where his mouth is. But more is needed. While I'm persuaded that increased social responsibility by business will help with the problems associated with poverty, I'm equally sure that business is not yet ready to put its full efforts behind Gates and his proposals.
So we will have more charity, but still no serious advocacy to address the reasons why poverty still remains an unsolved world dilemma.


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Tuesday with Lauren and then Jwheels Presents
Tuesday, May 21st @ 5PM PDT
Lauren is the greatest Second Life comic and she's sharing her mic with you. Bring a friend you won't regret it. Then at 6PM JWheels Presents Tamra Hayden
Jwheels Presents Tamra Hayden Live @ Lauren's Place
Tuesday, May 21st 6pm PDT
Tamra Hayden
There are lots of great voices in SL but very few who are as diversely talented. Tamra brings a great mix of Broadway, jazz and her own originals to any stage she graces. Bring a friend and enjoy, you won't regret it.
Jwheels Presents David Csiszer Live from Nashville Music Row
Wednesday, May 22nd, 5pm PDT
David Csiszer
Songwriter/Singer/Multi-Instrumentalist David Csiszer delivers an unique array of original songs as well as classic cover tunes ranging from alternative & acoustic rock to blues & jazz. Follow the journey with David as he performs some favorites from various groups such as Coldplay, Zepplin, Chilli Peppers, STP, and Stone Sour.
Jwheels Presents AM Forte Live from Nashville Music Row
Friday, May 24th, 6pm PDT
AM Forte
With Punk/Rock/Pop flairs,and influences that include, U2, Nirvana, RadioHead, Alanis Morrissette, Coldplay, MCR, AAR,Placebo, The Cranberries, Our Lady Peace and Elliott Smith., AM also plays originals, and her cover tunes are songs she has taken and made her own.


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There are thousands of ways to promote a small business, and some of the best don't even require much spending. Our Best Marketer Award salutes the company that demonstrates the most innovative and impactful integrated marketing initiative executed in BC. Through a multi-channel approach, this business demonstrates creativity and increases customer engagement. The award is assessed on the following criteria:
- Integration: The business has successfully developed and executed an integrated marketing strategy with proven positive results, using both digital and offline tactics. Mediums may include, but are not limited to, traditional advertising, public relations, social media, content marketing, SEO, digital advertising, e-communications, contesting, video, etc.
- Creativity: The marketing campaign(s) have demonstrated creativity, originality, polish and appeal. The company has taken a unique approach to achieving their business objectives.
- Engagement: Clients/customers/community have been effectively engaged through the campaign(s), and positive results can be proven through metrics, such as impressions, clicks, conversion rates, ROI, web traffic, walk-ins, etc.
Last year, Vancouver's Two Wheel Gear clinched the award for their bold and memorable approach to marketing their range of products designed for bicycle commuters. Two Wheel Gear invented the bike suit bag in 1999. Their innovation grew into a premium brand of specialized bags and panniers for bike commuters. Today, their brand has developed a cult following and is carried across Canada in retail giants like MEC. Who will follow in their footsteps in 2019? Here are the Top 10 Semi-Finalists for the Best Marketer Award:
Claris Media, Fernie
Claris Media Inc. is a design and publishing company located in Fernie, BC. Owners Krista Turcasso and Vanessa Croome have built a successful and award-winning business which includes graphic design services, content development, editing and publishing specializing in layout and publication production. Claris Media produces the Fernie Fix monthly magazine and seasonal guides, and has an extensive client list from both near and far.
Get Clear Consulting, Abbotsford
Get Clear Consulting is a team of professionals who love creating beautiful and clear marketing material for businesses. With a diverse team like this, there are few problems they can't solve (when it comes to marketing, that is). Founder, Jon Morrison, started Get Clear Consulting at the end of 2017 and has built it into a full-scale marketing agency in just a year. His team is all based out of B.C. but works remotely and serves businesses all over the world.
blueberrycloud, North Vancouver
Operating since 2014, blueberrycloud is a full-service digital marketing firm based out of North Vancouver. They are champions for full transparency in digital marketing, using a trusted network of contractors to deliver their range of services.
Array Web + Creative, Nanaimo
Kipling Media Ltd, Vancouver
Kipling Media comprises of a team of dedicated no-frill Canadian marketers that takes pride in their non-conformist, cavalier ways. A good marketing strategy goes against the flow, not with it. It makes you stand out from the crowd. As a result, Kipling is always learning new methods, pushing digital boundaries to give unparalleled design, websites and marketing to their clients.
Longevity Graphics, Coquitlam
Since 2001, Longevity Graphics has been designing successful websites and implementing internet marketing strategies by providing across-the-board internet services to businesses looking to take advantage of online marketing potential. They are an internet marketing, website design, and development solution provider helping businesses to establish their web presence.
SUVA Beauty, Surrey
With a colorful plethora of eye shadow shades, pre-made and custom-made palettes and Hydra Liners, SUVA Beauty is a proud global business with retailers in over 30 diverse countries. Such success is attributed to SUVA Beauty's Founder and CEO, Shaina Azad, who strove to create a brand that represented her cosmetic artistry and personal style.
SYN Interactive, Vancouver
SYN Interactive is a full-service marketing agency. They exist at the intersection of creativity and technology to deliver excellent experiences and innovation. The business' number one goal is to help clients grow by creating tailored marketing plans and eye-catching content.
Town Hall Brands, Vancouver
For more than 21 years, Town Hall Brands has been producing memorable projects that impact the public and help bring names to the tips of Canadian tongues. Leeann Froese and Andrew von Rosen head Town Hall Brands, supported by a smart, dedicated, and hardworking team. The concept of the town hall—the place people gather to exchange and share valuable ideas and information—forms the foundation. They are a lifestyle destination and deliver projects that inspire and celebrate the good life.
KIMBO Design Inc. Vancouver
The team at KIMBO Design solves complex problems through innovative thinking and smart design. They are leaders in sustainable design and understand the importance of solutions geared to each of their client's specific creative needs.
Buy Tickets
The Small Business BC Awards Gala will bring together over 600 small business owners, supporters, providers and government officials to network at a glittering reception and enjoy a three-course dinner, as we announce the winners of this year's awards.
Hosted by a special guest Emcee, this is THE event where small businesses are acknowledged for their outstanding achievements and contributions to their community and the BC economy.
Join us as we raise a glass in honour of the small businesses, on their night to shine on the podium.


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In terms of musical history, you really can't overlook John Cage. I remember taking a class on the history of American music in college, and composers like Cage were a big part of the twentieth century coverage.
The first thing to get out of the way here is that this is not the Mark Robertson led band of the same name. While that band hails from the USA, this act is based in the UK.
This new set from Franck Carducci is very strong. It leans toward hard rocking AOR sounds, but there is plenty of pure progressive rock built into it to please the prog heads.
Colin Carter is probably best known as the lead singer in the progressive rock band Flash. This is his new solo album.
I know these guys get billed as prog in some circles. They are probably better described as dark electronic music. .
This is an unusual set to say the least. The music here is all based on Cole Porter's songs, but the arrangements are all new and original.
This is an intriguing set. Most of the lyrics are in languages other than English.
This EP consists of three songs. They are all instrumental and quite interesting.
This is quite a cool album. It's very much a symphonic prog album in a lot of ways.
Some might argue with landing this under progressive rock. Surely, it's on the AOR side of that equation.
This is a retro review of a disc from Citizen K. I reviewed the act's newest disc recently, making it a good idea to have a look at this double disc set.
The latest album from the Aaron Clift Experiment, there is quite a wide range of music here. While it all falls under the general "progressive rock" heading, this references different sides of that sound at different points.
This act is an ambient project that started as an off-shoot of the band Poor Genetic Material. Just that connection would probably have landed this in the progressive rock section of Music Street Journal, but the music here qualifies on its own.
Cobweb Strange (Wade Summerlin, Derek Rinehart and Keith Rinehart) dish out an intriguingly dark album with solid helpings of both metal and prog styles. For ordering info, email the band firstname.lastname@example.com . Tell them that you read about it here.
This new release is a deluxe reissue of an old album from Colosseum. There is a second CD with bonus tracks and to some degree, I think I like that disc better. .
This is a new reissue of a classic album from the 1970s. The lineup here features Gary Moore on guitars, Don Airey on keyboards along with John Mole on bass and Jon Hiseman on drums.
I've not heard of this act before, but apparently they have a cult following. This album was their debut, and it was released in 1971.
Whether this belongs under progressive rock or not probably ties into whether you think Synergy or Kraftwerk fit under prog. Personally, I do, but I could see people disagreeing with that.
I've landed this under progressive rock. It's not precisely a tight fit.
Here at Music Street Journal we've previously reviewed some music from this artist in the past. In that case Jean-Sebastien Cote was one member of a group, Crashride.
I have reviewed this act in the past and always landed them under progressive rock. I'm going to do the same this time, but don't expect traditional prog rock here.
This is a compilation disc featuring various single edits from Ben Craven. I'll bet you got that from the title, right?
David Cross is probably best known for his work with King Crimson. He's done a lot more than that, though.
To many David Cross is probably best known for his tenure in King Crimson. The fact of the matter is, beyond that he's produced some pretty amazing and wide-reaching music.
Before I gave this disc a spin, I was expecting something very different than what it turned out to be. For some reason I thought this would be particularly mellow and restful music.
Peter Banks was the original guitarist in Yes, formed the band Flash after that, and created solo music for years, in addition to other projects like his Empire band.
I'd consider this more art rock than progressive rock, but they both go under the same heading.
It should be noted that I previously reviewed music from this artist that was released under the name "Michael Cullen."
This is a new re-mastered edition of a classic Curved Air disc. The music on this is a great mix of folk prog, psychedelia and more hard driving prog.
This new Curved Air remaster release is classy. The first disc has the original album in its remastered glory along with one bonus track.
This is a great new release. It includes a remastered version of the Phantasmagoria album along with some extra tracks. If that was all you got, it would be worth having.
This new reissue from Curved Air is exceptional. First you get the entire second album.
This live disc from Curved Air features some cool performances. There is an extended instrumental piece at the end.
This is the debut album from a band out of Chicago. While their blend of progressive rock has plenty of ties to things that have come before, their approach to it feels quite new and fresh.
This new CD from the Chicago based progressive rock band The Cyberiam is five tracks, but one song. That's because that song is a multi-track epic that weighs in at over twenty-minutes of music.
This is not traditional progressive rock. That's for certain. These guys don't even call their act progressive rock.


text: The present article is a kind of field and historical research accomplished based on available historical and imagery sources aiming at clarifying the changes that have been taken place in patterns and designs of mentally-woven mazlagan carpet and its patterns and motifs categorization in recent century. In addition to the historical investigation based on written and unwritten sources, a field study was also conducted in Mazlagan village, to find out old carpets, take their picture and interview with the old and famous people in Saveh and Tehran market and finally by comparing the information and pictures, the changes in patterns and designs of mentally-woven Mazlagan carpet were determined. Then, based on the obtained results, an attempt has been made to categorize and classify patterns and designs of this mentally-woven carpet. The results indicated that the patterns and designs of Mazlagan carpet can be classified with regard to two perspectivess which are forms and motif models; visual and physical nature of motifs as well as application of these motifs in the body or in the borders into four categories of plants and forms or models. The plant category can be divided into single flowers, leaf, leaf and flower band, three leaf flowers and incoming flowers and the last category to three subcategories of multi-angles including three, four, five, six and ehight angles and forms consisting of panes and arrows ,toothed and elbows. Borders in Mazlagan carpet can be divided into four types of two dostkomi and first until third type Harati.


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New Care Propolis Plus is an extensive complex of nutrients of natural origin.
- Cats claw (Uncaria tomentosa) is a famous herb found in Central and South America, mainly in Peru. Cats claw has been used for hundreds of years the resistance.
- Vitamin C is an important vitamin for the immune system that supports the immune system.
- Elderberry extract helps to breathe more freely through the nose and keep the throat clean.
Dietary supplements should be taken. During pregnancy and lactation only after consulting your doctor or pharmacist
For a good help: 3 x 2 capsules daily for 7-10 days
Maintenance dose: 3 x 1 capsule daily
Do not exceed the recommended dose.
Suggested use for children:
1-5 years half a capsule per day (somewhere by mixing)
5-12 years 1 x 1 capsule daily, preferably at bedtime
> 12 years 2 x 1 capsule daily


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Guest blog for Sixty Marketing:
It's time to retire the term 'content is king', because today it's the quality of your content you should be focused on, rather than how much of it you can churn out.
It used to be that you could get away with any old mediocre content so long as you stuffed it with a bunch of keywords.
Times have changed.
These days, more content doesn't equal better results for your traffic or sales, leads or advertising revenue. In fact, publishing a lot of low-quality content now means you're liable to land in Google's bad books and not rank your pages.
We'll look at some case studies that show you why things have changed, as well as offer some tips on how to run a successful content audit on your site, so you can be sure that you're offering your customers only the best and most relevant content.
Eliminating keyword cannibalisation
Keyword cannibalisation is when you have several articles that target or compete for the same keyword. This can be a common problem for larger sites that regularly blog.
Big companies are likely to have multiple people writing their content and they will naturally write blogs that appeal to the most obvious or popular keywords. The trouble with this approach is that you may end up encountering competition from your own blog posts.
If you have multiple pages on a site that are optimised for the same terms, then all of your articles may wind up being devalued and Google will instead give preference to other businesses in their search engine results pages.
Below is a case study from AHREFS that shows how they dealt with their keyword cannibalisation problem and also increased their search traffic by 51% using a process called the 'Merger Method'.
AHREFS merged together the content of three similarly themed blog posts that all shared the same keyword. They took their existing average content and rewrote it, adding better data and creating the very best content they could to make sure they had the ultimate resource for that particular keyword on the web.
Here are the steps AHREFS took (and which you can also follow) to improve their content and solve their keyword cannibalisation problem:
- Identified similar content on their site by using a 'site.domain.com keyword' search in Google. (You could also use Google Analytics under the page views report.)
- Analyzed traffic levels of competing pages in order to discover which ones were doing well and which weren't.
- Rewrote the best article to include aspects of the other posts to make one 'best' post.
- 301 redirect the URLs of the weaker articles to the new post. (These should also be on the same URL as the previous best post.)
- Finally, they monitored traffic to their posts to see what effect these changes had. According to AHREFS, the changes netter them a huge increase in traffic, with the new post garnering them more traffic than the 3 old posts combined.
Get rid of out-of-date or irrelevant content
If your site's been around for a while, it's likely you've picked up old and outdated content that's no longer relevant or accurate. This might not sound like it's too much of a big deal, but thin or poor quality content can actually be harming your site.
Since 2011, Google Panda has been patrolling the web for poor quality content and penalising sites that produce thin content. Google Panda has undergone many successive updates and is now firmly baked into Google's core algorithm.
As a result of this, it can be harder to spot issues. Therefore a content audit is generally necessary to identify and resolve issues, which could be occurring without your knowledge.
To see how effective an audit review can be, let's look at a case study featuring Rick Ramos' work for Phase Design Studio:
Rick Ramos' main steps to improve Phase Design Studio's outdated content were as follows:
- Identified all unnecessary, irrelevant and out-of-date content.
- Came up with a list of timeless (evergreen) and relevant landing pages.
- Mapped 301 redirects from the list of old and underperforming landing pages.
As visitors were filtered through the up-to-date landing pages instead of the old low quality ones, Phase Design Studio saw an 8 percent rise in their leads, which isn't too shabby a return for just doing a little housekeeping on your site.
Identify topics your audience loves
The other advantage of content audits is that they are great for identifying trends in your content. For instance, you can see if your audience likes specific topics, or whether they prefer detailed case studies rather than interviews.
Once you identify trends you can start targeting your content better so that you don't waste your time creating blog posts that aren't going to appeal to your core audience.
A good way to identify what your audience like is simply to create a master spreadsheet. This document keeps track of all your content and also makes sure you aren't duplicating keywords. Ensure that everybody who writes content for you either has access to this document, or that you set strict briefs so your content writers aren't treading over well-worn ground.
You gain a lot of information and discover trends to manipulate by collating diverse data in one master spreadsheet. This data might be as simple as finding out which days of the week are the best for posting new content, or it could help you identify if there are any trends related to headline length vs. click-through rates on social media.
Matthew Barby took the bold step of analyzing one of his own blogs. His purpose was to figure out what worked and what didn't, so that he could maximise the potential of his blog in the future.
Here are the steps he used to analyze his blog:
- Performed a full crawl of his site with Screaming Frog, adding comprehensive link data from URL Profiler and adding it into one spreadsheet.
- Imported post categories for each URL. (It's worth noting that all this data probably won't make much sense until the next step.)
- Visualised the data using graphs for post categories vs. various metrics. For instance, referring domains vs. post category, social shares vs. post category, or publication date vs. social shares.
This method is very comprehensive and will provide you with a lot of data to work on. So why not follow Matthew's guide and apply his findings to your own content? What trends can you identify that can improve your performance?
Wrapping up
If you abandon the 'content is king' approach, you'll be able to focus on creating content that your customers are actually interested in reading rather than churning out stale, irrelevant or low-quality content.
The case studies in this article have shown that conducting a content review of your site is relatively low cost and easy, while implementing even just a few of these simple changes could dramatically increase your traffic and leads.