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Product Information
Engenia herbicide is a water-soluble herbicide that provides postemergence and moderate rate-dependent residual control of many annual broadleaf weeds. Engenia is also active on many biennial and perennial broadleaf weeds as well as woody brush and vines (refer to Table 1 for weeds controlled or suppressed).
Engenia can be used in specific field and row crops, fallow and postharvest croplands, and sod farms. Engenia does not control grass weeds and must be used sequentially or tank mixed with a grass herbicide for a complete weed control program. See Tank Mixing Information section for important information on herbicide tank mixes or Crop-specific Information section(s) for recommendations on sequential programs.
Product Stewardship Practices
- Apply Engenia herbicide to weeds 4 inches or less in size for best performance.
- Apply Engenia at the labeled rate. DO NOT apply at less than the labeled rate.
- Use Engenia as part of a herbicide program that includes the use of residual herbicides and herbicides with alternate sites of action to reduce resistance selection pressure.
- Select only EPA-approved nozzles that produce extremely coarse to ultra-coarse spray droplets. See www.engeniatankmix.com for the list of nozzles approved for use with this product.
- Maintain boom height 24 inches or less from target.
- Identify areas of sensitive nontarget plants and maintain proper setback distance from these areas.
- Thoroughly clean spray equipment before and after application.
Mode of Action
Dicamba, the active ingredient in Engenia, is a Group 4 (WSSA) herbicide. Herbicides in this group mimic auxin (a plant hormone) resulting in a hormone imbalance in sensitive plants that interferes with normal plant growth (e.g. cell division, cell enlargement, and protein synthesis).
Engenia is readily absorbed by leaves, roots, and shoots; translocates throughout the plant; and accumulates in areas of active growth to provide postemergence control of emerged weeds as well as moderate residual control of germinating weed seeds.
Any weed population may contain plants naturally resistant to Group 4 herbicides. Weeds resistant to Group 4 herbicides may be effectively managed using herbicide(s) from a different group and/or by using cultural or mechanical practices. Report any incidence of non-performance of this product against a particular weed species at www.EngeniaQuestions.com. Consult your local BASF representative, state cooperative extension service, professional consultants, or other qualified authority to determine appropriate actions if you suspect resistant weeds. Additional information about weeds which are known to be resistant to dicamba can be found at www.Resistance-Information.BASF.US.
Resistance Management
While weed resistance to Group 4 herbicides is infrequent, populations of resistant biotypes are known to exist. Resistance management should be part of a diversified weed control strategy that integrates multiple options including chemical, cultural, and mechanical (tillage) control tactics. Cultural control tactics include crop rotation, proper fertilizer placement, optimum seeding rate/row spacing, and timely tillage.
To aid in the prevention of developing weeds resistant to this product, the following steps should be followed where practical:
- Start clean with tillage or an effective burndown herbicide program.
- DO NOT rely on a single herbicide site of action for weed control during the growing season.
- Scout fields before application to ensure herbicides and rates will be appropriate for the weed species and weed sizes present.
- Apply full labeled rates of Engenia for the most difficult-to-control weed in the field at the specified time (correct weed size) to minimize weed escapes.
- Use of preemergence herbicides that provide soil residual control of broadleaf and grass weeds is recommended to reduce early season weed competition and allow for more timely in-crop postemergence herbicide applications.
- Avoid application of herbicides with the same site of action more than twice a season.
- Scout fields after application to detect weed escapes or shifts in weed species.
- Report any incidence of non-performance of this product against a particular weed species to your BASF retailer, representative or online at www.EngeniaQuestions.com.
- If resistance is suspected, treat weed escapes with a herbicide having a mode of action other than Group 4 and/or use non-chemical methods to remove escapes, as is practical, with the goal of preventing further seed production.
- For more information about weeds that are known to be resistant to dicamba go to www.Resistance-Information.BASF.US.
Additionally, users should follow as many of the following herbicide resistance management practices as is practical:
- Use a broad spectrum soil-applied herbicide with other modes of action as a foundation in a weed control program.
- Utilize sequential applications of herbicides with alternative modes of action.
- Rotate the use of this product with non-Group 4 herbicides.
- Avoid making more than two applications of Engenia and any other Group 4 herbicides within a single growing season unless mixed with another mechanism of action with an overlapping spectrum for the difficult-to-control weeds.
- Incorporate non-chemical weed control practices, such as mechanical cultivation, crop rotation, cover crops and weed-free crop seeds, as part of an integrated weed control program.
- Thoroughly clean plant residues from equipment before and after leaving fields suspected to contain resistant weeds.
- Manage weeds in and around fields during and after harvest to reduce weed seed production.
- Contact the local agricultural extension service, BASF representative, ag retailer or crop consultant for further guidance on weed control practices as needed.
Crop Tolerance
Crops growing under normal environmental conditions are tolerant to Engenia herbicide when applied according to label directions. Crop injury may occur under stressful growing conditions (e.g. low soil fertility, seedling disease, extreme hot or cold weather, excessive moisture, high soil pH, high soil salt concentration, drought).
Application Instructions
Apply Engenia by ground to actively growing weeds as a band, broadcast, or spot spray application for postemergence control of emerged weeds as well as moderate residual control of germinating weed seeds.
Make postemergence applications of Engenia when broadleaf weeds are small and actively growing. An adjuvant is recommended with Engenia for best postemergence activity; refer to Tank Mixing Information section and crop-specific information sections for details.
Postemergence activity may be slowed or reduced under cloudy and/or foggy or cooler weather conditions, or when weeds are growing under drought or other stress conditions.
When targeting dense weed populations and/or larger broadleaf weeds, use higher spray volumes and a higher application rate within an application rate range. Cultivation should be delayed until 7 days after applying Engenia or a reduction in weed control may occur.
Use extreme care when applying Engenia to prevent injury to desirable plants. Engenia may cause injury to desirable sensitive plants when contacting their roots, stems, or foliage.
Application Methods and Equipment
Apply Engenia herbicide by ground. Thorough spray coverage is important for best broadleaf weed control and can be improved with adjuvant, nozzle, and spray volume selection.
Calibrate application equipment for accurate target spray volume and application rate to ensure uniform distribution of spray and to avoid spray drift to nontarget areas. Adjust equipment to maintain continuous agitation during spraying with good mechanical or bypass agitation. Avoid overlaps that will increase rates above the labeled use rates.
Engenia may be applied using water; consult crop-specific information sections of the label for other spray carrier options.
Ground Application
Banding Applications
When applying Engenia by banding, use the formula (see Label) to calculate the amount of herbicide and water volume needed.
Broadcast Applications
Unless noted in the crop-specific information section, use a spray volume of 10 or more gallons of water per treated acre. Thorough coverage of existing vegetation is essential for postemergence applications; higher spray volumes may be necessary for optimum performance.
Wiper Applications
Engenia may be applied through wiper application equipment to control or suppress actively growing broadleaf weeds, brush, and vines. Use a 50% solution containing 1 part Engenia to 1 part water.
- DO NOT apply more than 12.8 fl ozs/A of Engenia [0.5 lb dicamba acid equivalent (ae) per acre] per application.
- DO NOT contact desirable vegetation with herbicide solution. Wiper application may be made to crops (including pastures) and noncropland areas described in the label.
EXCEPTION: DO NOT use wiper application on non-dicamba-tolerant cotton or soybean.
Use Precautions
- Maximum Seasonal Use Rate - Refer to crop-specific information sections for maximum seasonal application rates for each crop or use pattern.
- Stress - Application to crops under stress because of lack of moisture, hail damage, flooding, herbicide injury, mechanical injury, or widely fluctuating temperatures may result in crop injury.
- Rainfast Period - Engenia is rainfast 4 hours after application. Postemergence activity may be reduced if rain or irrigation occurs within 4 hours of application.
Use Restrictions
Applicator MUST ALSO follow restrictions under Crop-specific Information section(s).
- DO NOT apply this product aerially.
- DO NOT apply Engenia with ammonium-containing additives, conditioners, or fertilizers (e.g. AMS, UAN). Small quantities of AMS can greatly increase the volatility potential of dicamba.
- DO NOT apply Engenia if rain is expected within 24 hours after application.
- Apply Engenia at wind speeds between 3 and 10 mph.
- Apply Engenia only during the following period: sunrise until sunset.
- DO NOT contaminate irrigation ditches or water used for domestic purposes.
- DO NOT apply Engenia through any type of irrigation system (e.g. chemigation).
- DO NOT tank mix Engenia with Lorsban insecticide.
Restrictions and Limitations
In order to apply Engenia to dicamba-tolerant cotton and dicamba-tolerant soybeans in Georgia, the following restrictions apply:
Spray Drift Management
A variety of factors including weather conditions (e.g., wind direction, wind speed, temperature, relative humidity) and method of application can influence pesticide drift. The applicator must evaluate all factors when applying this product.
Using Pesticides Wisely Training
The producer, certified applicator, or person responsible for the application of this product on dicamba-tolerant cotton and dicamba-tolerant soybeans, in-crop, must attend Using Pesticides Wisely training that is approved by the Georgia Department of Agriculture. For more information on this training, contact the Georgia Department of Agriculture at 404-656-4958 or your local County Cooperative Extension Service office.


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Every company wants to maximize the return on their talent. Labor is typically the single largest expense in an organization, but for good reason. The people truly make a difference and can be the deciding factor in whether a company gets phased out or rises to new levels of growth and prosperity.
Human resources information systems (HRIS) and other types of HR software have been increasingly adopted as companies have discovered how this technology assists with managing information and automating mundane record keeping tasks. Talent management systems fall into the array of HR software solutions now being offered, but focus more on certain aspects of HR management than other types of software.
What Are Talent Management Systems?
Talent management systems are designed to take care of four major facets of human resources: recruitment, performance management, training, and compensation. Talent management system vendors may offer all-in-one suites that contain modules for each facet, or may offer separate stand alone systems that can be purchased and integrated as needed.
In some cases, talent management systems may be part of larger systems containing more features and functionality, as well.
Benefits of Using Talent Management Systems
Keeping track of talent can help management to make strategic decisions regarding hiring, promotions, discipline, training, scheduling, and many other important daily tasks. By employing talent management systems, managers can see at a glance what – and who – is working. In short, talent management systems take the theoretic aspects of HR management and apply them in a way that produces real results within the organization.
Selecting a Talent Management System
If you've decided that a talent management system is right for your company, it's important that you select the solution that fits your needs and works with your company culture. Talent management system offerings are generally very similar, so having a plan during the research phase of your search can make a difference.
Ask for a Demo
A demo is a chance for you and some of your key stakeholders to see what the system looks like and to get some hands-on experience with using it. You can also ask questions of the vendor representative on the spot. Demos tend to be highly informative and can be a deciding factor in whether a system is bypassed or is moved on to later stages of the selection process.
Be Aware of Third Party Partnerships
Some vendors flaunt features that are available in theory, but must be handled by third parties – with additional fees. One common example is training modules, which may link to third party sites for the actual training videos and quizzes. Before purchasing a system, make sure that you know exactly what is included so that you're not surprised with extra fees later.
Rely on a Vendor Match Company
Vendor matching companies work with a number of different vendors, so they know the inside scoop on what is being offered. A vendor matching company will review your needs and use their experience to determine the talent management system vendor that will best meet those needs. This can save time and help match you with systems that you may not have discovered otherwise.
Authored by: Dave Rietsema

subset: commoncrawl


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In April, the Van der Valk hotel in Enschede hosted a meeting for Twente companies interested in doing business in Poland. Representatives from the Polish Embassy in The Hague and from Rzeszow, a city that resembles Enschede in terms of population and profile also attended the meeting. In September, this was answered by Enschede visiting Rzeszow. After talking with the mayor of Rzeszow, the delegation visited local companies from a space valley for some additional inspiration.
Over the past year, within various Polish networks, Enschede and Twente as a whole was presented as an interesting region for Polish entrepreneurs. In the new year, further acquisition of Polish companies will be continued, but also possible collaborations in the area of drones and sustainability.
Picture: Marcin Czepelak, Polish ambassador in The Netherlands (links) and Agnieszka Schipper, Manager Foreign investments Municipality Enschede.


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Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules signal infection or transformation by engaging receptors on T lymphocytes. The spatial organization of MHC-I on the plasma membranes is important for this engagement. We and others have shown that MHC-I molecules, like other membrane proteins, are not uniformly distributed, but occur in patches in the plasma membrane. Here, we describe the temporal details of MHC-I patch formation and combine them with the spatial details, which we have described earlier, to yield a comprehensive quantitative description of patch formation. MHC-I is delivered to the plasma membrane in clathrin-coated vesicles, arriving at a rate of ∼2.5×10−3 μm−1 min−1 (or about two arrivals per minute over the whole cell). The vesicles dock and fuse at non-random, apparently targeted, locations on the membrane and the newly delivered MHC-I molecules form patches that are a few hundred nanometers in diameter. The patches are maintained at steady state by a dynamic equilibrium between the rate of delivery and the rate of hindered diffusion of MHC-I molecules out of the patches (caused by components of the actin cytoskeleton).
Plasma membrane lipids and proteins are enriched within areas of the plasma membrane to form patches of different sizes (Vereb et al., 2003; Engelman, 2005). There are likely different mechanisms for patch formation on a variety of scales. Nanometer-scale patches have been variously proposed to arise due to differences in interaction energies among membrane proteins (Engelman, 2005) or to coupling of membrane lipids to the actin-based membrane cytoskeleton (Gowrishankar et al., 2012). At scales of 100s of nm, patches might be stabilized by constraints on lateral diffusion of their component molecules. Some of these constraints arise from physical barriers created by the actin mesh of the membrane skeleton (Sako and Kusumi, 1995), or by anchoring of membrane proteins to that skeleton (Feder et al., 1996).
In a series of studies, we have explored the propensity of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules to form patches. These type I transmembrane glycoproteins are expressed on virtually all mammalian cells and are a useful model for membrane proteins generally. Patches of MHC-I and MHC-II molecules are also specifically important in activating T-cell responses to antigen-presenting cells (Fooksman et al., 2006; Turley et al., 2000). We used super-resolution near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) (Hwang et al., 1998) as well as a deconvolution approach on conventional images (Tang and Edidin, 2001) to directly image immunostained MHC-I on the membrane, and found these patches to be 300–700 nm in diameter. We also estimated the number of molecules in a single patch to be 25–250, in good agreement with previous results (Hwang et al., 1998; Tang and Edidin, 2001).
MHC-I molecules diffuse in the plane of the plasma membrane, as measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and by single-particle tracking (SPT) (Yechiel and Edidin, 1987; Edidin et al., 1994; Kusumi and Sako, 1996). Hence, the persistence of patches containing hundreds of molecules was unexpected. To explain these patches, we proposed a quantitative dynamic model in which patches arise upon delivery of a bolus of newly synthesized MHC-I molecules by fusion of an exocytic vesicle with the cell surface, and disperse by lateral diffusion, hindered by the actin mesh of the membrane (Gheber and Edidin, 1999). Our model does not require lateral interactions between MHC-I molecules in a patch. Rather, the arrival of vesicles containing newly synthesized MHC-I to the membrane creates a high concentration at the site of vesicle fusion; this high concentration of MHC-I gradually decays by lateral diffusion of molecules hindered by dynamic barriers, while new vesicle arrivals maintain the distribution of MHC-I in patches at steady state. Computer simulations based on the model predicted that should barriers to diffusion be removed or vesicle trafficking hindered, membrane patches would decay towards a uniform distribution of MHC-I molecules on the cell membrane. Scaling the simulations to biological dimensions (based on literature values for vesicle trafficking, frequency of actin barriers opening and lateral diffusion), the lifetime of a single patch of MHC-I was predicted to be ∼20 s.
In order to validate our model, we directly measured patch lifetime by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) imaging of MHC-I–GFP, reporting a mean patch lifetime of ∼40 s in good agreement with the model prediction (Lavi et al., 2007). In these measurements, formation and dispersion of patches was seen as a sharp increase in fluorescence intensity (as a result of an exocytic vesicle fusion event) followed by an exponential decay (describing the dispersion of labeled molecules by diffusion across dynamic barriers). Observations of consecutive delivery events in the same position on the cell membrane pointed to the possibility that delivery might occur at specific, nonrandom sites on the membrane; such a scenario favors patching over the random location assumption of our model. We demonstrated the role of the actin cytoskeleton in maintaining MHC-I patches by treating the cells with actin-modulating toxins (Lavi et al., 2012). Stabilization and destabilization of actin filaments resulted in increased and decreased MHC-I patch lifetimes, respectively.
Supporting evidence for the importance of vesicle trafficking came from an experiment in which clathrin-mediated vesicle traffic was reduced by introducing a dominant-negative dynamin (a GTPase important for clathrin-mediated endocytosis) into cells (Tang and Edidin, 2001). The logic here was that cells in culture generally maintain a constant surface area at steady state, therefore internalization of membrane by endocytosis is compensated for by increased exocytosis (Houy et al., 2013; Patzak and Winkler, 1986; Smith and Neher, 1997). This is also seen at neuronal synapses (Haucke et al., 2011). Hence, inhibiting endocytosis was expected to decrease the rate of exocytosis of MHC-I molecules. Although the methods used previously only partially blocked vesicle traffic, they resulted in more diffuse patches, which could be attributable to MHC-I molecule diffusion away from a site of vesicle fusion in the absence of further delivery of more MHC-I to the cell surface. Although providing supporting evidence for the predicted importance of vesicle traffic in maintaining MHC-I patches at steady state, those measurements were performed on immunostained, fixed cells. In order to directly link the vesicle arrival rate and apparent size of patches, here, we use GFP-tagged MHC-I molecules and live imaging [in total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM), to exclude fluorescence from the cell cytoplasm], in order to count the number of delivery events in real time. After quantifying the arrival rate of vesicles trafficking MHC-I to the membrane in normal cells, we then reduce it by treating cells with increasing doses of the dynamin inhibitor Dynasore (Macia et al., 2006). Using Dynasore or a dominant-negative dynamin mutant (as in Tang and Edidin, 2001) has the same logic – slowing of the trafficking rate. However, using Dynasore in combination with live imaging and counting of delivery events allows us to unequivocally establish a dose-dependent control of the MHC-I delivery rate to the plasma membrane. Using this delivery-rate modulation approach, we further demonstrate that the reduction of delivery rate results in a proportional dispersion of patches.
Direct measurements of both the arrival rate of vesicles trafficking MHC-I and patch size demonstrates for the first time the existence of an inverse correlation between these two parameters. It demonstrates the prediction of the simulation-assisted model, according to which barriers to lateral diffusion alone are not sufficient to maintain MHC-I patches at steady state. A continuous delivery of new MHC-I molecules to the plasma membrane, at a specific rate, is essential. The size of observed patches at steady state is thus determined by a combination of delivery rate and escape rate over barriers to lateral diffusion. We also present evidence that, as is found in neuronal cells (Robinson et al., 1995), vesicles fuse with the surface membrane at specific hotspots.
Quantification of vesicle arrival at the plasma membrane
To quantify the arrival rate of vesicles trafficking MHC-I to the plasma membrane, a series of time-lapse images (a stack) was acquired, with equal exposure time per frame and a total sampling time of 8–12 min. Exposure time varied between 2 to 3 s per frame depending on the brightness of the cells under investigation; the time interval between consecutive frames was usually 1 s. To decrease the vesicle arrival rate, we used Dynasore, a potent inhibitor of dynamin-dependent endocytic pathways (clathrin-coated vesicles) (Macia et al., 2006) recently shown to also affect exocytosis (Jaiswal et al., 2009; Anantharam et al., 2011, 2012). Dynasore concentrations of 15 µM, 22 µM and 30 µM were used. The lowest concentration has been reported as the median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 15 µM (Macia et al., 2006); the highest is less than the concentration, 40 µM, known to disrupt cell functions, for instance by destabilizing F-actin (Yamada et al., 2009). We analyzed the four different treatment groups (see Materials and Methods, arrival rate analysis) and produced distributions of arrival rates for each group (Fig. 1A–D). All four distributions were positively skewed; the means and modes of the distributions are given in Fig. 1F. From these distributions the mean vesicle arrival rate was calculated as 2.67×10−3 arrivals/μm2 min with an average sampled cell area of ∼700 µm2, or ∼2.0 arrivals per cell every minute. The skewed distributions were log transformed to obtain approximately normal distributions (Fig. S1A). The means of the transformed data for the four treatment groups were compared and found to be significantly different from each other (one-way ANOVA, followed by Holm-Sidak multiple comparison test, P<0.0001, Fig. 1E).
Assessment of patch size
To measure patch size, we used an image (2D) autocorrelation approach, as described in the Materials and Methods. The distribution of patch sizes for each of the four treatment groups is presented in Fig. 2A–D. The mean patch size in cells treated with 30 µM Dynasore is significantly larger than that of all other groups (P<0.0001); the mean patch size in cells treated with 15 µM Dynasore group is significantly larger than that of the untreated cells (P<0.05) (one-way ANOVA followed by Holm-Sidak multiple comparison test, Fig. 2E). The difference between the observed mean patch sizes of cells treated with 15 µM Dynasore and cells treated with 22 µM Dynasore is not statistically significant, consistent with the fact that patch sizes approach the diffraction limit of our system, so that small changes cannot be resolved. However, the trend of increased patch size with increased Dynasore concentration is evident.
Sites of MHC-I delivery
In order to determine whether delivery of MHC-I to the surface occurs at random positions, or specific 'hotspots', we photobleached a large area of a cell, 'erasing' the MHC-I present on the plasma membrane, and followed the appearance of patches of newly delivered GFP–MHC-I. About one-third of an imaged cell was photobleached, and fluorescence recovery was monitored for a total of 20 min, at 20-s intervals (Fig. 3A). In the recovered image (representing the maximal recovery after bleaching), it is easy to observe that the MHC-I is still distributed in patches. To qualitatively assess whether the newly formed patches are located at the same positions as the old (photobleached) ones, we aligned the image of the cell after full recovery ('recovered' image) to the image of the cell prior to photobleaching ('prebleach' image). Alignment was achieved by implementing a cross-correlation procedure yielding the relative displacement between the two images (see Materials and Methods). Then, the 'prebleach' image was pseudo-colored red, and the 'recovered' image was pseudo-colored green (Fig. 3B,C).
The two images were then superimposed, creating a colocalization image (Fig. 3D). The overlaid image shows red, green and yellow areas corresponding to non-recovered (existed before but do not exist after photobleaching), newly formed (did not exist before but do exist after photobleaching) and recovered patches (existed before and exist after photobleaching). To quantitatively describe the extent of recovery, the number of recovered patches in the recovered image that colocalize with a mask obtained from the prebleach image was counted. Having analyzed 21 different series in such a way, we obtained a distribution of the 'percentage recovery' of patch positions. Fitting a normal distribution to our data, we obtain a mean recovery fraction of 85.2±7.7% (mean±s.d.) (Fig. 3E). These results strongly indicate that the majority of MHC-I-containing vesicles are targeted to specific, non-random locations on the plasma membrane.
Assessing the diffusion coefficient for GFP-tagged H-2Ld molecules by recovery simulations
We used our recently developed FRAP analysis method, 'simFRAP' (Blumenthal et al., 2015), to extract the diffusion coefficient of tagged MHC-I molecules on the cell membrane using the same 21 series acquired for the analysis described in the above section. The resulting mean±s.d. diffusion coefficient was 1.13±0.1×10−9 cm2/s, in good agreement with obstructed diffusion regime (DMacro) of MHC-I molecules in the plasma membrane (Edidin, 1987). The simFRAP algorithm receives a multiple-frame TIFF file, representing the experiment as input and simulates the (pure) diffusion of the fluorescent probes (2D random walk) starting with the first post-bleach frame of the actual data as its implicit boundary and initial conditions. Comparing the real recovery data (Fig. 4, closed circles) with simulated data (Fig. 4, blue dots) it is clear that the first ∼9 min of recovery are very well described by pure lateral diffusion (of unbleached molecules from the approximate two-thirds of the cell that was unbleached, into the approximate one-third of the cell that was bleached). The experimental data after ∼9 min (9.1±2.3 min, n=9) show higher recovery of fluorescence than predicted by pure diffusion.
The mechanism behind the formation and persistence of dynamic MHC-I patches allows control over immune-presentation to T-cells. Although past work has unraveled major parts of the mechanism behind patching, allowing the formation of a model explaining the creation and persistence of MHC-I patches in steady-state, several parameters of the model were not examined experimentally. Here, we have measured these parameters and further expanded our model.
As predicted by our model, the trafficking of MHC-I to the membrane via vesicles is crucial for the dynamics of MHC-I patch formation. Vesicle arrival events were quantified and found to be ∼2 arrivals per cell every min. Previously reported data suggests an expected vesicle arrival rate of ∼30 arrivals per cell every min for all exocytic vesicles (Jaiswal et al., 2009). Comparison of the two values suggests that a substantial fraction of exocytic vesicles are trafficking MHC-I molecules in our transfected cells. The effects of Dynasore, a small molecule that inhibits the activity of dynamin, on patch dynamics was determined and it was found to be an effective tool for manipulating (reducing) vesicle arrival rate. Quantification of vesicle arrival rates allowed for a direct measurement of the effects of Dynasore, clearly showing that the arrival rate of MHC-I decreases as the concentration of Dynasore increases. Dynasore is a drug that inhibits the clathrin-coated vesicle mechanism, thus is implicated in hindering endocytosis. However, results from a number of laboratories implicate dynamin in exocytic events (Jaiswal et al., 2009; Anantharam et al., 2011, 2012). Hence, Dynasore-mediated modulation of vesicle traffic might be both indirect, through its effects on endocytosis, and direct, through its effects on exocytosis. Regardless of the mechanism involved, our model assumed equal exocytosis and endocytosis rates, to ensure a constant cell surface, and this phenomenon is supported by the fact that no increase in the cell surface is observed over the timecourse of our measurements, and that fluorescence intensity does not continuously increase (which would be the case if MHC-I is delivered at higher rates than it is internalized). We chose to count only exocytosis events because of technical considerations: detection of a sharp local increase in fluorescence intensity is much more reliable than a local decrease, which might easily drop into the experimental noise of the system. We postulate, however (based on the arguments presented above) that endocytosis occurs at the same rates as exocytosis.
Measuring apparent patch sizes following treatment with different Dynasore concentrations showed that the mean patch size increases with Dynasore concentration, in agreement with previously reported data using other methods to slow vesicle traffic (Tang and Edidin, 2001). Here, a spatial (2D) autocorrelation procedure was used to measure the average size of patches in a cropped image. Each single cell image was cropped into several smaller images (crops), in order to exclude background (which tremendously influences the results of autocorrelation). Consequently, the graphs in Fig. 2A–D depict a distribution of patch sizes obtained from hundreds of different crops made from tens of cell images, averaging thousands of patches for each treatment. The ability to average such numbers of patches makes the autocorrelation approach much more reliable and bias-free compared to manually measuring individual patches. The resulting patch size distributions show heterogeneity of patch sizes, similar for all treatments. The comparison between the means of these distributions shows a statistical difference between them, when cells are treated with different Dynasore concentrations.
Our model predicts that there is a relationship between MHC-I arrival rate and patch size. Although this was discussed previously (Tang and Edidin, 2003), the effect was demonstrated using either hypertonic medium treatment or dynamin mutant cells, and in both cases cells were fixed and immunostained for MHC-I. Given that in fixed cells, one cannot quantify the arrival rate, these results can only be considered indirect supporting evidence for our model prediction. Here, we imaged live cells that express GFP-tagged MHC-I molecules using real-time TIRFM, allowing a direct measurement of both arrival rate and patch size on the same sample. Furthermore, replacing the hypertonic medium treatment or dynamin mutant with Dynasore treatment permits a dose–response measurement of the effect of arrival rate reduction on patch size. These changes in the experimental design allow us to show for the first time, the (inverse) correlation between these parameters (Fig. 5). The persistence of MHC-I patches at steady state was predicted to be a result of a combination of vesicle trafficking and escape over transient barriers to free diffusion (Gheber and Edidin, 1999). In the absence of an active mechanism that replenishes the local concentration, as MHC-I molecules diffuse away from the patches they disperse towards a uniform distribution on the membrane (Fig. S2). These results corroborate the prediction of our model and are the last step in the validation of our model. Along with our previous results (Lavi et al., 2007, 2013), we present a complete, comprehensive view on the spatio-temporal dynamics of MHC-I patches.
Our model assumes that sites of vesicle fusion are randomly distributed across the cell surface. Though this constitutes a worst-case scenario, given that it is the least favorable for maintaining patches at a steady state, simulations showed that patches form and persist even under these conditions. It is clear, however, that a non-random distribution of delivery sites will be a more favorable scenario for MHC-I patch formation. We used FRAP in order to compare patch distributions in the same large membrane area at two different time points, imaging patches, then 'erasing' the fluorescence by prolonged bleaching and then allowing patches to reform. We found that that ∼80% of MHC-I patches recover to the same location that patches were seen before bleaching. This means that vesicle traffic is targeted to specific locations on the membrane.
The data from our experiments contains information on diffusion of the MHC-I molecules. Though the experiment violates a number of the boundary conditions for conventional FRAP, we were able to use our recently developed simulation approach 'simFRAP' (Blumenthal et al., 2015) to extract diffusion coefficients. (The simFRAP algorithm is freely available as an ImageJ plugin at: http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/plugins/sim-frap/index.html). We found that recovery of patches after bleaching has two temporally separated components, diffusion in the early stages of recovery followed by an increase in intensity that is larger than expected from pure diffusion. We propose that the latter is a result of new fluorescent MHC-I molecules delivered to the cell surface.
The delay in this component of recovery, which is detectable at ∼9 min after bleaching, is due to the fact that the laser beam bleaches the whole depth of a cell. Therefore, besides surface molecules, trafficking vesicles loaded with fluorescent MHC-I molecules are bleached. Hence, new molecules arriving at the cell surface immediately after bleaching are not fluorescent and so do not contribute to the recovery of fluorescence measured by our probe beam. On the other hand, GFP–MHC-I molecules synthesized after photobleaching, or in areas not reached by the bleaching beam, once introduced into the delivery pathway make their way towards the plasma membrane. Therefore, the vesicles arriving to the membrane following the photobleaching event form a train of increasingly fluorescent vesicles (Fig. 6). This mechanism is also supported by the fact that we do not observe 'blinking' (sudden appearance) of patches after photobleaching, but instead a gradual increase in their intensity, as they form anew.
The observed recovery curve is therefore a sum of two increasing intensity profiles: one represents recovery by lateral diffusion from the unbleached portion of the cell and the second represents the gradual increase in fluorescence of delivered vesicles. The 'knee' at ∼9 min is the cross-over point from the predominant (fast) recovery by diffusion that is almost saturating (Fig. 7, red line), to the (slower) increase in fluorescence due to delivery of vesicles (Fig. 7, green line). The time for synthesis of H2-Ld exogenously expressed in L-cells and its traffic to the trans-Golgi network is in the order of tens of minutes (Zuniga and Hood, 1986). Analysis of the bleached area recovery suggests that the time scale for trafficking matured (endoH-resistant) MHC-I molecules to the plasma membrane is ∼10 min.
Overall, our results estimate the time for trafficking newly synthesized MHC-I molecules to the surface, the requirement for this trafficking to maintain patches of MHC-I molecules at the cell surfaces, and the selectivity, non-randomness, of sites for exocytosis. MHC-I molecules are typical type-I membrane proteins, and we suggest that our results for this molecule can be generalized for other transmembrane proteins, accounting for their distribution on the cell surface.
Cell culture
All reagents were purchased from Biological Industries (Kibbutz Beit Haemek, Israel) unless otherwise noted. Normal mouse fibroblasts [L-M(tk), ATCC CCL-1.3] expressing MHC-I, H-2Ld tagged with GFP (Marguet et al., 1999), were cultured in 250-ml tissue culture flasks (Cellstar, GrenierBio-One, Frickenhausen, Germany) at 37°C and 5% CO2 in Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium (RPMI-1640) without L-glutamine, with 10% fetal bovine serum and 0.22 mg/ml G418 (geneticin; Sigma, St Louis, MO). Cells were screened for contamination of mycoplasma. For microscopy, flasks were washed with 10 ml of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), then cells were detached from flasks by incubating in 2 ml trypsin EDTA 0.25% for 2 min at 37°C and centrifuging for 5 min at 280 g. Cells, in 5 ml medium, were then transferred to plastic petri dishes with glass coverslip inserts. After overnight incubation, medium was removed and dishes were gently rinsed three times with 5 ml of warmed (37°C) Hepes-buffered Hank's balanced salt solution. Cells treated with Dynasore (Sigma) were later incubated with warmed (37°C) 15 µM, 22 µM or 30 µM Dynasore solution for 30 min and then imaged for a maximum time of 45 min.
We used a homemade prism-based TIRFM system to image vesicle traffic. The system uses an argon ion laser (35 MAP 321, Melles Griot laser group, Carlsbad, CA) at 488 nm as the excitation light source. Cells were imaged with a SPOT charge-coupled device camera (Diagnostic Instruments, Sterling Heights, MI), mounted on a Zeiss (Oberkochen, Germany) Axioplan2 upright fluorescence microscope with a 40×0.8 N.A. water objective.
Total internal reflection illumination creates an evanescent field at the interface between glass and the cell membrane. The field decays exponentially into the cell with a penetration depth of ∼100 nm (Axelrod, 2008), thus exciting fluorescence primarily in the cell plasma membrane. In our instrument, fluorescence is excited in the lower membrane adhered to the glass, and emitted light is collected by an upright microscope. Fig. 8 compares the images obtained on the same cell in epi-fluorescence (Fig. 8A) and TIRFM (Fig. 8B). MHC-I patches are clearly visible in Fig. 8C, owing to the exclusion of fluorescence from within the cell volume. Both images are taken at the same focal plane. However, the exposure in Fig. 8A is much shorter, due to the bright fluorescence from the whole cell volume, which causes the cell edges to appear fuzzier.
Photobleaching was performed using a 100 mW solid-state laser (Laserglow technologies, Toronto, Ontario, Canada) emitting at 473 nm. The laser beam was attenuated by a neutral density filter (T=30%) to avoid damage to the cells, and entered the upright microscope through the epi-illumination port and was concentrated through the objective onto the sample. Laser burst time was controlled by a Transistor–Transistor Logic (TTL) 5 V signal created by a function generator (Tabor Electronics, Tel Hanan, Israel) set to a 1 Hz square wave.
Alignment using cross-correlation
In order to align an image series, we have calculated the 2D spatial cross correlation between consecutive frames. First, the (x,y) displacement of its maximum with respect to the origin (0,0) was determined. This displacement represents the spatial shift between the two images, therefore the second image was shifted by the (x,y) displacement values, thus aligning it to the first one. The procedure was repeated for the next pair of frames, until reaching the end of the stack. In the bleaching experiments, the same approach was implemented, using the unbleached part of the cell only. Then, these values are used to properly align the pre-bleach and post-bleach frames.
Arrival rate analysis
A sequence of images was taken; exposure time, frame number and total time of sampling were recorded. Individual cropped series were created for each cell and inputted into the image sequence time derivative algorithm (see below). The algorithm result was scanned frame by frame for suspected arrival events (SAEs). Given that fluorescence intensity reports the relative number of molecules, a peaking of intensity describes a vesicle arrival event, delivering new MHC-I molecules to the cell surface. In order to determine if a SAE is an arrival event, intensity versus time profiles were extracted from the SAE position. Following photobleaching and background correction, the time profile of each SAE was inspected against an arrival pattern (Lavi et al., 2007), a peak in intensity, suggesting an arrival event, followed by an exponential decay, characteristic of the obstructed diffusion of molecules outside the patch, with a previously reported characteristic decay time ('patch lifetime') of ∼40 s (Lavi et al., 2007) (see examples in Fig. 8D,E). Only arrival events verified according to this procedure were counted, and included in the calculation of arrival rate (arrivals/μm2 min).
Image sequence time derivative algorithm
A custom IDL algorithm (Interactive Data Language, Exelis, Boulder, CO, USA) was employed to produce a time derivative stack from an acquired stack of consecutive frames. The algorithm receives a stack (Fig. S3A) as input and implements three procedures on it: (1) alignment of all stack frames to the first one using a cross-correlation procedure; (2) reduction of peaking noise by implementation of a median filter on trios of frames; and (3) production of a new stack in which each frame is the difference of two consecutive frames (Fig. S3B).
Implementing a time derivative procedure on a stack of frames eliminates unchanged fluorescent areas from each frame, therefore removing static background. The newly created stack shows only the differences between two original consecutive frames, allowing the detection of low-signal arrival events (Fig. S3C). The algorithm can be obtained from the authors upon request.
Patch size algorithm
A custom IDL algorithm was employed to quickly extract the mean patch size from an image (Fig. S4A), using a procedure similar to in Hwang et al. (1998). The input frame is first cropped to several small images, in order to exclude background. Then, each individual crop is (2D) space-autocorrelated (Fig. S4B), and the result is radially averaged around the center of the frame (Fig. S4C). The intensity profile along the diameter of the averaged frame (Fig. S4C, red line) is extracted and fitted to a Gaussian curve (Fig. S4D, Gaussian curve in red). The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the fitted Gaussian curve is representative of the typical object size in the original crop (patch size) and is extracted in pixels. In order to receive the actual typical size, the algorithm uses a built-in calibration curve to translate the extracted FWHM (in pixels) to the actual typical object size (in µm). The (linear) calibration curve (Fig. S4E) was achieved by running the algorithm on synthetic images created with different known object sizes.
Hindering MHC-I vesicle trafficking to the membrane increases the apparent patch size
MHC-I molecules diffuse away from the patches by escaping past barriers to free diffusion. In the absence of an active mechanism that replenishes the local concentration of molecules in the patch (i.e. vesicle traffic), patches disperse towards a uniform distribution on the membrane. Comparison between synthetic spatial intensity profiles of typical patches from the four different groups (Fig. S2) shows the changes in patch profile once vesicle trafficking is reduced (as a result of Dynasore treatment). The synthetic intensity profiles are shown as Gaussian curves, approximating circular MHC-I patches on the membrane. As patches disperse, the same amount of MHC-I molecules is spread over a larger area, by diffusion. The Gaussian curves all cover the same area; however, their peak intensity decreases and their FWHM increases with increased Dynasore concentration.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing or financial interests.
Author contributions
D.B. performed the experiments, wrote the algorithms, analyzed the data, interpreted the experiments and wrote the manuscript. M.E. provided the fibroblast cells, provided experimental advice and support, and contributed to writing the manuscript. L.A.G. provided experimental advice, wrote the manuscript and provided funding support.
The authors gratefully acknowledge a grant from the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation [grant number 2009345]; this work was also partially supported by the Focal Technological Area program of the Israeli National Nanotechnology Initiative (INNI).
Supplementary information
Supplementary information available online at http://jcs.biologists.org/lookup/doi/10.1242/jcs.187112.supplemental
- Received February 4, 2016.
- Accepted July 21, 2016.
- © 2016. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd


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Our blog
incorporation of a business
January 06, 2015 | No Comments
Incorporating a business is where your trade is transferred to a company. This means there are changes in tax obligations when running and changing your business over from either a sole trade or partnership to a limited company.
When incorporating a business, the trade and assets must be transferred at open market value to a company controlled by the seller. Included in the assets may be some 'goodwill' – this is a value covering the business' reputation or customer relationships, as well as the value of continuing contracts.
Transferring the assets may create a capital gain which is taxable for the seller, as the assets' value will increase during the time they were used or created.
Capital gains tax will arise on the gains, but there are various reliefs that can be used to postpone or reduce the tax payable. One of these is entrepreneurs' relief, which can reduce the tax payable to just 10%.
Entrepreneurs' relief no longer applies to gains arising on the transfer of goodwill as part of an incorporation on or after 3 December 2014. It's still available to reduce tax from gains arising on other transferred assets, but not from the goodwill.
If you're thinking of incorporating your business, you'll need to consider which assets you'd like to transfer to the company, and which you'd rather leave in your own name. Transferring land and buildings often carries an additional cost in stamp duty land tax.
Planning the transaction well in advance is the best way to reduce any tax payable, so please do get in touch with us on 01782 279615 to discuss incorporation and the tax implications.


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In the 1980's I discovered the Sinclair ZX81 and then the Sinclair Spectrum. Even though I was still a teenager I could immediately see the potential for using these information machines to make media and artwork (and a lot of games!).
Then the Dark Forces moved in. I was introduced to Windows 95. BAD mistake. Is it any coinidence that what is running on a computer seems to reflect what is going on in your own mind ? Of course it is'nt, if you think about it. We only install, or put up with, on our computer what we would put up with in real life. The argument about "what is better Windows or Linux?" is often referred to as a "Religious Argument". Again, no coincidence pal !
Mark Shuttleworth, one of the leaders of the Ubuntu Linux Distribution obviously revels in bringing open source tools to individuals and struggling countries alike. This is the guy who went into space using money made in the dot com revolution. He evangelises about Open Source software.
This all may seem like some Geeky version of Paradise where we all run wild in our Linux Garden of Eden, but I think it reflects a greater process going on here. The Twentieth Century is over, but I think we're just starting to deal with and change the entrenched attitudes and ideas that have held back the Human Race for hundreds of years. We make advanced information machines .. why not use them properly ? The same with our own minds … "be careful what software you run in your brain" as a friend said to me (actually I paraphrase him .. thankyou John Whale). Text is the code .. you read it and it programs your brain. Actually I feel uncomfortable with that.. we are not computers. I'm just talking metaphors here. But "manipulated minds are making an escape" to quote a Hip Hop track I have.
Linux, The International Space Station, you could probably insert your own list here, but my point is … don't concentrate on the problem areas on this Planet at the moment. You'll just get sucked in ! There is no shame or guilt in "ignoring" those situations. As people roll along with this revolution then new ways of looking at things will be naturally discovered, new perspectives… THEN that will feed back into problem areas and change them .. for the better.
DJ Barney


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text: Bar leaders urge senior barristers to call out harassment and bullying Bar Council 2 min read15 May 2019 Member content Responding to the IBA's new report on sexual harassment and bullying in the legal profession, Sam Mercer, Head of Diversity & Inclusion and CSR at the Bar Council, said: "We have made clear that this behaviour is unacceptable, and are keen to see greater adoption of anti-bullying and harassment policies and uptake of training across the legal profession to address these issues. "The Bar Council is proactive on this agenda and we must continue to invest time and effort into tackling these issues. Leadership is key. We have developed a full programme of work designed for the chambers context - policies, guidance, training, and working with the regulator to support reporting, and those making a complaint. We have seen increased recognition and willingness to engage through our range of support services. Specific training, especially facilitating conversations on this topic in chambers proves helpful for those who have faced harassment and bullying and can help clear up concerns and confusion over what is and isn't acceptable behaviour. Most importantly however we find it gives members and staff permission to call unacceptable behaviours out." Richard Atkins QC, Chair of the Bar and Amanda Pinto QC, Vice-Chair of the Bar commented: "This is an extremely valuable report, which we encourage barristers and all in chambers to take the time to read. "The report makes 10 clear recommendations for action, all of which the Bar Council is already actively pursuing. This report however, is a reminder that we must all do more to tackle these wholly unacceptable behaviours. We continue to encourage members of the profession, particularly those in senior positions, to call out inappropriate behaviour. This report reminds us why this is so important." Related UK not 'slamming gate shut' with new post-Brexit migration system, Boris Johnson says By Matt Honeycombe-Foster 13 Jul


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July 13, 2018
Cardi B denies viral reports that claims Nicki Minaj gifted her baby $5k worth of gift
Media reports had it that Nicki Minaj gifted fellow rap super star, Cardi B's baby girl, Kulture Kaira Cephus with a $5,000 gift basket.
Sources at LA baby store Petit Trésor reportedly told The Blast that Nicki ordered the basket on Thursday after hearing news of Cardi's delivery.
The luxurious gift basket was reportedly shipped directly to Cardi and Offset's Atlanta residence. As many speculated, Nicki's gesture is an effort to permanently end the feud between herself and Cardi.
However, Cardi B has debunked report that she received a gift from Nicki Minaj.
Cardi B welcomed her first child with her husband Offset on Tuesday.


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We can help you, Coach, if you'll just let us know when the fuse is short.
If we had guessed how strongly you felt, we could have saved you from yourself on Saturday. Our advice would have been to wait until you accomplish something before picking a fuss with Tennessee football fans.
They are terrific people, loyal to a fault, forgiving of almost anything, patient for years in a digital era timed in nanoseconds.
Jeremy Pruitt, our new coach, was frustrated with how some Volunteers performed in the Orange and White Game and let it spill over onto the 60,000 or so who did not occupy empty seats at Neyland Stadium.
Beautiful day. No admission charge. Free parking. Biggest event in town, even bigger than the downtown sidewalk sideshow.
Some of my dependable barometers accepted the lightweight criticism as honest. We should have gone to the game. Some offered an alibi. After all we have been through, 37,816 was a very good crowd (UT estimate of 65-plus was wishful thinking).
One participant on the VolNation forum responded with a hot zinger. He said if Tennessee had hired Jon Gruden as coach, he would have paid for the privilege of attending the spring game. If Tennessee had chosen Mike Leach, he would have driven in for a freebie.
"To watch Pruitt, they would've had to pay me."
Far more fans are pleased to have a tough coach tell it like he thinks it is. Fans will be honest, too. Our record says if he recruits better players, we'll cheer. Win a few games and he will be appreciated in proportion to the numbers. Win some more and we'll name a street for him.
Coach Pruitt did almost nothing to "sell" the Orange and White Game. He did not permit media to watch spring practice. That created hollow shell reports with little or nothing to excite fans. The coach was careful not to mention names of players who were making progress. That led to more stories with nothing in them.
The coach didn't say anything to generate a buzz. His best news move was switching a wide receiver to cornerback. Goodness knows, he needed one but said he didn't, that the Vols have "plenty of talent" at that position.
The coach eliminated the pre-game autograph session, a reason for parents to bring children and a reason some children grow up to be Tennessee fans and buy orange caps and shirts and end-zone checkered overalls.
If you are keeping a score book, what the coach did or didn't do and why so many fans missed the game should be logged on the page titled Not Very Important.
Some things that happened on the sacred green of Shields-Watkins Field matter more. In the first-team offense against the first-team defense, Jarrett Guarantano exceeded expectations and is now the quarterback until further notice. He appeared bigger, stronger, more confident and more accurate than last November.
That there was no fear factor could have been relevant. Nobody was knocking him down and stepping on him.
The offensive line showed promise if not punch. That plus came at the expense of the defensive line which did not show as much.
Tight end Eli Wolf caught five passes for 63 yards and a touchdown. We won't know for sure if he can block defensive tackles until the West Virginia game. Josh Palmer caught three passes for 77 yards. He looked good or maybe the secondary wasn't very sharp.
Theo Jackson intercepted a Will McBride pass, returned it 49 yards and set up a touchdown. Kyle Phillips was honored as the most improved defender of the spring. Quarte Sapp, Nigel Warrior and Kivon Bennett also caught my eye on defense.
The coach has keener eyes. He was not happy with some things he saw. He said he still has to "figure out where we're at with some of these guys."
Jeremy also said: "The good thing is, in a couple of weeks, we'll have a bunch of guys that aren't on the injury report anymore. We'll have 14 new guys here, and maybe more. Some of these guys that don't want to do it right, don't want to do it right all the time, they'll just be watching."
Alas and alas, I suppose that means some will go away. Depth will become a greater problem. Coach may not like that.
Marvin West invites reader reaction. His address is firstname.lastname@example.com


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12 December marks Kenya's 54th year of independence. It is also the day on which opposition leader Raila Odinga intends to hold his own inauguration as the 'People's President', rival to re-elected President Uhuru Kenyatta. Without naming Odinga directly, Kenya's Attorney General Githu Muigai hinted at what may be in store for Odinga and his supporters when he posited that, as per the Constitution, anyone who partakes in the swearing-in of anyone except a duly elected winner of elections will be committing an act of treason. This still taut political situation sits atop a mixed bag of economic data exemplified by:
- Ratings agency concern over debt sustainability and the recent downward revision of 2017 World Bank growth forecasts (5.5% to 4.8%), citing inadequate institutional reforms and higher than expected spending.
- A post-election rebound in business activity. Stanbic's monthly Purchasing Managers Index for example, has shown a slowdown in the contraction that has characterised the months leading up to and following the election. Speaking with our analyst, a spokesman from the bank said that they expect the uptick to continue in to the New Year as many businesses return to full capacity and confidence returns. However, he also nuanced that 'many of the businesses we talk to are keeping a very keen eye on the potential flashpoint on Independence Day as that could spark another wave of protests, violence and market disruption'.
On the other side of the continent, Supreme Court decisions in Liberia and their reception by major stakeholders actually attenuate short-term political risk surrounding real estate and construction sectors. Specifically – the Supreme Court has rejected demands for a rerun of October general elections from the ruling Unity Party (UP) and third-placed opposition, the Liberty Party. All parties have accepted the judgement and the National Electoral Commission has been cleared to organise the second-round presidential election run-off between UP candidate Vice President Joseph Boakai and Senator George Weah of the Congress for Democratic Change (CDC). With a 10% margin veteran opposition leader and ex-footballer Weah looks closest to the finish line but it is far from given. In 2005, current President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf came from behind to defeat Weah.
For regional hegemon Nigeria too, though general elections are more than a year away, political developments eclipse policy making for now. Former vice president Atiku Abubakar has quit the ruling All Progressives Congress to re-join the opposition People's Democratic Party, from which he hopes to run for president in 2019. Abubakar is a somewhat polemical figure particularly vis-à-vis his governance record. Nevertheless, his defection gave the opposition early momentum going into its convention for the selection of party executives over the weekend.
Against this background, last week President Muhammadu Buhari took a two-day trip to northern Kano state in his core political base to send 'a clear message to the opposition' about popularity. Our forecast therefore continues to assume that government activity will be geared towards staying politically competitive ahead of the 2019 elections rather than economic reforms. For instance:


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Sera Cahoone may be a drummer by trade, but the Seattle musician is quickly making a name for herself as a singer-songwriter. The third release from her on Sub Pop in the past five years, Deer Creek Canyon, often finds the Colorado native looking homeward (as the title track indicates) on an intensely personal collection that also happens to be tuneful. We joined Cahoone and her band during soundcheck before a recent performance at the Doug Fir in Portland.
Watch more performances by Sera Cahoone on our YouTube page.
Audio recording/mixing: Steven Kray
Video editor: Jarratt Taylor
Videographers: Nate Sjol, Jarratt Taylor
Photos: Nathan Quigley
Executive Producer: David Christensen


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Spring 2009-Fall 2012
CSE 1002- Fundamentals of Software Development 2 (Lab)
Fall 2009
CSE 1001- Fundamentals of Software Development 1 (Lab)
Fall 2004-Spring 2009
Faculty member of University of Ahvaz. I taught these courses:
Artificial Intelligence (Book: Russel, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach)
Image Processing (Book: Gonzalez, Digital Image Processing Using Matlab)
Operating Systems (Book: Silberschatz, Operating System Concepts)
Theory of Formal Languages And Automata (Book: Linz, Introduction to formal language and automata)
Operating System Lab (Compile/Pach Ubuntu Kernel, IPC, etc.)
Programming courses with Java and C
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Emily Isherwood has announced that her debut EP Distant Television Studios which will be released on 19th July. After the success of her first single 'Calibrate' last year, Emily's been behind the scenes rustling up some new material. Her six track EP will feature an illustrious collection of new tunes along with a rework of one of her tunes released under her previous project, Nugget. This is undoubtedly one of my most anticipated releases of the summer, there will be a standard vinyl release along with a limited edition version which will feature a host of extra bits!
Click here to pre-order Distant Television Studios.


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Tag Archives: Church (building)
So much more than a building – the importance of Christian presence
Ruth Smith concludes her blog series about a declining church – and the need for new thinking and new ways. I recently had an interesting exchange which reminded me how easily language and how we use it can cause confusion … Continue reading
Posted in community, Ruth Smith Tagged Church, Church (building), community, declining church, local church 1 Comment
This week we have been at the Christian Resource Exhibition at Sandown, Esher. It is day three and I am sitting in a tiny little triangular corner between a banner and a wall, it is a cosy and quiet place … Continue reading
Posted in community, Katharine Welby, Pause for thought... Tagged Church, Church (building), community, Esher, exhibition, Love God, Sandown 1 Comment
Emergent Church in action with Robes
Mat Ray is a member of the Community Mission team, when asked about his experience of social action in the community he answered with this: What happens when an emergent church joins a traditional social action project? What does my … Continue reading
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The First International Very Special Arts Festival was held at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. in June of 1989. A television special of the event, bearing the preface title "From the Heart... ", aired on NBC on September 10.[1]
Jim Henson appeared with Kermit the Frog to sing "Bein' Green" with "Kerm-2," a frog puppet built and performed by Terry Angus. Henson collaborators Larry Grossman and Buz Kohan won a Primetime Emmy Award for music and lyrics on the special.
The inaugural event was hosted by George H. W. Bush, and also featured performances by Kenny Rogers, Melissa Manchester, Crystal Gayle, and Lauren Bacall.
- ↑ O'Connor, John J. "TV Weekend; Showing Off the Very Special Arts of the Disabled" The New York Times. September 8, 1989.


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The much-awaited and heralded launch of SpaceX's Starlink internet satellite constellation launched on Thursday. With the twice-flown Falcon 9 rocket on SLC-40 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, SpaceX deployed the first batch of 60 Starlink satellites. The launch was slightly delayed due to unacceptable Upper Level Winds scrubbed the first launch attempt. Then, a week ago, a requirement ... Read More »
Falcon Heavy most powerful space rocket on the world !
FALCON HEAVY Falcon Heavy is the most powerful operational rocket in the world by a factor of two. With the ability to lift into orbit nearly 64 metric tons (141,000 lb)—a mass greater than a 737 jetliner loaded with passengers, crew, luggage and fuel–Falcon Heavy can lift more than twice the payload of the next closest operational vehicle, the Delta ... Read More »
A Little Perspective on the New "9th Planet" (and the 10th, and the 11th)
By now you've probably heard the announcement that astronomers Konstantin Batygin and Mike Brown think they've tracked down "Planet 9," a long-rumored large world orbiting in the distant wilderness of the solar system. Even if you haven't heard, the news may sound familiar, since a confusingly similar but completely separate report made the rounds just a month ago. (Students of ... Read More »
Scientists at Large Hadron Collider hope to make contact with PARALLEL UNIVERSE in days
SCIENTISTS conducting a mindbending experiment at the Large Hadron Collider next week hope to connect with a PARALLEL UNIVERSE outside of our own. he staggeringly complex LHC 'atom smasher' at the CERN centre in Geneva, Switzerland, will be fired up to its highest energy levels ever in a bid to detect – or even create – miniature black holes. If ... Read More »
Will Einstein's General Relativity Break Under Extreme Conditions?
A century ago this year, a young Swiss physicist, who had already revolutionized physics with discoveries about the relationship between space and time, developed a radical new understanding of gravity. In 1915, Albert Einstein published his general theory of relativity, which described gravity as a fundamental property of space-time. He came up with a set of equations that relate the ... Read More »


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Old House of the 16th century in the heart of an old farmhouse, our gite of breton character has a capacity of 5-6 people.
4 bedrooms
Liveable floor area : 120m²
Ground surface : 600m²
- View : Not overlooked, country side, garden/park, courtyard, farmland
- Children welcome
- Setting : Natural, Country setting
- Sandy beach at 3km
- Pets accepted
- Exposure : South
Reviews about the Advert 33752
Advert details 33752
The Court, spacious enclosed front of the House, has a garage where you can shelter up to two cars and enjoy a washing machine. Behind the House, enjoy a walled garden of 600 m² with a terrace, a garden furniture and a barbecue. The ground floor includes a bar, a kitchen, a dining room and a living room with TV and fireplace. The kitchen was renovated in 2010. The mezzanine has a bedroom with a double bed (1, 60 m x 2 m) and a wardrobe, as well as a bathroom and WC separated. Access to the garden and the terrace is also at this level. The floor is decorated with antique furniture, the walls are wood paneling and parquet flooring. It has three rooms: a bedroom with 1 double bed, 1 Cot, a sink, 2 cabinets, table and 2 chairs: a small room with a single bed, a wardrobe, an office: one bedroom with 2 single beds and 1 bed (1 m 10) and a wardrobe.
Assets House
Interior Charming Typical House with View: not overlooked, country side, garden/park, ...
Exterior Gîte - Self Catering in Setting: natural, country setting
Rates Calendar Availability Gîte - Self Catering in Plouescat
Seasons & Availability Charming Typical House in Plouescat
Rates Charming Typical House in Plouescat
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Booking conditions
Leisure, Surroundings, Location Charming Typical House 33752
Leisure Plouescat - Finistère - Pays de Léon
The cottage is located in the town of Plouescat in northern Finistère (Pays de Léon). Many beaches (at 3km) can, depending on the tide, bathe, fish shellfish, marine sports in the Aquatics centre (sailing, sand yachting, sea kayaking, windsurfing and catamaran), or simply stroll in the dunes, on the sand, or to the port. The hamlet of the village (1 km) has shops, cinema, casino, restaurants, creperies and pizzerias... Enjoy guided tours, hiking trails, historic sites, tennis courts, library, and many events during the summer.
SurroundingsSeaside - Pays de Léon
Location AccessHouse Plouescat
Located between Brest (50km) and Morlaix (at 30km), the cottage is located in Plouescat 1 km all facilities.


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Blog Archives
Politics and Pink Flamingos
As the political season enters high gear, I have one recommendation—pray for the rapture.
During an election year it is easy to weary of political analysts on television, political commercials, and lawn sings promoting candidates and causes. Personally, I'd rather have a plastic pink flamingo in my front yard than one of those candidate lawn signs.
Of course there are serious issues for God's people to consider in preparation of voting in the upcoming election. Naturally, the economy is on the minds of most voters. Should we have an economy of confiscatory redistribution of wealth or one where ostensibly all boats rise on a rising sea of prosperity? Powerful political and economic forces vie for our votes in the hope of getting the type of economy that benefits their interests. What's a Christian to do?
One problem is that we the people have a tendency to cast our votes based on a tremendous variety of self-interests or superficial evaluations of the candidates. Ideally, conscientious voters weigh the issues and policy positions of the various candidates and cast their votes using the wits they have, keeping in mind the best interests of the entire nation. As admirable as this approach might seem, it isn't the end all for Christian voters. Why? For the answer let's look at Hosea 8: 4. In this Scripture the prophet Hosea is listing things that the nation of Israel was doing that displeased God. Here is one item on that list:
"They set up kings without my consent;
they choose princes without my approval. . . ."
Fast forward to today. Do we even bother to ask the Lord who we should vote for, or do we simply choose based on our own understanding, experiences, and worldview? When I pray about voting I don't expect God to speak through the rolling thunder the name of Romney or Obama. Nevertheless, God clearly takes an interest in the selection of leaders. He rightly expects to be included in the process.
Let's also look at 1 Timothy 2: 1-3:
"I urge, then, first of all, that petitions, prayers, intercession and thanksgiving be made for all people— for kings and all those in authority, that we may live peaceful and quiet lives in all godliness and holiness. This is good, and pleases God our Savior, . . ."
Did you catch that? It says to pray for "all those in authority." That's a tough imperative to follow. It rubs me the wrong way to pray for leaders I did not vote for, leaders who I find distasteful or who's policies I loathe. But the Bible demands that I pray for them. It's hard to do. But here's the thing: God can use leaders who don't come from my preferred political party, even leaders from a political philosophy at odds with Christian principles. Perhaps the church in America doesn't pray sufficiently across the aisle for ALL leaders. This might explain the current loathsome state of affairs in American politics. So before you walk into the voting booth in a few days, take a moment to pray for God's guidance and his blessing on our leaders.
I've known Christians who have no interests in politics whatsoever. While this approach is understandable, the verses above demonstrate that God expects us to take an active interest in the selection of the leaders who govern the nation where we live.
So how should we vote? Many Christian leaders encourage believers to vote for candidates with policies that most closely align with Biblical principles. This is good advice though it incorrectly assumes that most believers have studied the entire Bible with their hearts in a teachable disposition. Granted, the Bible is the best guide to a proper worldview, though it is most effective when we read it many times over the course of a lifetime. We must remember that it is also crucial to extend the reverent courtesy of asking for God's direction with our vote. Sincerity is essential in our supplication to God for guidance. Don't let television and radio ads sway you. Read about politics in newspapers and magazines on the right and the left. Don't just read novels and popular fiction; read an occasional book in the genre of politics and current events from the perspective of the right and the left. Be informed but don't worry too much about politics; ultimately it is God's vote that prevails. He lifts up one leader and brings another down and he's been doing it a long time. See you at the polls.
Lions and Tigers and Politicians, Oh My
For those of you who don't follow politics, I'd like to offer a crash course you might find helpful as we enter the political season. For those of you who don't care about politics, you will because politics will impact your life, and not always in a positive way. In the interest of full-disclosure, I used to be a Republican zealot. I am currently registered as "decline to state," which is sort of like living without a Facebook page; it's a non-identity identity.
Basically there are two dominant political ideologies in America: conservatism and liberalism. Conservatism says the most people benefit in society when free-markets are allowed to flourish with limited government interference. Conservatives often believe our government is the source of a society's woes through excessive regulation and taxation.
The weakness of conservatism is the tendency of human beings to slip from ambitious, hardworking, innovative and visionary to avarice. Eventually avarice gets out of control as people become more willing to do whatever it takes to get ahead, even if it means gaming the system, breaking the law or exploiting others.
Now let's look at liberalism (or "progressives" if you prefer the current politically correct euphemism). Liberalism believes a civilized and more equitable society is achieved through centralized government. It believes the government is the necessary, if not primary, redistributor of wealth, usually through taxation and government services. It believes the government is the go-to entity to ensure fairness. Liberals often believe the society's woes are the fault of greedy corporations and the wealthy who take advantage of the little guy.
The weakness of liberalism is the tendency of people to become sloth and rely more on the government, thus overburdening taxpayers. With good intentions, it tends to give dangerous amounts of power to the government.
I now understand that too many leaders (generally speaking) at the top these two political ideologies are in bed together (figuratively, I hope), and both sides are plundering the government and exploiting their access to financial markets. For instance, Newt Gingrich, a staunch conservative and decrier of big government, was recently discovered to have received generous fees from Freddie Mac (a quasi-governmental mortgage lender) for consulting services. Nancy Pelosi, a liberal decrier of greedy corporations, recently came under fire for allegedly taking advantage of an insider trading exemption available to members of Congress so that she could use information gleaned on the job to increase her investment earnings. In other words, both of these "ideologue's" have been accused of using elements of the system they loath for personal gain. These two incidents of double standards were not the sole reason for my epiphany that our political and economic woes can't be solved by a political ideology alone. I came to that conclusion gradually and as a result of reading books and articles about contemporary politics in America. Every American, despite his or her political ideology, needs to understand things like patronage, no-bid contracts, cronyism, pay for play, malfeasance, special favors and the like. And every American needs to be willing to confront these evil things even when it is someone in your preferred political party engaging in these unsavory practices. We can no longer allow myside bias to blind us.
I still believe some form of capitalism holds the greatest potential to benefit the most people in our society. But our problems, currently, cannot be solved by the policies of a political ideology alone. Here is why:
Proverbs 28:2 (NLT) says, "When there is moral rot within a nation, its government topples easily. But wise and knowledgeable leaders bring stability."
Before you nod in agreement I'd like you to consider the possibility that this passage might not be focusing just on the moral rot we usually think of, such as: hyper and debase expressions of sexuality, divorce, illegal drugs, f-bombs in discourse, vulgar movies and substance abuse. These are bad and hurt our humanity, yes. But when I read through the book of Proverbs, I see quite a few passages like this:
Proverbs 20:23 (NLT) says, "The Lord detests double standards; he is not pleased by dishonest scales."
Dishonest scales are a symbol of the way we do business with others. It might also include simple friendships where one person constantly gets more than he or she gives. The moral rot will continue to worsen in America until people have the epiphany that our fiscal health is not related to political policies as much as it is related to our morality.
For more information on the subject of "myside bias" read "I Was Wrong, and So Are You" at:


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White grubs in vegetable beds
I have four raised vegetable beds. As I was amending the soil this fall, I found white grubs in the beds. For the past two years I have been using Sevin to kill the grubs in my lawn. Is Sevin safe to use in vegetable beds, as the label claims? Is Sevin effective in the fall (the label says to apply in spring and summer)? Also, this summer I found a large number of June Bugs in my yard, so how early should I start applying Sevin in the spring?
Josephine County Oregon
3 Responses
Sevin is legal and safe for use in vegetable gardens if you follow the label guidelines. If you have a very low number of grubs in the raised beds you may want to just pick them out, since the level is probably well below the crop damage threshold. If you have a large number of grubs, it will be beneficial to treat. I would suggest starting with one treatment of the soil in early to mid May depending on how warm and dry it is next spring. If it is wet and cool wait until it warms up. Treating now in the fall is not going to be very effective since most of the grubs have become adults and are migrating out of your raised bed. Treating your lawn in spring will also be a good time. I would target late April or early May depending on how warm and dry it is. If it is still wet and cool hold off until we start drying out and warming up into the 60's or 70's.
How do grubs migrate? I thought they spread because they turn into June Bugs, which then deposit eggs wherever they can fly to. Do you have a link that could educate me about June Bugs? Thank you!
Since I haven't seen the grubs and adults you describe as June bugs it is difficult for me to give you details about their life cycle. You may want to take samples of the grubs and adults to an Extension office where the Master Gardeners can ID them. Why I say this is because June bugs or as they more technically are known, Japanese beetles are not suppose to be in Southern Oregon. If they are you should contact the Oregon Department of Agriculture to let them know. The ODA is working on an outbreak in Eugene and in Sutherlin in my area. Just go online to ODA.gov and look for invasive pests within the plant division.
To answer your question about where the insects lay their eggs is around host plants often in the soil. It often takes several seasons using pheromone traps to catch the adults and treatments to the soil to control them. Once you ID the insect more exactly you can look up the pest life cycle on any Extension website to better understand the pest and how to control it. Below is a link to the ODA for reporting pests.