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An Action Research Project by Caroline Hill (SENCO)
This study looks at how TAs have been recruited and deployed over the last 30 years especially in regards to supporting SEN students. It looks at policy and legislation and how events have evolved over time, drawing on current literature for models of best practice and the implications of training. In addition it suggests a model of deployment that research says would be the most effective use of TA time.
Historically, teaching assistants (TAs) have been perceived as 'The Mum's army' of education. According to the Teaching Development Agency (TDA 2003). They have been the helpers, who listen to children read, put up displays, wash paint pots and do some photocopying for the class teacher. However, as time has evolved, so has their role. TAs today are now expected to take some pedagogical role within the classroom, focusing on learning outcomes, modified language techniques and analysing data (Education Endowment Foundation (EEF) 2015).
This study will draw on existing theories and current research to discuss best practice for the deployment of teaching assistants, within the guidance of the new Code of Practice (CoP 2015) within mainstream schools. It will scrutinize provision both for students with Special Educational Needs and Disability (SEN/D) and for the positive impact TAs can have on teaching and learning not only in the classroom but outside of it as well. In addition, it will look at some of the difficulties that may arise within a school setting when having to make changes to a structure of deployment that is over 30 years old.
Following critical analysis of the information gathered, it is advocated that TAs can have a significant impact on student attainment, especially when they have been trained effectively and when there has been collaboration and training for all staff. A clear school policy with defined outcomes, promoted and jointly designed by the head teacher and other senior leaders (including the Special Educational Needs Coordinator (SENCO) if not already a member of the Senior Leadership team), ensures a workforce that supports SEN/D students in all aspects of their education journey.
Time line of events
In 1978, Mary Warnock was approached to write a report on education provision for students who had some form of additional need, including physical difficulties they may have, and the barriers they faced every day. The outcome of these findings were then to be used in considering the most cost effective way of resourcing support for these students so that they could enter the world of employment alongside their peers (Warnock 1978).
The recommendations made in her report were the basis of the 1981 Education Act (Department for Education (DFE 2003)). This was the very first piece of legislation that considered and required Local Authorities and mainstream schools to provide targeted support for SEN/D children. In this Act, parents were given new rights. They could request that their children were taught in mainstream lessons within a mainstream school. There was also the introduction of the Special Educational Needs (SEN) framework and the introduction of statutory statements (Education Endowment Foundation (EEF 2015)). Warnock anticipated just 2% of students would require statements but in reality the national average in 1997 was more than 3% (DFE 2003). This in turn, put a vast amount of additional pressure on teacher's workload and 'parent helpers' began to get paid for the time they gave (Webster 2012).
As standards in schools improved and more SEN students were accessing mainstream education, workload for teachers became high on the agenda for teaching unions and head teachers (Blatchford 2012). This was due to the difficulties of retaining teachers in the profession due to work load and stress (EEF 2015). The SEN CoP (2001) was released and gave directives on procedures that needed to be followed to ensure the inclusion of SEN/D students within any setting. "The focus is on preventative work to ensure that children's special educational needs are identified as quickly as possible and that early action is taken to meet those needs" (p2 CoP 2001). The National Agreement (2003) was introduced to alleviate the growing pressures teachers were facing; due to the new guidelines on evidencing outcomes and to being held to account for the attainment of students in their care (Office For Standards in Education (OFSTED 2010)). At that time schools used TAs as a way of supporting the teacher with their work loads, often by doing administrative jobs such as photocopying, providing displays for the classroom, as well as listening to students read (EEF 2015).
The Lamb report (2009) was another significant review of SEN/D. The recommendations made underpinned Warnock's report (1978) and emphasised the need to communicate, inform and include parents in their children's educational journey. In addition he stated that;
"I intend that the extension of the core offer to all schools and children's services will create a cultural shift in the way schools and services interact with parents. Many of my subsequent recommendations are framed in the context of this new contract with parents. They do not work without it." (p10)
As expectations grew, so did the need for a larger workforce and TAs were employed to promote educational standards (Webster 2016).
The first real study about the impact of TAs came in 2009 with the Deployment and Impact of Support Staff Project (DISS). The report revealed that TAs had a positive effect on teacher's job satisfaction, helped reduce stress, helped to prevent disruption in the classroom and provided personal qualities and skills. Conversely it found that TAs did not improve attainment in the classroom because they were often supporting low-attaining students. This meant that quality time with the specialist (classroom teacher) was significantly less than that given to students without support (Sutton Trust 2011). This led head teachers to seriously consider reforming the way TAs were deployed and monitoring the impact they were having (Webster 2016).
In 2011 another report was written, The Effective Deployment of Teaching Assistants (EDTA) following the findings of the DISS project (Webster 2013). The purpose of it was to show that how TAs were deployed, significantly impacted the outcomes for SEN students and low achieving students and it brought about a call for an essential change as to how TAs are deployed in our schools (Russell, Webster and Blatchford (2016). One of their key findings was that before this project, schools had "unhelpful mindsets" on TA deployment, especially with regards to SEN students (Webster (2013). After the project the feedback was very positive, professionally, teachers felt more informed about their responsibilities towards TAs and had a structure to use within their day to day practice (Blatchford, Russell and Webster 2012). In addition, teachers became more aware of their responsibilities towards SEN students in their classrooms. The outcome of this was that both teachers and TAs felt more valued, relationships with the adults in the classroom developed, empowering TAs to be more confident in their role within the classroom setting and feeling appreciated for their contributions (Bosanquet, Radford and Webster 2016).
In addition the Making a Statement Project (MAST) revealed that TAs often had "more responsibility for the planning and teaching of statemented pupils than teachers." (p2) In the study it highlights a high intensity of work outside of the classroom for statemented students which the majority of TAs were expected to plan and differentiate on the spot, with little or no guidance with the teacher (Webster and Blatchford 2013). It is believed that one of the reasons for this is that teachers have limited knowledge on how to meet the growing needs of the students in their classrooms, claiming little or no additional training in their Initial Teacher Training (ITT) courses (EEF 2015).
In this next section I will look at the qualifications required for TAs and how they have developed over the last 30 years.
TA Qualifications
When the 1981 Education Act was passed, there was an increase in Special Educational Needs (SEN) children being taught in mainstream schools (Bach, Kessler and Heron 2006). Schools found that their 'helpers' were now taking on roles that involved struggling learners and began to formalise arrangements of support by paying a salary and giving them a title e.g. Teaching assistants or learning support assistants (LSA) (DFE 2000). The change in legislation not only changed the dynamics of inclusion but also it had an enormous impact on the school workforce (Blatchford and Russell and Webster 2012).
In the 1980s and 1990s there was no requirement for any formal qualifications to be had, when applying to work in a school as a TA (Bosandquet, Radford and Webster 2016). What was often required, was an ability to come alongside children, encourage them, motivate them, or have good interpersonal skills and an empathy towards learning (Warhurst, Nickson, Commander and Gilbert (2014). Often, mothers of younger children found that the hours offered by schools would suit them and offered help to classroom teachers; reading with children, clearing up craft areas and putting up displays (Webster and Russell 2016). With no formal qualifications expected, some head teachers encouraged those already supporting the school to apply for paid positions. This way they could gauge the quality of personnel applying for vacancies offered (Bach et al 2006).
By early 2003 the workload agreement in England and Wales wanted to improve and raise standards in schools (DFE 2003). Teachers were struggling with their work loads and retention of teachers was a government concern (DFE 2013). TAs began to take on more pedagogical roles which led Local Authorities (LA) to introduce Maths and English qualification requirements for the role, especially those TAs applying for Literacy or Numeracy support posts (Lee 2002).
Today, schools still set their own entry requirements and the experience for which they are looking (DFE 2014). For example previous experience or further qualifications, level 2 in supporting teaching and learning, Higher Level Teaching Assistant (HLTA) status, experience in youth work or early years, volunteering as an additional helper in schools can be valuable when looking to be a TA in primary or secondary schools (National Careers Service 2016).
In this section I will be exploring how training for TAs has evolved and the importance of further training to improve the impact TAs can have.
As the role has evolved so has the training and in 2003 the HLTA status was introduced (Best Practice 2016). This enabled some TAs to take on more responsibility within the area of pedagogy, not only increasing their knowledge of how children think and learn, but also in the delivery of interventions and booster groups (Burgess and Mayes 2009). The aim of the HLTA post was to undertake an enhanced role within the classroom (TDA 2003). Carefully constructed standards were introduced and candidates had to show evidence of competency in all 30 areas. HLTAs can undertake a wide variety of roles within a school setting. Some work across the curriculum, offering targeted support in specific areas of expertise e.g. Maths or English. Some act as specialist assistants for sports, music or catering. The work varies according to the needs of the students within each individual setting of the school (HLTA National Assessment Partnerships 2015). Some HLTAs wish to progress even further and Universities have welcomed candidates with this status to gain a Foundation Degree which could then lead in to a full BA Hons degree (Bristol UWE 2016). Conversely there were those who did not want to progress further and therefore the diversity in skills and qualifications for TAs became even greater (Warhurst, Nikson,Commander and Gilbert 2014).
Once a TA has been employed schools can offer developmental training and specific targeted training as part of their whole school development plan. This can put additional pressure on already tight budgets, however schools need to consider what long term outcomes the training will have on their students and whether they feel this is cost effective (DFE 2013).
Webster, Russell and Blatchford (2016) believe that being 'prepared' is the key to excellent TA support. Therefore training TAs to be prepared is something a SENCO will have as a high priority. Being part of the leadership team in this instance allows SENCOs to have a direct impact on training requirements for their team and allows them to deliver 'in house' training during inset days or departmental meetings (Gross 2015, Brown and Devecchi 2013). In addition, regardless of how or where TAs have originated from, Brown and Devecchi (2013), believe that TAs need to understand pedagogy as part of their role and this would give a truer measure of their capabilities. They state:
"Any movement in this direction would also require policy makers to recognise the need for a professional development structure that values the contributions TAs can make to an individual pupil, the school or its community." (p385)
Pay for TAs and the impact of it
With the increasing expectation that TAs contribute to the pedagogical section of support, (Wilson and Bedford (2015), it is important to reflect on the pay and conditions that TAs face when entering this profession. Currently the average pay for a TA nationally is £11,805 a year. 94% of TAs are women and just 6% are men. The graph below shows how, even with many years of experience, TAs pay does not increase much at all. In fact most TAs with over 20 years experience, move on to higher paid jobs, for example early years or teaching (Pay scales 2016).
Today there is still no clear pay and conditions formula for TAs to follow (Blatchford, Russell and Webster 2016). Generally speaking, schools make their own judgements on recruitment and use Local Authority (LA) job descriptions and pay scales as a guide (Blatchford, Russell and Webster 2012). When broken down into an hourly rate TAs earn approximately £7.94 per hour (Pay scales 2016). Even while having such a low rate of pay with no requirement for qualifications, TAs are sometimes expected to walk into a classroom, differentiate on the spot, while having no idea what is being taught or what the teaching outcomes are and often to support the lowest ability groups or SEN children with high needs (EEF 2015, Warhurst, Nickson Commander and Gilbert 2014). Within a secondary school setting, many TAs were developing an expertise which was superior to that of the teachers but with no pay progression (Wilson and Bedford 2008). This meant that once TAs were at the top of their pay scale and had developed on the job training and experience, they often looked for a change in direction of career which did offer pay increases within a defined structure. This is particularly true for young men (Unison 2013).
In the next section I will be investigating the impact of TAs over time and the implications this has had on teachers, TAs and schools.
Over the last 30 years, there has been a significant increase in teaching assistants (Webster 2014, Blatchford, Russell and Webster 2012, EEF 2015). With the Workforce Reforms in2003 TA numbers grew again. This increase continued to be a trend and by 2010 numbers had risen to a staggering 194.2 thousand (Webster 2014). Today there are over 255.1 thousand TAs working in the UK (DFE 2015).
When TAs were first introduced, some teachers felt that their jobs were being undervalued due to TAs being allowed to take classes (Webster Blatchford and Russell (2003)). However, Bach, Kessler and Heron (2006) believe that as workload and administrative duties increased, many teachers welcomed the additional support, relying on TAs to help with classroom behaviour and differentiating tasks for SEN students.
Negative impact
It wasn't until the highly acclaimed Deployment and Impact of Support Staff (DISS) project was released that head teachers began to reflect on the impact their TAs were having (Farrell, Alborz, Howes and Pearson, (2010) EEF (2015)). The study showed that the more support an SEN child was given by a TA the more likely that they would not make as much academic progress as someone similar but with little or no support (Webster and Blatchford 2012). This was not the fault of the TA but an error on the part of management with how TAs were deployed and what additional training they had (Blatchford, Russell and Webster 2016).
In addition, the DISS project highlighted the lack of 'preparedness' emphasising the observations on TAs in the classroom and the way that they came to lessons without any information or knowledge on what was being taught, often having to differentiate, modify and record tasks given to SEN students 'on the spot' (Blatchford et al 2009). This emphasised the lack of knowledge which newly-qualified and pre-existing teachers have with regards to managing teaching assistants and delivering Quality First Teaching (QFT) to students with additional needs.
Furthermore, Blatchford (2012) would suggest that many TAs do not use the correct language or higher order questioning that teachers do, therefore students relying on these TAs for guidance, can sometimes be misinformed or not challenged to expand their thinking. If this is not addressed, TAs will continue to hold-back the progress of learning for those with SEN, especially if schools continue to use TAs fundamentally for low achieving students and those with SEN (Lee 2002).
Positive impact
This may all sound very worrying with regards to academic progress and yet Ward (2014) found that when TAs are 'specifically trained and prepared' for curriculum input, they have a positive impact on progress. Teachers also appreciate the additional adult in the classroom as most would argue that without a TA, some SEN children get far less work done and struggle to record their work in their books. Having a TA helps boost confidence in the children to participate fully in the lesson and not to be afraid of asking questions (Helm 2015).
In a recent article, TAs were praised for their ability to be 'sensitive,' understanding the difficulties that some children have in just coming to school (Education for everybody 2015). It goes on to say that TAs inspire confidence in children, encouraging them to take part and helping them feel 'safe' to participate. Having an additional adult in the classroom also allows teachers to be risk takers, improvising creative ways and practical tasks rather than seated work (Alborz et al 2009).
Some teachers argue that without support in their classroom, their stress levels grew, behaviour in the classroom deteriorated and SEN student's needs were not being fully met (Helm 2015).
Blatchford and Webster (2012) state TAs running targeted intervention programmes for Literacy or numeracy has had a significant impact on attainment. They go on to suggest that; small groups of children removed from their class for a specific amount of time, focusing on a specific area can improve progress by almost 50% National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER) (2011) comments that TAs who have been trained specifically to deliver specific interventions are very successful and Giangreco, Suter, & Graf, (2011) tell us, "the earlier you can identify the needs, the bigger the impact of closing of the gaps that have emerged". Brook's (2013) has done an intensive study on literacy interventions that work and many schools now adopt some of these interventions for TAs to deliver during the school day.
It is essential to remember however, that over-reliance on TAs to support the most disadvantaged whether socially, emotionally or academically, is likely to have a detrimental effect on outcomes due to assigning the least qualified staff to the most complex learners (Giangreco 2013).
So what is the most effective deployment model that has the biggest impact on student attainment?
Deploying TAs effectively has been high on schools agendas since the damning reports on attainment first surfaced back in 2011 (Sutton Trust 2011). Since then, some schools have introduced targeted intervention programmes and other small group work to meet the growing needs of the children in their care (EEF 2015).
Many schools deploy TAs to the classroom, supporting the most vulnerable and often the least able (Blatchford et al 2009). This has a significant impact on the students in their care but not necessarily on attainment (Giangreco, Suter and Graf 2011). The Effective Deployment of Teaching Assistants (EDTA 2010) highlight 3 main components "deployment, practice and preparedness" This Webster, Russell and Blatford (2012) believe will bring change that both teachers and TAs are in agreement with and will bring greater results.
Some schools use HLTAs to run nurture groups within the mainstream setting, under the guidance of the head of department. This provides better opportunity to repeat information, differentiate further, modify texts and language to smaller groups with lower ratios of adult to student , concentrating on behaviour for learning and social interaction (Nurture groups 2015). However some Unions would argue that HLTAs are being exploited and should not take whole classes. They argue that: "pupils should have the benefit of the availability of a qualified teacher" (Unison 2009).
The Training and Development Agency (TDA) (2010) have produced guidelines for schools to consider how they deploy TAs to gain maximum effectiveness. They challenge senior leadership to look carefully at how both teachers and TAs work together and how training and Continued Professional Development (CPD) can improve outcomes. Focusing on these areas and being prepared to remodel are crucial to moving forward in teaching and learning, ensuring that all students learning is personalised and tailored to the individual (Bedford et al 2008).
The government does not have a list of standards for TAs. In 2010 the TDA, in collaboration with school leaders, began to develop a number of occupational standards that could be used when recruiting or training TAs to support teaching and learning in the classroom. The idea was to have guidelines of what skills are required to be a TA and a development programme that helped individuals understand more fully the roles that they were taking on (TDA 2010). With the change in government, Nick Gibb confirmed that the government were not going to publish these standards and they were withdrawn (DFE 2014). The reason for this they said was:
"The government believes that schools are best placed to decide how they use and deploy teaching assistants, and to set standards for the teaching assistants they employ. The secretary of state has therefore decided not to publish the draft standards". (p1)
With the importance of deployment placed fully back with head teachers, Webster, Russell and Blatchford (2012) believe that conducting an audit of current practice in settings and observing TAs in their current roles is paramount in making effective change. With this in mind, the following paragraph will look at the different roles TAs could have and how schools have moved from a non-pedagogical role, to a pedagogical one.
Roles and Responsibilities of a TA
Research suggests that there are many roles for which TAs have responsibilities and it is difficult to ascertain if roles are specific to titles. For example, HLTAs have their own classes or are used as cover supervisors, TAs run interventions and LSAs support in class. It could be more important that skills have been identified over time and head teachers now feel confident in allowing any support staff to take on these roles (Giangreco 2013). First and foremost TAs are there to enhance the teaching of the classrooms they support (Warhurst et al 2014). Some TAs support the specific needs of high band students within classrooms to ensure inclusive practice and scaffold the learning for low attainers and some TAs provide targeted intervention for small groups or one to one work (Blatchford, Russell and Webster 2012, Giangreco 2013).
As research has already stated, TA roles differ from school to school (EEF 2015). It will also depend on whether TAs are employed in a primary or secondary setting. For the purpose of this study, I will just be looking at the roles of TAs in a mainstream secondary setting. This is not to devalue what TAs in a primary setting, nursery or Further Education are doing, rather to go into greater depth in one specific area.
During the DISS project and the research covered by Lee (2002) and the NFER (2005), TAs roles could cover the following:
In class support, which involves shared lesson plans by the teacher or head of faculty, team teaching, where, after discussions TA take a group within the class and then teachers would also take that group either later in the same lesson or the following lesson to ensure all students had the expertise of the teacher as well as further support from the TA.
Monitoring and recording the work that students had completed and making recommendations/contributions to either an Individual Education Plan or the equivalent.
Being responsible for the displays in the classroom (under the guidance of the teacher), photocopying worksheets, ordering in resources for students to use, collecting in money for trips, dealing with poorly or sick students, taking the register.
Working with or being responsible for specified groups or individual pupils for example aiding the movement of disabled students around the school, running interventions for behaviour or social skills. This could either be outside of the classroom or inside the classroom (depending on the nature of the support required). Being a qualified first aider. Being on duty at break and lunch times.
The DFE (2015) put it in a different way:
- Support for the teacher
- Support for the pupil
- Support for the school
- Support for the Curriculum
Although many teachers now accept and realise that TAs can be an additional tool to support learning, their views on the roles and responsibilities of a TA are sometimes different to those mentioned above. Some teachers believe that TAs are fully responsible for any SEN student in their classroom (Webster 2014), others believe that TAs can be more of a hindrance than a help, talking over them, shouting unnecessarily, undermining directives without the knowledge or the skills to do them (Guardian 2013).
On the other hand Webster (2013) clearly believes that teachers need to make the role what they want it to be. He states:
TAs can only be as effective as teachers enable them to be. TAs need to ask what skills or knowledge the pupil they support should be developing and what learning teachers want them to achieve by the end of the lesson. (p1)
Furthermore, teachers felt that the TA was the 'expert' when it came to special educational needs (SEN) and statement students. Unfortunately research has proven this not to be the case. It was found that TAs often had very poor knowledge on the needs of the child and lacked the related skills and knowledge as to how to support them Webster (2014).
So who has the say in deciding what roles TAs should take? Webster, Russell and Blatchford (2016) believe that Head teachers and SENCOs should meet to discuss and agree options so that when change happens, teachers are on board quicker because it has been a whole school priority. Gross (2015) agrees and makes the point that successful change in roles and responsibilities for TAs incorporates many members of staff but must include senior leaders and head teachers.
Following on from this, the new Code of practice (2015) has brought stringent guidelines on supporting students with SEN/D. This section looks at some of the implications for schools and how TAs can play an integral role in ensuring the directives are met.
The Code of Practice 2015
In 2014 the government published the draft new statutory CoP for young people aged between 0 – 25. This was considered to be the biggest change in education in over 30 years (Webster 2014). There was a significant shift towards ensuring that young people and their families were at the heart of this code and at each stage of support, young people were included in the discussions and decisions about their futures (Nasen 2015). Instead of assuming that support equalled more TA time, the code emphasises the importance of outcomes for each individual, relying on alternative ways of meeting the needs of students through the graduated approach and addressing the misconceptions parents may have early in the assessment process (DFE 2014). Educational professionals, Health professionals and Social Care joining together to allow parents to tell their story just once is seen as a positive way forward. It takes away the need to repeat everything every time a new agency is introduced (Parent Carers 2016). However, organisation of these collaborative meetings can be an added strain on SENCOs already busy schedules and responsibilities (Gross 2015).
One of the most significant directives in the CoP is understanding that teachers are to be wholly responsible and accountable for SEN students in their classrooms; providing high quality teaching and differentiation for those requiring additional support in class; even with support staff in the classroom, and understanding the needs that they have. As the DFE 2014 states:
"Additional intervention and support cannot compensate for a lack of good quality teaching." (p8)
This is an area where head teachers need to be prepared to devote quality time to Continued Professional Development (CPD). In a recent study, 75% of teachers commented that they had received no formal training on how to effectively use support in their classrooms or how to support particular SEN students (Blatchford, Russell and Webster 2012). Is it any wonder then, that research shows that TAs have very little impact on student attainment (Webster and Blatchford (2013), Sutton Trust (2011), Blatchford, Bassett, Brown, Martin, et al (2009)). As Blatchford, Russell and Webster (2012) mentions, this is not the fault of the TA, rather the schools policy and leadership in the effective deployment of support staff.
The Code also strengthens the fact that not all students making slower progress have special education needs. Sometimes there are gaps in knowledge or poor attendance. This could have a significant impact on how TAs are deployed in school, especially if teachers are regularly assessing and monitoring progress (DFE 2015). This also empowers teachers to open intrinsic dialogue with the SENCO when discussing further support in their classrooms or initiating targeted intervention (Gross (2015), EEF (2015)).
The new code highlights four areas of difficulty that SEN students are likely to fall into;
This helps teachers understand what additional resources or differentiation they may need when teaching and TAs can use their knowledge of the individual to work collaboratively with teachers to ensure the student has the personalized support; that will aide progress, not only academically but socially and emotionally as well (Lee 2002).
In addition the Code provides guidance on "The graduated approach" which in time, could reduce the amount of corridor conversations, or emails the SENCO may receive for support in classrooms where the recommended Assess, Plan, Do Review has not been adhered too (Gross 2015). This would allow SENCOs to deploy TAs more effectively rather than responding to a problem that, with a bit of thought, could be addressed by the teacher themselves (Bedford et al 2008).
With the introduction of Education Health Care Plans (EHCP) it is even more important for teachers to understand and to be able to support SEN students in their classrooms as "most pupils with SEN or disabilities will have their needs met through school support"(DFE 2015). In certain areas, for example, Bristol, schools would not apply for an EHCP unless they felt the student required a specialist placement as additional funding to support the student would come through a top-up application and outside agency support would be funded in this way as Bristol City Council, Trading with Schools (2014/15) states:
"As part of the Code of Practice 2014, schools/settings have a statutory requirement to use their school based funding (Element 1 AWPU, Element 2 notional SEN- total £10,000) to make sure that any child with SEN gets the support they need. If a school considers that a pupil's needs cannot be met by provision from existing school based funding, then they may apply to the LA for Top Up funding (Element 3 High Needs Block funding – HNB) via the Special Educational Needs team (SEN)." (p4)
Therefore ensuring that teachers have specific SEN training to enable them to provide QFT is essential for inclusive practice (Webster, Russell and Blatchford 2012).
Using the information gathered from this study I now want to look at best practice concerning the effective deployment of TAs with regards to the literature available to establish the best ways of supporting students to make the most progress, both academically and socially.
Moving forward
From the beginning to the end of this study, it will be seen that research has clearly stated that leading change must come from the head teacher (Blatchford et al 2009, EEF, 2015, Alborz, Howes, Farrell, Pearson 2009, Russell and Blatchford 2016). This is not a rare finding, there is a wealth of research about head teachers being the driving force for change (Hallinger 2003), however in this context, reform can often be left to SENCOs or other members of the Senior Leadership Team (SLT) if the SENCO is not part of it (Weber, Russell and Blatchford 2016). By taking the lead, head teachers can propose the new model, entwine it with the school vision and explain the desire to include, which ensures that TAs contributions are effective and bring results (Gross 2015).
Once this is in place SENCOs and head teachers need to strongly consider which model of support works best for the school. As previously discussed, there is no statutory procedure for TAs to follow, but there is evidence to show that early identification and targeted intervention can have a significant impact on SEN students' attainment (Bach, Kessler and Heron 2006). This would suggest a more pedagogical role, which in turn, would trigger the need for training and CPD (Webster, Blatchford and Russell (2012), Bosanquet, Radford and Webster 2016).
Recognition of support staff and their role within a school setting was seen as 'critical' in Bedford et al (2008) research. It also mentions the relationship between teacher and TA. They go on to say that effective practice comes from an amalgamation of skills, systems, personal relationships and organisational culture. This would require additional training for Newly Qualified Teachers (NQTs) and existing teachers to make sure that their planning includes how they propose to use TAs to secure quality outcomes for all and that TAs are not becoming 'substitute' teachers for the lowest ability students (Warhurst, Nickson, Commander and Gilbert 2014).
One of the key findings of the DISS project was the importance of preparedness. Schools must consider appropriate time for planning with teachers and TAs to ensure collaborative working and effective management of TAs in the classroom (Blatchford et al 2012, Bedford et al 2008, Bach et al 2006). There are likely to be barriers surrounding the cost implications of finding additional time. However the long term impact on attainment will be more beneficial and a mutual respect of roles established (Wilson and Bedford 2008). To enable this to happen, schools need to give teachers and TAs planning time together and feedback time to discuss individuals or what the next steps are for everyone. If this is not given, it is unlikely that progress will be made and the job of the TA becomes ineffective (Bedford, Jackson and Wilson 2008).
Once a model of deployment has been agreed, SENCOs and senior leaders will then have to look seriously at support within the classroom (Bach, Kessler and Heron 2006). TAs need to understand the importance of higher order questioning and of allowing independence to grow over time. Bosanquet, Radford and Webster (2016) highlight the issues that TAs tend to give solutions or closed questions to SEN students in the classroom setting, rather than open questioning which encourages personal thinking. This could encourage dependency on additional adults. Webster, Blatchford and Russell (2013) raise concerns that TAs feel the need to 'talk' or complete tasks for students with SEN when they were not able to keep up with the rest of the class. Without additional training, TAs will understandably revert to what they already know, even if it is detrimental to the students learning and encourages 'learnt helplessness' (Giangreco, Suter and Graf 2011).
Learning how to assess and monitor students to maximise their future learning, is a skill TAs will need to be taught (Bosanquet et al 2016). TAs are not qualified teachers, and so they will need to be shown the importance of 'access, plan, do review' which is considered best practice within the code of practice (DFE 2015). Black and William (1998) agree and suggest that it is essential to collect information on all areas of students' performance to gauge where they are in their current learning. In addition, teachers will need to use the monitoring done in their classrooms to inform their future planning, making it vital for continual dialogue between teachers and TAs.
Measurable, targeted interventions that are personalised to the needs of students need to be clearly identified and appropriate training given to those who will be delivering them (Bosanquet et al 2016). In addition, interventions need to be trustworthy and have research behind them with regards to impact, recording and analysis. Alongside this, Brooks (2013) explains:
"The outcome of Wave 2 intervention is for learners to be back on track to meet or exceed national expectations at the end of the key stage." (p13)
With no formal qualification required to be a TA (DFE 2015) deploying TAs to their strengths i.e. Literacy, Numeracy, Social Skills, Speech and Language, is going to have a far greater impact on outcomes than expecting TAs with a fixed mind-set that they do not have the relevant skills in e.g. Maths to lead interventions in this field (Blatchford, Russell and Webster (2012), Wilson and Bedford (2008)).
With classroom support and targeted intervention, adopting the Wider Pedagogical Role (WPR) requires a well thought out balance of time with regards to learning (Blatchford, Russell and Webster 2012). SEN students must not fall into the trap of 'separation' from the highly skilled teachers they meet, lesson to lesson, but at the same time, they must have their needs met by targeted intervention if appropriate (Wilson and Bedford (2008), Radford, Bosanquet, Webster and Blatchford (2014)).
With the introduction of the Code of Practice (2015) schools will need to reflect on the relationships they have with parents. SENCOs will need to think creatively about how to share information with parents and incorporate additional meetings into their yearly plans (Gross 2015). The government's new White Paper (2016) identifies the importance of good communication between home and school and intend to open an online 'parent portal' which hopes to inform parents about the way their school works, what it offers and what they can do to help their children on their educational journey (The Key 2016). With the correct training, TAs could be deployed to build trusting relationships with parents to help overcome some of the barriers parents have around the support of their children within school and the purpose behind the support offered (DFE 2011).
But what about the students' voices? Schools have encouraged students to voice their opinion on many areas of teaching and learning (DFE 2013). School councils have been set up, where students lead meetings; discuss what is going well and what improvements they would like to see. However, some research suggests that schools fear what might be said and have a sometimes overwhelming desire to 'stay in control' (Fielding 2001).
TAs are in an excellent position to encourage student voice (Briggs and Cunningham 2009, Bland and Sleightholme 2012). As research has shown, TAs spend the majority of the time with low achieving and SEN children (Blatchford et al 2009). If they have a good relationship with the students they support then Fielding (2001) believes students will open up more fully because they like and trust the adult with them. In the past SEN students' voice has been tokenistic, perhaps filling in a form or a tick sheet, rather than a dialogue and joint planning with those involved with them (Gross 2015). Most importantly, the student voice must be considered when statements are being reviewed or when transferring to an Education Health and Care Plan (EHCP) (CoP 2015). The TAs' contribution to the whole process is crucial, especially if they have been monitoring students and discussing areas of concern with the class teachers (Gross 2015).
In this study, I have researched and discovered that TAs are on an evolving journey. There has been a significant increase in TAs since 2003 making up almost a quarter of today's workforce in schools (DFE 2015). The National Agreement was put in place to reduce work load, stress and retention for teachers and, upon reflection, this has been a positive move forward (OFSTED (2010), Webster, Russell and Webster 2016). However, in times past, TAs have taken on a pedagogical, frontline role with little or no effect on the attainment of students, especially those children with SEN or having a statement (Blatchford et al (2009), Sutton Trust (2011)). This is not because of the TA, for instance, Bosanquet et al (2016) have expressed how in their research TAs have been perceptive about the need for development in their practice, how they work conscientiously hard and how they are committed to supporting children in their care. Therefore the responsibility comes back to leaders who manage and deploy TAs within schools (Webster, Russell and Blatchford 2012). To ensure this TA journey is an enriching one for the students they support, change must start from the head teacher (Blatchford et al (2009), Gross (2015) Bosanquet et al (2016)). In addition, senior leaders, teachers, TAs, parents and students, all need to be on-board and fully understand the model being put in place, confident that students will get the very best support towards being independent learners (Warhurst et al 2014).
The Wider Pedagogical Role (WPR) model is classed as best practice (Bosanquet et al 2016). Adopting this model could have a significant, positive impact on the whole school, ensuring that separations from teachers (the highly qualified specialists) are kept within reasonable limits (Webster, Russell and Blatchford 2016) Focusing on deployment, practice and preparedness for teacher and TAs embeds QFT, which is a statutory requirement of the code of practice (2015). In addition the model emphasises the importance of quality assured interventions that are measurable and have impact (Blatchford, Russell and Webster 2012).
Training TAs to lead and deliver effective interventions and monitor and record the progress made will empower TAs and raise their profiles (Giangreco, Suter, & Graf (2011), Webster (2013), Webster Russell and Blatchford 2016). Training TAs is crucial around 'talk'; what to say when, when not to talk, when to prompt or model, the importance of letting the student become as independent as possible, looking at their understanding rather than their completion of tasks (Bosanquet et al 2016).
Time needs to be given to teachers and TAs for meaningful dialogue and feedback, once interventions have been completed, so that new skills can be applied in the classroom and sustained over time (Blatchford et al 2009). Time needs to be given to parents to help them understand why support is being given to their children and the outcomes that schools are hoping to achieve. Parents need to be involved at every stage and given the opportunity to express their concerns and to be involved with the support given to their children (Code of practice (2015), Gross (2015)).
Children must have a voice in how they are supported. They need to know why they are taking part in interventions or why they have support in class (Bland and Sleightholme 2012). It is so that they can become independent and leave school prepared and able to join the workforce (Wilson and Bedford 2008).
Caution must be adhered to, however, as change does not come overnight. It is much more a journey over time with peaks and troughs along the way (Bosanquet et al (2016), Blatchford, Russell and Webster (2016), Webster, Russell and Blatchford (2012).
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Bedford.D, Jackson. R, and Wilson. E (2008) New Partnerships for Learning: developing professional relationships with teaching assistants in England. Oxen. Routledge.
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DFE (2014) Schools guide to the 0 to 25 SEND code of practice: Advice for school governing bodies/proprietors, senior leadership teams, SENCOs and classroom staff. London. Crown.
DFE (2014) Developing a set of standards for teaching assistants a call for evidence https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/367648/Developing_a_set_of_standards_for_teaching_assistants_call_for_evidence.pdf online: last accessed 21/2/16
Education Endowment Foundation (2015) Teaching and learning toolkit. Available at: https://educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk/evidence/teaching-learning-toolkit/teaching-assistants/ (Accessed: 3 March 2016)
Farrell, P. Alborz, A, Howes, A and Pearson, D. (2010) The impact of teaching assistants on improving pupils' academic achievement in mainstream schools: a review of the literature Educational Review Vol. 62, No. 4, November 2010, 435–448. Oxen. Routeledge.
Fielding. M (2001) Students as Radical Agents of Change: Journal of Educational change: Volume 2, Issue 2, pp 123-141. Netherlands. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Giangreco, M.F., Suter, & Graf, V. (2011). Roles of team members supporting students with disabilities in inclusive classrooms. InM.F. Giangreco, C.J. Cloninger, & V.S. Iverson (Eds.), Choosing outcomes and accommodations for children: A guide to educational planning for students with disabilities (3rd. ed., pp.197–204). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.
Gross. J (2015) Beating Bureaucracy in Special Educational Needs (Third edition): Helping SENCOs maintain a work/life balance. Oxen. Routledge
Guardian (2015) Secret Teacher: I hate to say it but my TA adds nothing to my lessons. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/2015/oct/31/secret-teacher-my-ta-teaching-assistants-nothing-to-lessons (Accessed 7 April 2016)
Hallinger. P (2003) Leading Educational Change: reflections on the practice of Instructional and transformational leadership. Cambridge Journal of Education Vol. 33, No. 3, Bankok. Carfax.
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Radford. J, Bosanquet. P, Webster. R, and Blatchford. P (2014)Learning and Instruction. Scaffolding learning for independence: Clarifying teacher and teaching assistant roles for children with special educational needs. London. Crossmark.
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Original image: Teaching Assistant Orientation (TAO 2012) flickr.com


text: Editing Special CnR deaths 0 You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: The action you have requested is limited to users in one of the groups: Users, FANDOM Staff, FANDOM Helpers, Wiki Managers, Content Team Members. Please log in to edit this wiki.Joining CrazyBob's Cops and Robbers Wiki is free, and it only takes a minute.We hope that you sign in, and become a member of the community!Click here to log in or create an account more + You can view and copy the source of this page: Along with the normal deaths in CnR, such a being shot to death, falling without a parachute, or being flashed to death, there are several ways to die on CnR that can't happen anywhere else (or if they can, they are usually [[CnR ripoffs]]). == Checkpoints == Deaths caused by entering a checkpoint are probably the most famous of the special CnR deaths, and most of them are based of old San Andreas myths. === Bigfoot === Bigfoot hides in his cave on [[Mount Chiliad]]. He has since been reported to be lurking around Flint County. === The aliens === Dangerous aliens lurk in the recesses of Area 69, and constantly use checkpoints to lure in unsuspecting adventurers. The fates of these lost people remains unknown, but mangled bodies have been found with extensive signs of anal probing. === Elephants === These lusty elephants lie in wait for their victims in Flint Range. When the victim is attacked he/she just can think about in one thing... the chunk of meat that the elephants have!. === Ghosts === In Bone County, near the dam, lies an ancient ghost town. Out of all the foolhardy adventurers who go there, only some return, bearing tales of large riches hidden in the graveyard, but some never return. == Commands == These deaths are caused by using a certain command. Although the commands should do something good, these are uncommon consequences. === Fishing === Along with skydiving, drugs, and other things, [[fishing]] can occasionally cause you to die. ==== The sea monster (Nessie) ==== Whilst fishing, you may chance upon a sea monster called "Nessie." She was long thought a myth. However, there have been eyewitness reports suggesting that people have seen a monster eat their friends. However, she may be bribed if you have enough fish to give her - where she will take the fish and leave you alive. Therefore, fishermen are advised to carry a few fish with them at all times. ==== Mermaids ==== Having been lonely at the bottom of the sea, the Mermaids of San Andreas have been seen luring adventurers into "surprise sex." Be cautious, as you may catch a mermaid, and you may find that their rape hurts quite a bit, and you may even find yourself without a pulse if you aren't in good health. ==== Jellyfish ==== Jellyfish will take away a small portion of your health if caught. It is advised you carry a small amount of drugs with you, or eat one of your fish (with /fisheat) if you are low on health whilst fishing. ==== Crabs ==== Crabs will take away a large portion of your health. Therefore, it is advised you carry a small amount of drugs with you, or eat one of your fish (with /fisheat) if you are low on health whilst fishing. == Moving objects == Coming into contact with the following moving objects will cause either death or infection. === Jaws === Jaws follows a series of routes in the water, over oceans and lakes. Jaws is in fact part of a family of several dozen man-eating sharks in fact... and they will kill you whether you are in a boat or not, so keep constant vigilance for them, especially in narrow channels where it is hard to dodge! === Daisy the cow === Daisy prowls the field of CrazyBob's Drug Farm, located south of [[San Fierro]]. Daisy is the leading cause of a horrible sensation that has been sweeping CnR nation - the Mad Cow Disease, which will likely cause you death if you are not able to make it to a car in time, or have no drugs. Therefore, it is recommended that you do not come in contact with her. {{InfoCenter Navbox}} Templates used on the current version of this page: Template:InfoCenter Navbox (view source) Template:Navbox (view source) Template:Pipe (view source) Return to Special CnR deaths. Retrieved from "https://crazybobs.fandom.com/wiki/Special_CnR_deaths" Edit summary Preview Mobile Desktop Show changes

subset: commoncrawl


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MA Woman Makes Historic Swim
September 9, 2015
Helen Lin, a 31-year-old Quincy, Massachusetts resident, made history Monday, when she became the first person to make the 18-mile round-trip swim from Nantasket Beach in Hull to Northeastern University's Marine Center in Nahant, according to an article on PatriotLedger.com.
Lin, a marathon swimmer, made the swim in 11 hours and 29 minutes. She left Nantasket Beach at 7 a.m. and returned at 6:29 p.m. She arrived in Nahant at about noon and took a 10-minute break before resuming her swim.
Read about a historic swim in Massachusetts.


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This webinar by Treatment Action Group (TAG) and HIV PJA presents local and state leaders' perspectives on the response to the HIV outbreak in southern Indiana, and discusses how best to implement a comprehensive and community-led response to HIV, hepatitis C, and injection drug use in rural America.
Thank you to our moderator Jeremiah Johnson from Treatment Action Group and our speakers Dr. Carrie Ann Lawrence, Tony Gillespie and Daniel Raymond. Also, thank you to all attendees for submitting questions.


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Dr. Bettina Al-Sadik-Lowinski has vast experience as a speaker at events, press conferences and in TV interviews (f.e. in German national TV Channels RTL, SAT 1).
You can engage Bettina as a guest speaker for your event. She can speak on the following topics and can also customize presentations to meet your specific needs:
- How to use coaching successfully for more efficiancy and better relationships as a leader
- Success Strategies for Women in Leadership Positions
- Work in the Multicultural Team
- Expartriation- career booster or no return ?
- Intercultural leadership and global mindset
- Leading in Asia - cases from China and Japan
- Strategic Planning - How strategical thinking and action support your own career
In addition, Bettina has experience elaborating on business and medical subjects for presentations, press conferences and TV/radio interviews and can support clients as a consultant in these areas.
What do participants from presentations say about Bettina?
ACCJ - Women in Business, April 8th 2010, Osaka
Coaching people towards success: How you can benefit from coaching – for your career and for a more fulfilling life
I was very proud to have been asked to speak at the inaugural "ACCJ Kansai Women In Business Program" in Osaka on April 8, 2010. This event attracted one of the highest percentages of female attendees of any ACCJ Kansai program ever.
Jiri Mestecky, ACCJ Vice President and Head of ACCJ Kansai, who attended the event, told me that he greatly enjoyed my presentation, also stating that, "Bettina's presentation was very educational, interesting, and a fantastic way to begin our series of Women In Business event."
Marin Nogami, Director Primary Care, Astra Zeneca,
Bettina is one of the critical members of ACCJ Kansai Women-in-business who tries to create strong diversity cases to build business. Bettina kindly accepted our offer to be the 1st speaker of WIB's event where we attracted the biggest number of female participants in Kansai ACCJ's presentations. Her presentation on coaching was an eye-opening topic not only for females but for male participants and WIB got lots of compliments on our 1st event. Her story was really powerful for any professional who would like to use coaching as a way to grow their potential.
former ACCJ Chair of Women-in-Business
Certificate of Appreciation
Effective Time management, Foreign Executive Women FEW Kansai,
November 18th 2010, Osaka
This presentation was thoughtful, practical and clear. The concepts were easy to understand and relate to and I went home determined to organise my time better. Since then I have spent less time on my email and more time doing more time with my son!Esther Kodamo, President of FEW Kansai


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7:15am PT by Jackie Strause
Why 'Bachelor' Colton Underwood Isn't Revealing Whether He's Engaged
By the time The Bachelor or The Bachelorette premieres, viewers will typically know whether or not the star falls in love by the end of the pretaped season. On Tuesday, one day after The Bachelor launched its 23rd cycle, Colton Underwood is still staying mum.
"I want everybody to go on this ride and this journey with me, so I don't want to spoil anything and I don't want to give anything away," Underwood tells The Hollywood Reporter about keeping his relationship status a secret. "It was challenging and it was hard at times. I knew it was going to be hard at times and I embraced it and I loved the fact that it was. But I will say, I'm exactly where I need to be in my life right now."
In recent years, viewers of The Bachelor and The Bachelorette have grown accustomed to knowing if the season is heading toward a happy ending before it begins. Bachelorettes Becca Kufrin and Rachel Lindsay and Bachelor Arie Luyendyk Jr. all confirmed they were engaged before their premieres even aired. Bachelor Nick Viall revealed he found love on the show, but stopped short of confirming a proposal.
But, as viewers will recall, Luyendyk Jr.'s season changed everything.
In the combined 37 seasons of the reality dating franchise, it's rare for the winning couple to split between the time that filming wraps and when they go on to reveal themselves as a couple on the live finale aftershow. During those two to three months in between, ABC organizes clandestine meetings for the pair so they can date in secret until the rest of the world catches up with the show.
Luyendyk Jr. memorably called off his engagement to Kufrin and returned to his runner-up, current fiancee Lauren Burnham, during that time. ABC's cameras were there for the post-show breakup, marking the first time the franchise filmed its winning pair in those secret months. As a result, the extended finale was controversial but it was also a ratings success. Ever since, the team behind the series said they planned to follow their winning couple after the show wraps, as viewers saw when snippets of Kufrin and her winner, Garrett Yrigoyen, from that time period aired during the last Bachelorette finale.
Coming from a franchise that leans into every season being "the most dramatic ever," it will undoubtedly be hard to top the shocking ending of Luyendyk Jr.'s season. Perhaps that's why Underwood isn't divulging whether he found love on the show. Underwood, the franchise's first virgin star, says he is prepared for people to ask whether or not he loses his virginity on the season, but that's another question he won't be answering ahead of time.
What he has said is that he pushed producers and went about his season in a "unique" way that he says will be "unexpected" for some people.
"I was very raw with it," he tells THR of leaning into his emotions. "And I will say, I did do things differently. I challenged the production of the show, my relationships and myself throughout this entire journey. Coming onto the show, I wanted to continue to grow as a person. I wanted to continue to give it my best shot and really get to know these incredible women, so of course that is what I came to do. Like I said, I don't want to spoil too much for you, but I'm really looking forward to this being the best season ever."
Underwood has also revealed that a memorable moment from The Bachelor trailer — where he scales a fence in a bid to escape Harrison and the cameras — is the most "pivotal" night of the season and that it comes during the highly anticipated Fantasy Suites week. The season trailer also shows him breaking down in tears when hugging a producer, implying that at least one contestant breaks his heart.
He admits that there were times during filming where he questioned the process. "Even before I came on The Bachelorette I was skeptical and had moments throughout the season where I was like, 'Is this really going to happen for me, is this going to work?' I think that's a completely normal reaction to have," he now says. "I've never done this before. I've never dated 30 women before. I don't think anyone has really had that opportunity. So while I am grateful and humble to have that opportunity, it also presents its challenges."
Now that filming has wrapped on the season, Underwood says, "understanding that I'm not perfect" is a big lesson he's taking away from The Bachelor experience. And while he says he's grateful for the support system he has at home, he is careful to not reveal whether or not that system includes a fiancee or girlfriend.
"Now I am just going about living my life to the best of my abilities and staying true to who I am," he says as his Bachelor journey begins airing. "Understanding I'm continuing to grow every day and just being comfortable with who I am. Not letting comments or peoples' opinion get to me, because I have been that way in the past. I've taken things too personal in the past. I have an unbelievable family and support system of friends back home. And things have been great."
No matter how Underwood's season ends, the star certainly has the element of surprise in his corner.
"Being the Bachelor — I didn't do it perfectly," he adds. "I don't think anybody is perfect. But I really hope everyone gets an understanding of exactly who I am. I did this my way, and I'm really excited for you to see what I mean by that."
Jackie email@example.com jackiedstrause


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The Ravens, now 9-3, defeated the Browns, 24-10 yesterday riding Ray Rice and Ricky Williams. The Ravens offensive coordinator Cam Cameron has been criticized all season for now running the ball enough. Well I think he has gotten the point, the Ravens ran the ball 22 times out of their first 25 plays.
Ray Rice finished with a career high 204 yards on the ground and Ricky Williams added 76 yards, each scoring a touchdown. The Defense also did their part and only allowed 10 points and forcing one big turnover before halftime which lead to 3 Ravens points. The Special teams also made a big play when Webb returned a punt for a touchdown late in the 4th quarter which put the game away.
The Ravens stayed perfect in the AFC North and are now 4-0 within the division and in the first place.


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- Corporate Interiors |
- Showrooms |
- Public Spaces |
- Product Design |
- Installations |
- Other corporate projects
Drum Collection by Mac Stopa for CappelliniMove to the beat of your own drum with the Drum Collection by Mac Stopa for Haworth Collection Cappellini, a tribute to the hexagonal drum pads of the '80s. Functionality, flexibility, modularity and comfort is the name of the game with the Drum Collection.
Consisting of an organic shaped upholstered modular armchair, pouf, high metal table and pouf coffee table (that also doubles as seating), the Drum Collection can be arranged in a composition game of modular elements to accommodate any seating or table configuration, from stand-alone to an infinite number of configurations in large open spaces. The sculptural forms of the armchair are padded in multi-density polyurethane foam ensuring maximum comfort without limiting the armchair's aesthetic impact. The upholstery is made of stretch fabric with the 3D print of Mac's Cube tessellating geometric pattern in three color variations: silver, red and blue.
Drum also comes upholstered in solid colors including blue, black, turquoise, white, orange, and in other Cappellini fabrics and leathers. The tessellating pouf coffee table in polyurethane foam is available in the same colors of the armchair, while the modular high metal table with a tessellating organic sculptural shape is manufactured using a sheet metal bending process and is available in white lacquer or Anthracite finishing.
Drum Collection received a NYCxDESIGN Honoree Award 2016 in Best of Show: BKLYN DESIGNS, Collective Design, Wanted Design Category, an Interior Design HIP Award 2016 in Hospitality: Lounge Seating Category and the Drum Modular Pouf was awarded with Interior Design HIP Honoree 2016 in Hospitality: Seating Category. www.cappellini.it
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Have You Created an Outline Lately?
By J. Mason
Online Learning Tips Editor
Along with your arsenal of sticky notes and note cards there's one other item you should always prepare in class, an outline. Every good research paper has a sense of order to it and one of the best ways to achieve that is through an orderly collection of thought.
If you have ever created a mind map to help in writing a paper, then an outline is not too far off from this approach. The outline should begin with your direction, or thesis for the paper. Separate out the main points by "chapters" or stages. Give each stage supporting statements, or factual information from your class text. This is a great tool for those averse to writing papers. Once you've finished the outline you have a blueprint for the paper. You can refer to your blueprint and build on it as you conduct your research. In my writing process for class I like to create the outline before diving into the work. This way you can fill in the blanks as you move through the text.
For graduate level students, syntopical reading is more of a practiced form than inspectional reading would be. Syntopical reading is comparing and contrasting two books at a given time. An outline is advised for those engaging in the syntopical approach to reading. Not only is it active reading, but it is a good practice to write down your questions at the time of thought, and to record your findings as you come across them. As with most papers, an abstract is part of the process. You can easily turn to the outline as a resource in creating it.
Just like your syllabus is your road map to the journey for the class, an outline will be your instruction manual for your research papers and reading. Good luck and happy writing!
Ready When You Are
At American Public University, students are priority one. We are committed to providing quality education, superior student resources, and affordable tuition. In fact, while post-secondary tuition has risen sharply nationwide, the university continues to offer affordable tuition without sacrificing academic quality.


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On October 14, we will be hosting at our downtown Seattle office (1201 Third Ave., Ste. 2200) a debate on Initiative 1098, which would impose an income tax on Washington residents. The potential economic impacts of Initiative 1098 are hotly debated. If you are interested in reading the text of Initiative 1098, a copy of the initiative is embedded via Scribd below.
We are honored to host Bill Gates, Sr. who will be arguing the pro side, and Matt McIlwain, from Madrona Venture Partners, who will be arguing against the initiative.
We hope you can join us for what we think is going to be a very lively debate, including audience Q&A and reception.
Register for the event at the WTIA website and we look forward to seeing you.
5:30-6:00 Reception and networking
6-7:30 Debate, Q&A and post-debate reception


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Now introducing 7-Day premium trial to work, binge, & stay secure online
There are very few things more fun than playing Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Z online, whether with friends or with strangers from around the world. Like all online games, though, sometimes you might experience connection problems.
Luckily, there is an easy way to solve those: forward your ports. Enabling port forwarding for Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Z will give you a more direct connection to the game's servers, and will improve the stability of your game experience.
Forwarding the ports for Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Z first involves knowing which ports to forward, so we've made you a list:
To enable port forwarding for Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Z, you need to go to your router's settings, and tell it to forward the correct ports.
To do that, though, you'll need a few extra details. Find and make a note of the following:
If you don't know how to find this information, don't worry. We've also put together a more detailed guide on How to Forward Ports on your Router for Online Games. In that guide, you can find out how to forward your ports for any game (and not just Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Z), and also how to find the information you need.
The process for forwarding a port is generally:
Enabling port forwarding for Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Z is even easier using the PureVPN port forwarding add-on. Our add-on automates the above process, meaning you can forward your ports for Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Z (or any other game) in a few clicks for only $0.99.
The PureVPN port forwarding add-on also has some other great advantages:


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Ionian Park Hotel
Gouvia, Greece
23 reviews
Very good hotel. Fantastic service. Great pool. Great location.Show reviews
- Wi-Fi
- Parking
- Restaurant
- 24h Service
- Fitness
- Radio
- Bathroom
- Safe
- Internet Access
- Shower
- Hairdryer
- Air conditioning (individually regulated)
- Stereo
- Minibar
- Bathtub
- Fridge
- Satellite/cable TV
- Air conditioning (centrally regulated)
- Balcony/Terrace
- Elevators
- Laundry Service
- Playground
- Hotel Room Safe
- Shops
- Hairdresser
- Foyer
- Medical Assistance
- WLAN access
- Bar(s)
- TV Room
- Air conditioning
- Conference Room
- Small supermarket
- Public Internet Access
- Evening Buffet
- Breakfast Served
- Half Board
- Children's Pool
- Sun terrace
- Lounge Chairs
- Outdoor Pool(s)
- Bocce
- Number of Pools
- Ping Pong
- Massage
- Beach Umbrellas
- Golf
- Pool bar
- Billiards/Snooker
- Darts
This hotel is situated in Gouvia, some 300 m from the beach and around 10 km from Corfu Town. The hotel is a well-kept, modern hotel, surrounded by lush, evergreen gardens and located just 500 metres from the centre of Gouvia. It is perfect for those looking for a pleasant, well-maintained hotel with a relaxed atmosphere.
The air-conditioned hotel comprises a total of 195 rooms. A lobby and a reception are available to travellers. Most storeys can be reached by lift. Amenities include a safe. Internet access in public areas (for a fee) allows guests to stay connected. The hotel's culinary facilities include a restaurant and a bar. Various shops are available, including a supermarket. The grounds of the establishment feature a playground and an attractive garden. Additional facilities at the accommodation include a TV room. Those arriving in their own vehicles can leave them in the car park of the hotel for a fee. Available services and facilities include a babysitting service, medical assistance and a wake-up service.
Each of the rooms is appointed with air conditioning and a bathroom. Most rooms feature a balcony with a view for guests' enjoyment. There is also a minibar. Guests will also find a mini fridge included as standard. Other features include a telephone, a TV, a radio and a stereo system. The bathrooms have a shower and a bathtub. A hairdryer is also available.
The establishment offers an outdoor pool and a children's pool. The sun loungers and parasols on the sun terrace offer a great place to unwind. A poolside snack bar is available. Leisure options at the accommodation include bocce, golf, table tennis and darts. For a fee, billiards and massage treatments are also available. Entertainment options and leisure facilities include live music and a kids' club.
A variety of catering options can be booked. Guests can choose between bed and breakfast, half board and all-inclusive. Breakfast, lunch and dinner are available. The hotel offers alcohol-free drinks and alcoholic beverages.
The following credit cards are accepted at the establishment: VISA and MasterCard.


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text: It's putting you the system user in the place of making a deal for the deed holder to avoid losing the house. Also Todd Frazier Jersey , you get funds through the approach. Sadly, I can not suggest this plan. The first major problem here, as in something associated with this sort of a system, is that the doable income for the volume of function you have to put in is just not value it. Bargains are far too scarce, and hard to make operate.One more problem is the price tag tag. Indeed Tony Perez Jersey , it does incorporate assist and some wiz-bang software. A thousand bucks is just too much. Ultimately, we just cannot recommend simply because of the set up of the program. Here is what we search for when we take into account a program. First, a fair cost, ideally underneath $400. Second, no fluff to the program. Only the essentials you need to start making money. No distractions developed in.Finally Chris Heisey Jersey , we look for groups that offer you a joint venture alternative.We identified every one of individuals standards in only 1 system on the market place. That training course is provided at . Those guys are excellent!Students are shown ways to locate remainders created at the foreclosure auction. This functions for each tax sale foreclosures and for mortgage loan foreclosure auctions.And these guys take it a phase more, exhibiting to the student ways to apply the identical rules to uncover and negotiate with inheritance funds and even bankruptcies.The escrowed funds which they are likely after have previously been created and are staying kept, without the knowledge of the correct claimants. The gain margin is ridiculous very good.You aren't chasing possibly incomeTheir help is free and these guys further joint venture with you on the home loan surplus funds, tax foreclosure overbids and estate monies. They buy out the claimants and even give you a significant commission. Certainly you can most likely imagine, a buyout can make it attractive to the claimant and will get the specials closed. So if you are looking for a actual funds maker Homer Bailey Jersey , and wish to pull down great pay out for your effort, you really should at least check out their plan out. We've by no means noticed everything like their program. Further, these guys are likely to withdraw the bankruptcy module bonus shortly. You had better move speedy! I believe in the transformational power of liberty. I believe that the free Iraq is in this nation's interests. I believe a free Afghanistan is in this nation's interest. George W. Bush


text:
|When you start doing something always start with saying to yourself " I GET to do this"
Do you know the torture of memories of lost love?
I get lost in them sometimes and then I realise I am mad at whole world. Words hurt you know.
But then I always pick myself up and just walk away from those memories. It's better this way.
Is it just me or time is running fast?
Yesterday I was just playing with my colours,drawing in my notebook, and today, here I am, writing a 2000 words research paper on how to detect colours in an image using data.
I might feel time is running fast but I know am enjoying while it's progressing.
I am like a water bubble
If I think of you,
I burst myself
You are like a train
And I am like a railway track,
you reverberate my core.
You are my travel log,
It's new and old
It's love and an example
My questions start from you,
And end at you.
This is my first step towards you♥
If you are ever in darkness
I will light the fire
If you are ever under pressure
I will lift the sky
These are not just words
But my feelings towards you♥
I want the real love this time,
The one that will make me feel young again.
The one that will play symphonies in my head
And butterflies in my stomach.
The one that will make me go red in my cheeks
And the one that will make me skip my heart beat with every smile
The one that will be kind to me
And the one that will make me go soft all day long.
I am ready to wait for it, take your time universe♥
Here is the feeling again,
Making waves of your thoughts in my mind,
Creating symphonies of your voice,
I wonder if you think of me the same way I think of you.
Do you think "us" is possible?
Do you want "us" to happen?
I am too scared to take the steps towards you,
I am afraid , I will fall.
Can you walk towards me Andy? ♥
I am waiting for you
You might be with someone else right now,
You might be looking for me, I don't know,
I know you will find me some day,
I know you will come to me some day.
And we both will live together forever,
And die together.
One day we will be together,
Your brown eyes will become my skies.
This moment is a pause in my life,
My life will start again once you are with me.
I will love and laugh once again, once am with you.
Someday we will be together
I will take you to my favourite places
I will build palaces with you
I am saving my love for you
I am saving my smiles for you
I am saving my dreams for you
I know you will find me soon♥
Why do we fall in love and not rise?
Because we become vulnerable in it.
I think it's wild,
That puts fear in me.
From where comes your sparkling heart,
It makes me kind.
I want to fly into the clouds,
I want to sleep in your arms.
I love to love but I don't understand love.
It makes me really sad at times but I am always grateful to always choose love and the happiness that come with it.
I fall down and get my heart broken but I never stop embracing love and all the emotions it gives me.
I hope I will get to spend my life with someone who never stops believing in the true happiness that love gives.
I float like a leaf in a river,
I don't know where this current will take me,
I am just floating.
This wind teases me with her speed,
It's pushing me another direction,
I like it.
It makes me feel free..
Oh wind, oh river,
Take me wherever you like,
I am going with the flow🦋
The innocence in her eyes,
It's a paradise.
Her eyes is the place to lose fears,
It's the place you find happiness.
Beautiful blue eyes,
Like a clear sky,
It's the place to lose tears.
It's the place where you could be anyone you want to be.
I want fly away in her eyes♥
Tired today,
I wanna grow and live
But you bring me down - Statistics
Yes you I am about talking about your mean that deviates from my happiness.
The probability that I will be anxious to see you increases day by day.
Take this continuous distribution of stress away from me and and let me a discrete random variable of happiness.
I am happy!
People ask me what's the reason behind my smile?
I say " There is no reason. If I want to feel good I just smile for myself. I just feel good about myself even though I do t have a good news I want to be happy for no reason"
Always smile, happiness will come on its own.
This is a part of me
That I don't wanna share
This silence is me
And only me
I like to keep it to myself
This doesn't mean am sad
It just simply means
I enjoy my company
I like to laugh with myself
I like to dance with myself
I like to sing with myself
Try enjoying your soul
You will love it.
Oh baby
I know you are leaving tonight
I miss you dearly already
I wish I could hold you
And kiss you
And hug you forever
I wish I had that power
You cane in my life
And my life was full of colours
Don't ever forget me babe❤
Dedicated to my pet Guinea pig "Shiro"
Oh life
Give me your address
Say something
Tell your address
Walking on this path
Dancing to this melody
Am on my way
Tell me your address
I will be there with you
I want to meet you
And be with you life!
I have this feeling rising inside me again
Like it has before
It's because of someone new
But I never asked for it
Do I want it?
Am I ready to forget the last time I felt this way?
I don't t know what's happening
I have butterflies in my stomach
Something complicated is about to happen
I don't like this twisting of intestines inside me
What should I do?
Should I move forward with it or kill my dey here just to be safe?
Someone guide me please.
Oh why am I at crossroads again!
I always come back to this line and am unable to cross it. Why?
Why these things happen to me? Should I take a leap of faith again?
It didn't work last time so what's the point! Oh life! Why do you always put me in this position? Why?!
I doubt this so that I can believe.
I travel on this road,
Unable to think clearly
Will you help me?
Will you take away my broken heart?
I don't know what I want.
I just know ,
I can't bear the pain of the mountain of tears that my heart has become.
I hear your voice now,
Always did,
Can't take you out of my mind or heart or life.
If your heart should try,
May your eyes still cry.
You will find me in a sea of pain,
where no one cares about my existence.
I miss you dearly.
Come on and let's fly into the sky, you are my only one.
Your voice is like a river,
Which flows at full moon.
I lie awake,
Looking at these watery eyes.
At night, moonlight sings,
Feels like your voice.
If you can,
Let your voice meet on my rhythm.
At times, my destiny says,
When there is full moon,
It's said a fairy goes by, she is the night queen, walks on a melody .
Come and let me take you into the moonlight,
You are my only one.♥
It's been months, your smile,
I miss it.
Your sound of laughter
Your warmth of breath on my neck,
Your soft hands in my hands,
I still miss it.
How can I forget you when you are the very reason I live for.
I wish I could tell you how it feels without you. I have not smiled the way I used to with you. There is a sinking feeling inside me which is present 24x7. I feel I am drowning deep into sea of darkness and nobody can bring me back. I try and try and try and try to come up but the feeling of you being lost in this darkness is pulling me down. I want us again.
I hope in future I get be us again.
I love you.
There was a hurricane when my heart broke,
Nobody knows those moments like you and I do.
I don't know,
Even you don't know,
How did these winds came and brought the sunshine of sadness.
These winds blew us away from each other,
Nobody knows those moments like you and I do.
My house was a barren land,
After you came it gave me warm feeling of home.
When my eyes met your eyes first time,
Moonlight smiled with our love.
At one side we will have moon
On the other, some happy tears.
I do not care about world,
Or what has or will happen,
I do not care.
If we die at this moment,
We will call this moment a dream.
And will stand again,
Laughing at life.
I have always wanted to live in a world where we can be together. I hope somewhere it exists.
"There is the love OF your life and love FOR your life, the love OF your life will be your weak point for a long time, but it won't work, while the love FOR your life is the one that works in a complete way. There's the one that's right and the one you want to be right."
This is so true-AS