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Watch our video for the lowdown on some of the indie highlights from the show floor
While it's easy to be dazzled by the huge blockbuster announcements coming from the press conference stages at E3 2015, there were a wealth of quirky, oddball riches on show elsewhere at this year's event.
Patrolling the show floor, we saw some of the most imaginative, unique and downright insane games ever to hit E3 from the maverick indie developers that we love here at PlayStation. Take a look at our video to hear from some of the creators themselves, then read on for our round-up of what you may have missed from this year's show…
1. Shadow Warrior 2
Lu Wang is back with more weapons, more foul mouthed wise-cracks and an even wider world to carve up demons in. This time there's drop-in drop-out online co-op to lend a helping sword… gun… flaming arrow, or any of the other '70-plus weapons at your disposal.
It may be over 30 degrees outside in LA, but on the show floor, SNOW was wowing spectators with its superbly detailed winter sports open world. Grabbing your skis and hurtling down the side of a mountain feels exhilaratingly realistic, and it promises a range of events to challenge your friends on PS4 – best of all, it's going to be free-to-play.
3. Mother Russia Bleeds
Inspired by classic side-scrolling beat 'em ups like Streets of Rage II and Final Fight, this dark and twisted alternate version of Russia is packed with violent freaks, drug barons and gang bosses to slug your way through. Four player local co-op, friendly fire and drug-fuelled overdrive frenzy attacks make this blood-curdling bone-cruncher a lot of fun.
4. I Am Bread
Possibly taking the crown for the most out-there concept in gaming this year, I Am Bread is the world's first bread simulator, putting you in control of an intrepid slice on his way to fulfil his destiny and become toast. Not only that, but you can smash up your house as an angry baguette or take a bagel racing amongst other baked antics.
5. Nuclear Throne
This all-action roguelike from the developers of last year's super-addictive Luftrausers thrusts you into a post-apocalyptic world where freaky mutants are all battling to control the Nuclear Throne. Over-the-top weapons, waves of relentless enemies and hilariously weird characters are all coming to PS3, PS4 and PS Vita soon.
6. Crossing Souls
Beautifully nostalgic with its VHS-styled cartoon cut-scenes and pixel gameplay, Crossing Souls is jam-packed with 80s references – including a mean, high-kicking version of Prince, an E.T inspired bike chase, nods to The Goonies and many more. You'll switch between five friends- including one who happens to be ghost – each with their own special abilities as you explore a wonderfully detailed action-adventure-RPG world and fight to save their parents from dastardly kidnappers.
Alongside those good folks at Double Fine, developer Ko-Op have created a world of colourful, house-sized monsters and puzzles to explore on PS4 and Project Morpheus. Quirky art styles and lovable creatures with giant 'gnoggins' are everywhere in a 3D world packed with personality.
Norse mythology, real-time combat, randomly generated loot and brutally challenging enemies inhabit the mystical world of EITR. Fighting demonic mobs with your sword, shield, arrows and more is all about timing, precision and learning their attack patterns, giving this indie-RPG a flavour of Dark Souls and Diablo that those who love a challenge will enjoy.
9. Rocket League
Down on the show floor, awards were stacking up against Rocket League's booth, and rightly so – this arena based motorised football multiplayer is ridiculously fun and will be bringing the competition to PS4 soon.
10. Hatoful Boyfriend Holiday Star
If one episodic story-driven pigeon dating simulator isn't enough for you, then fear not! Hot on the wings of Hatoful Boyfriend (coming to PS4 and PS Vita soon) is this follow-up instalment, Holiday Star. The world is under threat from an arrogant, golden-plumed pheasant with destructive powers at his command, and only feathery Anghel and his Hatoful friends can stop him.
11. Enter the Gungeon
A procedurally generated labyrinth? Relentless bullet hell? A gun that can kill the past? You'll find it all in the Gungeon. It may sound violent, but this dungeon crawler from Dodgeroll Games is packed with personality, humour and most importantly, fun. Oh, and a gun that fires fish.


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BrandState Line 21
From Cigarettes Pedia
Brand State Line 21
State Line 21 is a brand of cigarettes in Kazakhstan and England, king size (85 mm), 21 cigarettes in a pack, hard pack.
Dear visitors of the site if you have more information about this brand, please insert this info.
Thank you for your assistance.

subset: commoncrawl


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42 7039 Macpherson Avenue, Burnaby Listing #: R2463537
Absolutely immaculate 2 bedroom, 2 bathroom townhome at the VILLO Metrotown! This contemporary styled home is just 4 years young and features a totally open 1012 SF layout, Bosch stainless steel appliances, gas cooktop, quartz countertops, soft-closing drawers, under cabinet lighting, laminate floors, 9' ceilings on main, frameless glass shower, window roller shades and insuite laundry. Comes with 2 side x side parking, 1 locker and balance of 2/5/10 new home warranty with rainscreen technology. All this in a great loc just steps to Burnaby South Secondary and the Royal Oak Skytrain Station and just a short drive to Metropolis, T&T Supermarket, Bonsor Rec Complex or Deer Lake Park. 360 Virtual Tour: https://my.matterport.com/show/?m=7za1C68GmSu
Taxes (2019): $2,889.17
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Site Influences
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Listed By: RE/MAX Austin Kay Realty
Disclaimer: The data relating to real estate on this web site comes in part from the MLS Reciprocity program of the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver or the Fraser Valley Real Estate Board. Real estate listings held by participating real estate firms are marked with the MLS Reciprocity logo and detailed information about the listing includes the name of the listing agent. This representation is based in whole or part on data generated by the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver or the Fraser Valley Real Estate Board which assumes no responsibility for its accuracy. The materials contained on this page may not be reproduced without the express written consent of the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver or the Fraser Valley Real Estate Board.


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- Policies and premiums
- Training
- Claims
- About LPLC
Commercial litigation – stay alert20 January, 2015
Download PDF
Managing the client's expectations during litigation is the key to containing risks in this area. Commercial litigation – stay alert provides examples of how things can go wrong in commercial litigation and how practitioners can minimise the risk of a claim.
The relationship between litigation practitioners and their clients can often be difficult from the start. To many clients the court system, which includes a number of tribunals, is unfamiliar and confusing. A litigant's discontent is likely to be exacerbated when faced with delays, unexpected costs and no costs jurisdictions. Not surprisingly, litigation is a significant area of claims each year.
Commercial litigation claims have accounted for 12 per cent of cost of claims on average each year from 2010 to 2014 and 18 per cent of the number of claims on average each year for the same period. In dollar terms that amounts to approximately $15,000,000.
These claims concern commercial litigation in its broad sense – contractual disputes, debt recovery, employment claims, building disputes and insurance litigation.
To discuss any concerns you have regarding the content of this guide, contact LPLC on (03) 9672 3800. While we are unable to provide legal advice, we can discuss danger areas, how claims may arise and direct you to relevant resources.
The causes of claims
As litigation is an unfamiliar environment for many litigants, practitioners need to manage the client and the retainer as well as the law.
Unfortunately the failure to listen, ask relevant questions and explain matters to clients in a way they 'hear' and understand underpins many litigation claims.
Poor communication results in:
- the client's expectations not being managed about what can be achieved in the litigation and how much it will cost
- the legal issues not being managed because insufficient information about the facts of the matter is obtained
- lack of appropriate advice.
Dissatisfied litigants
There are some clients, particularly in the litigation area, who are difficult to deal with and for whom careful management and clear communication is essential.
Some features that should alert a litigator that a client may be high risk and require careful attention include a client who:
- has unrealistic expectations about the outcome
- has already fallen out with previous practitioners
- has a deadline looming which will be difficult to meet
- becomes hard to contact, reluctant or unable to pay disbursements and gives inadequate instructions
- has a case that is dubious or even hopeless
- wants you to approve their misconduct
- is impecunious
- does not pay interim bills
- does not appear to listen or understand:
- warnings about costs consequences
- your advice about prospects of success
- recommendations about settlement
- their overarching obligations.
Before taking on any new matter practitioners should ask themselves whether they should act for this client, at this time, in this matter.
Careful and thorough management of any client's litigation matter is always important.
Here are some suggestions for handling clients.
- Before accepting instructions in a matter carefully consider whether you can act:
- for this client
- in this matter
- at this time
bearing in mind the duties you will have to that client and the court.
- Communicate with the client at the very beginning about:
- who the client(s) is/are
- who will give you instructions and their authority
- the facts of the matter
- what the client wants out of the process
- what you can realistically provide
- how the litigation process works
- how much it will cost clearly, honestly and accurately (most important)
- if there is more than one client, whether there is a conflict or whether one is likely to arise.
- Maintain regular communication with the client throughout the matter and in particular:
- focus on managing the client's expectations and how best to communicate key issues
- keep the client informed about the costs incurred
- supply information to enable the client to make informed decisions.
- Maintain civil and respectful communications with the court and other parties, and in particular:
- respond to all offers of settlement or requests for negotiations
- advise the court and other parties promptly when you know of issues that may cause delay such as unavailability of counsel.
- Be organised and efficient in the management of your files including:
- send a letter that accurately describes the scope of the retainer
- keep detailed file notes
- confirm advice in writing
- keep pleadings separately from correspondence.
- Comply with court timetables and directions.
- Brief competent counsel with full briefs.
- Communicate effectively with counsel so all relevant issues are canvassed and deadlines are met.
- Maintain objectivity and focus on the issues, not the personalities.
- Regularly review your strategy and advice as evidence is obtained and pleadings are changed.
- Be conscious of your obligations to the court to facilitate the just, efficient, timely and cost-effective resolution of the real issues in the dispute when formulating your pleadings and preparing for trial.
- Plead and argue only those points that have a proper basis.
- Act decisively when an issue rises including non-payment during the course of the matter that means you should cease acting.
Common problems
1. Failure to issue proceedings
This category of claims covers all instances where the client has lost a right or cause of action. These often result from a lack of legal knowledge, such as specific statutory limitation periods under building or workplace relations legislation, or more unusual areas of law like aviation or maritime legislation. Others are more fundamental errors such as failing to recognise a defence or failing to document advice given to the client about the relevant limitation periods.
Missed time limit through distraction with settlement negotiations
In early 2004 the practitioner took instructions from a client for a claim against a stockbroker. The client alleged the stockbroker had been negligent and invested funds without the client's consent. Settlement negotiations extended over many years due in part to delays caused by the practitioner. In late 2010 the client instructed the practitioner to lodge a dispute application with the Financial Services Ombudsman (FSO) which was rejected as it was out of time. Applications to the FSO must be lodged within six years of the applicant first becoming aware they have suffered a loss.
Failing to advise on limitation period
The practitioner acted for a client in an unfair dismissal claim under the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cwlth). The practitioner advised the client generally about the claim against the employer but did not tell the client the time limit within which proceedings could be issued was 60 days from dismissal. The client was unable to provide instructions for a number of months due to personal matters and the time to bring the application lapsed. An application to extend the time to bring the application two months out of time was thankfully successful.
Our recommendations
- Think laterally about alternative rights of recovery under contract, statute and common law.
- Always check the legislation to ensure you know the limitation period, especially if you do not act in that area regularly.
- Tell your client of the limitation period at the start of the retainer and where the retainer is prematurely terminated. Confirm the advice in writing.
- Set up systems for diarising and tracking deadlines and limitation periods. Actively monitor their effectiveness.
- Be careful about the method of lodging applications and proceedings when deadlines are near. It is better to take any necessary action well before the date the proceedings must be issued and served.
2. Failure to consider or investigate a cause of action
This category of claims involves the failure to truly understand or act on the client's cause of action and includes the following scenarios.
- Proceedings not properly considered or investigated before being issued and were ill-founded or included the wrong party.
- Failing to include one type of claim among others such as a claim for interest or for loss of profits in a property damage case.
- Inadequately prepared defences.
- Proceedings brought in the wrong jurisdiction – often overlooking the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal's (VCAT) review jurisdiction. By the time the mistake is discovered it is too late to issue in the correct venue or the venue chosen has unnecessary cost exposure.
Communicating with the client and investigating the matter thoroughly before proceedings are initiated is now particularly crucial given the Civil Procedure Act obligations.
Failure to consider cause of action
The client was threatened with dismissal by her employer. The employer arranged to meet with the client and her practitioner. Due to a misunderstanding neither the client nor the practitioner attended the meeting, resulting in the employment being terminated. The practitioner commenced proceedings seeking compensation for the client but failed to seek reinstatement of the client. The client complained later that failing to seek reinstatement undermined the client's bargaining position on compensation. This could have been avoided if the claim had been properly explored with the client before proceedings were issued.
Not properly investigating process before issuing proceedings
The practitioner issued proceedings in the name of an owners corporation involving a dispute over common property. Under the Owners Corporations Act 2006 (Vic) proceedings could not be issued in the name of the owners corporation unless authorised by a special resolution. It appears the practitioner never asked if the proceedings were authorised. The problem of failing to obtain the special resolution became clear when raised at mediation and the respondent subsequently issued a summary judgment application. To avoid this situation the practitioner could have issuing proceedings in the name of a lot owner rather than the owners corporation.
Grounds of defence not properly explored
The practitioner acted for a surveyor defending a claim by a purchaser that land had been incorrectly surveyed. The purchaser was successful in the Magistrates' Court and awarded damages and costs. It was later discovered the purchaser received a copy of the survey after the contract was signed so there was no reliance by the purchaser on the survey. However, no defence argument had been raised at the Magistrates' Court hearing along these lines suggesting an incomplete preparation of the defence. The question of when did the client receive the survey had never been raised.
Our recommendations
- Adopt a forensic approach to taking instruction, in particular:
- explore with your client what outcome they are seeking such as damages or some other remedy
- thoroughly interview the client to ensure you have the full story such as winning at all costs or settling and maintaining the relationship with the other party
- assemble the facts and key documents necessary to support the case.
- Prior to issuing proceedings:
- if necessary recommend to your client further investigation be undertaken and advise on the likely cost
- provide a preliminary assessment of the merits of the case in writing including your appraisal of possible claims or likely defences
- advise on the risks of litigation and cost consequences in writing
- consider which court is appropriate and where there is a choice, discuss the options and consequences with the client.
3. Delay, strike out and default judgment
Delay and failure to comply with court orders or litigation timetables continue to give rise to avoidable claims against litigation practitioners.
There are a number of reasons these claims occur including:
- an issue in the case is 'too hard' or the practitioner procrastinates
- practitioner error in recording a hearing date
- the practitioner is too busy or becomes side-tracked
- the client is non-responsive or difficult
- the practitioner ignores or overlooks counsel's advice
- counsel sits on the brief.
Miscalculation of period to file and serve
The practitioner acted for a defendant company in a Supreme Court matter and the proceeding was settled prior to the final hearing. As a consequence of a breach of the terms of settlement by the defendant, a statutory demand was served on them. Shortly after receiving a copy of the statutory demand from the client, the practitioner sent a letter to the practitioner acting for the creditor, stating that an application would be made to set aside the demand. The practitioner for the defendent miscalculated the date when the application to set aside the demand needed to be filed and served, resulting in the application being served outside the 21 days required to file the application.
The practitioner could have avoided this error by filing and serving the application immediately, rather leaving it until later. The client ultimately complied with the terms of settlement and the claim was withdrawn.
Diary error results in judgment being entered
The practitioner was instructed by the client to object to a winding up application on behalf of the client. A hearing date had been set for the new year. The practitioner and client met just prior to the end of year to discuss the conduct of the matter and shortly after this meeting the practitioner diarized the hearing date.
Approximately two months later the practitioner was notified by the client that the matter had been heard by the court and orders made to wind up the company. The practitioner checked his diary and discovered he had entered the wrong date in his diary.
The practitioner then successfully made application to set aside the judgment.
Shortly after this occurred the client retained new practitioners to act on their behalf and brought a claim against the original practitioner for costs and expenses incurred as a result of having to make application to set aside the judgment.
As far as the client was concerned the costs of setting aside the judgment would not have been incurred had the original practitioner correctly diarized the hearing date. The matter was eventually settled with a substantial payment to the client.
Delays by practitioner
The practitioner received instructions from a company to defend a claim for payment of money owing pursuant to a sale of business agreement. The trial was originally set down for hearing in February but was adjourned for three months due to a delay in the practitioner finalising witness statements. The delay was in part due to the practitioner overlooking an email from the client setting out amendments to their witness statement.
The practitioner also delayed briefing counsel to appear at the hearing of the matter because the practitioner thought the matter would settle prior to hearing.
The barrister was contacted the day prior to the hearing. At the hearing the barrister sought a further adjournment due to the delay in finalising the witness statements but it was refused and judgment was entered for the plaintiff. Application was then made to set aside the judgment and at this stage the client was referred elsewhere.
Our recommendations
- Do not allow difficult cases to drag on. Discuss them with a colleague or seek advice from appropriate counsel. Peer review is an invaluable tool for dealing with difficult files.
- Explain clearly to your client reasons for delay and the consequences. Where the client is causing the delay set out in writing the ramifications of continued delay and any relevant time limits.
- Consider terminating the retainer where your client will not to give you instructions to proceed and does not heed your warnings. If you do terminate the retainer, you need to do so for just cause and on reasonable notice. Do this in writing, giving details of any time limits.
- Do not allow briefs to languish with a barrister. Find out what further information the barrister requires and follow this up. Do not accept excuses for delay from counsel. Have an office policy about retrieving briefs from non-performing counsel. Set time limits within which counsel must perform.
- Review files on a regular basis.
4. Wrong parties
These claims arise where there is a failure to identify and serve the correct parties.
They tend to arise where:
- proceedings are complicated
- proceedings are based on events that occurred some time ago
- there is a large volume of paper evidence or
- there is scant evidence.
These issues result in the correct identity of parties not being detected until a limitation period has already expired. One common mistake occurs when the proceeding is issued in the name of the client personally but the cause of action belongs to the client's company. Thorough and careful instruction-taking will usually enable you to structure the proceedings correctly.
Consideration must be given to the correct joinder of 'concurrent wrongdoers' as defendants to 'apportionable claims'.
Failure to sue director personally
The practitioner acted for a purchaser who obtained a building inspection report before buying a property. The report failed to disclose several major defects. Proceedings were issued against the company that provided the building inspection report, however the defendant company went into liquidation not long before trial. The director of the company was not sued personally as a defendant and by the time the company had gone into liquidation the limitation period had expired so the claim against the director personally was out of time.
Failure to issue in name of company
The client instructed the practitioner to commence proceedings for theft, and misleading and deceptive conduct. The client had disclosed details of an invention to a possible investor. Sometime after this disclosure, the client discovered the investor was selling a similar product.
The claim for misleading and deceptive conduct was successful but no damages were awarded as the client's company (and not the client personally) owned the business which suffered the loss.
Failure to sue a concurrent wrong doer
The practitioner acted for a land owner whose property was destroyed in a fire which spread from an adjoining property. There was some difficulty in identifying all those responsible for the fire.
Shortly before the limitation period expired counsel was briefed to draw the proceedings. Three defendants were named in the statement of claim. A fourth person was identified but on counsel's advice was not joined.
At the mediation the three named defendants adopted the position that the fourth person was primarily liable, and accordingly were unwilling to make any substantial contribution to settlement.
Our recommendations
- Read the available documents carefully to ensure you issue the proceeding in the name of the correct plaintiff and against all of the correct defendants. Responsibility does not rest solely with the barrister settling the statement of claim.
- If the evidence or the causes of action evolves as the matter proceeds, keep revisiting the question of who are the appropriate defendants and what is the relevant limitation period.
- Understand the differences between Commonwealth and Victorian proportionate liability statutes concerning the joinder of 'concurrent wrongdoers' to ensure all the necessary parties are joined as defendants.
See page 33 for additional information on proportionate liability.
5. Dissatisfied litigants
These claims are brought by litigants who did not get the results they wanted at trial and/or mediation.
They usually complain that:
- the case was not properly prepared
- the evidence was not properly presented or
- they should have been advised to accept an earlier settlement offer.
Nearly all involve a failure to properly manage the client's expectations as to likely outcomes and the cost of achieving those outcomes.
Some of these claims are opportunistic and without merit. Many are subject to immunity defences available under Giannarelli v Wraith (1988) 165 CLR 543 or D'Orta-Ekenaike v Victoria Legal Aid [2005] HCA 12 or Goddard Elliott (a firm) v Fritsch [2012] VSC 87.
Not the right way
The practitioner acted for a client in a dispute with a neighbor about the use of a carriageway easement. The client complained that the neighbor obstructed the carriageway by placing pots and leaving rubbish bins on the easement.
The neighbours denied the allegations. The client however had photographic evidence.
The client had a choice of trying mediation first or issuing proceedings and was warned of the costs of taking court action. On advice from counsel, the client instructed the practitioner proceed with court action.
The practitioner sought an interlocutory injunction. The neighbor filed a defence and the court determined that an injunction was not appropriate and ordered costs of the application against the plaintiff.
The matter subsequently settled at a court ordered mediation on a walk away basis but with the plaintiff to pay the costs of the defendant relating to the interlocutory injunction.
The plaintiff was very unhappy with this outcome and complained to the practitioner that they did not understand what an interlocutory injunction was and did not understand why they had not sought damages. The client also believed the court documents were poorly drafted.
Client blinded by principle underlying litigation
The practitioner took instructions from a client in an emotionally charged partnership dispute. The client's initial insistence on fighting his partner 'as a matter of principle' persisted throughout the interlocutory process and despite the practitioner's warnings about costs. Two days into the trial, the judge foreshadowed doubt about some of the client's evidence and shortly after, the client was persuaded to settle the case. Only at this late stage, faced with overwhelming costs risks and an apparently unreceptive judge, was the client prepared to let go of the 'principle' driving the litigation.
The client turned to blame the result on his practitioner for not fully warning him about the risks associated with his own evidence. In fact, he had filtered out the unpalatable aspects of legal advice that did not suit his position. The practitioner's defence would have been helped by better written warnings to the client about the risks of proceeding.
Missed settlement opportunity
The practitioner acted for an employer in relation to three unfair dismissal claims. The employer was ordered to reinstate the employees and pay back-pay. The employees sought costs on the basis the employer unreasonably refused to settle the claims. The employer complained it had not been fully advised by the practitioner on the employees' prospects of success or the implications of not accepting earlier settlement offers.
Our recommendations
- Warn your client about the specific risks of litigation.
- Advise your client in writing of the cost consequences of winning or losing.
- Advise your client about the progress of the trial and if necessary, make settlement recommendations.
- Confirm your advice and your client's instructions in writing, particularly where an offer is made and rejected against your advice.
- If you require costs before preparing for trial, ensure you receive them well in advance.
- Ensure the client understands the consequences of not paying such as you will stop acting.
6. Revisited settlements
In these claims the clients later regret their settlements and seek to blame the practitioner.
Typically, there is poor communication with the client and a failure by the practitioner to manage the client's expectations. The client often has an unrealistic expectation of the claim's worth and feels pressured into settlement, usually at mediation, without fully understanding or engaging in the settlement process.
Communicating with clients who are often traumatised by the litigation process requires great skill so the client will 'hear' as well as understand.
Getting down to business
A practitioner acted for a client in a dispute about the alleged sale of a half share in a business to a third party.
Proceedings were commenced by the third party who was seeking damages. The proceedings included a claim against the wife of the client that two payments had been made to her in error and should be refunded.
The practitioner sought advice from counsel and provided this advice to his client (the husband). Counsel provided some comments about whether the wife should be removed as a party but believed it was preferable for her to remain. The practitioner did not give counsel's advice to the wife.
A settlement was negotiated and terms of settlement were entered into and signed by the husband and wife in the presence of the practitioner.
The husband and wife failed to pay and the plaintiff obtained summary judgment in the County Court.
The wife brought a claim against the practitioner on the basis that he was acting for her but failed to properly advise her. The wife also alleged that had she received counsel's advice she would not have entered into the terms of settlement.
At no time did the practitioner turn his mind to who he was acting for and any potential conflict of interest between the husband and wife.
The claim was settled with a substantial payment to the wife.
Pressure to settle
The client in his capacity as attorney for a company, instructed the practitioner to act for the company in a debt recovery matter. The practitioner issued proceedings on behalf of the company. Prior to the final hearing the matter was referred to mediation.
Just prior to the mediation, the practitioner notified the client that he would cease acting if his outstanding legal costs were not paid. Notwithstanding that the costs were not paid, the practitioner appeared at the mediation on behalf of the client.
The matter settled at mediation.
The client later alleged the practitioner had a conflict and had pressured the client to settle the matter at the mediation given that the terms of settlement would result in a payment to the client which could be used to pay the practitioner's outstanding accounts.
Client changing instructions
The client purchased an apartment off-the-plan but refused to settle. The vendor issued proceedings to enforce the contract. The matter was settled and the letter evidencing the terms of settlement signed by the practitioners for the parties refers to the parties entering into a formal deed of settlement.
The client refused to sign the formal deed of settlement saying his claim was now worth more. The client alleged he was induced to agree to settle by misrepresentations about the value of the property made at the mediation.
Our recommendations
- Manage the client's expectations about the value of their case throughout the matter:
- when you give your client preliminary advice about the value of the case inform them this may change as evidence is obtained
- update your client on the value of the case promptly as new evidence is obtained.
- Well before any settlement conference/mediation advise your client about how it will be conducted and what will be expected of the client.
- When acting for more than one client consider any potential conflict and the need to recommend independent legal advice be sought.
- Where an offer is made and rejected either on or against your advice, confirm these instructions and the advice in writing.
- Where the client wants to settle for an amount you think is too low make a file note of your advice to the client including the reasons the client has given you for settling and confirm this in writing.
- If you intend briefing a barrister to attend mediation, it is preferable you or someone from your office who knows the client and the matter accompanies them. If the client can't afford for you to attend, they should meet the barrister to discuss the case and what will happen at the mediation before it starts. This is preferably this occurs several days before and not on the day of the mediation.
- Be sensitive to the pressures on clients to settle at the end of a long or taxing mediation and the importance a getting fully informed consent to settle.
- Avoid drafting terms of settlement at late-night mediations. Mistakes are easily made by tired or hungry drafters.
7. Settlement without authority
Claims in this category often arise because of a lack of communication, a lack of documentary evidence or both. They usually involve a failure to obtain:
- instructions from an insurer as well as an insured when acting for a third party such as an insurer
- authority when acting for more than one client such as both the husband and wife or
- full instructions of the terms on which the client is prepared to settle.
Insurer's consent not obtained
The practitioner acted for an insurance company in a building dispute and the insured building company was a defendant. The practitioner joined a third party to the proceeding and the insurance company was not notified. The matter settled but the insurance company refused to indemnify the building company for the costs of joining the third party.
No instructions to settle
A practitioner acted for a landlord in a retail tenancy dispute. The landlord refused to consent to a transfer of lease due to existing breaches of the lease by the current tenant and that the new tenant was unsatisfactory. The landlord was prepared to enter into a new lease with the tenant on a higher rent than the existing lease.
The tenant brought proceedings in VCAT seeking an order that the landlord consent to the transfer. The matter went to mediation which the practitioner attended. Terms of settlement were agreed and were signed by the practitioner rather than being signed by the landlord, more for convenience than any other reason. The terms of settlement provided for a new rent of $220,000 inclusive of GST.
The practitioner subsequently prepared the new lease and sent it to the client. In response, the client stated the terms of settlement were incorrect as the rent amount should have been $220,000 plus GST.
The client brought a claim against the practitioner alleging the practitioner had settled without instructions for a new rent amount of $220,000 GST inclusive. The negligence claim was settled with a payment to the landlord.
Our recommendations
- Ensure you have instructions from all clients. Do not assume one party has authority to deal on behalf of another.
- Explain the basis of the settlement to your client clearly before seeking authority to settle.
- Keep a detailed file note of your client's instructions to settle and follow up with prompt written confirmation.
- Where possible, obtain written confirmation of settlement instructions.
8. Inappropriate terms of settlement
This category of claims includes a settlement that does not accurately reflect the client's authority and a release which is inadequate or drafted too widely.
Terms of settlement not approved
A claim was made by an owners corporation on its insurance policy for defective building works. The practitioner acted for the insurer of the owners corporation. The matter was settled by the insurance company. The practitioner acting for the insurance company prepared minutes of consent orders. The orders referred to a release of the builder in relation to 'all fire safety measures'.
Subsequent to the settlement, the owners corporation wished to take further action against the builder. This action related to additional defects but was met with a defence by the builder that the terms of settlement were not limited to the fire safety measures – the subject of the proceedings – but covered all fire and safety measures.
The practitioner acting for the owners corporation alleged the orders were agreed by the lawyer for the insurance company without reference to the owners corporation. It was also alleged the orders should have specifically provided that the release was only in relation to the defects raised in the proceedings.
Indemnity drafted too widely
A builder brought a claim against an electricity contractor and supplier for damages suffered as a result of the interruption to the electricity supply at a building site. The matter settled and a deed of release was entered into by the parties.
The deed of release, which contained an indemnity by the builder, was drafted very widely so it applied to any third party claim against the electricity contractor and supplier. The builder's practitioners did not appreciate the potential effect of the clause.
Following settlement the developer of the building brought a claim against the electricity supplier. In its defence the electricity supplier sought to rely on the indemnity given by
the builder.
Our recommendations
- Stop to consider if the release covers only the matters raised by the proceeding/dispute and your client's instructions.
- If the release is wider than the matters raised by the proceeding, advise your client about this and the ramifications. Where possible, negotiate a reduction in the scope of the release.
- Document your client's instructions and your advice relating to settlement negotiations.
- Consider any GST consequences of the settlement. See page 35 for further information on GST and commercial litigation.
9. Costs orders and disputes
Adverse costs consequences as a result of the practitioner's action or inaction is a common trigger for claims. The client may seek to recoup the costs from the practitioner or applications for personal costs may be made relating to:
- wasted costs for interlocutory proceedings for such things as repeated amendments to pleadings, flawed or inadequate discovery or privilege incorrectly claimed
- fraud improperly alleged in pleadings
- parties unnecessarily joined or
- particular issues or claims unnecessarily pursed in court wasting the court and other parties' time.
Generally costs orders may be made against practitioners where they have caused costs to be incurred by a failure to act with reasonable competence and expedition. See page 32 for further information on the Civil Procedure Act. While we have always had claims for payment of other parties' costs, in recent years we have seen an increase in the number of claims due in part to the introduction of the Civil Procedure Act.
Client seeks to recoup costs for proceedings which were struck out
The practitioner acted for an owner of a hire car business. A vehicle was stolen and the insurer of the vehicle denied the claim. The practitioner was instructed to pursue the claim against the insurer and to defend a claim by a finance company seeking to recover the balance owing under the vehicle finance agreement. The practitioner issued proceedings in the wrong court which were eventually struck out. The client was ordered to pay the insurer's costs and sought to recoup the costs from the practitioner.
Under prepared for trial and adjournment refused
The practitioner acted in a dispute about alleged overpayment to a contractor undertaking certain earth works. Counsel was briefed but later informed the practitioner he was not available on the trial date.
Due to a delay in the client providing money up front the practitioner was only able to brief the second counsel the week before the hearing. Counsel sought an adjournment on the basis that the matter was hopelessly under-prepared but this was refused. The matter proceeds and the client lost the case after which the services of the practitioner were terminated. A dispute with the practitioner ensued about the costs incurred by the client for seeking the adjournment.
Personal costs order sought by client
The practitioner acted for a company and was not aware at the time of commencing proceedings the company was deregistered due to non-payment of fees owing to ASIC. When the error was discovered the practitioner applied to have the company reinstated, however this did not cure the defect of issuing proceedings against a de-registered company. The client then instructed a new practitioner to commence new proceedings and obtain personal costs orders against the first practitioner.
Cost orders for fishing expeditions
The firm acted for a defendant who was being pursued for payment of a debt. The money had been borrowed to purchase a motorcycle which had caught fire and been destroyed.
The firm issued third party proceedings against the dealership and against the manufacturer of the motorcycle. The client settled with the manufacturer before court but lost against the plaintiff and the remaining third party, the dealership.
The dealership made application for its costs on an indemnity basis to be paid 20 per cent by the client and 80 per cent by the firm as there was no proper basis for the proceeding as the evidence was that the only explanation for the fire was the fault of the manufacturer. It was really a fishing expedition as the defendant had no idea about the cause of the fire.
The Magistrate said the defendant had an 'overwhelmingly hopeless evidentiary position' and ordered that the dealership was entitled to recover 60 per cent of its costs on an indemnity basis against the firm.
Cost order for badly run application
The firm was retained to help resolve a dispute about three caveats which had been lodged so settlement of the property could be affected. After much negotiation, the parties eventually agreed to pay the proceeds of sale into court pending resolution of the various disputes so settlement could occur.
Several months later the wife instructed the firm to apply to have her share of the proceeds released from court on the basis that she was not indebted to two of the caveators.
The firm prepared an application and an affidavit on behalf of the wife. The Associate Justice who heard the matter was scathing about the application for a number of reasons including that the affidavit of the wife was very sloppily drawn and there was no evidence one of the caveators had been served.
The Associate Justice dismissed the application, ordered the wife pay the other parties' costs and that the firm show cause as to why they should not have to pay those costs which were ultimately paid by LPLC in settlement of the claim against the firm.
Our recommendations
- Determine at the start whether the client has a good cause of action. Regularly review this assessment during the course of the matter.
- Choose your witnesses carefully and interview them extensively to ensure you know what they will say in the witness box.
- Ensure you have an evidentiary foundation for any claim in the proceeding.
- Avoid delays. A court is more likely to make an adverse costs order against a practitioner when the delay is due to the conduct of the practitioner.
10. Sue for costs and receive a counterclaim
This category of claims has risen steadily in recent years. The claims occur when practitioners take steps to recover costs and are met with allegations of negligence and/or misconduct in response.
The allegations are sometimes unfounded and come 'out of the blue'. In some cases they are designed to obtain a reduction in the amount of costs to be paid. In other cases the client is airing a legitimate complaint about treatment by the practitioner and objects to paying the bill.
In some situations the client has unrealistic expectations about the costs likely to be incurred and the likelihood of losing the case. In others the practitioner has not kept the client promptly informed of the delays experienced in getting to court and the effect on the costs incurred.
Managing the client's expectations relating to costs throughout the matter appears to be the key to avoiding these types of claims. This includes properly scoping the matter, estimating the likely range of costs at the outset and keeping the client informed as the costs are incurred during the matter.
Many practitioners bill on an interim basis in order to avoid clients suffering from unpleasant surprises about costs at a late stage of the litigation. Regular interim bills assist to manage the client's expectations about costs throughout the life of the matter and about costs consequences in the context of settlement offers.
Termination of retainer when costs not paid
The practitioner acted for a client in a claim against a financial advisor. A writ was issued primarily to avoid the limitation period expiring. The writ was not served.
The practitioner experienced some difficulty obtaining evidence from the client. The client was warned on a number of occasions of the need to provide evidence in support of the claim and that it was necessary to obtain an expert's report.
The practitioner sent the client monthly accounts which were paid for a number of months. The client ceased paying the monthly accounts because he believed the practitioner had agreed to act on a no win no fee basis.
At that point the practitioner ceased to act.
The client engaged another practitioner who settled the claim for $30,000.
The practitioner sued the former client for unpaid fees in excess of $70,000.
The former client filed a defence and counterclaim alleging the practitioner had told him he had a good case and would recover $200,000 in damages.
The matter settled with the practitioner receiving payment of approximately 50 per cent of their outstanding costs.
Although there was no negligence proven, the practitioner could have avoided this situation by insisting payment of the monthly accounts and communicating with the client about the costs throughout the matter.
Our recommendations
- Resist the urge to give an off the cuff estimate as clients will only remember the lower figure. Invest the time at the outset to properly scope the matter so realistic estimates can be given to clients as practitioners regularly underestimate costs. Set out your cost estimates clearly in writing.
- Keep your client informed on an ongoing basis on key issues including:
- costs, for example provide monthly accounts even where you have agreed to costs being payable at the end of the matter
- the likely success of the case
- any delays that occur and how they will affect the costs.
- Do not delay in contacting clients when their account is not paid by the due date. Ensure the client understands that the consequence of failing to pay is you may cease to act.
- When advising your client regarding settlement, provide up to date information on costs.
- Consider the possibility of any allegations of negligence before issuing cost recovery proceedings and weigh up the cost involved.
Other risks
Civil Procedure Act 2010
Practitioners have always owed a paramount duty to the court. The effect of the Civil Procedure Act 2010 (Vic) (Act) is to codify those obligations.
The Act came into operation on 1 January 2011 and was amended by the Civil Procedure Amendment Act 2012.
The following is a summary of the obligations of practitioners pursuant to the Act. For more information go to the LPLC website – www.lplc.com.au and download the 2 February 2011 LPLC Bulletin titled 'Civil Procedure Act 2010 (Vic) Update'.
The Act sets up a hierarchy of duties and obligations for practitioners.
- Duty to the court.
- Overarching obligations.
- Duty to the client.
The new concepts of overarching purpose and obligations apply to all civil proceedings commenced after 1 January 2011. Transitional rules apply if proceedings started before that date.
The overarching purpose of the Act is the just, efficient, timely and cost-effective resolution of disputes. The courts are required to comply with this when interpreting and exercising their powers and functions in the conduct of civil proceedings.
Overarching obligations apply to all parties, practitioners, insurers, funders and expert witnesses. They are to:
- act honestly at all times (section 17)
- only pursue claims and defences that have a proper basis, on the factual and legal material available at the time (section 18)
- only take steps reasonably believed to be necessary to resolve the dispute (section 19)
- co-operate with other parties (section 20)
- not mislead and deceive (section 21)
- use reasonable endeavours to resolve a dispute by agreement (section 22) or narrow issues (section 23)
- use reasonable endeavours to ensure costs are reasonable and proportionate to the complexity or importance of the issues and the amount in dispute (section 24)
- minimise delay (section 25)
- disclose 'critical documents' at the earliest reasonable time and on a continuous basis after becoming aware of their existence (section 26).
Overarching obligations certification is required by each party to a proceeding with the filing of the first substantive document in civil proceedings (section 41).
If a practitioner is faced with instructions from a client that are inconsistent with the overarching obligations the practitioner cannot contravene, nor allow or cause the client to contravene the Act (section 13 and 14).
The court has powers to award costs against practitioners personally for:
- contravening an overarching obligation (section 29)
- behaving unreasonably and causing a party to unnecessarily incur costs in complying with pre-litigation requirements (section 38)
- failing to comply with discovery obligations or engaging in conduct intended to delay, frustrate or avoid discovery of discoverable documents (section 56).
Civil Procedure Amendment Act 2012
The Civil Procedure Amendment Act 2012 received royal assent on 30 October 2012 and commenced operation on 31 March 2013.
The amending Act gives the court the power to order a practitioner to provide a memorandum relating to the costs already incurred, estimates of costs to the end of the proceeding and the estimated length of the trial. This memorandum may be required to be given to the court, the practitioner's own client or to the other parties in the matter. Practitioners may also be required to give estimates of costs the client is likely to incur if they lose.
The amendments make it clear the court has broad discretion to order costs in any way it deems appropriate. They also give the court the power to make detailed orders relating to the preparation and use of expert reports including direction as to the number of expert reports and the appointment of a single joint expert or court appointed expert. There is lessening of requirements relating to the signing of the overarching obligations certificates and proper basis certificates in limited circumstances. See sections 13(5) and 42(1C).
The Act in operation
We have seen an increase in courts considering personal cost orders against practitioners for failure to comply with the Act. Practitioners need to be mindful of the obligations throughout the conduct of the proceeding.
LPLC's policy provides cover for non-party cost orders unless the practitioner had an interest in the financial outcome of the proceeding or the practitioner engaged in conduct knowingly or recklessly in breach of duty to the court. See clause 16. Any cover is subject to a double excess.
Recent cases relating to the Act
The following cases are examples of the Act in operation.
- Hudspeth v Scholastic Cleaning and Consultancy Services Pty Ltd & Ors (No. 6) [2013] VSC 159
- Norman South Pty Ltd & Anor v da Silva (No 2) [2012] VSC 622
- Yara Australia Pty Ltd & Ors v Oswal [2013] VSCA 337
Proportionate liability
Proportionate liability legislation exists at both state and Commonwealth level. It limits the liability of a defendant who is a 'concurrent wrong doer' to an amount reflecting the proportion of loss or damage the court considers just, having regard to the extent of the defendant's responsibility for the loss and damage. The court is obliged to apportion liability in a claim to which the regime applies.
It is important practitioners understand how this legislation operates and the differences between the state and Commonwealth statutes.
Part IVAA of the Wrongs Act 1958 applies to the following proceedings (section 24AF(1)):
- a claim for damages for economic loss or property damage arising from the failure to take reasonable care whether that claim is brought in tort, contract, pursuant to statute or otherwise
- a claim for damages for a contravention of section 18 of the Australian Consumer Law (Vic) – misleading or deceptive conduct.
The Victorian Act does not apply to claims arising out of a personal or bodily injury, or claims made pursuant to a number of statutes such as Part 3, 6 or 10 of the Transport Accident Act 1986 (Vic). For a complete list refer to section 24AG of the Wrongs Act 1958.
The operation of Part IVAA of Wrongs Act can be limited or excluded in relation to contracts involving approved projects under the Major Transport Projects Facilitation Act 2009 (Vic) (see section 260).
The Commonwealth proportionate liability provisions apply to claims for damages brought under:
- section 12GP of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 (Cwlth)
- section 1041L of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cwlth)
- section 87CB of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cwlth) for economic loss or damage to property caused by conduct in contravention of the relevant consumer protection sections of the legislation.
The key difference is their application to concurrent wrong doers who are not parties to
the litigation.
In Victoria, the court may only apportion responsibility between 'defendants' to the proceeding which includes third and subsequent parties for these purposes. The court cannot have regard to the comparative responsibility of a concurrent wrong doer who is not a party to the proceeding unless the concurrent wrong doer is not a party because they are dead or wound up. In essence, the responsibility rests with the defendants' practitioners to ensure all responsible parties have been joined to the proceeding for the purposes of apportionment.
Under the Commonwealth provisions, the court is empowered but not obliged to apportion responsibility between 'defendants' (which includes third and subsequent parties for these purposes) having regard to the comparative responsibility of any concurrent wrong doer who is not a party to the proceeding. Therefore, responsibility lies with the plaintiff's practitioner to ensure all relevant parties are before the court. This puts the onus on the existing defendants to an apportionable claim to notify the plaintiff of any information as to the identity of other concurrent wrong doers. Failure to do so may result in cost orders on an indemnity basis against the relevant defendants.
The Commonwealth provisions also provide for the plaintiff to bring a second proceeding in respect of the same loss to recover any proportion of loss not recovered from the first proceeding by reason of the non-joinder of concurrent wrong doers.
Failing to join a defendant under the proportionate liability regime poses risks for practitioners in the conduct of multi-party litigation. Whether the risk lies with the plaintiff's practitioner or the defendant's practitioner depends on whether the litigation is governed by the Commonwealth or Victorian proportionate liability legislation. Accordingly, litigators need to be familiar with the relevant differences between the Victorian and Commonwealth legislation governing proportionate liability.
GST and commercial litigation
On 20 June 2001, the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) released a final ruling, GSTR 2001/4 Goods and Services Tax: GST consequences of court orders and out of court settlements. This ruling was amended by Addendum 2001/4A on 12 November 2008 (ruling).
A copy of the final ruling is available at:
The ruling provides that the consequences of payments made and things done pursuant to court orders and out-of-court settlements are as follows.
There are no GST consequences in the following situations if that payment or undertaking, made or given, is stand alone:
- a payment of damages (see examples below)
- a payment of party/party costs
- a payment to a plaintiff/claimant by an insurer through and/or on behalf of an insured/defendant or
- an undertaking to discontinue proceedings ('discontinuance supply') as part of a settlement.
Cost of rectifying defective building work
In a private ruling the ATO determined a payment of damages to compensate for the cost of rectifying defective building work was not a supply, no consideration was given as a result of the out-of-court settlement and "…the payment of the settlement sum is regarded as payment of a damages claim and is not considered to be consideration for a taxable supply.".
A copy of the final ruling is available at
Damages for lack of insurance cover
In a private ruling the ATO determined the payment of the settlement amount from an insurance broker was a payment of damages to compensate the insured for the lack of insurance cover as arranged by the insurance broker and the payment is not considered to be consideration for a taxable supply.
A copy of the final ruling is available at
Breach of copyright
Plaintiff claims damages for breach of copyright and damages are paid by way of settlement. No GST is payable as the claim for damages is not regarded as constituting a 'supply'.
GST consequences
There are GST consequences if:
- the dispute relates to an earlier supply that was taxable, then the order or settlement will have GST consequences relating to that earlier supply or
- the order or settlement requires the making of a current supply, then the current supply will attract GST if it meets the requirements for a taxable supply.
Goods supplied
Company A sells goods to Company B for $1,000 plus GST. Company B does not pay and Company A sues Company B. Judgment or settlement is effected for the total of the claims – the claim should be on a GST inclusive basis. Payment of $1,100 is made and the plaintiff must pay or account for GST of $100 to the ATO unless it has already done so on the original supply.
Note that costs paid by the defendant to the plaintiff in this example will not have GST consequences.
Use of copyright
Plaintiff claims damages for breach of copyright. Action is settled on terms that the defendant pays $50,000 for damages for past breaches and pays $50,000 to plaintiff in return for agreement to use the subject of the copyright.
GST is not payable on the damages but is payable on the payment for use of the copyright as a 'current supply' is made within the terms of settlement.
Additional matter – insurance claims
Practitioners who deal in insurance claims should be aware that ATO ruling GSTR 2000/36 Goods and Services Tax: insurance settlements by making supplies of goods and services was withdrawn by GSTR 2000/36W on 21 December 2006 and has been replaced by a finalised draft ruling GSTR 2005/D9.
The draft ruling mainly deals with the issues where insurers are entitled to an input tax credit when making payment or supplies in settlement of insurance claims.
The ATO has also issued a determination that ex gratia payments by an insurer in response to a claim made under an insurance policy is a payment made in settlement of a claim for the purposes of section 78-10 of the A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999 (GST Act). Refer GSTD 2011/1.
LPLC Commercial Litigation Checklist
This checklist will help you avoid many of the mistakes made by practitioners in commercial litigation matters. It is a guide only and is not comprehensive.
The checklist can be photocopied for ongoing use and a word version is available at www.lplc.com.au
Useful data
Practitioner name/File no.:
Client(s) details:
Name and address of interpreter:
If no interpreter used state reason no interpreter required:
- Where the client is a company or some type of conglomerate, identity the person from whom instructions are to be taken/to whom advice is to be given.
- Determine who you are acting for e.g. the lender or borrower, the company or a director.
- Undertake necessary searches to determine whether the client and any prospective defendant is an undischarged bankrupt or under administration.
If the client is a company, determine whether a receiver and manager and/or a liquidator has been appointed or the company has been deregistered. Any such searches should also be done just before any proceeding is issued.
- Consider any possible conflicts in acting for the client.
- Carefully scope the matter and calculate accurate estimates of the likely costs. Break down the estimate where necessary for the various stages of the litigation. It is easy to underestimate costs.
- Send your client a retainer letter after the initial contact.
- Include your notes of any conversation(s), (or convert your file note into a proof of evidence) and ask the client for any further information.
- Explain your arrangement for costs and provide an estimate.
- Confirm any advice you gave the client.
- Confirm what you will undertake for the client.
- Confirm any limitation periods.
- Include your disclosure statement and any disclosure information from any barrister(s).
Managing the client and the proceeding
- Manage the client's expectations relating to the value of the case throughout the life of the case.
- Give your client preliminary advice about the value of the case early in proceedings.
- Inform your client this advice may change as further evidence is obtained.
- Regularly update your client on the value of the case.
- Warn your client of the specific risks of litigation.
- Adopt a forensic approach to taking instruction, in particular:
- explore with your client what outcome they are seeking such as damages or some other remedy.
- thoroughly interview the client to ensure you have the full story such as winning at all costs or settling and maintaining the relationship with the other party.
- assemble the facts and key documents necessary to support the case.
- Prior to issuing proceedings.
- If necessary recommend to your client further investigation be undertaken and advise on the likely cost.
- Provide a preliminary assessment of the merits of the case in writing including your appraisal of possible claims or likely defences.
- Advise on the risks of litigation and cost consequences in writing.
- Consider which court is appropriate. Where there is a choice, discuss the options and consequences with the client.
- Read the available documents carefully to ensure you issue the proceeding in the name of the correct plaintiff and against all of the correct defendants. Responsibility does not rest solely with the barrister settling the statement of claim.
- Regularly update your client about:
- costs
- any delays and how these will affect the costs.
- Communicate with your client about the delays in a case.
- Where the client is causing the delay, set out in writing the consequences of continued delay and any relevant time limits.
- Where the client fails to give you instructions to proceed, consider terminating the retainer.
- If you terminate the retainer, advise the client in writing and give the client details of any time limits.
- If the evidence or the causes of action evolves as the matter proceeds, keep revisiting the question of who are the appropriate defendants and what is the relevant limitation period.
- Ensure the client understands their overarching obligations pursuant to the Civil Procedure Act 2010 (Vic).
- Understand the differences between Commonwealth and Victorian proportionate liability statutes concerning the joinder of 'concurrent wrongdoers' to ensure all the necessary parties are joined as defendants.
- Do not act as a post box for your client.
- Do not allow a 'too hard basket' case to drag on.
- Refer difficult matters to a colleague or seek advice from appropriate counsel.
- Do not let briefs languish with a barrister.
- Find out and act on what further information the barrister requires.
- Do not accept excuses for delay from counsel.
- Have an office policy about retrieving briefs.
- Do not treat counsel as a branch office.
- Create a system for tracking deadlines including follow up reminders and actively monitor its effectiveness.
- Act quickly in obtaining evidence.
- If your client wants to delay in obtaining evidence, set out the risks of doing so in writing and confirm the client is taking the risk.
- Ensure you issue the proceeding in the name of the correct plaintiff(s) and against the correct defendant(s).
- Be careful about the method of lodging applications and proceedings when deadlines are near.
- Take note of and carefully diarise any self-executing orders.
- Review files on a regular basis.
- Diarise the date for filing any appeal.
Costs orders and disputes
- Regular file review is the key to avoiding adverse costs orders against a practitioner. At the review, matters which are outstanding can usually be detected and dealt with before they become an issue.
- Clients want transparency when it comes to legal costs. An informed client who knows upfront about the likely legal costs is less likely to have a costs dispute with their practitioner.
- Avoid delays. A court is more likely to make an adverse costs order against the practitioner when the delay is due to the conduct of the practitioner.
- Do not delay in contacting clients where their account is not paid by the due date. Ensure the client understands the consequences of failing to pay, that is you may cease to act.
- Ensure you have authority to settle from all interested parties.
- Advise your client about how any settlement conference will be conducted and what will be expected of the client well in advance of the conference.
- Where the client wants to settle against your advice, make a file note of your advice to the client. Confirm this in writing.
- Consider whether the release covers the matters raised by the proceeding and your client's instructions.
Consider whether GST been considered.
- If the release is wider than the matters raised by the proceeding, advise your client about this and the associated ramifications.
- Document your client's instructions and your advice relating to settlement negotiations.
- Keep detailed file notes of all conferences and telephone conversations with your client and others.
- Your file notes should:
- be dated
- identify the author
- record the duration of the attendance
- record who was present or on the telephone
- be legible to you and someone else
- record the substance of the advice given and the client's response/instructions
- be a note to the file rather than a note to yourself.
- Confirm all of your advice in writing to the client.


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Friends, we're so happy to introduce to you our very first ever online at-home yoga retreat together led by our beloved teacher Leah Sugerman. This at-home online yoga retreat is designed
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It's tempting to imagine this means that the first humans called their parents mama and dada, and that those two warm, hearty words have survived the slings and arrows of human history to remain in use today. But the notion is too good to be true. Over time in language, sounds smush along their way to becoming new ones, and even the meanings people assign to a word drift all over the place.
posted 1731 days ago


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Heyyyyyyy!!! So I haven't posted anything in what seems like forever and I just wanted to let you know, we are all doing fine. I've been back to work now and loads of changes happening there as well as in… Continue Reading
Heyyyyyyy!!! So I haven't posted anything in what seems like forever and I just wanted to let you know, we are all doing fine. I've been back to work now and loads of changes happening there as well as in… Continue Reading
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text:
Using the latest technologies to stay warm safely, cleanly and efficiently.
Wood Heat is a comprehensive and practical homeowner's guide to using wood as a reliable source of heat with the latest wood stoves and traditional fireplaces. The book explores the efficiency of wood compared to other fuels, the environmental impacts of various fuel types as well as sustainability issues that have led to so many adopting a wood-burning lifestyle.
Heating with wood does more than keep a house warm. Though it can be a hands-on expression of self-reliance, it does bring us closer to the land by using fuel that is renewable and sustainably harvested, and renews our wonder in the cycle of the seasons. And the biggest benefit is that wood heat saves money in the long run.
There are four ways that wood can be used to heat a home or cottage: wood stoves (the most popular), fireplace inserts, pellet stoves and masonry heaters. Wood Heat explains the pros and cons of each.
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Currently, over 10 million U.S. households use wood as their main heating fuel or to supplement other forms of heating. Unstable, increasing fuel costs and the desire of many people to move toward self-sufficiency will only increase the numbers of those choosing to burn wood for heat. Wood Heat is the ideal guide for all.
As an editor for St. Remy Press and Reader's Digest, Andrew Jones has worked on a wide variety of books, from Time-Life's Art of Woodworking series to several editions of The Top 10 of Everything, The Complete Road Atlas of Canada and True North Strange and Free. He lives in Oakville, Ontario.
Why Wood?
In this day and age, is it reasonable to heat with wood when more efficient sources of energy exist? Is wood really cheaper? Is the wood-burning lifestyle for you? This book seeks to answer these questions. It explores everything from how to source, choose and purchase wood and how to season, split, stack and store it to how to build and tend fires. It explains the differences between wood-burning appliances, and it provides advice on how to heat your residence safely, whether you are warming your living room or your entire home.
Those who've had the experience would agree that there are few things more comforting in life than basking in the warmth of a crackling wood fire as the day draws to a close. Yet it's also true that heating with wood provides benefits which extend well beyond basic comfort and warmth: Wood is a sustainable fuel that can be harvested ethically and burned cleanly, and doing so can result in a great sense of personal satisfaction and well-being.
But if wood is a relatively inexpensive, renewable source of energy with such tremendous potential, why don't more people heat with it? Why isn't it part of energy policy discussions by local, regional and national governments? Why is heating with wood still largely seen as a quaint backwoods pursuit?
The answer to the first question is practical. Home heating with wood on an urban scale is unrealistic, for reasons that start with basic distribution and space. Unlike other renewable sources of energy that come straight to your house, such as electricity and natural gas, firewood requires a lot of dedicated space if you are to use it to warm a single-family dwelling through a frigid northeastern winter.
Another drawback to heating with wood is air pollution. Wood that is not burned properly creates noxious smoke, and as a result, it is strictly regulated in many municipalities throughout Canada and the United States. Older stoves and fireplaces that don't burn wood as cleanly and efficiently as newer appliances can exacerbate this problem, creating more smoke. Burning wood is thus often seen as a nuisance rather than a beneficial resource.
Yet when all things are considered, the advantages of heating with wood in some settings can handily outweigh the disadvantages, as we'll learn. Wood is a sustainable resource that requires little processing, one that limits your furnace use and offers self-sufficiency when the power goes out. Sourcing and buying wood locally also keeps your energy dollars within the community and contributes to responsible resource management.
Make no mistake--there is a considerable financial, physical and lifestyle investment in deciding to heat a home with wood. This book is not for everyone. While many will appreciate the warm feeling heating with wood evokes, fewer will take the steps required to make it a reality. But those who do will be rewarded handsomely.
A Short History of Wood Burning
Humans have burned wood to keep warm for millennia. What many of us don't realize, however, is that the use of wood as our primary home-heating fuel was displaced only relatively recently. Indeed, residential wood burning was the main source of domestic heat throughout Canada and the United States until about 150 years ago, and for much of rural North America, wood was virtually the only practical heating-fuel option until after the Second World War.
After 1945, the use of firewood for home heating dropped rapidly. Many associated wood heating with rural poverty and hardship and embraced the widespread, convenient and inexpensive energy sources of the future. During the 1950s and 1960s, the practice of wood burning was largely relegated to decorative fireplaces installed in new single-family homes that were heated with oil, natural gas and electricity. During these pivotal decades, wood became a fuel of the past. Eventually, it came to be viewed mostly as a fuel for recreational use.
It took the energy crisis of the 1970s to rekindle interest in wood heating in North America. The triple threat of skyrocketing oil prices, high interest rates and the recession of the early 1980s put the squeeze on household budgets. For many families, switching to wood became the simplest way to stop the financial bleeding caused by soaring monthly home-heating bills. Suddenly, the fusty old woodstove became a symbol of Canadian and American resourcefulness, ingenuity and self-sufficiency.
The resurgence of the woodstove, however, created an entirely new set of problems. Until U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations came into effect in the late 1980s (followed by Canadian Standards Association (CSA) standards in 2000), wood-burning technology had been fairly crude. Most wood-burning appliances were little more than steel or cast-iron boxes in which to build a fire. Old cast-iron stoves and furnaces burned inefficiently, sending acrid smoke through long, leaky flue pipes to crumbling, unlined masonry chimneys. Gaskets on loading doors were rare. An entire continent rushed back to wood heating after decades of inattention and decline, and a generation of people with no collective memory of the dangers of house fires led to thousands of new wood-burning converts losing their homes. Wood heating suddenly became one of the leading causes of residential structural fires, and many people to this day retain the notion that wood heating is inherently hazardous.
Throughout the 1980s, a concerted effort by all levels of government, the insurance industry and the wood-heating industry resulted in the development of safety standards and professional training programs. By the middle of the decade, the price of oil and other energy commodities had settled back to manageable levels, and the economy had recovered. Gradually, wood heating once again lost its glow, and the new and improved gas fireplace swiftly supplanted the woodstove. Even with the stock market crash of 1987, convenience trumped energy self-reliance for many.
Then came 1998. In January, a crippling ice storm shut down much of eastern Canada and the northeastern United States for weeks, and once again, the lowly woodstove and the wood-burning furnace saved the day for those lucky enough to own one. The following autumn, woodstove dealers could not keep up with demand by new customers, who didn't want to risk another winter without a solid home-heating backup plan.
That same year, geologists Colin Campbell and Jean Laherrère published an article in Scientific American titled "The End of Cheap Oil." In it, they broached the notion of "peak oil" for the first time. The pair accurately foretold that the global peak of oil production was near. Once that peak was reached, the price of oil would begin to rise steadily and never fall again. Wood burning began to enjoy its second renaissance.
The good news is that by the turn of the 20th century, heating with wood had evolved dramatically. It is now safer, more efficient and less taxing. Where burning with wood once meant backbreaking work, crude stoves and dangerous chimneys, now portable chainsaws cut the work in half, the efficiency of the average woodstove has roughly doubled, to around 70 percent, chimney technology and safety have vastly improved, and rigorous building codes and recognized standards have been established for virtually every type of wood-burning appliance.
Wood-heating retailers, contractors, chimney sweeps and municipal and insurance inspectors now benefit from national training and certification programs. Trained professionals can rely on clear and comprehensive safety rules. Public information, much of it produced by both governments and industry groups, is putting to rest old fears about the dangers of wood burning.
As recently as the mid-1980s, wood burning was relegated to a basement wood furnace or a stout cast-iron woodstove. Today, heating with wood has become retro chic as many North Americans try to recapture memories of their childhood as they refit cottages or build rural getaways. Woodstoves, by far the most popular type of wood-burning appliance, are no longer stodgy black boxes but are available in appealing enamel colors and both traditional and modern designs. Pellet stoves can provide 24 hours of heating in a single charge. Safe fireplace inserts allow wood to be burned cleaner at higher efficiencies. Breakthroughs in glass composition have resulted in the manufacture of doors that allow efficient heating without hiding the beauty of the flames.
By fusing innovation with tradition, wood burning is at last in a position to offer the best of the past and the future.
Chapter One: Who Burns Wood? Environmental Impact Sustainability Switching to Wood: Comparing Annual Heating Costs The Relative Efficiency of Wood Burning The Value and Satisfaction of Heating with Wood
Chapter Two: Wood Buying Wood Which Wood is Best? Just How Much Is a Cord, Anyway? Seasoning Wood Splitting Wood Freeing a Stuck Axe Splitting Wood Stacking and Storing Wood
Chapter Three: Appliances Choosing a Wood-Heating Strategy Space Heaters Certified Wood-Burning Appliances Cats & Non-Cats: Two Different Breeds of Stove Fireplaces Central-Heating Systems Burn it Smart, Burn it Right
Chapter Four: The Chimney Choosing a Chimney Type Assessing an Existing Chimney for Wood-Burning Safety Six Simple Rules for a Safe Chimney Planning a New Chimney Installation? Pushing the Envelope: Hot Not to Locate a New Chimney in a House Creosote: The Black Plague of Chimneys To Cap or Not to Cap?
Chapter Five: Installing a Wood-Burning Appliance Installing a Wood-Burning Stove Installing Other Wood-Burning Appliances Cleaning and Maintenance Installation Safety Safety Checklist
Chapter Six: Fire What Happens When Wood Burns? Bottom Up or Top Down Flash Fires and Extended Fires Tending and Maintaining Your Fire Cooking on a Wood-Burning Cookstove Charcoal and Ashes Hearth Accessories
Chapter Seven: Product Guide Wood-Burning Stoves Pellet Stoves Cookstoves Fireplace Inserts Masonry Heaters Wood-Burning Furnaces Outdoor Boilers
Appendix: Tree Identification Guide Photo Credits Resources Index


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Our country is highly obsessed with films due to which there is a minimum one film releasing every week. The numbers grow more whenever there is a medium level of the film releasing.
Along, with these films, there are some B-grade films and some small films with lesser known actors. The latter ones sometimes surprises you with its content and film-making. Looking at the trailer of 'Fuddu', one might expect to see something different and entertaining, despite of not having a single known face attached to the film.
'Fuddu' is a story of Mohan (Shubham) who migrates from a small town to the metro city Mumbai. He shares a small room with his elder brothers (Pritosh Sand and Vikki Ahuja) and their families. After getting a decent job, Mohan's brother decides to tie his marital knot with Shalini (Swati Kapoor). Mohan is highly excited with his marriage, but at the same time also fears about sharing the same room after marriage with his brothers and their families. After marriage Mohan tries his level best to seek some privacy with his wife but fails miserably. This leads to grieve consciences.
The 'Glitz' Factor
The first half has loads of fun moments dealing with Shubham's struggle in Mumbai and married life. The scenes are short and simple due to which the fun quotient is constantly maintained. A couple of the songs are fun while other dilutes the flow of the film.
Director Sunil Subramani deserves a pat on his back to make such type of slice of the life type of film in today's glamorous times. He keeps the movie entertaining as well as simple to its base level due to which there are hardly any dull moments in the film. The theme and message given out here is wrong, but presented in a fine manner. It's a decent attempt from him with good performances and gripping screenplay.
Shubham is natural and does his part with total grace. He carries the film on his young shoulders with total ease. Swati Kapoor looks pretty and slides easily in her character. Pritosh Sand, Vikki Ahuja and others lend good support. None of the actors overacts in this movie, they are totally natural and perfect for their respective characters.
The 'Non-Glitz' Factor
The story is highly inspired and also has many frame to frame scenes similar to the scenes from Jaya Bhaduri's film 'Piya Ka Ghar'. It's just that the writers have presented it in today's times and have focused more on the physical intimacy issues.
If only there were few more emotionally strong scenes in the film, the impact would have been more hard-hitting and memorable.Sunny Leone and Sharman Joshi's cameo song in the end credits is wasted.
Final 'Glitz'
'Fuddu' is a light hearted fun film. The message attached to it might be wrong but on entertainment level the movie makes its right mark.