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Welcome to This Date in Aviation History, getting of you caught up on milestones, important historical events and people in aviation from January 20 through January 23.
January 20, 1974 – The first flight of the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon. With the first flight of the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle in 1972, the US Air Force knew they had a winner on their hands, a true air superiority fighter that could take control of the sky over the battlefield and hold it. But as good as the F-15 was (and still is), it was also big and expensive, and the Air Force was concerned that they wouldn't be able to afford enough of them to counter the hordes of Soviet fighters they would face in a potential war. Back in the 1960s, and based on experience with the heavy McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II against more nimble Russian fighters, Air Force Col. John Boyd, along with mathematician Thomas Christie, developed the energy-maneuverability theory (E-M) which showed that small, lightweight aircraft would suffer the least amount of energy loss while maneuvering, especially when combined with a high thrust-to-weight ratio. Armed with that data, the Air Force announced the Lightweight Fighter program (LWF), requesting proposals for an inexpensive, lightweight aircraft that would also be highly maneuverable. The request stated that the new fighter must have a high thrust-to-weight ratio, weigh no more than 20,000 lbs and cost no more than $3 million per copy (the F-15 cost about $5 million in 1972 dollars).
Two companies responded to the request. Northrop submitted the twin-engine YF-17 Cobra, which was an enlarged derivative of their own lightweight F-5E Tiger II, while General Dynamics put forward the single-engine YF-16. To keep the costs down, the F-16 would use the same engine that was powering the F-15, and as much as 58-percent of the components were interchangeable with other Air Force aircraft. Many of the parts, such as flaperons, stabilators, and landing gear, were reversible, meaning that the parts weren't specific to one side of the aircraft. The large air intake was positioned below the pilot, and the front landing gear was set behind the intake to limit foreign object debris (FOD) from fouling the engine. The gun was also placed above and behind the intake to prevent the ingestion of muzzle gasses. In another innovation, the pilot's seat was reclined at 30 degrees, and the pilot's feet raised, to allow the pilot to sustain higher G loads. And rather than a central control stick, the pilot was given a joystick mounted on the right side of the cockpit.
Following the competition, the YF-16 was declared the winner of the LWF competition on January 13, 1975 (the YF-17 would eventually be developed into the F/A-18 Hornet for the US Navy). The F-16 Fighting Falcon (or Viper, as it is sometimes called) was introduced in 1978 and saw its first combat action in the Gulf War of 1991 and serves as the backbone of the US Air Force fighter and ground attack arsenal. In addition to its service with the US, the F-16 has been widely exported to over 25 other nations, and has seen combat in the Balkans, the Mediterranean and the Middle East. Production of the F-16 was sold to Lockheed Martin in 1993, and while the US Air Force is no longer procuring new F-16s ahead of the awaited entry into service of the Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II, Lockheed Martin is still building new aircraft for foreign customers, and more than 4,500 F-16s have been built to date. With forty years of service, the oldest F-16s have begun the conversion to QF-16 target drones which will be used to train the future generation of fighter pilots.
Note: While January 20, 1974 marks the first flight of the YF-16, that flight was entirely unintentional. Test pilot Phil Oestricher was performing a routine taxi test when he experienced roll-control oscillation that caused the wingtips to strike the ground. In a split-second decision, Oestricher chose to take off rather than continue the taxi test and, after a brief six-minute flight, he returned without incident. The official maiden flight took place on February 2. (Photo by DF16 via Wikimedia Commons; US Air Force photo; Israel Air Force Photo; US Air Force photo)
January 21, 1972 – The first flight of the Lockheed S-3 Viking. Ever since the First World War, submarines have been a constant menace to surface ships as they prowled the depths virtually undetected and loosed their torpedoes against unsuspecting ships. But the arrival of the USS Nautilus (SSN-571) nuclear submarine in 1954 signaled a quantum leap in capability over its ancestors, primarily due to its ability to stay submerged for long periods of time and cover vast distances out of sight under the world's oceans. Once those submarines gained the capability to launch nuclear missiles, the task of finding and destroying enemy submarines became of paramount importance.
The year 1954 also marked the arrival of the the Grumman S-2 Tracker, the US Navy's first purpose-built antisubmarine warfare (ASW) aircraft. But as submarines began diving deeper and moving faster, and more quietly, the Navy issued a proposal in 1967 for a more modern aircraft that would be capable of operating from their carrier fleet. In response, they received proposals from five companies, including a joint proposal from Lockheed and Ling Temco Vought (LTV). The Lockheed offering was chosen as the winner in 1969, and design and production of the S-3 was divided among the partners. LTV, with more experience building carrier aircraft, produced the wings, tail, landing gear, and engine pods, Univac made the computers and data processing components, and Lockheed built the fuselage and coordinated the finally assembly and integration of the components. Following the maiden flight, additional money was allocated to build eight more research and development aircraft, and orders for 179 aircraft quickly followed, such was the perceived need for the Viking.
The S-3 is powered by a pair of General Electric TF34 high bypass turbofans that give the Viking excellent range and loiter time while hunting submarines. It carries a crew of four (three officers and one enlisted), with the pilot and copilot/tactical coordinator in the front seats, and the tactical coordinator and sensor operator in the back. For hunting submarines, the Viking was equipped with an AN/APS-116 sear search radar, forward looking infrared (FLIR), up to 16 sonobuoys that could be dropped to detect submarines underwater, and a magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) boom that could track subs by their magnetic signature. Unlike earlier aircraft like the S-2 or the Lockheed P-3 Orion, the crew could share data between their screens and combine sensor information, making the 4-man crew as effective as a 12-man Orion crew. Once a sub was detected, the Viking crew could call on nearly 5,000 pounds of bombs, torpedoes, depth charges or missiles at the disposal. Anti-shipping missiles could also be fitted.
The Viking became operational in 1974 and immediately began their sub hunting duties to detect enemy ballistic missile submarines and protect the carrier battle group. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, and the subsequent breakup of the Warsaw Pact, the threat of Russian submarines was greatly reduced, and the Viking saw its role change to primarily sea surface search and anti-surface warfare. Most of the sub hunting gear was removed, and many Vikings also took on the role of aerial tanker. The S-3 saw service in the 1991 Gulf War and over Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom, but by 2009 the Navy announced the retirement of the Viking from carrier service, its role taken over by other fixed wing aircraft already in the Navy's arsenal. The final Viking was retired from service on January 11, 2016. (US Navy photos)
January 23, 1951 – The first flight of the Douglas F4D-1 (F-6) Skyray. One of the most important spoils of war that the Allies took from the Germans at the end of WWII was the trove of aerodynamic research that had been carried out by German scientists and, in many cases, the scientists themselves. Germany was on the forefront of innovative and even radical aircraft design, and the Allies were soon employing many of the German ideas in their own aircraft. Among the materials captured in Operation Paperclip was the work of Alexander Lippisch, who had done a significant amount of research into delta wings, specifically tailless delta designs.
In 1947, the US Navy issued a requirement for a new interceptor, one that could be launched from either land or sea. The new interceptor would have to be very fast and have an excellent rate of climb, as it was intended to intercept bombers flying at 40,000 feet with a speed of 575 mph. With an interception range of 100 miles, the new fighter would have to reach 40,000 feet in just five minutes. Following the inspiration of Lappish, famed Douglas engineer Ed Heinemann created a relatively small aircraft that had rounded delta wings and no tail. The wings were swept to 52.5 degrees, which had the added benefit of shifting the center of gravity aft which improved the aircraft's pivot point in pitch. With no horizontal tail, the pilot controlled pitch and roll with the use of elevons, a movable control surface that combines the functions of ailerons and elevators. This arrangement later became standard on most delta wing designs. A hydraulic booster helped activate the elevons and, in the event of hydraulic failure, the control stick could be extended by 12 inches to give the pilot more leverage.
Heinemann originally intended to use the Westinghouse J40 afterburning turbojet, but that engine wasn't ready in time for use in the prototype, so they substituted a less powerful Allison engine, which significantly affected the Skyray's performance. The only available engine that would give the Skyray the desired performance was the Pratt & Whitney J57, but using this engine required a complete redesign of the fuselage. It turned out that the extra work was worth it, because the Skyray turned out to be everything the Navy wanted in an interceptor, and could easily have been nicknamed Skyrocket (as it was, the unofficial nickname was Ford, for F4D). On October 3, 1953, the Skyray established a world speed record of 753.4 mph, and in another test, a Marine Corps pilot took his Skyray to 50,000 feet in just 2 minutes 36 seconds, setting a world record for the fastest time to that altitude.
The Skyray entered service in 1956 and a total of 422 were produced but, despite the Skyray's blistering speed, it soon became a victim of its own specialization. Designed solely as a high altitude interceptor, the Skyray was unsuited for the multi-role missions that newer aircraft were designed for. It served for only eight years before the Navy phased it out of service in 1969, though NACA continued to fly four Skyrays for research missions until 1969. (US Navy photos)
January 23, 1939 – The first flight of the Douglas A-20 Havoc. The Douglas A-20 Havoc was arguably one of the best medium bombers of WWII, but it doesn't garner nearly as much attention today as the North American B-25 Mitchell, its closest competitor, even though they both arose from the same 1937 US Army request for new attack aircraft. In response to the Army's request, North American submitted their NA-40 (which would become the B-25), Douglas proposed their DB-7 (Douglas Bomber 7, which would become the A-20), Stearman submitted the X-100, and Martin proposed their 167F (which would become the Maryland). In the end, the Army chose the Mitchell, and showed little interest in the DB-7. However, the French showed significant interest in the Douglas design, and they ordered 270 DB-7s at the outbreak of WWII with their own specific modifications which included a thinner, taller fuselage, 1,000 hp Pratt & Whitney radial engines, French guns and cockpit instruments that used the metric system. Aircraft sent to France were flown in a vain attempt to stop the German invasion, and were evacuated to North Africa with the fall of France. In battle, the DB-7 proved to be rugged and dependable, with excellent maneuverability and speed for its size.
With the fall of France, the remaining aircraft were delivered to the British, where they became known as the Boston, and were intended to be used as bombers. However, their range was not sufficient to bomb targets on the European mainland, so many were instead converted to night fighters called the Havoc I. In this role, the glazed bombardier's position was replaced with a solid nose housing a targeting radar and was fitted with forward firing machine guns. Another version, called Turbinlite, was fitted with a 2.7 million candlepower spotlight powered by batteries in the bomb bay along with a targeting radar. The unarmed Turbinlite aircraft would illuminate enemy bombers bombers so they could be attacked by other aircraft. A large number of A-20B, G and H Havocs were exported to the Soviet Union through the Lend-Lease program, and the Russians eventually operated more Havocs than the United States. The Soviets appreciated the high speed and maneuverability of the big plane, and when fitted with more powerful machine guns and cannons, it became a potent tank buster for the Soviet Air Force. Havocs were also exported to the Netherlands and Australia, where they saw service in the Pacific Theater.
Though initially cool to the A-20, the Army changed its mind after seeing the successes of the French and British. The Army placed orders for two versions of the A-20, one for high-level bombing (A-20) and the other for low-level attack (A-20A). Douglas also produced a version known as the A-20B, which was intended for high-level bombing and lacked armor protection or self-sealing fuel tanks to reduce weight. Though the Army ordered 999 of these B models, the majority were sent to Russia. The A-20G, which removed the glazed nose in favor four 2omm cannons and two .50 caliber machine guns, was the most highly produced model with 2,850 built. The G model proved particularly effective in the Pacific against Japanese ground targets and shipping.
With the US entry into WWII, their first purpose-built night fighter, the Northrop P-61 Black Widow, was still a year away. Following the British lead, the Americans also converted the Havoc to the night fighting role. Dubbed the P-70, the aircraft's glazed nose was painted over and filled with a SCR-540 radar, which was a copy of the radar set used by the British. Four 20mm cannons were fitted in a tray beneath the bomb bay, and extra fuel was loaded in the upper bomb bay. Later conversions of C and G models moved the weapons to the nose and the radar set took its place in the bomb bay.
In the end, the bomber that had initially been turned down by the US Army Air Forces proved to be a rugged dependable, and extremely flexible platform that saw service in all theaters of the war. By the end of production in September 1944, nearly 7,500 Havocs had been built, with a handful also constructed under license by Boeing. (US Air Force photo; DB-7 photo via; UK government photo; US Air Force photo)
Short Takeoff
January 20, 1959 – The first flight of the Vickers Vanguard, a short- to medium-range turboprop airliner. An enlarged version of the successful Vickers Viscount, the Vanguard was a victim of bad timing, as it was introduced at just about the same time as new jet-powered airliners, and sales suffered as a result. After ten years of service, Vickers introduced a cargo version called the Cargolifter, and that variant saw relatively good success, with older airliner versions subsequently converted to the cargo configuration. Forty-four Vanguards were produced, and the type was finally retired in 1996. (Photo by Piergiuliano Chesi via Wikimedia Commons)
January 20, 1930 – The birth of Edwin Eugene "Buzz" Aldrin. An engineer and astronaut, Aldrin was the pilot of the Apollo 11 Lunar Module and performed the first manned landing on the lunar surface. Once Neil Armstrong had made his "giant leap for mankind," Aldrin became the second man to set foot on the Moon. Aldrin graduated from West Point and served in Korea as a fighter pilot, flying the North American F-86 Sabre on 66 combat missions and shooting down two MiG-15 fighters. Prior to his Apollo 11 mission, Aldrin flew the final Gemini mission with Jim Lovell and performed a 2 hour and 20 minute spacewalk. Aldrin left NASA in 1971 to become the Commandant of the US Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards AFB, and retired from the military the following year. (NASA photo)
January 22, 1992 – The launch of Space Shuttle Discovery on STS-42, carrying the first Canadian woman into space as part of an international crew that also carried the first German astronaut, Ulf Merbold, on his second trip into Earth orbit. A neurologist, Bondar started training to be an astronaut in 1984 and served as a Payload Specialist for the International Microgravity Laboratory Mission, performing experiments inside the Shuttles pressurized Spacelab. Following her Shuttle mission, Bondar worked for more than 10 years with NASA, leading an international research team to find ways to help humans recover from the weightlessness of space travel. (NASA photo)
January 22, 1922 – The death of Elsa Andersson. The daughter of a farmer, Andersson aspired to be more than just a farmer's wife. So, at age 24, she learned to fly, becoming Sweden's first woman pilot. Following that achievement, she traveled to Germany to learn how to parachute, and toured as a parachuting stunt performer, often diving head first out of the airplane and performing acrobatics during free fall. Her untimely death came in the third jump of the day at a show Askersund, Sweden. In front of 4,000 spectators, Andersson's parachute malfunctioned, opening too close to the ground to slow her fall. She was just 25 years old. (Photo author unknown)
January 22, 1907 – The birth of Douglas "Wrong Way" Corrigan. Having helped Charles Lindbergh construct the Spirit of St. Louis, and a pilot himself, Corrigan hoped to make his own transatlantic filght. However, his application to the Bureau of Air Commerce was rejected because they said his aircraft was unsound for such a trip. Undaunted, Corrigan first flew from California to New York's Floyd Bennett Field. After filing a flight plan for a return to California, Corrigan instead headed east across the Atlantic Ocean and, after 18 hours of flying, arrived in Ireland. Corrigan claimed that he never intended to make the flight, and that navigational errors, obscured landmarks, and a faulty compass led to his wrong way flight. Corrigan was only lightly punished by aviation officials, and he became a celebrity, with ticker tape parades in both New York and Chicago. Corrigan died in 1955. (Photo author unknown)
January 22, 1892 – The birth of Marcel Dassault. Born Marcel Bloch, Dassault made his first contribution to aviation by designing an aircraft propeller during WWI, and later founded his own aircraft manufacturing company, the Société des Avions Marcel Bloch. Of Jewish parentage, Bloch took the name Dassault, deriving it from char d'assaut, the French work for battle tank. During WWII, Dassault refused to collaborate with the Bordeaux-Aéronautique, a French company created during the German occupation of France, so he was sent to the Buchenwald concentration camp until its liberation in 1945. In 1947, his company became the Société des Avions Marcel Dassault, which designed the first French jet fighter to enter production, the Dassault Ouragan. Dassault Aviation is now the premiere manufacturer of military, business and regional jets in France. Dassault died in 1986. (Photo author unknown)
January 22, 1889 – The birth of Harry George Hawker, an Australian aviation pioneer, chief test pilot for Sopwith during WWI, and founder of Hawker Aircraft. Hawker began his career as an auto mechanic in England before starting work with Sopwith. There he convinced them to teach him to fly, and he soloed after just three lessons. Following the liquidation of Sopwith Aircraft in 1920, Hawker teamed with Thomas Sopwith to start a new company, H.G. Hawker Engineering. Though Harry Hawker died in 1921 in the crash of his Nieuport Nighthawk, the company he helped found continued. Through a series of acquisitions and mergers it became Hawker Siddeley Aircraft, though it continued to make aircraft with the Hawker name. These included many of the most important and iconic aircraft of WWII, particularly the Hurricane and Typhoon. (Photo from the George Grantham Bain Collection via Wikimedia Commons)
January 23, 2007 – The first flight of the Lockheed Martin CATBird (Cooperative Avionics Test Bed), a highly modified Boeing 737-33o that is used to test the avionics on the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II. Lockheed purchased the 737 from Indonesian Airlines and began the process of converting the former airlinier in 1986. With a full-sized F-35 lightning nose section on the front of the aircraft, and canards that are the exact size and position relative to the nose as the actual F-35, the CATBird provides an economical way to test the Lightning's suite of avionics, and can carry engineers and other testing equipment aloft in a flexible system for testing different components and configurations. (Photo via Lockheed Martin)
January 23, 2003 – The final communication is made between Earth and Pioneer 10, an unmanned spacecraft that was designed to study Jupiter. Launched on March 3, 1972, Pioneer 10 made its closest approach to Jupiter on December 3, 1973. After leaving Jupiter, Pioneer 10 crossed the orbit of Saturn in 1976 and Uranus in 1979, finally achieving exit velocity and leaving our solar system on March 31, 1997. After solar power to the radios and antenna had become too weak, NASA received Pioneer 10's final radio message on January 13, 2003, when the probe was 12 billion kilometers from Earth. Pioneer 10's final trajectory would take it in the direction of the star Aldebaran, about 68 light years away. At its current velocity, it will take Pioneer 10 more than 2 million years to reach Aldebaran. (NASA illustration)
January 23, 1909 – The first flight of the Blériot XI. In the early days of aviation, flying across the English Channel seemed an insurmountable feat. The first pilot to make the journey successfully was Louis Blériot, flying a Blériot XI, a plane of his own design and construction. The flight made Blériot an instant celebrity, and his fame was an important factor in the success of his budding aircraft company. Produced in single and double seat configurations, the Blériot XI saw service in WWI, and would be the aircraft of choice for many pioneering aviators who used it for racing and record-setting flights. Two restored Blériot XIs exist today, and are considered the oldest flyable aircraft in the world. (Photo by J. Klank via Wikimedia Commons)
Connecting Flights
If you enjoy these Aviation History posts, please let me know in the comments. And if you missed any of the past articles, you can find them all at Planelopnik History. You can also find more stories about aviation, aviators and airplane oddities at Wingspan.


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How does the Medicinal Chemistry is related to Pharmacy
The Journal of Chemical Biology & Pharmaceutical Chemistry is an open access and International, Peer reviewed Journal that aims to disseminate knowledge and promote discussion on all topics related to Pharmaceutical Chemistry and also deals with Chemistry, Biology. The open access journal is published by Imedpub International who hosts around 350 open access peer-reviewed journals as well as organizes more than 100 International scientific Conferences.
Chemistry is the scientific discipline involved with elements and compounds composed of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behaviour and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other substances. A molecule is the smallest indivisible portion of a pure chemical substance that has its unique set of chemical properties, that is, its potential to undergo a certain set of chemical reactions with other substances.
Medicinal chemistry and Pharmaceutical chemistry are disciplines at the intersection of chemistry, especially synthetic organic chemistry, and pharmacology and various other biological specialties, where they are involved with design, chemical synthesis and development for market of pharmaceutical agents, or bio-active molecules (drugs), in particular, medicinal chemistry in its most common practice—focusing on small organic molecules—encompasses synthetic organic chemistry and aspects of natural products and computational chemistry in close combination with chemical biology, enzymology and structural biology, together aiming at the discovery and development of new therapeutic agents. Practically speaking, it involves chemical aspects of identification, and then systematic, thorough synthetic alteration of new chemical entities to make them suitable for therapeutic use.
Pharmacology is the branch of pharmaceutical sciences which is concerned with the study of drug or medication action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (from within the body) molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism (sometimes the word pharmacon is used as a term to encompass these endogenous and exogenous bioactive species).
Realizing the importance of this field, Imedpub Group has organized a prestigious conference on 33rd World Congress on pharmacology which was held from August 26-27, 2020 Barcelona, Spain which mainly focuses on the importance to understand drugs and how they can affect human physiology. It is with better understanding of Pharmacology one can know the right dosage and dosage forms of drugs. More research in pharmacology deals with identifying and responding to drug interactions and its side effects along with its mechanism of action, its therapeutic index and thereby treat accordingly. Authors may submit the manuscript in the related Topics which are related to Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology to the mail: firstname.lastname@example.com or Online.
Editorial Office
Chemical Biology & Pharmaceutical Chemistry
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subset: commoncrawl


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Okay, I'm back today for another fun goals post—don't worry, the blog is going to have a little more about it come February.
I'm going to do a quick look at last week's goals (and whether I achieved them), then the goals for this week and something a little extra I'm doing this weekend!
Continue reading "Weekly Language Learning Goals: Week Four – Readathon Time!"


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Well, we made the decision to leave Georgia early, after spending one month there. Kevin was fine of course because of the golf, but I was miserable…Just nothing to do. As someone mentioned to me, that is why we live on wheels… We pulled out Thursday and spent the night in the rain, just short of the Florida line. Guess we brought that nasty weather with us. Friday we drove 200 miles to Thousand Trails Orlando, where we will stay until next Wednesday. We have reservations for the month of February in Largo, Fl. Largo is next to St Petersburg, where we lived for four years. We have good friends in the area. We are really looking forward to spending some time with them. There are also many RVing friends in the surrounding area that we hope we can hook up with.
Those that know me well, know that I love Florida. Kevin does also. The only reason we ever left Florida was to be with our grandkids, and help out as each of them was born. I really love being around the ocean, but even here in Orlando area, I am happy. I have found that I do not like being out in the middle of nowhere. I like the conveniences of city living. I guess that is because I grew up a city girl. We have never lived anywhere that we could not do a skip, hop, or a jump to go or get what we needed close by. It's just my comfort zone!
The weather is sunny today and temps 70ish. There is a slight breeze, so it does feel a little chilly. My allergies are acting up though. At least I think it's allergy's. Hopefully not another cold. I am looking forward to some nice weather and shorts and flip flops again. It's been awhile.. I told Kevin to slap me if I complain of being too hot, lol….


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Hello everyone!
I recently visited Buenos Aires, the capital of Argentina, and had an amazing time. I know many people want to visit South America but don't know much about it. I put together some information that I consider important to know before visiting. Remember to check my Instagram @eat_travel_andlove for pictures and more information about my trip.


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Monday, 9 July 2018 00:11 - - {{hitsCtrl.values.hits}}
President Maithripala Sirisena presents an award to a young cooperative employee who was a winner at the 96th International Cooperative Day event in Batticaloa on 7 July as Industry and Commerce Ministry Secretary K.D.N. Ranjit Ashoka (far left), Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Ltd. Cooperative Development Director A.K. Singh (second from left), Industry and Commerce Deputy Minister Buddhika Pathirana (fifth from left), Industry and Commerce Minister Rishad Bathiudeen (third from right) and Eastern Province Governor Rohitha Bogollagama (far right) look on
The century-old Sri Lankan cooperative sector received the biggest boost in its history when President Maithripala Sirisena invited it to sit in the future sessions of the National Economic Council (NEC) on 7 July.
Many new relief measures for cooperatives were also announced. Chief among them was exempting cooperatives from income tax payments so that the sector would be revived to play a key role in Sri Lanka's economic reforms.
"I too began my working life as an employee of a cooperative. Cooperatives are a peoples' movement. It's a common platform to put forward their issues, to collaboratively voice them. The National Cooperative Commission (NCC) under Minister Rishad Bathiudeen should take the lead in this," said President Maithripala Sirisena while speaking on 7 July in Batticaloa.
The President was speaking during an event celebrating the 96th International Cooperative Day in Batticaloa, organised by Industry and Commerce Minister Rishad Bathiudeen, under whose purview cooperatives fall.
Joining the President and Minister Bathiudeen were Industry and Commerce Deputy Minister Buddhika Pathirana, Industry and Commerce Ministry Secretary K.D.N. Ranjit Ashoka, Co-operative Development Commissioner and Co-operative Societies Registrar S.L. Naseer, Eastern Province Governor Rohitha Bogollagama and visiting international dignitary for the occasion A.K. Singh, the Director of Cooperative Development of the Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Ltd. (IFFCO).
"I praise Minister Rishad Bathiudeen and his ministry for the many new initiatives launched by them for this sector in the last few years. I call on the NCC and Minister Bathiudeen to launch even more activities in the future to develop this sector. I call on the Ministry of Industry and Commerce and NCC to sit with me at the NEC in the future to develop this sector further. I wish to resolve any other pending issues of cooperatives at the NEC and will launch many other reforms for this sector in the next two to three months. Today's event lays a stronger foundation for the future of our coops and I praise Minister Rishad Bathiudeen and his ministry for the many new initiatives they have launched so far."
Minister Bathiudeen thanked President Sirisena for the support extended to this sector and announced several new reforms to revitalise it on 7 July.
"I am pleased to announce that with immediate effect all cooperative societies of Sri Lanka are exempted from income tax. This will result in good savings for them," said Minister Bathiudeen.
"All cooperative employees across the country will be given an additional monthly allowance of Rs. 1,000 from next month. All the cooperative employees will be entitled to a pension from now on. Cooperatives struggling with bank loans will be given a reimbursement and our Cabinet Paper to this effect has been approved. As a result we have already paid Rs. 100 million in bank loans owed by coops through Treasury funds. Another Rs. 390 million in cooperative loans will be reimbursed by us in the future with the support of the Treasury. The provision of heavy vehicles to cooperatives at low rates will also be done now since the President has given his approval. All these new decisions have been arrived at to make this important movement a key driver in the economic growth and reform vision of the Unity Government," he added.
"The theme for the 2018 International Day of Cooperatives (IDC) is 'Sustainable consumption and production', creating an opportunity for cooperatives to show how they run successful businesses while respecting our natural environment and the resources it offers," said IFFCO's Director Singh.
"The global cooperative sector is already working to achieve SDGs and this year's theme is a result of this."
Sri Lanka's cooperative sector completes its 114th anniversary this year. Sri Lanka's cooperatives movement began in 1904 with the commencement of a rural credit society in Menikhinna village, Kandy in the Central Province and today 40% of the Lankan population (850,000) are members of a cooperative society. There are 14,500 such societies today across the country, sporting a huge assets and savings base close to $ 3 billion.


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THE SELF , INTROSPECTION , TRUTH , FOCUS , MINDFUL , CONSCIOUSNESS , INTUITION , AWARENESS , BALANCE , UNITY , SYNCRETISM , COLLECTIVENESS …. ONE . POPSUGAR Fitness. Juicing For Health - 10 Proven Health Benefits of Yoga You Need to Know. How To Open Your 7 Chakras As Explained In a Children's Show.
#NotMyPresident? #DrainTheSwamp? The REAL Revolution Is Already Here. Technique to Detoxify Third Eye. PAGE 3 - Michael's Documents. The Conquest of Bread: Chapter 1 Our Riches. By P.
Kropotkin Our Riches THE human race has travelled far since, those bygone ages when men used to fashion their rude implements of flint, and lived on the precarious spoils of the chase, leaving to their children for their only heritage a shelter beneath the rocks, some poor utensils--and Nature, vast, ununderstood, and terrific, with whom they had to fight for their wretched existence. Vitamins and minerals in common fruits. Archives. The Mind-Matter Mapping Project. Almost a century after the quantum mechanics revolution, the nonlocality and measurement problems loom as intractable as ever.
At the boundary between matter and consciousness, our experimental models seem to break down: what the mathematics imply, we can't grasp; and what we can guess, we can't fit into our common experience. Or can we? The primary task ahead of us, according to Wheeler, "is to make meaning out of observation and from that derive the formalism of quantum theory." But is there a place for "meaning" in hard experimental sciences? Can we design experimental protocols probing the foundations of quantum mechanics in such a way that the Observer's state of mind becomes another variable?
Themacro. For weekly recaps of The Macro, sign up here.
Here's Jessica's keynote from our third annual Female Founders Conference, which brought together more than 800 women building women-led startups. Jessica has seen over 1000 companies go through YC and shares her learnings about what it takes to succeed as a founder. She emphasizes the importance of avoiding distraction and making something people want: Nothing else you do will matter if you're not making something people want. Bailiffs - getoutofdebtfree.org. 5 Things You Must Change to Growth Hack Your Own Life. If there ever was a recipe for success, then it all boils down to one theorem, a golden rule that can help you climb every mountain: surround yourself with positive, hard-working and challenging people and you will always have a road to success.
Wallow in self-pity or surround yourself with people lacking confidence and you are sure to become just another blank figure staring aimlessly into the back of the picture. Ask yourself this question: what is a friend? Are all the people I know actually my friends or not? Now we are getting near our real inquiry: should I leave my unsuccessful friends behind? Successful people are always looking for opportunities to help others. Should you leave your unsuccessful friends behind and start afresh or to continue down the same path because of that sense of familiarity and comfort?
Before taking the proverbial leap of faith, make an effort and understand why your friends are unsuccessful and if anything that they are doing is dragging you down. Go Physically Deeper in Yoga Poses. If you're looking to go deeper in your physical asana practice, learning a bit about your body's mechanics is a great way to start.
Try using the following in your next practice session and see for yourself it allows you to open up a little more and allow you to move a little deeper in your pose. There are a variety of spinal cord reflex arcs that regulate tension and muscle length during your pose. These arcs automatically occur during movement of the body on varying degrees as a protective mechanism to ensure that the muscle does not get hurt. The reflex arcs are similar to the one that I'm sure you have seen or experienced when a physician taps the front of your knee with a rubber mallet -- your lower leg moves forward, without you doing anything -- that is a spinal cord reflex. 24 Incredible Facts Why Hydrogen Peroxide Should Be In Every Home - Green Food Magazine. If you ask chemists, they will probably tell you that hydrogen peroxide is a type of inorganic chemical compound made of 2 hydrogen and 2 oxygen atoms.
It has strong oxidative properties which is why people prefer using it as a disinfecting agent. When dissolved in water, hydrogen peroxide kills off bacteria, viruses, fungi and other germs. In this article we have covered some of the most useful practical uses of hydrogen peroxide. 1. Wound disinfectant In medicine, hydrogen peroxide is commonly used in the disinfection of open wounds on skin surface, including cuts and lacerations before putting on stitches. Damaged cells, especially blood cells, release this enzyme. 2. By adding hydrogen peroxide to your hot body soak you can remove dangerous toxins and chemicals from your skin and body. 3. Fungal infections commonly attack the narrow area between your toes, as this part of your body tends to be moist almost all the time. 4. Personal care. The Do's and Don'ts Guide For Your Dosha Type.


text: Christy holds an Executive Master of Arts in Arts Management and Entrepreneurship from the Education University of Hong Kong and a Bachelor of Science in Statistic from the Chinese University of Hong Kong. She gets in touch with drama since college and then devoted herself into arts administration when graduated. She was the Administration Manager of Theatre Space and at the same time took part in various theatre groups. She is now the Programme Manager of Chung Ying Theatre Company, responsible for programme and production.


text:
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text: But knowledge is power, right? How can it be a curse? The answer, is when it prevents simplicity, which is key for lawyers in both their professional practice and their business development. The inspiration for this post came from an intriguing little book called "Made to stick" by Chip and Dan Heath. The book isContinue reading "The curse of knowledge?"


text:
|What opinions do Saudi endodontic residents hold about regenerative endodontics?
Saeed S Al Qahtani, Salman Aziz, Hmoud Al Garni, Mohammed Sulmain Alaenazi
Saudi Endodontic Journal 2019 9(1):1-7
Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the opinions, current knowledge, and expectations of Saudi endodontic residents regarding the use of regenerative endodontics as part of future dental treatment and establishing a baseline for further research and development. Materials and Methods: Saudi endodontic residents all over Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) were contacted, for participation. A survey form consisting of 28 questions was personally distributed to all endodontic residents who were actively enrolled in a residency training program either Saudi board program or Master Degree and provided informed consent for inclusion into the study. Data were collected and statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 22. Results: Out of one hundred and fifteen endodontic residents 97 participated in this questionnaire-based survey. Two forms were excluded due to incomplete and unclear information. Out of the remaining 95 majority of the residents were male (67.4%) and belonged to Saudi board program. The greater part of residents agreed for the inclusion of regenerative endodontics in the dental curricula. Most of the candidates wanted to improve their skills in regenerative endodontics by participating in continuing dental education programs. The most popular belief (n = 81) was that regenerative therapy to save teeth is better than implants. Use of regenerative procedures in clinics was carried out by only 44 participants. Conclusion: The emerging importance of regenerative endodontics in KSA is evident through this study. This study highlights many core issues which need attention and forms a baseline for further research in regenerative endodontics.
|Removal ability of MTA-, bioceramic-, and resin-based sealers from obturated root canals, following XP-endo® Finisher R file: An ex vivo study
Taxiarchis G Kontogiannis, Nikolaos P Kerezoudis, Konstantinos Kozyrakis, Elefterios Terry. R. Farmakis
Saudi Endodontic Journal 2019 9(1):8-13
Aim: Removability assessment of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-, bioceramic-, and epoxy resin-based sealers, with or without XP-endo® Finisher R file, was achieved. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty extracted single-rooted premolars were randomly organized into three equal groups, instrumented up to #40.04 and obturated with single-cone technique by gutta-percha and one of the following sealers: MTA Fillapex, TotalFill BC Sealer, or AH Plus. Following setting of the sealer, D-RaCe instruments were used in retreating all specimens. In half of the specimens, XP-endo® Finisher R file was additionally applied following D-RaCe, as a final step in retreatment. Working length (WL) following the procedure and patency were recorded. All specimens were split and observed for residuals under optical microscopy. Images were acquired, placed adjacent to each other forming continuous strips, and focus stacked with Helicon Focus software. A blinded observer evaluated all photographs. Analysis included Chi-square tests and one-way ANOVA. Results: WL was fully regained in all cases. Patency regaining (in terms of canal cleanness) was easier in AH Plus groups. Residuals were significantly more in TotalFill groups (P < 0.0001). XP-endo® Finisher R file improved removal only in the AH Plus subgroup. Conclusions: TotalFill residuals were harder to remove than those from MTA Fillapex or AH Plus groups. Patency is also harder to regain. XP-endo® Finisher R file had a positive removal influence only in the AH Plus subgroup.
|Restorative methods to rehabilitate endodontically treated posterior teeth by students and new graduates of King Saud University: A survey study
Sahar A AlZain
Saudi Endodontic Journal 2019 9(1):14-20
Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of dental students and new graduates of College of Dentistry, King Saud University, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to select the appropriate methods of restoring endodontically treated posterior teeth (ETPT) at different conditions of remaining sound tooth structure. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire was distributed among the 4th- and 5th-year dental students and new graduates. Respondents were requested to indicate their gender and level of education and to select the preferred restoration of ETPT at different conditions. Results were analyzed using one-way frequency and two-way cross-tabulations. Results: At >50% tooth remaining (condition A), 39.9% of the respondents preferred to use an amalgam restoration, while 30.9% preferred to use a restoration followed by a crown at 50% of remaining tooth (condition B). At <50% tooth remaining (condition C), 74.6% preferred to use a cast post-and-core and a crown. Respondents changed their choices of restoration to more advanced ones when teeth served as abutments for fixed or removable prostheses. Chi-square analysis demonstrated a statistically significant relationship between the selected restorative method at condition A and both gender (P = 0.045) and level of education (P = 0.001), between the method of restoration at condition B and both the gender (P = 0.000) and the level of education (P = 0.003), and between the selected restorative method at condition C and the level of education (P = 0.000). Conclusions: Respondents demonstrated a high knowledge when selecting the appropriate method of restoring ETPT at different clinical conditions.
|Comparative evaluation of shaping ability of rotary and reciprocating nickel-titanium single file instruments on simulated root canals
Arvind Kumar, A Sheerin Sarthaj
Saudi Endodontic Journal 2019 9(1):21-26
Introduction: Effective cleaning of the root canal system is the primary objective of rotary instrumentation. For three-dimensional obturation of the root canal system, ideal preparation should have a continuously tapering funnel shape from the orifice to the apex. The study aimed to evaluate the shaping ability of two rotary and two reciprocating nickel-titanium (NiTi) single-file instruments on simulated root canals using image analysis software. Materials and Methods: Forty resin blocks with simulated canals of 30° curvature were divided into four experimental groups containing ten samples in each group. The canals were prepared using Reciproc (VDW, Munich, Germany), WaveOne (Dentsply, Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), OneShape (Micro-Mega, Besancon, France), and F360 (Komet, Brasseler, Lemgo, Germany) size 25 NiTi systems using X Smart Plus (Dentsply). Pre- and post-preparation canals were photographed in a standardized manner and were superimposed. The inner and outer walls of canal curvature were evaluated to determine the most significant change using the image analysis software. Results: The amount of resin removed from the inner walls was less with rotary single-file NiTi systems when compared with reciprocating. Preparation time was less with rotary instruments. No instrument separation was noted. All instrument systems maintained the original canal curvature. Conclusion: Rotary single-file systems maintained the canal curvature better than reciprocating single-file systems.
|Sodium hypochlorite use, storage, and delivery methods: A Survey
Sumaya O Basudan
Saudi Endodontic Journal 2019 9(1):27-33
Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) delivery and storage methods by general dental practitioners (GDPs) and specialists. Materials and Methods: A self-reporting questionnaire was distributed to academic, governmental, and private dental centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of questions related to the concentration, duration, volume, delivery methods of NaOCl irrigation, storage materials, and conditions. Results: Of the 261 dentists that responded, 63.2% were GDPs, 21.8% were endodontists, and 14.9% were advanced restorative specialists. A NaOCl concentration of 2.5%–5% was the most commonly selected (52.7%), 37.2% used 5–10 ml for irrigation of each canal and 44.8% performed irrigation for <1 min. Dentists who used higher concentrations reported longer irrigation durations. Irrigant delivery by needles and a syringe was reported by 83.9% of respondents, but only 5.7% applied irrigation activation methods. Regarding storage conditions, 40% used clear containers, and 75.5% stored it at room temperature. Endodontists used significantly higher concentrations, longer durations, and activated the irrigant more than GDPs. Conclusion: The most commonly used NaOCl concentration is 2.5%–5%. The storage conditions of NaOCl and use of activation methods need to be improved. In addition, practices of specialists differed from those of GDPs with regard to concentrations, duration of irrigation, storage of NaOCl, and use of irrigation adjuncts.
|Triple antibiotic paste versus propolis: A clinical quest for the reliable treatment of periapical lesions in primary molars
DV Divya, Madu Ghanashyam Prasad, Ambati Naga Radhakrishna, Rayala Venkata Sandeep, Suravarapu Pavani Reddy, K V. K. Santosh Kumar
Saudi Endodontic Journal 2019 9(1):34-39
Background: Teeth with infected root canals, particularly those in which the infection has reached the periradicular tissues, require effective treatment interventions to save the tooth. Lesion sterilization concept (lesion sterilization and tissue repair [LSTR]) was successful in treating periapical polymicrobial infection, but this poses a risk of development of antimicrobial resistance. Aim: The present study evaluated and compared both clinically and radiographically the healing abilities of Propolis liquid (natural therapeutic agent)-mixed Endoflas powder with LSTR (allopathic combination) for the management of periapical lesions in primary molars. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 selected primary molars were randomly divided into two groups of 15 each: Group 1 – Propolis liquid-mixed Endoflas powder and Group 2 – LSTR (3Mix). Follow-up after 3, 6, and 12 months was done to evaluate progress in clinical and radiographic parameters. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis. McNemar's test was applied between the time points in each group. Comparison of Group 1 with Group 2 was done using Chi-square test. Results: At the end of 12th-month follow-up, the overall clinical and radiographic success rate for Group 1 was 100%, whereas for Group 2, it was 93% and 60%, respectively. The difference in the radiographic success rate between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In the present study, Propolis liquid-mixed Endoflas powder combination has shown better results than LSTR. This novel combination of Propolis liquid-mixed Endoflas powder can, therefore, be considered as the material of choice for pulpectomy in deciduous molars with extensive involvement of pulp and periradicular tissues.
|The knowledge and attitude of general dental practitioners toward the proper standards of care while managing endodontic patients in Saudi Arabia
Dania F Bogari, Nouran A Alzebiani, Rowaina M Mansouri, Faris G Aljiaid, Mohunned A Alghamdi, Majed Almalki, Khalid Merdad, Turki Y Alhazzazi
Saudi Endodontic Journal 2019 9(1):40-50
Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and attitude of general dental practitioners (GDPs) toward performing the proper standards of care while managing patients undergoing endodontic treatment in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: An e-questionnaire was distributed among GDPs in Saudi Arabia (n = 650). The e-questionnaire questions covered the assessment of knowledge, attitude, and performance of GDPs toward practicing the proper standards of endodontic treatment in their clinic. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22, and the relationships between categorical variables were established using Chi-square test. Results: Most of the participants reported obtaining full medical history before root canal treatment (RCT, 82.3%; P < 0.05). However, only 12.2% of the participants regularly measure the blood pressure for their patients before starting RCT. Only 56.3% of the participated dentists are applying rubber dam isolation during RCT, while 24.2% believe that partial isolation is sufficient for such a procedure (P < 0.05). Furthermore, 42.8% of the surveyed GDPs use cold test to confirm the endodontic diagnosis, while 55.5% think that percussion is a reliable method for diagnosis (P < 0.05). Surprisingly, 37.3% of the dentists still prefer leaving the tooth open for pain relief and drainage in abscess cases. Finally, only 28.7% of the participants mentioned performing regular follow-up after RCT. Conclusions: Our data show a clear deficiency in the standards of care provided by GDPs when performing RCT in Saudi Arabia. We hope that this publication will help highlight key areas where lack of knowledge and poor attitude exist while performing RCT by the GDPs in Saudi, thereby helping to raise treatment standards and improve treatment outcomes.
|Effect of applying metal artifact reduction algorithm in cone beam computed tomography in detection of vertical root fractures of teeth with metallic post versus digital intraoral radiography
Islam Shawky Shaker, Nashwa Salah Mohamed, Ahmed Mohamed Abdelsamad
Saudi Endodontic Journal 2019 9(1):51-55
Background: Conventional radiographs are not an efficient diagnostic imaging modality to detect vertical root fracture. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a three-dimensional imaging modality that overcomes the limitations of conventional radiography in the detection of vertical root fractures (VRFS), although metallic structures produce artifacts in the produced images and since most of the teeth with VRF are endodontically treated and have metallic posts in root canal so fracture detection may be difficult. Aim: This study aimed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of CBCT using metal artifact reduction algorithm in detection of VRF of teeth with metallic posts compared to digital intraoral radiography. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty single-rooted extracted human teeth were endodontically treated then placed in an acrylic block and metallic posts were inserted. The teeth roots were divided into two groups; one with induced VRF and the other having intact roots. Then, each tooth was coded and imaged three times using CBCT with and without metal artifact reduction algorithm and digital periapical radiography. Data were collected and statistically analyzed. Results: Digital periapical radiography showed statistically significantly lower diagnostic accuracy than CBCT modalities (P ≤ 0.05). The use of metal artifact reduction algorithm improved the diagnostic accuracy from CBCT1 to CBCT2 but with no statistically significant difference (P ≥ 0.05). Conclusion: From the study, we can conclude that in case of presence of metallic posts, CBCT with metal artifact reduction algorithm can improve detection of VRF.
|Multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of a complicated crown-root fracture
Badi B Alotaibi
Saudi Endodontic Journal 2019 9(1):56-60
Complicated crown-root fractures are uncommon type of dental trauma but usually result in significant esthetic and functional problems to those affected. This case report demonstrates sequential endodontic, restorative, orthodontic, periodontal, and prosthodontic modalities for the conservative management of a complicated crown-root fracture of the maxillary left central incisor in a young patient. After root canal treatment and core buildup, the tooth was extruded using forced orthodontic eruption for 8 weeks and retention for 7 weeks. Zinc phosphate cement acrylic crown was used to preserve esthetics and function during the forced eruption and retention period.
|A combined management of a rare case of a maxillary lateral incisor with accessory root and deep mesio-radicular groove
Safura Anita Baharin, Masfueh Razali
Saudi Endodontic Journal 2019 9(1):61-65
This case report describes the combined nonsurgical endodontic retreatment and surgical intervention of a failed root canal treatment associated with a maxillary lateral incisor with an accessory root and deep mesio-radicular groove. A 42-year-old female Malay patient presented with persistent infection associated with deep mesial pocket from her maxillary left lateral incisor (#22). The medical history was noncontributory and the tooth was previously root treated. Following comprehensive clinical and radiographic examination, a combined nonsurgical endodontic retreatment and surgical management of tooth #22 were carried out. The inability to debride the periodontal defect necessitates the amputation of the accessory root, and surgical debridement of the deep radicular groove was carried out. The clinical and radiographic examination 1 year after completion of treatment revealed evidence of healing. The early recognition of root and canal variation, correct diagnosis, and appropriate management of tooth with accessory root and deep radicular groove is essential to ensure favorable treatment outcome.
Τρίτη, 8 Ιανουαρίου 2019
|Questionnaires in prosthodontic research
N Gopi Chander
The Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society 2019 19(1):1-2
|Efficacy of prostheses bonding using silane incorporated to universal adhesives or applied separately: A systematic review
Laercio Almeida De Melo, Ilnara De Souza Moura, Erika Oliveira De Almeida, Amilcar Chagas Freitas Junior, Tasiana Guedes De Souza Dias, Fabíola Pessoa Pereira Leite
The Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society 2019 19(1):3-8
Currently, the long-term success of esthetic rehabilitation with ceramics is required. Hence, professional knowledge about the most indicated dental material for each clinical situation as well as its usage protocol is essential. The aim of this systematic review of clinical and laboratorial studies was to compare the bond strength of prostheses using silane incorporated to universal adhesives or applied separately. The literature search in databases "Cochrane Library," "MEDLINE," "Web of Science," "Scopus," "LILACS," "Scielo," and "Google Scholar" was based on the keywords "Silane;" "Silanes;" "Silane coupling agent;" "Universal adhesive;" and "Universal adhesives." A total of five articles were included in this review. In general, the studies showed better results for ceramic etching with hydrofluoric acid and application of silane separately to the universal adhesive. As a conclusion, the treatment with pure silane or as an additional pretreatment with universal adhesives improved the bond strength of glass ceramics. Hence, higher shear bond strength can be achieved, resulting in treatment longevity.
|A study of change in occlusal contacts and force dynamics after fixed prosthetic treatment and after equilibration – Using Tekscan III
Reddy Chaithanya, Suresh Sajjan, A V Rama Raju
The Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society 2019 19(1):9-19
Aim: A study has been undertaken to evaluate the changes in occlusal force dynamics after conventional prosthetic rehabilitation. Materials and Methods: In Phase I, the preprosthetic phase, force distribution of 50% ± 10% on either sides of arch in maximum intercuspation and disclusion time (DT) <1 s during mandibular excursions was attained in all patients using Tekscan before starting prosthetic treatment. Conventional procedures to replace missing tooth by fixed dental prosthesis were carried out. Occlusal corrections were performed using articulating paper to the satisfaction of operator and patient. In Phase II, postprosthetic phase, 1 week after cementation of the fixed partial dentures, the occlusal force dynamics were rerecorded and evaluated using Tekscan. Any corrections required were done to restore the equilibrium. Occlusal perception of patient before and after equilibration was recorded by means of a standard questionnaire both in pre- and postprosthetic phase. Twenty patients requiring replacement of a single posterior missing tooth were selected. The obtained values were statistically analyzed using Student's t-test. Results: Subsequent to rehabilitation, the right–left balance of occlusal load was lost and DT was significantly increased. However, the subjective evaluation revealed no significant decline in occlusal comfort. Conclusion: Null hypothesis was rejected. Operator's assessment of articulating paper marks and patient's occlusal perception is not reliable in restoring occlusal equilibrium.
|Prosthetic treatment need and associated life course determinants in partially edentulous adults of age 18–35 years in Udupi taluk: A cross-sectional study
Kriti Sharma, Shashidhar Acharya, Deepak Kumar Singhal, Nishu Singla
The Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society 2019 19(1):20-25
Aim: The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of use and need for dental prostheses and to associate need with the life course determinants in young adults of age 18–35 years in Udupi taluk, Karnataka, India. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional survey conducted on a total of 580 individuals those attended dental screening camps organized at random locations. A self-administered questionnaire was administered to participants to assess their life course determinants such as socioeconomic, behavioral, and psychological circumstances followed by an oral examination to assess their prosthetic status (WHO, 1997). Bivariate analysis followed by multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for independent variables and the outcome. Results: The need and use of dental prostheses was observed in 38% and 2.2% of young adults, respectively. Adjusted multivariable analysis revealed that life course determinants such as parental rearing style (OR = 7.66 [95% CI: 3.88–15.14]) and interaction between expenditure at 10 years of age and economic hardships at 10 years of age (OR = 9.63 [95% CI: 3.12–29.72] and OR = 6.43 [95% CI: 1.89–21.88]) were significantly associated with the need for prostheses. Conclusion: The need for dental prostheses in the young adults can be related to socioeconomic and psychosocial circumstances during childhood, and thus the concept of life course approach has been highlighted.
|An in vitro comparison of the effect of various surface treatments on the tensile bond strength of three different luting cement to zirconia copings
BL Bhavana, PL Rupesh, Bharat Kataraki
The Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society 2019 19(1):26-32
Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the tensile bond strength of zirconia copings subjected to three different surface treatment methods and cemented with three different luting agents. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two extracted maxillary premolar teeth were prepared to receive zirconia copings milled using computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing technology, which were divided into 9 groups of 8 specimens each. Three surface treatment protocols such as hydrofluoric acid etch treatment, air abrasion with 110-μm aluminum oxide (Al2O3), and tribochemical silica coating (Rocatec) treatment were carried out, and copings were cemented with three luting agents such as resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RelyX luting 2), 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP) resin cement (Panavia F 2.0) and 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitic acid (4-META) resin cement (G-Cem). Tensile bond strength of the copings was tested in a universal testing machine. Zirconia copings fabricated on the prepared extracted tooth. After the three surface treatments and cementing the zirconia crowns with three luting agents tensile bond strength is tested. The mean and standard deviations (SD) were calculated for the nine groups using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey–Kramer post hoc using the SPSS software. Results: The ANOVA test showed that the measured mean bond strength values were 4.22 MPa (tribochemicalsilica coating and MDP resin), 2.71 MPa (air abrasion and MDP resin), 2.61 MPa (tribochemical treatment with META), and 0.66 MPa (RelyX with air abrasion). According to the pairwise comparison of Tukey's honestly significant difference test, significant differences were exhibited among all the groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Tribochemical silica coating in combination with 10-MDP and 4-META adhesive resins provided the maximum bonding for zirconia copings.
|Comparative evaluation of the effect of electrolyzed oxidizing water on surface detail reproduction, dimensional stability and Surface texture of poly vinyl siloxane impressions
AS Mahalakshmi, Vidhya Jeyapalan, Vallabh Mahadevan, Chitra Shankar Krishnan, NS Azhagarasan, Hariharan Ramakrishnan
The Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society 2019 19(1):33-41
Aim: The aim of this in vitro study was to comparatively evaluate the effect of chemical disinfectants on the surface detail reproduction, dimensional stability and surface texture of polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) impressions. Materials and Methods: The impressions were then divided into five groups (fifteen samples per group) and subjected to a ten minutes immersion with 2% glutaraldehyde (Group I), 1% sodium hypochlorite (Group II), freshly prepared electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) with different pH values - acidic (Group III), alkali (Group IV) and neutral (Group V). The samples were examined pre and post-immersion under visual observation for surface detail reproduction, travelling microscope for measurement of dimensional stability and surface profilometer (3D) for evaluation of surface texture. A standardized master die was fabricated and seventy-five PVS test samples were made. The samples were subjected to immersion disinfection and studied for surface detail reproduction, dimensional stability and surface texture. Post-hoc test, paired t test and ANOVA were used to analyze dimensional stability statistically both within and between the test groups. Results: The surface detail reproduction was satisfactory with both pre and post-immersion test samples. A statistically significant dimensional change was observed post-immersion in Groups II, III and V test samples and a statistically insignificant dimensional change was observed in Groups I and IV test samples. There was a negligible change in surface texture post-immersion in Groups I, III, IV and V test samples with a slight increase in surface roughness post-immersion in Group II samples. Conclusion: In this study, all the test disinfectants produced satisfactory surface detail reproduction on Polyvinyl siloxane impressions. 2% glutaraldehyde and electrolyzed oxidizing water (alkali) have resulted in statistically insignificant dimensional change, while 1% sodium hypochlorite, electrolyzed oxidizing water (acidic) and electrolyzed oxidizing water (neutral) have resulted in statistically significant dimensional changes. All the test disinfectants except 1% sodium hypochlorite showed a reduction in surface roughness (Ra) values.
|Effect of cigarette smoke on the surface roughness of two different denture base materials: An in vitro study
Girendra Singh, Abhinav Agarwal, Manesh Lahori
The Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society 2019 19(1):42-48
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cigarette smoke on the surface roughness of two commercially available denture base materials. Materials and Methods: A total numbers of 40 specimens were fabricated from two commercially available denture base materials: heat-cured polymethylmethacrylate and flexible denture base materials (20 for each). The specimens for each type were divided into four subgroups: subgroup I, heat-cured denture base material specimens (control group); subgroup II, flexible denture base material (control group); subgroup III, heat-cured denture base material specimen exposed to cigarette smoking group; and subgroup IV, flexible denture base material specimens exposed to cigarette smoking. The control groups were used for immersion in distilled water, and the smoke test groups were used for exposure to cigarette smoking. The smoke test group specimens were exposed to smoking in a custom-made smoking chamber using six cigarettes for each specimen. The surface roughness was measured using a profilometer, and the measurements were considered as the difference between the initial and final roughness measured before and after smoking. Paired t test and independent t-test were used to interpret differences in initial and final roughness values within and between groups respectively. Results: Paired t-test showed a significant difference between initial surface roughness and final surface roughness within each subgroup. Conclusion: The surface roughness of the specimens fabricated from the flexible denture base material was found to be more compared to heat-cured denture base specimens after exposure to cigarette smoke.
|Retention and patient satisfaction with bar-clip, ball and socket and kerator attachments in mandibular implant overdenture treatment: An in vivo study
Nitish Varshney, Sumit Aggarwal, Shalabh Kumar, SP Singh
The Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society 2019 19(1):49-57
Aim: The aim of this in vivo study was to evaluate and compare the retention and patient satisfaction in implant supported mandibular overdenture with three different attachment system. Materials and Methods: After evaluation of prosthetic space, fifteen edentulous subjects received two implants in the inter-foramina region of the mandible and were divided into 3 groups with 5 subjects each, delayed loading protocol was followed in all the patients. The retention force and satisfaction level with the attachments at baseline and after 6 months was measured in a standardised way using retentive device and VAS questionnaire. The study was based on evaluation of retention and patient satisfaction. 15 subjects were included in the study. The results obtained were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA test, and multiple comparisons were carried out using the Bonferroni tests. Results: At the end of six months, the retention force and satisfaction level was higher in Group 3 (Kerator attachment) as compared to Group 1 (ball and socket attachment) and Group 2 (bar and clip attachment) and patient satisfaction was equal in groups 1, 2 and 3 but the total number of interventions is significantly higher in the attachment bar. Analysis of variance with repeated measures showed significant differences in retention force among the three attachment types. Conclusion: (1) Group 3 (kerator attachment) exhibit higher retentive capacities than Group 1 (ball and socket attachment) and Group 2 (bar and clip attachment). (2) patient satisfaction was higher in Group 3 (Kerator attachment) in compare to Group 1 (ball and socket attachment) and Group 2 (bar and clip attachment).
|An in vitro study to compare the influence of different all-ceramic systems on the polymerization of dual-cure resin cement
Anindita Majumder, TK Giri, S Mukherjee
The Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society 2019 19(1):58-65
Aim: The aim of the study is to compare the effect of composition of three different all-ceramic systems on the polymerization of dual-cure resin cement, using different curing cycles and evaluated immediately within 15 min and after 24 h. Materials and Methods: Resin cement disc samples were fabricated by polymerization through three different all-ceramic disc, namely: lithium disilicate discs – IPS e.max (Group B), leucitereinforced discs – IPS Empress (Group C), zirconia discs – Cercon (Group D), and without an intervening ceramic disc, as control (Group A). A total of 80 resin cement disc samples were fabricated for fur groups (n=20). Each group further consisted of two subgroups (n = 10), t10 and t20 according to two different exposure times of 10 and 20 s, respectively. Each of the 80 resin disc samples was evaluated for their degree of polymerization achieved, by measuring the microhardness(Vickers hardness number) of the samples immediately within 15 min and after 24 h, giving us a total of 160 readings. Oneway analysis of variance test, ttest, and paired ttest were used for multiple group comparisons followed by Tukey's post hoc for groupwise comparison. Results: Direct activation of the resin cement samples of control (Group A) showed statistically significant higher mean microhardness values followed by Groups C then B and D, both immediately and after 24 h. The mean microhardness for immediate post-activation was always inferior to the 24 h post-activation test. For both 10 and 20 s curing cycle, there was a significant increase in the microhardness of the resin cement discs cured for 20 s through the different ceramics. Conclusion: Ceramic composition affected the polymerization of dual cured resin cement. Doubling the light irradiation time or curing cycle significantly increased mean microhardness value. Greater degree of conversion leading to an increase in hardness was observed when the resin cement discs were evaluated after 24 h.
|A spirometric and cephalometric comparative evaluation of mandibular advancement devices and occlusal jig
Shaily Ujjwal, Pragati Kaurani, U Narendra Padiyar, Sudhir Meena, Devendra Pal Singh, Hemant Kr Sharma
The Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society 2019 19(1):66-73
Aim: Aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of occlusal jig with increased vertical dimension and mandibular advancement device on the oropharangeal volume in completely edentulous patients using spirometry and cephalometry. Materials and Methods: The current study included includes 30 completely edentulous patient according to inclusion criteria. They were each subjected to cephalometric and spirometric analysis wearing CCD, OJ & MAD. Results obtained were subjected to following statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA test, unpaired t-test, and Dunnett's test. Result: Both OJ & MAD brings about significant change in oropharangeal volume hence both the devices are effective treatment of choice for OSA, while greater increase was observed in oropharangealvolume of OJ as compared to MAD. Spirometric analysis shows insignificant changes in the oropharangeal volume caused by MAD while OJ causes small but significant change in oropharangeal volume (PIFR]. Conclusion: Within the limitation of the study, it can be concluded that, on cephalometric & spirometric evaluation, OJ shows greater increase in oropharangeal volume when compared to MAD in completely edentulous patient.
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- Only one more day to receive phone calls from people I've never met telling me what my opinion should be.
- One more day of advertisements telling me the worst characteristics of the people they are opposing.
- One more day for this country to make history with either an african-american president or a female vice president.
I am many things. I am a follower of Jesus, a son, a father, a husband. I program computers, play with amature radio (KG0IL) and play bass.
Monday, November 03, 2008
Only one more day
1 comment:
I used to be bothered by the phones calls, now I see them as an opportunity to share the gospel.
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So much for expectations
Monday began a new 2-week cycle at work. Now, one thing that's often been a bit troublesome is that the worksite at which I start a cycle also happens to be one of the larger sites with a high volume of work. It can be troublesome because the first day of a cycle is often somewhat difficult, learning curves and all. And unnecessary too, as the worksite for the second day of the cycle, when I have a better grasp of what I'm doing, is one of the smallest and easiest. Surely the company could switch them, right?
As you might have guessed, things turned out very different on these two days. Monday was a pretty easy day despite being the start of the cycle and a bigger worksite. Tuesday was basically one catastrophe after another, I ended up staying well past my normal quitting time, largely because the site was quite disorganized. If I'd gone there on Monday to start the cycle, it would have been all that much worse. So I'm glad there was no switch!
I moseyed off to the gym on Monday evening, doing some back work. It wasn't a bad session, even though I kept the weights fairly light. T-bar rows: 8 x 100, 2 x 8 x 115, 8 x 100. I concentrated really hard on maintaining good form and not bending upward at the top of the rep. Doing so allows one to hoist more weight but decreases the exercise's value. Standing calf machine shrugs: 3 x 10 x 360. Not much form involved on this exercise, which has a very short range of motion. Barbell rows: 8 x 135, 2 x 8 x 155. This is an exercise I haven't done in months, so I used a light weight. Once again I concentrated on form, keeping a deep forward bend throughout each rep.
On Tuesday evening we went out for dinner at Cafe Amici, an excellent Italian place that coincidentally is in the same shopping plaza as the Major Home Improvement Retailer. The food's always of top quality and reasonably priced, which may be why there was a 20-minute wait on a Tuesday. For a while I had a low opinion of the restaurant, because back in my days enmeshed in the straight commission life insurance pyramid scam I had gone there soliciting and the manager sent me packing. I now realize, however, that I was intruding on their business and being unwelcome, trust me when I say that businesses HATE solicitors. It's something I can see clearly now but couldn't see at all back then.


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No Wrinkle Care Option
Nathan has been fascinated with my washer and dryer since I got them 8-9 years ago. He used to sit in front of my front-loader washing machine as a child fascinated to watch the clothes as they moved around and around the washer. Once they were done, he would always open it up.
On my dryer there is this fantastic option called, "Wrinkle Care." If I push that button it will keep spinning the dryer every couple of minutes for a few hours after the clothes are dry so that the clothes don't wrinkle. Unfortunately Nathan prefers the "wrinkled option." I jokingly say this because any time he sees the dryer has finished drying and is on the "Wrinkle Care" option, he immediately stops what he is doing to come open the dryer for me. This is sweet, but often frustrating because I am in the middle of something–that I have to drop and fold that load so that the clothes don't get wrinkled. Sigh! Cute boy! So, here's to an autistic son that helps me keep up with folding clothes:). No "Wrinkle Care option for me (at least when Nathan is home). 😉


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Take Control Over Your Outlets
The Etekcity Remote Control Outlet Switch Kit works from as far as 100 feet and is great for switching on/off hard-to-reach appliances and devices without built-in power switches. It operates household appliances from across rooms and can be a great assistant to the mobility impaired.
Save Energy and Money
Many household electronics and appliances consume electricity even when not in use – wasting valuable energy and increasing your electric bill. Standby energy consumption can average up to $100 a year in unnecessary energy costs in a standard American household. By using this Etekcity Remote Control Outlet Switch Kit to power everyday electronic devices such as stereos, chargers, microwaves, and even christmas lights, it's easy to take control for the best energy efficiency.
Power input: 120V/60Hz
Power output: 1200W/10A (max)
Transmission frequency: 433.92MHz
Remote transmitter battery: DC 12V(23A) 1pc
Power consumption: 0.6w
What's included
3 x Etekcity Outlet Receivers
1 x Remote Control Transmitter
1 x 12V Alkaline Battery
1 x User Manual
Remotely control hard-to-reach appliances and devices without built-in power ON/OFF switches at the push of a button
Eliminate wasteful standby power and reduce energy use; save on your electric bills and extend product life
Saves you the trouble of having to plug in and unplug your electric appliances to conserve energy consumption; a great assistant to the mobility impaired
Strong RF signal works through doors and walls without interfering with other electronics; operating from as far as 100 ft. in line of sight
Features low standby power consumption; Outlets remain off after a power outage to save energy; ETL and FCC approved for safety and quality assurance; 15-Month Warranty


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Cookies are very small text files that are stored on your computer when you visit some websites.
We use cookies to ensure that you have the best user experience on our website. You can remove any cookies already stored on your computer, but please be aware that removing some or all of the cookies may cause certain features of our website to become unavailable.
- Este es un servicio de Emergencia para / This is an Emergency Service
Motorola Database #1
Motorola Database #2
- Su tiempo de entrega es de 1-3 dias promedio / The delivery time is 1-3 days average


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A Video Of Jennifer Lawrence Drunkenly Working A Stripper Pole Came Out And She Has Something To Say About It
Radar posted a "BOMBSHELL WORLD EXCLUSIVE" video today of Jennifer Lawrence crawling, hanging on some guy, taking off her top and working the pole while looking Lohan levels of wasted at a strip club. The video brought a slight shrug out of me, because Jennifer Lawrence is 26 years old. Who hasn't been fall down, work-the-pole drunk at a strip club at the age of 26, and again at the age of 27, and 27 and-a-half, and 29, and 30, and 32, and 34, and 35, etc… etc….
JLaw is in Vienna, Austria to shoot Red Sparrow, and while there, she and some friends spent the night of April 27 at a strip club called The Beverly Hills Club. Some witness said that JLaw showed up with three dudes and a chick. Her boyfriend Darren Aronofsky wasn't with them. A source (aka the person who probably sold the tape to Radar) must've had to soak their face in holy water because they were truly scandalized by the sight of Jennifer Lawrence being plastered at a strip club.
"She kissed one guy, and even started dry-humping him while they danced! At some point during the night, she lost her blouse, so she was only wearing a bra for the more scandalous dancing! It was surreal! There was one moment when Jennifer picked up some money that was on the stage, and spanked herself with it!"
You can watch the video here (prepare to clutch your rosary). I didn't see her make out with a guy. She awkwardly assumes the big spoon position while grinding on a dude and then he later helps her drunk ass up off the floor.
JLaw felt like she needed to respond for some reason and in a Facebook message, she said that she's not sorry and that she didn't strip down to her bra. It was an Alexander Wang top, thankyouverymuch. Ooooh, JLaw is the face of Dior, so they're totally going to punish her for name checking Alexander Wang like that. Although, they already punish her hard by putting her in all those busted ensembles.
Nobody wants to be reminded that they tried to dance on a stripper pole by the internet. It was one of my best friend's birthdays and I dropped my paranoia guard for one second to have fun. I'm not going to apologize, I had a BLAST that night.
Ps that's not a bra it's an Alexander Wang top and I'm not gonna lie, I think my dancings pretty good. Even with no core strength.
What I got from that video is that celebrities are so not like us peasants. When Jennifer Lawrence goes to a strip club, gets tanked, takes off her shirt and tries to work the pole, nobody really does anything. But when I go to a club, get tanked, take my shirt off and try to work the pole, I get dragged out of there by security after people complain of getting the wet heaves while watching me. Not fair.
Pic: Backgrid


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We all know how frustrating it can be to try and get a doctor appointment especially at the last minute.
In fact, the average wait time across the country to get into see a doctor is 22 days and once you get in, you still have to wait to see the doctor.
There may be a solution to those long wait times, thanks to a new app.
Michelle Harrison just moved to Central Florida and needed to go to the doctor but says, "I didn't have a physician yet and I needed a refill for my beta blockers that I take every day."
So Harrison decided to use Doctor on Demand, an app she downloaded to her iPhone.
First, you fill out what's wrong or your symptoms and current medication you are taking, before speaking to a board certified doctor.
Harrison says the process was easy.
"He had me check my heart rate, asked for my blood pressure, medical history, I felt like he did a very thorough job," she said.
The doctor prescribed Michelle a 3-month supply of beta blockers, but did make a request.
"He definitely recommended I get a local physician, which I plan to do, just did not at that time," she said.
Dr. Jennifer Thielhelm, is a pediatrician with Physician Associate. She said she has reservations about medical apps like this.
"I think you have to be careful with the doctor apps because they aren't really regulated," she said.
She prefers her patients to use medical apps for tracking information like baby tracker, which tracks time you feed, sleep, etc.
Dr. Thielhelm says a face-to-face examination is the best method when seeing a doctor.
"How do they even know how to treat you when they don't see you? It's worrisome to prescribe something to people you don't see," she said.
All valid concerns, so Local 6 asked Dr. Pat Basu, Chief Medical Officer for Doctor on Demand.
"We are far more regulated than going into a physical location medicine," Basu said.
The app is regulated by a few agencies including the FDA, prescribing guidelines by the DEA and HIPAA.
Basu says doctors use two main skills to diagnose conditions-- looking and listening to you using a video visit it allows their doctors to do both without having to "touch."
"The odds are very slim I am clinching the diagnosis where my hands are physically on you anymore," Basu said.
But Theilhelm says often you can't tell from a symptom you really have to examine a patient.
"I think if you're a pretty healthy adult you can get away with it but I certainly wouldn't recommend it for children," Theilhelm said.
Already half a million patients use Doctor on Demand, which launched 8 months ago.
According to Basu, the best use for Doctor on Demand are urgent care diagnosis like sinusitis, bronchitis, and a child with a rash, pink eye, cold sores and urinary tract infection.
Doctor on demand is not for very serious or very chronic type illnesses.
As for prescriptions, they do not prescribe any narcotics, mainly antibiotics and refills.
"We are not going to try and replace your doctor," Basu said. "In fact if you come back to our service too frequently or try come back for a 2nd diabetes refill or 2nd high blood pressure refill we will politely give you instructions on what to do but say you need to go in person see your doctor for this before you can use our service."
Harrison says what she liked the best was, "the convenience and the cost, if you can get what you need over a phone call, why not."
There is a $40 fee to speak to a doctor and is available in 47 states including right here in Florida.
Not only is Doctor on Demand popular with patients, but also doctors. They have had more than 12,000 doctors apply to work for Doctor on Demand.


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Printed Skater Skirt
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Occasionally, we don't receive all your data for a particular period and if this happens you will see a question mark where your usage would normally be shown. For example, your meter may be unable to send its data to us because of a glitch with the network. This is usually temporary and we typically get the missing data within a couple of days.
Usually, this relates to a transmission problem not a data problem and you meter is still measuring your power use perfectly. It's very unlikely to affect your bill.


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Word: Prickly
Word Count 500
By Mike Cecconi
The prickly pear is not a pear and while it's also sometimes known as a Barbary fig, it isn't most closely associated with the Barbary Coast of northern Africa, either. Another name for it is the "cactus pear" which is significantly closer to the truth as the plant is actually a cactus of a kind. While it grows almost anywhere in the world with a semi-arid climate and even though it most likely first appeared in Mexico, the prickly pear is most known as a symbol of the land that some will call Palestine and others will call Israel, depending who you ask.
The prickly pear received its name because its fruit, while thorny on the outside, contains a soft sweet fruit once you get beneath its well-protected skin. The people there who identify as Israeli call the prickly pear a "sabra" and use it as a term of endearment for any Israeli who was not an immigrant, was born on that land from the start. They consider these naturally born Israelis to be similarly tough and hearty on the outside but marvelous and wondrous once you get under the surface, though many of those who would call that land Palestine and similarly call themselves Palestinians might well beg to differ.
The prickly pear grows there, whatever name you would call the land or any of its peoples, in a land claimed holy by three major world religions and a whole host of minor faiths as well. The Israelis being largely Jewish, though sometimes only culturally so, the Palestinians being largely some form of Muslim or another, though not always. Christianity calls it a holy land too, though it its case exerts its force on the land more indirectly, from American and European capitals.
The Israelis and Palestinians both hold varying claims to the land, in religious myth and more concretely, Israel having been the Jewish homeland in antiquity, the Palestinians having been driven out of other Islamic lands to live there for the last few hundred years. Both groups point to promises from their shared God that they gave slightly different names, Allah or Yahweh, as an ultimate title to that desert, for whatever that counts to you.
The Israelis moved to that land after being driven into ghettos and murdered by the millions in the early to middle 1940s. The Palestinians have been driven into ghettos and killed off on a massive scale in the decades since. Possibly no two peoples in human history have suffered more than the Israelis and the Palestinians but there they sit in the land of prickly pears, killing each other for the right to that land and will until all on both sides are dead and only the prickly pears are left to bear their witness.
I myself cannot imagine a fruit so soft or sweet to be worth sacrificing generations for, fighting through those thorns. But then again, I myself have never been stranded in the desert to know true hunger.


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Opposition Leader Philip 'Brave' Davis' in the House of Assembly. Photo: Shawn Hanna/Tribune Staff
Tribune Staff Reporter
OPPOSITION leader Philip Davis has confirmed his support for the decriminalisation of recreational marijuana as well as the immediate expunction of the records of those who have been convicted of possessing small amounts of the drug.
In an interview with The Tribune yesterday, the Progressive Liberal Party leader noted the protocols of decriminalisation have to be "worked out," adding there should be laws in place to regulate marijuana use just as there is legislation regarding the use of alcohol. Read more >>


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Ontario Highway 528A
|Route information
|5.1 km[2] (3.2 mi)
|Major junctions
|West end
|Highway 528 near Wolseley Bay
|Sudbury District
|Highway system
Secondary Highway 528A, commonly referred to as Highway 528A, is a provincially maintained secondary highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. The 5.1-kilometre (3.2 mi) spur route links the community of Wolseley Bay in French River with several lodge resorts to the southeast. The route ends suddenly within viewing distance of Wolseley Bay, where a driveway continues into a lodge.
Route description [ edit ]
Highway 528A is a short route located on the northern edge of Parry Sound District in central Ontario, which provides access to several private recreational properties that front Wolseley Bay, a large body of water attached to Lake Nipissing to the northeast and forms the delta of the Wolseley River. The short 5.1-kilometre (3.2 mi) highway begins at Highway 528 approximately 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) west of the community of Wolseley Bay, and travels southeasterly.[3] It passes through dense forest for the majority of its entire length, though grasslands appear briefly near the midpoint of the route. Though the route is located in the Canadian Shield, there are no rock outcroppings visible along its length. The highway ends at a cul-de-sac where a private driveway continues to a lodge.[4]
History [ edit ]
Highway 528A was first assumed by the Department of Highways in 1957,[1] and was likely provincially maintained as a development road prior to that.[5] Since then, the route has remained unchanged.[3]
Major intersections [ edit ]
The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 528A. The entirety of the route is located within Sudbury District.[3]
|French River
|Highway 528 – Wolseley Bay
|Dead end; private access to Pine Cove Lodge
|1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
References [ edit ]
Route map:
KML file (edit • help)
- ^ a b Ontario Road Map (Map). Cartography by C.P. Robins. Ontario Department of Highways. 1957. § O31.
- ^ a b Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (2007). "Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) counts". Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
- ^ a b c Ontario Back Road Atlas (Map). Cartography by MapArt. Peter Heiler. 2010. p. 93. § G25. ISBN 978-1-55198-226-7.
- ^ Google (December 9, 2011). "Highway 528A length and route" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 9, 2011.
"Ontario Secondary Roads Now Designated 500, 600". 112 (33, 119). The Globe and Mail. February 4, 1956. p. 4.
Two new Ontario road numbers appear on the province's 1956 official road map which will be ready for distribution next week. The new numbers are the 500 and 600 series and designate hundreds of miles of secondary roads which are wholly maintained by the Highways Department. More than 100 secondary roads will have their own numbers and signs this year. All of these secondary roads were taken into the province's main highways system because they form important connecting links with the King's Highways