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Vanilla & Mint Foamy Whipped soap
This product is currently sold out.
Light, fluffy, Bubbly and Scented with Vanilla and Peppermint Essential Oils
Scoop a small amount out of jar and wash body as required. Our 250grm jar will give you over 30+ washes.
Key Ingredients: Sorbitol, Cocoy/Lauroyl Isthionate, Discodium Lauryl Sulfosuccinate, Sodium Chloride, Phenenoxyethanol (Paraben free preservative), Glycerine, Avocado & Grape seed Oils, Pure Vanilla and Peppermint Essential Oils, Tourquoise biodegradable glitter, Purple and Green Body safe colours
All of our products are safe to use on Sensitive skin and are Paraben free. If however irritation does occur please discontinue use.
Our body wash is best used within 8 months of purchase


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FILM SCHOOL RETURN WITH DREAMY NEW SONG "CRUSHIN'" OUT MAY 10th
Bright to Death is Film School's fifth album and first full-length since 2011's Fission. Recorded over 8 days in November 2017 on the outskirts of Joshua Tree, this luminescent collection of 11 songs is the finest showcase yet for the band's signature layered sonic tones, psychedelic atmospheres, and seductive melodies.
"When this lineup first came together in the early 2000s, I never thought we'd be doing some of our best work 15 or so years later," marvels Film School singer and guitarist Greg Bertens. "Our [self-titled] album came out in 2006, when bands like the Strokes and Franz Ferdinand were in full swing. The music landscape was totally different then—shoegaze was a bad word. That's changed."
"Crushin" the album's dreamy, melancholy opener (and first single), is the kind of secret message you'd put on a playlist for an unrequited love, in between Beach House and Slowdive. The album gets its title from some text on an artwork Greg had seen, part of an exhibit by Chinese students on the topic of global warming. "Bright to death" popped into his head as the band was recording in sun-blistered Joshua Tree, and it stuck. In addition to four members of the original lineup, the album features drummer Adam Wade (Shudder to Think, Jawbox) on several songs, and was mixed by Dan Long at Headwest Studios and mastered by David Gardner at Infrasonic Sound.
Stay tuned for more news, including live shows later this year.

subset: commoncrawl


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96 Suggested Datasets found
Second Hand Apartment pricesOpensecond hand apartment prices by year and location
Nationwide Disability Parking bay locationsOpenNationwide Disability Parking bay locations
Government open procurementsOpenGovernment/Public Sector open procurements/tenders/solicitations.
Dublin City Council Traffic Cameras (meant to be live but they haven't been u...OpenHi, this dataset exists: https://data.gov.ie/dataset/traffic-cameras-fingal (and a few friends - search "traffic cameras". The ultimate source is...
GTFS Vehicle Position Feed for Dublin Bus, Go Ahead Ireland and Bus EireannOpenThe GPS coordinates of most buses on the Dublin Bus, Go Ahead Ireland and Bus Eireann networks are known and used for stop time predictions. Make this information publicly...
2015 to 2017 collision rate resultsOpenThe results from the collision rate analysis showing the collision rates for each section (per 1km section) of the national road network
World Happiness ReportOpenThe dataset gives the survey results of the world happiness report and the factors involved to calculate the score for more than 150 countries
commercial property price registerOpencommercial property price register https://www.independent.ie/business/commercial-property/register-for-commercial-property-to-track-prices-34339402.html
Energy Market DataOpenEnergy Market Data as flat files or customise key reports for Ireland and Northern Ireland. The data show the current and predictive price of Energy produced in Ireland and...
.xml files of small areas and electoral divisionsOpen


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Intelligent design and Holocaust denial
Whatever Intelligent Design Is, It's Not a Theory and It's Not Science
By Richard L. Cravatts
Mr. Cravatts Ph.D., a lecturer at Boston University, Tufts University, and Emerson College, writes frequently on social policy, housing development, Constitutional law, business, and politics.
"The fact is that not every intellectual viewpoint is worthy of being discussed in the classroom, merely because one group feels passionately that their issue has intrinsic value, is true, or should be heard as part of the marketplace of ideas. Some truths are absolute and do not require a fair and balanced measurement against some contradictory body of thought. An entire intellectual 'industry' of Holocaust denial research has many fervent followers, for instance, but few sentient school boards would find it palatable or reasonable to have students exposed to the 'theory' that the Holocaust never occurred along with history lessons expressing the verifiable and incontrovertible fact that it did."
I intitated a discussion here that, while it was not frutiful, was interesting. I am always taken aback by the unwillingness of academics to argue for free inquiry through an open debate on WWII history. Historians are serious folk. I have to suppose that I'm an innocent.
If you decide to Read more, go to "comments."


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EVENT DATE: Nov 05, 2016
The East Avenue Grocery Run, a 5K and 1 mile run and walk, raises money to feed hungry people in Rochester, NY.
With the help of generous corporate sponsors and thousands of walkers, runners and volunteers, we have raised over $145,000 since 2010. It's all about fitness, family fun and food for all!! Please sponsor a runner/walker by clicking on the "DONATE" button above!
Wegmans & Constellation Brands 5K Synaptics Family Mile
SMP "Boogie for Broccoli" Children's Run
The East Avenue Grocery Run is about fitness, family fun and feeding the hungry. 100% of our proceeds go to feed the hungry right here in Rochester!
- East Avenue at Meigs Street
- 7:15 Registration Opens
- 8:15 5K Run & Walk begins
- 9:00 1-Mile Run & Walk
- 9:15 Childrens' Fun Runs
- Award Ceremony to follow
Your tax-deductible contribution will be processed by Third Presbyterian Church for East Avenue Grocery Run and will be used entirely to support Rochester-area hunger programs.
For more details, click here www.groceryrun.org


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From: Mom This is the first time I've tried to turn my "scoop and dump" method into a recipe.
- Noodles:
- approx. 2 cups of flour
- 3-4 eggs
- 3 Tbsp water
- dash of salt
- Soup:
- 1 whole chicken
- 1 onion - chopped or sliced
- 1 Tbsp parsley flakes
- small amount of catsup (2 Tbsp?)
- 1 can cream of chicken soup
- Making Noodles: Beat the wet ingredients together, then add the flour a little at a time until it form a dough. Roll out flat (1/8"-1/4") onto a floured board, cut into noodles, and then set aside until stock is boiling. Stock: Boil chicken & onion until meat falls off bones. Remove chicken from stock. Remove skin, fat, and bones. Shred or chop meat, and return it to stock. Bring meat & stock to a boil and add homemade noodles, cream of chicken, and catsup (and any additional flavorings you want). Cook until noodles are done (a few minutes).


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The fundamental value of the Firm's practice is based upon Latin select words "decus, paratus, firmus " which mean "character, skill and reliability." It is founded on the cardinal virtue within the workplace based on transparency, competence, and responsibility.
These are not unusual words or some kind of distant concepts or idea; however, they require a fair amount of discipline.
It is from the foregoing tenets that this Firm holds as its blueprint in carrying out its tasks.


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~ hello goodbye ~
A photo essay I worked on for US News & World Report on airports. Am I the only one that still loves going to airports? Who still watches in awe when a plane takes flight? Movement, lights, color, reflections, people…I hope you enjoy the images and your next flight wherever that may be…
One Response to "~ hello goodbye ~"
Man this looked like fun, you got some really nice images.
I dig airports too … they make life feel more adventurous.


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Indirect transmission of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Robert Desrosiers, DVM, Dipl ABVP; Camille Moore, DVM
Complete article is available online.
PDF version is available online.
This case report describes five herds in which porcine pleuropneumonia caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae appeared to have been transmitted through indirect means.
Keywords: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, indirect transmission
Cite as: Desrosiers R, Moore C. Indirect transmission of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. J Swine Health Prod 1998;6(6):263-265.
Search the AASV web site for pages with similar keywords.


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Dont be a weenie, climb on and have the time of your life on the HOT DOG 2!
Yes, it looks incredibly yummy with those classic hot dog condiments on top. However, this is a serious piece of towable equipment! Hot Dog 2 is equipped with comfortable nylon wrapped handles with neoprene knuckle guards. Three 30 gauge vinyl air chambers are fully encased by a double stitched 840-denier nylon cover. Featuring Kwik Connects and Speed Safety Valves for convenience.
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Writing this blog while listening to "Taps" for the New York Rangers season. Man, that was depressing to watch. Kings just blanketed Rangers, and when they didn't, freaking Jonathan Quick was in net to make spectacular saves. Series is just about over; I'm just glad I didn't pay $1,500 to go to MSG last night to watch that…
One of the funniest books I've ever read was "P.S, I Hate It Here," a hilarious collection of real letters kids sent home from sleepaway summer camp.
With summer camp season back upon us, the folks at Gawker.com pointed me to this letter from the son of blogger Liels Testwuide.
It's rife with misspellings and hilarity and a little tiny bit of gross-out humor. I have no idea if it's real or not (some on the Web have said it's not), but it's fantastic either way. We all know why it's important to pack extra underwear, as this child has now learned!
I pasted the first part above, check out this link for the rest.
**Next up today, my feelings for the Wal-Mart corporation are not a secret; I've expressed how I feel they are about as evil a company, in so many ways, plenty of times here on the blog.
Wal-Mart workers are often afraid to speak out, naturally, for fear of losing their jobs. But this video I saw on Upworthy.com was a brave statement of what it's like to work there.
Well done.
**And finally, you know, it can't be easy working at a zoo. You've got to take care of all the animals, deal with annoying tourists, and pretty much do whatever your bosses say, like conduct "escaped animal drills."
For example, last week a veterinarian at a zoo in Spain thought he was doing a good thing, by knocking out a gorilla that had escaped with a tranquilizer dart.
Only problem was, it wasn't a gorilla he shot. It was a zoo employee dressed as a gorilla during (wait for it) an escaped animal drill, a drill the vet was unaware of (wouldn't you think they'd have like, 14 different warnings and emails and zoo alert messages before one of these, by the way?)
The vet told the newspaper La Opinion that the dart had enough tranquilizer to knock out a 400-pound gorilla. The poor employee then had an allergic reaction to the shot and is in the hospital.
Let that be a lesson to all you kids out there (and I'll be sure to tell my soon-to-be child the same): Don't work at a zoo. And if you do, don't ever put on a costume that looks like one of the animals.
You're looking for trouble, I tell ya.


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This post was almost too late. I don't usually bother with "seasonal cooking", but it recently occurred to me that fall — that season of bright leaves and blustery weather and sharp blue skies and…apples? Yes, apples — is nearly over. Which means apple season is almost over. So I thought I'd remind you (or inform you) of that perennial classic, apple crisp.
Baked apples with a crisp, flour-and-oatmeal topping make for a tasty, easy, straightforward recipe, so this dish is a great way to get your kids into the kitchen. If you have younger kids, you can cut the apples, and your kids can help measure the other ingredients. They can also help you arrange the apples in the baking dish or mix the topping.
Plus, baked apples are so delicious that you don't have to get this recipe exactly right (and isn't that nice to hear). It's like when you make snacks that have chocolate in them — they always taste good.
This recipe was taken from Betty Crocker. I did add a few notes.
Baking pan, 8-inch square pan preferred
Medium to large sized bowl for mixing
Wooden spoon for mixing (a fork will do just as well)
Knife for slicing apples
Prep Time: 20 Minutes
Baking Time: 30 Minutes
4 medium-sized tart cooking apples, sliced (4 cups) — Golden Delicious and Granny Smith are good choices, but don't go for mild, sweet apples like Royal Galas, or ones with thick skins, like Red Delicious.
3/4 cup packed brown sugar
1/2 cup all-purpose flour
1/2 cup quick-cooking or old-fashioned oats
1/3 cup butter or margarine, softened
3/4 teaspoon ground cinnamon
3/4 teaspoon ground nutmeg (just leave this out if you don't have it)
Cream or Ice cream, for serving (optional; it's just as good without)
- Heat oven to 375ºF. Grease bottom and sides of 8-inch square pan with oil.
- Spread apples in pan. In medium bowl, stir remaining ingredients except cream/ice cream until well mixed; sprinkle over apples.
- Bake about 30 minutes or until topping is golden brown and apples are tender when pierced with a fork. Serve warm with cream.
Makes 6 servings
You can find the original recipe here.
I guess I should also add a tiny disclaimer, right here at the bottom: I eat baked apples as though they're dinner, but they're not really. This is a good recipe for introducing kids to the kitchen, and it's great as an easy, go-to, "special" dish, but it probably should be served with a side of proteins and vegetables, as I'm sure you knew.
By the way, guess what easy-to-make dish is delicious when eaten warm in the middle of winter? That's right, apple crisp.
Just thought I'd get that out there.


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December 2 - A Kingdom of Joy (Luke 17:11-19)
Prepare for Sunday morning worship by using the guide below.
Adult Education
Miguel Echevarria will continue teaching "Living as Exiles" in the youth room. This study considers instruction from Paul and Peter on living between the times.
Jon Goforth will continue teaching on the doctrine of man in the Adult 1 classroom.
Worship Songs
Come Thou Long-Expected Jesus
Jesus Son of God
Jesus Thank You
Luke 17:11-19
11 On the way to Jerusalem he was passing along between Samaria and Galilee. 12 And as he entered a village, he was met by ten lepers, who stood at a distance 13 and lifted up their voices, saying, "Jesus, Master, have mercy on us." 14 When he saw them he said to them, "Go and show yourselves to the priests." And as they went they were cleansed. 15 Then one of them, when he saw that he was healed, turned back, praising God with a loud voice;16 and he fell on his face at Jesus' feet, giving him thanks. Now he was a Samaritan. 17 Then Jesus answered, "Were not ten cleansed? Where are the nine? 18 Was no one found to return and give praise to God except this foreigner?" 19 And he said to him, "Rise and go your way; your faith has made you well."
This familiar story of Jesus healing ten lepers with only one returning to give thanks instructs us how the kingdom of God is marked by gratitude. We learn that gratitude is birthed from recognizing our true need for mercy. As we see this need and appeal to God for mercy, the granting of it yields a gratitude and satisfaction not unlike the starving man finds in a good meal. The genuineness of gratitude is expressed in joyous worship and evidences true faith.
Review and Apply
In what ways did you see your need for mercy from God?
How does the disease of leprosy express the problem of humankind?
Do you consider yourself a grateful person? Why or why not?
How is ingratitude a mark of unbelief and rebellion?
How can you help a discontent person grow in gratitude?
How does seeing our need for mercy/gospel fuel gratitude?
Why is gratitude the proper motivation for Christian living?
How does gratitude express true faith?
What does gratitude in worship look like in your life?
More in Blog
July 9, 2020Fasting Together: A Guide for July 2020
July 5, 2020A Worship Guide for July 5
June 28, 2020A Worship Guide for June 28


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So what are we looking at here?
Let's say that this lesson serves as a kind of bridge between Benjamin and Abinadi. At least, that's how I want to take it. There's much to learn as we cross this bridge, but my principal aim will be to set up as well as possible Abinadi's speech and circumstances. We'll see why especially in the next lesson.
Comments and feedback can be sent to email@example.com


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If you're like us, then candy is our (not so) secret weakness. Most of us grew up with a favorite candy bar. Whether you were a staunch supporter of peanut butter and chocolate, chocolate-covered cookies and caramel, or the classic milk chocolate bar, there was one sentiment that united us all: our love of candy. A trip to the grocery store with our parents could be made 100 percent worth it once we got to the checkout with all the candy bars lined up in boxes. It was always a heart-pounding moment of "will we or won't we" get to go home with our favorite.
Now that we're older, we could have candy for breakfast if we wanted to. But, if you're trying to include more plant-based food in your diet, then you might think of all the dairy in candy bars as a roadblock. The good news is, not only are more vegan candy bars making their way into stores, you can also make candy in your kitchen. You don't need dairy to make chocolate or caramel — try making this Healthy Date Caramel and get ready to be amazed. But don't stop there — try these 15 vegan candies you can make at home.
1. Melty Peanut Butter and Jelly Candy Bars
Dried cherries stand in as the "jelly" in these Melty Peanut Butter and Jelly Candy Bars, but believe us, these taste just like the sandwich we all know and love. Only four ingredients stand between you and delicious, dark chocolate and peanut buttery goodness. The toughest part is waiting for the bars to chill, so even if you're tempted to dig into that combination of melted chocolate and creamy peanut butter with dried cherries, don't — it's worth the wait.
2. No-Bake Salted Almond Joy Bars
These salty-sweet, super easy No-Bake Salted Almond Joy Bars taste like a frozen Almond Joy! What better way to enjoy the heat with a frozen, chocolatey, coconutty treat? Plus, you don't need to turn on your oven in order to make them.
3. Coconut Caramels With Tellicherry Pepper
These Coconut Caramels are chewy, sticky, and creamy, with a kick from the Tellicherry pepper. Tellicherry pepper has more of a sweet, aromatic taste than regular black pepper, which is perfect for these candies. When wrapped up, they make wonderful gifts for any fan of caramels.
4. Almond Buttercrunch Candy
This Almond Buttercrunch Candy has caramel, a chocolate coating, and a topping of chopped almonds … Could it get any better? This buttery, crunchy candy is a real delight! If you'll excuse us, we'll be dreaming about devouring it.
5. 'Milk' Chocolate Bars
These "Milk" Chocolate Bars taste like candy bars, but they're made without the dairy. Sweet, creamy decadence in the shape we have come to recognize as all that is good: the chocolate bar. If you're just starting to get into vegan treats, this is a wise one to try because it's gonna make everyone flip out in a good way.
6. Raspberry Cream Filled Chocolates
The center of these Raspberry Cream Filled Chocolates is made with raw cashews, lemon, vanilla, coconut, and brown rice malt syrup. It gets its bright pink color and slightly tart flavor from fresh raspberries. Making them is a bit of a process, but don't let the multiple steps scare you off, as they're totally worth it. You can store them in the freezer and have them as a frozen treat, or leave them in the fridge and enjoy them like a chocolate-covered cream. But don't leave them at room temperature!
7. Raw Twix Bars With Banana Date Caramel
It's candy bar time. We present to you: Raw Twix Bars With Banana Date Caramel. Now, we know regular Twix Bars don't have a single banana molecule in them, but adding banana to date caramel really takes it to the next level. You just can't go wrong with cookies and caramel covered in chocolate.
8. Raw Licorice
Licorice is one of those candies that people are divided on. Some say it tastes like medicine, but us … Well, we love all candies and we know you'll love this Raw Licorice. Anise has long been a used as a digestive aid, so this licorice makes for a great snack or light dessert after a heavy meal. It's also a perfect and packable afternoon or anytime pick-me-up!
9. 3-Ingredient Oreo Truffles
We love truffles because they're great candies to make (and receive) as a gift. These 3-Ingredient Oreo Truffles are one of the easiest and most delicious treats you could possibly make, and a definite crowd-pleaser! Three ingredients, one food processor, and a chill session while the truffles firm up and you've got a candy treat that's 100 percent vegan and 100 percent irresistible.
10. Raw Snickers Candy Bars
The nougat layer of these Raw Snickers Candy Bars is raw flour, almonds, and a wholesome sweetener of your choosing. Then, it's layered with the simplest and most delicious raw caramel ever by blending dates with water, vanilla and a pinch of salt. Finally, you whip up some raw chocolate and cover the bars in it. It's not to wait for them to harden, but in theory, you should.
11. Homemade Bounty
Homemade candy, with nothing but the good stuff! These Homemade Bounty are the best possible treat for all of you lovers of chocolate and coconut out there. Between the coconut filling and the chocolate coating, you need only five ingredients to make them. Yay!
12. 5-Minute Butterfinger Brittle
Oh man, this 5-Minute Butterfinger Brittle is so delicious! It tastes remarkably like its namesake candy bar, but it only takes six ingredients and five minutes to make. Seriously, just five! It's crunchy and crumbly, sweet and flaky — you'll be immersed in chocolate and peanut butter bliss before you know it!
13. #5under5: Raspberry-Filled Chocolate Coconut Truffles
These Raspberry-Filled Chocolate Coconut Truffles have it all: they're beautiful, sophisticated, impressive, and most importantly: delicious! Fluffy coconut is stuffed gooey raspberry jam and the whole affair is covered in chocolate. Complete decadence! Plus, nobody will ever guess that these candies are ridiculously easy to make, contain only five main ingredients, and are under $5.00 for the entire batch.
14. Frozen Yogurt Berry Bark
You'll love this Frozen Yogurt Berry Bark during summer time. It's sweet and creamy, with bursts of juicy berries in every bite. When it's hot outside, it can be tough to find the motivation to heat up your house even more by baking for hours. This bark is so easy, you don't need to spend more than five minutes preparing it.
15. Honeycomb Candy
Hokey Pokey (as it's known in Cornwall) is basically that childhood tooth-breaking style candy that looks very similar to a honeycomb. This Honeycomb Candy is inspired by that. It's satisfyingly crunchy with a bit of a chew and a chocolate coating on the bottom. Chocolate and crunch — we love it.
With so many choices, where do you start? Tell us which recipe you want to try first!
Lead image source: Raw Twix Bars With Banana Date Caramel


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Finest Meals For Health
Is it your imaginative and prescient to encourage others in achieving healthier, fitter lifestyles? Healthline appeared high and low for the very best fitness apps that can assist you out, and we chose the yr's winners for his or her high quality, user critiques, and overall reliability. Find one that fits your needs, and get your fitness on. You'll be able to link your 23andMe and AncestryDNA profiles to DNAfit for a holistic well being and wellness answer. If you haven't taken a DNA take a look at but, you possibly can order your DNAfit package from our web site. Utilizing a simple saliva check, we're able to unlock your unique DNA sequence to provide you with perception into your body's fitness and nutritional preferences.
Fact: Modifications in hormones, metabolism, bone density, and muscle mass mean that energy and performance levels inevitably decline with age, but that doesn't mean you can not derive a sense of achievement from physical exercise or improve your well being. The hot button is to set lifestyle targets which are acceptable to your age. And remember: a sedentary way of life takes a a lot larger toll on athletic skill than biological aging.
Degrees in health and nutrition may be obtained at the bachelor's and master's ranges. College students can specialize in several fields, together with train science, dietary training and physiology, and lots of of those courses overlap for a comprehensive understanding of the sector. Certification and on-line levels are available, however expertise and internships help college students join textbook data with apply, giving professionals a leg up in the job market.
Specialist in Health Vitamin is a 479 page guide that features all the pieces it's essential earn an ISSA Certified Skilled Coach. The course materials is frequently updated with new information so … Read More . . .


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Ferry Karlovasi to Agathonisi
How to get from Karlovasi to Agathonisi with conventional and high speed ferries, details of scheduled departures, updated prices and how to reach the ports!
Conventional or High Speed Ferry from Karlovasi to Agathonisi?
There are two basic ferry types for the route from Karlovasi to Agathonisi: Conventional (regular car ferries) and High Speed.
Regular car ferries take more travel time from Karlovasi to Agathonisi but are definitely the most popular and cheapest ones! Especially on day trips, normal ferries are a relaxing way to travel between Karlovasi and Agathonisi, with all the fantastic sea views and the sea breeze someone can enjoy from the decks!
High speed ferries are smaller and a bit more expensive but they cut the travel time from Karlovasi to Agathonisi almost in half! Occasionally there are high speed ferries from Karlovasi to Agathonisi available that can transport vehicles.
Check out all Ferry Types and their overall characteristics!
Schedules & Prices Karlovasi to Agathonisi
Choose your departure date and get all current ferry schedules and prices from Karlovasi to Agathonisi!
Discounts & Offers Karlovasi to Agathonisi
Ferry Ports Karlovasi & Agathonisi - How to get there
Ferry Port Karlovasi
- Karlovasi Port
- 832 00 Karlovasi, Samos, Greece
- Tel.: +30 227 302 7318
Ferry Port Agathonisi
- 850 01 Agathonisi, Greece
- Tel.: +30 224 703 1231


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Natural Incense Sticks – Amber
Created from pure extract of herbs, roots, bark, and petals. Friendly to the environment – each fragrance has been hand-rolled onto bamboo sticks and packaged locally in handmade tree-free cotton and banana pulp paper. Provides sustainable employment to village folk in South India
Only 2 left in stockPurchase this product and earn 7 Points
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Sociology Terms from MU Sociology 1000
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- What are the three main perspectives of sociology?
1. Structural-Functional
2. Conflict
3. Interactionist
- Describe the Structional-Functional Theory
The structural-functional perspective emphasizes macro-level social structures that
constrain social behavior and permit societies to be cohesive and maintain social
- Describe the Conflict theory
The conflict perspective emphasizes fundamental differences in interests as reflected
in social class, race, and other forms of inequality.
- Describe the Interactionist Theory
The interactionist perspective emphasizes social interaction as the means by which
people communicate, form a sense of self, and find meaning in their everyday lives.
- What is sociology?
Sociology encourages people to see the world more broadly with the sociological
imagination to recognize that often their personal problems turn out to be reflections
of social problems.
(capitalists)—those owning the means of production, including land, raw
materials, forests, factories, and machines.
an organization based on rationality, having a clear division of labor,
written rules and regulations, impersonality, hierarchical lines of authority, and
selection and promotion based on competence
the subjective understanding of individual participants anchored in a context
of shared cultural ideas.
Protestant work ethic
a disciplined work ethic, rational approach to life, and an
emphasis on this world.
sociological imagination
the capacity for individuals to understand the relationship
between their individual lives and broad social forces that influence them.
social structure
- an enduring, relatively stable patterns of social behavior.
rationalization of society
the transition from a society dominated by tradition to one
dominated by rationality.
- (workers)—people who sell their labor to capitalists for wages.
- What are the differences between micro-level and macro-level analysis?
micro-level=analyses focusing on individuals
marco-level=analyses focusing of social structures
- Who is August Comte?
-Born in Frace
-Heavily influenced by the Frech Revolution
-Proposed applying the scientific methods used in natural sciences to the social sciences
-He call this Positivism
- What is positivism?
- August Comte's theory of applying the scientific methods sued in the natural sciences to the social sciences.
- The idea of the sociological imagination came from _____?
- C. Wright Mills
- Name four classic sociologists
- Marx, Weber, Durkheim, Mead
- What are some of the recurrent themes in sociology?
- Social Control, The Social Construction of Reality, Inequality, Social Structure, Knowledge, Social Change
- How powerful is social control? An example of how it effects you?
According to Durkheim social control is very powerful because society has internalized the social control to believe it is the right thing to do.
Exampe=posture photos
- What is the social construction of reality?
-people offer a definition of the situation
-competing definitions are reconciled to produce a negociated order
-reality is not directly experience by individuals so much as it is socially constructed
EX:is a mother taking pictures of her four year old son naked a crime?
- Who is George Herbert Mead?
-Son of New England minister
-Taught at the University of Chicago
-Developed Symbolic Interacitonist Perspective
-Believed people can interact by taking the role of the other
- How does suicide related to social structures?
- social structures constrain behavior...even behavior we feel is highly individual. Suicide is largely influenced by social factors.
- Who is Emile Durkheim?
-conducted a classic study that found suicide to be related to social integration of individuals in the larger society
-developed the structural-fuctional theory
- Who developed the structural-functional theory?
- Durkheim
- What is social inequality? Where is it?
There is inequality both within societies and between societies.
EX: Top 10% of US owns 91% of securities; income in US is hundreds of times larger that in other countries
- Who is KArl MArx?
-born in Germany, lived in Britain
-influenced by industrial revolution
-developed the conflict theory
- Who developed the conflict perspective?
- Marx
- Bourgeoisie and proletariat relate to which sociological perspective?
- Conflict Theory
- What is social change?
it is a pervasive aspect to social life.
-some occurs more quickly in some societies than in others...Why?
- Who is Max Weber?
-German son of protestant entrepreneur
-argued modern life was experiencing increased rationality
-protestant work ethic encouraged capitalism
-social life based on the rational action guided by subjective understanding in shared cultural ideas (VERSTEHEN)
- Verstehen was a concept developed by ____________?
- Weber
- How we should act in class is an illustration of what concept?
- social structures/socialization
- our idea of what a classroom is is an illustration of what concept?
- social construction of reality
- What are the FIVE standards of scientific knowledge?
1. emprically testable
2. falsifiable
3. reproducible
4. valid
5. generalizeable
- Joe has a horse able to count the number of people standing nearby for up to 10 people. When Joe asks the horse the number is always correct. But when anyone else asks, it is wrong. Which standard of scientific knowledge does this example not meet?
- Reproducable
- How does sociology differ from the natural sciences?
1.subjective experience (verstehen)
3.ethical issues in human study
- What is subjective experience (verstehen)?
-people experience life subjectively
-to understand people's actions we must understand what their acts mean
- What is reactivity?
- the extent to which humans being studied respond to the research process or researcher by changing their behavior, unintentionally or intentionally.
- What is the Hawthorne Effect?
Researchers looked a productivity in a factory, changing various factors such as seating arangement, temperature, etc. However, no mater what they changed productivity increased. The key factor was the researchers presence.
THE HAWTHORNE EFFECT refers to the unintended effects on behavior produced when people are aware they are being studied.
- The Tuskeegee Syphilis Study is an example of what?
- ethical problems when studying humans
- What are some standards for the treatment of human subjects?
-research should be of benefit to the subject and should NOT HARM them
-risks should be outweighned by ptential benefits
-risks should be minimized
-privacy of subjects should be protected by guaranteeing confidentiality
-selection of subjects shouldb efair
-informed consent must be documented.
- In a study, what is a SAMPLE?
- a sample is a subset of members of the population rather than the entire population
- What is a convenience sample?
- A convenience sample is a sample of people selected b/c they are easy to find
- What is a quota sample?
- a sample including specific numbers of cases in various subcategories
- What is a probability sample?
- A sample in which each case in the population has some known probability of being included and all segments of the population are represented.
- What is a study in which researchers watch subjects to see how they behave in various circumstances?
- An Observational study
- What is a systematic observation?
- a formal, quantitative method in which researchers typically develop a systematic set of codes and use them to code each even observed and analyze the results
- What is a study in which a researcher participates in and is directly involved in the lives of those he or she is studying?
- Participant observation
- a typically detailed descriptive account summarizing and interpreting a culture or a collection of people studied
- What are the benefits of social surveys?
-least expensive of research prcedures
-more representative sample
-larger sample
-researcher has no control over extraneous variables
- What is culture?
Culture is a combination of ideas, behaviors, and material objects that people have created and adopted for carrying out necessary tasks of daily life.
Culture is pervasive, influencing virtually every aspect of our lives. We depend on culture for directions as to how to behave, for shelter, food, work, and meaning in our lives.
- What is material culture
- material culture includes all the art, architecture, technological artifacts, and material objects created by a society. This includes the factories, highways, automobiles, computers, records, books, toys, skyscrapers, nuclear waste depositories, polluted rivers, and junkyards that are the products of modern societies.
- What is nonmaterial culture?
- nonmaterial culture consists of everything about culture that is not part of the material culture including symbols, values, beliefs, norms, attitudes, and language.
- What are symbols? Examples?
Samples are arbitrary signs that stand for something.
EX: money, credit cards, university ID, peace sign.
- What are values?
- values are standards of desirability, rightness, or importance in a society. They indicate whether something is good or bad, important, unimportant, attractive or unattractive. Values are not neutral. They are positive or negative
- What are norms?
Norms are expectations for behavior.
l Norms often apply to social roles that people are playing more than to the individuals themselves. For we expect a mother will care for her children. We expect this of any person who is a mother, not just a particular person.
What are rules governing everyday conduct that are not considered to be morally important and are not strictly enforced?
– Conventions of dress such as wearing a tie to church, polite behavior such as men opening the door for women, saying "ple
- Folkways
What are serious norms for important activities having a strong moral imperative and strictly enforced.
– Someone who kills someone else, rapes a woman, or steals is violating a more and will likely be sanctioned.
- Mores (pronounced "mor-aysâ€) or taboos,
- Who was the sociologist who found that people adopt norms as their own? What is this concept called?
Emile Durkheim was the first to identify the tendency for people to internalize norms—adopting the norm as their own.
– For example, when a person violates an important norm such as by cheating a friend, even if other people are not aware of the violation, the individual will feel their own internal guilt.
- What is the dominant culture?
The dominant culture in a society is the culture that takes precedence over other cultures in activities or events involving people from many categories of the population.
l The dominant culture often is so pervasive that it is not questioned by most societal members but is taken for granted.
- What is a subculture?
- A subculture is a culture containing many elements of the dominant culture, but having unique features that distinguish its members from the rest of the population.
- What is a counter culture?
A counterculture is a subculture that challenges important elements of the dominant culture such as beliefs, attitudes, or values and seeks to create an alternative lifestyle.
l Examples of countercultures in the United States include beatniks in the 1950s, hippies in the 1960s, and skinheads and militias in the 1990s.
- What is the perspective that recognizes the contributions of diverse groups to our society and holds that no single culture is any better than all the rest.
- multiculturalism
- What is the view that your own culture is the standard against which other cultures can be judged right or wrong
- ethnocentrism
- What is a social structure?
Social structure consists of the regular patterns of social interaction and persistent social relationships, expectations attached to positions and relationships, the distribution of people among social positions, and the distribution of social rewards.
Social structures link the individual to the broader society, at the same time enabling individuals to influence social life, while constraining their actions.
-The greatest constraint shaping social interaction comes not from the individuals who are interacting but from their place in the social structure as indicated by their social statuses and roles.
What is a socially recognized position in a social system. Social status may be defined in many ways: by occupation, by education, by family position, by age, by race, by gender, and so on.
–Examples include street sweeper, Pre
- A social status
- What is an ascribed status?
ascribed status is a status into which individuals are assigned without regard for their actions, desires, or abilities
–e.g., male, female, young, old, black, white, son, daughter.
- What is an achieved status?
An achieved status is a social status acquired through an individual's own actions
–e.g., college student, married person, physician.
–Is being a criminal an achieved status? It is not a desired status, but it is one the person usually earned by virtue of their actions. An achieved status does not have to be intentional.
- What is the difference between an achieved status and an ascribed status?
- You have little or no control over an ascribed status, whereas an achieved status is something you earn through idividual actions
What is a position so important it dominates all other statuses in the individual's status set, for both the individual holding the status and others?
Prestigious occupational statuses often provide this for people occupying those statuses.
- A master status
manifest status
- A manifest status is the status that defines or structures the role set for a particular situation. For example, when a patient seeks help from a physician the status of the physician which is most relevant to the interaction and that should most affect it is the status of "physician." This may be contrasted with a latent status
latent status
- A latent status is any status formally defined as irrelevant to a situation and which should have no bearing on interaction. For example, the status of "woman" is or should be irrelevant for the performance of a person's role as "physician." However, it may influence behavior nonetheless.
- What is a social role?
A social role is a set of expectations for anyone occupying a particular social status.
lRole expectations may be for behaviors, attitudes, values, or beliefs.
Roles are attached to social statuses, not to individuals.
- This consists of actions by an individual occupying a social status that are based on the role the person is playing and the role of the person with whom they are interacting.
- A role performance
- What is role strain?
Role strain occurs when it is difficult to meet the expectations of a single role.
–For example, a father may be unable to support his family financially.
- When does role conflict occur?
Role conflict occurs when different roles have incompatible expectations for the individual holding both of those roles.
–For example, a parent should help their children succeed, while a teacher should treat all students fairly. Hence, if you are the teacher of your children you may be expected to experience role conflict or a "conflict of interest.â€
- What is role segregation?
- Role segregation refers to attempts to avoid occupying statuses requiring specific individuals to be role partners for more than one role we are practicing--e.g., teachers avoiding romantic involvement with students.
- What is role distance?
Role distance is a separation of one's self from the role one must play. It is a strategy to separate identity from action.
–For example, a mother giving her child medicine she knows the child does not like might say "this will hurt me more than it hurts you.â€
- What are the functions of roles?
Roles help members of a society predict the behaviors of others.
–For example, students can predict that most teachers will give tests.
Roles often provide clear expectations for how someone should act.
–For example, students should try not to snore loudly during lectures.
Roles can provide a model for generalizing behavior from one setting to another.
–For example, college students can expect to be treated in much the same way in one large lecture class as they were treated in similar large lecture classes in the past.
- What is social interaction?
lSocial interaction consists of the process through which people affect one another through actions, interpretations of actions, and responses to actions.
lFrom the moment we enter this world to the moment we leave it we are interacting with other people.
lWe cannot not interact. Even sitting in a waiting room with a bunch of strangers, we communicate through eye contact, body language, posture, hand gestures, clothing, and demeanor. We signal an unwillingness to talk by burying our face in the outdated magazine we aren't really reading. Or we signal our willingness to engage in idle chat by meeting their eye gaze.
- What are the 4 "C's" or types of social interaction?
- What is interaction among people or groups in which they act together to achieve a common goal which might not be achievable acting alone?
- Cooperation
- What is conflict?
- Conflict is the opposite of cooperation. It is the struggle for a limited resource having value to different participants and often requiring the defeat or subdual of others to achieve the goal. Georg Simmel (1955) identified four common types of conflict: wars, intragroup conflict; many forms of litigation (legal conflict settled in the courts), and ideological conflicts.
- This occurs when one person or group forces its will on another, based on the threat of physical force or violence
- Coercion
- What is competition?
- Competition is conflict but the interaction is governed by rules limiting the conflict and achieving the main goal of individual success is more important than defeating or subduing opponents.
- What are some examples of nonverbal gestures?
Thumbs up, peace sign, etc.
The meanings of these can vary from society to society.
- What did a study by Stephen Thayer in 1988 find about personal contact in other countries
- London ranked lowest number of touches per hour, then US, Paris, and the most was Puerto Rico. Paris and Puerto Rico had number shockingly higher than London or the US.
- What study tested a self-fulfilling prophecy by showing how the physical attractiveness of a female can lead men to treat her differently; leading her, in turn, to act in a manner consistent with that stereotype
- Mark Snyder's 1977 study of men on the telephone with women of whom they had been given a photograph which they rated as attractive or unattractive.
- What is the dramaturgical perspective?
- The dramaturgical perspective views social life using the metaphor of actors playing roles on a stage (Goffman, 1959). In this perspective, much of human behavior can be understood as a deliberate attempt to manage the impressions other people have of us.
- In the dramaturgical perspective, what is a "front stage" situation?
A Front-stage setting refers to occasions or encounters in which people are in the presence others whom they would like to impress favorably (an "audienceâ€).
–a young man on a first date (his date is his audience),
–a waitress serving meals in a restaurant (the customers are her audience), and
–a student attending a classroom lecture (the teacher is the student's audience).
- In the dramaturgical perspective, what is a "back stage" situation?
back-stage setting refers to times and places when the people a person wishes to impress favorably are not present. In a back-stage setting, people do not have to engage actively in efforts at impression management. Instead, they can relax, "be themselves,†and do things they might not want members of the audience to see.
lExample back-stage settings might include
–a young man camping with male friends (where a female date is not present),
–a waitress in the restaurant kitchen (where the customers cannot see or hear her), and
–the student relaxing with friends in a dorm room (where the teacher is not present).
- Who developed the dramaturgical perspective?
- Erving Goffman (1959)
- What is emotional labor?
Emotional labor is a type of work activity requiring the worker to display particular emotions in the normal course of providing a service.
–Airline attendants are often required to wear a smile on their face in the presence of customers (passengers) as are receptionists, nurses, hotel desk clerks, and cocktail waitresses.
- What did T.R. Young find in his T-Shirt as Self-Expression study?
Young and his class found the tee shirts worn by college students to reflect several broad themes
·Brand Names—Camel cigarettes, expensive shoes, sports equipment, up-scale clothing stores, and a wide range of beers. As Young put it, this provides "testimony to the success of the advertising industry to colonize the very bodies of their victims.â€
·Status Claims—Tee shirts displaying exotic places such as Central America, Europe, Asia, and Hawaii were quite common, showing that the person is well-traveled and, by implication, of a high enough social status to afford to travel.
·Moral messages—These messages ranged from religious tee shirts proclaiming some Christian faith to expressions of pop philosophy such as "life is a beach†or "party until you die†to statements evoking brotherhood, sisterhood, and ecological or population concerns.
·Youth culture—Tee shirts for well-known rock groups or singers popular among students
lBy wearing tee shirts, these students were attempting to manage the impressions other people form of them.
- Homans and Blau developed what theory?
- social exchange theory
- What is the social exchange theory?
Exchange theory analyzes social interaction in terms of valued outcomes to the participants. It assumes people are motivated by self-interest, as measured by rewards and costs of actions and tend to repeat highly rewarded actions and not repeat costly ones.
lActions by one actor can have both costs and rewards for others, hence we can use our own actions to influence how others treat us.
lExchange is not limited to economic goods but characterizes all social interaction. Every act can be assessed in terms of its rewards and benefits for participants.
lThis perspective has been applied to a wide range of interaction ranging from loving relationships in marriages to interactions among multinational corporations to relationships between people of different ages.
- What asserts that if you give someone something, you expect them to give you something of equal value in return
- the norm of reciprocity
- What is socialization?
lSocialization is one of the primary means by which culture including knowledge is passed from one generation to the next.
lSocialization occurs not only in primary and secondary schools and professional schools, but even among countercultures and subcultures engaging in illicit activity
- What did Barbara Heyl find in her research of houses of prostitution?
- socialization occurs in subcultures...training prostitues, etc. is socialization.
- What is the CONFLICT view of socializaiton?
The Conflict View:
Passing on Advantage
lSocialization is the means by which the rich and powerful pass on their advantages to their children.
lSocialization experiences tend to both justify and reproduce the status quo.
- What is social channeling?
- lSocial channeling is a process of socialization in which children of the rich are prepared for and directed towards positions of privilege in society while children of the poor are prepared for and directed into low prestige positions of subservience
- What is The Symbolic Interactionist View of socialization?
socialization is a way of constructing the social self.
There are Four stages
- What are the four stages of the symbolic interacitonist view of socialization?
Preparatory Stage—the first stage of child's social development, where behavior is largely imitation of others, with little use for symbols and limited role-taking.
lPlay Stage—here individuals learn to evaluate themselves and other social objects from the point of view of particular significant others, individuals with whom they are interacting such as a mother or father.
lGame Stage—here children learn to take on the role of multiple others at the same time--e.g., several people playing a game.
lAdult Stage—the final stage in which the individual is capable of taking on the role of the generalized other, assessing behavior in terms of the the norms and values of the broad society and responding to abstract principles and symbols.
- A Study of Key Events in Work Settings btGundry and Rousseau (1994) concluded. . .
lSocialization in the workplace is important for newcomers to learn the formal and informal rules of conduct and role expectations of the organization's culture.
lCritical incidents can be potent communicators of an organization's behavioral norms. Newcomers discover the underlying norms of the organization by trying to make sense of such incidents.
lSometimes the messages conveyed by these incidents may be quite different from the formal socialization and official image the organization wishes to convey to newcomers.
- What is the difference between formal and informal socialization?
- Formal socialization is any type of socialization that takes place in a social structure meant for that purpose (i.e. school, club, home, etc.) Informal socialization takes place outisde of these structures (friends, parties, etc.)
- What is the socialization for dying?
lThe first stage is often denial. They simply cannot believe it is happening to them.
lThe second stage is anger. At that point, they begin to realize it is actually happening to them, but they see it as a gross injustice.
lThe third stage is bargaining. They seek to postpone their death by changing their behavior, looking for new treatments, and even making promises to God.
lThe fourth stage, resignation, is often accompanied by severe depression.
lThe final stage is acceptance in which they come to terms with their death and attempt to make the most of the remaining time available to them to take care of business with relatives and friends before they die.
- What is anticipatroy socialization?
- Anticipatory socialization is socialization for a status that occurs before the person occupies the status.
- What is borderwork? Examples?
Borderwork refers to the interactions between genders that tends to strengthen and perpetuate gender boundaries.
lContests between the sexes (both informal playground games and classroom activities), chasing (most often boys chasing girls), invasions (where boys or girls intrude upon the play of others), and rituals of pollution (in which someone is accused of having "cootiesâ€) are all patterns of interaction through which gender boundaries are often reaffirmed and strengthened. (Barrie Thorne, 1986)
lTypically, those activities lead to girls and boys separating into same-gender teams to compete, chase, and invade or defend playground turf.
Not an actual question, but...
Did you review your socialization handouts? What about the other sociology lab handouts?
- Just checking...
- What are the 5 types of groups?
Primary group
l Secondary group
l Reference group
l In-group
l Out-Group
- What is a primary group?
- A primary group (first defined by Cooley, 1909) is a group in which people have intimate face-to-face associations that endure for long periods of time.
- What type of GROUP is generally small, close-knit, and personal where members have a strong connection and spend much time together?
- a primary group
- What are examples of a primary group?
- families, roomates, childrens' play groups
- What is a secondary group?
- A secondary group is a group that is large and impersonal, members do not know each other intimately or completely, there are weak ties, and the group typically has a less profound impact on the members.
- What type of groups are usually formed for a specific purpose, last a short duration, are larger, and only involve a few activities?
- a secondary group
- What is an example of a secondary group?
- the PTA (Parent Teacher Association)
- What is a refrence group?
- A reference group is any group a person considers when evaluating his or her actions or characteristics
- What type of group is joined when someone is deciding how they might respond to a situation? A person may also wish to belong to a group, but will not or will change their membership over time.
- A refrence group.
- Someone training to be a lawyer thinks of how his future collegues will view some action he is taking now. These future collegues from what type of group?
- A refrence goup.
- What is an in-group?
- An in-group is a group that members are involved in, and with which they identify
- What is an out group?
- An out-group is one to which people feel they do not belong. Members of an out-group are rejected or treated in a hostile manner by members of the in-group.
- What are group dynamics?
- Group dynamics refers to the social processes characterizing groups and the social structures that develop characterizing relationships among people within groups.
- What are the two different types of group leadership?
instrumental leadership emphasizing completing tasks and achieving goals and
– expressive leadership that emphasizes group solidarity and morale.
• These two types of leadership are sometimes linked to gender, with females more likely to take expressive leadership in the family and males more likely to assume instrumental leadership (Parsons and Bales, 1955).
- What is authoritarian leadership?
- authoritarian leadership in which the leader takes personal control and demands compliance from others,
- What is democratic leadership?
- democratic leadership which involves all members in decision making and pays more attention to expressive tasks, and
- What is laissez-faire leadership?
- laissez-faire leadership allows the group to find its own way with little influence from the leader and which is usually the least effective at promoting group goals --Ridgeway, 1983.
- What is status generalizaiton?
- status generalization--members of a group holding the highest status within the group tend to be people who hold higher statuses outside the group as well.
- What did Solomon Asch, in a study titled THE EFFECT OF GROUP PRESSURE ON CONFORMITY, find?
One-third (thirty-two percent) of the subjects agreed with the majority and chose the incorrect line.
– This occurred even when the subjects appeared to know they were making the wrong choice.
– When he varied the size of the incorrect majority (which was always unanimous) he found conformity to be least with one other person, greater with two other persons, and greatest with three or more other persons unanimously disagreeing with the subject.
l When the disagreement with the subject was not unanimous, the pressure to conform also dropped drastically.
l He concluded there is a significant tendency for individuals tend to conform to the group judgment.
- When does "groupthink" occur?
Groupthink occurs when individual group members oppose the decision of a group but are afraid to speak out against what they perceive to be the group consensus. In such situations, dissensus may be viewed as disloyalty. --Irving Janis (1967)
Groupthink is most common in small cohesive groups with strong leaders.
l Groupthink can be disastrous for groups
– the range of options given serious consideration is narrowed
– options may be ruled out to maintain group cohesiveness
– this can prevent a frank and honest discussion
– the group fails to take advantage of the different perspectives individuals bring to the group.
– The result often is poor decisions
- What are two big examples of "groupthink"
Bay of Pigs Invasion: Interviews and memoirs later revealed at least one of the participants in that meeting (Presidential advisor, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.) had reservations about the decision to invade Cuba, but had not spoken up in the meeting (quoted in Janis, 1967:30,40).
Challanger shuttle disaster:
Shortly before the space shuttle, Challenger, was launched and then blew up, engineers and NASA officials held telephone meetings to discuss whether the launch was safe. They were under considerable pressure to launch on time to help assure continued congressional funding (Moorhead, Ference, and Neck, 1991).
- What are conjunctive tasks?
- Conjunctive tasks are tasks where the performance of the group can only be as good as the performance of the weakest link or weakest member.
- What are disjunctive tasks?
- Disjunctive tasks are tasks where if any one individual can solve them, then the entire group is likely to solve them as well.
- What is a "eureka problem" an example of? Conjunctive or Disjunctive tasks?
- A Disjunctive task
a squad of military personnel on an obstacle course. So long as the squad must stay together it can only move as fast as the slowest member.
This is an example of a conjunctive or disjunctive task?
- A Conjunctive task
- What actions are actions which benefit others at no benefit, perhaps even at some risk to the individual who takes those actions?
- altruistic actions
- What were the results of Darley and Latane's experiment involving college students discussing life over an intercom with one or more students, then one of the students having a seizure?
All students who believed they were part of a dyad immediately rushed to help the other person.
– Those told they were in a triad were slower to respond and only 80 percent went to help.
– Of students who thought they were in a group of size six, only 60 percent went to help.
l Darley and Latane concluded those in larger groups experienced a diffusion of responsibility, thinking someone else would help the person
- What is a social network?
A social network is a series of social relationships linking individuals directly to other individuals and indirectly to still other individuals.
Links may include group memberships, dyadic friendships, workers, neighbors, and relatives, both casual and intense.
l Social networks can be very limited. Members are often not co-present (in the same place), they may not have common goals, and they may not even perceive themselves to be part of a network.
l Yet, social networks are often used effectively to achieve important goals, such as obtaining social support, advancing a career, and influencing political events.
- What do those who see the functional view of networks see?
- Functionalists point out that networks can provide social support, information, job opportunities, and serve other important functions for people.
- What do those who see the conflict theory of networks see?
On the other hand, conflict theorists argue that rich and powerful people—the elite—are often particularly effective at using social networks to maintain their advantage over other people.
– The elite can use their networks of friends and acquaintances to get jobs other people never hear about, to exert influence over political matters, to intervene when their children get poor marks in school, and in hundreds of other ways to continue to exercise and maintain privilege.
– The restrictive nature of these networks as reflected in the phrase "good-old-boy" network means that many people are excluded from the benefits of these networks, people such as women and minorities.
- What is a formal organization?
- A formal organization is a form of social organization that is purposefully constructed to meet its goals with maximum efficiency, often consisting of many individuals linked by a collective goal, roles, rules for behavior, and relationships of authority.
- What role do formal organizations play in everyday life?
–They dominate business life (corporations are organizations),
–They dominate government (Federal and state agencies are organizations as are congress, the executive office, and the courts),
–They dominate education, entertainment, religion, industry...virtually all aspects of social life.
–We even use formal organizations to regulate other formal organizations (e.g., OSHA--the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, or the SEC--the Securities and Exchange Commission).
- What is a coercive organization?
- A coercive organization uses force to control lower level members of the organization who, in many cases, have little or no personal commitment to the organization. Prisons and mental hospitals are both coercive organizations.
- what is a total institution?
- total institutions—organizations that regulate every aspect of a person's behavior.
- What is a utilitarian organization?
- uses money to control lower level participants. Corporations are obvious examples of utilitarian organizations.
- What is a normative organization?
- A normative organization uses norms and values of the organization to control lower-level participants. These are usually voluntary associations.
- What are voluntary associations?
- Voluntary associations are organizations established to pursue common interests whose members volunteer and often even pay to participate.
- What is an example of voluntary associations?
- intrest groups, churches, fan clubs, Boy Scouts, Democratic Party, AARP, etc.
- What is rationalization?
- Rationalization, according to Weber, is a pervasive process characterizing modern society in which traditional methods and standards of social organization based on tradition, belief, and even magic, are replaced with new methods and standards of social organization based on objectively calculable scientific criteria.
- Whose concept was rationalizaiton?
- Max Weber
- Have you checked for new group/networking notes on WebCT? He mentioned there might be some...
- Go look.
- What are the characteristics of a bureaucracy?
⬢a division of labor with every member having special duties,
⬢a hierarchical line of authority clearly defining each member's authority,
⬢written rules & regulations specifying the rights and duties associated with each position or status in the organization and procedures required for each task,
⬢compensatory reward with employment, promotion, and reward based on performance, and
⬢impersonality in the relations among members
- What is a bureaucracy?
- Max Weber (1922, 1947) coined the term bureaucracy to indicate a formal organization that attempts to maximize efficiency and productivity through the rationalization of work.
- Describe the aspect of a bureaucracy "division of labor"
A key strategy for rationalizing work to make it more efficient is a division of labor breaking complex tasks into simpler components and assigning different workers to perform each of those components.
l No single member of the organization performs all tasks. Instead, each member becomes a highly specialized expert, performing only the specific task or tasks within her job description.
l This specialized division of labor often leads to members becoming highly skilled and the organization maximally efficient.
- Describe the aspect of a bureaucracy "hierarchical line of authority"
l Bureaucracies typically have a clearly defined hierarchical line of authority indicating who is responsible for decisions and who reports to whom.
l These lines of authority are often indicated by organizational charts and they have the positive benefit of clarifying who is responsible for different decisions.
l However, those same lines of authority are sometimes used to hide from making decisions.
- What is trained incapacity?
- when members of a bureaucratic organization are unwilling to take bold decisions to handle problems in new ways and instead try to solve new problems using old methods (Veblen, 1899).
- What is decision avoidance?
- Decision avoidance occurs when members of a bureaucratic organization are unwilling to make a decision at all. Instead they try to pass it on to someone else in the organization so they don't have to be responsible for the success or failure.
- Describe the characterisitc of a bureaucracy "compensatory reward."
- When employees in a formal organization are hired, promoted, and compensated based on their performance and competence this is called compensatory reward.
- What is the Peter Principle?
- The Peter Principle states that, in organizations, talented people are promoted until they reach a level where they are incompetent. Then they are no longer promoted because they do not excel at their work (Peter and Hull, 1969:25).
- an efficient assembly line worker may be promoted to foreman only to find that he is a lousy foreman. But rather than demoting him to assembly line worker again and admitting a mistake was made as well as humiliating him, most bureaucracies simply keep h
- The Peter Principle
- Describe the characteristic of a bureaucracy "impersonality"?
- Impersonality is a bureaucratic norm dictating that officials carry out their duties without consideration for people as individuals.
- Describe the characteristic of a bureaucracy "written rules and regulations"
- Written rules and regulations specify the rights and duties associated with each position or status in the organization and procedures required for each task. This helps assure everyone equal and fair treatment. Workers know what is expected of them in various circumstances. These written rules and regulations also provide continuity to the organization even as individual actors come and go. These rules and regulations are often found in policy manuals, job descriptions, and worker contracts. Extended too far and applied rigidly, however, rules and regulations can become dysfunctional.
- What is goal displacement?
- Goal displacement is overzealous conformity to official regulations where their rigid application becomes dysfunctional for the organization (Robert Merton (1968:254-256).
- How are bureaucracies self-perpetuating?
– People have a clear economic interest in preserving their jobs.
– In addition, once procedures have become routinized and institutionalized as the accepted way to do things, those tend to be self-perpetuating (Kanter, 1983, Chpts 3 and 4).
– Together, these and other forces act to keep organizations alive long after their initial objective has been accomplished or is no longer relevant.
• Defense programs, congressional subcommittees, and charitable foundations such as the March of Dimes are other examples of this tendency.
- What is an informal organizaiton?
- We use the term, Informal organization to refer to the flexible, implicit norms governing an organization or group—what people actually do instead of what they are supposed to do (Blau and Meyer, 1971).
- What did George Ritzer argue in THE MCDONALDIZATION OF SOCIETY?
He argues that such corporations offer four benefits that have made them far more successful than the nonrationalized organizations they are replacing:
– efficiency,
– quantification,
– predictability, and
– control.
E.g., McDonalds
These can be illustrated for McDonalds.
l Efficiency--There you can expect to get fast, efficient service.
l Quantification--McDonalds, like other rationalized corporations offers packaged products with low prices for large quantities, with quantity substituting for quality as an easy measure of value received.
l Predictability--No matter where in the world you are, when you go in a McDonalds you can expect the hamburgers to be about the same as the last one you had—neither horrible nor delectable, but predictably acceptable.
l Control--Finally, McDonalds offer control over its employees. Customers can expect fast, courteous service with good quality control—the same amount of pickles roughly on the hamburger in Tulsa, Oklahoma as in Beijing, China.
- What is the iron law of oligarchy?
l The iron law of oligarchy asserts that even democratic organizations will eventually become ruled by a few individuals (Robert Michels).
l Formal organizations, even voluntary associations with a strong allegiance to democratic principles, tend to become dominated by a small, self-perpetuating group of members. Those members form an elite clique passing power from one member of the inner circle to the next.
- Once you get done with this you better go read over the book notes again? OK?
- When is your test?
(do NOT sleep through that. bad deal.)
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NOTE: Many of our upcoming events have been postponed or canceled. For information about a specific event, please contact the event organizer(s). Thank you!
Greater Wisconsin Musky Tournament 2020
October 4 @ 6:00 am - 12:00 pm
An event every day that begins at 6:00 am, repeating until October 4, 2020
Head to St. Germain for the 32nd Annual Greater Wisconsin Musky Tournament. This is a catch and release competition. Hosted by expert fishing guide Rob Manthei, who has a long list of credits to his name. The event offers great angler gift bags, door prizes, cash prizes, trophies and raffle prizes. The tournament takes place on 10 area lakes. Because space is limited on the lakes, sign up early to guarantee your lake choice. Sponsored by the St. Germain Area Chamber of Commerce and Rob Manthei's Guide Service.


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A bi-weekly mortgage is a mortgage payment plan where payments are made every two weeks, as opposed to the more traditional monthly payment plan. Making mortgage payments every two weeks, as opposed to monthly, will result in the equivalent of one additional monthly payment being made each year.
This extra payment is applied toward the principal balance of the mortgage, and will lead to substantial interest savings over the life of a long-term mortgage.
When a bi-weekly payment plan is set up, most mortgage servicing companies simply hold the first half of the monthly payment until the second half arrives and then make the full monthly payment. If a simple interest bi-weekly mortgage plan can be set up, each payment received is immediately applied toward the principal balance of the mortgage leading to additional interest savings.
Converting an existing mortgage to a bi-weekly plan usually carries some fees. A self-disciplined borrower can gain the same benefits of a bi-weekly plan by making one additional mortgage payment each year, or by paying an extra amount each month equal to 1/12 of the scheduled monthly payment.
Carlisle Mitchell Insider Tips for Real Estate Investors is a trusted and reliable source of expert investment and market analysis for real estate investors world-wide. NEW! Now follow Carlisle Mitchell Insider Tips for Real Estate Investors on Facebook and Twitter


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Two weeks into my new internship at SCPR, I'm having an amazing time, learning a ton, and getting to work with great people everyday. The only problem is that it takes me about an hour to commute. My radio is broken, so I sing a lot, and the show had never been captured... until now. I sat down with engineer Doug, who is going to be working on the show with us, to get to know him, play a little music, and let all of you know a bit about the new show.
A little song about the new show with Madeleine Brand
Enjoy The Madeleine Brand Show? Try KPCC's other blogs.See all of our blogs
April 22, 2020
An Update from Larry Mantle
November 7, 2019
An Open Letter From SCPR's President
July 16, 2019


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The Hickman Branch
The Hickman Branch
The Hickman Branch
Hickman Run Junction to The Cora Mines, PA
— ICC Abandonment Filings —
|Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
|Docket: 10705
|Section: 1
|Joint application of Baltimore and Ohio RR. Co. and Baltimore and Ohio RR. Co. in Pennsylvania for certificate to abandon the Hickman Branch, Pittsburgh Division, of the latter, extending from Valuation Station 00 plus 234, one-half mile east of Dawson, to Valuation Station 93 plus 66, a distance of 1.8 miles, all in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, and to abandon operation thereof.
|Length: 1.8 miles
|Citation: 202 ICC 739


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My experience with A&M has been pleasurable and beneficial.
My experience with A&M has been pleasurable and beneficial. The personal and undivided attention provided never failed to impress me. What retained me as a client and enhanced my loyalty is the unique and sincere approach of A&M management to provide the good advice even if it contradicts with their interest. I always felt very welcome at their offices and most importantly took my time fully to get work done. Even during weekends they are always available to assist and support. I purchased one property through them and going for another. I highly recommend them if you like personal attention and a good solid advise in sale and management of real estate.
- Elias Abou Rustom
Arms &McGregor International Realty®


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NEW HAVEN, Conn. – Wilmington University Women's Lacrosse's Lisa Eller along with Track and Field's Krysta Memis earned the Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference Top XVI Award for having the highest cumulative grade-point average participating in the finals site for each of the CACC championships.
The CACC Top XVI Award is modeled after the NCAA Elite 90 Award and is a direct product of the CACC Strategic Plan. The Top XVI Award is presented to the student-athlete with the highest cumulative grade-point average participating at the finals site for each of the CACC championships. In order to be considered, the student-athlete must be at least a sophomore in academic and athletics standing as well as a member of the active roster. In the event of a tie, it is broken by the total number of credit hours earned. The award debuted in the 2013-14 season, and was named the Top XIV Award after the 14 championship sports the CACC offered. The award changed to the Top XV in 2014-15, as the conference expanded its championship offerings to 15 sports with the addition of men's track & field. And beginning with the 2017-18 year, the honor was changed to the Top XVI Award to recognize the 16 league championships as men's lacrosse was added as a title sport this spring. Prior to the 2016-17 season, the CACC commissioned Royal Rooster Design to create a logo specific to the Top XV Award. The logo appears on all promotional materials and the glass award presented to each winner at the respective CACC Championship banquets.
Eller earned a cumulative GPA of 3.92 through the fall semester of this year to earn the distinguished award. The lacrosse defender played in 15 games, starting in 11 this season for the Wildcats, finishing the season with 12 groundballs, one draw control, and four caused turnovers. In the Wildcats' 22-9 win over Holy Family, she collected three groundballs and had two caused turnovers. She helped the Wildcats to an 11-8 overall record with a trip to the CACC semifinals. This is the first time in her career earning the CACC Top XVI Award.
Krysta Memis earned the award for the first time in her career, as she earned a 4.0 cumulative grade-point average through the fall. The sophomore had her best time in the 800m this year at the CACC Outdoor Track and Field Championship finishing with a time of 2:34.05, placing 11th overall. At the Delaware Open, she helped the Wildcats finish first in the 4x100 with a time of 53.80. In her first meet of the season, she finished 17th overall in the 800m with a time of 2:46.24.
This is Wilmington University's third student-athlete to be awarded the CACC Top XVI Award this year, as Dimitrios Topouzlis earned the award for Men's Soccer back in the fall, after earning a 3.98 GPA.


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It's a Musical: For Years and Years
For Years and Years is a record that feels positively alive. It's a joyous, vibrant, and inventive affair that may go a long way in bringing the duo greater recognition.
It's a Musical
For Year and YearsLabel: Morr
US Release Date: 2012-04-10
UK Release Date: 2012-03-16
For a small time period, contemporary music seemed like it was over-saturated with duo acts and it became increasingly difficult to separate several of them. Though that trend has faded considerably, it wouldn't have been particularly difficult for It's A Musical to be recognizable. Their sound occasionally borders on twee-pop and they keep things light always doing the male/female harmony for their vocal delivery, much like the Raveonettes. It's A Musical excel in light and airy music that's still intriguing enough to warrant the attention of anyone fortunate enough to get to listen.
Always inviting and never overpowering is the aesthetic that It's A Musical seem to live by. To their credit, they inject it with a healthy amount of DIY. The only additional person credited with studio work on For Years and Years was Norman Nitzsche, who mixes albums. Otherwise For Years and Years stands unmistakably as the work of Ella Blix and Robert Kretzschmar, the tireless multi-instrumentalists who call themselves It's A Musical. Their personality and singularity, as such, is largely uninhibited and their records are the best representations of themselves that they can give. Fortunately for us, they're unique and engaging characters on their own with serious songwriting chops.
Beginning with the records title track, their energy becomes infectious and warrants the listeners attention. Their musical palette is relatively simple and never over-reaches or adds on any more that's necessary. That commitment to simplicity and practicality should help set them apart from several of their contemporaries. It helps to demonstrate their raw talent and present them in an undeniably honest fashion. The following track, "As Soon As I", assumes the same giddy atmosphere and it becomes hard to imagine the duo playing this music without smiling. It's fairly evident that they genuinely enjoy the material and are having actual fun with it, which can be a breath of fresh air considering the tendency to gravitate towards the overly serious side of things that plagues several contemporary acts.
As the record progresses, it becomes clear that For Years and Years doesn't contain any actual highlights because all of the songwriting is so uniformly excellent. As a long player, its sequenced perfectly and never loses its footing or pace, playing out wonderfully. Every song is an enjoyable one that doesn't deviate from the consistency of near-greatness that For Years and Years is heavily imbued with, which is part of what makes it stand out. For Years and Years is an incredibly joyous listening experience without pounding that goal into the listeners head. It's A Musical are smart enough to know that they don't need to be incessantly reminding you to have fun while listening to their material, they play it with the ease of veterans who understand that's the effect the music will have on their audience.
The records halfway point is marked with "The Team That Never Wins", which may just barely stand out as the records best song. It also serves as a fair indicator of what both the first and last half of For Years and Years contains. It's an important piece to a pretty great record. For Years and Years' latter half kicks off with two of the records more experimental tracks, the percussion driven "Fish Song", and the vocal-trading "Ljubljana". Both songs stay in keeping with being reliably consistent as really good indie pop tracks while showcasing what the band can offer when it decides to tinker with its formula.
Those two tracks start a run up to the final song "Bring It On" that never sees the band tiring or the record wavering. Every track is a worthwhile one that'd be the perfect addition to any pop mixtape. It's A Musical make seriously accessible music but, to their credit, they don't sacrifice the quality to get there. For Years and Years will be more than worth most peoples time and, more than likely, it'll have them smiling.


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One of our most important senses, I think, is our ability to see. All of our senses play a role in our daily lives, but could you imagine life without your vision?
It's one of those things that we commonly take for granted, but really should be thankful for.
My approach to good health, in general, is prevention.
And by that I mean, simply doing the best we can to avoid and/or limit the things that break us down and cause disease, and do more of the things that build us up and create health.
With that said, let's talk about how we can support the health of our eyes.
Our eyes are essentially made of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA is a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid, and is critical for the healthy functioning of our eyes and brain, but particularly for our eyes. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is also a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid, and is more specific for the health of our brain.
The most commonly talked about omega-3s are medium-chain, or alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). These are found in sources like chia, hemp, and flax seeds. These are great omega-3s to have in our diet, but not the same as the long-chain omega-3s, DHA/EPA.
Unfortunately, it's not as easy to get these long-chain fatty acids in our diet without having the knowledge about where to get them. So, below I have a list of the best food sources containing DHA.
Excellent Sources of DHA:
- Marine Phytoplankton
- Algae Oil Products – good source of both DHA/EPA
- AFA blue Green Algae
- Krill Oil
- Salmon – but not the cleanest source of DHA
In addition to DHA, eating a diet rich in antioxidants and highly pigmented, colorful foods will also help nourish and support healthy eyes. The best way to do this is to eat a wide variety of fresh, organic and/or wild vegetables and fruits (focusing on berries), superfoods and superherbs.
- Important Antioxidants for Healthy Eyes
- Lutein & Zeaxantihin – found in green leafy vegetables
- Astaxanthin – produced by a specific type of microalgae called Haematoccus pluvialis, and also found in salmon and krill oil
- Beta-carotene – converted by your body into vitamin A, which is important for night vision
Highly Pigmented Superfoods for Your Eyes
These foods are also rich in antioxidants.
Berries – goji berries, raspberries, black currants, bilberries, blueberries, cranberries, blackberries, etc.
Chaga Mushrooms – one of the most highly pigmented substances
Spirulina & Chlorella – some of the most highly pigmented substances
Other Antioxidant Rich Foods for Your Eyes
Green Leafy Vegetables (contain lutein and zeaxanthin) – kale, spinach, collard greens, etc.
Yellow & Orange Fruits & Vegetables (contain beta-carotene) – golden berries, bell peppers, apricots, squash, etc.
Sprouted Seeds – alfalfa, broccoli, kale, radish, sunflower, etc. I really like Sproutman's sprouting seeds. His Beginners Dozen is a great option to try.
Raw Nuts – almonds, jungle peanuts, Brazil nuts, cashews, etc.
Fresh & Dried Herbs & Spices – turmeric root, ginger root, parsley, basil, cloves, etc.
Exercise Your Eyes to Naturally Strengthen Them
I think eye exercises are something that anyone can benefit from. Although, if you wear contacts or glasses, this may be something you might want to really consider doing.
I know I need to get back into doing my eye exercises. I definitely noticed an improvement in the clarity of my vision, when I was doing them regularly. And, what's even cooler, is that these results have not regressed, and it's been over 4 years (which I hate to admit)! I was following this eyesight rebuilding program. Great stuff!
But, this isn't the only vision rebuilding program out there. There are various books and programs available that can help us build and strengthen our eyes naturally without surgery.
All right, so those are my tips for supporting healthy vision.
Best of Health,
Are there things that you do that you feel help promote healthy vision? Please comment below 🙂


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EXCITEMENT was mounting in Didcot in January 1985 as the town's first purpose-built sports complex edged closer to opening.
Didcot Leisure Centre was still seven months from welcoming the public, but that did not stop builders' foreman, Ken Pottle, from trying out the new climbing wall.
It came after the Mereland Road venue was given bronze-tinted, reflective wall panels as a special feature to brighten up the building.Read also: Great British skinny dip comes to Didcot
Among the key features of the £750,000 development was the eight metre-high ceiling for pole-vaulting practice, the only sports hall in southern England to have this feature.
The leisure centre, next to St Birinus School, is still going strong to this day.


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Compressor Cooler Pro
Jura 67085
Price: 1235,00 € 1020,66 € excl. VAT
Sorry, this item is currently out of stock. Sign up for the newsletter to be kept informed about replenishments:
The Compressor Cooler Pro Jura with milk level sensor is designed to visually complement all two-grinder machines. The generous dimensions of the container mean it can hold up to four litres of milk.


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Stocks Fall and 30-year Treasuries Approach Record Lows as Trade Fears Increase
The stock market is taking another beating this morning and bond yields continue to fall as the drumbeat of trade war grows louder and louder. Compounding the yield drop is the notion that central banks around the world must counter-balance trade weakness in order to stop the global economy from slipping into recession. The words and actions are happening very quickly. Just this week, the White House labeled China as a currency manipulator. Although China has subsequently allowed its currency value to fall, the U.S. announcement on Monday suggests the next step could be an increase in the tariff rate. With both sides frustrated and angry, the likelihood of resuming trade talks anytime soon has dropped. As the media has pointed out, China will be celebrating the 70th anniversary of the People's Republic in October, and President Xi is expected to show only strength and unity. A trade concession isn't likely within that space. The Wall Street Journal believes China's strategy is now to hold out until next year's elections.


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BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:2.0 PRODID:ILLC Website BEGIN:VEVENT UID:/NewsandEvents/Events/Conferences/newsitem/712 0/15-17-June-2016-Thirteenth-International-Confere nce-on-Computability-and-Complexity-in-Analysis-CC A-2016-Faro-Portugal DTSTAMP:20160114T000000 SUMMARY:Thirteenth International Conference on Com putability and Complexity in Analysis (CCA 2016), Faro, Portugal DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20160615 DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20160617 LOCATION:Faro, Portugal DESCRIPTION:The conference is concerned with the t heory of computability and complexity over real-va lued data. The classical approach in these areas i s to consider algorithms as operating on finite st rings of symbols from a finite alphabet. Most math ematical models in physics and engineering, howeve r, are based on the real number concept. Thus, a c omputability theory and a complexity theory over t he real numbers and over more general continuous d ata structures is needed. Despite remarkable pr ogress in recent years many important fundamental problems have not yet been studied, and presumably numerous unexpected and surprising results are wa iting to be detected. Scientists working in the ar ea of computation on real-valued data come from di fferent fields, such as theoretical computer scien ce, domain theory, logic, constructive mathematics , computer arithmetic, numerical mathematics and a ll branches of analysis. The conference provides a unique opportunity for people from such diverse a reas to meet, present work in progress and exchang e ideas and knowledge. For more information, see http://cca-net.de/cca2016/ Authors are invited to submit 1-2 pages abstracts in PDF format (inclu ding references) by March 14, 2016. X-ALT-DESC;FMTTYPE=text/html:
\n The conference is concerned with the theory o f computability\n and complexity over real- valued data. The classical approach\n in th ese areas is to consider algorithms as operating o n\n finite strings of symbols from a finite alphabet. Most\n mathematical models in ph ysics and engineering, however, are\n based on the real number concept. Thus, a computability theory\n and a complexity theory over the real numbers and over more\n general contin uous data structures is needed.\n\n < p>\n Despite remarkable progress in recent y ears many important\n fundamental problems h ave not yet been studied, and presumably\n n umerous unexpected and surprising results are wait ing to be\n detected. Scientists working in the area of computation on\n real-valued dat a come from different fields, such as\n theo retical computer science, domain theory, logic,\n constructive mathematics, computer arithmeti c, numerical\n mathematics and all branches of analysis. The conference\n provides a uni que opportunity for people from such diverse\n areas to meet, present work in progress and exc hange ideas and\n knowledge.\n \n \n \n
For more information, see\n http://cca-net.de/cca2016/\n\n
\n Authors are invited to submit 1-2 pages abstracts in PDF form at (including references) by March 14, 2016.\n\n


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Seashells. Hhmmm. I love seashells. But more than just loving seashells, it's the act of looking for them that I really love. I feel like I am in as meditative of a state as I know how to be. My mind is effortlessly and completely clear and empty. Nothing gnaws at or distracts me. My breath is deep and I feel centered and grounded. Of course I'm looking for something, that one special, outstanding shell; but it's not like I have to find it right here and right now. Now it wouldn't be much fun if I was looking in a place where none were to be found; but there's no insistent energy to the looking-for process – it just flows softly and slowly as I walk, each step a breath, each kneeling down a prayer.
I love how my eyes determinedly scan the sand and then come into clear focus upon finding outstanding shapes or unusual colors that jump out at me. I especially love the bright pinks and purples or the shapes and kinds I've never seen before. I'm amazed by how many spirals are naturally designed within these incredibly detailed structures. There's plenty of all of those here. I love crouching down in the sand where there's a whole collection of broken bits of coral and shell and pockets of tidal water that holds secret treasures. It's the act of the finding that's the exquisite delight for me. I get so very excited – like the innocent joy of a child – when I find oooh, this really pretty one or oooh, that really colorful one. I'm exuberant with this simple act!
So that's what I did today. I looked for seashells. And I found some! I found some! They're really, really cool. The finest collection of seashells now sits as a growing altar on the bench of my sweet lanai. Looking at them doubles my pleasure of having found them. Ohsure, I'll bring some home, but I'll leave just as many behind. While I'd like to put the most special ones of all that I've found in the center, I can't. They're inside and protected. How I will keep them protected all the way between here and home is a mystery, but I'll do my best!
They're my favorite shells of all to find. And today – after a torrential overnight and early morning rain storm – was the perfect time to find them. And when I did, I really did exclaim out in excitement! Over and over. That is, right before I gingerly leaned over and cautiously removed them from the sand. There they were, small parts of them peeking out of the sand or wholly visible, here, there and everywhere. They amaze me really, with their perfect roundness and symmetry (I'm no mathematician, but I know sacred geometry when I see it!). God, I love symmetry; and it seems nature does, too. They astound me with their incredibly intricate, complex even, designs; their delicate fragility; and their inherent strength to withstand the unrelenting power of surging water. Force annihilates them, yet they live in harmony with the power and constancy of the sea.
I found two of the very smallest ones I've ever seen and a live one, too, for the first time ever – it was dark, dark green, almost black and kinda fuzzy. The fuzzy-ness especially surprised me and made me giggle. I slipped it right back into the sand and went on to pick up a white one; white indicating that it's already empty of life. Yes, as much as I love these beautiful collections of shells strewn all along the shore, the truth is they're a graveyard of abandoned homes of the tiny, crab-like creatures who've once lived in them and now have either met their demise or moved on to other quarters.
Ohhh, how I love seashells at the seashore!


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Input-Output as a Method of Evaluahon of the Economic Impact of Water Resources Development
MetadataShow full item record
In this report the results of a study of the use of input-output analysis to evaluate the economic impact of water resources development are presented. Blackburn Crossing reservoir on the Upper Neches river was the subject development) and the Leontief system of input-output accounts is the basic tool of the analysis. In previous research, unrelated to water resources development, Carter and Martin developed the idea of using a matrix of primary resource coefficients to determine resource requirements necessary to sustain a given level of final demand and with it, total economic output.. By specifying the relationship between resource requirements and output, total resource requirements can be computed given either final demand or total output. In this study the possibility of inverting the process and determining final demand or total output, given the level of primary resources, was investigated. Data for the period 1952 were assembled to build the basic inputoutput model of the economic activity, of the watershed. The functional relationship of water as a resource and total output was then determined and the model was employed to forecast the impact on the watershed of an increase in the supply of water. A check on the forecast was provided by data assembled for the 1958 period which were descriptive of total output following an enlargement of Blackburn Crossing reservoir which yielded increased water supplies. The results of the forecasting activity were sufficient to conclude that the analytical tool employed along with the water use-output relationship is useful in estimating impact of water developments. Problems encountered can be resolved so that the accuracy of the technique is acceptable.
Canion, R. L.; Trock, W. L. (1968). Input-Output as a Method of Evaluahon of the Economic Impact of Water Resources Development. Texas Water Resources Institute. Available electronically from http : / /hdl .handle .net /1969 .1 /94854.