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The chicken curry recipe has been very popular across the globe and today we are going to see the authentic how to make curry chicken recipe. I wouldn't say you should serve every day at your dinner table because the history has witnessed that curry recipe has been cooked once in a while for Mughal emperor.
When the Mughal come to India they have brought their tasty and delicious recipes like korma, curry, kebab and many more. The curry
Learning how to make curry chicken recipe is pretty easy but you need to ensure you have all the spices before you move into your kitchen.
However, if you go to supermarket or an Indian store you could collect all the spices because it is easy to buy from these places.
How to make curry chicken recipe
- Course Dinner, Main Course
- Cuisine Asian, Indian
- Keyword how to make curry chicken recipe
If you want to make chicken recipe once in a while that is incredible at taste then you should learn how to make curry chicken recipe today. Perfectly marinated chicken pieces of your choice then cooked to make a delightful sauce and finally tempered in clarified butter with the fried ginger and green chillies give a memorable taste.
For making marinade
- 1 kilogram or 2 1/4 lbs of chicken
- 2 tablespoons of ginger garlic paste
- Juice of 1 lemon
- Salt to taste
For making curry
- 4 medium sized chopped onions
- 10 cloves of garlic
- 1 1/2 inches of ginger
- 4 green chillies slit
- 1 tablespoon of cumin seeds
- 2 bay leaves
- 1 inch pieces of cinnamon
- 5 green cardamoms
- 10 cloves of black pepper
- 4 medium sized chopped tomatoes
- 1 teaspoon of turmeric powder
- 1 tablespoon of red chilli powder
- 1 teaspoon of garam masala or allspice powder
- 1 tablespoon of coriander powder
- 1 tablespoon of Kashmiri red chilli or paprika powder
For tempering
- 1 tablespoon of clarified butter
- 2 green chillies slit
- 1/2 inch fried ginger
- Coriander leaves to garnish
Making marinate
Wash the chicken pieces in running water then wash it using kitchen towel so no moisture remains on the meat. Shift the chicken pieces to a large bowl and rub each piece evenly using ginger garlic paste.
Sprinkle lemon juice and salt over the chicken pieces and mix it well. Now cover the bowl and set it aside to marinate for the next 45 minutes or for better result marinate it overnight in a refrigerator.
Use a food processor or a blender to make a fine paste of chopped onion, ginger, and garlic then shift this to a bowl and set it aside.
Making curry
Take a large saucepan or a pressure cooker and add oil and heat on high flame. When the oil turns very hot add the cumin seeds, bay leaves, cinnamon, green cardamoms, black pepper, and cloves. Stir fry the spices for the next 20 to 30 seconds or until you can smell a great fragrance.
Now, turn the flame to medium hot and add green chilies and onion paste. Mix everything well then fry the mixture until it turns golden brown in color. Stir occasionally.
When the mixture turns golden brown in color add the tomatoes, turmeric powder, red chili powder, 1 tablespoon of Kashmiri red chilli or paprika powder, coriander powder, and salt. Cook it until the tomatoes become tender and soft and mix well with other ingredients.
Add the chicken pieces along with the garam masala or allspice powder with 1/2 cup of water or as per you require consistency of gravy.
If you are cooking the chicken curry in a pressure cooker, cook it for 3 to 4 whistle and wait until the lid open itself.
If you are cooking in a saucepan then cover and cook on medium flame for the next 25 to 30 minutes. If you find the gravy is watery then cook it for another 5 to 10 minutes. Garnish the chicken curry with finely chopped coriander leaves.
For tempering
Take a small pan and heat clarified butter on medium flame. Wait until it melts completely then add the green chilies with fried ginger and let it fry nicely then directly shift this to saucepan.
Our chicken curry is ready to serve now. You can serve it with your favorite bread or rice.
Recipe Notes
You can use any type of chicken pieces that you like, boneless, skinless with bone or whatever that you prefer to eat.
It is very important to pass through the marination process that increases the flavor. You can also add a few spices while marinating like red chili, roasted cumin powder, etc,
While making curry you can add 1 to 2 teaspoon of lemon juice to bring the curry to the tangy flavor.
We didn't use yogurt but if you want you can add this after adding the tomatoes and make sure you have turned the flame to low and simmer until the yogurt dissolves completely to the mixture.
The chicken curry uses a lot of spices so you should try out this dish occasionally or either when you want to surprise your family for a different taste. Chicken curry has been liked by everyone because of the splendid taste it has.
There are a lot of variations can be done using the different spices and other ingredients like yogurt, clarified butter and many more.
It is a good idea to cook the chicken curry in a large saucepan but if you don't have enough time you can cook in a pressure cooker to save time. You can also use all the spices to make
You can see here there are

subset: commoncrawl


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Leveraging the "How" and "Who" of Employee Wellness Engagement
Employee engagement in company wellness initiatives is a pivotal strategy in the reduction of healthcare costs for employers. For much of recent history, employers' healthcare costs have been rising exponentially. For every 100 employees in an organization, chronic conditions such as Type 2 Diabetes and obesity can cost an employer almost $90,000 per year.
The need for health and wellness initiatives in the workplace is more pressing than ever, with some occupations requiring more intervention than others. Personalized digital health coaching has shown to positively impact individuals with chronic conditions and lower overall healthcare costs. However, some employees may need more than a behavior change program to reduce or eliminate high health care costs. Risk stratification is a way of grouping patients in order to better predict their care needs and prevent worsening health outcomes. Risk levels are defined based on factors such as health status, health behaviors, and quantity and complexity of care needs.
In our latest white paper, we dive deeper into the "who" and "how" of employee engagement from a digital health coaching perspective. We discuss which employees to target when designing an employee wellness program based on risk stratification. We also dig into the evidence-based models that support behavior change and how to use them to engage employees.
Like this article? You'll really like these!
- WEBINAR: Social Determinants of Health in the Workplace: A Case Study
- Making the Change: Improving Employee Mental Health
- 5 Types of Employees who Need Digital Health Coaching


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RGPS will always have a very special place in my heart. It is where my character is shaped and where my best childhood memories are made. More significantly, this is the primary school which my twin sister, my daughter and I graduated from. The happy and fond memories of brushing our teeth after recess by the drains at Holland Grove site will be with me for a long time. What about you? Care to share your happy memories of RGPS with us too?
President's Message
As you may already know, we will be collaborating with school for the Celebrating 2019. There will be lots of activities and programs lining up and AA is very honoured to be part of it. This is exciting!! We are now in the midst of planning and coordinating and I look forward to you participating in the programs leading up to the celebration. Through the ACES (AA Committee External Support) initiative, I hope AA can be more connected, more inclusive and more involved in our girls' journey in RGPS.
The Alumni Association (AA) is well-positioned to be the bridge between the school, our girls and our members. Over the past 2 years, we have initiated many programs which are more inclusive and holistic for our girls. During my term as the President, I aspire to continue our CARES mantra to further connect the different generations of RGPS Girls. In order to do so, I would like to welcome you to join our ACES Team to support:
- Events
- Administrative matters
- Financials
- Legal matters
- Liaison with school
For members joining the ACES, they will be placed in the various activities on a project basis.
Let us know how do you wish to help.
Thank you so much for your kind support and I look forward to your participation.
Do also join our closed Facebook group to be kept updated of the programs.
Julianna Wong (Mrs)
RGPS Alumni Committee 2018/9


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Types of Wine Rack Furniture You Can Choose
Wine is more than just grape juice. There is plenty available wine rack furniture that you can find the perfect storage place for your bottle very easily. It does not matter whether your wine consists of several bottles or hundreds. There are many types of wine rack furniture available in the market or online market. These can be mixed and matched to create a custom storage system tailored to your exact needs. This rack not only serves as a handle for bottles but also serves space while entertaining.
You can mix between cabinets and tables that include solid caster to transport from room to room. There is also furniture with drawers and shelves that keep all accessories entertained. Several types wine rack furniture, type cabinets – provide to store and serve wine. This type is usually beautifully made. Column Racks – store the bottle horizontally so the cork always stays moist and the wine stays fresh. Bin Racks – This unique bin shelf uses a shelf. And sometimes set in dynamic angles to create visual lines instead of individual shelves for each bottle.
All of these types also come in many styles. These can be hanging shelves, wall shelves, or shelves mounted on the wall. This shelf has much to do with how long you want to keep the bottle. One of the most important parts of choosing the right wine furniture for your home is because wine is alive and steadily ripe. wine rack furniture gives your home a beautiful and rugged look.
This post topic: Flooring


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Chris Landry – Pain (EP)
Chris Landry releases his debut EP titled "PAIN" featuring Bobby V, Chris Sails and more. This is his latest project since his new deal with Eone, so listen and download the project here.
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It seems that no matter how hard feminists fight for equality, there are still people who associate this dirty "f" word with feminazism babbling that is very out of fashion. We're not angry man-haters, we just want to stop being limited based on the gender we were born with, is that too much to ask? In addition to fighting this inaccurate stereotype, we're battling hard to confront all forms of sexism we encounter on a daily basis; the last thing we need is anyone telling us any of the following aggravating statements:
1."3ashan Enti Bent"
Tell us you hate us, tell us we're ugly, tell us you want to skin us alive and put our flesh on fire, but please don't say THIS. There's nothing more exasperating than making us feel our gender is a deformity.
2."Oh, You're One Of Them"
Nothing puts a smile on our face more than the assumptions feminists are secretly a tribe of male-killing, lesbian witchcraft-practising, penis-envying bitter cat-ladies. Feminism definitely advocates for all these practices! They're onto us!!!
3."Guys Don't Like It When Girls.."
*Insert whatever slut-shaming, fat-shaming, completely insignificant action here* and voila, you've got the perfect handbook for who you should absolutely be as a person, to impress guys, of course!
4."I'm Not A Feminist Because Sexism Never Really Directly Affected Me"
Which, by the way, sounds EXACTLY like saying you're okay with the holocaust because Hitler's actions never directly affected you.
5."I'm Not A Feminist Because I Don't Hate Men."
Why is it so difficult to get people to understand the term 'equality' nowadays? Buy a dictionary.
6."Fokek Men Gaw 7e2oo2 El Mar2a Dah And Do Something Useful"
Because watching a movie, or going to the club with my friends is faaaar more crucial and pivotal to my life than my attachment to the idea that females are human too! How ridiculously shallow of me!
7."If Feminism Is About Equality Between Genders, Why Is It Called Feminism, Not Including Males In Its Title?"
Why is our existence cited to as mankind? Why doesn't the fight against racism stand for white people more than other ethnic minorities? Why don't poor people donate money to rich people instead of the other way around? Is that seriously all you've got?!


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In the report, Katie Rice and Robyn Byrd say that Kricfalusi pursued them sexually when they were teenagers. Byrd even became a live-in girlfriend.
Login Signup. It's brand new. I will always love beach balls and never view them the same way again. League of legends hentai 1. Oh and for all you kinky lovers, you can watch Ren saw a log off a Stimpy's butt!
Playlists Containing: ren and stimpy
Also, Ren is an evil, animal abusing maniac and Stimpy is now the clingy,obsessed girlfriend. The greatest cartoon of my youth. Smiley criticized PBS's investigation and said he was not provided due process or informed of the investigation. There were moments i laughed.


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You are about to read a review of Italo Calvino's classic, If on a winter's night a traveler. Perhaps you are a first time visitor to this blog, or you've been a loyal follower for quite some time. Are you sitting comfortably? Maybe you are at home on your laptop while peacefully drinking coffee. Perhaps you're using this time as a distraction from getting any actual work done. Then again, you might be genuinely interested in hearing what this reviewer actually has to say. Sit and relax for a moment. Let the words take you to another place. Please forgive this writer's little indulgence as I was trying to mimic (quite unsuccessfully) Calvino's distinctive style. I found this book to be quite an engaging read as the author manages to remove himself from the conversation by centering the narrative on you the reader.
I struggled for several days to begin this review. That's not actually bad; on the contrary, it's quite the opposite. Over the years, I've read books that I would instantly categorize as excellent. Others are more forgettable and end up being passed down to the used bookstore where hopefully someone will give them a second chance. Then there are those reading experiences that go completely above and beyond anything you've ever read before. After processing If on a winter's night a traveler, I've come to realize that Italo Calvino is quite ingenious to have written the ultimate book about what it means to be a reader.
Told in the second person, this book tells the story of "You" also known as the "the Reader" and his fruitless attempts to read the latest novel by Italo Calvino called If on a winter's night a traveler. While at the bookstore, the Reader meets a beautiful woman named Ludmilla but also referred to as "the Other Reader." After taking the book home and beginning to read it, he is dismayed that the book is incomplete due to a printing error. Desperate to obtain the rest of the book and find out what happens next, The Reader is sent on a journey that is the ultimate comedy of errors. What he thinks is the correct copy turns out to be another book by a completely different author and it is incomplete as well. Now the Reader has two books he needs wants to finish! This struggle continues throughout with ten different books all of different literary genres.
"One reads alone, even in another's presence."
Each chapter of the book alternates between what is happening to the Reader with the ten various beginnings of different novels. The reading experience gets interrupted just as events were about to get interesting. Calvino points out all our idiosyncrasies as readers, such as the exhilaration when discovering a new book's words for the first time or that painful withdrawal that comes from having your reading interrupted just when things were getting good. There's the fact that we analyze our literary works to painstaking details almost to the sacrifice of reading just for the sheer pleasure of the act. Calvino refers to this in terms of "natural reading, innocent, primitive."
I stopped to think about Calvino's point for a while. As book lovers, a lot of the fun comes from being able to have these open dialogues going back and forth between particular points as we analyze each aspect of a work of fiction. I've attended classes. written papers, even had conversations with others tearing apart a piece of literature to examine every single cell of its composition. Our natural tendencies sometimes lean towards a closer introspection of a work. Even if I never reviewed another book again, I wouldn't stop reading. The act itself still holds pleasure and sometimes you just have to be in the moment with a work (or a person) and just enjoy the experience.
"Today each of you is the object of the other's reading, one reads in the other the unwritten story."
It was definitely not lost on me that Calvino was comparing the acts of reading with lovemaking. Leave it to Calvino to make reading both an intellectual and an erotic activity. Throughout the book, there is a romance forming between Reader and Other Reader. The relationship between the two is eventually consummated in what can only be described as hot if you are a book lover. I particularly liked how Calvino described the experience as two people becoming one yet still being solitary in thought.
Despite his creative and witty style of storytelling, I did have some problems with Calvino. Although each of the ten stories belongs to a different genre, the voice of the author often sounded the same. Now on reflection I think this could either be a matter of translation or the fact that I was reading the story as if I was the main character in the book. One of Calvino's points is that no two readers look at the same book exactly the same way. However, for me some of the stories didn't work for me while others I actually wished did exist.
If on a winter's night a traveler will either be a book that you come to love as a superb work of postmodernist fiction or as one that just tried way too hard. This my first experience reading a book by Italo Calvino, and I'm more than a little curious to see what else he has created. It was strange at first with the second-person narration, but it definitely got me engaged with the story. No author since Murakami has brought this much intrigue into my life. I think Ludmilla's definition of her favorite book fits perfectly to how I see this book, with "its driving force only the desire to narrate, to pile stories upon stories, without trying to impose a philosophy of life on you, simply allowing you to observe its own growth, like a tree, an entangling, as if of branches and leaves…."
If nothing else, I would encourage you to simply read the opening nine pages just for getting a really great reflection of all the little details we experience as readers. Maybe you will like that and continue to read further. The one thing I know is that your journey will be different but none the less rewarding.
This book serves as one of my selections for the 2018 TBR Pile Challenge. I am also counting it for the European Reading Challenge 2018 since it was originally published in Italy. You can track my progress by clicking here.
Have you read this book or are you planning to? I'd love to know your thoughts!


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|They are likely to be chemical based [[http://Xerogaming.net/members/christyperivol/activity/319939/|detectors]] which can be applied with a chemical strip and enhanced to best wifi security systems some particular wall. Probably, it does not take reason that Apple is touting becoming 'Magical device of 5th generation'.
|(Image: [[http://media2.picsearch.com/is?rhqnAYpWTJNprHgspOQuCBsgwC5xLr-w65Oz6qSzFzc&height=214|http://media2.picsearch.com/is?rhqnAYpWTJNprHgspOQuCBsgwC5xLr-w65Oz6qSzFzc&height=214]])The bulk of times these students are infants and will't speak by themselves. And so, rely on smaller, quicker, and many more reliable house monitoring technological know-how from the next several years. Shark wifi cameras 2016 Rotator Powered Lift-Away, Model NV652 is Shark's first Powered Lift-Away providing uninterrupted floor to ceiling cleaning, and makes cleaning fun (really). The battery within the tablet station charges the [[http://www.bonpourtonpoil.ch/wiki/Is_Its_Incapacity_To_Playback_Divx_Movies|smartphone]] when docked for double the ip camera ratings amount battery life.
|[[http://thehumblemakers.org/betawiki/index.php?title=Ve_Done_That_The_Promoting_Around_The_Streets_Has_Place|Article]] Source: Samsung F490 Evaluation - Samsung F490 Consumer best camera ip [[http://Trick765.xtgem.com/files/register.html/?site=securitycamerawifi.com&btag=32202%7CD15F1C51522A4E5CB53349DE7EBD013E&logo=&country=INDIA&name=AZEEM&stittle=apazeemtricks.tk%22%3Ethe|Evaluation]]. There is often a lot of security software that they'll install along with an example may be the automatic time lock that may be often employed in banking institutions to avoid infiltration of burglars. 0+EDR and supports e-mails using the function of embedding photos inside an e-mail [[http://Www.Nursingdegree.net/sites/url.php?url=https://www.tapatalk.com/topic/11972-74885|message]]. It's time for you to start using whole functionality on our phones.
|3 megapixel web camera propped just across the screen is ideal for web-conferencing or video conntacting friends and family and friends across the country, along with the world. So we can possess a conclusion, i - Pad Air 2 may be the fastest i - Pad has lots of people produced. It is crucial for business owners to set up appropriate safes within their offices to help keep their important documents safely. Along with modern tools, there a variety of choices on the subject of guarding your own home.
|Here it is possible to choose an Unlock pattern which assists prevent people from being in a position to unlock your phone. Even so, with all the Wi-Fi technology which includes a better as well as a broader transmission range, the standard of the images is often a lot more advanced than analog wireless solutions. In corporations, people at branch offices, telecommuters, and individuals who are traveling may require remotely entry to the corporation's work. The PSP is outdoor surveillance camera system reviews additionally designed in order to connect to over 45,000 places offering T-Mobile Hot - Spots such as Starbucks coffeehouses, Borders Books and Music stores, and Barnes & Noble.
|Users also need to note the Kodak Playsport "H2O" setting will not be required being on to the camera to become waterproof. For example, you ought to factor in how you are going to protect your camera from weather and whether you need it to get visible or discrete.
|The i - Phone 5 weighs twenty percent less which is 18 percent thinner than Apple's previous handset i - Phone 4S. The Motorola Xoom Wi-Fi models are discharged globally beginning from March 2011. A thief or employee is unlikely to attempt to steal coming from a place where cameras are visible or when they have expertise in hidden wireless cameras. Once Box Sync is installed, open this program and sign in for your account that you created. See NDISWrapper: Easing the Work With Wireless Cards for full information on doing this. You may also add your own home's floor plan on the Linux - MCE, which I also recommend.
|This is definitely an ideal invention for homeowners who tend not to use gas boilers and depend upon oil to heat their [[http://googj.blogspot.com/|Home Camera System Wireless Reviews About]]. With a virtual private network, you are going to not have to concern yourself with a thief or snoop intercepting your transmissions. It carries a night vision camera that allows that you see nearly 8 feet away, and both your camera and monitor can be setup easily.
|Also take into account the wireless range which the cameras can cover before you create a purchase. 49 inch, somewhat over one-third thicker as opposed to i - Pad 2′s 0. It has large side buttons the other-press entry to digital compass, barometric pressure and altitude, and temperature readings and keep important information in your fingertips. You may configure the product to pick up open Wi-Fi connections wherever possible.
|The tablet carries a 7" capacitive touch panel with 1024 x 600 resolution, and yes it also provides 4GB of flash storage plus a micro - SD card slot (as much as 32GB of memory expansion). There isn't any i - Phone killer since if one of several top three cellular cellular phone makers is willing to come up which has a killer user interface if you want to equal the i - Phone. Rewards around IP movie surveillance are usually claimed to add in low latency in addition to zero setup. It is extremely important in data protection to accomplish risk management.
|Basic popular features of this application are; beautiful interface, You - Blue effect, instant pause option, two quality options along with a built-in manual. An incorrect change can establish many issues for example BSOD, freezing or related program would possibly not run at all.
|Now, the rate in the Wireless Home Security Cameras is additionally achieveable for the common consumer, and you could flourishingly replace the pricey and annoying alarm. It was somewhat after one inside morning when I heard loud voices talking outside my home.


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The Reality Check
Stories and Photographs by David Bacon
Monday, March 26, 2018
SAN LEANDRO, CA - 24MARCH18 - Students parents and teachers march to oppose gun violence in schools, in the March for Our Lives. The march started at Washington ELementary School.
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Wednesday, March 7, 2018
By David Bacon,
Truthout | Book Review - 3/6/18
Members of Unite Here 2850, the hotel union for the East and North San Francisco Bay Area, show their opinion of Trump in the march protesting his inauguration.
"From Mission to Microchip - A History of the California Labor Movement"
By Fred Glass
University of California Press, 2016, 544pp, $34.95
A recent New York Times article detailed the ways California as a state has become the Trump administration's bête noire. According to reporter Tim Arango, the morning after Trump was elected, "Kevin de León, the State Senate leader, and his counterpart in the Assembly, Anthony Rendon, said they 'woke up feeling like strangers in a foreign land.'"
In the past year, California has declared itself a sanctuary state. It raised the minimum wage and expanded worker protections. It legalized recreational marijuana. Legislators declared they would not permit offshore oil drilling. They proposed making state taxes charitable contributions to keep them deductible with the IRS.
It might seem strange to activists under 40 to think that Los Angeles was the "citadel of the open shop" for almost a century. That the city that elected Rendon and De Leon had as mayor a conservative ally of President Nixon -- Sam Yorty -- and the country's most active and violent police "red squad." That Berkeley sent an extreme right-winger into the legislature who headed up California's own "Un-American Activities Committee." That the state was ruled by agribusiness with an iron hand, and farm workers who went on strike were beaten and murdered.
Arango credits California's rebellion to its racial diversity and growing Latino population. There's no doubt that state Republicans sealed their unpopularity in the days of Gov. Pete Wilson two decades ago. Their campaign for Proposition 187, which would have denied education and hospital care to the undocumented, convinced hundreds of thousands of immigrants to apply for citizenship just to be able to vote against the juggernaut.
But there's another good reason for the state's current politics: unions.
California has 2.55 million union members, more than any other state, more even than all the jobs in Minnesota. Runners-up New York has 1.9 million and Illinois has 812,000. About 15.9 percent of California workers belong to unions -- unchanged for the last few years. Because of its large population and workforce, it doesn't have the highest density -- New York (23.6 percent), Hawaii (19.9 percent), Alaska (18.5 percent), Connecticut (17.5 percent) and Washington State (17.4 percent) have a greater percentage of union workers.
But the state's labor movement has been able to translate its membership into a solid voting base, which has made these political changes possible.
Members of the San Francisco hotel union, Unite Here Local 2, march in support of undocumented immigrants in a Labor Day march in 2006.
How California got from one place to the other is an important story. It's not just that we're faced with a political onslaught that wants to return to what California looked like a hundred years ago; we need to know how we got here, and what lessons we can draw from this experience.
That's the knowledge that Fred Glass gives us in From Mission to Microchip: A History of the California Labor Movement (University of California Press, 2016). Glass helped found the Labor in the Schools Committee of the California Labor Federation two decades ago. He then produced Golden Lands, Working Hands, which has become the basic resource for educators introducing class concepts into classroom curricula. His new book is based on the research he did for the video, and on the lessons learned in using it.
The book's title is too limiting, I think. You can't look at the history of unions and working-class struggle in California as something isolated from the broad social movements that have changed the state, and the book is a deep and entertaining examination of that relationship.
Glass sees racism, discrimination against women and anti-immigrant pogroms as the fundamental social barriers that had to be fought in order for a progressive change to take place. Strikes, organizing drives and political mobilizations, he shows, all took place within this broader context.
In looking at the role of immigrants, he notes,
The demographic trend by which immigrant workers have fueled California's population increases will continue, in California and increasingly in other states. The high proportion of immigrants who come to this land to work ensures that a sizeable number will bring along familiarity with, and often sympathies for, the goals of organized labor. In some cases, that will include histories of union involvement ... young workers of color, including a high proportion of immigrants, are the future face of the workforce and the electorate. Because the labor movement has understood this fact and designed its efforts around it, California's unionization rate remains at 16 percent while the national average is 11 percent.
Glass begins his examination with the original inhabitants and workers of California: the Indigenous peoples who were enslaved by the Spanish missions, and then "produced the surplus agricultural products" that supplied the military stockades and the beginning of foreign trade. It is an important point, not just because he shows, as does Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz in her work, the ghastly cost to Indigenous communities of Spanish and Mexican colonization, but because he sees in class terms the basic operation of the system: the production of value, and its expropriation by those with power. This class framework continues throughout the book.
Class conflict is, of course, part of the history of the United States and its capitalist system. The primitive accumulation of capital in California wasn't based on the chattel slavery of Africans, as it was in the US South. In fact, one of the most important fights as California was incorporated as a state in 1850 was to keep the slavers from expanding into its territory. Instead, the heaviest price was paid first by Native people, and then by the Mexican and Chinese population.
California became a state because of the gold fever, and Glass tells the story of gold's "discovery" at Sutter's Fort, and documents the terrible conditions for miners as they came pouring in. Yet the first miners were the Mexicans, who earlier traveled north from Sonora. They then found themselves foreigners in their own land after California and other states were taken from Mexico in the war of 1848. A guerilla war raged for several years, as those miners fought to keep their claims. The names of the many people hung in the gold fields were all Spanish, and California's first law was the foreign miner's tax act, intended to dispossess the Sonoran miners.
Glass balances his respect for the way workers then organized themselves over the following decades with a careful account of the attacks, especially on Chinese workers brought to build railroads and drain river deltas. He tells the story of the first teacher activist, and an early woman labor leader, Kate Kennedy, and the birth of the first unions -- for typographers, teamsters and carpenters.
Alexander Kenaday, founder of the typographical union, organized San Francisco's first labor council, and began the fight to get the eight-hour day in 1865, when the Civil War wasn't yet over. A long fight it's been. This year, California's legislature finally passed a bill giving farm workers and domestic workers overtime after eight hours -- people excluded from laws passed even at labor's moments of greatest strength. California is still the only state (except Hawaii) that has such a law for farm workers, and one of only a handful with a Domestic Workers' Bill of Rights.
Members of the janitors union, United Service Workers West, sit down in a downtown Los Angeles intersection in 2011, to protest the firing of immigrant workers.
In tracing California workers' and unions' long movement toward racial unity, a movement far from complete, Glass pays particular attention to one of the most important and formative efforts: when workers harvesting sugar beets in Oxnard organized the Japanese Mexican Labor Association and struck in 1903. They applied to affiliate their organization with the American Federation of Labor (AFL), and AFL President Samuel Gompers refused a charter because their union included Japanese workers. The head of the Mexican workers, J.M. Lizarras, supported by Socialist leaders of the Los Angeles Labor Council, replied, "We would be false to them and to ourselves and to the cause of unionism if we accepted privileges for ourselves which are not accorded to them."
Glass notes the role the Mexican anarcho-syndicalist brothers Ricardo and Enrique Flores Magón played in the growing Los Angeles labor movement. When they sought to build the Liberal Party to overthrow Mexican dictator Porfirio Diaz, LA's labor movement mounted their legal defense. The book makes plain that debates over the role of Mexican immigrant activists in the US and the need for cross-border solidarity were going on almost a century before NAFTA went into effect.
Glass covers the seminal events in the labor movement's growth, and in the debates over its tactics and political direction: the bombing of the LA Times (now in the midst of another union organizing drive), the rise of the IWW in the state's fields, the first unions in Hollywood, and finally, the great debate over industrial unionism in the wake of the Depression.
During Occupy Oakland in 2011, the unions of the Alameda County Labor Council organized a march in support of Occupy.
From Missions to Microchip doesn't just cover events, it describes the politics and political organizations of labor's activists and organizers, especially on the left. Communists organized the great strikes in the fields. Los Angeles's garment workers were organized by Socialists.
This complete way of telling labor's story is most important in recounting its two watershed political moments. Glass gives readers the San Francisco General Strike in detail, and the role of left-wing organizers, especially Communist workers, is clear. An organized left, and the struggles and debates it provoked, prepared the ground for the fight for unions along the waterfront, the rise of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (one of the country's most progressive), and the consolidation of the CIO [Congress of Industrial Organizations] on the West Coast. San Francisco became a labor town, and has stayed a labor town, because of that conflict. In the middle of that strike, longshore leaders forged an alliance with the city's Black communities to end discrimination on the docks. ILWU Local 10 is a majority-Black union today as a consequence.
The other experience that shaped California unions, as it did labor throughout the country, was the Cold War. The story of The Hollywood Ten is, after all, a labor story. The Cold War and its blacklists followed, by no coincidence, the strikes to win unions in Hollywood, and eventually propelled Ronald Reagan into the White House. The expulsion of the left, and purge of Communist, Socialist and left-wing workers and leaders in the Cold War weakened unions across the country. California unions survived better than they did in many places. Although the ILWU was expelled from the CIO because of its Communist and left-wing history, it had consolidated control over the waterfront to such a degree that it couldn't be dislodged, and helped keep progressive politics alive in West coast cities.
Glass pays a lot of attention to the long history of farm worker unions, and makes it plain that the United Farm Workers (UFW) didn't rise from nowhere, but called on the experience that Filipino, Mexican, Black and white workers gained in organizing and strikes over previous decades.
Labor activists still debate many of the questions around the life of the UFW. Today we see the growth of guest-worker programs again, much like the bracero program whose end in 1964 set the stage for the great Delano Grape Strike of 1965. California's Supreme Court just upheld part of the state's farm worker labor law that requires the mandatory mediation of first-time contracts, the only law of its kind and one that most unions would kill for. The union itself is still active, but has far fewer members than it did at its height at the end of the 1970s. From Mission to Microchip describes the history and notes the debates, leaving it to the activist to plunge into them by reading further.
Finally, Glass takes the reader through the rebuilding process coming out of the Cold War: the organization of teachers (his own union) and other public employees, health care workers, janitors and drywalleros. The changing politics of Los Angeles, it makes clear, came as a result of the rise of Justice for Janitors, the hotel workers union UNITE HERE Local 11, and the organization of workers' centers among immigrants, women and workers of color.
With a history so filled with contention and debate, strikes and their violent repression, and conflict over racism and left-wing politics, it might be counterintuitive to think that California's labor movement would emerge strong and progressive. Yet this is what happened. From Mission to Microchip tells the story. Perhaps the lesson here is that left-wing politics, debate and class conflict are not harmful to workers and unions, but in fact the very things that help them find direction and organize.
That is a lesson that deserves to be in the classrooms where the children of working-class families lay claim to their own history.
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Monday, March 5, 2018
By David Bacon
Capital & Main, 3/5/18
Paola, after the phone call
Paola was standing outside the West County Detention Facility, a prison in Richmond, California for 150 to 300 people awaiting deportation, when she got the phone call. She'd been fearing it for days. Florencio, her husband, was in another detention center in Arizona, calling to tell her that la migra (immigration agents) had caught him in the desert, walking north with a dozen others.
Paola (not her real name) hadn't spoken to Florencio for several weeks, not since the day before he crawled into the luggage compartment of a bus in Puebla in southern Mexico. The bus, he hoped, would take him close to the U.S. border.
It had already been a harrowing journey for himself and Paola's brother Lorenzo. "After we left Guatemala and crossed the river into Mexico, we wound up in a kind of camp in Chiapas," Florencio recalls. "There were hundreds of people there." When the day to leave on the long trip north finally arrived, the coyotes running the camp organized a kind of shape up. It was not that different from the stories told by an earlier generation of migrants, the braceros (contract farm laborers), who remember being herded together at Mexican way stations, inspected and shipped to the border between 1942 and 1964.
Vigil participant
"Different coyotes called us by numbers, separating us into groups," Florencio says. "Then they put 80 or 90 of us into the back of a truck. There was so little space we had to stand pushed up against each other like sardines. It was a bumpy ride, and soon people began to get sick and faint, especially the pregnant women. They stopped the truck and gave us pills and lemons, but people were already throwing up and the smell was terrible."
The ride resumed, but after 12 hours the people inside began to bang on the walls. Hearing the noise, the driver pulled over. "He let us out and told us to run around a little," Florencio says. "Then we got back in, and it was another 12 hours." When the truck got to Puebla, Florencio called Paola to tell her he was coming.
During the vigil organized by Mujeres Unidas y Activas
He got through the next stage from Puebla hidden in the luggage compartment of a bus. That took him to Sonora. There, in a house near the border, the group faced another obstacle. "The mafia guys came and told us they controlled this territory, and we had to pay another $1,000 to get to the line to cross," Florencio says. "Some of us knew this would happen, and we'd already paid the coyote. I don't know what happened to the others. Soldiers came, but they didn't see any problems, and let us keep moving."
Not having money to pay at this stage could have been fatal. In the last decade mass graves of migrants have been discovered across the desert of Mexico's northern states. Many guess that these were migrants too broke to pay the toll. Perhaps others were robbed and then killed.
For Florencio's group, actually crossing the line wasn't the big problem. It was getting to a place north of it, where they could get picked up by a van to take them to Phoenix. To get to the meeting place, they had to walk three days in the heat through rocks, sand and sagebrush. "On the third day one boy from my hometown got pains in his stomach, and began fainting," Florencio says. "At first I said we had to stay with him, but the coyote said we had to leave him and that the Border Patrol would find him. If we stayed we'd all be caught."
Paola and Teresa
In the end, that's what happened anyway. The group passed across a freeway, but then Florencio began hearing helicopters. They all ran. He tried hiding under a bush, but an agent on a motorcycle found him. He was taken to a detention center close by. When he called Paola, it was the day of the monthly vigil in front of the West County Detention Facility in Richmond, nearly 900 miles north.
"I was there with people from the church who were helping us," Paola remembers. "We'd been praying for people they knew who were inside, and we began singing. Then my cell phone rang. I was so afraid of getting that call, but I knew what it would be. Then they were praying for me." She collapsed into the arms of a church member next to her, both of them weeping.
At the end of the detention center vigil, the people assembled there clap, shout and make enough noise that the detainees inside can hear them. "We want them to know we're here, that someone knows they're inside, and that our community cares what happens to them," explains Reverend Deborah Lee, director of the Interfaith Movement for Human Integrity (IM4HI). "When we started in 2011 our idea was to put out a call to people of faith and conscience concerned about what was happening to immigrants, to bear witness and provide a way for them to act on that concern."
On the first Saturday of the month, a church or congregation brings its members to the center to bear witness. For an hour they speak out, much in the style of a Quaker meeting, remembering migrants who've suffered as a result of U.S. policies of detention and deportation. They sing, pray, make impassioned political speeches condemning the immorality of the center looming behind them, and talk about the reasons why people are forced into migrating to begin with.
As the years have gone by, the vigils have changed. At first they were made up mostly of congregations from progressive, middle-class churches. Then some of those churches went from hosting vigils to providing sanctuary to migrant families threatened with deportation. Churches have raised funds for bonds and emergency support, found housing and rides for released detainees, and accompanied newcomer families. "Accompaniment," a term used by faith and solidarity activists, came out of efforts to protect activists in El Salvador from the death squads in the 80s. People show their solidarity with those who are in danger by accompanying them, physically or by helping them survive. Today it's applied to migrants as well - activists support a family by giving them sanctuary, helping them find food and shelter, getting them legal help.
As sanctuary congregations have multiplied to 32 throughout the Bay Area, migrants themselves have increasingly participated in the vigils. "We always include testimony from directly impacted families as well as a call to action," Lee adds. "We started very small-15 to 20-and now it's averaging 100 people."
Rev. Deborah Lee
Berkeley's St. John's Presbyterian Church helped Paola and her mother, who fled violence in Guatemala in 2014, gain refugee status. The family then came to the vigil at the West County Detention Facility to speak out. "Because these families are with us, they provide a first-hand account of why they were forced to leave home,"Lee said at the vigil, urging other congregations to get involved. "We hear the pain of the separation of their families in their voices and see it in their eyes."
St. John's was one of the first churches to give sanctuary to immigrants. "In the early 1980s we saw people fleeing the wars in El Salvador and Nicaragua, and felt we had to do something to help them," says Fred Goff, a member of the congregation who brought Teresa and Paola to the vigil.
The vigils have grown to involve more than people of faith. Some have been organized by immigrant community organizations, like Mujeres Unidas y Activas, which organizes immigrant working women in San Francisco and the East Bay. Local high schools and colleges have organized others, and a Jewish congregation, Kehilla Community Synagogue, has started its own vigil on second Sundays. When workers at a local foundry were fired for not having immigration papers, Lee and the East Bay Interfaith Immigration Coalition began meeting with them in the Lutheran Church near the University of California, Berkeley campus, working with a labor/community coalition called the East Bay Alliance for a Sustainable Economy (EBASE). A few workers came to a vigil, and people of faith helped organize a community march and hunger strike to protest anti-immigrant firings.
During the vigil organized by Mujeres Unidas y Activas
After hearing from people like Teresa and Paola, Rev. Lee and IM4HI began holding meetings throughout the Bay Area to talk about the reasons for forced displacement and migration, and for the growth of the detention and deportation industry. For two years she's organized delegations to Central America together with La Fundación SHARE, to support social justice movements there, and to give congregations in California a first-hand experience of the reasons why people leave home.
Over many Saturdays, the vigils have provided a way for activists to reach out to people inside the center as well. On a recent Saturday, Lourdes Barraza and her daughters Sofia, Isabel and Anna, waited to hear news of Fernando, her husband and the girls' father. The following Tuesday would be Fernando's birthday, and he'd already spent three months inside, staring at the concrete walls of his cell.
Reverend Pablo Morataya gathered members of his congregation at the First Hispanic Presbyterian Church in east Oakland, a sanctuary congregation, as well as other pastors and lay ministers serving immigrant congregations throughout the Bay Area. They went to the detention center to hold a vigil for Fernando. "There are risks," Pastor Morataya says, "but for us it is a calling of our faith."
Rev. Pablo Morataya comforts Lourdes Barraza
At the vigil for Fernando, one of Lourdes' daughters had written birthday greetings on a large card, and placed it on an overturned milk crate covered with a cloth. First one boy stepped forward and signed it. Then two older congregants did the same. Finally a line stretched out of people adding their names and greetings.
Despite the support and greetings for Lourdes and her daughters, it was still an awful experience to think of Fernando inside. They'd tried to arrange bail for him so that he would be able to come home. "But they told me he didn't qualify because he'd already been deported once," Lourdes explained. "He's been living in this country for many years. He is not a threat to society. All he does is work, and all I do is work, too. I don't know how we'll survive without him. I need my husband and the girls need their father."
She broke down and began crying.
Lourdes Barraza speaks out in front of the detention center
In October Fernando was dropping off the youngest of their three daughters at her daycare center in San Jose. As he pulled away from the curb, he saw he was being followed by the vehicles that figure in the nightmares of millions of immigrants-the green cars of la migra.
He must have wondered whether he could run for it, and what that might mean for his family. He decided instead to pull into a shopping mall parking lot. The ICE agents jumped out of their cars, put him in cuffs, and took him to a detention center. When he was finally able to call his home, all he could do was leave a message: "Don't worry. I am not going to get deported right away; just stay calm."
Children of a detainee
Quick deportation was indeed a big danger. Fernando had been deported in 2012, Lourdes recalled. He was picked up on a Friday and in Tijuana by the following Sunday. But he came back because she was here. His family, his life - all were in San Jose, not Tijuana. Like Paola and Florencio, the bonds of love and life would not and could not be denied.
To ICE, however, being deported once before makes you a criminal subject to jail and to their euphemism for deportation-"removal." Since October Fernando has been imprisoned in the West County Detention Facility, nearly 60 miles from San Jose. When he appealed to be released on bail, ICE field director David Jennings refused.
"I could not believe it was all happening again," Lourdes told Cindy Knoebell, a volunteer for Community Initiatives for Visiting Immigrants in Confinement (CIVIC). "I told our daughters that their father had been detained and they completely broke down sobbing. My oldest is now on an independent study program because she can barely get out of bed in the morning. It is tough because I am alone now and have to take care of my daughters' needs without any help. I am completely consumed by fear and anxiety. I worry constantly about how long I'll be able to keep a roof over our heads."
A daughter thinking about her father
Knoebell reports that Lourdes debated for a long time whether to come to the vigil and speak. She'd heard about many other families facing the same disaster. "But we have nothing to be ashamed of," she said.
Inside the detention center the monthly noise has not only let Fernando know there are supporters outside. It has also encouraged detainees to begin protesting what they say are terrible conditions.
The West County Detention Facility is housed in a much larger jail, one of four Contra Costa County lockups. Its official capacity is 1,096 people, of whom 150 to 300 are detainees in the facility run by ICE, which pays $6 million a year to the county for using it. Some immigration detainees are held because ICE says they're in the country illegally. Others are asylum seekers who are detained immediately on arrival in the U.S. or legal residents with past offenses (often very minor ones) that makes them deportable.
So they await a hearing before an immigration judge. That hearing, however, is not the normal courtroom procedure one might imagine. The judge sits in a room in the ICE building on Sansome Street in San Francisco. The immigrant sits in a room at the detention center in Richmond. The hearing takes place over the Internet. If immigrants have a lawyer, their chances of staying in the U.S. are better, but odds are not good even then.
A vigil participant shows support for the people inside
People like Fernando wait, while weeks stretch into months and even years.
In October the immigration detainees went public about what that waiting is like. In a letter written to CIVIC by one of the prisoners, Nancy Meyer, and signed by 27 others, women described being held in cells for 23 hours a day. While regular inmates in the county jail section of the facility get classes and other resources, the immigration detainees don't.
The cells are grouped in pods, with a bathroom that is supposed to serve them all. There are no toilets in the cells. If the cell door is locked, a prisoner has to ask to be let out in order to go to the bathroom. While Contra Costa County Sheriff David Livingston says doors are normally open, the women signing the letter denied this. Instead, they charged, they're told to "hold it" and have to urinate or defecate into plastic bags.
Lourdes Barraza
One detainee told immigration Judge Joseph Park in October that she that she preferred being deported to staying in the jail. In a phone interview with San Francisco Chronicle reporter Otis R. Taylor, Dianny Patricia Menendez said detainees put the plastic bags over a trash can in order to go to the bathroom. Their one hour of free time to make calls to family or take a shower is often canceled, she added.
ICE did not respond to the allegations of bad conditions. However, Taylor wrote that the detainees who spoke with him were later punished by being denied soap, shampoo and the chance to brush their teeth.
Immigrant women supporting each other
Senator Dianne Feinstein was one of several elected officials to protest. She wrote acting ICE director Thomas Homan in December, saying, "It has been reported that the conditions are so deplorable that detainees are requesting deportation over pursuing claims in immigration court." Criticism also came from U.S. Rep. Mark DeSaulnier (D-Richmond), State Senator Nancy Skinner (D-Berkeley), Assemblyman Tony Thurmond (D-Richmond), Contra Costa County Supervisor John Gioia and Richmond Mayor Tom Butt.
Outside the West County jail, a few minutes after Paola got the call from Florencio saying he'd been caught, she got a second one that frightened her even more. Her brother Lorenzo was hiding in a small community between Tucson and the border. He'd been traveling with Florencio, but the coyotes separated them in northern Sonora.
Holding hands is part of the vigil ritual
Once across the border, Lorenzo lost his own group, and a friendly resident gave him temporary refuge in a garage. Terrified that the Border Patrol, which was constantly circulating in the area, would find him, he called Teresa. At the vigil, church members began making calls to Arizona, trying to find help. Finally a person was contacted who drove down from Tucson and rescued him.
It was only a temporary respite, however. Not long afterwards Lorenzo was picked up and deported. When he calls Teresa and Paola these days, it's from Guatemala once again.
Paola is comforted after getting the call
Since Florencio had tried to cross the border twice before and had been caught, he wasn't deported immediately when he was picked up in Arizona. Instead, he was charged in the special court for immigrants in Tucson, Operation Streamline. Afterwards he spent seven months in an Arizona prison before finally being released on bail while he appeals his deportation order.
To Rev. Lee, the stories of Florencio, Lorenzo and Fernando, with their repeated attempts to cross the border to reunite with their families, are a natural human response to separation. She cited another example in an opinion piece she cowrote with Bob Lane, a faith leader at EBASE, for the San Jose Mercury News. "Consider the story of Alfonso Martinez Sanchez, a 39-year-old father of five U.S. citizen children and his family's main breadwinner, she wrote. "Five years ago, a trip to a store to buy milk led to a senseless deportation. Alfonso repeatedly tried to come home to his family. Wouldn't you? The Border Patrol arrested Alfonso several times, but he never gave up on his family. He died of heatstroke in the desert trying to reunite."
"We are at your side!"
When Rev. Lee thinks about what's happened to Paola and Teresa, to Florencio and Lorenzo, to Lourdes and her three children, to Fernando, it's clear to her that for them to survive people have to act. "We can't just watch the immigration policy of this country play itself out and do nothing, while ICE and the Border Patrol hunt people down and tear their families apart," she said at a recent vigil. "The administration talks about our efforts to protect people and fight this detention system as though this was just a state or a city passing a law to defy their enforcement efforts. What they don't understand is that these laws exist because our community is making a moral commitment and acting on it, and our representatives are responding to that. Sanctuary isn't just a law. It's our community defending people in danger."
Sanctuary is a vigil in front of the detention center.
California values
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Thursday, March 1, 2018
By David Bacon
Truthout, March 01, 2018
Book excerpt from In the Fields of the North/En los campos del norte / University of California Press
Watsonville, California. A farmworker pulls brussels sprouts from a stalk and tosses them into a bucket. These workers are paid according to the amount of sprouts they harvest.
Printed in English and Spanish, In the Fields of the North puts a close-up focus on people deemed disposable by many in the United States. Get the book now with a donation to
In an exquisite synergy of documentary photographs, journalism and personal stories, David Bacon reveals the dignity and integrity of seasonal workers from Mexico who harvest much of the nation's fruit and vegetables under squalid conditions. In this excerpt, Bacon talks about his journalistic philosophy in an introductory chapter, "A Photographer Looks Through a Partisan Lens."
Eighty years ago, many photographers were political activists and saw their work intimately connected to worker strikes, political revolution or the movements for indigenous people's rights. Today, what was an obvious link is often viewed as a dangerous conflict of interest. Photographers must be objective and neutral, the word goes, and stand at a distance from the reality they record. But I believe our work gains visual and emotional power from its closeness to the movements we document. We are not "objective" but partisan -- documenting social reality is part of the movement for social change.
Can photographers be participants in the social events they document? As a documentary photographer and journalist, I don't claim to be an unbiased observer. I'm on the side of immigrant workers and unions in the United States and share their struggle for rights and a decent life. I take the side of people in Mexico trying to find alternatives for democratic political change. If the work I do helps to strengthen these movements, it will have served a good purpose.
For three decades I've used a method that combines photographs with interviews and personal histories. Part of the purpose is the "reality check" -- the documentation of social reality, including poverty, homelessness, migration and displacement. But this documentation, carried out over a long period of time, also presents some of the political and economic alternatives proposed by those often shut out of public debate. It examines peoples' efforts to win the power to put some of these alternatives into practice.
So for me photography is a cooperative project. When I began to work as a photographer and writer, documenting the lives of migrants and farmworkers, I took with me the perspective of my previous work as a union organizer. Carrying a camera became for me a means to organize for social and racial justice, the same goals I had as an organizer. Bob Fitch, who spent years in the US South as a photographer with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, thinks about himself the same way. In the recent book, "This Light of Ours," he remembers, "I did various kinds of organizing for the balance of my life and photographed those activities as I went through. And I perceived myself as an organizer who uses a camera to tell the story of my work, which is true today."
Advocating for social change is part of a long tradition of social documentary photography in the United States and Mexico, and I hope my work contributes to this tradition today. San Francisco photographers Otto Hegel and Hansel Mieth took their cameras into the huge cotton strike of 1933 and the West Coast waterfront strike of 1934. They saw themselves as part of these movements. One Mieth image from the 1930s shows the shape-up system where workers were hired to unload ships -- a scene reminiscent of today's day laborers clustering around a contractor's pickup truck in front of Home Depot. Mieth's photograph became a symbol of humiliating conditions and an appeal to go on strike. She would be proud that longshore workers today have a union hiring hall and no shape-up.
For over a decade I've worked with the Binational Front of Indigenous Organizations, a Mexican migrant organization, California Rural Legal Assistance and Familias Unidas por la Justicia to document this contradiction. Our project, which led to this book, shows extreme poverty, the complete lack of housing for many people and the systematic exploitation of immigrant labor in the fields. But through the photographs and accompanying oral histories, migrants also analyze their situation and demand respect for their culture, basic rights and greater social equality.
At the end of the 1970s California farm workers were the highest-paid in the US, with the possible exception of Hawaii's long-unionized sugar and pineapple workers. Today people are trapped in jobs that pay the minimum wage and often less, and mostly unable to find permanent year-around work.
In 1979 the United Farm Workers negotiated a contract with Sun World, a large citrus and grape grower. The contract's bottom wage rate was $5.25 per hour. At the time, the minimum wage was $2.90. If the same ratio existed today, with a state minimum of $10.50, farm workers would be earning the equivalent of $19.00 per hour.
Today farm workers don't make anywhere near $19.00 an hour. In 2008 demographer Rick Mines conducted a survey of 120,000 migrant farm workers in California from indigenous communities in Mexico -- Mixtecos, Triquis, Purepechas and others -- counting the 45,000 children living with them, a total of 165,000 people. "One third of the workers earned above the minimum wage, one third reported earning exactly the minimum and one third reported earning below the minimum," he found.
In other words, growers were paying an illegal wage to tens of thousands of farm workers. The case log of California Rural Legal Assistance is an extensive history of battles to help workers reclaim illegal, and even unpaid, wages. Indigenous workers are the most recent immigrants in the state's farm labor workforce, and the poorest, but the situation isn't drastically different for others. The median income is $13,000 for an indigenous family, the median for most farm workers is about $19,000 -- more, but still far from a liveable wage.
Low wages in the fields have brutal consequences. When the grape harvest starts in the eastern Coachella Valley, the parking lots of small markets in farm worker towns like Mecca are filled with workers sleeping in their cars. For Rafael Lopez, a farm worker from San Luis, Arizona, living in his van with his grandson, "the owners should provide a place to live since they depend on us to pick their crops. They should provide living quarters, at least something more comfortable than this."
In northern San Diego County, many strawberry pickers sleep out of doors on hillsides and in ravines. Each year the county sheriff clears out some of their encampments, but by next season workers have found others. As Romulo Muñoz Vasquez, living on a San Diego hillside, explains: "There isn't enough money to pay rent, food, transportation and still have money left to send to Mexico. I figured any spot under a tree would do."
Compounding the problem of low wages is the lack of work during the winter months. Workers have to save what they can while they have a job, to tide them over. In the strawberry towns of the Salinas Valley, the normal 10% unemployment rate doubles after the harvest ends in November. While some can collect unemployment, the estimated 53% who have no legal immigration status are barred from receiving benefits.
Yet people have strong community ties because of shared culture and language. Farm workers in California speak twenty-three languages, come from thirteen different Mexican states, and have rich cultures of music, dance, and food that bind their communities together. Migrant indigenous farmworkers participate in immigrant rights marches, and organize unions.
Indigenous migrants have created communities all along the northern road from Mexico to the US and Canada. Migration is a complex economic and social process in which whole communities participate. Migration creates communities, which today pose challenging questions about the nature of citizenship in a globalized world. The function of these photographs, therefore, is to help break the mold that keeps us from seeing this reality.
The right to travel to seek work is a matter of survival for millions of people, and a new generation of photographers today documents the migrant-rights movements in both Mexico and the United States (with its parallels to the civil rights movement of past generations). Like many others in this movement, I use the combination of photographs and oral histories to connect words and voices to images -- together they help capture a complex social reality as well as people's ideas for changing it.
Today racism is alive and well, and economic inequality is greater now than it has been for half a century. People are fighting for their survival. And it's happening here, not just in safely distant countries half a world away. As a union organizer, I helped people fight for their rights as immigrants and workers. I'm still doing that as a journalist and photographer. I believe documentary photographers stand on the side of social justice -- we should be involved in the world and unafraid to try to change it.
Copyright (2017) by David Bacon. Not to be reposted without permission of the author.
David Bacon is a writer and photographer, and former union organizer. He is the author of several books on labor, migration and the global economy, including The Children of NAFTA, Communities Without Borders, Illegal People and The Right to Stay Home.
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Farewell to a Repo Man and Using Laconic Persuasion as a CCO
The life of a Repo Man is always intense…
That was one of the greatest lines from one of the greatest movies from one of the greatest laconic actors of all time. Of course it was Harry Dean Stanton who died over the weekend. Along with Jack Elam, Stanton had one of the most expressive faces of any actor ever. The New York Times obituary, said of Stanton, he was "the gaunt, hollow-eyed, scene-stealing character actor who broke out of obscurity in his late 50s in two starring movie roles". The tributes listed in this piece were simply exceptional. Vincent Canby had written that "Stanton's "mysterious gift" was "to be able to make everything he does seem immediately authentic."" Roger Ebert said, "Stanton was one of two character actors (the other was M. Emmet Walsh) whose presence in a movie guaranteed that it could not be "altogether bad.""
He was in some of the most memorable movies around, in addition to Repo Man his corpus included Alien, Pretty in Pink, Escape from New York, Cool Hand Luke and The Last Temptation of Christ. However, my favorite was Repo Man, one of the great satirical commentaries on the 70s "Me" generation. Rolling Stone said of the role, "Writer-director Alex Cox's ode to classic Hollywood noir, bratty L.A. punk and Seventies' midnight movies is perfect in pretty much every way. But the best choice Cox made was to hire Stanton to play a philosophical veteran repo man named Bud, who teaches the rootless hero Otto (Emilio Estevez) how to swipe deadbeats' cars with no regrets. A devout believer of a social order – on his own terms, at least – Bud makes ruining poor people's lives sound like a religious calling."
Even if his life and roles were intense, Stanton never gave it away. Similarly, the life of a Chief Compliance Officer (CCO) can also be intense and the most powerful tool you have is persuasion. Stanton and his laconic acting style demonstrated that is often soft skills which win the day. This means a CCO needs to bring another skill set to bear to do their job. Jenny O'Brien, CCO at United Health Care, has talked about the techniques that a CCO can use to influence decision making in a company in order to do business in compliance and ethically. She has called these techniques of persuasion "Seven Steps of Influence" and advocates a CCO to employ to help influence decision-making within an organization.
- Collaboration. As a CCO you need to know your company's business. If you are new to an organization she said you must take time to learn the business. You should sit in on sales meetings and, when appropriate, you should go out on sales call. Channeling your inner Atticus Finch, you must walk in the shoes of the business leaders you are assisting. By doing so, you will not only understand the products and services that your company offers but also the challenges that your business development team will face out in the world.
- Listen. You must work constantly at active listening, which is listening, thinking and then speaking, and not just jump into the middle of a conversation, talk to people in a manner that will address their concerns. When you do speak, be prepared to make the case for the compliance proposition that you are trying to get across. As a CCO, strive to be relevant in every interaction you have with your senior management peers. This sometimes it means speaking up at meetings or other forums but sometimes it means listening. Develop a rapport with your business team and this rapport can lead to trust building.
- Relationships. This is not inter-personal relationships but those between the compliance function and other functions in an organization through a CCO or compliance practitioner can bring influence to bear. It all begins with building trust with others within your organization. Invest time to find others in your organization that you want to work and with those with whom you desire to build relationships. The key relationships that a CCO or compliance practitioner can develop are with the audit function, the legal department, Human Resources, IT and corporate communications.
- Humility. Humility is important because it empowers. It can empower others to expand the circle of influence and get others in a corporation to influence an ever-expanding circle on behalf of compliance. The CCO does not need center stage. Echoing the Department of Justice (DOJ) Evaluation of Corporate Compliance Programs requirement that compliance should be operationalized, business units should solve compliance issues, as compliance is just another business process. Through such influence where you can get the business unit resources to solve a compliance problem, you will hold down the costs of the compliance function. It is not about being right but about moving the compliance ball forward in the right direction.
- Negotiation. A compliance practitioner you need to learn the art of compromise. Negotiation is not about the dichotomy of winning and losing an argument or debate. A CCO should strive to redefine what a win might look like or what a win might consist of for a business unit employee. When faced with such a confrontation, try to determine what both sides wanted then give them something else in addition to what they thought they wanted. A CCO can be considered a mediator not just simply an enforcer or Dr. No from the Land of No.
- Triple 'C'. Calm, cool and collected because all company employees, up and down the chain, are watching the CCO. For this reason, a compliance practitioner should channel their inner Harry Dean Stanton and have a laconic face, at all times. The Triple C's are important because organizations look to the CCO to solve complex issues with simple solutions. When faced with a compliance issue or an obstacle you should endeavor to keep everything on an even keel and never let them see you sweat.
- Credibility. The final of the seven pillars was that the CCO role needs to be adequately scoped and that the accountabilities need to be clearly defined. Put another way, what is your job scope as the CCO and what is the function of the compliance department? What is your accountability to decide the resolution to an issue? As a CCO, you must demonstrate your value as a non-revenue function. This may require you to get out of your office and put on a PR campaign for compliance. A CCO needs to guard their independence in job function and reporting. You must make clear that you will have independent reporting up to the Board or Audit Committee of the Board.
Influencing, using persuasion is not a one-time activity. It is ongoing. Think of Harry Dean Stanton in Repo Man showing a young Emillo Estevez the ropes or perhaps as one of the crew of the Nostradamus in Alien; even the lost soul in Paris, Texas, who emerges from the desert and gradually reconnects with the family he abandoned. But think of Stanton and channel that inner ability to be great all the while keeping a cool face.
Every CCO should channel their inner Harry Dean Stanton as being a CCO is always intense.Click to tweet
For a YouTube clip of the iconic line Repo Man's always intense, click here.
This publication contains general information only and is based on the experiences and research of the author. The author is not, by means of this publication, rendering business, legal advice, or other professional advice or services. This publication is not a substitute for such legal advice or services, nor should it be used as a basis for any decision or action that may affect your business. Before making any decision or taking any action that may affect your business, you should consult a qualified legal advisor. The author, his affiliates, and related entities shall not be responsible for any loss sustained by any person or entity that relies on this publication. The Author gives his permission to link, post, distribute, or reference this article for any lawful purpose, provided attribution is made to the author. The author can be reached at email@example.com.
© Thomas R. Fox, 2017


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Performance Of Stormwater Detention Tanks In An Experimental Catchment Of Northern Italy
Free (open access)
394 kb
Paper DOI
WIT Press
S. Todeschini & S. Papiri
The performance of stormwater detention tanks with alternative design configurations and operating conditions have been evaluated according to an integrated approach. Various performance indices have been adopted to describe the mitigation of the pollution impact to the natural environment, the reduction of the management and maintenance charges for the urban drainage system, the preservation of the normal purification efficiency, and the limitation of the costs at the treatment plant. A conceptual model based on the instantaneous unit hydrograph of a single linear reservoir system has been used to simulate the rainfall-runoff process and the pollutant dynamics on an experimental urban catchment and combined sewer network for a continuous run of events and inter event periods of one year. Stormwater detention tank combined with flow regulator demonstrates good performance with respect to environmental pollution: satisfactory performance indicators can be obtained with fairly low flow rate of flow regulator (1 L/s per hectare of impervious area) and tank volume of about 35-50 m3 per impervious hectare. These solutions also ensure rather low number and duration of overflows. Intermittent emptying controls the volume sent for purification thus reducing the costs and the risks of impairment in the normal treatment efficiency of the plant. Dangerous anaerobic conditions can be avoided also for a considerable volume of the tank (i.e. 75 m3/haimp) while adopting rather high emptying flow rate of the tank (i.e. 1-2 L/s/haimp). Keywords: urban catchment, stormwater pollution, flow regulator, stormwater detention tank, numerical modelling.
urban catchment, stormwater pollution, flow regulator, stormwater detention tank, numerical modelling.


text:
Casinos Regina & Moose Jaw Community Fund hasn't added a story.
Charity Championship
Casinos Regina and Moose Jaw are passionate about giving back to the communities in which they operate. By hosting the Charity Championships, the casinos are supporting numerous charities and non-profits through financial donations, and bringing people together for fun and fundraising with the aim to build a better community for our friends, family and future.
Here's What our Team is Doing
We are competing against other charity crusaders to be the champions of our charity!
On September 21, 2018, we will be participating in a fun and thrilling competition hosted by Bloodhound Games. The event will feature scavenger hunts, puzzles and fun team challenges.
The Game
The Game itself is approximately 2 hours in length and will take us (on foot) to various locations within the downtown area. The Game involves a series of team challenges, including problem solving, puzzles, and gathering of items in a specified time frame. Teams are awarded points based on the manner and time in which each challenge is completed. At the end of the hunt, points are tallied (including any point multipliers, see next section), and results are announced and all winners receive prizes!
We Need Your Help!
Here's where the help of our friends comes in! The more money we raise, the more advantages we will receive in the Game. And in this case, it is a point-based multiplier and is determined on the amount of funds raised on our FundRazr page. See table below.
Winner Winner Chicken Dinner!
Upon completion of the Game, team points will be tallied and the corresponding point multiplier will be applied. A social will take place at 5 p.m. at the Casino Regina Show Lounge. Here you can join us for music, drinks and free appetizers while we await our results!
There are 3 types of prizing that our team can win:
- Competition Prizes: These prizes will go to the top 5 teams that accumulated the most points (including the points multiplier) and will be given to the team's charity of choice.
- Fundraising Prizes: These prizes will go to the top 2 teams who raised the most money through their FundRazr team page and will be given to the team's charity of choice.
- Bonus Prizes: These cash prizes will be awarded to the teams with
the best FundRazr video and best team costume. These cash prizes
will go directly to the team themselves.
- Best FundRazr Profile Video - $500: This cash prize goes to the team that had the most creative and capturing video on their FundRazr page, as voted by the Charity Championship Organizing Committee.
- Best Team Costume and Spirit - $500: This cash prize goes to the team with the best attitude, costumes, and sportsmanship, as voted by the Casino Regina volunteers.
See prize table below.
HighlightsSee all activity316
Alternatively you can still leave a comment here.
Alternatively you can still leave a comment here.
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The new Poogie of this generation (don't worry Poogie is still everywhere else), Moofahs are herbivores that can not only be found in Bherna Village to pet and spoil, but can also be found in the maps chilling. Moofah Wool can be harvested. Take your best cutting weapon and attack them once. They'll be flung backwards and in the process will drop a shiny, which is the wool you need. The shiny can also be a Moofah Horn. You can kill the Moofahs, unlike Kelbi, but really, why would you? You cruel, heartless hunter!
Note that Moofahs will try to ram you with their horns if provoked, especially if you just attacked them.


text:
On this week's episode of Meet Your Maker, co-host John Taggart once again takes over for Rachel Wharton, and he's sitting down in the studio with Simon Glenn. Simon is known for his New Orleans-style food at Tchoup Shop, and is currently the Executive Chef at Dean Street in Prospect Heights. Tune in to learn how Simon went from using Dean Street as a prep kitchen for Tchoup Shop, to becoming the chef at the restaurant. Hear about Simon's inspiration for his biscuits. (Hint: they're influenced by a New Orleans fast food chain!) Hear why the oyster industry suffered in Long Island after the BP Oil Spill, despite the spill being hundreds of miles away. Simon talks about some of his newer sandwich recipes, and Tchoup Shop's expansion to Bushwick! This episode has been sponsored by Hearst Ranch.
"That's always been the best part about Tchoup Shop- it's that interaction with the guest and taking away the kitchen walls and seeing the people eat and enjoying the food and being able to serve food that's extremely flavorful at a little bit of a lower price point than you'd expect. We over-deliver." [14:30]
— Simon Glenn on Meet Your Maker


text:
ControlGetHandle won't return control
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By nacerbaaziz
hello sirs, please i created a tool witch get the focused control in a window and play a audio file linked with this controls
e.g buttons, checkBoxes, radios, comboboxes, and others
i know that their is a function that give us the control focus but it return the classNN
i want to get the class name to use it with a switch and
because their are more than class e.g button tbutton timagebutton tnewButton...
please can any one help me to get the class name not the classnn
thanks in advance
By nacerbaaziz
Hello my friends
Can we create a single context menu on more than one item?
For example, a context menu includes standardized options on more than one control, such as buttons or check boxes
to Create a context menu on one item am using this function
GUICtrlCreateContextMenu ($ HWND)
How to link it with more than one element please?
or if we can't do that, please give me a solution
so i tried to add an context menus to all the controls but the script will be long, for that if their are any solutions i hope to give it to me
thanks in advanced
By TheAutomator
Is there a (simple) way to make your script using a picture-control to resize the gui?
This would be useful for a transparant pop-up window with a custom made theme using picture controls:
$Form = GUICreate('', 301, 173, 5, 5, $WS_POPUP, BitOR($WS_EX_LAYERED, $WS_EX_TOPMOST)) GUICtrlCreatePic(@scriptdir & "\resize_win.bmp", 0, 73, 20, 51) ; some api call or code telling the os to use this picture as a resize border GUICtrlSetResizing(-1, $GUI_DOCKLEFT+$GUI_DOCKTOP+$GUI_DOCKBOTTOM+$GUI_DOCKWIDTH+$GUI_DOCKHEIGHT) GUISetState(@SW_SHOW) While True if GUIGetMsg() = $GUI_EVENT_CLOSE then Exit WEnd
EDIT: to make it more clear what i wanna do, if you go with the mouse arrow over the border of a re-sizable window the arrow changes to a "resize" arrow, you click and drag the border and then the window size adjusts to the mouse position until you release the mouse button.
I want my picture control to be used the same way as the resize border to resize my window.
By ur
An application is there which is created using vc++,mostly mfc.
DOn't know the details completely.
WHen I try to automate the control clicks for testing the UI.
THe below control is not detected.
As you can see, during UI operations I can click the elements one by one.
But all the elements is selected as a whole set, when I use the Windowinfo tool.
How to click this using AutoIT.?
Please suggest.
By nacerbaaziz
Hi dear
This is the first include file I designed
This work is especially directed to NVDA free screen reader users
It contains a set of functions that enable you to control the program
Such as forcing the program to read a custom text
Force it to stop talking
Find out if the program is running
And show custom text in the Braille screen
Available functions are
to load the dll file
to UnLoad the dll file
to speak a custom text
to show custom text in the Braille screen
to Force the NVDA to stop talking
to check if the NVDA is running
important note :
All of these functions depend on a nvdaControllerClient32.dll
I've added it in the attachments, as well as a file for examples, and other files
As the source and examples in other languages
For those who wanted to download the free screen reader, this is the download link from the official website
i hope you like this topic
I hope you will try it and give me your opinions
Thank you all members and administrators for their help
now with the Attachments


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Deeper Life Weekend: January 27-29January 7, 2017
Have you ever struggled with recognizing when God is speaking to you? Have you ever felt that you rarely hear the voice of God in your life? If so, you are not alone! There are many voices that we are bombarded with every day, yet for a follower of Jesus, it is essential that we hear his voice if we are to know him and follow him. Jesus said that "my sheep listen to my voice; I know them, and they follow me." John 10:27. To fully experience the life that God has for you, it means being able to cultivate an ear for the voice of Jesus in the midst of a noisy world.
We believe that God is speaking and we know that what He has said (in Scripture) and what he is saying (through His Spirit) is life-giving, transformative and leads us into greater intimacy with Christ. To grow in an understanding of the gospel of Jesus, experience transformative community and engage in God's mission of restoring a broken world, we must have a humble certainty in hearing his voice – and this is exactly what this Deeper Life Weekend is all about!
Join us for any or all of the sessions on the last weekend of January as we have special guest speaker Rev. Dr. David Chotka with us to lead us through the weekend. To read more about Dr. Chotka, please click here to read his bio.
There are 5 sessions for you to engage with over the course of the weekend. Each session will build on the next, so we do invite you to engage with as many sessions as possible. With that said, if you cannot make it to all of them, please join us for whatever your schedule will permit.
All sessions are open to the public and will be held in the auditorium at CAC. There will be no children's programming available outside of our regular Children's Ministry programming on Sunday morning during both the 9:15 and 11am services.
Weekend Schedule
Friday Night (January 27)
7pm – 9pm
Saturday Morning (January 28)
9am – 12pm
*Please note that lunch will not be provided. You will be given 1.5 hours to go offsite and grab lunch on your own or with others.
Saturday Afternoon
1:30pm – 3:30pm
Sunday Morning (January 29)
9:15am service OR 11:00am service
Sunday afternoon Q&A Soup and Sandwich lunch.
12:45 – 3pm
David Chotka Biography
Rev. Dr. David Chotka is the Chair of the Alliance Pray! Team (APT)--a ministry developed by the General Assembly of the C&MA Canada, to serve as a catalyst to develop prayer equipping events across the movement. David has led many prayer events (in Canada, the US, 6 nations in Europe, Africa, Australia, South East Asia and Latin America), including prayer ministries in 8 Canadian General Assemblies.
David, who has spoken at the Alliance World Fellowship, has contributed to CMAlliance magazine and is both a local church pastor Heritage Park Alliance Church, Windsor, and a conference speaker. David is the author of "Power Praying" (PrayerShop: Terre Haute, 2009), and "50 Days of Prayer: Discerning the Voice" (CMA: Toronto, 2012). A scholarly work on the practice of Prayerful Discernment, "Sifting our Discerning" was published in June of 2014 (Lap-Lambert Academic Publishing: Saarbrucken, Germany, 2014). David was selected to be a Canadian delegate to the 3rd Lausanne Congress. He has been a prayer equipper/leader since starting in the ministry (ordained in 1983).
Power Praying has been translated into Urdu and has been distributed to every Christian leader in Pakistan. It is also in use in CMA French fields of Congo and DR Congo and is being used as a training tool for CMA regions. A Vietnamese and a Chinese translation project is underway, with the goal to use the resource to help the persecuted churches in those regions.
David is married to Elizabeth, and together, they have two children (one adult, and one a teen).
Power Praying – Book by David Chotka
A powerful book/workbook on the Lord's Prayer that offers a completely fresh viewpoint of this powerful prayer that will revolutionise how you pray. Set in 8 weeks, each chapter includes "Pen to Paper" a section to interact with what you are reading. Plus there is a free downloadable study guide for use in small groups and Bible studies. These books will be available over the course of the Deeper Life Weekend for $15


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Let your imagination run wild with this bright and vibrant Snazaroo Face Paint! These face paints are great for both beginners and professionals, whether you're behind the scenes at the theatre or at a child's birthday party. These easy-to-apply paints are hypo-allergenic, non-toxic and fragrance-free making them kind to even the most sensitive of skin. The Snazaroo Face Paints give vibrant colour and great coverage, and are water-based, making them easy to remove with simple soap and water.
simple-title Face Painting


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uprightAugust 5th, 2017 | 17 Entries
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17 Entries for "upright"
The hygrometer sits idly by the upright piano. It isn't a baby grand but it willl do. She watches her lover pace the floor, then take a seat and write the score.
She thinks of him in these states of transition. She's watched him throughout the years. This is what she loves best. Call it the verb, the being. And she already mourns knowing it cannot last like this forever.
Upright and just in all we do or upright as in not on a tilt as in not prone on the floor – upright as in still upright after all he drank or upright as in survived the day's challenges and still on his feet – not overcome with problems – 5 PM and still upright – survived the day – 7:30 Pm and she ill upright – showed some restraint at happy hour – upright as in a person of integrity – upright in his beliefs and action – he is an upright citizen –
In the English classroom, every student sat upright, kept their eyes forward, and listened intently as the teacher spoke. The teacher herself was young – wild-eyed, unkempt hair, dressed head to toe in black, save for a quaint red bowtie that she must have knotted herself. She gesticulated madly as she spoke, until all at once she settled down, cleared her throat, and said, "Pens and journals out."
He walked in a very upright possision across the busy New York street. He didn't exactly stand out, how could you in a city in which every single person was just trying to stay alive? But he did walk in a very tight upright possison, as if to say that he's really not having a good day.
The way I sit is up tight
It's a wonder I have any friends
The piano sat upright in the corner, brown and dusty as it was.
He remembers when it wasn't like that.
The day he grew tall enough to sit on the creaking bench and tap the ivory keys with a single tiny finger was the day he fell in love. He'd spent his days and nights all devoted to that piano, the one standing upright in the corner. But after years of wear and arguments and the frustrated slamming of doors it had lost it's shine.
Dulled, dusty, and deteriorating- he remembers when it wasn't like that.
Sitting upright . I have horrible posture. The more upright you sit the less you are likely to look like quazy Moto (spelling?) when you're old. I used to work with an older lady who had such bad posture she literally could not stand up straight.
Stand upright and breathe.. Life has so much more to offer than what you see around you. Go for it.
The building was still upright last time I saw it.
The last time you saw it was before godzilla came.
Maybe we should check.
I'm telling you it's up
No, it was knocked down yesterday.
Upright. That was the hardest thing – remaining upright. Not falling to our knees and weeping, crying, screaming.
We endured. We stood tall. We had to.
Not just for ourselves. For those who loved us.
This is the same day as the day after today was last week i cannot say whgen but i fel around the difference betwen the conjunction and it has still a function but it makes my ground down and feel uptight get that feeling around midnight in bed
The girl's body was leaning against the trunk of an old, weathered tree. Her back was directly against the wood, and her face tilted upright. The clouds covered the sun but just before they did, you could make out the faintest glimmer of gold coming from her finger.


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Assist you players who are favor of Runescape
To help the fans of Runescape to require higher level, we now provide something about the game . It is my honor to introduce the details of runescape items to you.The following narration is mainly about the characteristics.
Graphic is a remarkable characteristic of the Runescape .All obtainable runescape items have graphics. There are four main types of graphics items may have. All items may be held in the inventory and therefore have inventory pictures. This inventory picture also appears in the Grand Exchange box and the equipment screen, albeit its outline and shadow may vary. The inventory picture is actually a 3D model, though it is only shown at one angle and has an outline and shadow added to it.
In the meantime, most textures, also, currently do not appear on inventory icons. Items may actually be seen in 3D when dropped on the ground, and will use the same model as their inventory icon. The third kind of item graphic is equipment that is equipped on the player, which is a 3-D model that is usually more detailed than the inventory/dropped appearance. This fourth appearance may be seen any time for any item you can take anywhere, by attempting to insert the item into the primed body bar slot in Elemental Workshop 3.
Besides, some items may have graphics for other situations, such as animations, or the player's head when talking . All of these graphics will usually look similar to each other, normally only varying in detail. Note that items shown on a Grand Exchange Database search page will have textures, even though they appear similar to their in-game inventory icons.