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Bed canopies are a fantastic way to revamp your space. They are bit old created but they have never ever been out of fashion. Many beds come without canopy frameworks but they can be adorned with special and beautiful headboard clothes. Whether you are looking for modern or typical models, this canopy bed is among the finest ways to include a dash of design to your bedroom. These beds are available in wood and metal frames. They are made use of in the building of modern canopy beds, that generally have foot and headboard feature with sharp and geometric designs.
If you are needing lift chair recliner to acquire, the number of service providers could shock you. Additionally, there are numerous variations of chairs like these. Each of which has different design, style and reclining capacity. You could get puzzled with the reclining ability because these have 3 different types. The reclining types are two, 3 and infinite number of reclining positions. Right here are the information of each type to offer you a concept how they differ from each other. A chair that has two reclining position can recline for approximately an angle of 45 degrees. This type of chair would permit the user to recline it in an angle of 0 to 45 degrees relying on his/her requirements. If you were seated in the chair, the 45-degree angle would suffice to put you back in a standing position without straining your back or knee.
Lessons About Ottomans You Want To Learn While Young
Now let's get something straight: most mattress manufacturers assert that the springs utilized in their bed mattress are the very best you can buy however did you know that all of the well-known mattress business there are exceptions get their coils from a single business, Leggett and Platt, for their highest-end bed mattress down to their least expensive. The Sealy Posturepedic mattress likewise has a UniCased Edge Design. This provides the mattress a firmer edge, the idea being that your weight does not push the mattress out sideways so offering you more support. Once again, this is nothing new or distinct; I have no idea of any leading rated mattress that does not come with some sort of edging support.
Why You Should Love Your New Ottoman Sleepers
As a location for sitting, love seat serves specifically for the purpose. If your space is restricted, do not make it a barrier along the way. Position it in an area with little traffic. If your place is quite roomy, make sure not to crowd this with other furniture. Whether this piece is put in the living-room, patio area or porch, the love seat provides an intimacy that other types of furniture can not offer. It is a seat that accommodates only 2 persons; keep in mind that only 2 is a company but three is a crowd.
Another considerable merit of having a massage recliner chair in your home is that you can get instant pain reduction and massive satisfaction, each time you are feeling stressed, without having to either go to any day spa or call a masseuse home. The best part of a house massage chair is that you are in the driving seat and can control the amount of pressure that's to be used in each area along with control the locations where you need maximum assistance. It assists set off the points that go for relaxing your body along with giving you total relief.
Going online is the only method you can just sit and relax while you let your eyes feast on various furniture to choose from. You can quickly discover about any item on the Internet. Just key in exactly what furniture you wish to purchase in any online search engine of your choice and it will certainly show you the leading searches on the Internet. What's even more, when it comes to purchasing products like Dressers, the Internet is certainly a safe method for you to prevent the headache and bustle from a genuine market and furniture shop. You do not need to worry about a thing when you opt to go shopping online. In reality it is even much easier to do and certainly less tiring.
Slacker's Booklet To Real Ottomans
Modern sofa trends today produce sofas that are large and comfy. The color variety is basically neutral. Neutral colors are the essence of a modern home, which intends to be easy, sleek, and elegant. Bold and bright color is presented with toss cushions. Never ever commit yourself to a particular sofa color, unless you can afford to have your sofa upholstered or changed every few years. Color in home design is unpredictable. If you want to sustain a contemporary appearance, you 'd be better off selecting a neutral color sofa in cream, taupe, coffee, camel, white or black. A good modern material sofa will constantly feel soft on the skin so that you feel that you can actually sink into it while viewing your preferred television programs. It will likewise offer you with the support you need for your body so that it can help relieve any pains you might have after a long day at work or day out with the kids.
Automatic electric recliner chair has a hand control board. The hand control board includes numerous buttons which is made use of to control the chair and footrest. If you wish to change the reclining position of the chair, you merely press on the proper button in the hand control board. The buttons on the hand control board permits you to conveniently change the reclining position of the chair. It likewise contains buttons to raise and reduce the footrest.
A really important element in picking bedroom sets is the floor area. Before you purchase ottoman sleepers for your personal, picture your bedroom and try to think of how it will appear after placing the bedroom set. Select the right bedroom sets and headboards and make your bedroom look trendy and inviting.
Albert Einstein Weighs In On Ottomans
You not only desire ottoman sleepers which is high on the functionality element however which also makes a style statement. These products are offered in different designs, shapes and colors so you can decide based upon your personal taste. They should mix with other furniture present in your space. For example if you have sofas of a certain color in the living room you need to match that with the credenza that you buy. Before you begin searching for any furniture pieces you need to make a strategy regarding where to put them. Measure the dimensions of your space and ensure you have enough strolling area in the space even when the doors and the drawers of the furniture are entirely open. The last thing that one must do is mess the bedroom or living room as it ruins the décor. Take into account the swing of your space doors as this is one thing many individuals have the tendency to overlook and make a bad buy.
Today the world of recliners is going through various developments. Some integrate various electronic and mechanical features while some make it more comfortable. The majority of us recognize with the manual reclining alternatives however today lots of recliners feature power recline features. A few of them likewise feature massage alternatives. Leather recliners are made by various brand names and among all brand names Palliser leather recliners are the very best one. It is a brand that offers the very best contemporary-designed house theater seating. The brand manufactures furniture with the very best design and design.
Bed coverlets play an important duty in boosting the appearance of not just your bed but additionally the whole bedroom. As the name suggests, bed coverlet is an ornamental fabric which covers the whole length of the bed, including the bed mattress and the bed sheet. To provide a more superior appearance, bed coverss additionally use bed skirts and shams. In modern homes, these coverlets are certainly one of the most popular means to enhance your bed.
Ottomans comprised of industrial grade aluminum and durable resin weave are perfect for outdoor use. As both products are hardwearing and durable, it will have no issue standing up to the aspects. North Cape International is a leading manufacturer in outdoor furniture and specializes in these products. The ottoman designs are generally low but roomy. A huge range of fabrics and colors are offered.
A pine dresser is perfect for rooms and dens. They are strong, sturdy and extremely durable. Some sets are slim in design, while some are brief and bulky. They might match your space decor with true excellence. Because of the their wooden base, correct maintenance is an essential aspect. With dusting, cleaning, and shining, you'll protect your dresser for many years to come. You will likewise protect your investment. Pine systems consist of a number of drawers. These can be vertical or horizontal dressers. The systems are extremely popular, and offered all over the world. From retail outlets to storage facilities, this furniture is always in demand.
This is among the traditional models makings use of plastic material for the seater and can be folded when not in use. The storage of this recliner is also really easy and can be stored under the bed. This can also be brought in the car boot to picnics and other locations where one requires relaxation. There are different business making this furniture. The rate of the recliner would rely on the feature that it offers. If the recliner offers high end functions, then the costs will be high and vice versa. One of the best uses is that the recliners are put to use in medical centers or nursing homes. The recliner is really apt furniture for use by a nursing mom as it offers convenience to the back.
Are you fed up of your existing furniture and yearning for something modern? If you have had a consistent design of furniture for a long period of time, it might be time to present a little enthusiasm. Who states that look and utility can not get together and reach contract? I consider that the genuine trial of any wonderful piece of furnishing is whether you truly like having it in your house. Great deals of times, individuals obtain furnishings for their houses on look entirely. Sure, it's spot on, all of us enjoy to possess a visually pleasing house and specifically, our living room where we have visitors. On the other hand, if you are purchasing furnishings just because of look, you might finish off dissatisfied. If you do not like the sense of the furniture piece, possibilities are your family won't also.
A Few Issues You Must Know About Ottomans
This kind of modern sofas comes in an L shape that will certainly fit every corner easily and perfectly. This design makes these sofas suit smaller sized spaces without compromising the walking area of the room. Corner sofas provide a central area in the room to serve as a good walking location for the living room. Plus, regardless of the big area sofas of this kind provide, they stay generous in terms of the seating capacity. The seating location provided by these modern sofas can perfectly accommodate a lot of people. In fact, the whole household or even a large group of close friends can sit in the area provided without crowding the area too much. Moreover, the benefits of corner sofas do not simply end here. Specifically when you select corner leather sofas for your home, the sophistication and class they bring to your home is a hundred percent guaranteed. Aside from leather sofas, there are a lot of other type of designs of corner sofas, the majority of them are modern ones. There are designer sofas, Italian sofas, and a lot of other options that can easily change your living room into something that is alive, vibrant, elegant, and gorgeous.
Those who are yet to buy an appealing and endearing loveseats for their homes or offices, here is a tip for them. Rather of first choosing a specific piece of loveseat and afterwards making it powerfully fit into the living space, it is better to go the other method round. Initially take a mindful look of the space where you wish to place the loveseat. Assess few other factors likewise, such as the color and theme of the ambiance and the designing of other furnishings pieces already placed in that area. Now, consider all these factors to pick the right sort of loveseat. The genuine charm of a loveseat would get enhanced into a home if it is not cluttered or stuffed in addition to other furnishings pieces. It ought to mix well with other aspects of the ambiance so that nothing looks out of location.
There are a number of bedspreads readily available in a broad range of colors. These bedspreads are constructed with long lasting fibers, and are readily available at rates that fit into just about any family budget.
Simple Examples Of Terrific Ottoman Sleepers
Individual bedroom ottoman sleepers pieces can be less expensive than a set, but if they are not picked carefully, they might look mismatched and careless. Wooden bedroom furniture combined with a steel headboard and metallic chairs and a dark hardwood armoire might look misplaced and uncoordinated in the same bedroom. When selecting a bedroom set, the property owner would require to decide on the material, color and general style for the set.
Though the previously referred to inquiries are standard and not particular; they help the pest control specialists together with inputs that they can deal with. Do keep in mind that the storage location or platform beds needs to be completely cleaned regularly, to jail the inorganic boost of the insects. One ought to just take the best mattresses accessible in the market for storage as well as platform beds. One needs to recollect in mind that there is a likelihood that the mattress can also get impacted by bugs or bed bugs. A single can not see the bugs with their naked eye as they are extremely small. Hence one has to acknowledge of which the mattress will appear to get clean; however in truth it may be the case.
It's irritating ought to see beds that aren't storage beds – extremely basic as. When you want to save garments you buy a closet, one that's usually as tall as the ceiling. Why do you buy built to be tall? Since you can fit additional things into it. Yet the bed, the one furniture piece in the bedroom who has by far the biggest location is also the squattest and most inefficient item. The suggested that you position the head of bed touching the wall. Always just make certain you initially learn more about the size of the bedroom prior to you pick you bed so that the bed is ideal and fits well in the bedroom. The last type is just not the only type. Therefore one has for bewaring, in choosing the best form of bed frame, according to his selection together with the bed room dcor. For this, it is good to have a look at, an online store. One can see range of designs there. A variety of shops allow price cut with the price. Over and above this all, if the ideas given are typically followed, one can be sure of making a great selection of the beds.
Those who want can go for extra features on their recliners. This consists of heat massages that enhance blood circulation and assistance to drain away the stress and facilitate relaxation. Individuals who struggle with swelling in joints and backaches benefit a lot from massage facilities since it assists in blood flow. After a hectic schedule, that saps away the strength and leaves an individual sensation drained, a massage can do a lot to uplift spirits and re-energize the body.
Everything You Can Learn From Experienced Decoraters About Ottomans
When it comes to bedroom decoration a quick method to make it over is to purchase one of the brand-new bedding comforter ensembles provided by leading designers like Tommy Hilfiger, Ralph Lauren, Martha Stewart or Tommy Bahama. Below's a quick run through of some of the most current designs and patterns in bedding comforter ensembles.
If you are in a studio house then you have to benefit from every inch of space you have. With a Drop End microfiber sofa bed you will certainly be able to swiftly change your daytime retreat into your bedtime area. The end drops to give you room to lie down such as a chaise lounger. You will just discover them as a single though so you aren't going to have too much room to expand as you rest on one. Lots of people recognize with the Fold-Out microfiber sofa beds. They are the great sellers due to the fact that you can get them as part of a total furnishings set. In this manner your external items including chairs and a loveseat will certainly all match. Then you can simply rearrange furnishings in the room to give you an area to fold out the sofa when you need to use it. This is an excellent idea when the children have slumber parties or company shows up from from town. The support is terrific too due to the fact that there is another pair of legs that will certainly be on the floor when you open it up.
Be it any kind of ottoman, its availability is just wonderful! The only effort one needs to do is to discover them at best location. A few of the best establishments to discover gorgeous ottomans are Overstock, Vision Decor, Pottery Barn, Target, JC Penny, and Bellacor. As soon as you get one, you will love it for its utility. A seater, a storage gadget, a table, you tell it and it becomes for you. Get a round or a square ottoman today and start depending on its features. Online shopping is an exceptional means to go shopping in comfort and benefit of your house that saves money and time both. Benefit from online coupons, discount coupon codes and promotional offers to get discounts on any kind of house & yard furniture from the online establishments.
A modern living-room consists of such just created furniture which gives a general contemporary appeal and feel to the room; specifically the sofa set. Being very important living-room furniture a sofa set gives the room its identity. There are myriad ranges of modern sofa set offered in the market from which ottoman sofa sets has been getting great deal of attention recently. Ottoman is extra furniture in addition to the main sofa which are stylish and multi purpose.
There are different manufacturers who design dresser and they can even offer you a terrific variety together with the color. The cost is inexpensive and inexpensive for each course. You could have always wanted to refurnish your home with great furnishings and dressers but one should not spend over to decoration your house, but this is very much possible with the large range of dressers available online at inexpensive and inexpensive rates. Most people usually presume that inexpensive dressers imply that the material used in the dresser is not of great quality but this is a false impression as they are the exact same dressers developed by well known manufacturers but they are inexpensive priced because they could either have a terrific discount. The dressers generally developed with a couple of columns makings them shorter than chests which end at waist height.
If you are looking for inexpensive headboard ideas for queen beds, then how about using artist's canvas as headboards. Cover the artist canvas with any material of your choice and prop it versus the bed. Alternatively you can buy several smaller sized artists canvas and mount some coordinated vibrant handkerchief or headscarfs. You can also mount a few of your favorite photos, organized together to make a lovely headboard.
Well Known Ottomans That Even You Can Own
What about the warranty protection of the HT 125 massage chair? the HT 125 is covered for 3 years structure, 1 year parts, 90 days labor. In home service is offered for an additional fee. Charges for in home service will cost you $225 for the very first hour and $150 each added hour. Better than needing to pack and ship the massage chair. Human Touch is among the biggest but warranty is a bit small. Human Touch does provide extended service warranties.


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Richard E. Boyle
Dick is recognized nationally as a preeminent trial lawyer. He is one of the co-founders of Boyle Brasher LLC. Dick has tried over 100 jury cases to verdict. He has successfully handled numerous appeals in the Illinois Supreme Court, the Illinois Appellate Court and the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit on behalf of many national and international companies that he represents. He is a nationally recognized practitioner in the areas of railroad law and products liability. He is a Fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers. He has been deeply involved in tobacco and asbestos litigation. Among his colleagues and with his clients he is known for his unparalleled work ethic and meticulous case preparation and presentation.
Beyond his family and firm, Dick reserves his highest loyalty to all things related to his alma mater, the University of Illinois and its Fighting Illini. Dick and his wife Janet live in Belleville, Illinois.
Areas of Practice
- Class Action Defense
- Insurance Defense
- Legal Malpractice
- Litigation and Appeals
- Medical Malpractice Defense
- Trucking Law
- Products Liability Defense
- Toxic Tort Defense
- Railroad Defense
- Employment Law
Bar Admissions
- Illinois
- Missouri
- U.S. District Court Southern District of Illinois
- U.S. District Court Central District of Illinois
- U.S. District Court Northern District of Illinois
- U.S. District Court Eastern District of Missouri
- U.S. Court of Appeals 7th Circuit
- U.S. Supreme Court
- University of Illinois College of Law, Champaign, Illinois
- Juris Doctorate
- University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
- Honors: With College Honors
Professional Associations and Memberships
- National Association of Railroad Trial Counsel
- American College of Trial Lawyers
- American Board of Trial Advocates, Diplomat
- The St. Clair County Bar Association
- The Illinois State Bar Association
- The Missouri Bar Association
- The Bar Association of Metropolitan St. Louis
- Defense Research Institute, Member
- Phi Alpha Delta


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We all love to bunker down at home for the winter season in front of the cozy fire or the warm heater; with some hot and hearty food cooking on the stove. Unfortunately sometimes these cozy moments can turn into a disaster, and these simple things can lead to injury, heartbreak, and sometimes death.
An insurance survey some time ago showed that six in ten house fires start in the kitchen, 40% of which happened during cooking. There are over 11,000 house fires in Australia each year and over 50 deaths. One in five people will experience some form of house fire in their lifetime.
It was interesting to note the South Australian MFS attended 279 house fires in 2012 between April to September. The breakdown was that 221 were cooking fires, 47 home heating fires, 6 electric blanket and 5 clothes dryers. South Australia was the worst state for house fires and it was evident that most homes have no fire protection equipment at all.
Unfortunately every year the same warnings are issued yet people continue to ignore them. People seem to take more notice of an alcohol or junk food advert than the MFS warnings which is quite sad but typifies today's society. Many families have no problem spending $50 at the local fast food outlet, yet refuse to spend the same amount on a fire extinguisher and fire blanket.
Ask yourselves, what fire protection equipment do I have in the house should there be:
- a kitchen stove fire
- clothing too close to a heater that catches alight
- the outdoor barbeque catches alight
If your answer is "nothing" then you mustn't care about the safety of your family or housemates. A fire blanket and fire extinguisher could save your lives!
MFS response times are at least seven minutes and often much longer. In that seven minutes your kitchen or lounge room will be engulfed in flames, you now have a major house fire on your hands with significant property damage being the end result.
Much of this could have been avoided for a small outlay of just $50; the financial cost is minimal compared to the human cost that may result.
For those of you with children that get home from school and cook themselves something to eat by themselves, just ask – what would they do in the event of a fire? Most children have no idea how to use a fire extinguisher or fire blanket.
A fire extinguisher and fire blanket make a wonderful present for anyone, and nobody should feel embarrassed about giving them. Yes they may never use them but should that day come they will be thankful for your gift.
Just remember to always call 000 in the event of a fire however small it is, you may think you have put the fire out but fires can reignite. The MFS are trained fire fighters, you are not. If you are capable of fighting the fire with the appropriate equipment then do so but otherwise evacuate to a safe point.
Train your family how to use fire protection equipment as it is of no use at all if nobody in the house knows how to use it. Teach your children at an early age as there is simply no time to read the instructions when a fire occurs. Have a fire evacuation plan, go through a simulated fire evacuation at home, try it with the lights off, what you do today may save your lives tomorrow.


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I must confess, I read BellGab, trying to figure it out for about two years, before I actually made my account here.
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Phone: 570-544-1400
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Mrs. Carvajal
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My husband, Joe and I live in the Minersville area with our daughter and our two cats. When I'm not busy planning lessons, I enjoy spending time fishing and camping with my family and friends.


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Extreme Kleaner Hits Stores Nationwide
Extreme Kleaner, a non-toxic, biodegradable, multi-purpose cleaner and degreaser product line, is now available at Ace Hardware, True Value and selected NAPA Auto Parts stores, as well as other independently owned hardware, grocery and variety stores. The product, originally offered on Amazon.com and other websites, is now available in retail stores due to increased consumer demand for green living products.
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Student Resume Biomedicine
Similar Job Positions
As a fresh graduate who's looking for a job in biomedical science, you want your resume to revolve around your academic accomplishments. For this reason, the exhaustive education section dominates our biomedicine student resume sample. This candidate did no internships to support his candidacy, which is why he decided to list even unrelated work experience. If you were not fortunate enough to work in a job related to your field yet, don't be afraid to do that too. It gives employers insight into what you were doing with your time during your studies.


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text: 1 Maize 61 documentation 5bc9654c-d252-4a15-9baf-bd3a0cba694b isee systems, inc. iThink 1 204 0.025 Age age-metric ton/mo days/year kilocalories/metric ton kilocalories/person-day metric ton metric ton/ metric ton-Age metric ton/day metric ton/mo metric ton/person-month metric ton/year month/year Initial value of zero because we start late in the lean season in a deficit production year, so that it is very likely that smallholders have sold all their surplus production by that point. 0 Smallholder_surplus_main_harvest Smallholder_surplus_green_harvest FRA_purchases Informal_grain_retailing Commercial_maize_assemblage SH_farm_storage_loss metric ton Initial value of zero because we start late in the lean season in a deficit production year, so that millers can be assumed to run low on reserves at that point. 0 Commercial_maize_assemblage Commercial_farmers_sales FRA_Sales Roller_milling_waste Sold_to_breweries Commercial_milling_and_retailing metric ton Initialized in equilibrium. Des_formal_customer_meal_strg Commercial_milling_and_retailing Consumption_Formal metric ton FRA_domestic_yearly_purchase/Purchase_periods_per_year*FRA_purchase_distribution metric ton/mo Total_monthly_demand_formal metric ton/mo Initial value of zero because we start late in the lean season in a deficit production year. 0 Informal_grain_retailing Hammer_Milling_Loss Hammer_Milling_Output metric ton The actually consumable output of the hammer milling process is the order rate (which amount of maize was put into the mill) minus the loss ratio. MAX(0,OR_Hammer_Milling*(1-Loss_Ratio_Hammer_Milling)) metric ton/mo The amount of maize meal that is actually sold to breweries equals the amount that was put into the production (order rate breweries) minus the loss ratio. OR_breweries*(1-Waste_Ratio_Roller_Milling) metric ton/mo Demand for marketed maize = total demand - demand satisfied by subsistence consumption MAX(0,Total_yearly_maize_demand-Demand_satisfied_by_subsistence_production) metric ton/year Assuming that large-scale commercial millers do not engage in early green harvests, as they want to sell later in the year anyway. IF Yearly__counter >=5 AND Yearly__counter<7 THEN Yearly_commercial__Production/Main_harvest_months_per_year ELSE 0 month Amount of maize that FRA purchases in the current season or year. Data sources: see appendix C.2 TIME 1,13,25,37,49,61,73,85,97,109,121,133,145,157,169,181,193,204 105279,78667,389510,396450,73876,198630,878570,1579890.8999999999,1044997.8,422391.09999999998,1031303,380756.70000000001,371168.90000000002,369485.29999999999,372556.29999999999,378166.90000000002,385055.90000000002,385055.90000000002 metric ton/year Total yearly maize produciton that is sold for marketing by smallholder farmers in Zambia. Data sources: see appendix C.1 TIME 1,13,25,37,49,61,73,85,97,109,121,133,145,157,169,181,193,204 343878,178803,564348,647862.5,522033,613356,1062010,1663043,1362812.2,1215244,1550346.2,761513.40000000002,742337.90000000002,738970.69999999995,745112.59999999998,756333.80000000005,770111.80000000005,770111.80000000005 metric ton/year Population timeline data from UNDESA (2012) TIME 7,19,31,43,55,67,79,91,103,115,127,139,151,163,175,187,199,204 7130000,7271000,7419000,7574000,7739000,7913000,8099000,8296000,8503000,8719000,8942000,9169000,9399000,9634000,9872000,10113000,10357000,10357000 people Population timeline data from UNDESA (2012) TIME 7,19,31,43,55,67,79,91,103,115,127,139,151,163,175,187,199,204 4045000,4199000,4363000,4535000,4718000,4912000,5118000,5338000,5572000,5819000,6079000,6351000,6635000,6931000,7239000,7560000,7895000,7895000 people Total yearly maize production of large-scale commercial farmers in Zambia. Data sources: see appendix C.1 TIME 1,13,25,37,49,61,73,85,97,109,121,133,145,157,169,181,193,204 48578.5,65613,84960,97099.100000000006,85578.100000000006,229893,331960,233483.89999999999,220520.79999999999,195792.60000000001,259016.39999999999,66218.600000000006,64551.099999999999,64258.300000000003,64792.400000000001,65768.199999999997,66966.199999999997,66966.199999999997 metric ton/year Data from FAO (2015) 0.502 Unitless Daily_dietary_Intake*Total__Population*Maize_ratio_in_nutrition/Kcal_per_ton__cornflour metric ton/day Total_daily_maize_demand*Days_per_year metric ton/year Data from UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP (2002: annex 5) 3600*1000 kilocalories/metric ton Urban_Population+Rural_Population people Counts the months of the year from 1,0 to 12,99 - with 1 being January, 2 being February and so forth. COUNTER(1,13) month Initiaized in equilibrium with the desired stock. Desired_Inf_customer_meal_storage Hammer_Milling_Output Consumption_Informal metric ton Monthly_Demand_Informal metric ton/mo Main harvest comes in May and June (Nyanga, 2015b), for simplicity I assume even distribution over the two months. 2 month/year IF Yearly__counter >=5 AND Yearly__counter<7 THEN Yearly_SH_surplus_production*Ratio_main_harvest/Main_harvest_months_per_year ELSE 0 metric ton/mo Data from FAO (2014) 2112 kilocalories/person-day 365 days/year 12 month/year Outflow of total losses arising in the roller milling process. (Commercial_Milling_and_retailing+Sold_to_breweries)*Waste_Ratio_Roller_Milling metric ton/mo Hammer_Milling_Output*Loss_Ratio_Hammer_Milling metric ton/mo Yearly__non__subsistence_demand/Months_per_year metric ton/mo According to Keyser (2007: p.65), large-scale commercial farmers store thei maize on average for 6 months so that they can get better prices when they sell at the heigh of the lean season. 0 Commercial__harvest Readying_for_sale Loss_comm_farm_storage 6 metric ton This flow signifies that the farmers now (6 months after the harvest) want to market their maize. Due to the structure of using a conveyor stock, I needed to construct an extra outflow and "ready for sales stock" to make the purchase and export flows work. 0 metric ton/mo The total amount of maize that is available for non-FRA (commercial) buyers to purchase from smallholders in the current year equals the smallholder surplus maize stocks that were carried over from last year plus the yearly production for the current year. From that, we need to deduct the amount of purchases that FRA contracts with the farmers, as well as the losses. For more details, see chapter 4.6.3 Smallholder_maize_carryover_stocks+Yearly_SH_surplus_production-Total_yearly_loss_SH_farm_storage-FRA_domestic_yearly_purchase metric ton/year Grain assemblers from smallholders are the second-best option in terms of miller preferences for sourcing maize, wherefore the commercial famer sales flow is deducted from the demand. They also sell at competetive prices, but have a more scattered structure. The flowi furthermore influenced by the "non-FRA smallholder sales switch". (Gap_miller_grain_strg/AT_commercial_maize_assemblage+Total_outflows_millers-Commercial_farmers_sales)*Switch_non_FRA_smallholder_sales metric ton/mo Following Sterman's (2000: chapter 17-18) classical conceptualization of supply chains, desired storage is determined by the coverage time and the monthly demand. Monthly_Demand_Informal*CT_inf_customer_meal_strg metric ton The percentage of demand that goes to grain instead of commercial roller meal when supply is not constrained. Ratio_Urban__Population*Ratio_grain_consumers_in_urban_population+(1-Ratio_Urban__Population)*Ratio_grain_consumers_in_rural_populaiton Unitless Milling is done in one day, as consumers normally bring their grain to the mill in the morning and in a matter of hours, the maize is milled and they can the meal back in the afternoon (Nyanga, 2015a). Furthermore, hammer mills are all around the country so that no long journeys are required. AT = Adjustment time 0.034 months Following Sterman's (2000: chapter 17-18) classical conceptualization of supply chains, the Desired Acquisition Rate is calculated by accounting for the closing of the gap betwen the desired and actual storage, and then adding the compensation for the outflows. MAX(0,Consumption_Informal+Gap_informal_meal_storage/AT_hammer_milling) metric ton/mo Demand for self-milled hammer meal that is adjusted for the consumer response to changes in the availability of maize grain. Monthly_demand_informal_original*Effect_of_perc_ratio_on_informal_demand metric ton/mo The gap between demand and the maize actually available for consumption. Monthly_Demand_Informal-Consumption_Informal metric ton/mo The amount of demand for commercially produced roller maize meal when demand in the informal value chain is not limited. Monthly_non_subsistence_demand*(1-Ratio_informal_demand) metric ton/mo There is a 5% loss in the hammer milling of maize process (Keyser, 2007: table 49). 0.05 Unitless According to Keyser (2007: table 49), roller milling produces 2% waste and 9% bran meal. Since bran meal is not mixed into the commercially sold roller meal, it is considered "waste" here. 0.11 Unitless Nyanga (2015b) estimated that 90-95% of the harvest are in the main harvest and corollary only 10-5% in the green harvest. I therefore took the mean of the estimates and assigned 92.5% to the main harvest. 0.925 Unitless IF Yearly__counter >=3 AND Yearly__counter<5 THEN Yearly_SH_surplus_production*(1-Ratio_main_harvest)/Green_harvest_months_per_year ELSE 0 metric ton/mo Green harvest comes in March and April (Nyanga, 2015b), for simplicity I assume even distribution over the two months. 2 month/year Following Sterman's (2000: chapter 17-18) classical conceptualization of supply chains, desired storage is determined by the coverage time and the demand. Monthly_demand_informal_original*CT_informal_grain_storage metric ton Consumers in the formal and infomal value chain alike do no want to store their maize meal for more than 1 month because meal is more suscetible to losses than grain. Source: Nyanga (2015a) CT = Coverage Time 1 month I assume that it takes roughly only 3 days in total to buy, transport and sell the grain (1 day for each activity), since the grain retailing business is mostly run locally. 0.1 months Following Sterman's (2000: chapter 17-18) classical conceptualization of supply chains, the Desired Acquisition Rate is calculated by accounting for the closing of the gap betwen the desired and actual storage, and then adding the compensation for the outflows. The MAX function with 0.01 is there to prevent the parameter from going negative (negative maize grain orders do no make sense) and to prevent the model from dviding by zero in the "ratio inf retaiing not fulfilled" variable. MAX(0.01,Hammer_Milling_Output+Hammer_Milling_Loss+Gap_inf_customer_grain_storage/AT_informal_retailing) metric ton/mo Since it is likely that consumer roughly know how much grain is being lost in the milling process, I assume that they apply a rule of thumb by ordering those 5% loss ratio on top of what they actally want. The order rate is therefore the DAR + 5%. DAR_hammer__milling*(1+Loss_Ratio_Hammer_Milling) metric ton/mo Desired_Inf_customer_meal_storage-Informal_customer_meal_storage metric ton Desired_Informal_grain_storage-Informal_customer_grain_storage metric ton Variable necessary to transform the yearl to monthly data. 1 per year For FRA purchases, there is an officially government-announced purchasing season that usually lasts from beginning/middle of June until the end of September or beginning of October, reaching the highest purchase volume around the middle of the purchasing season during late July and early August. I assumes a roughly bell-shaped distribution. (Nyanga, 2015b) I therefore used the values of a normal distribtion that amounts to exactly one as ratio values to be multiplied with the purchase goal to include the purchase distribution. Yearly__counter 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0.059833949999999997,0.19427639299999999,0.45170614799999997,0.58836701599999996,0.45170614799999997,0.19427639299999999,0.059833949999999997,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 per month The grain retailing is determined by the DAR of the consumers and the switch prohibiting or allowing non-FRA smallholder sales. MAX(Zero_mt_per_month,DAR_informal_retailing)*Switch_non_FRA_smallholder_sales metric ton/mo Following Sterman's (2000: chapter 17-18) classical conceptualization of supply chains, desired storage is determined by the coverage time and the monthly demand. Total_monthly_demand_formal*CT_inf_customer_meal_strg metric ton Des_formal_customer_meal_strg-Formal_customer_meal_storage metric ton Following Sterman's (2000: chapter 17-18) classical conceptualization of supply chains, the Desired Acquisition Rate is calculated by accounting for the closing of the gap betwen the desired and actual storage, and then adding the compensation for the outflows. MAX(0,Consumption_Formal+Gap_formal_customer_meal_strg/AT_milling_and_retailing) metric ton/mo The amount of maize meal output for human consumption equals the total amount of maize that was put into the production (the OR) minus the waste ratio. OR_milling_and_retailing*(1-Waste_Ratio_Roller_Milling) metric ton/mo The amount of demand for commercially produced roller maize meal when the spill-over from consumers from the informal value chain is accounted for. Monhtly_demand_formal_original+Inf_demand_to_formal_spillover_adjusted metric ton/mo Retailers refill theirstock every 1-2 weeks.On top of that, there is the milling and transportation process, that can take up to 1 week in case of inter-regional transport. Since most cmmercial millers are concentrated in Lusaka, we can assume most transports are inter-regional. In total, 2-3 weeks sems therefore like suitable adjustment time. (Nyanga, 2015b) 0.6 months 2.1% farm storage losses for big farmers according to the APHLIS post-harvest losses calculator with 6 month storage time and Cwa climate (African Postharvest Losses Information System, 2015). 0.021 metric ton/mo Since the millers can be assumed to know their production process well, they account here for the loss, so that demand by retailers is topped up by the amount of loss that will occur in the roller milling process. This yields the internal order rate, which determine the amount of maize that i put into the production. DAR_milling_and_retailing/(1-Waste_Ratio_Roller_Milling) metric ton/mo Following Sterman's (2000: chapter 17-18) classical conceptualization of supply chains, desired storage is determined by the coverage time and the monthly demand. (OR_milling_and_retailing+OR_breweries)*CT_grain_miller_storage metric ton I assume that millers want to cover one month's demand with their maize storage. That would strike a balance between guarding against the observed fluctuations in the market and keeping storage costs at a reasonable level. 1 month Total demand for maize in terms of maize beer production = DAR for breweries in terms of maize Brewery_demand_per_capita_and_month*Total__Population metric ton/mo Since the millers can be assumed to know their production process well, they account here for the loss, so that maize meal demand by breweries is topped up by the amount of loss that will occur in the roller milling process. This yields the internal order rate, which determine the amount of maize that i put into the production. DAR_breweries/(1-Waste_Ratio_Roller_Milling) metric ton/mo MAX(0,Desired_miller_grain_strg-Millers_grain_storage) metric ton Adjustmet times for miller purchases: commercial and smallholder farmers service demand within 1 week; while FRA takes longer due to bureaucracy, around 2 weeks. (Nyanga, 2015a) 0.5 month Buying from FRA is the millers' least preferred sourcing option, as it usually takes longer to get the maize due to bureaucracy, and because FRA sells at a more expensive price to get the money back they spent when they purchased the maize at above-market prices from the smallholders. The MIN function ensures that only the excess maize is sold and FRA keeps its desired reserves. MIN(Gap_FRA_reserves/AT_FRA_Sales, (Gap_miller_grain_strg/AT_FRA_Sales+Total_outflows_millers)-Commercial_farmers_sales-Commercial_maize_assemblage) metric ton/mo This stock represents the accumulated purchases from smallholders by non-FRA buyers over the year. 0 Chng_in_total_yr_comm_sales_smallholder Emtpying_total_yr_comm_sales_smallholder metric ton This flow accumulates the sales from smallholder farmers by non-FRA actos over the year. Commercial_maize_assemblage+Informal_grain_retailing metric ton/mo This flow's purpose is to empty the "total yearly comm sales smallholder" stock at the end of every year, so that the new stock can be updated at the beginning of the following year. IF Yearly__counter>=12.75 AND Yearly__counter<=13 THEN Total_yearly_comm_sales_smallholder/DT ELSE 0 metric ton When exports are banned, large-scale commercial farmers sell their grain to big commercial millers on the domestic market. Due to the competetive prices and the ability to sell large quantities in bulk, I assume that millers source preferrably from commercial farmers. (Keyser, 2007: p.65) (Gap_miller_grain_strg/AT_commercial_farmer_sales+Total_outflows_millers)*(1-Switch_comm_farmers_exports) metric ton/mo In case they get permission, commercial farmers want to sell everthing abroad (see chapter 4.6.4). Comm_production_for_sale/AT_comm_farmers_exports*Switch_comm_farmers_exports metric ton/mo This flow accumulates all the smallholder harvest collected in a given year. Smallholder_surplus_green_harvest+Smallholder_surplus_main_harvest+SH_subsistene_green_harvest+SH_subsistence_main_harvest metric ton/mo This stock is the accumulation of all smallholder harvest that was collected in a given year. The initial value is zero because the harvest in 2004 starts coming in not before March. 0 Chng_in_total_SH_yearly_production Emptying_total_yearly_SH_production metric ton This flow's purpose is to empty the "total yearly smallholder production" stock at the end of every marketing year just before the new harvest comes in, so that the new stock can be updated at the beginning of the following year. IF Yearly__counter>=2.5 AND Yearly__counter<3 THEN Total_yearly_smallholder_production/DT ELSE 0 metric ton/mo Represents the decisions of the Zambian government to lift exports bans for the commercial farmers only when there has been sufficient smallholder production to meet the domestic demand. The markup of 15% is to account for losses in the value chain. IF Total_yearly_smallholder_production>Total_yearly_maize_demand*1.15 THEN 1 ELSE 0 Unitless Total yearly amount ofmaize that is produced and consumed by smallholder maize farmers in Zambia for subsistence purposes, and thus never enters the market. Data sources: see appendix C.1 TIME 1,13,25,37,49,61,73,85,97,109,121,133,145,157,169,181,193,204 821142.5,621771,775131,621196.40000000002,603954.90000000002,1043761,1401513,1123853,1269354,1121763.7,1541308.8,993758,1016201,1040601,1067115,1095138,1124222,1124222 metric ton/year This flow signifies that the farmers now (6 months after the harvest) want to market their maize. Due to the structure of using a conveyor stock, I needed to construct an extra outflow and "ready for sales stock" to make the purchase and export flows work. The initial value is zero becase I feel it is safe to assume that in the years of insufficient production, the sell all their (small) production quickly in November and December: at least over the simulation of the frst low-production years, they always sold everything by that time 0 Readying_for_sale Comm_farmers_exports Commercial_farmers_sales metric ton Calculated from USAID & COMPETE (2009: p.20), stating that there is 70.000 m per year demand as of 2009, which is then divided by Zambia's population in 2009 (12.825.000). 0.000455 metric ton/person-month Consumption_Formal+Consumption_Informal metric ton/mo This variable represents how often the switch is changed in a given year - only once. 1 per year Yearly loss accordng to APHLIS calculator (Hodges & Bernard, 2014) with the specifcations of 6 month average storage time and Cwa climate: 2,42% Farm transport loss 4,5% Farm storage loss 5% Hammer milling loss = 12% Total yearly loss 0.12 Unitless Yearly_subsistence_Consumption*(1-Subsistence_loss_ratio_processing_and_storage) metric ton/year Data sources: see appendix C.2 TIME 7,19,31,43,55,67,79,91,103,115,127,139,151,163,175,187,199,204 55720,55720,55270,55060,54960,54930,54930,57370,63540,71920,82460,99130,125610,164140,212660,244410,248011,248011 metric ton Data sources: see appendix C.2 TIME 7,19,31,43,55,67,79,91,103,115,127,139,151,163,175,187,199,204 539200,567020,566430,566410,566460,566480,566480,590950,652990,737320,833910,932780,1026640,1111110,1179570,1204760,1211838,1211838 metric ton Data sources: see appendix C.3 Relative_age_FRA_perm_strg 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 0.0071500000000000001,0.0161,0.018249999999999999,0.044650000000000002,0.065000000000000002,0.1012,0.14965000000000001,0.20605000000000001,0.26855000000000001,0.34089999999999998,0.42215000000000003,0.51229999999999998,0.61134999999999995,0.71930000000000005,0.83614999999999995 Unitless FRA purchased 105.000 tons of maize in the summer of 2003 according to N. M. Mason & Myers (2011). I assume they sold most of it and thus have a reserve of 40.000 tons left in Jauary. 0 Moving_maize_to_sheds FRA_Imports FRA_Sales FRA_Exports Loss_permanent_FRA_storage metric ton Slabs all around the country are the place where farmers usually first sell thei maize to FRA. Initial value of zero because we start the simulation after the end of FRA's purchasing period in a year where their purchase volume is lower than their built capacity, so that by that time, all maize from the slabs must have been moved to their sheds or silos. 0 FRA_purchases Moving_maize_to_sheds Loss_slabs_FRA metric ton As slabs have signifcantly higher storage losses than sheds or silos, FRA wants to quickly move the maize from the slabs to permanent storage. (Total_built_capacity_FRA-FRA_maize_in_permanent_storage)/AT_moving_maize_to_permanent_strg metric ton/mo Moving maize from the slabs to the permanent storage (sheds or silos) should not take more than 3 days, as FRA has contractors doing that for them so that we assume the following distribution: 1 day for getting the maize from the slab, 1 days for transporting it and 1 day for offloading it to the permanent depot. (Nyanga, 2015a) 0.1 months FRA_maize_in_slabs*Loss_Ratio_slabs/Months_per_yr metric ton/mo The "age-tagged" maize is accumulated in this stock. (see chapter 4.6.2) 1 Increase_age_weight_FRA_prm_strg Decrease_age_weight_FRA_prm_strg metric ton-Age When new maize is purchased, the current time is multiplied by the purchase volume (in weight), conceptually accumulating the purchase volume with an "age tag" on it. (see chapter 4.6.2) Current_time*(Moving_maize_to_sheds+FRA_Imports) age-metric ton/mo FRA_maize_in_permanent_storage*Loss_ratio_prm_FRA_strg/Months_per_yr metric ton/mo As the indications come in for the crop Forecast Survey come in every February/March and FRA has updated its desired reserves, excess maize stocks are sold until the FRA's new purchasing season starts. However, for two reasons this only happens in the case that there is no sufficient domestic demand: 1. FRA's main goal is to service domestic food supply 2. Selling abroad might be the better option that letting maize rot away in sheds, but exports are often sold at a loss because FRA paid above-market prices for the maize purchase. IF Yearly__counter>=3 AND Yearly__counter<6 THEN MAX(Zero_mt_per_month,Gap_FRA_reserves/AT_FRA_exports-FRA_Sales) ELSE 0 metric ton/mo I assume that FRA starts their imports, in case they see the need for it due to a lack of domestic production, when it is clear how big the domestic harvest is, which is normally around june when the last parts of the harvest come in. IF Yearly__counter>=6 AND Yearly__counter<8 THEN Yearly_Imports/Import_months_per_year ELSE 0 metric ton/mo FRA_Silo_capacity+Shed_capacity_FRA metric ton Assuming that they fill up the silos first whenever possibe (due to the much lower losses) and only bring/leave the leftovers in the sheds. MAX function so there will be no negative values in case there is less maize in store than there silo capacity (meaning: silos are not full) IF function to prevent the division by zero in cases of no inventory IF FRA_maize_in_permanent_storage>=1 THEN MAX(0,FRA_maize_in_permanent_storage-FRA_Silo_capacity)/FRA_maize_in_permanent_storage ELSE 0 Unitless Data sources: see appendix C.3 Relative_age_FRA_perm_strg 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18 0,0.0028,0.0080999999999999996,0.0082000000000000007,0.0083000000000000001,0.013599999999999999,0.0166,0.018599999999999998,0.020400000000000001,0.021999999999999999,0.023400000000000001,0.0246,0.025600000000000001,0.0264,0.027,0.027400000000000001,0.0276,0.0276 Unitless IF Yearly__counter >=3 AND Yearly__counter<5 THEN Yearly_subsistence_Production*(1-Ratio_main_harvest)/Green_harvest_months_per_year ELSE 0 metric ton/mo IF Yearly__counter >=5 AND Yearly__counter<7 THEN Yearly_subsistence_Production*Ratio_main_harvest/Main_harvest_months_per_year ELSE 0 metric ton/mo As described in chapter 3.4, the ADESM is cacluated as: Maize consumption / Adjusted maize demand Total_monthly_consumption/(Monthly_non_subsistence_demand-Demand_changing_to_other_crops) Unitless Two weeks according to Nyanga (2015a) in case the export permission is (already) granted - which is the prerequeiste for the commercial farmers export switch to turn to 1. AT = adjustmet time 0.5 month Assuming that FRA updates it's desired reserves for the new marketing season as the results of the Crop Forecast Survey come in every February/March. (Nyanga, 2015a) Data sources: see appendix C.2 TIME 3,15,27,39,51,63,75,87,99,111,123,135,147,159,171,183,195,204 0,0,0,0,0,0,131785.5,236983.60000000001,156749.70000000001,63358.699999999997,154695.5,91378.600000000006,91378.600000000006,91378.600000000006,91378.600000000006,91378.600000000006,91378.600000000006,91378.600000000006 metric ton Nyanga (2015a) assumes 1 month AT adjustment time for FRA exports, as FRA is usually slower than the private sector due to bureaucratic hurdles in the system. 1 months Data sources: see appendix C.2 TIME 1,13,25,37,49,61,73,85,97,109,121,133,145,157,169,181,193,204 9400,38950,119700,1458,1015,42027,5704,2911,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 metric ton/year I assume that FRA imports over the course of two months, as the bureaucratic processes with the governmen and FRA (incl. lifting or changing import bans or restrictios) always takes a farily long time. 2 months Urban population as a ratio of total population Urban_Population/(Rural_Population+Urban_Population) Unitless Data from: see appendix C.5 0.331 Unitless The amount of the demand gap that is not fulfilled with commercial roller meal as a substitute for self-milled hammer meal, but satisfied by changing to other crops. Data taken from: Nicole Mason & Jayne (2009: table 17). Note that I took the data for Lusaka as most representative for urban areas. 0.781 Unitless The amount of demand for self-milled hammer meal when supply is not a limiting factor Monthly_non_subsistence_demand*Ratio_informal_demand metric ton/mo Shed_capacity_FRA/Total_built_capacity_FRA Unitless Commercial_milling_and_retailing+Sold_to_breweries+Roller_milling_waste metric ton/mo Adjustmet times for miller purchases: commercial and smallholder farmers service demand within 1 week; while FRA takes longer due to bureaucracy, around 2 weeks. (Nyanga, 2015a) 0.25 month According to Nyanga (2015a), around 95% of rural consumers prefer to buy grain and only a small class of rural wealthy and civil servants (estimated around 5%) can afford to prefer (and get access to, e.g. on frequent city trips) mealie meal. 0.95 Unitless The amount of maize that FRA has on storage which exceeds its desired reserves, that amount is free for sale. MAX(0,FRA_maize_in_permanent_storage-Desired_FRA_reserves_adjusted) metric ton/mo This switch compares the amount of maize that is available for non-FRA buyers to purchase from smallholders to the amount that they have already purchased. When the actual accumulated purchases reach the ceiling of the total available amount, the switch turns to zero, prohibiting any further purchases from smallholders by non-FRA buyers. For a detailed explanation, see chapter 4.6.3. IF Available_SH_purchase_volume_commercial*Changes_in_the_switch_per_year-Total_yearly_comm_sales_smallholder>0 THEN 1 ELSE 0 Unitless Total yearly amount ofmaize that is produced and consumed by smallholder maize farmers in Zambia for subsistence purposes, and thus never enters the market. Same values as "subsistence production". Data sources: see appendix C.1 TIME 7,19,31,43,55,67,79,91,103,115,127,139,151,163,175,187,199,204 821142.5,621771,775131,621196.40000000002,603954.90000000002,1043761,1401513,1123853,1269354,1121763.7,1541308.8,993758,1016201,1040601,1067115,1095138,1124222,1124222 metric ton/year Dummy variable for zero, as iThink sometimes cannot compute the MAX(0,x) functions in the unit check with just a number for zero. 0 metric ton/mo As maize is sold or moved out, old and new are assumed to be mixed for sale, so that on average, the maize sold (or moved to better storage facilities, in case of the first FRA stock) has the average age of all the maize in store. This procedure, as opposed to e.g. selling only the oldest maize first, is followed because the longer maize is on storage, the more its quality is adversely affected by moisture, fungi etc. – and the more maize is affected, the lower the price for which it can be sold. Therefore, old maize is mixed with newer maize in order to be able to sell it for a good price. (see chapter 4.6.2) To account for all outflows, also losses must be accounted for. Avg_entry_time_FRA_perm_strg*(Loss_permanent_FRA_storage+FRA_Exports+FRA_Sales) age-metric ton/mo This variables simply counts the current month we are in at that moment in the simulation to be able to "age-tag" the maize as it comes in. TIME 0,204 Age The average time when the accumulated maize entered the storage can be deduced by simply dividing the "age-tagged-maize" stock by the current storage, so that only the average age comes out of the calculation. The IF function prevents the average to go to extreme values in the case of seasonal fluctuations that bring the maize storage to zero. IF FRA_maize_in_permanent_storage<0.01 THEN Current_time ELSE Accumulated_age_weight_FRA_prm_strg/FRA_maize_in_permanent_storage Age To measure the actual time that the maize has spent in this storage (the "relative age"), one simply has to take the difference between the current time and the average age Current_time-Avg_entry_time_FRA_perm_strg Age The combined loss ratio for maize in permanent storage equals the sum of the loss ratio for silos times the ratio of maize that is stored in silos, and the loss ratio for sheds times the ratio of maize that is stored in sheds. Loss_Ratio_sheds*Ratio_maize__in_sheds_FRA+Loss_ratio_silos*(1-Ratio_maize__in_sheds_FRA) Unitless The "age-tagged" maize is accumulated in this stock. (see chapter 4.6.2) 1 Increase_age_weight_FRA_slab_maize Decrease_age_weight_FRA_slab_maize metric ton-Age When new maize is purchased, the current time is multiplied by the purchase volume (in weight), conceptuall accumulating the purchase volume with an "age tag" on it. (see chapter 4.6.2) Current_time*FRA_purchases age-metric ton/mo As maize is sold or moved out, old and new are assumed to be mixed for sale, so that on average, the maize sold (or moved to better storage facilities, in case of the first FRA stock) has the average age of all the maize in store. This procedure, as opposed to e.g. selling only the oldest maize first, is followed because the longer maize is on storage, the more its quality is adversely affected by moisture, fungi etc. – and the more maize is affected, the lower the price for which it can be sold. Therefore, old maize is mixed with newer maize in order to be able to sell it for a good price. (see chapter 4.6.2) To account for all outflows, also losses must be accounted for. Avg_entry_time_slab_maize_FRA*(Moving_maize_to_sheds+Loss_slabs_FRA) age-metric ton/mo The average time when the accumulated maize entered the storage can be deduced by simply dividing the "age-tagged-maize" stock by the current storage, so that only the average age comes out of the calculation. The IF function prevents the average to go to extreme values in the case of seasonal fluctuations that bring the maize storage to zero. IF FRA_maize_in_slabs<0.01 THEN Current_time ELSE Accumulated_age_weight_FRA_maize_slabs/FRA_maize_in_slabs Age To measure the actual time that the maize has spent in this storage (the "relative age"), one simply has to take the difference between the current time and the average age Current_time-Avg_entry_time_slab_maize_FRA Age Data sources: see appendix C.3 Relative_age_maize_slabs 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 0.057149999999999999,0.066100000000000006,0.068250000000000005,0.094649999999999998,0.115,0.1512,0.19964999999999999,0.25605,0.31855,0.39090000000000003,0.47215000000000001,0.56230000000000002,0.66134999999999999,0.76929999999999998,0.88614999999999999 Unitless Since losses are calculated in years in Bou Schreiber's (2015) framework, the time horizon needs to be transformed to years with this variable. 12 months I assume that consumers do not immediatly change their consumption patterns when there is one day where they cannot purchase the desired amount of grain, but wait for a few days (1 week) until they adapt their consumption to the supply scarcity. 0.25 months Initial value of 1 indicates that the grain supply has fallen to zero, as we are deep into the lean season of a deficit production year at the beginning of the simulation. 1 Chng_in_perc_ratio_inf_retailing_not_fulfilled Unitless (Ratio_inf_retailing_not_fulfilled-Perc_ratio_inf_retailing_not_fulfilled)/AT_perception_ratio_inf_retailing_not_fulfillied per month Ratio of demand for grain purchases by consumers that is not fulfilled due to supply shortages. 1-Informal_grain_retailing/DAR_informal_retailing Unitless Relation: 1 = Recommended Demand 0.80398 = Ratio of Minimum Demand of Recommended demand, as taken from FAO (2014) This is a price-proxy variable, representing that people reduce their consumption as grain becomes scarce, and therefore also more expensive. However, the would do almost anything to prevent starvation, e.g. selling other assets, so that the lower bound for the consumption reduction is the Minimal Dietay Requirement by FAO (2014). (Nyanga 2015a) Perc_ratio_inf_retailing_not_fulfilled 1,1,0.99810913183279704,0.99558797427652701,0.99243652733119003,0.98865479099678499,0.98487305466237896,0.98109131832797403,0.97604900321543397,0.96974610932475902,0.96155234726688099,0.95272829581993601,0.94327395498392297,0.93192874598070696,0.91806237942122204,0.90041427652733097,0.88213588424437295,0.85818488745980703,0.83297331189710599,0.80398000000000003 Unitless The amount of demand that spills over into the formal value chain. Inf_demand_to_formal_spillover_indicative*Ratio_of_meal_as_grain_substitute metric ton/mo When maize grain is well available, consumers want to store grain covering 2-3 months' consumption accordng to Nyanga (2015b). I took the average of that estimate as the value for this parameter. CT = Coverage time 2.5 months The gap in consumption needs to be satisfied so consumers fill up their diet with maize from the formal value chain. Gap_Demand_Informal metric ton/mo This switch represents the decision of FRA to offload their desied storage when maize is scarce in Zambia. Since FRA's primary mandate is to ensure a stable maize supply for the Zambian population, them keeping maize locked up in times of national scarcity would neither make sense, nor would it be politically feasible to do so. The mark-up of 20% is to represent a rule-of-thumb of the decision makers to account for losses in the value chain and the FRA storage. IF (Yearly_SH_surplus_production+Yearly_commercial__Production)<Yearly__non__subsistence_demand*1.2 THEN 0 ELSE 1 Unitless The desired FRA reserves after they have been changed according to the current maize supply situation in the country: if there is dire need for maize, FRA will not keep it locked up in their storage. Desired_FRA_reserves_original*Switch_FRA_reserves metric ton Monthly storage losses in smallholder farmer grain storages. Smallholder_farm_grain_storage*Farm_strg_loss_ratio_per_month metric ton/mo Losses are exponential in reality, but this is an approximation from the APHLIS post-harvest losses calculator's data for losses in smallholder farmer storage with residence times between 4-6 months and Cwa climate (African Postharvest Losses Information System, 2015). Exponential loss calculations need to involve the RT, which cannot be computed with all the strong seasonal fluctuations. 0.00678 per month This stock represents the accumulated maize losses in the smallholder farm storage over the year. 0 Chng_in_total_yearly_SH_farm_storage_loss Emptying_total_yearly_farm_storage_loss metric ton This flow accumulates the losses in the smallholder storage over the year. SH_farm_storage_loss metric ton/mo This flow's purpose is to empty the "total yearlyloss SH farm storage" stock at the end of every year, so that the new stock can be updated at the beginning of the following year. IF Yearly__counter>=12.75 AND Yearly__counter<13 THEN Total_yearly_loss_SH_farm_storage/DT ELSE 0 metric ton/mo The difference between the indicative demand spillover (which equals the gap in consumption in the informal value chain) and the actual demand that spills over from the informal into the formal value chain is the amount of demand that consmers satisfy by changing to consuming other crops. This demand therefore can no longer be counted into the demand for maize. Inf_demand_to_formal_spillover_indicative-Inf_demand_to_formal_spillover_adjusted metric ton/mo Adjustmet times for miller purchases: commercial and smallholder farmers service demand within 1 week; while FRA takes longer due to bureaucracy, around 2 weeks. (Nyanga, 2015a) 0.25 month Initial value of zero because we start late in the lean season in a deficit production year, so that it unlikely that there are any carryover stocks from 2003 to 2004. 0 Chng_in_SH_maize_carryover_stocks Emptying_SH_maize_carryover_stocks metric ton Every new year, the smallholder carryover stocks are updated. A carryover stock is any maize that is left from last year still in the smallholder's farm storage. IF Yearly__counter>=1 AND Yearly__counter<1.05 THEN Smallholder_farm_grain_storage/AT_Chng_carry_over_stocks ELSE 0 metric ton/mo This flow's purpose is to empty the carryover stock at the end of every year, so that the new stock can be updated at the beginning of the following year. IF Yearly__counter>=12.75 AND Yearly__counter<13 THEN Smallholder_maize_carryover_stocks/DT ELSE 0 metric ton/mo The time horizon over which the carryover stock is updated. It is kept very short so that the difference between the updated carryover stock and the value of the "smallholder farm grain storage" is as small as possible in case that the farm storage is subject to change in the updating time. 0.05 months Includes subsistence consumption as well as maize traded raw informally that is milled in small hammer mills FRA_domestic_yearly_purchase right 348 Monthly_non_subsistence_demand Switch_FRA_reserves 257 Current_time SH_farm_storage_loss Yearly_SH_surplus_production right 344 FRA_Imports top 99 Smallholder_surplus_main_harvest top 111 Green_harvest_months_per_year top 115 Switch_non_FRA_smallholder_sales left 184 Moving_maize_to_sheds top 86 Yearly__counter left DAR_breweries Yearly__counter top 103 Inf_demand_to_formal_spillover_adjusted right 348 Ratio_maize__in_sheds_FRA top 94 Yearly__non__subsistence_demand Consumption_Formal right 4 Yearly__counter top 73 Informal_grain_retailing top 94 Inf_demand_to_formal_spillover_indicative right 352 Switch_non_FRA_smallholder_sales Switch_comm_farmers_exports right 287 Yearly_SH_surplus_production Main_harvest_months_per_year top 86 Total_built_capacity_FRA 266 FRA_purchases top 86 Moving_maize_to_sheds top 103 Loss_slabs_FRA top 94 Smallholder_surplus_green_harvest top 81 FRA_Exports top 94 Yearly_SH_surplus_production top 122 Total_yearly_maize_demand Ratio_Urban__Population left 192 Yearly__counter top 69 Yearly__counter 235 FRA_maize_in_permanent_storage bottom 265 SH_subsistene_green_harvest SH_subsistence_main_harvest Consumption_Informal right 356 FRA_Sales top 99 Yearly__counter top 86 Yearly__counter Commercial_maize_assemblage Months_per_yr right 4 Yearly_commercial__Production Ratio_main_harvest top 115 Main_harvest_months_per_year Loss_permanent_FRA_storage top 86 Yearly__counter CT_inf_customer_meal_strg top 111 Yearly__counter Smallholder_farm_grain_storage Zero_mt_per_month top 77 Available_SH_purchase_volume_commercial Increase_age_weight_FRA_prm_strg Smallholder_surplus_green_harvest Yearly__non__subsistence_demand Monthly_non_subsistence_demand Urban_Population Ratio_Urban__Population Consumption_Formal DAR_milling_and_retailing Farm_strg_loss_ratio_per_month SH_farm_storage_loss Ratio_grain_consumers_in_urban_population Ratio_informal_demand FRA_maize_in_permanent_storage Loss_permanent_FRA_storage Total_daily_maize_demand Total_yearly_maize_demand Perc_ratio_inf_retailing_not_fulfilled Chng_in_perc_ratio_inf_retailing_not_fulfilled Comm_farmers_exports Yearly_subsistence_Production SH_subsistene_green_harvest Yearly_commercial__Production Commercial__harvest Ratio_informal_demand Monthly_demand_informal_original Switch_comm_farmers_exports Chng_in_total_SH_yearly_production Loss_slabs_FRA Loss_ratio_prm_FRA_strg Loss_permanent_FRA_storage Avg_entry_time_FRA_perm_strg Relative_age_FRA_perm_strg Relative_age_maize_slabs Loss_Ratio_slabs AT_moving_maize_to_permanent_strg Moving_maize_to_sheds Chng_in_total_yearly_SH_farm_storage_loss FRA_Imports Gap_miller_grain_strg Commercial_farmers_sales Days_per_year Total_yearly_maize_demand Des_formal_customer_meal_strg Gap_formal_customer_meal_strg Decrease_age_weight_FRA_prm_strg Loss_ratio_silos Loss_ratio_prm_FRA_strg Total_built_capacity_FRA Ratio_of_sheds_in_FRA_capacity AT_commercial_farmer_sales Commercial_farmers_sales Desired_miller_grain_strg Gap_miller_grain_strg Desired_FRA_reserves_adjusted Formal_customer_meal_storage Gap_formal_customer_meal_strg FRA_purchase_distribution FRA_purchases Smallholder_farm_grain_storage SH_farm_storage_loss Desired_FRA_reserves_adjusted Gap_FRA_reserves FRA_Sales FRA_Exports Informal_grain_retailing Decrease_age_weight_FRA_prm_strg Decrease_age_weight_FRA_slab_maize Total_yearly_loss_SH_farm_storage Available_SH_purchase_volume_commercial Desired_FRA_reserves_original Desired_FRA_reserves_adjusted AT_commercial_maize_assemblage Commercial_maize_assemblage Commercial__harvest Daily_dietary_Intake Total_daily_maize_demand Hammer_Milling_Loss DAR_informal_retailing Smallholder_maize_carryover_stocks Emptying_SH_maize_carryover_stocks Total_outflows_millers Commercial_maize_assemblage Total_outflows_millers Commercial_farmers_sales Increase_age_weight_FRA_slab_maize Available_SH_purchase_volume_commercial Ratio_main_harvest Smallholder_surplus_main_harvest Kcal_per_ton__cornflour Total_daily_maize_demand Chng_in_total_SH_yearly_production Gap_miller_grain_strg Commercial_maize_assemblage Emptying_total_yearly_SH_production Ratio_inf_retailing_not_fulfilled Chng_in_perc_ratio_inf_retailing_not_fulfilled Informal_grain_retailing Ratio_inf_retailing_not_fulfilled AT_FRA_Sales FRA_Sales Total_outflows_millers FRA_Sales Relative_age_maize_slabs Waste_Ratio_Roller_Milling Commercial_milling_and_retailing Waste_Ratio_Roller_Milling Sold_to_breweries Rural_Population Total__Population Monthly_demand_informal Gap_Demand_Informal Brewery_demand_per_capita_and_month DAR_breweries Comm_production_for_sale Comm_farmers_exports Ratio_informal_demand Monthly_demand_informal_original Desired_Informal_grain_storage Chng_in_total_SH_yearly_production Accumulated_age_weight_FRA_prm_strg Avg_entry_time_FRA_perm_strg Ratio_of_meal_as_grain_substitute Inf_demand_to_formal_spillover_adjusted Emtpying_total_yr_comm_sales_smallholder DAR_milling_and_retailing OR_milling_and_retailing Perc_ratio_inf_retailing_not_fulfilled Effect_of_perc_ratio_on_informal_demand Total_yearly_comm_sales_smallholder Emtpying_total_yr_comm_sales_smallholder Total_yearly_smallholder_production Emptying_total_yearly_SH_production SH_subsistene_green_harvest Roller_milling_waste Total_outflows_millers Avg_entry_time_FRA_perm_strg Decrease_age_weight_FRA_prm_strg Avg_entry_time_slab_maize_FRA Decrease_age_weight_FRA_slab_maize Relative_age_FRA_perm_strg Loss_Ratio_sheds SH_subsistence_main_harvest Months_per_yr Loss_permanent_FRA_storage OR_breweries Sold_to_breweries FRA_maize_in_permanent_storage Avg_entry_time_FRA_perm_strg Commercial_milling_and_retailing Total_outflows_millers Commercial__harvest Subsistence_loss_ratio_processing_and_storage Demand_satisfied_by_subsistence_production Millers_grain_storage Gap_miller_grain_strg AT_FRA_exports FRA_Exports Smallholder_maize_carryover_stocks Available_SH_purchase_volume_commercial Relative_age_FRA_perm_strg Loss_ratio_silos Maize_ratio_in_nutrition Total_daily_maize_demand Moving_maize_to_sheds OR_breweries Desired_miller_grain_strg Informal_customer_meal_storage Gap_informal_meal_storage Current_time Relative_age_FRA_perm_strg FRA_Exports Import_months_per_year FRA_Imports DAR_informal_retailing Informal_grain_retailing Commercial_farmers_sales Commercial_maize_assemblage Consumption_Informal DAR_hammer__milling Commercial_maize_assemblage Total_monthly_demand_formal Des_formal_customer_meal_strg Yearly_subsistence_Production SH_subsistence_main_harvest SH_subsistence_main_harvest CT_informal_grain_storage Desired_Informal_grain_storage FRA_maize_in_permanent_storage Gap_FRA_reserves FRA_Exports Demand_satisfied_by_subsistence_production Yearly__non__subsistence_demand Total_yearly_comm_sales_smallholder Switch_non_FRA_smallholder_sales Chng_in_total_yr_comm_sales_smallholder Monhtly_demand_formal_original Total_monthly_demand_formal Monthly_non_subsistence_demand Monhtly_demand_formal_original Total__Population Total_daily_maize_demand Gap_formal_customer_meal_strg DAR_milling_and_retailing Commercial_farmers_sales Total_monthly_consumption Purchase_periods_per_year FRA_purchases Loss_Ratio_Hammer_Milling OR_Hammer_Milling Smallholder_surplus_green_harvest Loss_Ratio_sheds Loss_ratio_prm_FRA_strg AT_Chng_carry_over_stocks Chng_in_SH_maize_carryover_stocks Ratio_informal_demand Monhtly_demand_formal_original FRA_maize_in_permanent_storage Moving_maize_to_sheds FRA_Silo_capacity Ratio_maize__in_sheds_FRA AT_informal_retailing DAR_informal_retailing Total_yearly_smallholder_production Switch_comm_farmers_exports Increase_age_weight_FRA_slab_maize Monthly_non_subsistence_demand Monthly_demand_informal_original SH_subsistene_green_harvest FRA_maize_in_slabs Avg_entry_time_slab_maize_FRA Decrease_age_weight_FRA_slab_maize Urban_Population Total__Population Informal_customer_grain_storage Gap_inf_customer_grain_storage Inf_demand_to_formal_spillover_adjusted Total_monthly_demand_formal Ratio_grain_consumers_in_rural_populaiton Ratio_informal_demand Chng_in_SH_maize_carryover_stocks Total_yearly_maize_demand Yearly__non__subsistence_demand OR_Hammer_Milling Hammer_Milling_Output CT_grain_miller_storage Desired_miller_grain_strg Smallholder_surplus_main_harvest FRA_Silo_capacity Total_built_capacity_FRA DAR_hammer__milling OR_Hammer_Milling Months_per_year Monthly_non_subsistence_demand Increase_age_weight_FRA_prm_strg Gap_miller_grain_strg FRA_Sales CT_inf_customer_meal_strg Desired_Inf_customer_meal_storage Ratio_maize__in_sheds_FRA Loss_Ratio_Hammer_Milling Hammer_Milling_Output Waste_Ratio_Roller_Milling OR_milling_and_retailing Desired_Informal_grain_storage Gap_inf_customer_grain_storage SH_subsistence_main_harvest Chng_in_SH_maize_carryover_stocks Ratio_main_harvest Smallholder_surplus_green_harvest Avg_entry_time_slab_maize_FRA Relative_age_maize_slabs Loss_Ratio_Hammer_Milling Hammer_Milling_Loss Loss_Ratio_slabs Loss_slabs_FRA Sold_to_breweries Total_outflows_millers Gap_FRA_reserves FRA_Sales Zero_mt_per_month Informal_grain_retailing Shed_capacity_FRA Ratio_of_sheds_in_FRA_capacity Inf_demand_to_formal_spillover_indicative Inf_demand_to_formal_spillover_adjusted Yearly_subsistence_Consumption Demand_satisfied_by_subsistence_production DAR_informal_retailing Ratio_inf_retailing_not_fulfilled Waste_Ratio_Roller_Milling Roller_milling_waste Hammer_Milling_Output Hammer_Milling_Loss Commercial_milling_and_retailing Roller_milling_waste Total_monthly_consumption Loss_ratio_prm_FRA_strg Hammer_Milling_Output DAR_informal_retailing ADESM Demand_changing_to_other_crops Yearly_SH_surplus_production Smallholder_surplus_main_harvest Effect_of_perc_ratio_on_informal_demand Monthly_demand_informal Total_monthly_demand_formal Consumption_Formal Total_yearly_loss_SH_farm_storage Emptying_total_yearly_farm_storage_loss AT_hammer_milling DAR_hammer__milling Rural_Population Ratio_Urban__Population Decrease_age_weight_FRA_prm_strg Yearly__counter FRA_purchase_distribution Demand_changing_to_other_crops ADESM Gap_inf_customer_grain_storage DAR_informal_retailing Chng_in_total_yr_comm_sales_smallholder Yearly_Imports FRA_Imports Green_harvest_months_per_year Smallholder_surplus_green_harvest Avg_entry_time_slab_maize_FRA Emptying_SH_maize_carryover_stocks Switch_FRA_reserves AT_milling_and_retailing DAR_milling_and_retailing Current_time Increase_age_weight_FRA_prm_strg Monthly_demand_informal Consumption_Informal FRA_domestic_yearly_purchase FRA_purchases Waste_Ratio_Roller_Milling OR_breweries Switch_FRA_reserves FRA_maize_in_slabs Loss_slabs_FRA Commercial_maize_assemblage FRA_Sales Des_formal_customer_meal_strg Shed_capacity_FRA Total_built_capacity_FRA Chng_in_total_SH_yearly_production Commercial_farmers_sales FRA_Sales Demand_changing_to_other_crops Monthly_demand_informal_original Monthly_demand_informal Gap_Demand_Informal Inf_demand_to_formal_spillover_indicative Sold_to_breweries Roller_milling_waste OR_milling_and_retailing Desired_miller_grain_strg Emptying_total_yearly_farm_storage_loss Consumption_Informal Gap_Demand_Informal OR_breweries AT_perception_ratio_inf_retailing_not_fulfillied Chng_in_perc_ratio_inf_retailing_not_fulfilled Monthly_demand_informal Desired_Inf_customer_meal_storage AT_comm_farmers_exports Comm_farmers_exports Changes_in_the_switch_per_year Switch_non_FRA_smallholder_sales OR_milling_and_retailing Commercial_milling_and_retailing Main_harvest_months_per_year Smallholder_surplus_main_harvest Desired_Inf_customer_meal_storage Gap_informal_meal_storage Current_time Avg_entry_time_FRA_perm_strg Switch_FRA_reserves SH_subsistene_green_harvest Total__Population DAR_breweries Gap_informal_meal_storage DAR_hammer__milling Available_SH_purchase_volume_commercial Switch_non_FRA_smallholder_sales Gap_FRA_reserves FRA_Exports Total_monthly_consumption ADESM Accumulated_age_weight_FRA_maize_slabs Avg_entry_time_slab_maize_FRA 0


text:
Barbara was drawn to this profession due to the years of experience in marketing and sales. Married to an avid boater/fisherman there have been a variety of boats over the years that they have enjoyed. We have taken delight being on the waters of Lake Ontario, The Hudson River, and many spots along the Jersey shore. Now we are cruising along the Treasure Coast of Florida.
Barbara and her family moved to Florida in 2013 and think it is the best move they made. Living close to the water and being able to enjoy it is a lifestyle that many dream of.
With 20 years of experience in real estate, Barbara will help you negotiate the best terms and guide you through the process with ease.
Reach Barbara by phone at 845-674-0052 or by e-mail: email@example.com.
© 2020 Curtis Stokes & Associates, Inc. | All rights reserved.


text:
A Dog and Pony Show, Applejack, diamond dogs, Fluttershy, My Little Pony, My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, Pinkie Pie, Rainbow Dash, Rarity, Sapphire Shores, Spike, Twilight Sparkle
Rarity gets a visit from the pop diva Sapphire Shores, who likes a diamond-encrusted costume she made, but wants five more each a different color for "costume changes". Out of gems, Rarity enlists Spike's help go to "douse" for more using her horn, but they end up attracting the attention of Diamond Dogs, subterranean creatures that crave gems, who kidnap Rarity to force her to find gems for them. Spike quickly enlists the help of the rest of the Mane Six to go on a rescue mission, all the while he and the girls fearing that Rarity is helpless and terrorized by her captors. As it turns out, Rarity has been annoying the Diamond Dogs incessantly while finding gems for them, first being too delicate to dig, then complaining about all of their terrible hygiene, then whining about the conditions of the cave, and finally breaking down in loud sobbing when the Diamond Dogs insult her. Her captors are so tormented that soon they're waiting on her hand and foot just to shut her up. By the time the girls finally get to where they're holding her, the Diamond Dogs not only beg them to take her away, they freely give up the large amount of gems she found for them if they'll do so. Twilight Sparkle plans to write to Princess Celestia that just because someone is "a lady" doesn't mean they're weak and can't handle themselves.
This…this is Rarity at her best. The sequence where she torments the Diamond Dogs with her incessant complaints and whining just keeps getting funnier and funnier as it goes on. By the end of it her captors are even complimenting her in a vain attempt to get her to quiet down. The frequent fantasies the other characters have about Rarity in danger is great too, especially with Rarity flipping out about being surrounded by mud and an older, "manlier" Spike saving the day. This episode is just fun, fun, fun. Even though most of the Mane Six are in here just for "gloss", with Pinkie Pie and Fluttershy barely getting any lines at all, it's an episode where everything clicks and it relies on equal blends of physical slapstick humor with genuine "vocal" humor.
The best part of this episode is it shows how much more "mature" this show is compared to others. There are lots of kid shows that have archetypes like Rarity…the snobbish, prissy, and "fashionable" character. And all of them are exactly the same…always only being self-centered, caring about being lady-like and proper and hosting tea parties and wearing impractical dresses. By comparison…Rarity is "all that and then some". She's dynamic enough to be more than just a China doll and can even use her own unique character traits to get by in difficult situations. She may be "high class", but she's far more "real" than a stereotype. Because of that, even in her most annoying and "drama queen"-esque, she's still likeable. That's the genius of the show right there.
Some would point to this episode as being a big "Spikeity" episode, but in my opinion, as with most episodes like this, it really isn't. There are lots of episodes where Spike is head-over-heels about Rarity…but extremely few scenes where she returns his affections or sees him as anything more than a friend. To me, the big "Spikeity" episode (which inspired the "Spikeity" arc in the comics as well) wouldn't come until Season Two…
However, it's still fantastic. One of the funniest episodes in the entire series.
Fun Facts:
The name of Rarity's boutique is rarely mentioned, but it is in this episode: "Carousel Boutique".
Sapphire Shores appeared for the first time in this episode, and would appear again in Season Four. Most of the ponies that show up for Rarity's episodes are never seen again or aren't terribly notable, but this one was one of the few who made more than one appearance.
It's somewhat ambiguous how valuable gems are. At the bare minimum, they are more plentiful and, hence, less valuable than they are in the "real world", but they're not totally worthless as there are episodes in which the ponies use them as currency rather than the "bits", although bits seems to be as valuable if not more so. Dragons still hoard them…but Spike seems to eat his fill of them frequently.
This episode revealed Rarity's "special talent"…aside from dress-making. Her magic allows her to find gems. It also elaborated on the concept introduced in "Boast Busters", about how Twilight's talent is magic itself, which has the helpful ability of allowing her to copy any other unicorn's spell.
An original species, Diamond Dogs, were introduced in this episode. They act like Gollum from "Lord of the Rings".
When Applejack is trying to hit the one Diamond Dog popping out of holes, it resembles a game of Whack-A-Mole…complete with sound effects.
4.5 Stars out of 5


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This week, in the absence of adult supervision, Myke and Federico discuss their new favorite time zone app and consider some recent iOS 13 rumors before Ticci talks about what arrived in his mailbox.
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High detailed and realistic 3D model of sofa COSIMA with pouf by Bolia.
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7 Marble Bathrooms That Redefine Luxury
Dering Hall | Huffington Post | May 14, 2014 | link
Luxury should not be overlooked in bathroom design. These 15 luxurious marble bathroom designs are fitted with well-crafted fixtures, stunning free-standing bath tubs, custom showers and finished off with unique marble detailing. The marble surfaces elevate each design and create a fresh, sleek finish with a true luxurious undertone.