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Legionella pneumophila type II secretome reveals unique exoproteins and a chitinase that promotes bacterial persistence in the lung
Edited by Thomas J. Silhavy, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, and approved October 27, 2006 (received for review September 20, 2006)
Type II protein secretion is critical for Legionella pneumophila infection of amoebae, macrophages, and mice. Previously, we found several enzymes to be secreted by this (Lsp) secretory pathway. To better define the L. pneumophila type II secretome, a 2D electrophoresis proteomic approach was used to compare proteins in wild-type and type II mutant supernatants. We identified 20 proteins that are type II-dependent, including aminopeptidases, an RNase, and chitinase, as well as proteins with no homology to known proteins. Because a chitinase had not been previously reported in Legionella, we determined that wild type secretes activity against both p-nitrophenyl triacetyl chitotriose and glycol chitin. An lsp mutant had a 70–75% reduction in activity, confirming the type II dependency of the secreted chitinase. Newly constructed chitinase (chiA) mutants also had ≈75% less activity, and reintroduction of chiA restored the mutants to normal levels of activity. Although chiA mutants were not impaired for in vitro intracellular infection, they were defective upon intratracheal inoculation into the lungs of A/J mice, and antibodies against ChiA were detectable in infected animals. In contrast, mutants lacking a secreted phosphatase, protease, or one of several lipolytic enzymes were not defective in vivo. In sum, this study shows that the output of type II secretion is greater in magnitude than previously appreciated and includes previously undescribed proteins. Our data also indicate that an enzyme with chitinase activity can promote infection of a mammalian host.
Legionella pneumophila is the etiological agent of Legionnaires' disease, a potentially fatal pneumonia that especially affects immunocompromised individuals (1). As an environmental pathogen, this Gram-negative bacterium exists in fresh waters, in protozoan hosts, and as a part of biofilms. It is also present in man-made systems, such as potable water systems and cooling towers. Transmission occurs when aerosolized bacteria are inhaled. L. pneumophila colonizes the respiratory tract, where it invades alveolar macrophages. Bacterial degradative enzymes, host cell lysis, and excessive inflammation combine to promote damage to lung tissue. We have shown that a type II protein secretion system is important in the ecology and pathogenesis of L. pneumophila (2). Present in many but not all gram negatives, including animal and plant pathogens (2), type II secretion is a two-step process in which nascent proteins are first translocated across the inner membrane by the Sec or Tat pathway and then exit the cell through an outer membrane secretin (3). L. pneumophila type II secretion pathway (Lsp) mutants display a growth defect in amoebae, macrophages, and the lungs of mice (4–6). L. pneumophila is the only intracellular pathogen shown to possess a functional type II system. Other phenotypes ascribed to L. pneumophila type II mutants include reduced growth at low temperatures, altered colony morphology, and diminished invasion of host cells (6–9). Thus far, proteins secreted through the L. pneumophila type II system have been first identified based on the detection of enzymatic activities in culture supernatants, including a metalloprotease, acid phosphatases, lipases, phospholipase A, phospholipase C, lysophospholipase A, cholesterol acyltransferase, and ribonuclease (4–6, 10–15). Both the Sec and Tat pathways are implicated in the processing of L. pneumophila type II substrates (16). Because mutants lacking individual type II effectors infect normally (10, 12–14, 17, 18), we hypothesize that more proteins are secreted by Lsp, and that one or more of them are virulence determinants. Although L. pneumophila has been sequenced (19, 20), it is not possible to readily identify effectors by bioinformatics, because there is no motif that specifically defines a protein as a type II substrate (3). Thus, we embarked on a 2D electrophoresis (2DE)-based proteomic approach to more fully define the scope of L. pneumophila type II secretion. This effort has revealed a large set of effectors, including previously undescribed exoproteins and a chitinase, which remarkably promotes bacterial persistence in the lungs.
Analysis of the L. pneumophila Type II Secretome.
To further define the proteins secreted by Lsp, we analyzed proteins in wild-type and lsp mutant supernatants by 2DE and then used mass spectrometry to obtain the identity of the secreted proteins. Twenty-seven proteins present in wild-type strain 130b supernatants but absent or greatly reduced in supernatants of the NU275 lspF mutant were identified [Table 1; 2D gel images appear as supporting information (SI) Fig. 4]. Three of these, the ProA metalloprotease, PlaA lysophospholipase A, and Map acid phosphatase, were defined as type II exoproteins before (Table 1; refs. 4–6, 9, 12, and 21). A fourth protein was identified as a ribonuclease, undoubtedly representing the type II-dependent ribonuclease activity that we had reported before, but for which the gene had been unknown (Table 1; refs. 6 and 11). Of the remaining 23 proteins, 13 were also predicted to contain a signal sequence and likely represent new type II-dependent exoproteins (Table 1). Two of these were annotated in the database as a leucine aminopeptidase and a chitinase. Four others were annotated as hypothetical proteins having similarities to bacterial enzymes and included an amidase, aminopeptidase, cysteine protease, and endoglucanase. Two others had similarities to eukaryotic proteins; i.e., spot 27 had a protein with collagen-like repeats and spot 21 a protein with greatest homology to a eukaryotic zinc proteinase. Five other proteins were annotated as hypothetical with no similarities to any known protein or domain in the database and therefore may represent novel activities. As noted in Table 1, several of the type II exoproteins, including the leucine aminopeptidase, some of the hypothetical proteins, and others (see IcmX and LvrE, below) were in multiple spots. This is common and can be due to protein modifications such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, or limited proteolysis.
Three more proteins identified in wild-type but not mutant supernatants had signal sequences (Table 1), but other information makes a simple connection to type II secretion less immediate. Two of these, IcmX and LvrE, are linked to type IV secretion systems of L. pneumophila. IcmX is linked to Dot/Icm and is required for the biogenesis of the intracellular phagosome, although its precise function is unknown (22, 23). A previous study also found IcmX in supernatants, in addition to being in the periplasm, but that secretion depended on Dot/Icm (23). The gene for LvrE is linked to those encoding the Lvh system, but it is still not clear whether LvrE has a role in type IV secretion (24, 25). LvrE has also been observed in supernatants (26). The third protein, spot 19, was annotated as hypothetical but with homology to VirK, an Agrobacterium tumefaciens protein encoded within the region of the VirB/D4 type IV secretion system but not required for Ti-plasmid-DNA transfer (27, 28). These data raise the possibility of a mechanistic connection between types II and IV secretion. Alternately, these data indicate that IcmX, LvrE, and the VirK-like protein are merely genetically linked to type IV secretion, and that their secretion is in fact by the type II system.
The seven remaining proteins that were differentially observed in supernatants were not predicted to have a signal peptide and thus are unlikely to be Lsp substrates (Table 1). The presence of flagellin (29) in supernatants may not be surprising, because the release of flagellar proteins into the extracellular medium is commonly seen. The detection of aconitase and DnaK, cytosolic proteins of L. pneumophila (30, 31), might be the result of some cell lysis. The remaining four proteins were not predicted to be cytoplasmic by PSORTb. Beyond lytic or flagellar release, it is conceivable that one or more of these proteins exit the cell by type IV or I systems (32). It is not apparent why type II mutant supernatants should lack these proteins, but perhaps there is a feedback loop triggered in the absence of type II secretion that decreases expression of these factors.
ChiA Encodes the Type II-Secreted Chitinase ofL. pneumophila.
One of the newly identified type II dependent proteins was annotated as a chitinase. In all three sequenced L. pneumophila strains (19, 20), the gene encoding the protein is monocistronic, with the gene on either side of it being transcribed in the opposite direction. The C terminus of the protein has a glycosyl hydrolase domain and a conserved active site characteristic of the family 18 of glycosyl hydrolases, the group that contains most of the known bacterial chitinases (33, 34). The protein did not contain the chitin-binding or fibronectin type III-like domains that are sometimes present in chitinases (35–38). For reasons below, we designated this protein and its gene as ChiA and chiA, respectively. Because Legionella had not been previously investigated for chitinases, we next assayed supernatants from wild-type 130b for activity against known substrates of chitinases. The supernatants had activity against p-nitrophenyl β-d-N,N′,N″ triacetyl chitotriose (pNP-[GlcNAc]3), indicating that L. pneumophila secretes an endochitinase (Fig. 1 A; ref. 39). No activity was seen against exochitinases substrates, p-NP-N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine and p-NP β-d-N,N′-diacetylchitobiose (data not shown; refs. 39 and 40). 130b supernatants also showed clearance on chitin-containing plates (Fig. 1 B). When assayed with pNP-[GlcNAc]3, the type II mutant NU275 showed a 70–75% reduction in secreted chitinase activity and minimal clearance on chitin plates (Fig. 1). Both activities were restored to wild-type levels in NU275 containing a plasmid copy of lspF (ref. 6; Fig. 1). Together, these data confirm that L. pneumophila secretes a chitinase secreted by the type II system.
To determine whether ChiA is the secreted chitinase activity, two independent chiA mutants of strain 130b were constructed. Mutants NU318 and NU319 showed normal behavior when cultured in buffered yeast extract broth and on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar, indicating that chiA is not required for general growth (data not shown). Mutant supernatants had a ≈75% reduction in activity against pNP-[GlcNAc]3 and no clearance on chitin plates (Fig. 1). That NU318 and NU319 gave similar results, coupled with the fact that chiA is monocistronic, indicated that the observed secretion defect was due to the loss of chiA and not a polar effect or spontaneous second-site mutation. As expected, a plasmid-borne copy of chiA (pchiA) restored the mutant to wild-type levels of activity (Fig. 1). That chiA encodes a chitinase was further confirmed when lysates of chiA-expressing Escherichia coli had activity against pNP-[GlcNAc]3 and chitin (SI Fig. 5). Because the type II and chiA mutants had similar reductions in activity, we believe that ChiA is the only L. pneumophila type II chitinase.
ChiA Promotes Persistence in the Lungs.
To begin to investigate the role of ChiA in L. pneumophila ecology and infection, we analyzed the capacity of chiA mutants to grow in Hartmannella vermiformis amoebae and macrophage-like U937 cells. The mutants grew similarly to wild type in both cells (data not shown), indicating chiA is not required for intracellular growth. We next analyzed the chiA mutants in the A/J mouse model of Legionnaires' disease, initially doing a competition assay. After introduction into the mouse lung, mutant NU318 exhibited a 3.5-fold deficiency compared with wild type (Fig. 2). That independently derived NU319 had a 4-fold deficiency (SI Fig. 6) indicated that the defects were due to inactivation of monocistronic chiA and not spontaneous second-site mutation. Further confirmation was not possible, because plasmids containing cloned chiA reduced the growth of wild type in the host (data not shown), precluding complementation analysis. At the least, these data indicate that ChiA is indirectly involved in persistence in the lung. To further explore the in vivo defect, we compared the ability of wild type and a chiA mutant to exist in the lungs when injected into separate groups of animals. Once again, NU318 had a 4-fold deficiency (Fig. 3 A). In another trial, the reduced recoverability of the chiA mutant was found to be about one-half that of a type II mutant (Fig. 3 B). Taken together, these data indicate that ChiA, directly or indirectly, is required for optimal survival of L. pneumophila in the lung. That ChiA is expressed in vivo was confirmed by Western blot by using antisera from animals intratracheally inoculated with wild-type L. pneumophila (SI Fig. 7). ChiA is first type II effector to be implicated in L. pneumophila virulence, because no other effector mutant tested, including strains lacking acid phosphatase (map), lipases A and B (lipAB), lysophospholipase A (plaA), metalloprotease (proA), or phospholipase C (plcA), displayed a defect in the mice (SI Fig. 8). In sum, these data represent an indication that a protein having chitinase activity can promote survival of a pathogen in a mammalian host.
Our proteomic analysis identified 20 proteins that are substrates for type II secretion; i.e., they were in wild-type but not mutant supernatants, and their corresponding ORF had a signal sequence. These 20 are not, however, the complete set of type II substrates, for several reasons. First, five enzymes, lipases, phospholipases, and lysophospholipases that were previously defined as type II-dependent were not identified in this study. The reasons that these proteins and perhaps other type II effectors were not seen include low-level expression that precluded detection by Coomassie stain and degradation due to the processing of the sample or to the specific action of a secreted protease. Second, although we examined 42 spots, there are additional spots that we did not submit for MS analysis. Third, our samples were from bacteria grown under a single growth condition. Therefore, we suspect that L. pneumophila type II effectors number >25. Indeed, an in silico screen of the L. pneumophila genome revealed 254 proteins that both contain a signal peptide and are predicted by a combination of programs not to be in the cytoplasm, periplasm, or outer membrane or have a function clearly linked to the cell interior (SI Tables 2 and 3). Among these proteins, 60 were predicted to be extracellular by at least one program and 13 by two programs. Our proteomic analysis identified proteins belonging to this group as well as some proteins whose predicted location is unknown. We do not imagine that the output of the type II system is 254, but it is reasonable to think that the system can process 60 substrates. Even at 25, the experimentally defined catalog of L. pneumophila type II effectors (i.e., proteins/activities that are in wild-type but not mutant supernatants and whose ORF had a signal sequence) is the largest known in bacteria.
Our data increase our appreciation not only for the magnitude of the type II output but also for the types of proteins exported. First, we confirmed that a number of types of enzymes secreted by other bacterial type II systems are elaborated by L. pneumophila, including peptidases, lipolytic enzymes, cellulases, chitinases, and phosphatases (2). Second, we reaffirmed that L. pneumophila is unique in its secretion of a ribonuclease and gained the first indication of a type II-dependent amidase. Third, we documented that the secretome of L. pneumophila includes proteins that show their greatest similarity to eukaryotic proteins. We had previously reported that a secreted acid phosphatase of L. pneumophila has eukaryotic-like properties (12), and now we add a protein with collagen-like repeats and a protein related to a eukaryotic zinc metalloproteinase. Fourth, based on the type II dependency of IcmX and LvrE, we obtained an indication of a possible connection between types II and IV secretion. Our in silico analysis also revealed secreted proteins that are predicted to have known and novel types of activities, homology to eukaryotic factors, or a connection to type IV secretion (SI Tables 2 and 4). Fifth, and perhaps most significantly, we uncovered a number of secreted proteins that do not bear any similarity to known proteins, raising the possibility of there being novel effectors secreted by the type II system. From proteomic and in silico analysis, the type of proteins most represented are proteases/peptidases (Tables 1, 2, and 4), a finding consistent with the fact that amino acids are the main source of carbon and energy for broth-grown L. pneumophila (41). The legionellae may also be able to catabolize carbohydrate derivatives (42), and our list of putative Lsp exoproteins also includes proteins with predicted glycosidase activity (SI Tables 2 and 4), such as a eukaryotic-like glucoamylase. Paralogs of genes from the enhABC locus, including EnhC and LpnE, which promote invasion of macrophages (43–45), were found in our screen (SI Tables 2 and 4). Such a finding is compatible with the fact that, under some growth conditions, Lsp mutants exhibit a defect in amoebae and macrophage invasion (8) (O.R. and N.P.C., unpublished results). Based on both the number of proteins uncovered and the types of proteins detected, our analysis highlights more than ever the impact that type II secretion has on bacterial function.
One of the type II exoproteins was a chitinase. Chitin is an insoluble polymer consisting of alternating β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine residues and is the second most-abundant organic compound in nature after cellulose (46). It is prominently found in the cell walls of mold, fungi, and algae and is the major constituent of cuticles and exoskeletons of worms, mollusks, and arthropods (46). Chitinases, in turn, are present in plants, insects, crustaceans, bacteria (especially marine bacteria), protozoa, fish, animals, and humans (46–49). Bacterial chitinases are often involved in nutrient acquisition (50, 51). However, chitinases may also provide protection/advantage against invading or competing microorganisms that have chitin in their composition (52). Thus, it is quite plausible that ChiA is important for L. pneumophila to succeed in the environment. Although mutating chiA did not reduce replication in H. vermiformis trophozoites, ChiA may play a role in the usage or degradation of chitin in amoebal cysts (53). Beyond obviously acting upon other chitins in the environment, ChiA might act on peptidoglycan fragments that have similarity to chitin (54).
Our most striking observation is the reduced ability of the chitinase mutant to persist in the lung. As such, L. pneumophila ChiA is the first protein with chitinase activity to be implicated in infection of a mammalian host and a type II-dependent virulence factor of L. pneumophila. Because the chiA mutant grew normally in U937 cells, we believe that the role of ChiA is not simply associated with macrophage infection. Because the reduced recoverability of the mutant was not manifest in the first 24 h but rather at 72 h, we further suspect that ChiA most significantly promotes persistence vs. replication. At a molecular level, the infection defect could have several explanations. In one scenario, the effect of ChiA could be due to the protein's direct action on a host target. Because mammals do not have chitin, this leads to the hypothesis that there is a chitin-like substance in the lung whose degradation by ChiA aids bacterial persistence. Compatible with this hypothesis is the recent suggestion that O-GlcNAcylated proteins in eukaryotic cells can be acted on by chitinases/chitinase-like enzymes (55). Alternatively, ChiA might be a novel bifunctional enzyme that has another unidentified substrate, whose loss enhances bacterial survival. In a second scenario, the effect of ChiA is not directly due to a bacterial enzymatic activity but involves the host response to the protein; when ChiA is present, the host response is compromised sufficiently to allow progression to pneumonia, but when ChiA is absent, a more effective response is mounted. That chitinases can modulate host response is recently evident from studies of the asthmatic lung in which overexpression of mammalian chitinases contribute to pathogenesis by the recruitment of inflammatory cells (56). Incidentally, this type of observation may help explain the detrimental effect that overexpression of cloned chiA had on legionellae in the lung. Our observations have implications for the pathogenesis of other bacteria that elaborate chitinases, including E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio cholerae, and Vibrio vulnificus (57–60). The V. cholerae, V. vulnificus, and E. coli chitinases are type II-dependent (59–61), but they have not been assessed for a role in infection.
Another major implication of this study is that factors such as chitinases that are traditionally viewed as being relevant only in the environment may in fact have great importance in human and animal infection. In support of this view, a chitin-binding protein of V. cholerae was recently shown to promote attachment to intestinal epithelia (62). Thus, future investigations into pathogenic processes may well benefit from the inclusion of "environmental" enzymes such as chitinases and cellulases.
Materials and Methods
Strains, Growth Media, and Chemicals.
L. pneumophila 130b (ATCC BAA-74) was used as the wild type in this study. Its derivatives NU275, NU255, NU267, NU270, NU268, and AA200, which contain mutations in lspF, map, lipAB, plaA, plcA, and proA, respectively, were described before (6, 12–14, 17, 63). Legionellae were cultured at 37°C in buffered yeast extract broth or on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar (6). E. coli DH5α (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) was grown as before (64). Chemicals, unless otherwise noted, were from Sigma (St. Louis, MO.).
2DE Analysis and Protein Identification.
L. pneumophila were grown in 50 ml of broth to late-log phase, and supernatants were concentrated 100-fold as described (15). Samples were treated with the Ready Prep 2-D Cleanup Kit (BioRad, Hercules, CA) and subjected to 2DE (details are published as SI Supporting Text ). Protein spots were excised and submitted for identification to Stanford Mass Spectrometry Services (Stanford University, Stanford, CA). The MS/MS spectra were searched by MASCOT (Matrix Science, Boston, MA) by using the bacterial database NCBI-nr. Peptide mass tolerance was set at 2 Da, and fragment mass tolerance was set at 0.8 Da. Unambiguous matches were established by considering the number of peptides matched, the percentage of the ORF covered, and the agreement between the experimental and predicted masses and isoelectric points for the protein. Proteins containing signal peptides were identified by using SignalP (65). Further predictions concerning the cellular location of proteins were determined by using PSORTb (66, 67).
Genetic Techniques.
To construct and complement chitinase mutants, we used our standard cloning, allelic exchange, and transformation procedures (details are published as SI Supporting Text ). NU318 and NU319 are independent mutants, because they were derived from separate transformations. For complementation, chiA was cloned into pMMB2002 (6), yielding pchiA.
Detection of Chitinase Activity.
L. pneumophila supernatants and E. coli lysates were assayed for chitinase by monitoring the release of p-nitrophenol from the chromogenic substrates, p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine, p-nitrophenyl β-d-N,N′-diacetylchitobiose, and pNP-[GlcNAc]3, as described previously (39, 68). Briefly, filtered supernatants from late-log broth cultures of L. pneumophila and lysates from overnight cultures of E. coli were prepared as described previously (11). Then, 200 μl of supernatant or lysate was incubated in 600 μl of sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) containing 10 μg of substrate for 4 h at 37°C. The reaction was ended by the addition of 200 μl of sodium carbonate, and absorbance was measured at 410 nm. The ability of 50-μl samples of supernatants or lysates to degrade glycol chitin was measured on agarose plates containing 0.1% glycol chitin, as described (69, 70). Immunoblot detection of chitinase in recombinant E. coli was done as before, by using mouse sera from animals intratracheally inoculated with wild-type 130b (6).
Infection Assays.
H. vermiformis and U937 cells were infected with L. pneumophila, as described (4, 6). To assess in vivo growth, 6- to 8-week-old A/J mice (The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME) were inoculated intratracheally, and then the numbers of legionellae in lung homogenates were determined by plating (6). Animal experiments were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Northwestern University.
We thank Cianciotto laboratory members as well as Mark Strom for helpful discussions. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant AI43987 (to N.P.C.).
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: n-cianciotto{at}northwestern.edu
Author contributions: S.D. and N.P.C. designed research; S.D., J.D., M.S., and O.R. performed research; S.D., O.R., and N.P.C. analyzed data; and S.D., O.R., and N.P.C. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS direct submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0608279103/DC1.
- Abbreviations:
- Lsp,
- Legionella secretion pathway;
- pNP-[GlcNAc]3,
- p-nitrophenyl β-d-N,N′,N″ triacetyl chitotriose;
- 2D electrophoresis.
- © 2006 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA
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- Enthusiasm for innovative media technologies and the desire to consistently acquire new necessary knowledge
- Willingness and initiative
- High-quality awareness and professionalism
- Strong communication skills and confident appearance
We offer an exciting and challenging task in an international environment. The gross annual salary is at least € 42,000.00 and is determined individually with you according to your qualifications and experience.


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Monthly Archives: November 2011
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES CELEBRATES 40 YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE AND ACHIEVEMENTS by Professor Anton Caragea PhD, MA, FINS
United Arab Emirates are celebrating the 40-th anniversary of independence and is having a lot of things to be proud of.
In only 40 years United Arab Emirates had registered an impressive economic growth, a huge development in infrastructure and is now among the most developed country in the world. But the impressive development is not only contained to economic development or standard of living but also is based on a concerted effort in building a civil society and a strong democracy.
Among news successes of UAE we must count: involvement of women's in all political and governmental sectors, the equality of payment and treatment between men's and woman's and an inclusive political project that offers a strong voice to Federal National Council- the UAE Parliament in all country affairs. When 40 years ago Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan announced this visionary experiment uniting 7 emirates along a geopolitical destiny who would believe in such a glorious destiny. What was the secret of this astonishing experience?
The vision of Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan was an enduring one and based on the popular consensus and a geopolitical destiny appreciates prof.dr.Anton Caragea
A visionary leadership.
One of the secrets of United Arab Emirates astonishing development is a shared vision that unifies along time the leaders and the peoples. Never in these 40 years was this contact and shared vision between leaders and peoples severed. This bond, this mutual trust and cooperation that allows leaders of UAE to build in full confidence of the people approval is one of the secrets of this solid construction of United Arab Emirates.
The vision of Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan was an enduring one and based on this popular consensus and a geopolitical destiny. United Arab Emirates succeeded thanks to this vision to exploit in the benefit of the people the large reserves of gas and oil building a modern country and not spend it on military adventure as other states has done. Also the Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan vision enabled UAE to build a modern education and health system , one of the best in the region from a country with virtually no hospital and school only 40 years ago. The importance of education in UAE construction must not be overlooked, if today we have a successful experience of democracy building and open society this is based on sustained educational investment that offered to UAE citizens a vision of the world.
Finally the vision of late Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan is brilliantly continued by the President of UAE H.H. Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan efforts in constructing Abu Dhabi and UAE as a success story. The new vision includes the solar energy exploitation, the green energy revolution, constructing the first ever green city: Masdar and building UAE as a society of XXI century. In Dubai H.H. Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice-President of UAE also constructed a visionary project of attracting tourism and financial markets in an economic construction based on efficiency and rapid development. If one of the secrets of UAE success story is a continuous visionary and people connected leadership , we must also look at the history of this development and the geopolitical destiny of United Arab Emirates.
The vision of late Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan is brilliantly continued by the President of UAE H.H. Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan say`s prof.dr.Anton Caragea
UAE a country with a geopolitical destiny
In 1968 Great Britain announced his intention to evacuate the former Trucial states , as the Golf states area where known at that time. This decision spell problems for the region, in north the Iran of the Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi was looking forward for this moment to assert his authority on all the banks of the Golf , tacking under control the Golf and the vital energy supply line of this space.
No other formula was acceptable; any of the adjacent country that will have take under control the area will also enjoy a monopoly over the trade and energy route of the region. From the emirate of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan understood this geopolitical game and acted bravely. In 1971 uniting 7 emirates he proclaimed the United Arab Emirates (the initial plan included also Bahrain and Qatar but the negotiation has failed and only 7 emirates join Sheikh Zayed plan) an alliance destined to keep free the trade and energy supply area of the Golf . How difficult will be this task was clear from the first moment when the Shah of Iran send his army and occupied 3 island of the coast of the UAE. Despite this tense moment UAE survived and oil exploitation boosted the area.
An economic model under pressure?
Today controversial financial news are arriving from all over the world regarding financial crisis and difficulties but United Arab Emirates seems to have found the way out of the crisis into a new time of development and successes and this because we must never forget the strong fundaments of the UAE economy.
First off all UAE are enjoying a reserve of oil and gas lasting for at list 100 years from now, offering a steady income of more than 50 billion euro annually .This numbers could be misleading, the common perception is that UAE is depending on oil and gas but this perception is false, more than 64% of the GDP is offered by non-oil sectors. Long before the crisis hit the UAE decided to develop the non oil sectors like trade, finance, real estate, manufacturing and this sector survived to economic crisis offering to UAE the status of a country non-depending on natural reserves exports. Today UAE are enjoying in a crisis year a steady growth, investments are continuing to come and a massive financial reserve makes a stable currency and a low inflation economy.
This economic model is not under question, UAE are still on growth and on geopolitical climate of the region investing here is still a wise move.
H.H. Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice-President of UAE also constructed a visionary project of attracting tourism and financial markets to UAE economy
Energy revolution.
This economic model could not be understood if we not see the UAE participation in a new energy revolution. Rich in oil and gas UAE is not forgetting that this wealth will eventually ceased to exist or will become to expensive to exploit or to ecological detrimental, so they choose to invest in solar energy. With 365 day a year with clear sky the UAE could not only suffices his one energy demands but also be a world suppliers of green energy and technology. Investing in projects like Masdar City, a city that will supply 100% percent of the necessary energy from green sources UAE is proving that there is life after fossil energy. Investing in this energy of the future not only will assure UAE energy demand but also will be an important part of the economic growth , already in Germany an important solar plant property of UAE is launching a bid to make green energy for European Union.
Gulf Cooperation Council – a body with a geopolitical mission.
In 1971 Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan already wanted an inclusive state, but this option could not be put into life at that time . Today this vision is alive by the creation of Golf Cooperation Council ( GCC) uniting the Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia , Qatar and Oman. Today GCC is assuring the survival of the mission of keeping open for trade and energy supplies the waters of the Golf . The efficacy of GCC was proven in the Iraq-Iran war in the eighties and in Iraq –West tension after the 1991 Gulf War.
United Arab Emirates not only constructed a powerful and modern navy able to keep open the waters and make safe the supplies but also became the symbol of a strong allied of the western democracy , capable to support democracy building mission, peace keeping activities and investing in reconstruction projects in war torn countries. Sheikh Khalifa bin Sultan Al Nahyan (the son of deceased Sheikh Zayed and the continuator of his vision) declared that the geopolitical mission of UAE is to promote a unity of the Golf area and his example is an example of hope: unity is a conviction and a belief.
Now after 40 year from the UAE independence proclamation, in what it was at that time a small city: Abu Dhabi, the world is having a positive model. A powerful economy, a unity of 7 emirates without tensions or conflicts, a political balanced system of federal states and of unify governments, a balance of democracy, efficiency, respect for Islam and open society in a delicate area.
We have an example of a Golf state that is building a future society and we have the proof that oil is not necessary a curse (as many can believe) if we can build on it and we not make it the only reason for life. Oil is just a mean to an end.
United Arab Emirates are just teaching us this lesson.
KAZAKHSTAN: 20 YEARS OF FULFILLED PROMISES say`s Professor Anton Caragea – European Council on International Relations President
The Presidium of International Academic Conference on Kazakhstan : Presidents of Romania : Emil Constantinescu and Ion Iliescu , H.E. Kairat Aman -Kazakhstan Charge d`affairs , prof.Dr. Anton Caragea-President of European Council on International Relations , prof.dr. Viorel Lefter, prof.dr. Mircea Constantinescu , Deputy Catalin Nechifor
On 15 November 2011 Bucharest, capital of Romania, hosted the International Academic Conference: KAZAKHSTAN 20 YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE. PEACE AND CONSTRUCTION. The Conference was hosted and organized by the European Council on International Relations and Kazakhstan Diplomatic Mission in Romania and had enjoyed the presence of President of Romania Mr. Ion Iliescu and President of Romania Mr. Emil Constantinescu , representatives of Romanian Parliament, Romanian Government and European Union academics etc.
Professor dr. Anton Caragea -President of European Council on International Relations.
The conference was opened by Professor Dr. Anton Caragea- President of European Council on International Relations who presented the speech: KAZAKHSTAN – 20 YEARS OF FULFILLED PROMISES, outlining the transformation of Kazakhstan from an energy dependent country into a world energy supplier, a powerful state, with consolidated democracy, market economy, social development and exporter of stability in Central Asia region.
H.E. Kairat Aman – Charge d`affairs of Kazakhstan speaking at : KAZAKHSTAN 20 YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE
The speech of Professor Anton Caragea was fallowed by welcoming remarks of H.E. Kairat Aman , Charge d`Affairs of Kazakhstan Mission, who presented the astonishing accomplishments of Kazakhstan in reaching economic development , social and cultural enlightenment of his population and constructing a powerful democracy based on people consensus .
President Emil Constantinescu of Romania ( 1996-2000) praising Kazakhstan consolidated democracy.
Professor Dr. Emil Constantinescu, President of Romania (1996-2000), presented a report entitled: KAZAKHSTAN 20 YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE. 20 YEARS OF DEMOCRATIC CONSTRUCTION, emphasizing the democratic credential of Kazakhstan , the success of holding free and fair elections, constructing a powerful civil society at the highest democratic standards.
President of Romania Ion Iliescu ( 1990-1996; 2000-2004 ) speaking about Kazakhstan and world economy.
Mr. Ion Iliescu, President of Romania (1990-1996; 2000-2004), had presented a report titled: KAZAKHSTAN AND WORLD ECONOMY GLOBALIZATION. The report is pressing on the impressive successes of Kazakhstan in the last 20 years: reconstructing Silk Road in transport and energy supplies lines, in promoting regional economic cooperation and in developing social and cultural status of people of Kazakhstan.
President Nursultan Nazarbaev has constructing a powerful and successful Kazakhstan, that everybody could be proud, concluded President Ion Iliescu.
Member of Romanian Parliament : Catalin Nechifor prizing Kazakhstan as a bridge between Europe and Asia.
The other speeches where held by Catalin Nechifor , member of Romanian Parliament and Vice-President of Romania –Kazakhstan Friendship Parliamentary Group and by Dr. Mircea Constantinescu- Director of European Diplomatic Academy of European Council on International Relations. The two key note speeches had reflected the astonishing successes of Kazakhstan latest 20 years of independence : democracy, development , high standard of living , security and promoting international cooperation via international organization presided by Kazakhstan such as: Organization of Security and Cooperation in Europe (2010) and Organization of Islamic Conference (2011).
First chair line: H.E. Ambassador of Nigeria – Mba Ama Mba , H.E. Ambassador of State of Palestine Ahmad Aqel , H.E. Ambassador of United Arab Emirates – Yacoub Yousef Al Hosani , H.E. Ambassador of Macedonia – Ljupco Arsovski
Second chair line: H.E. Ambassador of Sudan – Yasir Abdelsalam Ahmed
The impressive academic manifestation had enjoyed a large presence of Diplomatic Corp accredited in EuropeanUnion and Romania, mass media organizations and over 500 academics from Institute of International Relations and Economic Cooperation , Romanian Academy of Sciences , European Council on International Relations , Romanian Academy of Economic Science, European Diplomatic Academy etc.
The most outstanding representatives of Diplomatic Corp accredited to Romania.
The International Academic Conference: KAZAKHSTAN 20 YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE. PEACE AND CONSTRUCTION was the most important conference dedicated to Kazakhstan Independence celebration in European Union and was an example of the interest generated by Kazakhstan on world stage and of brotherly relations between European Union, Romania and Kazakhstan.
Professor dr. Anton Caragea presiding over European Council on International Relations – European Diplomatic Academy saluted 20 Years of independence of Kazakhstan
Discussion before the conference .
Friends of European Union and Kazakhstan. Ambassadors presents on the venue of the International Conference on Kazakhstan 20 years of independence.
Ambassadors taking part on Kazakhstan 20 years of independence International Academic Conference.


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This direct-fit, bolt-on Flex-a-lite® dual electric fan system for '00-'06 Toyota Tundra replaces the stock belt-driven fan assembly for improved performance and better fuel economy. This system features dual 13 1/2-inch electric fans in a rugged shroud. Controls not included.
- Direct-fit, bolt-on design
- Up to 4,600 cfm of airflow
- Improved horsepower
- Better fuel economy


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Alice is a feminine post-op bra with integrated support zones for the best surgical result. It is fully openable, allowing easy examination.
The Alice bra is designed for the time following a surgical procedure to the breast, when the skin is tender, sensitive and where support and comfort are recommended.
The bra contributes to wound healing and protection of the surgical site, reducing the risk of edema and post-surgical complications.
With the hook-and-eye front opening and openable shoulder straps, it is easy to apply the bra and adjust the level of support for both health care professionals and user, and it allows easy examination of the surgical site.
The bra has wide, adjustable shoulder straps for optimum support and comfort.
The 100% seamless knitting increases comfort for the user and prevents pressure points and tissue irritation, resulting in maximum skin-friendliness.
Medical device for post-surgical use after breast surgery. Mainly suitable for small to medium sized breasts.
91% Polyamide, 9% Elastane
Support / compression zones
Skin friendly and comfortable to wear, as there is no moisture build-up
|4-way stretch
The material will adjust naturally along with the wearer's body contours. Extremely important due to post-surgical swelling and deswelling.
For maximum skin friendliness. Prevents pressure marks, as well as irritation of skin and tissue.
|Fully openable
For easy application and post-op inspection of wounds.
|Latex free
To prevent skin irritation. Safe for patient and caregiver.


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A new initiative has been launched to advance teaching quality in academic veterinary medicine.
The University of Florida (UF) College of Veterinary Medicine has formed the Southeast Veterinary Educational Consortium to help encourage collaboration among working veterinarians and teachers at veterinary colleges in the eastern U.S.
"We have excellent instructors, but the veterinary program has so many facets as to what is required of teachers," said Juan Samper, DVM, the college's associate dean for academic and student affairs.
"It's different to teach in the classroom than in clinics, as it's different to teach residents than it is to teach veterinary students. There are lots of levels of teaching and we need to address this and make sure we excel in all these facets."
Joining UF as participants in the consortium will be the Virginia-Maryland (VA-MD) Regional College of Veterinary Medicine and the veterinary medicine colleges at North Carolina State (NC State) University, Lincoln Memorial University (LMU), the University of Georgia (UGA), and the University of Tennessee (UTK).
The consortium's member institutions will collaborate to develop, evaluate, implement, and share best practices in veterinary medical education and promote excellence in education at their different institutions.
"We veterinarians don't get taught how to teach," Dr. Samper said.
"We come in trying to emulate the great teachers we had, but in these changing times, technology is affecting the way we do things. The newer generations have a different way of learning, and we need to think about how we as educators adapt to these different learning styles."


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Choosing the right kind of health insurance is really important for you, your family and your business. When you have the right health insurance teamed up for you, you will be able to maintain great lifestyle and business. A set back of high charges on health would not make you fall apart or crumble down under pressure. It is vital that all of us pay attention to the kind of health insurance choices we are making. Everything from accident coverage to covering the health insurance charges for the employees of your business, make a great impact on the overall state of your business and home life. When a small company signs up for health insurance plan there comes to be plenty to be done and the employees benefit a lot from this. In fact the whole business benefits quite a lot from this. But for small businesses it can be quite a challenge. However if you know where to look out for the right things, this becomes no problem at all.
Owning and operating from small time businesses can be greater. Most home bases businesses don't have employees but for other business set ups this can be both important as well as a challenge. Individual businesses which are looking for health insurance can join a group. There you will get the right kind of motivation and association to apply for health insurance benefits. You don't have to take all the charges as you apply with others like you. It works like a community and if you pay your insurance fees in time, you enjoy great benefits in the long run that you might not have been able to imagine.
If you are applying insurance as a single person even there are different plans that you might like to consider. You will get free quotes from companies just by showing your interest to them. You will know that there are plenty of plans out there in the market and choosing the right one for you requires some considered assessment. A proper insurance agent will surely be able to fix these problems for you but you have to be open enough to understand the differences. Company representatives will only boast about the good things in their company and so you will have to do the discerning job of weaning out what will really suit your condition. They can more than just guide you. So don't be really obliged to them for bringing you the best deals. Today online researches on different insurance premiums and plans can be done easily. Many independent sites host different people's opinions without any ulterior motives to represent a particular company. You can check out such communities which can be eye opening experience for you, spotting some special discounts deal could also be possible.
Your existing insurer would at least be able to suggest you and inform you about latest plans and about the ones that are taking a high place in the market now. Little known discounts are also made clear by them. You could possibly be taking the initial leads from there. You could also go over the various perspectives as detailed by different insurers in order to have wide varieties of points of views. You will be surprised at the benefits you would be making with the abundance of choices that there are.


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GuavaPass vs ClassPass: Which one is the best?
Fitness fanatics are spoiled for choice with both ClassPass and GuavaPass offering a plethora of workout options. But what's the difference? Ahlan! tried both...
Working out can be tedious, let's not beat around the bush. Even more so when you have to do it alone in a gym without a personal trainer. Also, personal trainers cost an arm and a leg these days, making the service a luxury that not everyone can afford. So, it's no surprise that group exercising has become increasingly popular. Small group classes focus on specific activities or parts of the body and are taught by experienced in-class instructors. Best of all, classes are more fun, more social, and tend to push you to train harder. And they won't break the bank!
In recent years, the popularity of these group classes led to the launch of fitness apps like GuavaPass, which allows its subscribers to enjoy a variety of classes at different gyms and studios. And just a few weeks ago, ClassPass came bursting onto the scene. With fitness fanatics torn between the two, Ahlan! decided to sign up to both and see what the difference is.
For many of us, price is key, so this factor is perhaps the most important. GuavaPass prices start at Dhs251 for four classes, but serious gym-goers will want to opt for the Dhs359 package (per month, for a minimum of three months), which allows them unlimited classes.
ClassPass works on a different system, with only two price points. Different classes have different credit values. The Dhs229 package will earn you five to seven classes per month, while the Dhs399 package will earn 20 to 31 classes every month.
Verdict: ClassPass is a tad more expensive, and while it's also not unlimited like GuavaPass, you can still train almost every day. But GuavaPass wins this round by Dhs40.
GuavaPass is simple. You either buy a certain number of classes, or your unlimited package allows you to book whatever classes you want to go to. Here's the problem though: GuavaPass only allows you to train at the same studio or gym three times in one month, which can be annoying when you've found a place you really like.
With ClassPass, on the other hand, classes are worth tokens. General classes start from about six tokens, while watersports like paddle boarding are approximately 13 tokens. Truth be told, if you have 200 tokens a month, this barely makes a dent. And unlike GuavaPass, you can return to your favourite gym or studio time and time again. Your tokens, your choice.
Verdict: Based purely on the three strikes policy that GuavaPass operates, ClassPass wins. You can plan your week and month accordingly, not having to worry about how many times you've visited a certain gym. For instance, we have found two different classes at Fit23 that we like to attend every week. With GuavaPass, that's not a possibility.
GuavaPass is available in both Dubai and Abu Dhabi. There are 120 studios and gyms currently collaborating with GuavaPass in Dubai, while in Abu Dhabi there are 60. In fact, you can even use your GuavaPass app in Bahrain, Bangkok, Beijing, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Mumbai, Shanghai and Singapore.
Newbie ClassPass is sadly not available in Abu Dhabi, but it has already accumulated partnerships with more than 145 studios and gyms in Dubai. At this point, it is also available in more than 65 cities worldwide, which is great for people who travel frequently.
Currently, you will find that some gyms and studios appear on both apps, but not many. We love some studios that are exclusive to GuavaPass (shout out to NRG Fitness and UFC JBR), and some that are exclusive to ClassPass (heeeey Tribe Fit). We're pretty torn.
Verdict: It's a tie, because although ClassPass has more options in Dubai, Abu Dhabi lives matter. To tell the truth, we signed up to both apps at the same time, and completed six classes on each in three weeks.
The penalties for both apps are the same. If you cancel a class within 12 hours of its start time, you have to pay a Dhs40 fine. If you're a no-show, you get charged Dhs50. And it's important to be punctual. We arrived 15 minutes late to a ClassPass class at Tribe Fit due to severe Media City traffic and got fined Dhs50, which made us sad.
Verdict: A tie! The penalties make it more difficult to cancel, but life happens and things change. We think both apps should look again at these 12-hour cancellation periods. A lot can happen in 12 hours that is out of our control.
Everyone has an off-phase when it comes to working out, whether it's due to illness, travel or pure laziness. Both apps allow you to pause your subscription. GuavaPass allows you to pause your account easily on the app, while ClassPass requires you to pause by chatting to ClassPass customer service. You can then resume your subscription when you're ready to train again.
Verdict: It's a close call, but we'll have to give this one to GuavaPass for making the pausing process a little easier.
INFO: Download ClassPass and GuavaPass from your favourite app store, get signed up and choose your price package. Then start training. It's as simple as that.


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Statoil and its project partners will invest £450million in the further development of the Snøhvit field in the Barents Sea.
The nearby Askeladd well will be developed and tied back to existing Snøhvit field infrastructure.
Askeladd will consist of an initial three wells and will supply 21 billion cubic metres of gas and two million cubic metres of condensate to Hammerfest LNG.
Production is scheduled to come on stream towards the end of 2020.
Torger Rød, Statoil's senior vice president for project development, said: "This is the next step in the development of Snøhvit. Askeladd will help maintain a plateau production rate at the Hammerfest LNG plant until 2023 and is a profitable investment that will help secure jobs and ripple effects in the region.
"The Snøhvit licence contains enough gas to maintain production beyond 2050, and Hammerfest LNG will provide jobs for many years to come," says Per Henry Gonsholt, acting production director at Hammerfest LNG. More than 400 people are currently working at the plant.
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Hydrasun awarded Repsol Sinopec contract worth up to £2million


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Aaron Knodle Hired as Director of Choral Activities at Southwestern College
Southwestern College has announced that Aaron Knodle will be its new director of choral activities and voice professor.
"Aaron Knodle brings the energy, credentials, and skills to take the choral program from where Dr. Brian Winnie has built it over the past four years and move it forward in artistry and viability," says Tim Shook, SC's division chair for performing arts. "Knodle understands the choral program in the liberal arts setting."
Knodle earned a bachelor of music in organ performance and a bachelor of arts in music education from Luther College, as well as a master's degree in choral conducting from Boston University. His conducting influences are Ann Howard Jones from Boston University and Earl Rivers from Cincinnati Conservatory of Music. He will complete his DMA in choral conducting from the University of Cincinnati - College Conservatory of Music in December.
Knodle has been active as both a conductor and accompanist in the years leading up to this appointment. As he completes his doctoral degree he has been assistant conductor at the University of Cincinnati - College Conservatory of Music, sharing in the conducting duties of the chamber choir. He has been music director for five annual musical theatre performances at the Starlight Playhouse (Camp Starlight), and was music director at the Dance Gallery of South Dakota Musical Theatre Department. He is currently director of music at Immanuel Presbyterian Church in Cincinnati, and accompanist of the Cincinnati Children's Choir.


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Strong partners in southern Germany
Bremen's ports pay a visit to Munich
Roughly one fifth of the container traffic that leaves Germany via Bremen comes from Bavaria, which means that the country's southernmost state is the most important market for the ports of Bremen. What's more, it boasts an ideal modal split, as 9 out of 10 containers arrive at the ports of Bremen on rail.
These figures were presented by bremenports Managing Director Robert Howe at the Logistics Talk, an event which the port management company hosted in Munich for its Bavarian customers.
During a panel discussion, Howe pointed out that Bremen accounted for a market share of 36 per cent of the container hinterland traffic between Bavaria and the North Range ports. Howe stated, "Every week there are ten direct services to Bremen and Bremerhaven from the Bavarian rail terminals in Regensburg, Augsburg, Munich and Nuremberg. This clearly shows the enormous importance of the seaports in Bremen and Bremerhaven for the Bavarian economy."
The figures for automobile transport underline these close connections: more than a quarter of the vehicles shipped via Bremen come from the Bavarian automobile plants in Munich and Ingolstadt. Demand from Bavaria also plays a significant role in the automobile import sector. Again, around 90 per cent of the total automobile transports are handled by rail.
"For Bremen's government, port development remains a top priority," comments Tim Cordssen, State Councillor for Science and Ports, who attended the event in Munich on behalf of the Senate. Cordssen informed the audience about several major investment projects that were currently at the preparatory stage. The entrance to the fishing port will be relocated following construction of the new mole at the north of the harbour, enabling its economic potential to be exploited more efficiently. Investments in Columbuskaje in Bremerhaven will also create better conditions for the cruise shipping business and on completion of the western quay at Kaiserhafen 3 next spring, there will be a significant improvement in the situation for the shipyards in Bremerhaven, added Cordssen.
The Logistics Talk in Munich was the tenth event organised by the ports of Bremen for its customers this year. This series of events attracted around 1000 visitors this year alone.


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The barcode which needs to appear on your album basically represents a unique number – which has never been registered to any other product, anywhere in the world – and is therefore able to identify your specific CD. The black and white lines of the barcode are what are read by the scanner when someone purchases your album at the shop's till. This allows the retailer's system to do three things simultaneously:
- Charge the customer the correct price
- Credit you with a sale; and
- Update the store's inventory so that they know when they need to order more CD's from you
As you can see this streamlines the entire process both for you and for the retailer, and saves a great deal of time. So how do you go about buying a barcode for your CD in South Africa? Well thankfully you need look no further than SA Barcodes. All we need from you is the name you want to register your unique barcode to – this can be your personal name, or the name of your band or group; and a contact email where your barcode package can be sent.
We will then send you what is called a 'barcode package'. This contains:
- A certificate of registration. This is a legally binding document which proves you are the sole owner of the specific barcode number you have purchased.
- A spreadsheet and PDF document which contains the unique number you have bought for your CD
- High resolution images of the barcodes themselves. This we provide to you in JPEG, Tiff, and EPS (Photoshop) formats, so that your designers can use whichever format suits their software best.
We can also supply your designer with a sizing template, allowing them to rescale the barcode image itself to suit the space available on your CD cover without making the barcode unreadable.
As you can see the process is really not that daunting at all – but if you have any questions at all please don't hesitate to get in touch with us!


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Summer may be on the downswing, but you wouldn't know that looking at Fairfax County's event calendar. Before the kids head back to school and the warm weather turns crisp, check out some of the reasons that August is a prime time for visiting and exploring Fairfax County.
Holidays and Month-Long Celebrations
August is a popular month for celebrating different passions, from local foods to craft beer to your golf swing. Here are a few interests you might want to embrace this month.
National Farmers Market Week
National Farmers Market Week runs from Sunday, August 4 through Saturday, August 10, 2019. Bring your family and friends out to one of the participating farmers markets for games, kid's activities, a free gift basket drawing, and cooking demonstrations by local chefs. The schedule for participating Fairfax County markets is as follows:
- August 4, 9am - 1pm: Lorton Farmers Market
- August 8, 8am - 12pm: Annandale Farmers Market
- August 9, 8am - 12pm: McLean Farmers Market
Find more information and a vendor list online or by calling 703-642-0128.
DC Restaurant Week
Image courtesy Founding Farmers Reston
Twice a year, the DMV area highlights some of the top restaurants in the region. DC Restaurant Week returns from August 10 through August 17 featuring many fabulous Fairfax County dining spots. Get the full list of participating restaurants here.
National Golf Month
Image courtesy Golf Fairfax
August is also National Golf Month. Here are 10 ways you can celebrate, thanks to Golf Fairfax.
Virginia Craft Beer Month
Fairfax County Breweries are a great place to celebrate this tasty month - and to celebrate the amazing men and women who craft such divine local beverages. Be on the lookout this month for the brand new version of the Fairfax County Field Guide -- this version will lead you to exclusive event deals and incentives from our participating breweries.
Summer of LOVE Tour
Image courtesy Kelsey Seipp
Our Summer of LOVE Tour is coming to an end this month, but you can still snap your photos with the iconic Virginia LOVE letters at two locations this month. See it at Frying Pan Farm Park from August 1 - 4 (during the ever-popular 4-H Fair & Festival) and then at its permanent location, the Workhouse Arts Center, from August 5 onwards. See a gallery of where the sign has been so far and share your pics with us on social media using #FXVA and #LoveVA.
Cirque du Soleil presents VOLTA
Don't miss the latest production by Cirque du Soleil while it is in town under the Big Top at Tysons II. VOLTA is a captivating voyage of discovery that showcases never-before-seen under the Big Top acrobatics in a visually striking world and is a story of finding yourself and of transformation. The show runs through September 29.
Special Events This August
There are so many unique events and annual festivals happening this month, it was tough to narrow down. Here is a sampling of some not-to-miss August fun. Check our full event calendar for even more great ideas.
4-H Fair & Festival
August 1 - 4, 2019
Frying Pan Farm Park
|Cardboard Boat Regatta
August 10, 2019
Lake Anne Plaza
Workhouse Mural Project and Festival
August 3, 2019
Workhouse Arts Center
|Purple Heart Commemoration
August 10, 2019
George Washington's Mount Vernon
Civil War Weekend
August 3 - 4, 2019
The Winery at Bull Run
|Perseids Meteor Shower Kayak Tour
August 12, 2019
Fountainhead Regional Park
August 3 - 4, 2019
Dulles Expo Center
Fairfax Comic Con
August 24 - 25, 2019
Dulles Expo Center
Image courtesy Wolf Trap
Plus, as Wolf Trap nears the end of its summer season, there are a number of heavy hitters about to grace the Filene Center stage. As these are big draws, be sure to check ticket availability before heading out. And if you miss these shows, fret not - The Barns at Wolf Trap just released its fall/spring schedule and it's another great season of music at this iconic venue.
- Ringo Starr and his All-Star Band, August 10
- Tony Bennett, August 17
- Lenny Kravitz, August 21
- The Beach Boys, August 25
- Sting, August 26-28
What are you most looking forward to during these dog days of summer? Tell us in the comments below or join the conversation on social media using #FXVA and @VisitFairfax.


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Clarkston web design: find web designers, firms and companies in Clarkston, MI.Web designers directory -> Michigan web designers -> Clarkston web designers
4 web designers found:
Company info
gold listings block
11h-fire( website )
11h-fire is a web design company that offers custom designs built from the ground up to your specifications. Other services include web and email hosting, print design, and computer consulting.
- Phone:
- 1-877-584-6086
- Address:
- PO Box 1345, Clarkston, MI 48348
- Services:
- Business cards design services, Brochure design services, Graphic design services, Logo design services, Web design services
CWS Website Design and Marketing( website )
CWS Website Design and Marketing is a company dedicated to providing you with the edge you need to successfully have your website developed, marketed and maintained properly. We provide Nationwide Service!
- Phone:
- 310-295-7867
- Address:
- Deer Park Trail, Clarkston, MI 48346
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bronze listings block
WorldWise is a web design, web hosting and web marketing firm. WorldWise also owns a print company and several business directories.
- Services:
- Small business web design services, Ecommerce web design services, Multimedia design services, Flash design services, Brochure design services ...
Fused Fiber LLC
Fused Fiber LLC provides quality affordable web design and development services. We have designed web sites for thousands of happy customers. We will create you a website that you can be proud to show your customers, friends, and colleagues. Call us today
- Services:
- Small business web design services, Ecommerce web design services, Multimedia design services, Illustration services, Graphic design services ...
Web designers -> Michigan web design firms -> Clarkston web design firms
Web design prices and quotes:Web design quote request
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Top locations:Web design firms by state | Web design firms by top county | Web design firms by top city | Michigan web design firms by county | Michigan web design firms by city
Web design firms by top Michigan cities:Detroit | Grand Rapids | Flint | Lansing | Ann Arbor | Kalamazoo | Saginaw | Warren | Muskegon | Sterling Heights | Jackson | Livonia | Dearborn | Clinton Township | Ypsilanti
Web design firms by top US cities:Chicago | Houston | Brooklyn | Los Angeles | Miami | New York | Philadelphia | Bronx | San Antonio | Dallas
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© 20062020 AnVision LTD. All rights reserved.
© 20062020 AnVision LTD. All rights reserved.


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I'm pretty sure I wasn't the only thinking this because then Apple would have never gained so much popularity and hype. Its 2013 now and people have higher expectations and have a larger desire now a days. Apple is still in the mindset that making minor improvements to the hardware and OS is enough to please their customers and https://www.torontotempest.ca think that the popularity they have earned is going to last for a long time.
"It's less about trying to keep them out and more about being able to hunt them down and limit the damage that they're able to do," CrowdStrike CEO George Kutz told IT Pro recently. "You want to make it really costly for them to get in and you want to be able https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Vuitton to identify them very quickly and eradicate them from the network."
Haitian ZombiesZombies are common in Haitian stories and folklore. Researchers studying Haitian culture have related countless tales of bodies brought back to life by bokor, or sorcerers. These zombies lv favorite
are mindless slaves. They are not self aware and are not particularly dangerous unless fed salt, which restores their senses. These stories lv favorite damier
are widespread and similar lv sunglasses mens
to urban legends they prey on the listener's deepest fears and seem believable in spite of their improbability.
The primary site to look at the games on the web is ESPN's newest channel. A few months ago, ESPN 3 debuted on the Web, and possesses already streamed many sports entertainment broadcast by the main network. For most of the tournament, Internet users can see World Cup live streaming action on ESPN 3, but only for your 54 games that ESPN and ESPN 2 covers.
What is wealth? The word can quickly trigger images of money, cars, savings and bonds, and whatever else can be accumulated with currency. But how often does the word pop into someone mind when thinking about the meaning of wealth? These two words do rhyme, and that is often the extent of the similarities seen between them. But health is wealth!
As Egypt confronts another hinge moment in its millenniums old history, a journey down the Nile reveals some of the reasons https://www.torontotempest.ca why political unrest once again engulfs the streets of this country and what challenges any government that ultimately emerges however democratic will have to face. Decades of government neglect and more recent failings since the 2011 uprising have left the economy and some of the stanchions of Egyptian society in disrepair: Schools are struggling, railways are crumbling, and social strife is rising as discrimination and sectarian violence grow.


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Ship Simulator Experience for Two Adults and Two Children 11882328
Location: Fareham - Hampshire
For 4 people
Valid for 10 months
Best Price Guarantee
Can you solve an unsolvable situation? Embrace the challenge of a puzzling ship simulator experience in Fareham. This simulator was once used to train real-world naval professionals and offers a realistic experience for the whole family to enjoy together. Retrace the steps of genuine incidents, which were previously faced by captains in the real world. Work together as quickly as you can against the clock and prepare for a bumpy ride! Use team work skills to figure out and solve the problem. Attempt to get out of this tense, deep water situation as you work as a unit to try to find a solution in time. Prove you have what it takes to take on the challenges of the high seas!
What's included?
- A challenging one hour ship simulator experience for two children and two adults
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One Night Escape with Breakfast and Unlimited Golf For Two at Rodway Hill


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Monterey Peninsula CollegeHome Menu
IT Surveys
Each Spring the Information Technology department releases their annual survey to receive feedback from the campus (faculty and staff) on the performance and services they provide. The survey is open for approximately 1 month to ensure all have an opportunity to provide their feedback and comments. Quantitative and qualitative data from the survey is compiled and published on the MPC public website. Feedback and comments from constituents are used to guide the department in project implementations and improvements of service. Below please find links to summary pages for survey results for the past 3 years.


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Baidu (NASDAQ:BIDU) reported its fourth quarter and full-year results on February 21. The company beat consensus revenue and EPS estimates. As indicated by an internal memo in January, Baidu crossed RMB 100 billion in revenue for 2018 with total revenue coming in RMB 102.7 billion ($14.9 billion, +28% y-o-y), with 856K active online marketing customers (+10% y-o-y). While other revenue grew 86% to $3 billion driven by iQIYI, content costs grew 75% to $3.42 billion, also driven by iQIYI.
Our interactive dashboard on Baidu's Price Estimate outlines our forecasts and estimates for the company. You can modify any of the key drivers to visualize the impact of changes on its valuation, and see all of our technology company data here.
- Can Baidu End 2019 On A Strong Note?
- What Are Baidu's Key Sources of Revenues?
- Baidu's Core Advertising Segment Contributes 30%, 50% or 70% Of Its Stock?
- iQiyi's Swelling Revenue Share Will Drive Baidu's Stock Over Coming Years
- Baidu's Shares Look Very Undervalued Despite Expected Revenue Headwinds
- What To Watch For In Baidu's Q1 Earnings
Key takeaways from the quarter are below:
- Search and Feed: Baidu App's daily active users (DAUs) grew 24% year-on-year to 161 million (+24% y-o-y), Baijiahao – Baidu feed's content network – grew to 1.9 million. Meanwhile, BaiduSmart Mini Program monthly active users (MAUs) grew to 147 million (+30% y-o-y), while Haokan (short video) and Quanmin (flash video) DAUs reached 19 million and 4 million, respectively.
- DuerOS: The installed base for DuerOS crossed 200 million (+45% q-o-q), while registering 1.6 billion voice queries.
- Apollo: The company's self-driving project has been granted over 50 licenses for open road testing in some of China's major cities. Apollo has also secured 135 OEMs as partners.
- Cloud and Others: On the eve of the Chinese New Year, Baidu's cloud handled over 20 billion interactions with a peak of 10 million hits per second. The company continues to see widespread adoption of its AI tool kit and also has been expanding in local cities for newer initiatives of blockchain-based implementations.
- iQIYI: User base grew to 87.4 million (up 36.6 million) and also launched a hybrid OTT TV box with Sichuan Cable TV.
- Q1 Guidance: Management expects Q1 revenues to range between $3.42-3.60 billion (+12-18% y-o-y).
Baidu's results look fairly strong in light of the expected weakness due to the ongoing U.S.-China trade disputes. Further, we note that Baidu is maintaining its leadership position in search while also moving towards profitability in its digital content (capital intensive) business. Additionally, the developments at Apollo point toward sustained headway in commercializing the company's self-driving technologies. Coupled with management's vision on ramping up AI across the portfolio of Baidu's offerings, this hints towards significant upside if these endeavors come to fruition.
Do not agree with our forecast? Create your own price forecast for Baidu by changing the base inputs (blue dots) on our interactive dashboard.
Like our charts? Explore example interactive dashboards and create your own.


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I watched "The Matrix" on Netflix the other day because I've only seen it 20 times or so since it came out. I find the wealth of options that streaming services offer anxiety-inducing. Call it a 20th anniversary viewing.
The sequels were dreck. I rewatched them about two years ago during an abortive suicide attempt. They couldn't kill me, only make me wish I was dead for nearly five hours.
Anyway, the original is great, even if the story is completely absurd. Why didn't the Machines just flush Keanu Reeves' body down the toilet when they knew the rebels really wanted to get their hands on him? It's not like they didn't know exactly where he was.
Answer: Because then we'd only have a 20-minute-long movie about a computer nerd with no life and a woman named Trinity who dresses like a Bulgarian mafioso and can kick ass in slow motion.
It seems the evil agents spent an inordinate amount of time fighting cyberpunky rebels with pince-nez sunglasses, black leather trench coats and hip (for 1999) names like Cipher and Apoc.
Question: Do you think if they made "The Matrix" today, it would have a minor character named Vape and another named 5G?
If the Machines really wanted to keep humanity pacified in perpetuity, they should have just convinced people in the simulation that they were the perfect being — lazy, surly yet ultimately indifferent to your presence.
I'm talking, of course, about cats.
The Matrix would be just a two-bedroom apartment with a bay window. Bay windows are like widescreen TVs for cats. The Matrix could play squirrels frolicking and birds chirping on an endless loop. The Machines could power themselves forever, and people would stare out the window for a minute before losing interest and sleeping 22 hours.
Upon entering the Matrix, the Rebels would promptly get bored, ignore the evil agents, chew on their hind feet for a bit and settle in for a nice nap. It would be utopia. I'd willfully give my body over for that.
I'd like to think Hugo Weaving, the memorably sinister Agent Smith, would have delivered a performance just as gloriously unsettling as a guy who lives in an apartment and owns too many cats.
"I'm going to enjoy watching you die, Mr. Pickles," he would say to his grey and black tabby as it gave him that "you're an asshole" look from the other side of the room that all cats love to give. "I'm just kidding, Agent Smith loves Mr. Pickles. Yes, he does."
There is a throw-away line in the movie that humans have to be miserable otherwise the simulation wouldn't work. To that, I offer this translation of my cat at any given moment during any given day:
"Oh my god, I'm so hungry, Daddy. I'm starving. Please, I beg of you, give me some food. Just a morsel. I'll never ask for anything else as long as I live. Yes, thank you. MMMmmmmm. This is so good. Oh look, it's gone. Oh my god, I'm so hungry, Daddy, I'm starving …"
Read more Bear: coloradodaily.com/columnists. Stalk him: twitter.com/johnbearwithme


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With this app you can easily keep track of all your iOS devices all from your Windows phone. You can get current status of your devices, locate and display them on a map or even remotely play sounds on them. Just log in with any icloud account and retrieve information on all the devices connected to that account.
What's new in this version
This update fixes login issues due to Apple's update to their Find My iPhone service. Previous updates: - Stabilization and performance improvements. - Fix for the Windows 10 1803 update - Location tags - Change map style - Display my device on the map - A more user-friendly process for adding new accounts - Ability to lock a device with a message (and phone number if supported) - Better device capability detection - Minor corrections and performance improvements - A device may now be pinned to the start page, - You can now lock your device remotely (not yet including message and phone number as lock screen text) - Accounts can now be edited/removed - Corrections for password vault handling
Additional information
Published bytilicon
Release date01/03/2015
Approximate size23.4 MB
Age ratingFor ages 3 and over
This app canUse your location
Access your Internet connection
Access your Internet connection and act as a server.
InstallationGet this app while signed in to your Microsoft account and install on up to ten Windows 10 devices.
Language supportedEnglish (United States)
Svenska (Sverige)
Publisher InfoI Find Phones support
Additional termsI Find Phones privacy policy
Terms of transaction


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Investment diversification
We invest the fund's assets into a variety of financial instruments so your return does not depend on the price movements of just one financial instrument. Portfolio diversification reduces the risk the Fund is exposed to.
You can withdraw your money and have access to it at any time. The Company is obliged to redeem your units within three days from the date of receiving your application to sell.
The structure of the key investments by industry, geographic and currency criteria, as well as the daily unit price shall be made available on the Company's website.
Professional asset management
You have extra cash but no time or adequate information and knowledge to monitor the market? The Fund's assets are managed by a team of experts who monitor and analyse current market trends on a daily basis and react to them in a timely manner.
The Funds ensure returns adjusted to the defined investment strategy and the risk inherent in the selected strategy that is described in detail in the respective fund's Prospectus.
Each investment in the Fund is subject to a certain risk. When making an investment decision, the Company shall assess each individual investment within the risk level of the Fund's total assets, taking into account the principles of profitability, liquidity, security and risk dispersion. A detailed risk description is provided in the Fund's Prospectus.
Any information about the current value of units, the prospectus, the Fund's status and any other information regarding the Fund may be obtained at the Company's offices or any authorised Raiffeisen Bank branch office across the FB&H. Details of the current value of the Fund's units are published on the Company's website on a daily basis.
We are available to answer any further queries you might have.


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Why Switch from Wood, Steel or Concrete?
- Wood rots.
- Steel rusts.
- Concrete deteriorates.
- Fiberglass lasts!
Just ask those in the boat building industry. Whether you are building a commercial or residential pier or dock, you can now choose composite pilings that not only outlast all others.
Consider these other unique benefits:
- No leaching of harmful coatings or preservatives into the environment.
- Greater long-term value.
- Pearson Composite Pilings will be the last pilings you'll ever need to buy and install, making them a smart investment for significant long-term savings.
- Easier handling during installation.
- Composite pilings are approximately 1/3 the weight of wood and 1/4 the weight of steel.
- Eliminates costly waste of materials.
- Our composite pilings are available in 10″, 12″, and 14″ diameters from 20′ to 40′ lengths in 5′ increments. Custom composite piling lengths are available upon request.
- No harmful splinters or ugly rust.
- Our composite pilings have a smooth, attractive, natural brown "PPT" finish that will look and feel new – no harmful splinters or ugly rust. Our "PPT" plastic coating protects the composite piling from harmful UV rays.
- Easily drilled, cut, and fastened.
- Aesthetic appeal increases property value.


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"Casualties of Faith" has finally reached the finished demo stage, thanks to a bass guitarist from Portland, Oregon named Steve Hale (aka I. Spike).
Besides the addition of his wonderfully in-the-pocket bass performance, I retracked the vocals and added some organ. Other than that, it's the same drums and same dulcimer tracks/solo that existed on the previous version. Steve's bass playing really energized this piece, you know, made it new again, since I've been working with it since September of last year. It just goes to show how important "feel" is to all the elements of a song.


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A 12 week online programme where you will see and feel the benefits of small group coaching, only six in a pod, accountability, support and ACTION!
You're not quite sure if 1-1 coaching is what you need right now…..
But… You have great products and/or services and are keen to grow your business….
You are totally passionate about what you do….
You feel busy, but don't have a lot to show for it….
You're looking for guidance/ideas as to what to do first…
You enjoy working in a supportive team structure, working alongside other like-minded entrepreneurs and coaches….
You would like access to business know-how, skills and experience…
During the programme you will:
- understand your beliefs that stop or slow your current success
- learn how to get your mind in the game and have fun in your business
- learn how to get organised and balance work/life and get heaps done
- learn general business skills and know-how including basic business planning, financials, sales and marketing and social media subject matter, tailored to the group requirements.
- ✓ 2 x 1:1 coaching sessions
- ✓ Weekly online coaching sessions via Zoom
- ✓ Small group learning 6 participants
- ✓ Closed Facebook group with weekly and daily prompts
- ✓ Access to resources and coaches throughout
- ✓ Group support and participation
Incredible value, action packed and plenty of practical tools and know-how that you can apply straight away!
Douwe Hoogstra
Love Your Business, Coach and Serial Entrepreneur
Douwe loves coaching and working with business owners, partnering them to success. He likes working with people that have a strong passion for what they do. The title 'uncompromising friend' fits well. Beside the coaching, he also owns and operates a start-up in social travel planning…
Phil Holland
Love Your Business, Coach and Serial Entrepreneur
Phil is focussed on coaching business owners to love their business (and themselves) to the max! He works with a variety of SME's and enjoys helping to change lives by applying the BeBold mindset programme. Besides Love Your Business he also has other start-up businesses on the go.
Liz Fry
Liz-Fry.Com, Consciously Living and Love Your Business – Coach and Connector
Liz is a massive people person. Her career has had a lot of variety but has always been based around supporting, coaching and connecting people. Originally from the UK she has built a significant network across New Zealand. She is passionate about living life to the full, and particularly in supporting others to do so. Liz has a degree in Nursing and post-graduate diploma in health promotion. Liz is a Certified Life Coach with New Zealand Institute of Business Studies and is a Be Bold Mindset facilitator.
Get Awesome Support to Build Your Business…
- ✓ You want support and guidance from passionate coaches
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- ❌ You are not in business yet.
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We believe we have made a great decision on the platform choice for Tomahawkcoin, since wallets for Ethereum Based Tokens are difficult to work with.
We believe we have made a great decision on the platform choice for Tomahawkcoin, since wallets for Ethereum Based Tokens are difficult to work with.
An Waves platform based Token, Tomahawkcoin was minted with the intention to bridge the two worlds of trading virtual currency and the equity ownership in Tomahawk Exploration LLC. With a solid business plan and business model, designed to maintain and thereby increase the initial value of the ICO.
We are distinct from Paycoin and other failed promises hidden behind virtual
currencies in the past which had no business plan and highly priced from
the gate, Tomahawkcoin will be priced at $0.05, or its USD equivalency in
the currently wide and most popularused digital currency, such as
Dogecoin, Ethereum, Bitcoin, Litecoin and Ripple.
With a solid business plan and business model, designed to maintain and thereby increase the initial value of the ICO.
The Company expects more than $500,000 USD to be generated by each well per year based on the reserve reports: 10 wells x $500,000 = $5,000,000 a year revenue projection
The total Tomahawkcoin number will be set at 200,000,000 coins, and our
intention is to have the coin trade on all applicable exchanges.
The bold ICO price objective and confident time horizon goal of 18 months is based on the legitimacy of Tomahawk Exploration LLC, an oil & gas exploration company, managed by David Laurance and registered in Nevada with HQ in California. The time horizon of 18 months is fundamental to the initial ICO, whereas ICO capital will be used to place Tomahawk Exploration LLC (The Company) into a publicly traded company on the OTC Market and fund the cost of drilling the 10 wells available.
The Company will transition from private to public in approximately 10 to 18 months and drilling is expected to commence in 6 to 10 months. After the 18-month holding period, all ICO owners of Tomahawkcoin are eligible to exchange Tomahawkcoin for the equivalent value in Gift Share(s) of the public Company priced at the close of market on the day of conversion.
The estimated price of $0.05 USD price per Tomahawkcoinis based on the IPO (Initial Public Offering) price expectation of the Company set to start trading on the OTC Market at no less than $0.05, and 200,000,000 shares outstanding. Due to the volatility of market conditions, known fluctuations in capital markets, changes in economic variables, and risk inherent to the energy sector, there is no guarantee as to price and / or timing which is subject to change. There is no guarantee, implied, or otherwise, as far as, the price of Tomahawkcoinis concerned on any currency traded exchange, since the parity of which Tomahawkcoin will trade for, and against, such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin or Dogecoin, have no set price, and no price guarantee in any way or form, due to the constant price volatility of these coins, known to carry their ownrisk of losing USD value.
Tomahawk Exploration LLC capital requirement is $5,000,000 to commence drilling and thereto function with ease and without restriction towards the main target of exchange listing as a public entity; therefore, only half or 50%, 100,000,000 Tomahawkcoins will be sold to potential investors, as the other half will be used for marketing, advertising, and the creation of better liquidity on the coin traded exchange and percentage ownership of the Board of Directors and employees' salaries that will work with the company towards our goal of creating value for our stakeholders and future shareholders in Tomahawk Exploration LLC or the Company.
There are no conversion requirements; however, those that choose
not to exchange their Tomahawkcoinsafter 18 months into shares of
the Company, may continue trading their Tomahawkcoinsfreely, as
they do not expire. Whereas, they have the option to make their
exchange at a later date, days and / or even years later.
One Tomahawkcoin is equal to one publicly free traded share of Tomahawk Exploration LLC upon conversion.
The business plan provided by the Company is believed to increase the demand for Tomahawkcoinon digital currency exchange markets, such as Bittrex, Poloniex, and others. Pre-IPO ownership is exclusively available and may only be obtained prior to the public registration of the Company through Tomahawkcoinpurchase and no other way. Coin and share equivalency: Additional Tomahawkcoins into the market may be exchanged for additional shares of the publicly traded Company.
We have made sure that our team and Board of Directors are refined successful
citizens with flawless backgrounds, verifiable credentials, heroes, public activists,
and skilled individuals with great experience in both business and digital currency.
We sincerely hope that our solid business proposal and community established
trust will make this venture great and a complete success that will lead to future
projects and profitable prospects.
David Laurance, President / CEO, Tomahawk Exploration LLC
Rick Shaddock, Chief Information Officer
Horia Cretan, Chief Information Officer
The team atTomahawk Exploration LLC thanks everyone for their support, and God Bless us all!
The information contained herein, while obtained from sources believed to be
reliable, is not guaranteed as to its accuracy or completeness. This disclosure
contains certain forward-looking statements that involve substantial known and
unknown risks and uncertainties that are beyond management's control. No
assurance can be given that any of the events anticipated by the forward
statements will transpire or occur, or if any of them do so, what benefits will be
derived therefrom. This information is for general background purposes only and
does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation to buy the securities referred
to in the information presented.
This information can be considered as an agreement between Company and its stakeholders. For every stakeholder of Tomahawkcoin, such document will be available for download or, mailed to each individual with ownership of Tomahawkcoin. Those details will be refined since we respect our stakeholders' and future shareholders' identity. Each agreement will have to be addressed to each individual by correct, full and legal name, as well as complete address or place of residence, to ensure legal ownership of stock certificates.