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You've just discovered that the refrigerator isn't cooling anymore or perhaps the electric cooker isn't working. Since it's still a relatively new appliance, you've decided to repair rather than replace it. The next challenge – finding a company with a track record for excellent appliance repair in Beverly Hills!
As you'd imagine, there are dozens of companies providing appliance repair in Beverly Hills, all claiming to be the best in the business. Most of these companies even run comprehensive advertising campaigns and have beautiful websites to boot.
The problem is – not all of them are reliable. Despite their wonderful social media profiles and powerful marketing messages, some have neither the skill nor the experience to diagnose let alone repair some types of appliances.
For this reason, you need to look carefully when selecting a company for appliance repair in Beverly Hills. The following are 11 tips to consider;
Don't rush
Instead, of panicking, consider taking perishable items out of the fridge. Then, perform your own initial evaluation to determine the likely cause of the problem. Having a rough idea of the situation can be invaluable during the search for a repair company and gives you leverage when negotiating a price.
Talk to a few friends and neighbors
There are three things to learn from a neighbor, friend, or family who has had a similar issue before; the probable cause of the problem, the estimated repair cost, and their preferred company for appliance repair in Beverly Hills. If you can get a trustworthy referral at this stage, you're lucky!
Take your search online
If you can't get a recommendation, or even after getting a few names, you need to continue the search online. Among other things, you need to visit each company's website and social media profile, as well as check with review platforms to get an informed opinion.
Give them a call
Once you have some information on each company, it's time to get a feel of their customer service. So, give them a call. During the call, you need to evaluate the response time and level of concern shown by the company. Any company providing appliance repair in Beverly Hills that doesn't pick calls or show keen interest in helping you find a lasting solution to your problem is not worth your time.
Ask about their experience
You might have learned a few things about the company's longevity on their website, but it doesn't hurt to ask about it again on the phone. While on it, ask whether the company has dealt specifically with the type of problem you're experiencing. A company that provides specialized appliance repair in Beverly Hills guarantees quality results.
Find out about technician training
This is especially important if you have a modern appliance. You don't want the unit being handled by a technician who last updated their knowledge 10 years ago. Where possible, the company you choose should have a policy where technicians are trained regularly to keep them up to date with modern technology.
Ask about guarantees and warranties
All great companies providing appliance repair in Beverly Hills will offer guarantees before you even ask. If there is no mention of such, make it your duty to ask. Do they guarantee that their work will last? Can they provide a warranty to back such promises? Remember that both the guarantee and warranty must be provided in writing.
Find out if the company is bonded and insured
A bonded company is one that has a state-secured fund that is available in case a consumer files a claim. Insurance, meanwhile, protects both clients and the company (including its technicians) in the event of injury or damage. Since both of these are possible scenarios, it's advisable to settle only for bonded and insured appliance repair in Beverly Hills.
Demand references
For the best appliance repair in Beverly Hills, always go with a company that is willing to share with you details of projects they have worked on in the past and even give you contacts of past clients for purposes of reference. Once you have the contact information, don't hesitate to make a call to find out even more about the company in question.
Know what's a good price
Finally, and most importantly, never overpay and at the same time don't go for a cheap fix. Ask for quotes from other contractors offering appliance repair in Beverly Hills, seek advice from your realtor, and feel free search online to see if you can find the going rate for similar projects in your neighborhood.
Need Appliance Repair in Beverly Hills?
Sub-Zero Experts LA is the preferred Sub-Zero repair company in Los Angeles. Contact us today at (424) 227-5900 for professional appliance repair in Beverly Hills.
11 Responses to "How to Choose the Best Appliance Repair Company in Beverly Hills"
Thanks for the advice for finding an appliance repair company. I like how you said to start searching online. I'm pretty savvy online, so it shouldn't be too hard to find someone to fix our fridge.
I do like that the article recommends that readers ask the appliance repair shop about their experience before they hire them. After all, certain appliances take a lot more effort and skill to repair than others. For example, if you need your refrigerator repaired then you will want to make sure that the appliance repair service has specific experience dealing with refrigerators.
I like that you emphasized the importance of asking for references. Like you said, you will have an idea whether that company has delivered well with their past clients. I will share this with my husband so that we will be able to find a repairman we can trust. Our fridge just broke down this evening, and we can't afford to buy a new one because I still don't have a job right now. So it's important that we hire a trustworthy repairman.
That seems like a good idea to find a company that has a policy that you should have technicians who regularly gets trained and keeps up-to-date with newer tech. My dishwasher is not cleaning the dishes correctly, and I can't figure out what's wrong with it. Your tips will help me find someone who could help repair my dishwasher.
My dishwasher is not working right now and I am looking for an appliance repair service who can come and fix it for me, so I am glad that I found this article. It is interesting that you say to look online at potential companies websites because this way I can see previous customer reviews. Also, I will make sure to look for a repair service who has been in business for a long time and has specific experience repairing dishwashers.
My washer stopped working last night in my new apartment and I needed to have my office uniform next week. It was explained here that I can talk to a few neighbors about it and ask them for some advice on how to deal with it. Moreover, it's advisable to hire professionals for quality appliance repair.
Thanks for the tip about checking an appliance repair service online. It would be good to consider their qualifications and experience as well. My husband and I are looking for an appliance service, so we'll have to check online first.
I think warranties are good for easing the mind. It makes it much easier to invest in repairs like this if they are backed up. It gives me a lot of confidence in a company when they offer warranties.
Recently, my dryer has been taking anywhere from 2 to 4 cycles to completely dry the clothes inside it. We've already had the electrical connection checked and our next step is to find a dryer repair service. I really appreciate your advice to find someone who is experienced in specialized appliance repair and has training at least more current than 10 years ago.
I agree that experience is important when finding appliance repair. You want someone who has been in business long enough. You can ask what type of repairs they have experience with as well, like you suggested.
Thanks for the tip about going online when searching for an appliance repair service. Checking a company's website to find out more about them is great advice as well. My husband and I need our washer repaired, so we'll have to check online first.
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The Settlers (1993) - History Edition
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Haven't you always wanted to be king? Indulge your fantasy in the world of The Settlers. You alone determine how your kingdom will be formed, how large it will be, whether to limit your ambitions to agriculture, breeding of stock, and fishing, or whether you want to start an industrial revolution. Turn back the clock 25 years and relive the fascination of this classic in gaming history!
IMPROVEMENT HIGHLIGHTS: Windows 10 compatible, auto save, different game speed options, classic RTS controls (optional)

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This gripping nineteenth-century adventure stars Jorgen Jorgenson, who ran away to sea at fourteen and began a brilliant career by sailing to establish the first colony in Tasmania. Twists of fortune then found him captaining a warship for Napoleon before joining a British trading voyage to Iceland, where he staged an outrageous coup and ruled the country for two months.
Much lay ahead, from imprisonment in the hulks to patronage by Joseph Banks and travels in Europe as a British spy. But Jorgenson was dogged by his own excesses, and ended up transported as a convict to the very colony he helped to found. Here he reinvented himself again as an explorer, and, despite his sympathy for the people, was caught up in the terrible Aboriginal clearances. Using unpublished sources and letters, Sarah Bakewell tells his astonishing tale with dazzling verve.
"Bakewell is superbly matched to the task. Her account of the world encountered by Jorgenson is as rich and nuanced as her description of his life"
"Precise, amusing and intriguing. A vivid and moving portrait of an extraordinary but flawed man... A terrific book"
"Sarah Bakewell has a fine story to tell, and she is its skilled servant...A wonderful, intelligently told story"
"Splendid... An extraordinary story brilliantly told"
"An accomplished book"


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Yardandplate is where I chronicle the happenings around our 'lil 1929 Austin, Texas bungalow.
There's food, family, friends and the antics of my husband, who constantly lightens my life with his 'signature funny-man-demeanor.'
We laugh a lot, we love a lot. I garden a lot. And love it just like I love working on my yoga practice. And I guess both are very much one in the same.
I would say my husband is responsible for my love of cooking. If it wasn't for him, I don't think I would have tried so many recipes and kept at it.
Likewise, he bought me my first camera. And one of our shared likes is taking photos and talking about how to make them better.
Out of all of this, taking photos of my food came naturally. And posting and saving was a way to create a collection to refer back to, especially if the recipe was a 'winner.'
We are also constantly working on giving our old 1929 bungalow a 'face-lift.' So yard endplate expanded out of the kitchen and into our front and backyards.
I hope you pop around the site. Take in some 'eye candy.' A recipe, or two, or three. And my wish is for us to share. Tell me what you are cooking. Or maybe you see something I am cooking that can be improved.
I wish you a lot of love, happiness, and peace 🙂


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Little hot rod two strokes are way too much fun to ride. Like a lot of us of a certain age, we grew up riding little ring dings, dirt bikes or street bikes, the late 60's and early 70's were ruled by two strokes. Three out of the four Japanese manufacturers based their whole product line on the smokers and so did many of the European builders.
Two stroke motorcycles are great fun for a number of reasons…they are lighter, easier to work on, they love to rev and I like nothing more than leaving bigger, heavier, high horsepower bikes in a cloud of blue smoke on a tight twisty road. Small displacement two strokes have a high giggle factor.
While Japan was making their inroads into the American market the Euro's didn't just retreat into the background, which is really what they did do looking back, some of them tried to make bikes that would appeal to the American buyer by bringing European performance and handling. Sadly, most of them just got beaten by the Japanese. Japan was able to build light, fast and reliable bikes at a much lower cost than the Europeans. Here in the USA at that time, cheaper was better and low cost bikes sold like hot cakes. Its sad too because the bikes from the grand houses of Europe were generally better. Yeah, the fit and finish wasn't all that great (neither were the Japanese), the electrics were always a bit dodgy (so were the Japanese), but…the Eurpoean bikes' handing was always far superior, the downside was that at that time, handling was not as important as horsepower and straight line speed.
I found on ebay this morning an early 70's Benelli 250c two stroke that has winter project written all over it. The Benelli 250 2C was one of those bikes that the Italians trotted out as a direct competitor to the Japanese models. It had a more bland style than some of the bikes that had been brought before but still had a Euro flare to it. The 2C had a good chassis, quality suspension, a high revving motor and was comfortable to ride. All in all a very good bike, except for one little thing…you still had to mix the gas and oil yourself. While the competitors were using self mixing units (separate tanks for gas and oil and a pump did the mixing for you), you would have to measure out the right amount of oil at each gas stop and mix the two together. A minor nuisance but still a bother compared to one of the Japanese bikes. Honestly, I'll deal with the minor hassle of mixing gas and oil to have the handling of the Benelli.
The bike I found this morning is going to need a lot of love, it sat outside for over 20 years and it looks it. The chrome is rusted, paint faded, the seat cover is gone (it does still have the Benelli logo on the back though), the gas cap won't close (that's why the tank is a bit cruddy I imagine), BUT…it's all there! It's a complete bike and it has only 681 miles on the clock. All too often I find bikes like this that are missing all kinds of parts and have absolutely no hope of ever being a motorcycle again, this one just needs some love…OK, a lot of love. But give it that love and you will have a very unique and fun little quarter litre bike to blast around the canyons with a big grin on your face. If it were me though, I'd leave it all rusty, just get it running, spoon on some new tires and just have fun.
One more little tidbit here, the Benelli 250 2C was also marketed as the Moto Guzzi 250TS, same exact bike, made in the same factory, different badge.
Click on the pics below for more info and more pictures.


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Sexy Zac Efron and the Risky Portrayal of Serial Killers
True crime media are the new big niche and Netflix is the pimp that just keeps pumping them out. Documentaries have been their preferred format for the past couple years, but one of the most recent entries into their library of serial killers is "Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile," where we see Zac Efron put on the mask of Ted Bundy, one of the United States most notorious serial killers.
Examining any media concerning Ted Bundy typically tends to describe him as charming, handsome, charismatic, and just about anything in between. "Extremely Wicked," really hammers home on this aspect of Bundy, while the film largely focuses on Bundy's relationship with his girlfriend, who struggles to acknowledge his crimes, which is where we find this movie stray into some dangerous territory.
Efron's Bundy is insistent that there's a conspiracy surrounding his interactions with the police, and the movie doesn't stray away from this idea or really doing anything to indicate he's misleading the audience and the others until the very end of the movie.
It's a dangerous and difficult topic to tackle, trying to show the manipulative nature of serial killers while still properly addressing the demonic nature of their intent. Ted Bundy was the kind of man who would have a friendly conversation with a stranger in a Denny's and then murder some innocent woman in the parking lot thirty minutes later (this didn't actually happen please don't sue me Denny's).
There's an ethical quandary that comes with biopics on serial killers. One must know the extent of their crimes before viewing it, so I've prepared a little bit of rundown so you can ethically watch the movie and be less susceptible to a movie that's interesting to watch, but not if you're misinformed.
- There's no conspiracy, it's common knowledge Ted Bundy did, in fact, commit all of the crimes he was convicted for.
- While only confessing to 28 murders, it's speculated that he was actually guilty of hundreds of slayings.
- Real Ted Bundy was not as attractive as Zac Efron is. This doesn't pertain to Bundy's disgusting crimes, but I feel inclined to reiterate this point for clarity.
- Romanticizing serial killers can be dangerous, so make sure you're capable of differentiating an actor playing the role, from the actual human who committed the crimes.
So hopefully I've provided enough information on Ted Bundy that you won't want to bone Zac Efron as sexy Ted Bundy, but maybe that's your thing, I don't judge. I've heard of much more bizarre things than odd obsessions with serial killers, I just ask that one greatly considers the words that come out of their mouths when talking about people have committed atrocious crimes and have left a wake of families who have lost people because of one man.
In the Circle crime film movies netflix review serial killers
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Hello! My name is Jordan but you can call me Jordy! I'm an aspiring young writer/creator who focuses primarily on video arts such as movies and video games, as well as anything else that catches my attention. I'm a pretty mellow, introverted guy but I welcome conversation so feel free to reach out! Thank you for taking the time to read this!


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Arts and craft courses
We have an exciting programme of arts and craft courses and workshops in the gallery during 2020. We also hold talks, and other events at various times of the year, and in 2020, with trees now on the frontline of the fight against the climate crisis, we're putting woodlands, and the many ways you can enjoy them, at the heart of our programme, culminating in our summer 'Wood Life' Festival and an accompanying exhibition in the gallery
For more information and bookings, please call the Inspired by… gallery on 01439 772737 or go to our EventBrite page where online booking is available.
A 10% discount is offered on up to four workshops in a calendar year for our Inspired by... gallery Supporters (excluding Art History Day Schools with the WEA).
Art History Day Schools with the WEA
With guest lecturers from the renowned Workers' Educational Association, we present a series of art history day schools.
- The Railway in Art: Paintings of the 19th and 20th Centuries (Saturday 12 September): Explore a wide range of examples which illustrate how numerous artists, especially in Britain & France, were inspired by the railway - technology which transformed the landscape and the lives of those who observed & travelled on it. Including Turner, Monet and many others.
Minimum age 18. Wheelchair accessible. Please bring a packed lunch or refreshments are available at our Centre. All sessions 10:30am - 3:30pm with one hour lunch break.
Cost: £25 FREE to those in receipt of means-tested benefits. Booking essential with WEA directly or call 0300 3033464 for more information.
Awakening the Writer Within (13 September 1pm – 4.30pm)
Be inspired to write by the sights and sounds of the North York Moors. Janet Dean and Clara Challoner Walker will lead a writing workshop using the landscape, flora, fauna and art to stimulate your poetry and prose. Beginners and more experienced writers welcome. Minimum age 18. Sorry, no dogs. Wheelchair accessible.
Cost: £25 (paper and pens provided). Booking essential.
Willow Weaving Workshops
Join expert willow weaver Anthea Firth on one of her relaxing and informative workshops where you will learn the techniques required to produce your own sculptures or seasonal decorations. The workshops are aimed at beginners as well as those with some experience of the craft. You'll learn the core techniques required for willow working as well as the specific skills needed to create your willow creation. Please wear comfortable casual clothes. Materials and tools provided. Learn how to make:
- Pheasant (Saturday 19 September): Book online.
- Deer (Saturday 10 October): Book online.
- Robin (Saturday 7 November): Book online.
- Angel (Saturday 5 December): Book online.
All workshops 10:30am-3:30pm. Please bring a packed lunch. Minimum age 18. Not wheelchair accessible.
Cost: £50 including all materials. Advance booking essential for all workshops (details to follow).
Painting with Acrylics (20 September 10.30am – 4.30pm)
Small-group workshops focusing on acrylic paint, a forgiving medium for beginners and more experienced artist alike. James will demonstrate his methods and you'll leave at the end of the day with your own painting. Minimum age 14 (14-16 year olds must be accompanied by an adult; 16-18 year olds require a consent form). Wheelchair accessible.
Cost: £49 including all materials, lunch and refreshments. Advance booking essential.
Young Artist Workshops
Our children's art workshops are suitable for ages 7 to 12 – all materials supplied, just bring your imagination! Children to be dropped off and collected from the Inspired by... gallery (consent form required) except drop in sessions where all children are to be accompanied by an adult. Note, there are two separate sessions. Drop in sessions are suitable for all the family.
- Autumn Treasures (Thursday 29 October): Walk around the grounds searching for autumn colours and gathering 'treasures' to print with. After time to explore and experiment with colour and technique, we will choose our favourite prints to create a book to take home. Cost: £7.50. Booking essential.
All workshops 10:30am – 12:30pm or 1:30pm – 3:30pm except drop in sessions
Christmas Craft Fair (Saturday 14 – Sunday 15 November 10.30am – 4pm)
Complementing Brigantia's artists and craftmakers, who will be exhibiting in the Inspired by... gallery (14 November until 24 January 2021), our popular annual Christmas Craft Fair returns. Celebrating the very best of local arts, country crafts and seasonal gifts from stallholders old and new, with everything from designer jewellery, handwoven textiles, ceramics, handmade oak gifts, candles, scented soaps and handmade chocolates, there's sure to be something to get the seasonal shopping spree started. As well as the wide-ranging goods on the stalls, seasonal gifts will be on sale in the Centre's shop. A visit to Santa's enchanted grotto and crafts for the children complete the festive offering. When you need a rest from all the hustle and bustle, why not visit the café, and enjoy a festive treat or two to revive your spirits!
Cost: Free entry (drop in anytime)
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The Prophet Muhammad was the interpreter of religious doctrine par excellence for the Muslim community. In the centuries after the Prophet's death, Muslim rule extended from Spain to the borders of China, and some thought that these rulers had abandoned the ideals of Muhammad's community at Medina. During the life of the Prophet, people began to collect aḥadīth (pl. of ḥadīth), the sayings of the Prophet as transmitted by his companions. Ḥadīth collections form an important part of the Sunnah, the example of the Prophet. Many critics of Muslim rulers were authorities on the Sunnah and respected interpreters of the Quran. These learned persons, collectively called the 'ulamā', derived legal interpretations [fiqh] from the divine plan for humans known as sharī'ah. If sharī'ah is the totality of God's will regarding human action as represented in the Quran and Sunnah, then fiqh is the human endeavor to interpret it. Muslims, seeking to follow God's will in accordance with the example of the Prophet, look to these interpretations in order to best understand how to prepare for and perform devotional acts, regulate marriage and business contracts, and care for the poor. Contrary to popular perceptions of Islamic law, only a small percentage addresses criminal law; the vast majority of fiqh is related to ritual law and devotional practice. [1]
The legal methods and rulings of leading Sunni 'ulamā' came to act as precedents for the community of scholars and judges, and there gradually developed a number of accepted schools of interpretation of the sharī'ah, of which four in the Sunni world remain. Named after the great scholars whose legal precedents they take after, they are the Ḥanafī, Mālikī, Shāfi'ī, and Ḥanbalī schools. The basic sources of fiqh are the Quran, the Sunnah, ijmā' [the consensus of the community], and qiyās, or reasoning by analogy. The Shi'a developed their own schools of interpretation, the most prominent of which is the Ja'farī school. The Quran and Sunnah, as interpreted by their Imams, are important sources for their fiqh. In addition, they emphasize 'aql, or intellect, as a source.
Islamic law was never a static set of universally applied legal declarations. It is always culturally and historically interpreted and "proper" interpretation is itself often debated within and among Muslim communities across the globe. For example, in many parts of the Ottoman Empire Christians and Jews often chose to use Islamic courts to adjudicate domestic disputes because they believed they would get a fairer hearing there than they might through the alternative legal systems available. Diverse legal opinions and perspectives were one factor that contributed to the spread of Islam, as well as its adaptiveness among divergent cultures.
In contemporary times, Islamic law continues to shape the devotional lives of many Muslims and regulate marriage, divorce, banking and other social and business contracts. In some countries, it has been interpreted as a rigid set of religious laws that serves as an influence within the national legal system or operates as an independent, parallel court system, and in some contexts it has been problematically adopted and imposed by non-state actors. Ultimately, it remains diverse and sometimes greatly contested. For example, some women and men in Saudi Arabia challenge interpretations of the sharī'ah that have been codified as laws barring women from driving cars. Most Muslims decry the interpretation of the sharī'ah that the Taliban imposed in Afghanistan in the late 1990s and that the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) have practiced beginning in late 2014. In Malaysia, a group called the Sisters in Islam is actively challenging the interpretation of the sharī'ah practiced there as one that is biased against women and families and not an accurate representation of the Quran and Sunnah. These are some examples of efforts to revisit sharī'ah to address new situations.
[1] Intisar Rabb, "Fiqh," The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World (Online Resource), 2015, accessed March 18, 2015.
←Sufism: Seeking God
→Beliefs and Practices
Image Credits:
United Nations Photo, "Kabul Mosque", Kabul, Afghanistan (1988), (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
United Nations Photo, "UNAMID Sponsors Iftar for Hundreds in El Fasher," El Fasher, Sudan (2012), (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)


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Emma enjoyed her 5th birthday yesterday. It was her first official "birthday party" and it went extremely well. She has a wonderful group of friends who moved through play place laughing and creating games together. Happy birthday, Emma!!
One Reply to "5 years young"
Happy Birthday dear Emma xxx Love Auntie Keri, Emily, Jeremy & Megan


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Liberated Quilting: Free Patterns, Blocks, Ideas and Tutorials section of my blog. What I wanted was simply liberated geese made "on the fly" from scraps.
Ones that I have seen are usually either paper pieced, such as the style used in waves and circular patterns, seen on the cover of a popular book (which I don't own) or they use rotary cutters and same size blocks to then create more random pieces as in popular liberated quilting books.
I wanted a truly random, free-pieced technique that was neither sketched out, nor paper pieced, and only used scissors for cutting super random pieces of fabric from my scrap bags. And since I couldn't find anything online where I saw someone doing this,everyone is paper piecing and I wanted true liberation ;) So, I did it myself and took some random photos of that process!
As you can see, no pre-cuts, no rulers, no mat, no rotary cutter...just some fairly raggedy strips and pieces and truly random piecing..but it worked and it was great fun! I'm sure when I'm working with a bigger sized piece I will have more 'in flight motion' but for now, I was happy with a little random line across the top of my little art quilt.
Step 1. Grab strips and pieces of fabric, and sew your first seam. I would sew and cut as I went along my pieces...always just using scissors as I sat at the machine.
Step 2: Flatten out first "sky" section, prepare center section for sewing on the second one.
Step 3: Grabbing a random bit, sew it on at an angle on the other side of the center section. Remember nothing has to, nor should it be, straight or perfect!
Step 3: Flatten out this other 'sky' section and get ready for the next goose!
Step 4: Switching colors now...so a sky color on top of a different colored scrap of goose!
Step 5: Sew the first goose to the second goose...finally, we have flying geese!
Step 7: Keep on making geese and seaming them to the previous one!
Step 8: You can cut straight across if this new raw edge bothers you but you don't have to. Just keep making geese and sewing them together to the flying chain if you want to!
Step 9: Three geese looking for a nice gander!
Step 10: Here he comes...how about an orange one. Notice how he's a scrappy little fellow, a bit raggedy but he joins in just fine!
Step 11: There he is..a fine feathered fellow!
Step 11: Keep going, in fact, it looks like he jumped ahead of the line now and is leading the flock!
Step 12: But another one got added to the lead position and now we're really off and flying!
Ahh, there they all are...a whole gaggle of flying and completely liberated flying geese! And don't they look good with liberated pieced curving strips and other random piecing of my little art quilt? They truly are great fun!
Oh dear, looks like a cat is near by...and I think he sees those geese ;)
Gaggle of geese...pedal to the metal! You're heading for the AAQI Liberated Challenge!
Liberated Quilting: Free Patterns, Blocks, Ideas&Tutorials
Links to my Liberated Flying Geese in this tutorial plus regular, 3D and other more traditional flying geese:
Liberated Free-Pieced Flying Geese
Flying Geese Tutorial3D Flying Geese Tutorial
Flying Geese Tutorial using a ruler technique
Color Wheel Flying Geese..paper pieced, in a circle[PDF]One Seam Flying Geese Tutorial


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A perfect summer salad that is filling and nutritious. Easy to make and makes a big batch to get you through the week's lunches. Or serve as a side dish with your main meal. … [Read more...]
Cashew Cream
Looking for a healthier alternative to cream or are you vegan or lactose intolerant? Look no further as cashew cream is the perfect answer. Easy to make and guaranteed that the whole family will love it. Perfect spread on cakes, muffins or stewed apples-so many options. . … [Read more...]
Marinated Mushrooms
This is a perfect anti-pasto to serve with drinks and nibbles at a BBQ, take on a picnic or for lunch boxes. It is so easy to make. The longer your marinade it for, the tastier the mushrooms will be! … [Read more...]
Basil Roasted Carrot and White Bean Dip
This is a cheap and easy to make dip that the whole family will enjoy. Perfect also for a base for sandwiches and wraps. … [Read more...]
Chickpea and Quinoa Salad
This is a quick salad if the quinoa is already made. Make a big batch next time you have some for dinner and store in the fridge ready to make salads for lunches etc. … [Read more...]
Pineapple Mint Rice Salad
Fancy a salad that's easy to make, can be batch made and given to the whole family for lunches throughout the week? This rice salad is perfect for this as well as summer picnics and BBQs. … [Read more...]
Blueberry Chia Jam
I love jam spread on muffins, pikelets or banana bread but I really don't like the amount of sugar that is added. I didn't really realise this until I started to look at home made recipes and was so shocked. So I started experimenting to find the perfect spread with minimal added sugar and I found this to be perfect. You can adjust the addition of sweetner as per your taste. … [Read more...]
Peppermint Banana Chocolate Smoothie
Looking for a morning pick me up? This refreshing and nourishing smoothie will have you alert and ready to take on the world! … [Read more...]
Chocolate Almond Chia Pudding
A decadent chia pudding that can be eaten any time of day-even for breakfast. Chia seeds are so nutritious and will fill you up. A great way to start the day. … [Read more...]
Celery Leaf Pesto
Ever wondered what to do with celery leaves? So did I, so I experimented in the kitchen and came up with a new pesto recipe. This is quick and easy to make and will keep for a few days in the fridge. I doubt it will last this long as it is great to have on hand as a healthy snack and will disappear in no time! … [Read more...]
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Greater Charitable Foundation about to open grant applications
Funding applications are almost open for groups working to improve families and communities across the Central West.
Groups can apply for between $30,000 and $350,000 through the Greater Charitable Foundation. The applications will open on Monday, February 23.
Greater Charitable Foundation chief executive officer Anne Long said the Expression of Interest form was already available online so charity groups could make a start on their application now.
"We understand the majority of not-for-profits rely heavily on volunteers and time is a precious commodity, so we wanted to ensure community groups have ample opportunity to complete their application this year to give them the best shot at receiving the funding they require," Ms Long said.
The Clontarf Foundation has received $400,000 from the Greater Charitable Foundation across the past three years.
Applications close on March 29. Information on how to apply can be found at www.greater.com.au/charitable-foundation.


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S'more App Review: Legit Passive Income Lock Screen App?
We love being able to monetize things we're already doing. We get paid to search, shop, and with the S'more App, we get paid to unlock our phone. It's something we do hundreds of times a day, so why not get paid to do it as well?
- 1 What Is The S'more App?
- 2 Who Can Sign Up For The S'more App?
- 3 Do You Have To Interact With The Ads On The S'more App?
- 4 Are There Other Ways to Make Money On The S'more App?
- 5 How Much Does The S'more App Pay?
- 6 Does The S'more App Have A Referral Program?
- 7 How Does The S'more App Pay Out?
- 8 Do The Points For The S'more App Ever Expire?
- 9 Why Is There Only An Android Version And No Apple Version?
- 10 S'more App Fraud Protection
- 11 Downsides Of the S'more App
What Is The S'more App?
The S'more App pays you for your phone's lock screen real estate.
Every time you lock your phone, you have to unlock it. S'more pays you to show you ads on that lock screen.
The company that owns the S'more App is Lab465, LLC, and created the S'more App in mid-2016.
Get A 50PT S'more Bonus Through This Link
Who Can Sign Up For The S'more App?
The S'more App is for residents of the United States who have an Android smartphone. There isn't an age limit on signing up for the S'more App.
Do You Have To Interact With The Ads On The S'more App?
The great part of the S'more App is that you get paid a flat rate for allowing the S'more App to take over your lock screen. You don't get more money if you click on the ads or unlock your phone more. You simply get the same amount of money each day so there is no incentive for you to do anything extra than what you usually do when you unlock your phone.
Are There Other Ways to Make Money On The S'more App?
There are offers and surveys, but we wouldn't recommend doing them since they're quite low-paying. The surveys are run through a company called Peanut Labs, and true to their name, the surveys do pay peanuts.
Sometimes when you do surveys, you'll get disqualified after a few questions because you're not their target demographic as well. You do get 1 point if you're disqualified from the S'more App, but that's not much at all! We'd recommend skipping the surveys in the S'more App.
We checked out the offers on the S'more App and believe that other sites have better offers as well. Check out our favorite cashback and offer sites with sign up bonuses instead of that interests you.
Watching Videos
You now get paid 1 point for watching 3 videos. We recommend skipping this section as well and instead using one of the desktop sites that pay you to watch videos, where you can mute them and put them in the background, while still earning points.
If you're not using your phone, you can set it to run videos and not look at them. The videos are around 30 seconds long and are actually ads, not long YouTube videos like on other sites.
Remember, the whole point of the S'more App is to get paid a little extra for renting your Android lock screen real estate.
How Much Does The S'more App Pay?
The S'more App gives you points, with each point being worth a penny. It's 100 points to $1.
The S'more App pays $.10 per day no matter how much you interact with the ads. You can literally ignore them all by swiping away to unlock your screen and you'd still get $.10.
The S'more App developers probably did this so that people weren't trying to game the system by continuously locking and unlocking their phones. They probably looked at the average amount of times a normal person unlocked their phone each day and based their daily pay of $.10 around that.
$.10 comes out to $3 a month or $36.50 a year. That's not a ton of money, but this is just one extra app. Plus, you don't have to do anything other than unlocking your phone, which you're already doing, so there's no extra work for you for downloading the S'more App.
Does The S'more App Have A Referral Program?
The S'more App pays 25 cents per friend you refer once they have the S'more App installed on their phone for 10 days.
This isn't a large referral bonus at all, so check out our list of free money recommendations if you want higher bonuses.
How Does The S'more App Pay Out?
The S'more App pays you via gift cards. There are no cash, Paypal, or check options, though they do have Amazon gift cards, which are basically equivalent to us as cash since 50 percent of all buying intent starts on Amazon nowadays.
You only have to make $1.5 to cash out the first time, then you can cash out at every $1 increment, which is one of the lowest thresholds we've seen in the money making apps niche. Since you make $.10 per day installing the app and get $.50 for installing the app through this link, you'll get to $1.5 in 10 days for your first cashout. After your first cashout, you'll get to cashout every 10 days for $1.
In a month, you'll make $3, which is $36 a year.
Which Gift Cards Does The S'more App Offer?
The S'more App offers the below gift cards from the following companies
- Amazon
- AMC Theatres
- Applesbees
- Best Buy
- Domino's Pizza
- Gamestop
- Google Play
- Itunes
- Starbucks
- Target
Keep in mind that you can redeem Amazon gift cards for $1 minimum, the rest of the gift cards require a $5 minimum, except for Google Play, which requires a $10 minimum.
Do The Points For The S'more App Ever Expire?
The points for the S'more App expire every 30 days, but as long as your phone is on every day (whose phone isn't on every day?), you'll get points every day.
Your points will also expire if you don't redeem them every 12 months at least. I'm sure everyone is redeeming their S'more App points whenever they have met the minimums, but just wanted to mention it in case some people are hoarding their points in anticipation for a big redemption. We always recommend redeeming points as soon as possible.
Why Is There Only An Android Version And No Apple Version?
A lot of people complain that there is only a S'more App for Android. A lot of Apple users are upset because they'd like to make passive income as well. The issue here is that Apple doesn't allow an app to take over your lock screen, so the developers couldn't recreate the S'more App for Apple.
S'more App Fraud Protection
Most survey, money making, and get paid sites use fraud protection to make sure one person doesn't have multiple accounts since it wouldn't look good to their end clients.
Fraud protection generally tracks the IP address of the device that the app or site is installed on or used. If more than 1 device is running the app at the same time, you could get banned from the app or site if they deem you malicious. In general, this is why most apps or sites limit an account to one user in the household.
Downsides Of the S'more App
Users have said that the S'more App has drained their battery faster than they would've liked.
They have also complained of not qualifying for a lot of the surveys. As we stated above, you should skip surveys in the S'more App because they are not high-paying.
Get A 50PT S'more Bonus Through This Link
Author: Olivia
Olivia worked in finance and wants you to learn the secrets of financial independence. She believes there are so many ways to monetize your life and make money doing the things you're already doing because so many companies offer free money.
The average savings account rate is 0.1%. The big banks have incredibly low savings accounts rates. CIT Bank offers a 1.75% savings account. You can open an account with just $100 and no monthly fees or charge . Tired of being charged fees and getting peanuts in interest at your current bank? Open a CIT Bank savings account in less than 15 minutes online.
If you have a car, Rideshare apps allow you to pick a direction you want to go twice a day, so you can get extra money going somewhere you were driving to anyway at least twice a day. Get a $300 sign-up bonus with Lyft.
One of my favorite ways ways of monetizing my life is via credit card bonuses with cards that give you cashback or rewards. Check out our review of the Chase Sapphire cards, which give you at least $500 in cash or $625 in travel credit.


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Chelsea Earls
"I loved growing up here and I'm so glad that I get to work with my community on a daily basis." Chelsea has been in the HVAC industry for about three years and enjoys working for Cumberland Cooling because it's a small company that's entirely dedicated to keeping its customers cool (or warm) and happy. She started her career as a dispatcher for a large pipeline company and then moved to an HVAC company. She loves learning how the technicians do what they do, and although she's not ready to fix an AC system on her own, she loves watching the pros at work! When she's not busy keeping things running smoothly at Cumberland Cooling you can find her spending time with family and friends. She's also a dog lover, and yes, she probably will ask you if she can pet your dog! Chelsea loves to travel and experience new things, but East Nashville is where her heart is and always will be.


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This blog holds news both from my two ventures in this world: The Hammerwielder Poster & Art Galerie and the Hammerwielder Storeshop as well as my thoughts to ongoings in second life in general.
I started travelling Second Life in early 2007. When coming into that world, I found loads of astounding things, users built there.
I started out in a Sim, which depicted 1940s New York in a most brilliant fashion. I adore that period so I hung out there a lot. After a few days, I remarked that money is a bit of a factor in that world and started camping and working as a freelance advertiser for shops.
After another few days, I got tired of that method, decided to act and invested 20 US$ in Linden$, rented a shop in that New-York 1940s Sim, uploaded some public domain fine art and some satirical pictures of friends who allowed me to and offered them.
The gallery grew and after the New York Sim went offline due to RL-problems of its owner, I met some landlady who took me onboard on a residential Sim a bit in the outback and was able to expand my gallery.
When that business was set up, one day I stepped into a sandbox by accident and was infected with the builders-virus and am eversince. Building relaxes me immensely and I found joy in redoing the design of the 1900 to 1940 period.
I also found out that some people like my building style, so I opened up a shop for my buildings on the Eyecom and on the Eyeles Sim. Business covered its costs and even brought in some more L$ for to put on the banks.
Being a place of change, SL brought up a new search engine which made it necessary to hold your own lot with its own name to sell your products. This and the fact that banks where evicted by LL, caused me to invest my money otherwise and to buy an old sandbox at Dhaulagiri to build up my new mainstore there and place my gallery besides it. There we go with the new base of operations for me where you would find me quite often in SL.
Besides that I love to explore Caledon, a network of victorian-steampunk sims and SL in general. I love to meet new people, so my friendlist holds legions of them. Networking is one of the most important advantages in SL to me. So don'nt be shy and make yourself known, if you like:)


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- © 2011 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved.
Increased cellular ploidy is widespread during developmental processes of multicellular organisms, especially in plants. Elevated ploidy levels are typically achieved either by endoreplication or endomitosis, which are often regarded as modified cell cycles that lack an M phase either entirely or partially. We identified GIGAS CELL1 (GIG1)/OMISSION OF SECOND DIVISION1 (OSD1) and established that mutation of this gene triggered ectopic endomitosis. On the other hand, it has been reported that a paralog of GIG1/OSD1, UV-INSENSITIVE4 (UVI4), negatively regulates endoreplication onset in Arabidopsis thaliana. We showed that GIG1/OSD1 and UVI4 encode novel plant-specific inhibitors of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ubiquitin ligase. These proteins physically interact with APC/C activators, CDC20/FZY and CDH1/FZR, in yeast two-hybrid assays. Overexpression of CDC20.1 and CCS52B/FZR3 differentially promoted ectopic endomitosis in gig1/osd1 and premature occurrence of endoreplication in uvi4. Our data suggest that GIG1/OSD1 and UVI4 may prevent an unscheduled increase in cellular ploidy by preferentially inhibiting APC/CCDC20 and APC/CFZR, respectively. Generation of cells with a mixed identity in gig1/osd1 further suggested that the APC/C may have an unexpected role for cell fate determination in addition to its role for proper mitotic progression.
In multicellular organisms, organ sizes are determined by cell division and cell expansion. The former is conducted by continuous progression of the mitotic cell cycle, whereas the latter is partly achieved by atypical modes of the cell cycle that lead to elevated cellular ploidy (Edgar and Orr-Weaver, 2001). Typically, an increase in ploidy levels is executed by two different strategies, endoreplication and endomitosis, where cells replicate their chromosomes without division (see Supplemental Figure 1 online). Endoreplication, which lacks the entire processes of mitosis, does not affect the number of chromosomes but generates polytene chromosome (Edgar and Orr-Weaver, 2001; Lee et al., 2009). On the other hand, in endomitosis, cells enter but do not complete mitosis, most typically proceeding through anaphase but lacking nuclear division and cytokinesis (D'Amato, 1984; Lee et al., 2009). In contrast with endoreplication, endomitosis causes doubling of the chromosome number, yielding cells with a single polyploid nucleus. Endoreplication is widespread especially in plants and is associated with cessation of cell division and onset of cell differentiation during developmental processes in various organs (Beemster et al., 2005; Breuer et al., 2010, De Veylder et al., 2011). Less attention has been paid to endomitosis, but it is also known to occur in various plant species, including Arabidopsis thaliana (Weiss and Maluszynska, 2001), most frequently during development in the tapetum and endosperm (Nagl, 1978; D'Amato, 1984).
Onset of endoreplication typically requires inhibition of mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activities (Lilly and Duronio, 2005; Inzé and De Veylder, 2006), which is often associated with the degradation of mitotic cyclins by the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) in insects (Narbonne-Reveau et al., 2008; Zielke et al., 2008) and plants (Cebolla et al., 1999; Larson-Rabin et al., 2009; Eloy et al., 2011). APC/C is a multisubunit protein complex acting as an E3 ubiquitin ligase (Peters, 2006) and is responsible for the transition of key mitotic processes by targeted degradation of numerous cell cycle proteins (Peters, 2006; Marrocco et al., 2010). In contrast with endoreplication, little is known about the mechanisms underlying endomitosis, which, however, may be triggered by the depletion of mitotic cyclins mediated by the APC/C (Zhang et al., 1998).
APC/C activity is generally regulated by both activator and inhibitor proteins (Peters, 2006). APC/C activators, CELL DIVISION CYCLE20 (CDC20)/FIZZY (FZY) and CDC20 HOMOLOG1 (CDH1)/FZY-RELATED (FZR), are evolutionarily conserved, and their binding to APC/C is critical for its ubiquitination activity (Pesin and Orr-Weaver, 2008). Arabidopsis has counterparts of both types of activators, of which CELL CYCLE SWITCH 52A2 (CCS52A2)/FZR1 and CCS52A1/FZR2 are known to positively regulate the onset of endoreplication in different developmental contexts (Lammens et al., 2008; Larson-Rabin et al., 2009). However, there is no Arabidopsis gene that corresponds to the APC/C inhibitors found in metazoa and yeasts, and it remained unclear if plants have such inhibitor proteins at all. Here, we report that GIGAS CELL1 (GIG1) and UV-INSENSITIVE4 (UVI4), a paralog of GIG1, may encode novel plant-specific inhibitors of APC/C. GIG1 may prevent the ectopic occurrence of endomitosis by inhibiting CDC20-dependent APC/C (APC/CCDC20), while UVI4 may have negative effects on endoreplication onset by inhibiting FZR-dependent APC/C (APC/CFZR) activity. Strikingly, our results suggest that GIG1 may be required not only for proper mitotic progression but also for normal cell fate determination during stomatal development.
Loss of GIG1 Generates Giant Guard Cells
The two allelic recessive mutants gig1-1 and gig1-2 were obtained in a forward genetic screen to identify enhancers of the myb3r4 mutant phenotype (Haga et al., 2011). MYB3R4 belongs to the Myb family of transcriptional regulators that positively regulate mitotic progression in Arabidopsis. These mutants displayed giant cells, which were also observed in gig1 plants without the myb3r4 mutation, although this phenotype was strongly enhanced when MYB3R4 was simultaneously mutated (see Supplemental Figure 2 online). The giant cells in gig1 cotyledons, herein designated as gigas cells, showed guard cell–like appearance in differential interference contrast (DIC) images, suggesting that their cell walls may be biochemically similar to each other (Figures 1A and 1B). These cells showed some other guard cell–like characteristics, including possession of structures similar to stomatal pores (Figure 1C) and expression of guard cell–specific markers, E994, E1728, and KAT1:β-glucuronidase (GUS) (Figures 1D and 1E; see Supplemental Figure 3 online) (Ohashi-Ito and Bergmann, 2006; Pillitteri et al., 2007). We also showed that generation of gigas cells is associated with TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM):green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression, a marker for stomatal precursor cells (Nadeau and Sack, 2002) (Figures 1F and 1G), and requires SPEECHLESS (SPCH) function, which is essential for stomatal development (Pillitteri et al., 2007) (cf. Figures 1H and 1I). These results suggest that gigas cells may have a guard cell–like identity, which may be generated through a similar developmental pathway that generates stomata. However, the gigas cells are more similar to jigsaw puzzle–shaped pavement cells in terms of size and morphology and are not paired, in contrast with guard cells in normal stomata. Furthermore, their nuclei are larger than those in normal guard cells and their precursors and are equivalent in size to endoreplicated nuclei in pavement cells (Figure 1J; see Supplemental Figure 4 online).
In addition to the gigas cells, the gig1 cotyledons have two other types of abnormal cells: large guard cells and round cells (see Supplemental Figure 5 online). The former is characterized by abnormally enlarged guard cells, a pair of which forms normal-shaped giant stomata. The latter is reminiscent of single-celled stomata, which are typically generated when guard mother cells fail to undergo cytokinesis or are arrested at the G2 phase, but achieved differentiation into guard cells (Falbel et al., 2003; Boudolf et al., 2004). This notion is consistent with our observation that guard cell–specific markers, E994 and KAT1:GUS, were expressed in the round cells (see Supplemental Figures 3 and 5 online).
All of these abnormal cell types were observed both in gig1-1 and gig1-2, irrespective of the presence of the myb3r4 mutation. There were no qualitative differences in epidermal phenotypes among the mutant combinations, which only affect the frequency of such abnormal cells. In the following experiments, we used both gig1-1 and gig1-2 alleles, which were, in some cases, combined with the myb3r4 mutation, especially when the weak gig1-1 allele was used.
Occurrence of Endomitosis in gig1 Cotyledons
All three types of abnormal cells in gig1 cotyledons (gigas cells, large guard cells, and round cells) contained enlarged nuclei in comparison with those of wild-type guard cells (Figure 1J; see Supplemental Figure 5 online), suggesting increased ploidy levels of these cells. To quantitatively analyze the polyploidy, we estimated nuclear DNA content by measuring relative nuclear sizes and determined the number of chromosomes in each nucleus using a kinetochore-specific marker, tdTomato-CENH3 (Figures 2A to 2D) (Kurihara et al., 2008). The normal guard cells, containing 2C nuclei with relative nuclear sizes of 2.0, showed 10 spots marked by tdTomato-CENH3, which are equivalent to diploid chromosome number (2n) of Arabidopsis. By contrast, the round cells exhibited nuclei with relative sizes of around 4.0 containing 10 chromosomes, which can be explained by G2 cell cycle arrest. The large guard cells also displayed nuclei with relative sizes of around 4.0 but contained 20 chromosomes, which corresponds to a tetraploid chromosome number (4n). This indicates that endomitosis, but not endoreplication, had occurred in the developmental processes of the large guard cells and that endomitosis had occurred only once in such processes. The nuclei of gigas cells also contained 20 chromosomes, but their sizes were discretely distributed from 8 to 32 (Figure 2D). One explanation is that endomitosis had occurred just one time prior to one to three rounds of endoreplication during the production of gigas cells.
The occurrence of endomitosis was confirmed by live-cell imaging of cotyledon epidermis in which microtubule arrays and chromosomes were labeled by GFP-TUA6 and H2B-tdTomato, respectively. We observed epidermal cells undergoing normal progression of mitosis and cytokinesis in wild-type cotyledons (Figure 3A; see Supplemental Movie 1 online). In gig1-1 myb3r4 cotyledons, however, we occasionally observed that condensed chromosomes failed to transition into anaphase in a timely fashion and remained in a condensed state for 1.5 to 2.0 h before separation of sister chromatids took place (Figure 3B; see Supplemental Movie 2 online), which only takes 10 to 15 min in the wild type (Figure 3A; see Supplemental Movie 1 online). After separation, sister chromatids could not further move toward spindle poles; instead, they merged into a single entity, resulting in the generation of a single polyploid nucleus. Moreover, in those cells, phragmoplasts were not properly formed between separated sister chromatids; instead, microtubules accumulated in the cytoplasm at one edge of the cell, resulting in the failure of the entire process of cytokinesis (Figure 3B; see Supplemental Movie 2 online).
Endomitosis Occurs Early in Stomatal Development in gig1 Mutants
To discern the developmental processes of the large guard cells and the gigas cells, we analyzed cell division history using TMM:GUS-GFP, which marks dividing and recently divided stomatal precursor cells (Figures 4A and 4B). The large guard cells containing 20 chromosomes are typically surrounded by a group of small cells expressing TMM:GUS-GFP, and these cells contained 20 chromosomes, which are further surrounded by cells with 10 chromosomes. This suggests that the occurrence of endomitosis in stomatal lineage cells might have produced a tetraploid cell that then divided several times to produce the tetraploid guard cells. By contrast, cells surrounding a gigas cell carried 10 chromosomes and did not express TMM:GUS-GFP, suggesting that a tetraploid cell that had been produced by endomitosis underwent endoreplication, but not cell division, to generate the gigas cells. Next, we showed that cells expressing SPCH-GFP and EPF2:GFP, which mark precursor cells characteristic of the initial stage of stomatal development (i.e., meristemoid mother cells and the meristemoid) (Pillitteri et al., 2007; Hara et al., 2009), had already enlarged or contained enlarged nuclei (Figures 4C to 4F). Therefore, it can be speculated that endomitosis had occurred in the early stages of stomatal development and that the resulting tetraploid cells later produced either the large guard cells or the gigas cells. The gigas cells, possessing characteristics of both guard cells and pavement cells, might have originated by the occurrence of endomitosis in place of asymmetric division, which would normally segregate stomatal and pavement cell fates (Ten Hove and Heidstra, 2008), and such failed asymmetric division might produce cells with a mixed fate.
Molecular Identification of GIG1
We identified GIG1 via the map-based cloning and sequencing of the mutant genome. We found base substitutions in At3g57860 in both gig1-1 and gig1-2 (Figure 5A). The gig1-1 mutation changes Val at position 42 into Met, while, in gig1-2, the G-to-A substitution at the 3′ splice site of intron 2 results in splicing variants encoding truncated GIG1 (see Supplemental Figure 6 online). This suggests that gig1-2 is a null allele of GIG1, which is consistent with the stronger phenotype in gig1-2 in comparison with gig1-1. An additional mutant allele, gig1-3, was identified in the collection of RIKEN transposon insertion lines (Kuromori et al., 2004), and homozygous gig1-3 mutation resulted in a similar phenotype in cotyledons. Furthermore, introduction of a genomic fragment of At3g57860 into gig1-2 homozygotes completely abolished the gig1 phenotype in cotyledons, confirming that GIG1 was At3g57860 (see Supplemental Figure 7 online).
Double Mutation of GIG1 and UVI4 Is Lethal
At3g57860 was previously identified as OMISSION OF SECOND DIVISION1 (OSD1) in a reverse genetic approach, and its homozygous mutation generates diploid pollen due to the absence of meiosis II in male gametophyte development (d'Erfurth et al., 2009). The diploid pollen was also observed in homozygotes of the strong gig1-2 allele but not of the weak gig1-1 allele (see Supplemental Figure 8 online). The Arabidopsis genome encodes a gene (At2g42260) that is paralogous to GIG1 (d'Erfurth et al., 2009), which was previously identified as POLYCHOME/UVI4 in two independent forward genetic screens (Figure 5A) (Perazza et al., 1999; Hase et al., 2006). It has been reported that a homozygous recessive pym/uvi4 mutation causes overbranched trichomes that were associated with the promotion of endoreplication (Perazza et al., 1999; Hase et al., 2006). To test the functional redundancy between GIG1 and UVI4, we made crosses between null alleles of GIG1 (gig1-2) and UVI4. We could not obtain double gig1-2 uvi4 mutants in the F2 generation, suggesting that the double mutation was lethal. Reciprocal cross experiments suggested that transmission of double mutant gametes was significantly reduced by ~45% on the female side (P value = 0.018, χ2 test), whereas it was normally transmitted on the male side (P value = 0.53, χ2 test). Consistent with these results, we observed a reduced number of enlarged nuclei in the female, but not male, gametophyte in gig1-2/+ uvi4/uvi4 plants (Figures 5B to 5D). We also found developing seeds with a reduced number of abnormally enlarged nuclei in the endosperm (Figures 5E and 5F). Mitotic figures of nuclei in such malformed endosperms contained an increased number of chromosomes (Figures 5G and 5H), suggesting the occurrence of endomitosis. Our results showed that functions of GIG1 and UVI4 may at least be partially redundant and support essential roles of these genes in nuclear division during gametogenesis and endosperm development.
Expression of GIG1
Expression of GIG1 was analyzed in plants transformed with the upstream region of GIG1 (1.6 kb) fused to the reporter gene, GUS, or nuclear-localized yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). GUS expression was observed in the shoot apical meristem and young leaves, which are rich in rapidly dividing cells (Figures 5I and 5J). In the epidermis of cotyledons and leaves, expression of YFP was observed in dividing and recently divided stomatal precursor cells, especially in dividing guard mother cells and young guard cells (Figure 5K). Consistent with the mixed-fate nature of gigas cells, we also observed YFP expression in asymmetrically dividing meristemoid mother cells and meristemoids (Figure 5L). In roots, YFP was expressed preferentially in the division zones of root tips (Figures 5M). These data suggest that GIG1 expression is associated with cell division but also with specific cell types.
GIG1 and UVI4 Physically Interact with APC/C Activators
It was recently shown by proteomic studies that GIG1 and UVI4 associate in vivo with the APC/C in cultured Arabidopsis cells (Van Leene et al., 2010). The functional relevance of this physical interaction between GIG1/UVI4 and APC/C remained unknown. Interestingly, we observed that GIG1 overexpression leads to a similar dwarf phenotype that is caused by knockdown of the APC/C core subunit genes (Figures 6A and 6B) (Saze and Kakutani, 2007; Marrocco et al., 2009). This suggests that GIG1 might inhibit the activity of APC/C through protein–protein interaction. We examined which components of APC/C physically bind with GIG1 and UVI4 by yeast two-hybrid assays (Figure 6C) and showed that both GIG1 and UVI4 interacted with all APC/C activators tested (CCS52A1/FZR2, CCS52B/FZR3, CDC20.1, and CDC20.5), whereas no obvious interaction was observed for core subunits of APC/C (APC2, APC7, APC10, CDC27a, and HBT). This suggests that GIG1 and UVI4 may inhibit APC/C through preventing the APC/C activation mediated by FZR/CDH1 and FZY/CDC20.
Genetic Interaction of GIG1 and UVI4 with APC/C
We further analyzed the genetic interactions between GIG1 and the APC/C using the 35S:APC10 cosuppression line with decreased expression of APC10, a gene encoding a core subunit of APC/C (Marrocco et al., 2009). Our genetic analysis showed that the gigas cell phenotype was suppressed in gig1-2/gig1-2 cotyledons that retained the 35S:APC10 transgene, while such suppression was not observed in the segregants that had lost the 35S:APC10 transgene (Figure 6D). Our interpretation is that the gig1-2 mutant may have increased APC/C activity, causing endomitosis; however, when elevated APC/C activity is downregulated by decreased expression of APC10, endomitosis is suppressed.
We also tested for genetic interactions between the gig1 mutation and APC/C activators. Among the four APC/C activators tested in yeast two-hybrid assays, we selected CDC20.1 and CCS52B/FZR3 for our genetic analysis because these two genes are known to be preferentially expressed in dividing cells, in which GIG1 is also strongly expressed (Larson-Rabin et al., 2009; Kevei et al., 2011). To obtain a high expression of these genes in dividing cells, we used the CDKA;1 promoter, whose activity is associated with dividing Arabidopsis cells (Hemerly et al., 1993). When an overexpression construct, CDKA;1:CDC20.1, was introduced into gig1-1 myb3r4 plants, the gig1 phenotype was markedly enhanced, increasing the frequency of gigas cells and, more dramatically, that of the round cells (Figures 7A and 7B), whereas the introduction of CDKA;1:CCS52B showed no such effects (Figure 7C). Even greater enhancing effects were observed when CDC20.1 was overexpressed under the promoter of EPF2 (Figure 7D). Conversely, CDKA;1:CCS52B caused a dramatic enhancement of endoreplication in uvi4 root tips, whereas no such effect was observed in the case of CDKA;1:CDC20.1 (Figures 7E to 7G; see Supplemental Figure 9 online). Similar differential effects were observed for trichome overbranching and dwarf phenotypes in uvi4 (see Supplemental Figure 10 online). We did not observe such prominent effects when CDC20.1 and CCS52B/FZR3 were overexpressed in the wild type (see Supplemental Figure 11 online). All our data are generally consistent with the idea that GIG1 and UVI4 may act as inhibitors of the APC/C. It is also noted that there may be some functional differences between GIG1 and UVI4 because their loss-of-function causes different phenotypes, which are affected differently by the overexpression of CCS52B/FZR3 and CDC20.1.
Modified GIG1 Function Affects the Levels of Mitotic Cyclins
To test if decreased expression of mitotic cyclins, well-known substrates of APC/C, is critical for the endomitosis phenotype in gig1 cotyledons, we examined the effects of cycb2;2 mutations in the gig1 mutant background (Figures 7H and 7I). We found that the additional cycb2;2 mutation significantly enhanced endomitosis phenotype in gig1-1 plants.
To examine the actual effects on cyclin expression, we made a CYCB1;2-YFP construct in which YFP fused to the N-terminal region of CYCB1;2, which contained the destruction box motif, was placed under its own promoter (proCYCB1;2:dBox-YFP). We observed that expression of CYCB1;2-YFP was dramatically increased by GIG1 overexpression under the dexamethasone-inducible promoter, causing strong and uniform YFP expression in root tips (Figure 7J, right), which otherwise shows patchy expression pattern (Figure 7J, left). Overexpression of UVI4 caused similar but less prominent effects (see Supplemental Figure 12 online). Our quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated that overexpression of neither GIG1 nor UVI4 affects significantly the transcription of mitotic cyclins, supporting our idea that these proteins affect mitotic cyclin stability (see Supplemental Figure 12 on line).
GIG1 Is a Novel Plant-Specific Inhibitor of APC/C
Activity of APC/C is generally regulated by both activator and inhibitor proteins. The APC/C activators CDC20/FZY and CDH1/FZR activate APC/C at different points in the cell cycle and also bind to the target proteins of APC/C for selective substrate recognition (Pesin and Orr-Weaver, 2008). CDC20/FZY and CDH1/FZR are related to each other and conserved in all eukaryotic species. In vertebrates, the negative regulation of APC/C is typically achieved by two related proteins, Emi1 and Emi2, which bind to APC/C activators and the core complex (Barford, 2011). The primary function of Emi1 is to inhibit APC/CFZR and thereby terminate DNA replication in a timely fashion and enable the transition from the G2 to M phases (Grosskortenhaus and Sprenger, 2002; Machida and Dutta, 2007), while Emi2 inhibits APC/CCDC20 and thereby enables the proper progression through meiosis (Madgwick et al., 2006). Plants do not have counterparts of vertebrate Emi1 and Emi2, and it remains unclear if plants also have a negative regulator of APC/C. Our results suggest that GIG1 and UVI4 may correspond to such negative regulators of APC/C. This is supported by the fact that these proteins both interact with APC/C activators. Moreover, GIG1 overexpression phenocopies the downregulation of APC/C. Our genetic interaction studies also support a model in which GIG1 and UVI4 negatively regulate APC/C activity. For instance, the gig1-2 mutant phenotype that may result from increased APC/C activity can indeed be suppressed by decreasing APC/C activity. Finally, the overaccumulation of CYCB1;2-YFP in GIG1-overexpressing plants also fits this model. We showed that GIG1 and UVI4 may have partially overlapping functions that are essential for female gametogenesis and endosperm development. In these developmental processes, GIG1 and UVI4 may be required for the accumulation of still unknown mitotic regulators by inhibiting their degradation.
Difference in GIG1 and UVI4 Functions
Besides having overlapping functions, GIG1 and UVI4 also have specific roles in mitotic regulation. We showed that mutations in GIG1 and UVI4 preferentially affect the increase in cellular ploidy caused by endomitosis and endoreplication, respectively. Whereas endoreplication results from arresting cells at the G2 phase before they enter mitosis, endomitosis results from arresting cells within the M phase before they complete mitosis (Edgar and Orr-Weaver, 2001). This suggests that UVI4 may function earlier than GIG1 in mitotic cell cycle. Probably, UVI4 may act at the G2-to-M transition by promoting the accumulation of specific mitotic cyclins, such as CYCA2;3, which has been identified as a negative regulator of endoreplication (Imai et al., 2006). Loss of UVI4 may thus result in a reduced amount of such cyclins, thereby accelerating the onset of endoreplication. On the other hand, GIG1 may act later during mitosis for the scheduled degradation of mitotic regulators, such as CYCB2;2, whose amount was critical for ectopic occurrence of endomitosis in gig1. In this respect, it has been shown that tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells expressing nondestructible cyclin B1 exhibit doubled DNA content as a result of endomitosis (Weingartner et al., 2004).
Our data also suggested that GIG1 and UVI4 may preferentially affect the activities of APC/CCDC20 and APC/CFZR, respectively. Overexpression of CDC20.1 caused a severe endomitosis phenotype in gig1 but not in uvi4, while overexpression of CCS52B/FZR3 resulted in enhanced endoreplication in uvi4 but less efficient enhancement in gig1. It is generally known that CDC20-type APC/C activators execute their function specifically during mitosis, while FZR-type activators can function during interphase (Pesin and Orr-Weaver, 2008). This is consistent with our idea that GIG1 and UVI4 have temporally different activities in the cell cycle. GIG1 may prevent the ectopic occurrence of endomitosis by selective inhibition of APC/CCDC20 during mitosis, while UVI4 may negatively regulate endoreplication onset by inhibiting APC/CFZR at the G2 to M transition.
A Role for APC/C in Cell Fate Determination?
The most striking phenotype of gig1 is the generation of gigas cells, which display characteristics of both guard cells and pavement cells. During epidermal development in Arabidopsis, meristemoid mother cells divide asymmetrically to generate two daughter cells that follow either one of the two developmental pathways, ultimately generating guard cells or pavement cells (Nadeau, 2009). Our examination of gigas cells showed that they have guard cell–like identities and share a developmental pathway with stomatal lineage cells. At the same time, these cells are similar to pavement cells in terms of size and morphology. The occurrence of endoreplication in developing gigas cells, which is absent in the developmental pathway that generates guard cells, may also be explained by pavement cell–like characteristics in the mixed-fate cells. The occurrence of endomitosis in place of asymmetric division of either meristemoid mother cells or meristemoids may produce single cells with identities of both daughter cells during the generation of gigas cells.
However, failure of cell division alone may not account for the generation of mixed-fate cells in the epidermis. Many mutations are known in Arabidopsis that cause incomplete cytokinesis in epidermal cells; none of them, however, was reported to produce cells with such a mixed fate (Jürgens, 2005). Similarly, it is well known that the application of antimicrotubule drugs, such as colchicines, causes transient arrest at mitosis and generates polyploid somatic cells (Eigsti, 1938; Levan, 1938). Even though colchicine has long been used to produce polyploid plants, the occurrence of such mixed-fate cells has not been reported upon application of the drug. These observations led us to hypothesize that APC/C may be involved in the determination of epidermal cell fate in addition to its role in mitotic progression. The unexpected roles of APC/C in the determination of cell identity may not be specific for stomatal development, since recent findings have suggested similar nonmitotic roles of APC/C in some different contexts, which include differentiation of the lens and axons in animals (Wu et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2009), as well as vascular development and maintenance of stem cell identity in plants (Marrocco et al., 2009; Vanstraelen et al., 2009).
In summary, we identified novel APC/C inhibitors in Arabidopsis, which may have a role in cell fate determination. Future genetic and biochemical studies will uncover the mechanisms that link the cell cycle to asymmetric cell fate determination, as well as the upstream and downstream signaling pathways of these inhibitors.
Plant Materials
Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia (Col) was used as the wild type. All mutants and transgenic lines are in the Col background, except for gig1-3 and KAT1:GUS, which are in the Nossen and RLD1 background, respectively. The gig1 mutant lines, gig1-1 and gig1-2, were derived from an ethyl methanesulfonate–mutagenized myb3r4-1 population and backcrossed four times before analysis. Another allele of GIG1 (gig1-3, pst15307), which has a Ds transposon insertion in exon 2, was obtained from the Plant Functional Genomics Research Group of RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center (Kuromori et al., 2004). Other mutants and transgenic plants, enhancer trap lines E994 and E1728, TMM:GUS-GFP, KAT1:GUS, SPCH-GFP, EPF2:GFP, GFP-TUA6, H2B-tdTomato, and spch-3 were described previously (R.L. Nakamura et al., 1995; Nadeau and Sack, 2002; M. Nakamura et al., 2004; Ohashi-Ito and Bergmann, 2006; Pillitteri et al., 2007; Hara et al., 2009; Adachi et al., 2011).
Map-Based Cloning of GIG1
The genetic screen was conducted by mutagenizing ~20,000 myb3r4-1 seeds with 0.3% ethyl methanesulfonate (Sigma-Aldrich) for 10 h. The cotyledon was removed from each M2 plant, mounted after clearing, and visually screened for abnormality in stomatal shape with DIC microscopy. From a screen of 5000 M2 seedlings, two alleles of GIG1 were identified. A mapping population was generated by outcrossing to Landsberg erecta (Ler). DNA markers were used to detect polymorphisms between Col and Ler. The markers were designed based on the information available in the Monsanto Arabidopsis Polymorphism and Ler Sequence Collection (http://www.Arabidopsis.org/browse/Cereon/index.jsp).
Microscopy observations with DIC and fluorescent optics were done as described previously (Haga et al., 2007). For images of epidermal cell patterns, live tissues were mounted in water and visualized using an Olympus FV1000 confocal microscope. For counterstaining of cell outlines, tissues were placed in 10 μM solution of FM4-64 (Molecular Probes) for 2 min. GFP was excited at 473 nm, and fluorescence was detected at 485 to 545 nm, FM4-64 was excited at 559 nm, and fluorescence was detected at 570 to 670 nm.
Clearing of plant materials, histochemical GUS assay, and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining were performed as described previously (Haga et al., 2007, 2011). Scanning electron microscopy was performed as described previously (Semiarti et al., 2001).
Imaging Analysis
To determine kinetochore number, fluorescent signals of tdTomato-CENH3 in epidermis were counted using Metamorph version 7.5 (Molecular Devices). Imaging was performed using a fluorescence microscope (IX-81; Olympus) equipped with a confocal laser scanner unit CSUX-1 (Yokogawa Electronic) and a charge-coupled device camera (CoolSNAP HQ2; Roper Scientific) as described previously (Adachi et al., 2011). Live-cell imaging of the cotyledon epidermis in 2- to 3-d-old seedlings with H2B-tdTomato and GFP-TUA6 was performed as described previously (Kosetsu et al., 2010).
Plasmid Construction and Transformation
See Supplemental Table 1 online for a list of plasmid constructs generated in this study and Supplemental Table 2 online for a list of primer DNA sequences used for generating these plasmids. Generation and selection of transgenic plants were done as described previously (Haga et al., 2007). Binary vectors, pPZP211, pTA7001, pBGGUS, and pBGYN, were previously described (Hajdukiewicz et al., 1994; Aoyama and Chua, 1997; Kubo et al., 2005)
Yeast Two-Hybrid Assays
Yeast two-hybrid assays were performed as described by Soyano et al. (2003). Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain L40 was cotransformed with pBTM116- and pVP16-based plasmids carrying different cDNAs. A single colony was diluted with water and spotted on medium lacking His that was supplemented with 5 mM 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and cultured at 30°C for 2 d.
Quantitative Real-Time PCR
Extraction of total RNA and synthesis of first-strand cDNA were performed as described previously (Haga et al., 2007). Quantitative real-time PCR was performed using the SYBR PremixEx Taq (Perfect Real Time) kit (TaKaRa Biomedical) on the LightCycler480 machine (Roche Diagnostics). See Supplemental Table 3 online for a list of primer DNA sequences used for real-time PCR.
Accession Numbers
Arabidopsis Genome Initiative numbers for the genes discussed in this article are as follows: APC2, AT2G04660; APC7, At2g39090; APC10, At2g18290; CDC20.1, At4g33270; CDC20.5, At5g27570; CDC27a, AT3G16320; CYCA2;3, At1g15570; CYCB1;2, At5g06150; CYCB2;2, At4g35620; EPF2, At1g34245; CCS52A1/FZR2, At4g22910; CCS52B/FZR3, At5g13840; GIG1/OSD1, At3g57860; HBT, At2g20000; UVI4, At2g42260; KAT1, At5g46240; SPCH, At5g53210; and TMM, At1g80080.
Supplemental Data
The following materials are available in the online version of this article.
Supplemental Figure 1. Schematic Representation of Endoreplication and Endomitosis.
Supplemental Figure 2. Abnormalities of Epidermal Cells in gig1 Cotyledon Are Enhanced by myb3r4 and Double myb3r1 myb3r4 Mutations.
Supplemental Figure 3. Expression of Guard Cell–Specific Markers in gig1 Cotyledons.
Supplemental Figure 4. Gigas Cells Contain Enlarged Nuclei with Abnormal Shapes.
Supplemental Figure 5. Abnormal Guard Cells in gig1 Epidermis.
Supplemental Figure 6. Splice Variants Generated from the gig1-2 Allele.
Supplemental Figure 7. Complementation of gigas Cell Phenotype in gig1 Epidermis.
Supplemental Figure 8. gig1-2 but Not gig1-1 Plants Produce Enlarged Pollen Grains with Increased Sizes of Nuclei.
Supplemental Figure 9. Overexpression of CCS52B/FZR3 Severely Affects Cell Patterns in uvi4 Roots.
Supplemental Figure 10. Phenotypes of uvi4 Are Enhanced by Overexpression of CCS52B/FZR3.
Supplemental Figure 11. DAPI-Stained Root Tips in CDC20.1- and CCS52B/FZR3-Overexpressing Plants in the Wild-Type Background.
Supplemental Figure 12. Overexpression of GIG1 and UVI4 Causes Stabilization of CYCB1;2-YFP.
Supplemental Table 1. List of Plasmid Constructs Used in This Study and Their Description.
Supplemental Table 2. List of Primers and Their DNA Sequences Used for Plasmid Construction.
Supplemental Table 3. List of Primers and Their DNA Sequences Used for Real-Time PCR.
Supplemental Movie 1. Live-Cell Imaging of a Wild-Type Epidermal Cell Expressing GFP-TUA6 and H2B-tdTomato.
Supplemental Movie 2. Live-Cell Imaging of a gig1 myb3r4 Epidermal Cell Expressing GFP-TUA6 and H2B-tdTomato.
Supplemental Movie Legends. Legends for Supplemental Movies 1 and 2.
We thank Kanako Komatsu, Chie Kotani, and Yuka Sako for technical assistance and Yasunori Machida and Masahiro Kanaoka for helpful discussion. We thank Keiko Torii for GFP marker lines (E994 and SPCH-GFP) and the spch mutant, Fred Sack for TMM:GUS-GFP, Yoshihiro Hase for the uvi4 mutant, Tatsuo Kakimoto for EPF2:GFP, Taku Demura for the pBGYN vector, Takashi Hashimoto for GFP-TUA6, and Michiko Sasabe and Yasunori Machida for pVP16S and pBTM116E1 plasmids. This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grants 22570040 and 0008) and from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Grants 23119508 and 23012017) and by the Yamada Science Foundation.
M.I., P.G., M.-C.C., and S.M. designed the research. M.I., S.M., E.I., S.I., M.K., M.-C.C., and Y.Y. performed the research. M.I., S.M., E.I., S.I., and Y.Y. analyzed the data. M.I., S.M., and P.G. wrote the article.
The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantcell.org) is: Masaki Ito (masakito{at}agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp).
↵[W] Online version contains Web-only data.
- Received September 23, 2011.
- Revised November 3, 2011.
- Accepted November 20, 2011.
- Published December 13, 2011.


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Can you still watch a film or TV show if one of the celebrities involved has done wrong?
Can you still watch a film or TV show if one of the celebrities involved has done wrong?
Many shows and films have been affected by the recent sexual assault allegations against numerous high-ranking members of the Hollywood society. For example, Kevin Spacey was fired from House of Cards as well as other upcoming projects, and Gossip Girl star Ed Westwick's new show that was due to air on the BBC has been axed, even though rape allegations against him are still being investigated.
In the light of these discoveries about actors who have been part of viewers' entertainment for years, it is completely understandable that you would ask whether it is appropriate to watch any of their work. The answer to this is difficult to determine and one that in the end, everyone will have to decide for themselves. It also varies to a huge degree based on the person and how they were involved with the film or TV show.
Allegations of domestic abuse against Johnny Depp by Amber Heard were never substantiated, and he has greatly contributed to films that I watched many times in my childhood, such as the Pirates of the Caribbean series, which is why I wouldn't actively avoid his older films or even the new ones, especially those such as Murder on the Orient Express, where he is only one member of a large, talented ensemble cast.
However, with an actor such as Casey Affleck, who was under allegations of sexual harassment, but with civil suit actions relating to his film having been settled and dismissed out of court, or directors like Woody Allen who was publicly accused of sexual abuse by his daughter and later married his adoptive daughter, or Roman Polanski who was convicted of statutory rape, I do avoid their films as best as possible, as I would prefer not to contribute to a culture that not only accepts men like this but also gives them a platform.
Similarly, although actor Mark Salling was convicted of possessing child pornography, he was only one of more than twenty people that made up the cast of Glee and I won't let him rob me of the enjoyment that I gain from the show.
When it comes to smaller matters like an actor making a tasteless joke, such as Supernatural star Jared Padalecki, who when asked by a fan what his favourite pickup line is, replied with: "does this rag smell like chloroform to you?", it is a little different. Such behaviour should never be excused and fans can and should call out celebrities for statements like this. However, it won't stop me watching the show, where – again – he is one of many. Would I contribute to his anti-bullying campaign or support his other personal ventures? No, but there's still an obligation to support the other people on the show who did not make statements like this.
In the end, everyone has to decide for themselves whether they want to watch something that involved someone accused of sexual assault, abuse, or simply someone who has been offensive. However, if you do feel like you can't avoid their presence in the entertainment media, then there are a few things you can do to make yourself feel better, such as not watching the films and TV shows, calling out the person on social media, or even making a donation to a charity that helps victims of the type of abuse the person has perpetuated, with the money you would usually spend on a cinema ticket!
Editor's note: We apologise for our previously incorrect statement that Casey Affleck had been sued for sexual assault. The information has now been corrected in the article. Casey Affleck was NOT sued for sexual assault. These were contract disputes and the allegation was sexual harassment, not assault. The civil suits in relation to the film I'M STILL HERE were settled to the satisfaction of all parties and dismissed in 2010.
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Christine Brooke-Rose
Christine Brooke-Rose (1923–2012) was a British translator, literary critic and experimental novelist.
In the Labyrinth
The Battle of Reichenfels has been fought and lost. The army is in flight. The enemy is expected to arrive in town at any moment. A soldier, carrying a parcel under his arm, is wandering through an unknown town. All the streets look the same, and he cannot remember the name of one where he was suppo…READ MORE >


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Petra Raab ⎟ Corporate Communications
Phone: +49 9181 906 1426
The combined lightning current and surge arresters of the new BLITZDUCTORconnect series protect automation and measuring and control systems in industrial environments as well as information technology interfaces. A high lightning current discharge capacity and a low protection level make them ideal components for reliable terminal device protection. They are available in a compact or modular design and both variants have a width of only 6 mm. Functions such as the new secR release buttons and push-in technology help to minimise the installation effort.
The status indicator and a compatible remote signalling unit immediately report any failure in case of overload. Ex-approved versions of BLITZDUCTORconnect are available for intrinsically safe signal circuits.
With this clear company designation DEHN, as a leading supplier of lightning and surge protection and safety products and solutions, clearly underscores its importance as a globally active company and promotes the sustainable development of the DEHN brand.
The new DEHNcombo YPV combined arrester from the lightning and surge protection specialist DEHN safely protects PV systems from surges caused by lightning interference. The arrester offers a number of application advantages for PV systems in a single device. The varistor-based protective device combines a type 1 lightning current arrester and a type 2 surge arrester and incorporates a tried and tested Y circuit.
DEHNcombo YPV efficiently protects the DC side of the inverter, the combiner box or the PV modules. This new arrester can be used for small rooftop systems, but also for systems of the multi-megawatt class.
The sustainable use of resources requires the intelligent and sustainable generation, distribution and use of energy. This includes protection of the associated systems and plants. At "The Smarter E Europe" (hall B3, booth 372) - the most important industry platform which takes place from May 15 to May 17 in Munich - we will demonstrate how to protect systems against lightning-related surges and safely handle electrical energy. The event brings together four exhibitions under one roof: Intersolar, Power2Drive, ees and EM-Power, making it the largest energy trade fair in Europe. Under the motto "DEHN protects.", DEHN will present innovative protection solutions for photovoltaic systems, smart grids, battery storage systems and e-mobility, irrespective of the plant size. Based on practical protection solutions, the DEHN experts will explain how lightning and surge protection can increase the availability of photovoltaic systems, including the grid infrastructure and battery storage systems, or the e-mobility charging infrastructure.
The wireless inspection camera by DEHN is now available with an optional LED lighting unit which is quite simply mounted to the camera enclosure. The practical camera is ideal for inspecting and documenting the state of electrical installations up to 123 kV / 15-60 Hz – under live conditions. The extra lighting, point or diffused, makes it possible to use the camera in badly lit locations. It is simple to control via WiFi and an app on a smartphone or tablet computer. Safe operation is a simple matter, without any special training on the part of the electrician. The photos and documentation transmitted live can be saved and forwarded.
Neumarkt – Mid-December 2018: DEHN greeted over 30 lightning protection installers from all over Germany. "DEHN is already in its fourth generation and still fascinated by the phenomenon lightning, our passion. Like previous generations, we look for opportunities to meet future challenges and make the world a little bit safer through our own protection solutions and the skill of the lightning protection installers. It is our common experience in trade and industry which flows into the further development of lightning protection" said Dr Philipp Dehn in his speech on the topic: 15 years of HVI. DEHN brought its guests up to date on the development and testing of the HVI high voltage resistant insulated conductor and technical innovations and trends in the field of lightning protection. A visit to the high voltage laboratory at the Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon Ohm rounded off the technical framework programme.
The EXFS Coaxial Connection Box by DEHN is the ideal solution for integrating
electrically conductive parts in ex areas like, for instance, the insulating joints of
pipelines, in the lightning equipotential bonding.
This effectively protects those electrically conductive parts in ex areas which
cannot be directly interconnected against lightning induced surges.
The benefits for the user, above all, during installation, maintenance and testing
are significant. The Coaxial Connection Box is installed above the ground so that
the regular inspection of the integrated EXFS 100 can be conducted outside the
ex area. There is also no need to disconnect cables or remove insulation when
testing. What is more, mounting is simple because DEHN includes all fixtures and
assembly accessories in the scope of delivery.
Safe dimensioning makes the new DEHNguard with ACI technology (Advanced Circuit Interruption)a no-worries package for the user who saves space, time and costs. ACI technology presents a technical solution to dimensioning issues which eliminates the need to select the right back-up fuse or conductor cross-section. ACI fulfils the requirements of tomorrow today. Constant availability of electrical systems is a must. Power cuts and system failure are out of the question. Now and in the future, it is important to consider the ongoing transition in the global power supply. Renewable power generation is creating new grid parameters: Isolated grids and storage systems are changing the short-circuiting conditions. One aspect which the new ACI technology already has well under control.
Be it with lightning and surge protection for electronic and digital interlockings, for level crossings or point heaters - "DEHN protects the railway infrastructure". With this motto, DEHN will be at InnoTrans, the leading international fair for transport technology, in Berlin from 18th to 21st September, 2018. At stand 218 in hall 11.1, DEHN will feature practical lightning and surge protection solutions with which to prevent costly downtime and operational disruptions. The experts at DEHN will provide information on individual solutions, the seminars available at the DEHNacademy and the testing services offered in the laboratories.
From 20 – 22 June you will find DEHN at the leading platform for the solar industry - the Intersolar in Munich, hall A2, stand 536. Whether kilowatt or megawatt systems, DEHN protects your investments across the globe against interruptions caused by lightning currents and surges. Practical solutions show how lightning and surge protection can increase the availability of photovoltaic systems in conjunction with the network infrastructure, battery storage or electromobility.
The new surge protective device DEHNgate FF5 TV is suitable for universal application in analogue and digital SAT systems. One arrester can protect analogue or digital satellite reception systems with, e.g., a quad LNB (multi-switch) plus a terrestrial antenna.
Personal protection takes top priority when using high pressure water jets for cleaning purposes. The right protective clothing minimises the risk of accident and injury. Beside occupational safety considerations, personal protective equipment (PPE) should be comfortable to wear and provide sufficient freedom of movement. The new DEHNcare WJP overall fulfils both requirements – safety at work and comfort. The high-pressure water jet protective overall has been tested in accordance with recognised test principles (test pressure 1,200 bar) to reliably withstand water jets of up to 1,000 bar. Moreover, the innovative lightweight material does not restrict movement and is therefore comfortable to wear.
DEHNpatch outdoor is the new complete unit comprising surge protection and an enclosure for outdoor use. With IP 66 degree of protection, a universal mounting bracket (horizontal/vertical, pole or wall) and transmission class E, the new surge arrester DEHNpatch outdoor is the perfect protective device for Ethernet applications (also PoE++) in outdoor areas.
DEHN continues to focus on the internationalisation of sales activities. DEHN has been active in the Netherlands for decades. In January, it opened its own company DEHN NEDERLAND B.V. in Amersfoort. The aim is to intensify marketing activities and support customers when marketing on a local level.
Due to digitalisation, networked technology is becoming more important, equipment and components more sensitive and demands in the workplace higher. Failure of sensitive, networked technology is unthinkable and often has dire consequences.
"Connected – Secure – Convenient", the motto of this year's Light + Building, has also been taken up by DEHN whose stand D90 in hall 8.0 at the international trade fair for light and building technology in Frankfurt/Main from 18 – 23.03.2018 will show how to cope safely and simply with any challenges to be met in the thrilling times in which we live.
At the end of 2017, the DEHN Test Centre was awarded an accreditation certificate (Registration number D-PL-20356-01-00) by the Deutsche Akkreditierungsstelle, DAkkS (German accreditation body). For DEHN this is further objective proof of the quality and competency of its testing.
DEHN not only develops protective devices for the regenerative power generation sector, but actively promotes the use of sustainable power at its locations in Neumarkt and Mühlhausen. Solar energy and a combined heat and power plant are already used to generate electricity and provide warm water. In January, a new photovoltaic system was put into operation at the premises in Mühlhausen, producing approx. 750,000 kWh of additional electricity annually. This leads to a CO2 saving of some 350,000 kg per year. In this way, DEHN makes an important contribution towards protecting the environment and resources.
Petra Raab ⎟ Corporate Communications
Phone: +49 9181 906 1426
Eva-Maria Janka ⎟ Corporate Communications
Phone: +49 9181 906 2097


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Girls' Night is a preset game mode for Custom Night in Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location. In this mode, you must deal with female characters, including Bonnet, BidyBab, Ballora, Funtime Foxy (which is actually male), and both variations of Minireena.
- When the Minireenas are trying to drain your oxygen zap them immediately.
- Dismiss Bonnet as soon as you see her.
- Check the vent cameras for BidyBab or listen for her metal sound then close the vent door.
- It is recommended to wear headphones to listen for Ballora's audio cues.
- In the mobile version, just look for her warnings on the doors.
- Check the Pirate Cove camera often to slow down Funtime Foxy.
- This game mode is 3rd hardest from Golden Freddy preset, as most of the animatronics can kill you.
- This is one of the most controversial presets because of some of the animatronic's genders are debated.
- This preset is based on Ladies Night, from FNaF 2.
|Custom Night Presets
|Cupcake Challenge • Golden Freddy • Top Shelf • Bottom Shelf • Dolls, Attack! • Funtime Frenzy • Freddy & Co. • Girls' Night • Weirdos • Angry Ballet
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.


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May 29, 2019 - 448 views
Fanm Djanm, which means "strong woman" in Haitian Kreyol, was founded in 2014 as a collection of eight headwraps, which Paola sold directly from her apartment on the weekends. Today, Fanm Djanm has transformed into a headwrap collection and lifestyle brand that serves to both empower and inspire women to live boldly. Fanm Djanm encourages women to wear a bold print, take command of a room, laugh a little too loudly, and pursue their greatest goals.Continue reading