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Artificial selection for structural color on butterfly wings and comparison with natural evolution
Edited by David A. Weitz, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved June 28, 2014 (received for review February 13, 2014)
Despite significant efforts to study structural colors in nature, little is known about how such colors and structures evolved in the first place. To address this key question, we performed the first artificial selection (to our knowledge) on a structural color using butterflies. We demonstrated rapid evolution of violet structural color from ultra-violet brown scales in Bicyclus anynana butterflies with only six generations of selection. Furthermore, we identified the structural changes responsible for color evolution, which involve changes in the thickness of a chitin lamina in individual wing scales. By examining other violet-banded species that occur naturally in the Bicyclus genus, we found the colors are produced via the same mechanism and thus may have evolved via similar scale modifications.
Brilliant animal colors often are produced from light interacting with intricate nano-morphologies present in biological materials such as butterfly wing scales. Surveys across widely divergent butterfly species have identified multiple mechanisms of structural color production; however, little is known about how these colors evolved. Here, we examine how closely related species and populations of Bicyclus butterflies have evolved violet structural color from brown-pigmented ancestors with UV structural color. We used artificial selection on a laboratory model butterfly, B. anynana, to evolve violet scales from UV brown scales and compared the mechanism of violet color production with that of two other Bicyclus species, Bicyclus sambulos and Bicyclus medontias, which have evolved violet/blue scales independently via natural selection. The UV reflectance peak of B. anynana brown scales shifted to violet over six generations of artificial selection (i.e., in less than 1 y) as the result of an increase in the thickness of the lower lamina in ground scales. Similar scale structures and the same mechanism for producing violet/blue structural colors were found in the other Bicyclus species. This work shows that populations harbor large amounts of standing genetic variation that can lead to rapid evolution of scales' structural color via slight modifications to the scales' physical dimensions.
Organisms produce colors in two basic ways: by synthesizing pigments that selectively absorb light of certain spectral bands so that only light outside the absorption bands is backscattered (chemical color) or by developing nanomorphologies that enhance the reflection of light of certain wavelengths by interference (physical color or structural color). Structural colors play major roles in natural and sexual selection in many species (1) and have a broad range of applications in color display, paint, cosmetics, and textile industries (2). Structural color surveys across widely divergent species have revealed a large diversity of color-producing mechanisms (3⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–9). However, there has been a lack of systematic study and comparison of how different colors from closely related species or within populations of a single species evolve, even though these colors can vary dramatically. By examining how these species/populations evolve different colors, it is possible to identify the minimal amount of morphological change that results in significant color variation. Furthermore, this research may serve as an inspiration for future application of similar evolutionary principles to the design of photonic devices for color tuning, light trapping, or beam steering (2, 10⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–20). From an evolutionary biology point of view, we are curious to examine how structural colors respond to selection pressure and whether there is sufficient standing genetic variation in natural populations to allow the rapid evolution of novel colors. Here we focus on determining the morphological changes and the physical mechanisms that cause the evolution of violet structural color in populations of a single species and also across different species within a single genus of butterflies.
We focus on the genus Bicyclus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), composed of more than 80 species that predominantly exhibit brown color along with marginal eyespots. Some Bicyclus species, however, have independently evolved transverse bands of bright violet/blue structural color on the dorsal surface of the forewings (black asterisks in Fig. 1A) (21, 22). One species, Bicyclus anynana, has become a model species amenable to laboratory rearing, and multiple aspects of its marginal eyespots (size, relative width of the color rings, shape) have been altered by artificial selection (23⇓⇓⇓–27). However, change of color (hue), either pigmentary or structural, via artificial selection has not been reported. B. anynana does not exhibit bright violet coloration on its wings and therefore provides an excellent opportunity for investigating whether there is genetic potential to produce violet color upon directed selection. We investigated this potential by performing an artificial selection experiment in B. anynana that targeted the color of the specific dorsal wing region that evolved violet/blue coloration in other members of the genus (Fig. 1 B–G).
B. anynana, like other butterflies, has two types of scales, cover and ground, which alternate within a row with cover scales partially covering the ground scales and the point where both scales attach to the wing membrane (Fig. 1 H and I and Fig. S1) (28). Both cover and ground scales contain a lower lamina with a continuous smooth surface below a region composed of longitudinal ridges and crossribs, collectively referred to as the "upper lamina" and connected to the lower lamina via pillars called "trabeculae" (Fig. 1J and Fig. S1) (6). Previous studies on butterflies showed that structural color can be produced by interference with light reflected from the overlapping lamella that build the longitudinal ridges, from microribs protruding from the sides of the longitudinal ridges, or from the lower lamina, which can vary in thickness and patterning (Fig. 1J) (29, 30). However, it is not clear how the violet/blue color is produced in members of the two Bicyclus clades that separately evolved this color, whether B. anynana can be made to evolve the same violet/blue color via artificial selection, and whether it will generate the color in the same way as the other species. To answer these questions, we conducted detailed optical characterization and structural analysis of butterfly wing scales from three separate species and artificially evolved populations of Bicyclus to illustrate how color is generated and how it has evolved.
Artificial Selection for Violet Scale Color in B. anynana.
Optical reflectance spectra of the violet/blue-colored bands on the dorsal forewings of two representative species from the two clades that independently evolved violet/blue color, Bicyclus sambulos and Bicyclus medontias, exhibit peaks in the wavelength range of 400–450 nm (Fig. 1 E and G). The reflectance spectrum from the same wing region in B. anynana does not show any peak in the violet/blue wavelength range (∼380–495 nm) but does show a peak in the UV range at the wavelength of 300 nm (Fig. 1F). The aim of our artificial selection experiment was to shift this UV peak to the violet/blue range of the spectrum.
We artificially selected the most extreme B. anynana individuals of each sex by measuring their reflectance spectra from a region of the dorsal forewing associated with violet/blue color in other Bicyclus species (white asterisk in Fig. 1C). Individuals displaying reflectance peaks nearest to 400 nm were bred with each other, and this procedure was repeated six times during eight consecutive generations. (Because of low adult numbers, all individuals in generations 4 and 7 were allowed to reproduce and did not undergo selection.) This procedure led to a gradual increase in the reflectance peak wavelength for the selected population. In the parental generation (generation 1), the average wavelength of the reflectance peak for the targeted dorsal region was 311 nm for males and 341 nm for females. By generation 8, the peaks had shifted to 362 nm and 385 nm in males and females, respectively (Fig. 2A). Selected individuals exhibited significantly increased reflectance in the wavelength range of 400–500 nm (Table S1).
The proportion of the variation in reflectance peak wavelength displayed by individuals in the laboratory population that is caused by additive genetic variation, as opposed to environmental or other types of genetic variation, is around 50% [e.g., the realized heritabilities are 0.41 (41%) in females and 0.54 (54%) in males] (Fig. 2B), hence the rapid response to selection. This measure of heritability was estimated from the selection pressure applied and the response to selection (reflectance peak wavelength shift) (Materials and Methods). In summary, our artificial selection experiment demonstrated that B. anynana laboratory populations have significant additive genetic variation controlling reflectance peak wavelength that allowed the rapid evolution of a novel scale color.
Changes in Ground Scales Led to Evolution of Violet Color in B. anynana.
To determine how the violet color evolved, we performed optical measurements on the wings of females from generation 8 whose dorsal reflectance peak was closest to 400 nm (Fig. 2A). Comparisons of optical images of WT and violet-line B. anynana female wings revealed patches of violet color in the violet-line individuals from regions where cover scales were missing and ground scales were fully exposed, suggesting that the violet color is produced by the ground scales (Fig. 2C). Indeed, high-magnification images of single ground scales from violet-line females showed an intense violet reflection compared with scales from WT females (Fig. 2D). To investigate in a quantitative manner which scale types primarily contributed to the violet color, we measured reflectance spectra from individual cover scales (while attached to the wing) from both WT and violet-line females, from ground scales after some cover scales were removed, and finally from the wing membrane with both cover and ground scales removed.
We found no significant changes in the violet reflectance of cover scales or wing membranes between WT and violet-line individuals (Fig. 2E, Fig. S2, and Table S1). However, ground scales in violet-line females exhibited a significant increase in reflectance between 400 nm and 450 nm compared with WT ground scales (Fig. 2F and Table S1). We conclude that changes to the ground scales in B. anynana are primarily responsible for the evolution of violet color in this artificial selection experiment.
To pinpoint where the violet color was produced, we isolated single cover and ground scales and measured reflectance spectra from both the abwing and adwing scale surfaces (i.e., the surfaces facing away from and toward the wing membrane, respectively). Our results confirmed that violet-line ground scales exhibited more visible violet color (matching the reflectance spectra) than WT ground scales (Fig. 3 A and B). Both surfaces of the violet-line scales, but especially the adwing surface, had significantly higher reflectance in the violet range of the spectrum (380–450 nm) than the corresponding surface of WT ground scales (Table S1). The higher reflectance from the adwing surface of the violet-line ground scales indicates that the violet color originates from the lower lamina of the scale. The adwing of cover scales also showed a significant increase in reflectance at the violet wavelength (∼450 nm), but the abwing reflectance barely changed (Fig. S3 and Table S1). Therefore, both ground and cover scales evolved violet color, which is produced in the lower lamina of the scales, but ground scales changed more dramatically.
To explore whether changes in scale pigmentation contributed to the evolution of scale color and to understand the difference in reflectance from the adwing and abwing surfaces, we measured light transmission through isolated cover and ground scales and obtained the absorbance spectra from the measured transmittance of scales immersed in fluid matching the refractive index. The violet-line ground scales exhibit significantly higher transmission or lower absorption than their WT counterparts (Fig. 3 C and D and Table S1). Variation in transmission is caused by light absorption by pigments observed in the mass of the scales. The reduced absorption in the violet-line scales increases the reflection of light from the lower lamina of these scales. In addition, the ridges and crossribs were less transmissive areas across all scale types, and these structures appear to have evolved a thinner appearance in violet-line scales than in WT scales (Fig. S4). These changes in morphology on the upper surface of the scale contribute to the lower absorption of the violet-line scales. Differences in reflectance measured from adwing and abwing surfaces can be attributed to additional absorption and scattering of light by the ridges and cross-ribs that are present only in the upper lamina (Fig. 3C) (30). Hence, the appearance of the violet color resulted from a combination of enhanced reflection and reduced absorption by the violet-line ground scales.
Structural Analysis of Violet Scales.
To discover the mechanism that produces the violet color in selected B. anynana, we collected scanning electron microscope images of the scale's nanomorphologies. Although cover scales are more elongated than ground scales, their nanomorphologies are similar, i.e., both have a typical ridge–lamellar structure similar to previously described nymphalid wing scales (28, 29) (Fig. 1J). Note also that the lower lamina is clearly visible through the windows in the upper lamina (Fig. S4). A direct comparison of optical and scanning electron microscope images of the same cross-sectioned scales allowed us to measure the thickness of the lower lamina from the color-producing region of cover and ground scales (Fig. 4 A and B). Using measurements from multiple scales, we were able to estimate the average lamina thickness for each scale type (Fig. 4C). Although unselected B. anynana cover and ground scale lower laminae have almost the same thickness (∼120 nm), both became thicker through artificial selection. The thickness of cover scale lamina increased from 126 ± 13 nm (95% confidence interval) to 144 ± 5 nm (F = 2.8, P = 0.142), whereas the thickness of ground scales increased significantly, from 120 ± 23 nm in WT to 176 ± 10 nm in the violet-line individuals (F = 21.8, P < 0.01).
To investigate whether the increases in lower lamina thickness were responsible for the spectral shifts in reflectance peaks (i.e., in scale color), we numerically calculated the reflectance spectra for the lower lamina by modeling it as a dielectric thin film. Lamina thickness was set to the measured values for each scale type, and the refractive index and its variation with wavelength were set according to previous measurements of nonpigmented chitin from butterfly wing scales (31). We also took into account the range of incident angle of the light and the variation in the thickness of the lower lamina (Materials and Methods). However, we did not include lamina absorption caused by pigments in the calculation, because it is not known how much of the measured absorbance occurred in the lower versus upper lamina. In the violet-line ground scales, the measured and calculated reflectance spectra exhibited similar modulation with wavelength, giving a clear spectral signature confirming that the reflectance peak is produced by thin-film interference (Fig. 4E). However, the calculated peak wavelength (374 nm) is slightly lower than the average measured peak wavelength (405 nm) (Fig. 4E). Similar results were obtained for the WT ground scales. In sum, the calculated spectral shift from WT to violet-line ground scales is close to the measured shift, but the calculated reflectance peaks have a shorter wavelength (Fig. 4D). For the cover scales, the calculated shift in reflectance peaks was from 273 nm (WT) to 310 nm (violet-line) (Fig. 4F). These calculated reflectance peak wavelengths also were slightly lower than the measured values (∼300 nm in Fig. 1F). The peak remained in the UV range because the increment of lower lamina thickness was smaller in cover scales than in ground scales. Simultaneously, the calculated reflectance at longer wavelengths (500–700 nm) was reduced (Fig. 4F), in agreement with results in Fig. 2E. Consequently, the violet-line cover scales appeared dark violet compared with the WT cover scales (Fig. S3B).
We attribute these discrepancies in the simulated and measured reflectance peak wavelengths to a modification of the refractive index of the lower lamina induced by pigments within it; this modification was not included in our calculation. The measured absorbance spectra of our various scale types (Fig. 3D) do not match the melanin absorbance spectrum exactly (30, 32, 33), indicating that brown scales in B. anynana either do not contain melanin or, more likely, contain additional pigments besides melanin. Because the type and amount of pigments that exist in the lower lamina of scales are not known, we cannot accurately estimate the change of refractive index value caused by pigmentation. However, the shape of the measured reflectance spectra and the direction of the observed spectral shifts of the reflectance peak from UV to violet indicate that the observed color change in ground scales is caused by the increased thickness of the lower lamina of these scales.
Natural Evolution of Violet/Blue Color Within the Bicyclus Genus.
After demonstrating that B. anynana can readily produce violet colored scales, we investigated how the other members of the Bicyclus genus naturally evolved their violet/blue colors. The Bicyclus genus is composed of more than 80 species (21, 22), and violet/blue color has evolved independently twice in two separate lineages (black asterisks in Fig. 1A). To identify the primary sources of violet/blue color on the dorsal wing bands of these species, we isolated cover and ground scales from representative species from each lineage, B. sambulos and B. medontias (Fig. 1 B and D), and examined their reflectance and transmittance spectra.
In B. sambulos, optical reflectance images of isolated cover and ground scales revealed that the violet/blue color came predominantly from the cover scales (Fig. 5A). Reflectance measurements showed enhanced light reflection in the wavelength range of 400–500 nm from both sides of the cover scale, whereas ground scales had no peak in this wavelength range (Fig. 5B). Absorbance measurements (Fig. 5C) and transmission images (Fig. S5A) show that cover scales from the violet/blue dorsal band region had the lowest absorbance, followed by ground scales in the same region, compared with the cover and ground scales in the adjacent brown region. Because the cover scales in the violet/blue wing band region of B. sambulos were much less pigmented than those of B. anynana, the difference in reflectance measured from both abwing and adwing surfaces is much smaller. Scanning electron microscope images of B. sambulos cover and ground scales (Fig. 5G and Fig. S4) revealed nanomorphologies similar to those in the scales of B. anynana. From the cross-sectional scanning electron microscope images, we measured the lower lamina thickness of cover scales to be 204 ± 13 nm. These measurements produce a calculated reflectance spectrum with a peak at 428 ± 26 nm, which agrees well to the measured reflectance peak at 450 nm (Fig. 5B). These results confirm that the violet/blue color is produced via thin-film interference in the lower lamina of cover scales. In summary, the violet/blue color of B. sambulos is produced primarily by cover scales, not by ground scales as we observed in B. anynana, but the mechanism of color production is the same in both species.
In B. medontias, the violet color was visible from both sides of cover and ground scales (Fig. 5D). The scales' optical reflectance data (Fig. 5E) were similar to the reflectance data of B. sambulos cover scales, except for a slight shift in the wavelengths of the reflectance peaks. The scales' absorbance data (Fig. 5F) also were similar to those of B. sambulos, where the violet scales had lower absorption than the adjacent brown scales. Scanning electron microscope images of the violet scales (Fig. 5H and Fig. S4) showed scale nanomorphologies similar to those of both B. anynana and B. sambulos, suggesting that the violet color is produced by the same mechanism. Thin-film interference was confirmed further by the disappearance of the violet color in a part of a cover scale of B. medontias that adhered to the substrate (Fig. 5I). Color produced by thin-film interference relies on the interference of light reflected from the top and bottom surfaces of a thin film, such as the lower lamina of a scale. When one side of the scale lamina is attached to the closely index-matched substrate, light reflection from that interface is greatly reduced; thus the thin-film interference diminishes, and color disappears, as observed in Fig. 5I.
Here we document the first (to our knowledge) study in butterflies of the evolution of structural color by artificial selection and show that structural violet color can evolve in a short period (six generations) in a laboratory-reared butterfly population. We also show that violet/blue structural color has evolved independently within a genus and that the descendant species use the same mechanism for color generation (thin-film interference) but in different scale types: ground scales in B. anynana, cover scales in B. sambulos, and both scale types in B. medontias. Violet structural color in B. anynana evolved via changes in cuticular properties (i.e., thickness) of the lower lamina of individual wing scales, concurrently with a decrease in absorption in the same scales.
Structural color is produced more often by cover scales because they overlay ground scales and are more exposed to incident light (6). Thus, the evolution of violet color in B. anynana ground scales is unexpected, and we speculate it may be a result of the artificial selection procedure. The relatively high-density cages where we kept the animals before they were measured and selected and the handling during measurement may have led to partial loss of some cover scales, preferentially exposing the ground scales to selection and leading to their more extensive modification. This unexpected result, compared with the natural evolution of blue color in the other species of Bicyclus, revealed that both cover and ground scales in B. anynana have the remarkable potential to be modified independently through the process of selection.
Our results, in conjunction with other recent studies (34), suggest that structural colors can evolve rapidly and ultimately play pivotal roles in butterfly fitness and diversity. For instance, structurally colored wing patterns in butterflies have been proposed to function as species recognition signals, as sexually dimorphic signals involved in female mate choice, and as signals that are predictive of nuptial gift size (34⇓⇓–37). Furthermore, the evolution of these colors in only certain species of a genus, as we have documented here for Bicyclus, may depend less on the availability of genetic variation in natural populations for producing these colors and more on natural or sexual selection favoring specific colors. Although we know of no comparable artificial selection study on pigmentary color in butterflies, previous research on pigmentary color evolution in birds revealed that shifts to new diets and/or gains/losses of enzymatic steps in biochemical pathways were required to modify the color resulting from pigments acquired through diet (38, 39). In contrast, structural colors, as exemplified here, can evolve simply via quantitative variation in the amount of cuticular secretions produced by individual cells, without the modification of any additional material property. Therefore in nature structural colors may evolve more rapidly than pigmentary colors; this possibility should be examined in the future.
Finally, by identifying a process, artificial selection, that can lead readily to structural color evolution in butterflies, our study lays the ground for future research on the genetics of structural colors, e.g., by crossing selected lines within a species, followed by linkage mapping. In addition, the artificial selection used in this study may inspire future applications of similar evolutionary principles to the design of reconfigurable photonic materials and devices.
Materials and Methods
Experimental Animals.
B. anynana were reared at 27 °C, 80% humidity, as previously described (40). Upon eclosion, virgin male and female adults were isolated from one another to ensure virginity and were kept in cooler conditions (17 °C) until all animals of that generation emerged and were measured. Selected adults were mated with each other and subsequently were preserved in glassine envelopes and stored at −20 °C. Scanning electron microscope and reflection microspectrophotometry analyses were done with females of B. anynana and male specimens of two other species: B. sambulos, collected in September 2012 from the Lake Kivu region of the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, and B. medontias, collected from the Ebogo region of Cameroon, both generously provided by Steve Collins (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya). A multilocus phylogenetic estimate of Bicyclus relationships was constructed and modified from previous Bicyclus studies to illustrate the relationship between B. anynana, B. sambulos, and B. medontias (41). Briefly, this estimate is the consensus of trees drawn from a posterior distribution populated by a Metropolis-coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo exploration of tree likelihood space (42).
Selection Procedure.
For each generation, scale reflectance was measured in a prespecified region of the dorsal forewing (∼1 mm in diameter; white asterisk in Fig. 1C) using a spectrophotometer (Ocean Optics 2000) and the accompanying program, SpectraSuite (Ocean Optics). Each individual was measured in triplicate and numbered on the hindwing. Reflectance values of individuals were analyzed using a selection script in MATLAB (v. 2011a; MathWorks, Inc.). Individuals exhibiting reflectance peak wavelengths in the UV range that were most shifted toward the 400-nm wavelength were selected as breeders for the next generation. We reared eight generations of animals. Selection intensity varied from generation to generation, but ∼15–30 individuals were selected per sex in each generation. In generations 4 and 7, no selection was applied because of the small populations of emerged adults; all individuals were mated together to produce generations 5 and 8.
Realized Heritability.
The proportion of the variation in reflectance peak wavelength that is caused by additive genetic variation in our laboratory population is called the "realized heritability" (43). This measure of heritability was estimated from two quantities: the response to selection and the cumulative selection differential. The response to selection (y axis in Fig. 2B) tracks the change in mean reflectance peak wavelength for all individuals in a generation over the course of the selection experiment. The cumulative selection differential (x axis in Fig. 2B) is a cumulative measure of the selection pressure applied in each generation. The selection pressure applied in a particular generation is estimated by subtracting the mean reflectance peak wavelength of all individuals in a generation from the mean reflectance peak wavelength of the selected individuals in that generation. In Fig. 2B the response of one generation is plotted against the cumulative selection differential of the previous generations. From a linear fit of the data, we obtained the slope, which is the realized heritability. Graphs for realized heritability and reflectance data were constructed using GraphPad Prism (v. 6.00; GraphPad Software).
Scale Imaging and Microspectrophotometry.
Details are given in SI Materials and Methods.
Scanning Electron Microscopy.
Details are given in SI Materials and Methods.
Numerical Simulations of Reflectance Spectra from Lower Lamina.
A standard thin-film interference model considering multiple reflections within a dielectric film was used to calculate reflectance spectra from the lower lamina of wing scales (2). Details are given in SI Materials and Methods.
We thank Katerina Evangelou for producing 3D hand-drawn illustrations of wing scales; Robert Rak and Chris Bolick for rearing corn plants for B. anynana larvae; Steve Collins at the African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, for providing specimens of B. sambulos and B. medontias; Kendra Robertson and Jeffrey Oliver for constructing the character state phylogeny; Morven Graham and Rose Webb for assisting with transmission electron microscopy imaging; Mohan Srinivasarao for supporting early versions of this project; Richard Prum for providing initial spectral data for Bicyclus species; Eric Dufresne for constructive discussions; and two reviewers for improving the quality of the paper. Use of the scanning electron microscope facility was supported by the Yale Institute for Nanoscience and Quantum Engineering and by National Science Foundation Grant MRSEC DMR-1119826. Funding was provided by National Science Foundation Grant PHY 0957680 (to A.M. and H.C.), the Ministry of Education Grant R-154-000-602-112 (to A.M.), and the Guggenheim Fellowship (to H.C.).
↵1B.R.W., S.F.L., and D.A.L. contributed equally to this work.
- ↵2To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: hui.cao{at}yale.edu or antonia.monteiro{at}nus.edu.sg.
Author contributions: H.C. and A.M. designed research; B.R.W., S.F.L., D.A.L., A.J.D., and H.N. performed research; B.R.W., S.F.L., D.A.L., H.N., H.C., and A.M. analyzed data; and B.R.W., S.F.L., H.C., and A.M. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1402770111/-/DCSupplemental.
Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.
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We interviewed Mrs. Akiko Sugawara, who is the managing director of the Japan Vegan/Vegetarian Japanese Food Cooking Class Association, as well as a chef / instructor at "BentoYa Cooking".
First, we asked her about how the idea for BentoYa Cooking came about.
As you know, the number of foreigners visiting Japan has been steadily increasing, especially in light of the upcoming 2020 Olympics. This means that the diversity of food-choices available for both visitors and residents has become an issue that needs to be addressed rather urgently. I feel like I can do my part to help this issue by sharing delicious Japanese [style] food options that almost everyone can eat, regardless of their preferred diet. The original idea for BentoYa spun out of a Japanese food catering company that I ran while in Canada. At the time, I realised that there were a number of people who chose to eschew animal products to varying degrees for health, animal rights, ethical or religious reasons. After returning to Japan, I came up with an idea to cater to these individuals as well, who were rapidly growing in number. After all, while authentic Japanese cuisine can easily be made plant-based, a majority of commercially produced Japanese food includes "hidden" animal derived ingredients such as dried bonito (fish) flakes. So, we decided to pivot and focus on creating delicious Japanese dishes out of purely plant-based ingredients.
What's usually on the menu at BentoYa Cooking's lessons?
A. Sugawara:
Our classes primarily focus on teaching students recipes that can easily be made at home. For example, we recently taught a lesson on Japanese style katsu curry (cutlet curry). In this particular dish, we substituted the meat with soy-meat, derived from dried soybeans. Soy is often a quintessential ingredient in our dishes which traditionally require fried meat, as it is easy to find in solid bite-sized form that works really well as a replacement for deep-fried karaage (chicken) and katsu (cutlets). Additionally, we substitute the egg used in the outer layer of the cutlet with a mix of yam and stir-fried onions, which work really well together with the usual combination of starch and bread crumbs.
Our other popular dishes include Japanese style karaage (deep fried chicken), chara ben (character bentos) and dessert dishes such as cheese cake, pudding and muffins. Our most popular lesson menu consists of two very well-known Japanese staples- ramen and gyoza (dumplings), which we often teach as a set.
Can you explain in detail how to make gyoza and ramen for vegans?
A. Sugawara:
Sure! Let's start with the gyoza filling. While soy meat is an acceptable alternative to the meat, we generally use a combination of tofu and quinoa, in order to make the texture as authentic as possible. Much of the commercially available (think: supermarket, grocery stores etc.) gyoza outer skins do not use any eggs or animal products, so you could easily use those to save some time (do check the ingredients though!).
As for the ramen, we conventionally start with commercially available noodles (most of which are vegan) found in any Japanese supermarket. While it is entirely possible to make the noodles from scratch, we generally have to teach students how to make both ramen and gyoza in a cooking class that runs around 2 hours, making this a bit of a tall order. Additionally, teaching both the noodles and the broth together in such a short period of time has the potential to prove overwhelming for students, and we definitely prioritize the student being able to confidently recreate these dishes at home. Moving on to the broth, we generally make this by stir-frying and cooking kelp, shiitake mushrooms and onions until they become fragrant and slightly brown. We then add miso paste and soy milk to make a delicious tantanmen-style (a unique and commonly found Japanese take on Sichuan style Chinese cuisine) ramen. Finally, in areas where ramen noodles are hard to find, we recommend boiling spaghetti by adding 1 teaspoon of baking soda to 1 litre of water, which provides a rather good simulation of authentic ramen noodles. Based on the client's location, we often provide instructions for such substitutions, based on ingredient availability.
A lot of our clients actually send us photos showing us that they managed to cook these recipes in their own kitchens!
As a parting comment, Mrs. Sugawara had this to say:
BentoYa Cooking is more than just a cooking class. We are trying to make it into an experience that promotes the understanding of new global perspectives. Since we use purely plant based ingredients, this an opportunity to understand more about global environmental issues, and the viewpoints of people who follow particular diets due to various personal reasons and beliefs. In addition, we are currently doing CSR charity cooking classes in tandem with animal welfare organizations and associations engaged in providing support to children stricken by poverty in Japan. We want to show the world that it is easy to make delicious and authentic Japanese dishes using simple, plant-based ingredients that are readily available. Fortunately, a lot of our clientele, both Japanese and foreigners alike (many of them who are not even vegetarian) seem to agree with us! In fact, we often get comments that the food made during our lessons was the best Japanese food they have tasted in a long time.


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SDFiles is a small-sized and portable application designed as a lighter version of SpyBot - Search & Destroy to scan files for malware agents. It features essential, straightforward options for making this happen, and it's not equipped with tools for removing any infected or suspcious files.
There is no setup kit involved, since SDFiles is packed into just one executable file. You can save it anywhere on the disk or keep it stored on a removable storage unit to directly launch the program on any computer with as little effort as possible.
No new entries are added to the system registry in this regard, and no extra files are generated on the disk without permission. To perform a complete uninstall, it's only necessary to delete the .exe.
Concerning the interface, the software utility adopts a single window with a neatly structured layout, where you can add files for scanning by dropping them into the panel from Windows Explorer or another file navigator you're using. It's possible to add either one file or a selection of multiple items at the same time.
The scanning operation is performed automatically, so there's no need to click any button to trigger this action. Once it's over, you can check out the status of each file, in addition to its extension.
Two separate types of scanning are performed for all files: a regular one ("malware") and an advanced one ("heuristic"). Results are separated into these two groups. Safe files are indicated through a simple file icon, while suspicious ones or infections can be easily spotted via a red icon containing an x.
Scanning operations were swiftly conducted in our tests. Due to its compact size, it's no wonder that SDFiles remained light on system resources consumption. However, it's not armed with tools for removing files infected with malware, so you have to resort to SpyBot - Search & Destroy or another anti-malware application to take care of the job.
|Released: Apr 15th 2016
Rating: 3.2
735 3.2
|Size: 876 KB
|Downloads: 6679
Company: Safer Networking Limited empty empty
|Systems: Win All
obrigado10 July 2018, guest said:
muito obrigado pela keygen do SDFiles11 June 2018, Elisa said:
grazie09 March 2018, giuseppe said:
love this site04 January 2018, Fabrizio said:
Thanks for the serial number for SDFiles06 December 2017, Fabrizio said:
спасибо за кейген, запустилось
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Welcome to new crack resource CrackDownloadz.com! Our service can generate cracks, keygens and serials for your software to unlock it. CrackDownloadz provides a lot of popular cracks and keygens. No spyware and adware at all, just download new cracks, keygens and serials. If you have a software that needs a crack feel free to contact us.
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Here is the first batch of pokemon designed by my nephew and I. I turned his cutouts and sketches into digital art. But, some of the characters I designed myself.
Tell us what you think of these. If you see anything like this in the existing Pokedex, let me know which existing Pokemon you think make one or more of these irrelevant/pointless. And, if anything similar turns up in the new games of Sun and Moon, let me know, too. [Once upon a time Noctowl, Hoothoot and Totodile were sketches in my sketchbook. Then they were part of Pokemon Gold/Silver.]


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Boy, Microsoft made it hard to find the location of xsd.exe!
It is actually located like here:
C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft SDKs\Windows\v8.1A\bin\NETFX 4.5.1 Tools\xsd.exe
But that is nowhere on the default path, nor in the registry.
What happens during installation of Visual Studio and/or the Microsoft SDK, is that the
vsvars32.bat file of Visual Studio is updated so it can add the location of many tools (including
xsd.exe) to the
So the trick is to find the youngest Visual Studio first, then run the according vsvars32.bat, and then xsd.exe is on the path.
- VS71COMNTOOLS VS80COMNTOOLS VS90COMNTOOLS VS100COMNTOOLS VS110COMNTOOLS VS120COMNTOOLS – Google Search.
- Getting Visual Studio installation directory | Tiago Pascoal.
- The pain of vcvars32.bat, and an ant solution Kelly O'Hair's Weblog.
- SAMPLE/compiler.cmd at master · Ishibasystems/SAMPLE.


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Which American automaker manufactured the vehicle in the image?
A big brash American car, the Roadmaster was one of the popular family cars of the 1990s, even though it was a rear-wheel drive V8 powered monster.
By: Craig
7 Min Quiz
The iconic American motor industry has produced millions and millions of cars since the early days of pioneers such as Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford.
So let's test your knowledge. Can you claim the checkered flag by identifying a range of vehicles from the U.S? That's right, just an image and four choices, one of which is the correct answer.
Never mind your racing helmet, you are going to have to put your thinking cap on. It's more difficult than you might imagine. But a car ace such as yourself should have no problem.
From the most famous of all the early cars to a vehicle named after a snake. Or what about a buzzing insect? They had some strange names for cars back in the day. There is even some royalty to identify, a solar event and even a monster! Don't forget a vehicle named after a fish or one of our feathered friends.
But you got this! Your car knowledge will see you first over the finish line, taking the checkered flag and all the glory as you ace the quiz!
What are you waiting for! The lights are green! Floor the pedal and go, go, go!
A big brash American car, the Roadmaster was one of the popular family cars of the 1990s, even though it was a rear-wheel drive V8 powered monster.
More than 21,000 of the Allante two-door convertible roadsters were sold between 1987 and 1993. It was built to compete with two-door convertibles of other brands, particularly Mercedes and Jaguar. The Allante had three powerplant options ranging from 4.1 to 4.5-liters, all of them V8s.
A civilian version of the Humvee military vehicle, the Hummer H1 would then obviously be more than capable as an off-roader. And it is but with limitations. In fact, some H1 owners went as far as changing out the standard 6.5-liter diesel engine and replacing it with something to provide more speed. Another disadvantage is that the H1 is a massive vehicle. You need a large open off-road track for this behemoth.
The two-door Barracuda was a muscle car from Plymouth, manufactured between 1964 and 1974. The Barracuda was introduced before the Mustang, by a mere two weeks. The first generation was noted for its wraparound back window. Two power units were available for this model, a 2.8-liter straight six and a 3.7-liter straight six capable of producing 145 brake horsepower.
The Rebel combines comfort and off-road abilities thanks to its full-frame front suspension, a solid rear axle as well as air suspension all round. Not only can ride height be adjusted for the toughest terrain but it can benefit on the highway as well with lower gas mileage. It also has an excellent eight-speed gearbox.
Considered the first sports car built by an American company, the Bearcat, introduced in 1914, had a four-cylinder 60 brake horsepower engine. Although by today's standards that may seem like nothing, in 1914, the Bearcat was the fastest thing on four wheels.
While not reaching the sales figures of combustion-driven vehicles, the Model X from Tesla is quickly moving up the charts for plug-in electric cars. Since its debut in 2015, more than 55,000 have been sold.
The Versailles was marketed by Lincoln in the luxury compact car segment from 1977 to 1980. At the time, the Versailles, named after the famous French palace, was the smallest Lincoln model produced and remained so up until the introduction of the LS in 2000.
Produced between 1990 and 1994, the Renegade was a trim package available on the Jeep Wrangler. This was in conjunction with American Specialty Cars based in Detroit. Originally, the Renegade was only available in white, red or black with blue and bronze added a few year later.
After the Astro failed to gain any significant foothold into Chrysler's domination of the minivan market in the late '80s, Chevrolet turned to the Lumina. Built between 1989 and 1996, Chevrolet marketed the Lumina as an 'All Purpose Vehicle.' Initially, the Lumina was severely underpowered but improvements were made in that regard. The Lumina had moderate sales success.
The first 4x4 Bronco hit the trails in 1966 and between that year and 1977, proved to be a more than capable off-roader. It was blessed with a turning circle of just 33.8 feet, thanks to a wheelbase of 92 inches. Later models also included a Ford V8 engine with incredible torque.
A heavy-duty pickup Truck, the CXT was released in 2004. Essentially, it is a 14,500 pound truck with a Ford Super Duty bed on the back! Around 9 feet tall, this pickup can carry 12,000 pounds.
Produced between 1960 and 1977, the Ventura had all the characteristics of a muscle car - large engine options, the correct look and much more. The second generation, led by a two-door coupe, certainly fit the bill.
Produced between 1995 and 2006, the Stratus was a mid-sized car which was very well received when launched. It lasted for three generations before it was discontinued. All production lines and equipment used to make the Stratus were sold to Russian automaker GAZ which produced 9,000 models for use in the Russian car market.
What happens when you combine a pickup with a 4.3-liter turbocharged V-6 engine? A Syclone, that's what. With its all-wheel drive, the Syclone was faster than many sports cars of the time and easily reached 60 mph from a standing start in under five seconds.
Released in the 1930s, the Big Boy C28 was built by the Hudson Motor Company. It came with a 6-cylinder engine as well as a 3-speed manual transmission. Around 600 were produced.
For Caddy lovers, the CT6 hits the mark. It has three engine options to choose from, fairly decent gas mileage figures, a spacious interior as well as parking assist. It is let down by the fact that its trunk is fairly small.
First and foremost, the Suburban has an incredible legacy and was first introduced in 1935. Current models are capable off-roaders and are powered by a 5.3-liter V8 engine coupled to a six-speed gearbox. This is a big vehicle, so will struggle on tighter off-road sections but it has ample ground clearance, around 8-inches, and can handle rocky terrain.
The Charger was Dodge's first muscle car in the 1960s and entered the market as their answer to the Ford Mustang and Chevrolet Camaro. That battle continues to this day.
The first minivan offered by Ford in the United States, the AeroStar was sold for a 12-year period between 1985 and 1987. During that time, more than 2 million were sold.
The Fifth Avenue badge had formed part of other Chrysler marques over the years but between 1983 and 1993, it was its own model. They were powered by a 5.2-liter V8 engine which produced 140 brake horsepower. As Chryslers largest car during these years, the Fifth Avenue proved popular with 100,000 sold in 1985 alone.
A real looker, The SJ was only for the rich and famous. After all, it was produced during the depression, so the regular man on the street was certainly not going to own one. These cars had a supercharged motor and were capable of traveling at more than 100 mph.
At 5.8 meters, the Mark V was certainly a long car, especially for a two-door coupe. Built between 1977 and 1979, the Mark V had two powerplant options, a 6.6-liter V8 or a 7.5-liter V8. In three years, 228,262 were sold, making the Mark V the most sold model of the Mark series.
Produced for a decade between 1970 and 1980, the Pinto was a Ford model in the subcompact car segment, their first model in this segment in America. It had three body styles - a two-door coupe, station wagon and three-door hatchback. The Pinto was popular and by 1980, Ford had produced 3 million. It was replaced by the Ford Escort.
The brainchild of Carroll Shelby, the Cobra first revved in 1962. It was based on a lightweight body that he imported from the AC Cars and then bolted a Ford 260 engine to it. And the rest is history! In the years that followed, Shelby bolted even bigger engines to the AC frame which brought about a car with nimble handling and lots and lots of power.
Although the Taurus offers an excellent ride, has plenty of trunk space and has an impressive infotainment system, it falls down in other areas. These include poor handling, a dated interior and a lack of interior space.
Produced between 1986 and 2011, the Dodge Dakota is a pick-up truck competing in the mid-sized market segment. After sales figures were halved over a three-year period from 2005, Dodge dropped the Dakota a few years later.
The Voyager minivan was produced by Chrysler from 1988 until 2016. During this time, Chrysler produced five generations. The last models marketed had three powerplant options, two petrol, the largest a 3.8-liter V6, as well as one diesel variant.
One of the most iconic vehicles ever produced by Chevrolet was the Belair. Manufactured between 1955 and 1957 it will always be remembered for its fantastic trim and those beautiful pointy tailfins.
Created as a high-speed racing machine, especially for NASCAR, the Superbird was also for sale to the public. The first models appeared in 1970 and were instantly recognizable thanks to the massive spoiler on the back.
A great off-roader thanks to its super 4 wheel drive system, the Liberty is something that wants to be out on the trails. It is a Jeep after all. And it's a looker to boot.
In 1925, Ford introduced the Runabout. Essentially, this was a Model T with a steel bed on the back as well as an adjustable tailgate. To compensate for a heavier load, Ford used heavy duty springs on the rear of the car.
One of America's lesser known vehicle producers, VIA makes a range of electric vehicles, including a hybrid pickup truck with a battery range of 40 miles, enough to cover the distance most of us travel each day. It is charged at a normal plug point.
The American Motors Corporation produced the subcompact class Gremlin between 1970 and 1978. A number of models were marketed but it was the Gremlins powered with either a 5.0-liter or 6.6-liter V8 that were considered to be muscle cars.
For lovers of all things American over foreign cars, the Regal makes perfect sense. Although the base entry is slightly underpowered, it handles well. The interior also has some modern technology combined with a good overall finish. Cargo space is limited, however.
Featuring two generations, the SRX is a crossover SUV marketed between 2004 and 2015. It quickly became the best selling Cadillac model in America with sales of over 220,000 between 2012 and 2016.
2018 sees a redesigned Equinox with many impressive features now standard on the vehicle. The Equinox offers excellent handling and a beautifully finished interior but is let down by a poor transmission. Gas mileage numbers are fairly impressive as well for a car of this size.
The base model (and cheapest) Chrysler at the time, the LeBaron was introduced into the Chrysler fleet in 1977. The brand formed part of the Chrysler model range until 1994 with three generations produced. In terms of body styles, over the years, the LeBaron was available as a sedan, wagon, coupe and convertible.
Produced from 1968 to 1971, the Super Bee was based on the two-door Coronet.
The Ford Country Squire was produced for an incredible 41 years between 1950 and 1991. It saw seven different generations during that time and was marketed as both a two-door and four-door model.
Available as a two-door, four-door double and four-door crew cab, the GMC Sierra and Chevrolet Silverado are effectively the same cars. The Sierra is popular with customers looking for rugged pick-up capable of going the distance. It's ability to take a beating is one of the reasons the Sierra is used by the U.S. military.
An up trimmed version of the Ford F-150, the Blackwood was Lincoln's answer to the pickup market. It only sold in America in 2002 due to a poor reception from the public.
Muscle cars quickly went from fast production cars to fast luxury production cars. The Road Runner was a step back to the early days of the muscle car. Released in 1968, it gave buyers everything they wanted in a muscle car at a respectable price.
Throughout its lifetime, the Pontiac Firebird has always had a loyal following. The late '90s version was certainly no different. Easy on the eye, rear-wheel drive, manual gearbox, and V8 power - all the cues for a little bit of fun on your daily commute.
General Motors introduced the Saturn brand in 1990 as a way of introducing a smaller car to compete with the range of Japanese brands in the United States. The Sky was a convertible produced by Saturn from 2006 to 2009. GM discontinued the Saturn brand in 2010.
The civilian version of the original Willys MB (or Jeep) that served in the American military, the CJ-2A is easily identified thanks to that iconic grill. This vehicle, although powered by a small engine developing 60 brake horsepower, was light, nimble and surprisingly quick.
Perhaps one of the lesser-known muscle cars, the Rogue certainly had the credentials. Not only was it a lightweight two-door coupe but it had all the power it needed thanks to a 280 horsepower-producing V8. But it was up against Mustangs, Camaros and GTOs and never really stood a chance in that company.
This retro-styled sports car was marketed by Chrysler between 1997 and 2002, first under the Plymouth brand and then Chrysler from 2001. More than 11,000 units of this two-door, rear-wheel drive roadster were produced.
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Our goal at Zoo.com is to keep you entertained in this crazy life we all live.
We want you to look inward and explore new and interesting things about yourself. We want you to look outward and marvel at the world around you. We want you to laugh at past memories that helped shape the person you've become. We want to dream with you about all your future holds. Our hope is our quizzes and articles inspire you to do just that.
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LPG boiler installation in Ayrshire
Covering Ayrshire & Glasgow
Looking to replace your LPG boiler? We are here to help! McRoberts Plumbing & Heating Engineers are the most trusted specialists for LPG boilers in Ayrshire. Whether you need an LPG boiler installed, serviced or repaired, you can count on us to get the job done quickly, efficiently and at a great price.
A service with you in mind
At McRoberts Plumbing & Heating Engineers, we always put the customer at the centre of everything we do. We are proud to offer warranties for many accredited boiler brands, as well as a variety of financing options to make boiler repairs accessible to everyone. What is more, we are a Gas Safe registered company – meaning that our service is not only professional and highly efficient, but also certified to be utterly safe. We also offer gas and oil boiler services.
What areas do we cover?
- Irvine
Ardrossan Cumnock
West Kilbride
East Kilbride
Newton Mearns
Isle of Arran and surrounding areas
Our boiler care packages
There is never a good time for your central heating, plumbing or boiler to fail – and we all know that on-the-spot repairs can be costly. Fortunately, at McRoberts Plumbing & Heating Engineers, we have a solution. With our boiler care packages, you can rest assured that your boiler repairs costs are covered all year round with just one small monthly payment.
We offer three levels of cover, each including parts, labour and an annual boiler service.
Three-star cover
Per month
Boiler only.
Four-star cover
Per month
Boiler and radiators.
Five-star cover
Per month
Boiler, radiators, plumbing and one gas fire (if applicable).
What LPG boiler services do we offer?
For more information about LPG boiler installation or repairs across Ayrshire and Lanarkshire, just get in touch with our team. Or why not download our app for more information about our services?
LPG boiler installation
LPG boiler repairs
LPG boiler servicing
Download the free McRoberts app!
The free McRoberts Heating app contains information about upcoming special offers, finance options and a range of photos and videos related to our LPG Boilers. Download it for free here!
Want to find out more?
To request a quote, make an enquiry or ask for advice around your LPG boiler installation, just call our team on 01563 820 559 or download our app to find out more.


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Signature potato side dishes that turn heads and turn profits
Back to Recipes
Chicken-Fried Crunch Potato Wedges
Simply Potatoes® Small Red Skin Wedges #12587 | Yield: 4
Simply Potatoes® Small Red Skin Wedges #12587 1 lb. 8 oz.
kosher salt to taste
ground black pepper to taste
onion powder 1 1/2 tsp.
garlic powder 1 1/2 tsp.
ground cayenne pepper 3/4 tsp.
all-purpose flour 2 1/4 cups
cornstarch 3/4
baking soda 3/4 tsp.
buttermilk 1 1/2 cups
ketchup 6 Tbs.
chipotle peppers in adobo sauce, minced, with sauce 2 Tbs.
Quick Tips
- Great with a variety of dipping sauces.
- Serve as an appetizer or signature side.
- Use any Simply Potatoes® red skin wedge variety with this recipe.
- Preheat deep fryer to 375° F.
- In microwave-safe bowl, combine potato wedges, salt and pepper. Cook on High 2 minutes, or until slightly soft in center.
- In medium bowl, combine onion powder, garlic powder, oregano, cayenne pepper, flour and cornstarch. Blend well.
- In another medium bowl, combine baking soda and buttermilk. Mix until blended.
- In small bowl, combine ketchup and chipotle in adobo sauce. Stir and set aside.
- When potatoes are slightly soft, dredge in flour mixture, 5-6 at a time.
- Dip floured potatoes in buttermilk mixture.
- Dredge again in flour mixture. Shake off any additional flour. Set aside on baking sheet. Repeat with remaining potatoes.
- Place potatoes in hot deep fryer. Cook 2-4 minutes, or until golden brown.
- Remove from fryer and drain.
- Serve hot with chipotle ketchup sauce for dipping.
Nutrition Facts
- Serving Size (208g)
- Servings Per Container
- Amount Per Serving
- Calories 230 Calories from Fat 70
- % Daily Value*
Total Fat 8g 12%
- Saturated Fat 1g 5%
- Trans Fat 0g
- Cholesterol 0mg
- Sodium 610mg 25%
Total Carbohydrate 34g 11%
- Dietary Fiber 7g 28%
- Sugars 1g
- Protein 5g
|Vitamin A 4%
|Vitamin C 10%
|Calcium 4%
|Iron 8%
|*Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs:


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Milk fat substitutes Ecoice
• Designed for production of ice cream with MFS;
• Give ice cream with MFS the necessary structure and provide the appropriate organoleptic characteristics;
• Contain lauric oils;
• Do not contain fragrances, have non-specific taste and smell.
Chocolate glaze fats
Cocoa butter equivalent Equilad 0101-34 is obtained by a high-tech fractionation on palm oil, meets the requirements of GOST Р54054-2010 "Cocoa butter equivalents and improvers of SOS-type cocoa butter. Technical conditions".
• Used for full or partial replacement of cocoa butter in confectionery products and semi-finished products.
• Recommended in production of various kinds of glaze, including chocolate mass, pastes, and in the chocolate composition (up to 5 % by weight of the product).
• 100 % compatible CBE Equilad 0101-34 with cocoa butter allows to mix them in any percentage without the risk of eutectic and "fat bloom".
Fats for confectionery paste
The Ecolad 3001-35 S lauric cocoa butter substitutes are generated through hi-tech fractionation and hydrogenation of vegetable oils and fats. They have an enhanced crystallization rate and shrinkage characteristics, a high melting rate and improved organoleptic properties. The Ecolad S substitutes are used to produce hard, brittle confectionery glazes, chocolates bodies, hollow figures.
Fats for hard candies
The Econd confectionery fats are generated through partial hydrogenation and premium quality fractionation of vegetable stock.
The non-lauric Econat confectionery fats are made from premium quality oils through interesterification and advanced fractionation. Russia's first group of specialized fat with content of trans fatty acids up to 1 %.
Fats for cream fillings and pastes
The non-lauric Econat group confectionery fats are made from premium quality oils through interesterification and advanced fractionation. Russia's first group of specialized fat with content of trans fatty acids up to 1 %.
Fats for nut oils fillings
Confectionery mixed fat Ecomix 1103-32 is generated through fractionation and interesterification of lauric and non-lauric oils. Contains trans fatty acids up to 1 %. Used for the fat fillings for sweets, wafer products, fillings with high content of nut raw materials, improves product quality by reducing the risk of nut oil migration on the confectionery product surface.
• Ecomix 1103-32 has barrier properties, designed for production of fat fillers for candies, wafer products, high nut-containing fillers, improve a product quality as it minimizes a migration risk of nut oil on confectionery;
• Ecomix 1402-32 is sharply melted and quickly crystalized, designed for praline candies production.
Fats for vegetable oil creams
The Ecolad SP lauric cocoa butter substitutes are generated through hi-tech fractionation and hydrogenation of vegetable oils and fats. Characterized by high oxidative stability. Provide high structural-mechanical and organoleptic characteristics of the final product.
Fats for pastry
The Econfe confectionery fats are produced by fractionation and hydrogenation of vegetable oils and fats.
Innovative solution
• Econfe 1203-34 TF and Econfe 1403-35 TF – melting curves identical to the fat content of trans fatty acids not more than 20 %; high aeration characteristics; optimal crystallization; high organoleptic characteristics, the absence of greasiness. Used for the fillings for candies, chocolate bars, wafers and fillings for cookies, cakes, biscuits.
The Econfe TF confectionery fat substitutes (content of trans isomers of unsaturated fatty acids up to 2 %) are manufactured through hi-tech
modification of refined deodorized vegetable oils. Meet the requirements of TR CU 024/2011 "Technical regulations for oil and fat products" in the content of trans fatty acids, which comes to effect from 1 January 2018.
Oilprime confectionery fats are recommended to replace margarine in flour confectionery and bakery products recipes, and does not need a correction of technological schemes of finished products and the new equipment installation, but is necessary to be converted of fat and dry basis.
• reduction of total costs connected with the transportation, storage, release from the transport packaging and fat melting of finished products;
• less exposure to microbiological spoilage of specialized fats compared to margarine production;
• provide a high organoleptic characteristics of the finished product, which are stable during the storage period;
• provide a sustainable stable emulsion;
• provide a high resistance to oxidation;
• using TF fat ensures a low content of trans fatty acids in finished products.


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Understanding Your Business Bill
While East Bay Community Energy (EBCE) is now procuring the electricity you use, PG&E will continue to provide billing and other services.
April 2020 update: EBCE has updated the way we display our information on the bill. We think you'll like this new method, as it makes it easier to see your savings. Until we have updated the information on this page, please give us a call at 1-833-699-EBCE (3223), send us a chat, or email email@example.com with questions about understanding your bill.
- PG&E will no longer charge you for electric generation. EBCE now procures electricity on your behalf. This is not an additional fee. EBCE charges replace charges you would have paid PG&E.
- PG&E will continue to charge for electric delivery—the transmission and distribution of your electricity – as well as required regulatory and program charges at the same rate for all customers, regardless of the service provider. To learn more about your PG&E energy statement visit pge.com.
- PG&E fees specific to Community Choice Energy Programs are factored into EBCE's rate setting process. Therefore, the total amount you pay on your PG&E bill will be less than (for EBCE's Bright Choice service) or equal to (for EBCE's Brilliant 100 service) what you would have paid PG&E for generation service.
The sample bill that follows is based on an A-10 rate schedule for a large commercial customer.
To download a PDF version of the sample commercial bill, visit the document library.
To compare your EBCE charges to what you would have paid PG&E for generation service:
- Sum the EBCE Net Charges (#14), Power Charge Indifference Adjustment (#9), and Franchise Fee Surcharge (#10). Those are your new charges.
- Compare that total to the Generation Credit (#8). This is the amount PG&E would have charged for their generation service based on your monthly use, but instead they credit you back that amount.
- For this customer on EBCE's Bright Choice service, the comparison is as follows: Generation Credit = $12,094.19 while total charges = $2,412.58 + $63.64 + $9,436.76 = $11,912.98, which is the $181.21 less than the Generation Credit. So this customer saved $181.21 this month from EBCE service.
If you have any questions about your electric bill, you can contact EBCE's call center at 1-833-699-EBCE (3223).
Account Number
You will need this number if you change your EBCE service level (Bright Choice, Brilliant 100, or Renewable 100) or opt out of EBCE service.
PG&E Delivery Charges
This is PG&E's charge to deliver electricity over their transmission lines, maintain infrastructure and
other fees to support customer service and billing.
EBCE Electric Generation Charge
This charge covers EBCE's cost of purchasing clean electricity for customers.
Total Amount Due
This is the total amount you pay to PG&E, conveniently on one bill for services provided by both PG&E and EBCE.
Your Electric Charges Breakdown
This is the summary of charges from electric generation, distribution and other fees, taxes and programs that fund regional or statewide programs such as assistance and efficiency rebate programs.
Service Agreement ID
A service agreement documents your particular arrangement with PG&E (including billing days, metering information, and other factors) in order to calculate applicable charges. For customers with multiple meters under a single PG&E account, each meter will have a unique Service Agreement ID number.
Demand Charges
EBCE's 1.5% discount with Bright Choice service also applies to the generation-related demand charges.
Generation Credit
This is the generation fee now provided by EBCE's generation service, so PG&E credits this charge back to your account to avoid any duplication of generation fees. The credit is what PG&E would have charged you for electricity.
Power Charge Indifference Adjustment
PG&E charges EBCE customers a Power Charge Indifference Adjustment (PCIA), which is calculated based on the number of kilowatt-hours used each month. The PCIA is intended to ensure that EBCE customers pay the difference between what PG&E paid for power contracted to serve them prior to their switch, and the current market value of that power. The PCIA charge is factored into EBCE's rate setting process.
Franchise Fee Surcharge
The Franchise Fee is collected from PG&E to cover costs associated with rights to use public streets to provide gas and electric service. The franchise fee is factored into EBCE's rate setting process.
Utility Users' Tax
The Utility Users' Tax varies from city to city, and may not apply to every community in our jurisdiction. If your business or residence is already subject to this tax, you will continue to pay it as a EBCE customer.
ESP Customer Number
This is your Energy Service Provider (ESP) Customer number for EBCE.
Rate Schedule
This is your rate schedule determined by PG&E.
Net Charges
This is the amount EBCE collects. Other fees found here, including the Energy Commission Tax and sometimes a local Utility User Tax, are paid by all PG&E customers so should be excluded from the comparison.
Energy Commission Tax
This fee is collected on behalf of the California Energy Commission and applies to all customers, regardless of service provider. The California legislature established the Energy Commission tax in 1975. The tax provides additional funding for the California Energy Commission.


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v good
sab k answer ghalt hain :(
to pher aap ko idea dana chahiya
baki languages hum prn ga hi to pta chly ga na un m kya ha asy asy question kr dety hn yaar chwal sa
yes faisal is rite
C++ is one of the most accepted programming languages and is implemented on a wide variety of hardware and operating system platforms. As an efficient compiler to native code, its application domains include systems software, application software, device drivers, entertainment software embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and embedded software. C++ has greatly influenced many other popular programming languages, most notably C# and Java and J# etc. In other words they are modified and simplified versions of C++ according to particular needs. As these languages barrow basic structure, libraries, operators, classes structure, syntax. C# is important for understanding C++ the same way as C++ is important for understanding C#. C++ is a statically typed free-from. Multi-paradim, compiled, general-purpose programming language. It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it comprises a combination of both high-level and low-level language features .Bjarne Stroustrup starting at Bell Labs it adds object oriented features, like classes, and other enhancements to the C. so I conclude my talk at this point that c++ is a foundation for the other languages and it help us in understanding the syntax of other languages like C# and java.
dont copy
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Media Mining Digest
- MMD448 Media Mining Digest: Abortion Activist, AI Book, AI Concerns, Anti-Semitic Violence, Bactria Domestication, Carl Sagan, Chernobyl Aftermath, Chinese Surveillance App, CIA Interrogations, Citrus Greening Update, Climate Science, Disability Technology, Disinformation, Emergency Medicine Doctor, Free Trade, Google Bug Hunters, Harry Houdini, Hate Speech Online, Homestead Prepping, Impeachment History, Internet Health Report, Iran Internet Shutdown, Iran Turmoil, Jane Hodgson, Marine Accident Investigation, Mosul Battle, Nazism in Germany, Plant Genetic Engineering, Presidential Special Counsel, PTSI(Injury), Rare Earth Elements, Regenerative Agriculture, Russian Skulduggery, Secondhand, Sewage History, South Africa Power Cuts, Syria Activities, Trump Presidency Impact
- MMD445 Media Minding Digest: Aging Successfully, Altamont, Annise Parker, Brain Plasticity, California Wildfire, Chinese Exclusion Act, Climate Change, Climate Change Liability, Climate in the Media, College Dropouts, Cook Islands, Cosmos Exploration, Critical Thinking, Feminist Movements, Foreign Policy Ethics, Fremonts, Friendship, Ethical thinking, Cultural Strengths, Declaration of Independence, Democratic Presidential Nominee, Designing Babies, Dilbert Creator, Disabled Pride, Dugway Proving Ground, Eat Learn Play, Economic Forecast for 2020, EJ Dionne, End of Life Care, Environmental Issues, Facebook Discussion, Feminist Movements, Foreign Policy Ethics, Fremonts, Friendship, Health Optimization, Veterans Health Administration, Women Power Brokers, Conspicuous Consumption, Internet of Things, Israel Founding Jay-Z Discussion, Judicial Independence, Mental Health Issues, Mental Health Reform, Mental Illness, Modern Investing, Police Revision, Prison Reentry, Racial Segregation Origins, Sexual Harassment, Silicon Valley Women, Skinhead Reversal, Star Wars Final Episode, Stroke Recovery, Supreme Court Power Center, Technology and Society, Technology Risks to Humanity, Toni Morrison, Trump Opponent, Veterans Health Administration, Women Power Brokers
- MMD444 Media Mining Digest: 2020 Election Economics, African Priorities, AI Future, Aida Calculus, Astronomer, Ben Franklins World, Brain Wiring, California Fires and Water Supply, C-Dubb Podcast, China 2049, Chinas Global Role, Climate Threats, Cognitive Gadgets, Co-Innovation, Computer Culture, Consciousness is Widespread, Conscious Brains, Consciousness, Cosmology, Defense Policy, Ethical Algorithms, Foxes, Innovation Techniques, Jane Austen books, Library Company of Philadelphia, Native Americans, Neuroscience of Magic, Open Access Books, Pandemic History, Pelosi Background, Playful Learning, Podcasting Retrospective, Radio Free Alcatraz, Religious Freedom, Sanctions, Taiwan Elections, Transgender Black Women Assaults, Trump Administration book, Video Games, Vision Prosthesis, Women in Workplace
- Media Mining Digest 443: AI and Machine Learning, Alzheimer's Disease Treatment, Ankle Surgery and Recovery, Asylum Seekers, Blockchain Book, Bone Fractures, Brain Health, Cancer Prevention, CAR-T Cells, Cassava in Africa, Chronic Pain Treatment, Cotton Seed Edible, Dementia Impact, Drug Prohibition, European Central Bank, GE Crop Ban in Australia, George Will, Hip and Knee Replacement, HIV Prevention, Homeless Drug Deaths, Hong Kong Protests, Immune Functions, Insulin, Irelands Connections, Kidney Transplants, Knee and Cartilage Injuries, Mind-Machine Interfaces, Mosquito Control, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Nitrogen Fixation in Plants, Nitrogen Fixation in Soil, Opioid Crisis History, Opioids Heroin and Fentanyl, Paleontology, Precision Medicine, Pre-diabetes, Radical Markets, Recession Preparation, Small Things, Soonish Book, Tick-borne Diseases,
- Media Mining Digest 442: Abortion and Measles, ALS Patient Story, Artificial Intelligence, Autism, Brain Research, Cancer Treatment, Carbon in Soil, Charlottesville One Year Later, Data Security for Lawyers, Data Storage in Norway, Deep Medicine, Dengue Virus, Enterovirus, Equine Encephalitis Outbreak, Food History in US, Grenfell Tower Fire, Immigrant Crossing, Impeachment Inquiry, Influenza Virus, Information Governance for Lawyers, Kurds-Turkey-Syria Conflict, Madness and Recovery, Math Education, Measles Outbreaks, Metadata, Microbiome, Mind Machine Interfaces, Minimum Wage Discussion, Nobel Prizes in Virology, Norman Maclean author, NSA Surveillance for Lawyers, Osama bin Laden Killer, Parenting, Photographic History, Presidential Campaigns, Ransomware Crisis in Law, Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Children, Sony Hack, Special Masters in Court, Ted Williams, Tick Borne Diseases, Trump and California Air Pollution Standards, Trumps Inaccurate Hurricane Forecast, Virology History, Virology Research at the Karolinska Institute, Virus Careers, Virus Infectivity, Virus Research, War and Terrorism in Cyberspace, Whales in America, Whistleblowers and Trump, Women in Congress, WWI Remembrance, Yaba in Bangladesh
- Media Mining Digest 441: Afghanistan Situation, AI Changes Science, Air Quality, Artificial Intelligence, Bill Browder, Blueberries for Health, Churchill, Congressional Investigation History, Covid19 Impact, Cryptocurrencies, C-Span Radio Anniversary, Cyber Security Threats, Declaration of Independence, Detroit Riots, Economic Status, Enlightenment, FBI and Trump, Federal Debt and Deficit, Flynn Effect, Gerrymandering, Information Control, Interviewing Error, Ketamine for Depression, Kidnapping, Korean War, LBJ Tapes, Lynching, Magnitsky Act, Mathematician Trevino, Melatonin, Middle Class Shrinks, Migrant Story, NATO, Neoliberalism, North Korea and US, North Korea Rulers, North Korean Sanctions, Poaching in Africa, Precision Medicine, Propaganda Control, Putin Background, Ransomeware Everywhere, Saudia Arabia, Surveillance Capitalism, Venezuelan Crisis, Wahls Protocol, Women in Congress, Women Swimming in US, Women's History Month, WWI Remembering
- Media Mining Digest 440: 1918 Influenza Pandemic, Abortion History, Cancer Drug Costs, Civil Rights Movement Women, Covid-19 Pandemic, Deindustrialization in US, End of Life Care, George Washington's Life, Government Surveillance, Hacking by US Government, Holocaust Denial, Immigration Reform, Improvised Explosive Devices, Industrialization of US, Intelligence Under Kennedy, Malcolm X on Africa, Native American Displacement, Sexual Assault Kit Discussion, Sickle Cells Kill Prodigy, Slavery in US, Socialism in US, Southeast Asia Refugee Issues, Vietnam Politics, Waldenponding, WWII Equipment Development
- Media Mining Digest 439: Autism Scandal, Beatnik Culture, Daily Show Producer, Divorce and Money, E-Discovery, Farming Costs, Gambling Addiction, Georgia Civil Violence Cases, Impact Investing, Jet Blue Chairman, Kids and Money, Leon Panetta, Library of Congress, Low Income Housing in California, LSD History, Matter-Antimatter Rift, Meyers Leonard, Middle Class American Finances, Money and Couples, Native Americans in California, Olympian Brian Clay, Opium Addiction, Palestine Book, Panama Papers, Political Tribes, Poverty, Predictive Coding, Prisons in US, Processed Foods, Racism, Retirement Paths, Scott Explores Antarctica, Scott Goes Lunar, Scott Goes to Mars, Script Writer and Poet, Self Control, St Bernard Project, Undocumented Immigrant, Vietnam Conflict Project, Women and Money, WWI Myths
- Media Mining Digest 438: 9-11 Attack Series, Afghanistani Translator Story, Aggregated Journalism, Andrea Mitchell, Asteroid Impact, Blockchain Technology, Chinese CDC, Covid-19 Economic Impact, Covid-19 Lessons, Covid-19 Triage, Cyber Defense, Dark Money Documentary, Domestic Disturbances, Global Warming Webinar, Helicobacter pylori, Internet at 25, NSA Surveillance for Lawyers, Nuclear Power, Opioid Treatment, Parenting, Republican Attitudes, Russian Investigation, Science Communication, Troublemakers, Us Versus Them, Viruses in Air
- Media Mining Digest 437: American Comparison, Bacteria Control, Blockchain Discussion, Books Replacement, Brain Divided, Breast Cancer Story, Chinese Capitalism, Cloud Computing, Covid-19 in California, Covid-19 Lessons from China, Culture and Morality, Data Breeches in Law Firms, Disease Spillover Event, Economics in 21st Century, Economics Research Flawed, Electronic Discovery, FBI InfraGard, Genomics Sequencing, HIV Vaccine Research, Home Depot Founder, Hong Kong History, Improving the World, Malaria Discussion, Martin-Luther-King Jr, Native American Diet, Native Americans and Smallpox, Nuclear Bomb Security, Ocean Viruses, Pandemic Lessons, Pneumonia Discussion, Poverty Solution, Prison History in US, Puerto Rico Hurricane Recovery, Recommendation Engines, Robot Law, Sex Trafficker Investigator, Telemedicine Discussion, Tuberculosis Discussion
Click on tag and jump to that episode.
- 3d printing
- affordable care act
- aging
- Alzheimer's
- antibiotic resistance
- artificial intelligence
- behavioral economics
- bitcoin
- broadband
- broadband in Colorado
- Broadband in North Carolina
- Canada
- China
- climate change
- climate warming
- consciousness
- creativity
- cybersecurity
- cyber security
- Decision Making
- design thinking
- domestic violence
- driverless cars
- drones
- Economic Growth
- End of Life Care
- Fake News
- Feminism
- fracking
- geoengineering
- Gerrymandering
- gun control
- Gun Violence
- Hate Speech
- health care
- human rights
- human trafficking
- impact investing
- income inequality
- India
- internet history
- ketogenic diet
- marijuana legalization
- native Americans
- Neil Degrasse Tyson
- net neutrality
- North Korea
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- Oliver Sacks
- Pakistan
- Political Polarization
- Racaniello
- racism
- refugees
- sex assaults on campus
- Sexual Harassment
- sharing economy
- solitary confinement
- Sugar
- suicide
- Supreme Court
- synthetic biology
- Syrian Refugees
- technology trends
- Terrorism
- Trans-Pacific Partnership
- Trump
- Universal Basic Income
- Virtual Reality
- voting rights
- women in politics
- women in science
- World War One
- Zika Virus
Tag Archives: ConArtists
Media Mining Digest 221 – Jan 29, 2016: Academics in Government, Age Friendly Homes, Alcoholism Movie, Anxiety, Aquaponics, Assisted Dying, Astronomy History, Bee Decline, Black Politician, Brain Diseases, Brown v. Board of Education, Building Materials, Cat Trapping, Chernobyl, Common Rights, Computers Replace Lawyers, ConArtists, Corruption in China, Creative Problem Solving, CRSPR Technology, Crusades, CSI Unmsked, Dead Body Disposal, Death and Dying, Disaster Stories, Drug Reserch Costs, Elderly Aids from Technology, Emotional Robots, Energy from Microbes, Every Student Succeeds, Eye Witness Indentification, Fear, Financial Strategies, Flint Water, Genius Defined, Gravity and Light, Greenland Glaciers, Habits and Happiness, Hounds for Heroes, Information Architecture, International Security, Policy Kew Gardens, Koch Brother Activities, Logical Fallacies, Marijuana in Canada, Money and Power, Nanotechnology, National Health System History, Nuclear West Tests, Oscar Awards Controversy, Particle Physics, Police Shootings in Canada, Political Decline, Political Stagnation, Probability, Radio Astronomy, Rage Causes, Rosenwald and racism, Siege of Moscow, Soil Rehabilitation, Stabilizing Peace, Stock Market Trends, Tea History, Time of Death Bacteria, United Nations History, Wildlife, Zika Virus
Posted on January 30, 2016 by virginiajim
The best 72 podcasts from a larger group of 254 for the week are shown below. Double or ctrl-click individual highlighted titles to get single podcasts and explore the source, although it's easier to get all of them as a … Continue reading →
Posted in Uncategorized | Tagged Academics in Government, Age Friendly Homes, Alcoholism Movie, anxiety, Aquaponics, Assisted Dying, Astronomy History, Bee Decline, Black Politician, Brain Diseases, Brown V. Board of Education, Building Materials, Cat Trapping, Chernobyl, Common Rights, Computers Replace Lawyers, ConArtists, Corruption in China, Creative Problem Solving, CRSPR Technology, Crusades, CSI Unmsked, Dead Body Disposal, Death and Dying, Disaster Stories, Drug Reserch Costs, Elderly Aids from Technology, Emotional Robots, Energy from Microbes, Every Student Succeeds, Eye Witness Indentification, Fear, Financial Strategies, Flint Water, Genius Defined, Gravity and Light, Greenland Glaciers, Habits and Happiness, Hounds for Heroes, Information Architecture, International Security, Koch Brother Activities, Logical Fallacies, Marijuana in Canada, Money and Power, nanotechnology, National Health System History, Nuclear West Tests, Oscar Awards Controversy, Particle Physics, Police Shootings in Canada, Policy Kew Gardens, Political Decline, Political Stagnation, probability, Radio Astronomy, Rage Causes, Rosenwald and racism, Siege of Moscow, Soil Rehabilitation, Stabilizing Peace, Stock Market Trends, Tea History, Time of Death Bacteria, United Nations History, Wildlife, Zika Virus | Leave a comment


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So maybe you don't have a Valentine. I certainly don't want to know that any of my readers are sitting around being sad because they won't be getting a special gift this Saturday, so I partnered with RoC to give 3 readers the great gift of beautiful skin with their Retinol Correxion Deep Wrinkle Serum and Night Cream. Somehow that sounds better than chocolates and flowers any day.
The RoC Retinol Correxion Deep Wrinkle Serum and Night Cream contains pure RoC Retinol to visibly reduce both fine lines and deep wrinkles. Apply the RoC Retinol Correxion Deep Wrinkle Serum after nighttime cleansing, and then finish with RoC Retinol Correxion Deep Wrinkle Night Cream.
Each product has a retail value of $20, so each prize is worth $40. This giveaway is only open to legal US residents ages 18+. There are no product or cash substitutes. Giveaway begins Wednesday February 11th at 12am and ends Thursday February 12th at 12am EST. Only 1 entry per person is accepted, simply use the entry box below to enter.
Happy Valentine's Day ladies! xo
Shannon began A Girl's Gotta Spa! beauty blog in 2005 to morph her love of beauty and in educating women on what truly works and what does not. In 2013 she launched a bath and body line as an extention of the beauty blog. One thing she always has on her at all times? Lip balm.


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Nova Scotia Cream Cake
|Nova Scotia Cream Cake
Nova Scotia Cream Cake
adapted from: Concetta's cafe
375 degrees
Crust ingredients:
1 1/2 c flour
1 1/2 c sugar
1 1/2 t baking powder
1 cube (1/2 c) butter, sliced
1 t vanilla
1 egg
Combine sugar, flour, baking powder and butter in the food processor, process until "crumbly". In a medium-large bowl, beat egg and vanilla, stir in the crumb mixture. Mix lightly until larger crumbs form. Place mixture into prepared 9-inch springform pan. Press gently.
4 c fresh blueberries (I used IQF blueberries)
Spread blueberries evenly over the top of the crumb mixture.
2 c sour cream
1 egg
1 t vanilla
1/2 c sugar
Beat egg, vanilla, and sugar until smooth. Stir in the sour cream. Pour mixture over blueberries.
Spread to cover evenly. Bake 45 minutes, check to make sure the top is not over-browning. Bake an additional 15 - 20 minutes. If using frozen berries, at 45 minutes, reduce heat to 350 and make up to 45 minutes more. The top will be firm and the edges will be golden brown.
The hard part of this recipe? Waiting for this to cool so I can enjoy a slice.......
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Ann Pettifor is a UK-based analyst of the global financial system, director of Policy Research in Macroeconomics; a network of economists concerned with Keynesian monetary theory and policies; an honorary research fellow at the Political Economy Research Centre at City University, London as well as a fellow of New Economics Foundation, London.
She is also the Chair of the Goldsmiths College Political Economy Research Centre's Advisory Board. As an executive director of the consultancy Advocacy International, Pettifor has advised governments and organisations on sovereign debt restructuring, international finance and sustainable development. She is a trustee of the PREP Foundation for Pluralist Economics.
Pettifor is best-know for correctly predicting the Global Financial Crises in several publications, including in a book; The Real World Economic Outlook, and summarised in the New Statesman in an article, titled; Coming Soon: The New Poor. This was later followed by her September, 2006 publication; The Coming First World Debt Crisis.
In September of 2015, it was announced that she had been appointed to the British Labour Party's Economic Advisory Committee, convened by Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell and reporting to Labour Party leader, Jeremy Corbyn, regarding which she stated that she was honoured to be asked to serve with such distinguished colleagues and that she hoped to player her part in overturning the Chancellor's deficit festishism, and his employment of it as a smokescreen for an attack on the state. She currently resides in London, England.
Pettifor's background is in sovereign debt. She was one of the leaders of the Jubilee 2000 debt cancellation campaign. Britain's Independent newspaper described her as 'the genius' behind the Jubilee 2000 campaign; which then led to the cancellation of approximately $100 billion of debt owed by thirty-five countries.
Contact the Champions Speakers agency to book Ann Pettifor for your event today. Simply call a booking agent on 0207 1010 553 or email us at firstname.lastname@example.com for a free quote.
When at corporate events, Ann is known to cover the following topics:
- British Politics
- Sovereign Debt Restructuring
- International Finance
- Sustainable Development


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Farmingdale Catering Hall Venues - Reception Locations in Farmingdale
Established in 1691, the Farmingdale community is proud of their historical heritage, as well as their level of growth. Farmingdale boasts its ethnic culture and entertainment as well as its family-oriented activities and spots. The Village of Farmingdale is particularly proud of its "Village Green", which is one-square-mile of well-groomed grass where residents and visitors alike are welcome to bring a lawn chair, sit and relax while taking in the small-town charm. Farmingdale is centrally located on the Nassau/Suffolk county line and is easy to travel to whether it be via train, highway or bus.


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Iron captain Stephen Dawson praised the performance of his United team-mates as they put in a valiant display against Premier League champions Chelsea.
The Iron were beaten 2-0 by Guus Hiddink's side, but Dawson feels the display was a positive one.
"I thought we gave a really good account of ourselves, and there were some really good performances," he told The Iron PlayerHD.
"Once (Diego) Costa scored, I thought we were the better team and towards the end of the first half, we really took the game to them.
"All credit to them, they didn't take us lightly. The team they put out we were looking at and saying "this is a top team".
"They deserved the win, but saying that; was it a penalty? You need a bit of luck in the big games and I don't think we got it today."
As well as paying tribute to the attacking performance, the Irishman was also pleased with how United defended as a unit and how they restricted the Blues to few openings.
"I think we showed character all throughout the game. I think we dug deep and we helped each other out," he continued.
"And I thought we were solid, bar one or two chances, they weren't really creating a lot. And I'm proud of all the team."
3,000 Iron supporters made the trip to London, something which Dawson highlighted was greatly appreciated by everyone in the visiting dressing room.
"The real test for us comes next Saturday at Blackpool, but I have to thank the fans.
"They were absolutely amazing - all game they were singing and chanting. It didn't go unnoticed with the players, it meant a lot, and we really did appreciate the support we got today."


text: imageWe surveyed grant and social investment holders (all approved decisions made from January 2017 to December 2018). 234 responses were received with a representative spread of sectors, and parts of the UK. We have compared responses to the ones received in our smaller 2017 survey (81 responses) and a larger scale survey in 2015 (458 responses). Read more