text:
Tight back could push Eovaldi's start back
MIAMI -- Keeping the rotation in order is suddenly becoming an issue for the Marlins.
Nathan Eovaldi, scheduled to start Thursday's series finale with the Braves, is dealing with a tight back. If he isn't good to go, lefty Brian Flynn will get the nod.
Eovaldi, who is coming off a rough start in which he gave up five runs on nine hits in three innings against the Nationals, informed manager Mike Redmond that his back had tightened.
"His start is going to be in jeopardy tomorrow," Redmond said before Wednesday night's game. "It looks like he will probably be unable to go, and Flynn, we will move him up."
A September callup, Flynn has made one start, on Sept. 4 against the Cubs at Wrigley Field. The lefty gave up three runs on six hits in a no-decision that day.
Flynn is currently scheduled to start on Friday in the series opener against the Mets at Citi Field. But if he goes on Thursday, Brad Hand could get the nod on Friday in New York.
Hand has been slotted to pitch the second game of Saturday's doubleheader at Citi Field.
The hope is Eovaldi will be fine, and miss -- at the most -- a couple of days.
Sam Dyson is an alternative to start wherever he is needed.
Jose Fernandez will be shut down after Wednesday night's start, so he will no longer be part of the rotation. The Marlins have no intention of giving Fernandez more starts should Eovaldi be out an extended period.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
"COVID-19 Update: We remain open at a limited capacity. Orders may take longer to produce as a result of stockists and manufacturers also working at a reduced capacity. Delays should be expected, especially where delivery is concerned."
Currency is based on your location
Custom Designs
Custom Products
Pro Stores
Esport Stores
Streamer Stores
Special Deals
Next In Line
/ Next In Line - Pro Short Sleeve Esports Jersey
Go Back
Click here for sizing guide
Ask us anything about this product
Next In Line - Pro Short Sleeve Esports Jersey
Next In Line
£ 29.99
Play in style with the Next In Line Pro Short Sleeve Esports Jersey. Keeping you cool when the heat is on and looking like a true professional when wearing at your favourite events!
100% Polyester sports fabric - 165gms
Our jerseys are manufactured using Moisture Management and Wicking technologies to keep you cool!
Production Period
of 10 Working Days! (We aim to deliver within 3-4 weeks, depending on the delivery courier chosen at the checkout)
See our size chart under the product images to the left of this description text to ensure that you get the most comfortable fit possible!
If you wish to have your own custom name then you
check the 'Would you like a custom name on this product?' box! The following information only applies if you wish to have a nickname on the back of this product.
We are currently unable to amend the text within the customisation text boxes. To ensure the correct information is passed through with your order please enter the customisations as follows:
Nickname = Nickname
Change the Flag
If you wish to have a different flag to the EU flag shown on the images, please include your Country within the Special Notes area during checkout.
Apply Coupon
Add to Cart
Next In Line - Contrast Snapback Cap
Next In Line
£ 9.99
View Product
Next In Line - Baseball Hoodie
Next In Line
£ 24.99
View Product
Next In Line - Boardpack
Next In Line
£ 19.99
View Product
Gamers Apparel
Pro Stores
Esport Stores
Streamer Stores
Custom Designs
Custom Products
Special Deals
GA Store
Production Time
Questions and Answers
Payment Methods
Shipping Information
Terms of Service
Copyright © 2020. GAMERSAPPAREL
Registered Limited Company
Registered No. 08733388


text:
Hamsters are mammals that belong to the rodent family and there are many different hamster species from the Roborovski hamster that is 4-5 cm in length to the European Hamster that is 27-32 cm in length.
Read About Hamsters
Hamsters are the most popular of small rodents kept as a pet with five species of hamsters commonly kept as pets. Find out about the different species of pet hamsters, their characteristics and what makes them suitable as pets.
Read About Pet Hamsters
Before buying a hamster check out the things to consider, the costs of owning a hamster, how to select a healthy hamster and preparing to bring it home.
Read About Buying A Hamster
Information about hamster equipment, routine hamster care, feeding hamsters, handling and hamster illnesses and diseases.
Read About Hamster Care
There are various pet and hamster clubs in the UK that hold regular pet and hamster shows. Find out about showing hamsters, the rules and what the hamster judges look for.
Read About Showing Hamsters
Whether thinking about breeding hamsters or dealing with an unplanned pregnant hamster, find advice on looking after the mother and babies, and things to consider before starting to breed hamsters.
Read About Breeding Hamsters
Contact Us | Terms of Use | Cookies


text:
Veteran, bomb-detecting dog honored in KC
Logan Black, Diego served in Iraq
An Army veteran who served in Iraq received the Phil Pistilli Veterans Award during the Harry S. Truman Good Neighbor celebration today in Kansas City, and so did his dog.
Logan Black and Diego were bomb detectors in Iraq.
"He searched for bombs and explosives, so he was an off-lease detection dog," said Black.
Black was Diego's first trainer. They went to Iraq together and served all over the country. When Black got out in 2007, Diego stayed on with another partner until it was time for him to retire.
Black said he wanted to adopt Diego but couldn't find him. He started a Facebook page full of pictures in hopes that someone could help.
"Somebody on Facebook saw my page and said, 'I think I know this dog. I think he is down here at Lackland Air Force Base, and that's kind of how it all started through social media."
They were reunited last summer and Black brought Diego along to accept his award.
He told people at the ceremony that it's important to be a good neighbor, even in a war zone.
"We can, and will, have a lasting effect on those communities," Black said.
His speech even drew former President Bill Clinton's attention since he was also speaking about a similar theme.
"That's why I loved your speech," Clinton said.
"It's definitely one of the proudest moments of my life, to be acknowledged by him," Black said.
Black said Diego has been since his pet since last summer.


text:
Exoffico Jacket-Synthetic PuffyRegular price $39.99
- Brand = ExOfficio
- Color = Black
- Woman's Size = W Medium
Category: Jacket-Synthetic Puffy-W
Web Shopping Policies
- In store pick up only.
- Our primary focus is on location sales. We are willing to ship but additional shipping and handling fees will apply. Please email or call for quotes on specific items.
- Colors may vary slightly due to camera and monitor settings.
- We pack and store off season items, although listed on the site these items may not be immediately available for sale.
- Products will be removed from the web site as soon as they are sold
- We do not offer holds or layaway. You may purchase online and come to the store for pickup.
- Online purchases for used items may be returned at the time of pickup but a 5% credit card fee will be withheld from the return.
- All used gear sales are final once the item has left the store. Retail items may be returned up to one week after purchase if the item is unused and all original packaging is intact.
- Store Credit cannot be applied to web sales


text:
Dimitri from Paris to release
Get Down With The Philly Sound
This compilation is the first ever to document the birth of disco in Philadelphia and the work of the unsung musicians who played on the numerous hits that came out from the Philadelphia scene.
Featuring platinum selling hits from Melvin & Blue Notes, Teddy Pendergrass, The Trammps and The Jackson 5
Dimitri From Paris
Get Down With The Philly Sound
BBE Records
May 18, 2010
BBE Records proudly presents its fifth and arguably most exciting compilation with The French DJ and ambassador of disco – Dimitri from Paris. Get Down With The Philly Sound focuses on Dimitri's essential disco era tracks, all were made in Philadelphia, and feature the core of the rhythm section that created and defined the sound of the genre. Dimitri's selection on CD1 traces the evolution of the '70s disco groove from the first ever disco hit record, to the rejuvenation of the Jackson 5's career, interspersed with obscurities such as Charles Mann to the magnificent Teddy Pendergrass; Philly International's answer to Marvin Gaye. CD2 of the compilation pays homage to the original creators and innovators of the remix and extended edits with reworkings exclusively by Dimitri from Paris.
Undisputedly, Philadelphia gave birth to and defined the brand new Disco genre. Gamble and Huff's sound evolved from the simpler arrangements of the late 1960s into a style featuring lush strings, thumping basslines and sliding hi-hat rhythms. The anthemic "The Love I Lost" by Harold Melvin & The Bluenotes, recorded at Sigma Sound Studios in 1973, laid the blueprint for how a disco record should sound. Recording engineer Joe Tarsia founded Sigma Sound in 1968, and virtually of all the disco recordings released on Philadelphia International, Salsoul, Philly World, Gold Mind and Atlantic were made at his studio, thereby maintaining the unique sound of Philadelphia. Located at 212 N. 12th Street in Philadelphia, it was only the second studio in the USA to offer 24-track recording and the first in the country to use console automation. Sigma's sound was so strong that mainstream acts queued up to record there: David Bowie recorded his Young Americans album there, Dusty Springfield recorded A Brand New Me, while Elton John's 1977 Philadelphia sessions were in such demand recently that they provided a hit single ('Are You Ready For Love') and CD re-issue 3 decades after the recordings were first made.
Nearly all of the disco output from Philadelphia between 1973 and 1980 featured the work of the same studio musicians, known as The Family or MFSB (Mother, Father, Sister, Brother). And of course, these same musicians were also known as The Salsoul Orchestra, Baker/Harris/Young Productions, The John Davis Monster Orchestra or The Montana Sextet (depending on who the recording was for). The classic line up of musicians included Earl Young (Founder of The Trammps and creator of the 4/4 disco drum pattern which laid the template for every dance record since) and Karl Chambers on drums, Norman Harris, Roland Chambers, Bobby Eli and TJ Tindall on guitar, Ronnie Baker and Winnie Wilford on bass, Vince Montana (vibes/arranger and founder of the Salsoul Orchestra) and Larry Washington on percussion and Ron Kersey, Leon Huff and Thom Bell on keyboards. Don Renaldo took care of strings and horns. Tom Moulton (Pioneer of the Disco Mix, the 12 inch vinyl format, the break down sections of records and supplier of missing masters for this compilation) influenced the popularity of the songs with his legendary mixes.
By 1975, Philadelphia International and the Philadelphia soul and disco genres it helped define had largely eclipsed Motown and the Motown Sound in popularity and Gamble and Huff were the premiere producers of soul with nearly 200 gold and platinum records to their credit. Salsoul capitalized on the success of the sound by employing the same musicians whilst focusing predominantly on club music. Notable acts rushed to Philadelphia to capture the sound: Ex Motown cohorts The Jacksons and Eddie Kendricks utilized the above classic line-up of musicians to embrace the new sound and extend their careers.
Now, for the first time ever, Gamble and Huff have given a label access to the multi track tapes of some Philly International platinum selling classics such as "The Love I Lost" and "Bad Luck" featuring the vocals of the late great Teddy Pendergrass, the first black male to release five consecutive platinum albums in the United States. This tribute to the creators of disco is presented on a limited edition double CD, and three deluxe multiple vinyl releases, exclusively featuring Dimitri's remixes and edits. There will be an additional vinyl double pack containing remixes by Francois Kevorkian, John Morales and Tom Moulton
BBE releases Get Down With the Philly Sound! on May 18, 2010
DIMITRI FROM PARIS AND SELECT The Family/MFSB players ARE AVAILABLE FOR INTERVIEWS.
CD1. Original Tracks
01. Harold Melvin & Blue Notes – The Love I Lost
02. The Jackson's – Living Together
03. Teddy Pendergrass – You Can't Hide From Yourself
04. Carl Bean – I Was Born This Way
05. John Davis – Night & Day
06. The Trammps – The Night The Lights Went Out
07. Teddy Pendergrass – The More I Get The More I Want
08. TJM – I Don't Need No Music
09. Charles Mann – Do It Again
10. Eddie Kendricks – He's a Friend
11. Harold Melvin & Blue Notes – Tell The World How I Feel About 'Cha Baby
12. Harold Melvin & Blue Notes – Bad Luck (Pt. 1 & 2)
13. Philly Devotions – Hurt So Bad
14. The Girls (Brown Sugar) – I'm Going Through Changes
CD2. Remixes and Edits all respectfully done by Dimitri from Paris utilizing the original multi track parts
01. Harold Melvin & Blue Notes – The Love I Lost (DFP remix)
02. The Jackson's – Living Together (DFP edit)
03. The Trammps -The Night The Lights Went Out (DFP edit)
04. Teddy Pendergrass-You Can't Hide From Yourself (DFP remix)
05. Teddy Pendergrass-The More I Get The More I Want (DFP remix)
06. Eddie Kendricks-He's a Friend (DFP remix) 8mn
07. Harold Melvin & Blue Notes-Tell The World How I Feel About 'Cha (DFP edit)
08. Harold Melvin & Blue Notes-Bad Luck (Pt. 1 & 2) (DFP edit)
09. Philly Devotions-Hurt So Bad (DFP remix)
1. This compilation is the first ever to document the birth of disco in Philadelphia and the work of the unsung musicians who played on the numerous hits that came out from the Philadelphia scene.
2. The compilation exclusively features five remixes and four edits by Dimitri from Paris.
3. Online bonus features – A Tom Moulton Mix in the style of his legendary Sandpiper mix tapes that brought him to the attention of Philly International and Salsoul records and started off the remix, available exclusively from the BBE website using download codes available to physical copy purchases.
4. An epk shot with the surviving key members of the Philly movement.
5. This release is a historical documentation of the birth of modern dance or nightclub music. Every remixer, DJ and dancefloor has been influenced by the content of this release.
6. Gamble and Huff granted BBE access to multi track tapes for four tracks for Dimitri to create new mixes of their classic recordings.
7. Earl Young is founder of The Trammps and creator of the 4/4 disco drum pattern which laid the template for every dance record since
8. Recording engineer Joe Tarsia founded Sigma Sound in 1968, and virtually of all the disco recordings released on Philadelphia International, Salsoul, Philly World, Gold Mind and Atlantic were made at his studio.
9. The release will be accompanied by extensive liner notes, pictures, interviews and anecdotes from the legendary players involved in the music.
10. Listening parties will take place in key capital cities as well as themed DJ events with Dimitri from Paris.
11. A bonus limited vinyl of mixes from Tom Moulton, Francois K and John Morales.
12. The vinyl edition of Dimitri's remixes will include bonus passes not available on CD or digitally.
For more information about this project please contact:
Justin Kleinfeld
rephlektor inkorporated
PO Box 604855
Bayside, NY 11360
646 383 8827 t
419 735 1575 f
Skype: jello.pudding.pops
Facebook: http://profile.to/rephlektor
Twitter: https://twitter.com/rephlektor


text:
Personalized Rehab Care Services
Savannah Grand of Maitland recognizes every person is unique and that is how and why we developed our Resident Functional Evaluation.
It is our goal to offer a full spectrum of services that will address every personal requirement while always promoting resident independence and dignity. The interdisciplinary and insightful information in the Resident Functional Evaluation allows our associates to identify the needs of each resident and offer a personal service plan. This plan is designed so that each resident is appropriately served and is priced to reflect the varying degree of assistance necessary. Levels of service required or desired are established with our Resident Functional Evaluation and reviewed with every resident, their family, or responsible person.
Personalized Services can be, but are not limited to, the following:
- Assistance with bathing, dressing or grooming
- Assistance with ambulation
- Assistance with activities of daily living
- Assistance with additional housekeeping services
Your Savannah Grand of Maitland community professional will be glad to review the Resident Functional Evaluation with you and answer any questions you may have.


text:
Videos | April 5, 2010
What's Up April 2010: Find the Space Station passing overhead
Have you ever seen the Space Station pass overhead? It's easy if you know when and where to look.
Transcript:Jane Houston Jones: What's Up for April? The International Space Station.
Label - Construction of the International Space Station (1998-2011)
Jones: Hello and welcome! I'm Jane Houston Jones at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.
Label - International Space Station observed by ground-based telescope
Jones: Have you ever seen the space station pass overhead? It's easy if you know when and where to look.
Label - 15 orbits a day. The orbit is tilted 51.6 degrees to Earth's Equator.
Jones: The space station orbits Earth about 15 times per day.
Label - animation
Jones: With your unaided eyes, it looks like a bright star moving across the sky. But it doesn't blink like an airplane. To find out when a pass will be visible, check on the web for sighting opportunities.
Text - http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/realdata/sightings/
Jones: NASA's Human Spaceflight Web site has a great tool to help you find local sighting dates and times. Start by selecting your country, state and city from the drop-down menus. A list of next sightings appears as soon as you click on your city. The satellite or spacecraft name, local date and time fields are self-explanatory.
Duration is the length of time the satellites will be visible in your sky on a clear night. The maximum elevation is how high above the horizon the spacecraft will get. Ninety degrees is directly overhead.
Label - Leo. Saturn. Mars.
Jones: You might familiarize yourself with a few bright stars and planets in the sky this month and eyeball their position and elevation for practice.
Label - 30 degrees. 60 degrees.
Jones: The approach and departure degree and direction tell you which direction the spacecraft will first appear from and then the direction it will disappear from and at what elevation.
Label - Approach: 10 degrees above northwest. Maximum elevation: 66 degrees. Departure: 62 degrees above northeast.
Label - animation derived from time-exposure still
Jones: The best time for space station gazing is just before dawn or just after sunset, when the observer is in the dark, but the space station is in the sun. When the spacecraft is no longer lit by sunlight, it disappears into Earth's shadow - and from our view at the same time.
Label - animation
Jones: Space shuttle missions carry needed supplies and equipment to the space station. And it's fun to see both objects when they're both in orbit. You don't need a telescope or binoculars to see them. They move too fast for most telescopes to track anyway. On the day or two immediately before docking and after undocking, the shuttle and station will appear to be chasing each other across the night sky.
Title - One more April treat: Lyrid Meteor Shower
Label - Looking up before sunrise on April 22. Hercules. Lyra. Cygnus. Aquila.
Jones: After moonset, between 1 and 2 a.m. on the morning of April 22, you'll get to enjoy the Lyrid meteor shower.
You can expect to see about 20 swift and bright meteors per hour from a dark sky location. That's a great reason to wake up early.
Title - Learn about human spaceflight at spaceflight.nasa.gov
Jones: You can more about human spaceflight at spaceflight.nasa.gov
Title - Learn about NASA missions at www.nasa.gov
Jones: And you can learn more about NASA missions, and when the next Space Shuttle will launch at www.nasa.gov
Text - Thanks to the following for submitting images: Sadegh Ghomizadeh, Bob King, Malcolm Park, Ralf Vendebergh, Sean Walker.
Jones: That's all for this month. I'm Jane Houston Jones.
Title - NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology.


text:
When a pair of freshwater fish species reproduce together, they create hybrids who are able to reproduce asexually. This ability should offer the hybrids an unstoppable evolutionary advantage...so why aren't we bowing down before our asexual fish hybrid masters?
The red-bellied dace and finescale dace are relatives of the minnow and carp, and their reproductive pairing is what creates these asexual hybrids. Since the hybrids don't need to find a mate in order to reproduce, they should have twice the reproductive potential of other fish. That means they should be able to create up to twice as many offspring without any extra energy exertion, and even reducing the population to a single fish wouldn't necessarily be enough to wipe it out.
When you look at it that way, asexual reproduction seems to have massive benefits over its sexual counterpart. With the ability to overwhelm other species in terms of sheer numbers, you'd think the hybrid fish would rule all ponds in which they appeared (and, eventually, the world). So why hasn't that happened? Researchers at the University of British Columbia have the answer:
it's because the hybrids aren't as healthy. Using swimming speed as a proxy for overall health, the researchers found that hybrids performed worse than at least one of the parent species in a series of speed tests. The results suggest that at minimum, the hybrid has no physiological performance advantage over the sexual species, and is probably at something of a disadvantage. The lower physiological performance may counteract the hybrids' reproductive advantage, preventing them from taking over.
In a larger sense, the researchers speculate that this is one good reason why asexual reproduction hasn't made an evolutionary comeback in vertebrates. While asexual reproduction may be better when it comes to quantity of offspring, sexual reproduction is apparently still the far better option when it comes to quality.
Via Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. Image by Lance Merry.


text:
Archive for 'Todd Phillips'
The Hangover 2 (in The Montreal Mirror)
There are two kinds of audiences who adored The Hangover, and they will love the sequel just as much. First, there are those for whom the whole idea of waking up in a state of sweaty- eye-balled shame like the one depicted in the first movie is inconceivable—so for them, it's pure schadenfreude. And then there's […]
Posted: May 26th, 2011 under City, Misc, Montreal Mirror, Movies, People, Todd Phillips, Travel, Zack Galifianakis.
Tags: Bangkok, comedy, Ladyboy, monkey, movies, sexism, The Hangover, Todd Phillips, Warner Bros
Comments: none


text:
Kenneth Butler touched the metal end of his prosthetic arm instinctively as he recalled the horrors he witnessed in Iraq.
Four years after losing his limb when his vehicle was hit by a bomb in Baghdad, the retired army staff sergeant got his first chance this week to meet former President George W. Bush during a three-day bike ride in West Texas attended by more than a dozen other wounded veterans and cycling legend Lance Armstrong.
Bush rode in the event for a chance to meet with veterans and thank them for their sacrifice. But for Butler, he holds no ill-will toward the man who sent thousands of Americans to war in 2003.
"I feel his compassion," the retired parachute infantry squad leader said Wednesday, with a note of melancholy. "It feels like he really cares about us."
Bush and 15 wounded veterans were joined Wednesday in the last leg of a 62.5-mile ride through the rugged desert trails of Big Bend National Park by Armstrong, a seven-time Tour de France champion.
Although Bush acknowledges struggling to keep up during the trek, he said he relished the opportunity.
"As a commander in chief, it was my decision to put them in harm's way in the first place," he said. "I feel a special bond toward them and I want them to know I'll never forget them."
More than 1,400 U.S. troops have died and more than 11,000 have been injured in Afghanistan since Bush ordered a war on terror in 2001. More than 3,500 U.S. military personnel died and more than 32,000 have been wounded in Iraq since fighting started there two years later.
The losses endured by so many veterans and their families prompted Armstrong to make a surprise appearance Wednesday to thank the troops for their efforts overseas.
Downplaying the athletic feats revered by sports fans across the country, the Austin native recalled meeting a soldier in Germany who had just lost his leg and wanted to set a record for regaining his walking ability. "Now that's heroic", Armstrong said.
The cyclist also teased the former president, recalling the athleticism Bush showed last time they rode together in 2005.
"Today he started fast but then he kind of blew a gasket", Armstrong joked.
The 64-year-old Bush retorted: "Well, I'm eligible for Medicare next year."
The former president also joked about his inability to keep up with the veterans, whose war injuries did little to slow them down.
"I'm riding as hard as I possibly can and I look over my shoulder and there's a one-legged guy barely breathing. ... I am in awe of our troops", Bush said.
The event was organized by the Wounded Warrior program, a nonprofit organization that helps veterans seriously injured in Afghanistan or Iraq.
While not cycling, Bush spent time mingling with the veterans over the last three days, discussing everything from barbeque to bicycle gear.
Andy Hatcher, a 27-year-old retired Marine sergeant who lost his right foot in a Thanksgiving 2004 explosion in Fallujah, said he didn't discuss war during the dinner chat he had with Bush.
"This was about riding bikes, not embracing tragedy," Hatcher said.
Bush, Armstrong join wounded vets for TX bike ride
Kenneth Butler touched the metal end of his prosthetic arm instinctively as he recalled the horrors he witnessed in Iraq.


text:
CodeReady Studio
A development environment with superior support for your entire development lifecycle.
Hello World!
Build Something Today
Let's walk through everything you need to build your first application.
Community Q&A
See our most popular forum discussions related to CodeReady Studio.
Latest Discussions
See all related forums discussions
Red Hat Support and Professional Services
It's ok if you don't have the time to figure everything out on your own.
Known for enterprise-grade support subscriptions, Red Hat offers development support, too.Learn More
Providing strategic and technical expertise to help you address big (or not so big) challenges.Learn More
Training & Certifications
Building enterprise apps requires more than self-paced learning. Get formal training, be certified.Learn More
App Certification
ISVs - differentiate your docker-based apps as trusted solutions with Red Hat Certification.Learn More
Build Something Today
Let's walk through everything you need to build your first application.


text:
Today at the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, we are working on artifacts for our next special exhibition, "Pearls of Wisdom: the Arts of Islam at the University of Michigan." It features art and artifacts from the ancient Islamic world. In the conservation lab, we're examining the artifacts to document their physical condition as well as details of their construction and decoration.
In these photos, Kelsey conservator Caroline Roberts is examining filters from the (broken) necks of Fatimid-period jars. The decorative filter designs were carved while the clay was still a bit wet, before firing. Many of the designs show animals, like this lion (below), and would only have been visible to the person pouring liquid into or out of the vessel. We like archaeological conservation because every day we're looking at daily life artifacts and thinking about how people lived in the ancient world. As conservators, we look at artifacts in an especially technical way, looking closely for details of manufacture, evidence of use, and subsequent deterioration.


text:
Be one of the first to know when new listings matching your criteria hit the market.Get New Listings
Find the newest Citadel Estates homes for sale & real estate listings in Oceanside, CA below! For information about Citadel Estates neighborhood properties for sale or to schedule a private home showing, contact your Oceanside real estate experts today.
Search All Real Estate For Sale: Oceanside
See TODAY's New Listings, search by beds/baths, square feet, listing status, days on market & more!
Preparing to buy or sell a home in Citadel Estates soon? Call Beer Home Team at 858-465-7899. Our community of Citadel Estates real estate agents are here to help guide you through the Citadel Estates housing market near Oceanside.
Planning to buy or sell a home in Citadel Estates CA? Let our local Oceanside real estate team guide you through the sale of your current Citadel Estates home or the purchase of your next Citadel Estates property in Oceanside. As Citadel Estates real estate agents, we're well-versed in the unique market dynamics of Oceanside Citadel Estates real estate. We're ready to work with you today!
Contact Beer Home Team to learn more about representation for buyers and sellers. Preparing to sell your Citadel Estates home? View our comparative market analysis page to receive a free Citadel Estates home value analysis within moments.
Search Homes For Sale in Citadel Estates Oceanside
Back to Oceanside Real Estate
Be one of the first to know when new listings matching your criteria hit the market.Get New Listings
Our free service provides you with a detailed estimate of your home's current market value.Get a Free Market Analysis
Find your next home and learn about neighborhoods, current market statistics, and local schools.Free Relocation Guide
In today's highly regulated market, it's more important than ever to work with a lender you can trust.Get Mortgage Info


text:
This article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone.
Are you certain this article is inappropriate?
Excessive Violence
Sexual Content
Political / Social
Email Address:
Article Id:
Reproduction Date:
Education reform is named after Horace Mann, given to a demand with the goal of changing public education. Historically, reforms have taken different forms because the motivations of reformers have differed. In modern years, education reform desires to reform an existing system, as opposed to revolutionizing, supplanting, or providing competition to it. In the United States, therefore, education reform acknowledges and encourages public education as the primary source of K-12 education for American youth. These reformers desire to make public education more effective, with higher standards, higher achievement, and higher focus on the needs of students.[1][2] Additionally, great focus has been given to closing the gap between racial and economic divides, and is perhaps one of the most important issues facing the country .[3] While education reform has many similar goals for student achievement and parental empowerment as school choice, they differ in that the latter encourages free market competition between all the forms of education that are available and where parents are given the means to choose which is best for their children,[4] whether it be public or private, charter or homeschooling.
The one constant for all forms of education reform includes the idea that small changes in education will have large social returns in citizen health, wealth and well-being. For example, a stated motivation has been to reduce cost to students and society. From the ancient times until the 1800s, one goal was to reduce the expense of a classical education. Ideally, classical education is undertaken with a highly educated full-time (extremely expensive) personal tutor. Historically, this was available only to the most wealthy. Encyclopedias, public libraries and grammar schools are examples of innovations intended to lower the cost of a classical education.
Related reforms attempted to develop similar classical results by concentrating on "why", and "which" questions neglected by classical education. Abstract, introspective answers to these questions can theoretically compress large amounts of facts into relatively few principles. This path was taken by some Transcendentalist educators, such as Amos Bronson Alcott. In the early modern age, Victorian schools were reformed to teach commercially useful topics, such as modern languages and mathematics, rather than classical subjects, such as Latin and Greek.
Many reformers focused on reforming society by reforming education on more scientific, humanistic, pragmatic or democratic principles. John Dewey, and Anton Makarenko are prominent examples of such reformers. Some reformers incorporated several motivations, e.g. Maria Montessori, who both "educated for peace" (a social goal), and to "meet the needs of the child" (A humanistic goal). In historic Prussia, an important motivation for the invention of Kindergarten was to foster national unity by teaching a national language while children were young enough that learning a language was easy.
The reform has taken many forms and directions. Throughout history and the present day, the meaning and methods of education have changed through debates over what content or experiences result in an educated individual or an educated society. Changes may be implemented by individual educators and/or by broad-based school organization and/or by curriculum changes with performance evaluations.
Plato believed that children would never learn unless they wanted to learn. In The Republic, he said, " . . compulsory learning never sticks in the mind." An educational debate in the time of the Roman Empire arose after Christianity had achieved broad acceptance. The question concerned the educational value of pre-Christian classical thought: "Given that the body of knowledge of the pre-Christian Romans was heathen in origin, was it safe to teach it to Christian children?"
Though educational reform occurred on a local level at various points throughout history, the modern notion of education reform is tied with the spread of
The current student voice effort echoes past school reform initiatives focusing on parent involvement, community involvement, and other forms of participation in schools. However, it is finding a significant amount of success in schools because of the inherent differences: student voice is central to the daily schooling experience because students spend all day there. Many educators today strive for meaningful student involvement in their classrooms, while school administrators, school board members, and elected officials each lurch to hear what students have to say.
A notable reform of the education system of Massachusetts occurred in 1993.
To support inexpensive continuing adult education a community needs a free public library. It can start modestly as shelves in an attended shop or government building, with donated books. Attendants are essential to protect the books from vandalism. Adult education repays itself many times over by providing direct opportunity to adults. Free libraries are also powerful resources for schools and businesses.
Substantial resources and time can be saved by permitting students to test out of classes. This also increases motivation, directs individual study, and reduces boredom and disciplinary problems.
Philosophers identify independent, logical reasoning as a precondition to most western science, engineering, economic and political theory. Therefore, every educational program that desires to improve students' outcomes in political, health and economic behavior should include a Socratically taught set of classes to teach logic and critical thinking.
Some of the Myers-Briggs temperaments are known to despise educational material that lacks theory. Therefore, effective curricula need to raise and answer "which" and "why" questions, to teach students with "intuitive" (Myers-Briggs) modalities.
The Myers-Briggs temperaments fall into four broad categories, each sufficiently different to justify completely different educational theories. Many developmental psychologists say that it might be socially profitable to test for and target temperaments with special curricula.
In order to be effective, classroom instruction needs to change subjects at times near a typical student's attention span, which can be as frequently as every two minutes for young children. This is an important part of Marva Collins' method.
Schools with limited resources, such as most public schools and most third-world and missionary schools, use a grammar-school approach. The evidence of Lancaster schools suggests using students as teachers. If the culture supports it, perhaps the economic discipline of the Lancaster school can reduce costs even further. However, much of the success of Lancaster's "school economy" was that the children were natives of an intensely mercantile culture.
New programs based on modern learning theories that test individual learning, and teach to mastery of a subject have been proved by the Kentucky Education Reform Act (KERA) to be far more effective than group instruction with compromise schedules, or even class-size reduction.[50]
Conservative programs are often based on classical education, which is seen by conservatives to reliably teach valuable skills in a developmentally appropriate order to the majority of Myers-Briggs temperaments, by teaching facts.
The teaching method must be teachable! This is a lesson from both Montessori and Dewey. This view now has very wide currency, and is used to select much of the curricula of teachers' colleges.
Many educators now believe that anything that more precisely meets the needs of the child will work better. This was initiated by M. Montessori and is still utilized in Montessori schools.
Some of the methods and reforms have gained permanent advocates, and are widely utilized.
Another viable addition to digital education has been blended learning. In 2009, over 3 million K-12 students took an online course, compared to 2000 when 45,000 took an online course. Blended learning examples include pure online, blended, and traditional education. Research results show that the most effective learning takes place in a blended format.[49] This allows children to view the lecture ahead of time and then spend class time practicing, refining, and applying what they have previously learned.
Administrators are not exempt from the technological disconnect. They must recognize the existence of a younger generation of teachers who were born during the Digital Age and are very comfortable with technology. However, when old meets new, especially in a mentoring situation, conflict seems inevitable. Ironically, the answer to the outdated mentor may be digital collaboration with worldwide mentor webs; composed of individuals with creative ideas for the classroom.[48]
Technology is a dynamic entity that is constantly in flux. As time presses on, new technologies will continue to break paradigms that will reshape human thinking regarding technological innovation. This concept stresses a certain disconnect between teachers and learners and the growing chasm that started some time ago. Richardson asserts that traditional classroom's will essentially enter entropy unless teachers increase their comfort and proficiency with technology.[44]
Mainstream media continues to be both very influential and the medium where Crowd-Accelerated Innovation gains its leverage. Media is in direct competition with formal educational institutions in shaping the minds of today and those of tomorrow. [Buchanan, Rachel footnote] The media has been instrumental in pushing formal educational institutions to become savvier in their methods. Additionally, advertising has been (and continues to be) a vital force in shaping students and parents thought patterns.[47]
Creativity is of the utmost importance when improving education. The "creative teachers" must have the confidence through training and availability of support and resources. These creative teachers are strongly encouraged to embrace a person-centered approach that develops the psychology of the educator ahead or in conjunction with the deployment of machines.[45] Creative teachers have been also been inspired through Crowd-Accelerated Innovation. Crowd-Accelerated Innovation has pushed people to transition between media types and their understanding thereof at record-breaking paces.[46] This process serves as a catalyst for creative direction and new methods of innovation. Innovation without desire and drive inevitably flat lines.[46]
Digitally "flipping" classrooms is a trend in digital education that has gained significant momentum. Will Richardson, author and visionary for the digital education realm, points to the not-so-distant future and the seemingly infinite possibilities for digital communication linked to improved education. Education on the whole, as a stand-alone entity, has been slow to embrace these changes. The use of web tools such as wikis, blogs, and social networking sites is tied to increasing overall effectiveness of digital education in schools. Examples exist of teacher and student success stories where learning has transcended the classroom and has reached far out into society.[44]
The 21st century ushered in the acceptance and encouragement of internet research conducted on college and university campuses, in homes, and even in gathering areas of shopping centers. Addition of cyber cafes on campuses and coffee shops, loaning of communication devices from libraries, and availability of more portable technology devices, opened up a world of educational resources. Availability of knowledge to the elite had always been obvious, yet provision of networking devices, even wireless gadget sign-outs from libraries, made availability of information an expectation of most persons. Cassandra B. Whyte researched the future of computer use on higher education campuses focusing on student affairs. Though at first seen as a data collection and outcome reporting tool, the use of computer technology in the classrooms, meeting areas, and homes continued to unfold. The sole dependence on paper resources for subject information diminished and e-books and articles, as well as on-line courses, were anticipated to become increasingly staple and affordable choices provided by higher education institutions according to Whyte in a 2002 presentation.[42][43]
Web-based international educational software is under development by students at New York University, based on the belief that current educational institutions are too rigid: effective teaching is not routine, students are not passive, and questions of practice are not predictable or standardized. The software allows for courses tailored to an individual's abilities through frequent and automatic multiple intelligences assessments. Ultimate goals include assisting students to be intrinsically motivated to educate themselves, and aiding the student in self-actualization. Courses typically taught only in college are being reformatted so that they can be taught to any level of student, whereby elementary school students may learn the foundations of any topic they desire. Such a program has the potential to remove the bureaucratic inefficiencies of education in modern countries, and with the decreasing digital divide, help developing nations rapidly achieve a similar quality of education. With an open format similar to WorldHeritage, any teacher may upload their courses online and a feedback system will help students choose relevant courses of the highest quality. Teachers can provide links in their digital courses to webcast videos of their lectures. Students will have personal academic profiles and a forum will allow students to pose complex questions, while simpler questions will be automatically answered by the software, which will bring you to a solution by searching through the knowledge database, which includes all available courses and topics.
Harnessing the richness of the Internet is another goal. In some cases classrooms have been moved entirely online, while in other instances the goal is more to learn how the Internet can be more than a classroom.
The idea of creating artificial intelligence led some computer scientists to believe that teachers could be replaced by computers, through something like an expert system; however, attempts to accomplish this have predictably proved inflexible. The computer is now more understood to be a tool or assistant for the teacher and students.
The movement to use computers more in education naturally includes many unrelated ideas, methods, and pedagogies since there are many uses for digital computers. For example, the fact that computers are naturally good at math leads to the question of the use of calculators in math education. The Internet's communication capabilities make it potentially useful for collaboration, and foreign language learning. The computer's ability to simulate physical systems makes it potentially useful in teaching science. More often, however, debate of digital education reform centers around more general applications of computers to education, such as electronic test-taking and online classes.
Reforms can be based on bringing education into alignment with a society's core values.[39][40] Reforms that attempt to change a society's core values can connect alternative education initiatives with a network of other alternative institutions.[41]
Another motivation for reform is the desire to address socio-economic problems, which many people see as having significant roots in lack of education. Starting in the 20th century, people have attempted to argue that small improvements in education can have large returns in such areas as health, wealth and well-being. For example, in Kerala, India in the 1950s, increases in women's health were correlated with increases in female literacy rates. In Iran, increased primary education was correlated with increased farming efficiencies and income. In both cases some researchers have concluded these correlations as representing an underlying causal relationship: education causes socio-economic benefits. In the case of Iran, researchers concluded that the improvements were due to farmers gaining reliable access to national crop prices and scientific farming information.
Politically motivated educational reforms of the democratic type are recorded as far back as Plato in The Republic. In the United States of America, this lineage of democratic education reform was continued by Thomas Jefferson, who advocated ambitious reforms partly along Platonic lines for public schooling in Virginia.
Many students of democracy have desired to improve education in order to improve the quality of governance in democratic societies; the necessity of good public education follows logically if one believes that the quality of democratic governance depends on the ability of citizens to make informed, intelligent choices, and that education can improve these abilities.
States have tried to use state schools to increase state power, especially to make better soldiers and workers. This strategy was first adopted to unify related linguistic groups in Europe, including France, Germany and Italy. Exact mechanisms are unclear, but it often fails in areas where populations are culturally segregated, as when the U.S. Indian school service failed to suppress Lakota and Navaho, or when a culture has widely respected autonomous cultural institutions, as when the Spanish failed to suppress Catalan.
The "beliefs" of school districts are optimistic that quite literally "all students will succeed", which in the context of high school graduation examination in the United States, all students in all groups, regardless of heritage or income will pass tests that in the introduction typically fall beyond the ability of all but the top 20 to 30 percent of students. The claims clearly renounce historical research that shows that all ethnic and income groups score differently on all standardized tests and standards based assessments and that students will achieve on a bell curve. Instead, education officials across the world believe that by setting clear, achievable, higher standards, aligning the curriculum, and assessing outcomes, learning can be increased for all students, and more students can succeed than the 50 percent who are defined to be above or below grade level by norm referenced standards.
Education reform has been pursued for a variety of specific reasons, but generally most reforms aim at redressing some societal ills, such as poverty-, gender-, or Social class-based inequities, or perceived ineffectiveness. Current education trends in the United States represent multiple achievement gaps across ethnicities, income levels, and geographies. As McKinsey and Company reported in a 2009 analysis, "These educational gaps impose on the United States the economic equivalent of a permanent national recession."[38] Reforms are usually proposed by thinkers who aim to redress societal ills or institute societal changes, most often through a change in the education of the members of a class of people—the preparation of a ruling class to rule or a working class to work, the social hygiene of a lower or immigrant class, the preparation of citizens in a democracy or republic, etc. The idea that all children should be provided with a high level of education is a relatively recent idea, and has arisen largely in the context of Western democracy in the 20th century.
In other parts of the world, educational reform has had a number of different meanings. In Taiwan in the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century a movement tried to prioritize reasoning over mere facts, reduce the emphasis on central control and standardized testing. There was consensus on the problems. Efforts were limited because there was little consensus on the goals of educational reforms, and therefore on how to fix the problems. By 2003, the push for education reform had declined.
Legal barriers to reform are low in the United States compared to other countries: State and local governance of education creates "wiggle room for educational innovators" who can change local laws or move somewhere more favourable. Cultural barriers to reform are also relatively low, because the question of who should control education is still open.[37]
Another barrier to reform is assuming that schools are like businesses—when in fact they are very different.[36]
A study by the Fordham Institute found that some labor agreements with teachers' unions may restrict the ability of school systems to implement merit pay and other reforms. Contracts were more restrictive in districts with high concentrations of poor and minority students.[34] The methodology and conclusions of the study have been criticized by teachers' unions.[35]
In 2012 tenure for school teachers was challenged in a California lawsuit called Vergara v. California. The primary issue in the case was the impact of tenure on student outcomes and on equity in education. On June 10, 2014, the trial judge ruled that California's teacher tenure statute produced disparities that "shock the conscience" and violate the equal protection clause of the California Constitution. On July 7, 2014, U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan commented on the Vergara decision during a meeting with President Barack Obama and representatives of teacher's unions. Duncan said that tenure for school teachers "should be earned through demonstrated effectiveness" and should not be granted too quickly. Specifically, he criticized the 18-month tenure period at the heart of the Vergara case as being too short to be a "meaningful bar."[33]
In October of 2010 Apple Inc. CEO Steve Jobs had a consequential meeting with U.S. President Barack Obama to discuss U.S. competitiveness and the nation's education system. During the meeting Jobs recommended pursuing policies that would make it easier for school principals to hire and fire teachers based on merit.[32]
Though appealing in theory, many reforms based on school choice have led to slight to moderate improvements—which some teachers' union members see as insufficient to offset the decreased teacher pay and job security.[30] For instance, New Zealand's landmark reform in 1989, during which schools were granted substantial autonomy, funding was devolved to schools, and parents were given a free choice of which school their children would attend, led to moderate improvements in most schools. It was argued that the associated increases in inequity and greater racial stratification in schools nullified the educational gains. Others, however, argued that the original system created more inequity (due to lower income students being required to attend poorer performing inner city schools and not being allowed school choice or better educations that are available to higher income inhabitants of suburbs). Instead, it was argued that the school choice promoted social mobility and increased test scores especially in the cases of low income students. Similar results have been found in other jurisdictions. Though discouraging, the merely slight improvements of some school choice policies often seems to reflect weaknesses in the way that choice is implemented rather than a failure of the basic principle itself.[31]
Economists such as Nobel laureate Milton Friedman advocate school choice to promote excellence in education through competition and choice. A competitive "market" for schools eliminates the need to otherwise attempt a workable method of accountability for results. Public education vouchers permit guardians to select and pay any school, public or private, with public funds currently allocated to local public schools. The theory is that children's guardians will naturally shop for the best schools, much as is already done at college level.
Home education is favored by a growing number of parents who take direct responsibility for their children's education rather than enrolling them in local public schools seen as not meeting expectations.
In the United States, Private schools (independent schools) have long been an alternative to public education for those with the ability to pay tuition. These include religious schools, preparatory and boarding schools, and schools based on alternative philosophies such as Montessori education. Over 4 million students, about one in twelve children attend religious schools in the United States, most of them Christian.[29] Montessori pre- and primary school programs employ alternative theories of guided exploration which seek to embrace children's natural curiosity rather than, for instance, scolding them for falling out of rank.
According to a 1999 article, William J. Bennett, former U.S. Secretary of Education, argued that increased levels of spending on public education have not made the schools better, citing the following statistics:[28]
In 1985 in Kansas City, Missouri, a judge ordered the school district to raise taxes and spend more money on public education. Spending was increased so much, that the school district was spending more money per student than any of the country's other 280 largest school districts. Although this very high level of spending continued for more than a decade, there was no improvement in the school district's academic performance.[26][27]
It has been shown that some school districts do not use their funds in the most productive way. For example, according to a 2007 article in the Washington Post, the Washington, D.C. public school district spends $12,979 per student per year. This is the third highest level of funding per student out of the 100 biggest school districts in the United States. Despite this high level of funding, the school district provides outcomes that are lower than the national average. In reading and math, the district's students score the lowest among 11 major school districts—even when poor children are compared only with other poor children. 33% of poor fourth graders in the United States lack basic skills in math, but in Washington, D.C., it's 62%.[24] According to a 2006 study by the Goldwater Institute, Arizona's public schools spend 50% more per student than Arizona's private schools. The study also says that while teachers constitute 72% of the employees at private schools, they make up less than half of the staff at public schools. According to the study, if Arizona's public schools wanted to be like private schools, they would have to hire approximately 25,000 more teachers, and eliminate 21,210 administration employees. The study also said that public school teachers are paid about 50% more than private school teachers.[25]
There have been studies that show smaller class sizes[22] and newer buildings [23] (both of which require higher funding to implement) lead to academic improvements. It should also be noted that many of the reform ideas that stray from the traditional format require greater funding.
Starting in the early 1980s, a series of analyses by Eric Hanushek indicated that the amount spent on schools bore little relationship to student learning.[19] This controversial argument, which focused attention on how money was spent instead of how much was spent, led to lengthy scholarly exchanges.[20] In part the arguments fed into the class size debates and other discussions of "input policies."[21] It also moved reform efforts towards issues of school accountability (including No Child Left Behind) and the use of merit pay and other incentives.
According to a 2005 report from the OECD, the United States is tied for first place with Switzerland when it comes to annual spending per student on its public schools, with each of those two countries spending more than $11,000 (in U.S. currency).[14] Despite this high level of funding, U.S. public schools lag behind the schools of other rich countries in the areas of reading, math, and science.[15] A further analysis of developed countries shows no correlation between per student spending and student performance, suggesting that there are other factors influencing education. Top performers include Singapore, Finland and Korea, all with relatively low spending on education, while high spenders including Norway and Luxembourg have relatively low performance.[16] One possible factor, is the distribution of the funding. In the US, schools in wealthy areas tend to be over-funded while schools in poorer areas tend to be underfunded.[17] These differences in spending between schools or districts may accentuate inequalities, if they result in the best teachers moving to teach in the most wealthy areas.[18] It has also been shown that the socioeconomic situation of the students family has the most influence in determining success; suggesting that even if increased funds in a low income area increase performance, they may still perform worse than their peers from wealthier districts.
In the first decade of the 21st century, several issues are salient in debates over further education reform:[12]
OBE reforms usually had other disputed methods, such as constructivist mathematics and whole language, added onto them. Some proponents advocated replacing the traditional high school diploma with a Certificate of Initial Mastery. Other reform movements were school-to-work, which would require all students except those in a university track to spend substantial class time on a job site. See also Uncommon Schools.
Most states and districts in the 1990s adopted Outcome-Based Education (OBE) in some form or another. A state would create a committee to adopt standards, and choose a quantitative instrument to assess whether the students knew the required content or could perform the required tasks. The standards-based National Education Goals (Goals 2000) were set by the U.S. Congress in the 1990s. Many of these goals were based on the principles of outcomes-based education, and not all of the goals were attained by the year 2000 as was intended. The standards-based reform movement culminated in the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, which as of 2009 is still an active nation-wide mandate in the United States.
In the latter half of the decade, E. D. Hirsch put forth an influential attack on one or more versions of progressive education, advocating an emphasis on "cultural literacy"—the facts, phrases, and texts that Hirsch asserted every American had once known and that now only some knew, but was still essential for decoding basic texts and maintaining communication. Hirsch's ideas remain significant through the 1990s and into the 21st century, and are incorporated into classroom practice through textbooks and curricula published under his own imprint.
This shift to the right caused many families to seek alternatives, including "charter schools, progressive schools, Montessori schools, Waldorf schools, Afrocentric schools, religious schools - or teaching them at home and in their communities."[11]
"[T]he federal government and virtually all state governments, teacher training institutions, teachers' unions, major foundations, and the mass media have all pushed strenuously for higher standards, greater accountability, more "time on task," and more impressive academic results".[11]
From the 1950s to the 1970s, many of the proposed and implemented reforms in U.S. education stemmed from the Civil Rights Movement and related trends; examples include ending racial segregation, and busing for the purpose of desegregation, affirmative action, and banning of school prayer.[10]
The synthesis resulting from this two-part critique is a "neoclassical" learning theory similar to that practiced by Diane Ravitch argues that "progressive" reformers have replaced a challenging liberal arts curriculum with ever-lower standards and indoctrination, particularly in inner-city schools, thereby preventing vast numbers of students from achieving their full potential.
The data from Piaget, Myers and Briggs can also be used to criticize classical teaching styles that never teach theory or principle. In particular, a wide class of temperaments ("Intuitives", half by category, 40% of the general population) prefer to reason from trusted first principles, and then apply that theory to predict concrete facts. In terms of education, some authorities interpret this to mean that 40% of the general population prefer to use, and therefore want to learn, answers to theoretical "Which and "Why" questions, rather than answers to the concrete "Who, what, when, where" and "How" questions.
Katherine Briggs and her daughter Isabel Myers developed a psychological test that reproducibly identifies sixteen distinct human temperaments, building on work by Jung. A wide class of temperaments ("Sensors", half by category, 60% of the general population) prefer to use concrete information such as facts and procedures. They prefer not to use abstract theories or logic. In terms of education, some authorities interpret this to mean that 60% of the general population only use, and therefore would prefer to learn answers to concrete "Who, what, when, where", and "how" questions, rather than answers to the theoretical "which" and "why" questions advocated by progressives. This information was confirmed (on another research track) by Jean Piaget, who discovered that nearly 60% of adults never habitually use what he called "formal operational reasoning", a term for the development and use of theories and explicit logic. If this criticism is true, then schools that teach only principles would fail to educate 60% of the general population.
Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who studied people's developmental stages. He showed by widely reproduced experiments that most young children do not analyze or synthesize as Dewey expected. Some authorities therefore say that Dewey's reforms do not apply to the primary education of young children.
Many progressive reforms failed to transfer learned skills. Evidence suggests that higher-order thinking skills are unused by many people (cf. Jean Piaget, Isabel Myers, and Katharine Cook Briggs). Some authorities say that this refutes key assumptions of progressive thinkers such as Dewey.
In more recent times, groups such as the think tank Reform's education division, and S.E.R. have attempted to pressure the government of the U.K. into more modernist educational reform, though this has met with limited success.
These reforms have since become heavily entrenched, and many today who identify themselves as progressives are opposed to many of them, while conservative education reform during the Cold War embraced them as a framework for strengthening traditional curriculum and standards.
The administrative progressives are responsible for many features of modern American education, especially American high schools: counseling programs, the move from many small local high schools to large centralized high schools, curricular differentiation in the form of electives and tracking, curricular, professional, and other forms of standardization, and an increase in state and federal regulation and bureaucracy, with a corresponding reduction of local control at the school board level. (Cf. "State, federal, and local control of education in the United States", below) (Tyack and Cuban, pp. 17–26)
The form of educational progressivism which was most successful in having its policies implemented has been dubbed "administrative progressivism" by historians. This began to be implemented in the early 20th century. While influenced particularly in its rhetoric by Dewey and even more by his popularizers, administrative progressivism was in its practice much more influenced by the industrial revolution and the concept economies of scale.
Dewey's influence began to decline in the time after the Second World War and particularly in the Cold War era, as more conservative educational policies came to the fore.
The question of the history of Deweyan educational practice is a difficult one. He was a widely known and influential thinker, but his views and suggestions were often misunderstood by those who sought to apply them, leading some historians to suggest that there was never an actual implementation on any considerable scale of Deweyan progressive education. The schools with which Dewey himself was most closely associated (though the most famous, the "Laboratory School", was really run by his wife) had considerable ups and downs, and Dewey left the University of Chicago in 1904 over issues relating to the Dewey School.
Dewey criticized the rigidity and volume of humanistic education, and the emotional idealizations of education based on the child-study movement that had been inspired by Bill Joel and those who followed him. He presented his educational theories as a synthesis of the two views. His slogan was that schools should encourage children to "Learn by doing." He wanted people to realize that children are naturally active and curious. Dewey's understanding of logic is best presented in his "Logic, the Theory of Inquiry" (1938). His educational theories were presented in "My Pedagogic Creed", The School and Society, The Child and Curriculum, and Democracy and Education (1916).
John Dewey, a philosopher and educator based in Chicago and New York, helped conceptualize the role of American and international education during the first four decades of the 20th century. An important member of the American Pragmatist movement, he carried the subordination of knowledge to action into the educational world by arguing for experiential education that would enable children to learn theory and practice simultaneously; a well-known example is the practice of teaching elementary physics and biology to students while preparing a meal. He was a harsh critic of "dead" knowledge disconnected from practical human life.[9]
In the U.S. over the last twenty years, more than 70% of non-English-speaking school-age immigrants have arrived in the U.S. before they were 6 years old. At this age, they could have been taught English in school, and achieved a proficiency indistinguishable from a native speaker. In other countries, such as the Soviet Union, France, Spain, and Germany this approach has dramatically improved reading and math test scores for linguistic minorities.
Since most modern schools copy the Prussian models, children start school at an age when their language skills remain plastic, and they find it easy to learn the national language. This was an intentional design on the part of the Prussians.
Education is often seen in Europe and Asia as an important system to maintain national, cultural and linguistic unity. Prussia instituted primary school reforms expressly to teach a unified version of the national language, "Hochdeutsch". One significant reform was kindergarten, whose purpose was to have the children spend time in supervised activities in the national language, when the children were young enough that they could easily learn new language skills.
In the United States, Horace Mann (1796 – 1859) of Massachusetts used his political base and role as Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education to promote public education in his home state and nationwide.[7] His crusading style attracted wide middle class support. Historian Ellwood P. Cubberley asserts:
Rousseau's principal work on education is Emile: Or, On Education, in which he lays out an educational program for a hypothetical newborn's education to adulthood. Rousseau provided a dual critique of both the vision of education set forth in Plato's Republic and also of the society of his contemporary Europe and the educational methods he regarded as contributing to it; he held that a person can either be a man or a citizen, and that while Plato's plan could have brought the latter at the expense of the former, contemporary education failed at both tasks. He advocated a radical withdrawal of the child from society and an educational process that utilized the natural potential of the child and its curiosity, teaching it by confronting it with simulated real-life obstacles and conditioning it by experience rather than teaching it intellectually. His ideas were rarely implemented directly, but were influential on later thinkers, particularly Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel, the inventor of the kindergarten.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau has been called the father of the child-study movement. It has been said that Rousseau "discovered" the child (as an object of study).
The term progressive in education has been used somewhat indiscriminately; there are a number of kinds of educational progressivism, most of the historically significant kinds peaking in the period between the late 19th and the middle of the 20th centuries.
Lancaster, though motivated by charity, claimed in his pamphlets to be surprised to find that he lived well on the income of his school, even while the low costs made it available to the poorest street-children. Ironically, Lancaster lived on the charity of friends in his later life.[6]
Lancaster's supporters responded that any schoolchild could avoid cheats, given the opportunity, and that the government was not paying for the education, and thus deserved no say in their composition.
Lancaster schools usually lacked sufficient adult supervision. As a result, the older children acting as disciplinary monitors tended to become brutal task masters. Also, the schools did not teach submission to orthodox Christian beliefs or government authorities. As a result, most English-speaking countries developed mandatory publicly paid education explicitly to keep public education in "responsible" hands. These elites said that Lancaster schools might become dishonest, provide poor education and were not accountable to established authorities.
With fully developed internal economies, Lancaster schools provided a grammar-school education for a cost per student near $40 per year in 1999 U.S. dollars. The students were very clever at reducing their costs, and once invented, improvements were widely adopted in a school. For example, Lancaster students, motivated to save scrip, ultimately rented individual pages of textbooks from the school library, and read them in groups around music stands to reduce textbook costs. Students commonly exchanged tutoring, and paid for items and services with receipts from "down tutoring."
Discipline and labor in a Lancaster school were provided by an economic system. Scrip, a form of money meaningless outside the school, was created at a fixed exchange rate from a student's tuition. Every job of the school was bid-for by students in scrip, with the largest bid winning. However, any student tutor could auction positions in his or her classes. Besides tutoring, students could use scrip to buy food, school supplies, books, and childish luxuries in a school store. The adult supervisors were paid from the bids on jobs.
The ultimate development of the grammar school was by Joseph Lancaster and Andrew Bell who developed the monitorial system. Lancaster started as a poor Quaker in early 19th century London. Bell started the Madras School of India. The monitorial system uses slightly more-advanced students to teach less-advanced students, achieving student-teacher ratios as small as 2, while educating more than a thousand students per adult. Lancaster promoted his system in a piece called Improvements in Education that spread widely throughout the English-speaking world.
The basic program was to develop "grammar" schools. These taught only grammar and bookkeeping. This program permitted people to start businesses to make money, and gave them the skills to continue their education inexpensively from books. "Grammar" was the first third of the then-prevalent system of Classical Education.
Before there were government-funded public schools, education of the lower classes was by the charity school, pioneered in the 19th century by Roman Catholic Church and governments. Because these schools operated on very small budgets and attempted to serve as many needy children as possible, they were designed to be inexpensive.
Classical education in this period also did not teach local (vernacular) languages and cultures. Instead it taught high-status ancient languages (Greek and Latin) and their cultures. This produced odd social effects in which an intellectual class might be more loyal to ancient cultures and institutions than to their native vernacular languages and their actual governing authorities.
Western classical education as taught from the 18th to the 19th century has missing features that inspired reformers. Classical education is most concerned with answering the who, what, where, and when? questions that concern a majority of students. Unless carefully taught, group instruction naturally neglects the theoretical "why" and "which" questions that strongly concern fewer students.
United Kingdom, European Union, Italy, Canada, Spain
Berlin, North Rhine-Westphalia, Hamburg, France, United Kingdom
Madrid, Andalusia, Portugal, European Union, Barcelona
Education, Epistemology, Homeschooling in the United States, Home School Legal Defense Association, Political Science
Education, Homeschooling, Yoga, Psychology, United Kingdom
Education, Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Egypt
University, Homeschooling, Alternative education, History, Educational technology
Education, Politics, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Alternative education, Homeschooling
Education, Sociology, Alternative education, Homeschooling, World War II


text: Hot short haired mom Download complete video now! Share Share https://oppugno.xyz/short-hair-porn/hot-short-haired-mom/ Copy the link Short Hair Porn hot mom short short hair 07:46 Short hair milf with big fake tits rock strangers cock wild 13:04 Short hair brunette creampied after sensual blowjob 07:47 Short haired hotel maid takes BBC from behind 07:00 The Perfect Short hair Blowjob 17:53 Short haired tatooed slut in lingerie hard anal fuck 13:15 PublicAgent Cute short haired blonde fucked outdoors 08:08 Busty Short Haired Teen Ana Bell Evans Is Craving a BBC in Her Asshole 10:47 Sanctimonious Little Short Haired Thai 10:18 Short haired bookworm sucks big cock 04:14 Big titted short haired girlfriend gets satisfied 07:03 Short Haired Blonde Does BBC Anal 07:25 Short hair lesbian Ingrid Mouth gets taught a kinky lesson 12:08 Short haired nymph pleasing a cock 11:45 Short haired cutie Riley Nixon takes a big load of cum in her ass 12:08 Susan White the Short haired cum slut – Extreme Bukkake Show more related videos Comments Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *CommentName * Email * Website


text:
Texas Living Wills and Health Care Package
The Forms Professionals Trust! ™
Free Preview
This Living Will Package contains essential forms that allow you to make decisions about life support and direct others to implement your desires in that regard. These forms allow a person to explain in writing which medical treatment he or she does or does not want during a terminal illness. The following forms are included:
1. Statutory General Power of Attorney for Health Care
2. Revocation of Statutory Power of Attorney for Health Care
3. Directive to Physicians and Family or Surrogates Statutory includes Living Will provisions
4. Revocation of Directive to Physicians and Family or Surrogates
5. Uniform Anatomical Gift Act Donation
6. Revocation of Anatomical Gift Donation
All forms provided by US Legal Forms, the nations leading legal forms publisher. When you need a legal form, don't accept anything less than the USlegal™ brand. "The Forms Professionals Trust ™
Gold Award 2006-2018
BEST Legal Forms Company
11 Year Winner in all Categories:
Forms, Features, Customer Service
and Ease of Use.


text:
Have you ever attended the Handheld librarian online conference? I have, and have enjoyed them – they're usually full of great ideas on using technology, mobile tools, etc.
I am one of the presenters at next week's Handheld Librarian 7Â (it's being held on August 15-16)! I'm giving the last presentation of the day on Wednesday – here's what I'll be talking about:
Title: Face2Face: Using Social Media Tools to Create Great Customer Connections
Description: The average library or organization has yet to embrace emerging social tools. In fact, many haven't even started. Yes, they have a website. But the content is mostly ABOUT the organization – there's no face 2 face engagement between customers and the organization. Social tools like Facebook or Twitter? Relatively non-existent. If they DO exist, they are used primarily as one-way broadcast mediums. Not as a way to connect with and deepen relationships with customers.
What are these organizations missing? Real, online connections with their customers. In this presentation, David explains how online engagement works, and provides practical ways to start and sustain conversations with customers.
Other speakers include Earnestine Adeyemon, Robin Ashford, Jason A. Clark, Bohyun Kim, Breanne A. Kirsch, John Larson, Chad Mairn, Willie Miller, Mary Minow, Iman Moradi, Dawn Nelson, Ken Petri, and Sue Polanka. Ellyssa Kroski and Lee Rainie are both keynote speakers. Find out more about the sessions/speakers on the HHL Presenters page.
It's a great conference, and there's no travel involved! If you're interested, make sure to register now.


text:
Get your advertorial on Investing.com Recommended
Get your advertorial published on Investing.com with our easy-to-use platform in just a few clicks

Investing.com is a global financial portal and internet brand composed of 28 editions in 21 languages and mobile apps for Android and iOS that provide news, analysis, streaming quotes and charts, technical data and financial tools about the global financial markets. Each edition covers a broad variety of local and global financial vehicles including Stocks, Bonds, Commodities, Currencies, Interest Rates, Futures and Options. Founded in 2007, Investing.com has a growing readership worldwide and is now a leading global financial portal committed to constantly launching innovative features and sections to ensure an optimal one-stop source for its readers.

The article will be available only at the direct link.

Authorize to see the site conditions and metricsAuthorize


text:
This was published 7 years ago
Timetable troubles ease with bus tracker
Sydney bus passengers will soon be able to access mobile phone apps that let them know how far away their next bus is.
The three apps should be available from this week, pending approval from app stores, and will provide real-time tracking of bus movements across Sydney.
The release of the apps follows a government effort to make public transport data more widely available to developers. The apps were built following a workshop last month with developers and Transport for NSW officials.
''Having real-time information is a game-changer when it comes to public transport,'' the Transport Minister, Gladys Berejiklian, said.
''With these apps, customers will be able to plan ahead not just by looking at the timetable, but see where buses are on their routes.''
Initially, the apps will only provide real-time tracking of government-owned State Transit buses in the CBD, the eastern suburbs, inner west, southern suburbs, north west, northern beaches and lower north shore.
The government hopes to make real-time information available for Sydney's private buses, but a long-delayed program of fitting them with GPS that will also help give them priority at traffic lights is not due to be finished until mid-2013.
The three apps are called TripView, Arrivo Sydney and TripGo. Arrivo is available only on Android phones, while TripView and TripGo are available on iPhones and Android. TripGo is free, while TripView and Arrivo cost about $3 for a full version, but do have lite versions.
''Some of the apps will alert customers to the next bus arriving at the most convenient stop, give an estimated walk time, guide them directly to the street location, provide real-time alerts, live maps and comparisons of similar transport options by cost, convenience and emissions,'' Ms Berejiklian said.
Jacob Saulwick is City Editor at The Sydney Morning Herald.


text:
A middleweight bout between Michael Bisping (23-5 MMA, 13-5 UFC) and Alan Belcher (18-7 MMA, 9-5 UFC) will serve as the co-headliner of April's UFC 159 event.
MMAjunkie.com (www.mmajunkie.com) today confirmed the bout with UFC officials following an initial report from ESPN.com.
UFC 159 takes place April 27 at Prudential Center in Newark, N.J. The main card, including a headliner between light-heavyweight champion Jon Jones and Chael Sonnen, airs on pay-per-view following prelims on FX and Facebook.
Bisping and Belcher both look to rebound from recent high-profile losses that hurt their title chances.
Bisping headlined UFC on FX 7 earlier this month and suffered a second-round TKO loss to Vitor Belfort. The Brit was on a 5-1 run before the setback, and UFC President Dana White had promised him a title shot if victorious. Although "The Ultimate Fighter 3" winner has proven one of the best 185-pounders in the sport today, the Belfort loss marked his second defeat in a title eliminator.
Belcher, meanwhile, was on a four-fight win streak (with four stoppages) before a unanimous-decision loss to former title challenger Yushin Okami at UFC 155. The well-rounded fighter had picked up wins over the likes of Rousimar Palhares and Patrick Cote before the lopsided unanimous-decision defeat to Okami. It was his first loss since UFC 100 in 2009.
The latest UFC 159 card includes:
- Champ Jon Jones vs. Chael Sonnen – for light-heavyweight title
- Alan Belcher vs. Michael Bisping
- Phil Davis vs. Vinny Magalhaes
- Pat Healy vs. Jim Miller
- Cheick Kongo vs. Roy Nelson
For more on UFC 159, stay tuned to the UFC Rumors section of the site.
(Pictured: Alan Belcher)


text: Hello, newbie Cycles East here introducing myself and a group of guys that will be attempting the Trans America Trail on Honda trail 90's (ct90's). Not only will we be riding trail 90's but we are going to attempt the trail from west to east. We are leaving Norhtern California May 22nd. Will be trucking the bikes up to Oregon and start from there. There is 5 riders and one chase truck driver in all (ages ranging from 30-50). The bikes are being modified right now with Honda XL125 front ends and Honda XR500 rear shocks. We decided to run Lifan 125cc 4 speed engines. We will see how good these engines really are. Building a snorkle system, larger luggage racks, running 17's front and, LED lights front and back, 12v system, basic wiring harness, and will camp most of the time. Our chase van will meet up with us at random towns along the way. The van will have extra parts (including spare engine), welder, tools, and some warm food. We have one bike almost completed. We will take it to our buddy's ranch and give it a shake down run. Figure out what sprocket ratio and see what will need to be modified. Yes, we have only about 4 weeks left to complete our bikes and give the trusty van a paint job and a tune up. The van will be painted with a sillouette of a rider on a CT90 and the logos of our potential sponsors. We have the local auto parts store and upholstery shop hooking us up with some parts and new seats for the bikes. We have started a facebook page (cycles east out of San Francisco) where we will be posting pics and updates of the build and ride. We will also be posting pictures (as soon as I can figure out how to) and updates on here as well! Yes, Yes, Yes, we know, you can not do the TAT going west to east. Yes,, Yes, Yes, we know, Lifan engines are junk. Yes, Yes, yes, we know, CT90's are too small... Well, that is why we are doing it. Simply because we have been told we can not do it. And if we all break down while lost in Oregon, well, we can say we got off of the couch, built some bikes, and gave it hell.


text:
Every Tuesday evening in February London fight game fans can step away from their game console and grab a little fitness with Gymbox's SoulCalibur V: Swordsman Workout class. No, seriously.
While there is a possibility that I am just too ignorant about the London gaming scene to realize how physically fit the fighting game fans are over there. Perhaps the Westfield Gymbox location will wind up swamped every Tuesday night as fans show up in droves to burn calories the SoulCalibur way. Maybe the allure of something for nothing will be enough for them to show up with copies of the game in hand, getting their Gymbox sign-up fee waived in return.
Whatever the reason, it resulted in some really horrible cosplay, so it was all worth it.
Soulcalibur V joins forces with GYMBOX to celebrate game launch [The Drum]


text:
55-carat diamond goes on temporary view in NYC
A rare 19th century 55-carat diamond has gone on temporary view at New York's American Museum of Natural History.
The Kimberley Diamond gets its name from the mine in South Africa where it was found sometime before 1868.
It was cut from a 490-carat crystal. It was turned into a 70-carat gem in 1921 and recut to its present form in 1958 to improve its brilliance and proportions.
The champagne-colored, emerald-cut diamond will be on display through the end of June 2014.
Curator George Harlow says the rectangular diamond is about 1.25 inches in length and virtually flawless.
It is on loan from Bruce F. Stuart Trust.


text:
Three teens in the Maryland suburbs of Washington were trapped by a police officer after carjacking a Ford Escape. So the driver decided to try running over the officer's Crown Victoria in reverse. Physics sides with justice on this one.
The rest of the story: No serious injuries in either vehicle, and two 17-year-olds were charged with several crimes, including marijuana possession. [Via AP/Gazette.Net]


text:
Disney Interactive Releases Two New Infinity Mobile Apps
Disney Interactive has unveiled two new Disney Infinity mobile apps, Disney Infinity: Action! and Disney Infinity: Toy Box, which will provide connected extensions of the console experience. The Disney Infinity: Toy Box app allows players to build and edit new worlds from the Disney Infinity Toy Box mode on their iPad. Players can also transfer any Toy Box creation between their iPad and console, and play with Mr. Incredible for free. Disney Infinity: Toy Box will be available for free for the iPad in the coming weeks. Disney Infinity: Action! will be available for free on iTunes and in the Windows Store on August 15. It will be available for the Google Play Store soon. Features of the app include the ability to discover unique animations and use them in the Movie Maker so kids can create their own movies. Kids can from a high caliber cast of characters, including Mr. Incredible, Sulley, and Jack Sparrow, and more than 30 animations to use in videos sword fighting with Jack Sparrow and scaring a friend with Sulley and share the movies by posting to Facebook or...Read More


text:
Grow Your Audience
Tools to enhance your site and engage your visitor
Tools trusted by millions of publishers
Quick and streamlined to keep your site moving full steam ahead
You decide what your audience needs, your tools make it happen
Mobile Optimized
Built to look and feel amazing on any screen, big or small
Language Support
Select from 9 different languages to ensure our tools fit right in
WordPress Pluigin
Seamless integration with your favorite website platform
Free To Use
Always free to use and ready to help you grow your audience right away
See what other publishers are saying…
"ShareThis has made experimentation with social sharing buttons very easy. The analytics dashboard is straightforward, and the team is highly collaborative."
Cerelle Centeno, Director of ProductHoroscope, Inc.
"Introducing ShareThis has been fantastic. In the changing landscape of social, it's awesome knowing that we can focus on what we do best, and that our merchants will always have the best sharing capabilities available on their offers. The one time integration was quick and seamless, and continues to have a major impact on our merchant storefronts."
Ben Jabbawy, Founder Privy
"ShareThis has been a strategic partner of ours over the years. Their share buttons are simple to implement and they continue to create innovative products to help drive our audience engagement and growth."
Chris Pirrone, General Manager USA TODAY Sports Media Group


text:
By Vicki Brown
Word&Way News Writer
"I have a firm conviction that Missouri WMU might be the one place in Missouri Baptist life where different opinions and voices can come together and focus on missions and all get along. I believe that to the core of my being."
That strongly held conviction enabled Debbie Miller to guide Woman's Missionary Union through changes made during her five-year tenure as president. Her service ended with the final gavel at WMU's annual meeting April 23-24 at Poplar Bluff.
The Oklahoma native's professional tie to Missouri WMU began shortly after she graduated from Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary with a master of religious education degree. She became the WMU worker for St. Louis Baptist Mission Board (now St. Louis Metro Baptist Association), where she ministered for about two years. She also served on the state WMU board as the Baptist Young Women representative.
Tapped as Baptist Women/Baptist Young Women director, Miller joined the Missouri Baptist Convention staff in 1978. Mission support was added to her job description in the 1980s.
In the 1990s, the MBC moved to a team-based organizational structure. Miller was serving on the missions education and ministry team when she resigned at the end of 1995. From a financial point of view, the decision to resign was difficult, she said. But the emotional reward outweighed material considerations. A mission trip to Belarus helped focus God's leading.
"It was a big decision to leave convention employ. Olin [her son] came along, and the job just required too much traveling," she said.
"I had just come off a mission trip to Belarus, and I realized that you can have contentment without a lot of things… What really matters is a relationship with the Lord and with family, not things. Our Belarussian sisters led such a simple life. They were such an inspiration to me. It made the transition from being a two-income family to a one-income family a little easier."
When WMU nominating committee members approached her about leading the organization as president, Miller sought God's will and examined the personal journey He had provided.
"I guess I looked at my past experience and the Lord seemed to say, 'What are you going to do with all this?' I knew it would be a time of transition [for WMU] and felt the Lord wanted me to do this," Miller explained.
Taking the helm in 1999, Miller guided the organization through the process to become a 501(c)3 not-for-profit corporation in 2001, which entailed an overhaul of the body's bylaws.
Miller helped WMU weather controversy when then WMU director Kathy Scott lost her job. The convention eliminated her position when it downsized its organization in January 2003. MBC leaders also began to question WMU bylaws that govern the mission organization's relationship to the MBC and the Southern Baptist Convention.
The WMU leader noted that the tensions often made her work difficult, but she credited phone calls and notes from WMU members, family and friends for encouragement just when she needed it most.
And the reward for hard work often was unity. "I have seen them [WMUers] come together from all across the spectrum," she said.
One of WMU's goals, at both the national and state levels, is to promote living a missions lifestyle. Miller said the most meaningful aspect of her presidency has been to see women and girls adopt that lifestyle.
"The most meaningful has been seeing individuals get excited about missions and seeing it make a difference in their lives," she said.
Asked the direction her life might take now, Miller responded, "I don't know what God has for me, but I know He has something."
She added that this time He may place her among non-Christians. Because most of her career has involved working closely with believers, she sometimes felt isolated from the world. The Lord put her in a playgroup that included some non-Christians shortly after she left convention employ.
"Now I think God has something for me outside the 'churchy' things."


text:
To download free Samsung Omnia HD ringtones click on the link below. You can also go to the thematic section of mp3 tones in the menu on the left. By the way! On our site you can make your own free ringtone for Samsung Omnia HD and download it.
To view all ringtones for Samsung Omnia HD, click here: