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Assalamu alaikum wa rahmatullah.
Please could you help me find the makhraj of some letters? I have read through your website and also the books but I find that as I haven't got a teacher to go through it with me I am still only guessing.
My question this time is about Kaaf, Qaaf, Khaa and Ghain. In particular, I would very much like to know the fine practical details of exactly what part of the tongue touches what exact part of the throat/mouth and in what way. What would be a slightly incorrect makhraj for each letter, especially those mistakes common to native English speakers? Also, exactly how in a practical way do the makhaarij of each the letters differ from one another. For example, does Kaaf use the exact same part of the tongue as Qaaf? And do Qaaf and Khaa share the precise same articulation points of both tongue and mouth but used in a different way?
Jazakallahu khair for all your efforts and patience with all our questions.
Wa alaikum assalaam wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh.
The letters and use the deepest (furthest away from the mouth) part of the tongue and that which lies opposite to it of the roof of the mouth. The however, uses the hard palate of the roof of the mouth, whereas the uses the soft palate. The and , then are not articulated from the same exact place, but close to each other. The is closer to the mouth, the closer to the throat. The part of the tongue used for each is slightly different, with the using a deeper part of the tongue.
The common mistakes for the for non-Arabs, is pronouncing it too far back (on the soft palate instead of the hard palate) giving it a heavy sound, or sometimes hardly any sound.
The can be pronounced totally incorrectly by a novice, non-Arab reader, in that they pronounce it as a or without tafkheem. A mistake found in both Arabs and non-Arabs is pronouncing it with , or air. This is resolved by placing the articulation point at the deepest part of the tongue, and using the soft tissue near the uvula (the "u" shaped piece of flesh that comes down in the back of the mouth.).
The letter is not pronounced from the tongue, but is pronounced from the throat, the part of the throat closest to the mouth. The tongue should not be used in the articulation point when saying the . The most common mistake with the for non-Arabs starting to learn the Qur'an is pronouncing it as an English "g" as pronounced in the word "go". The "g" which does not exist in the Arabic language, comes from the tongue and the roof of the mouth, quite close to the articulation point of the , but a little posterior. The student who has this mistake needs to practice using the throat, and not the tongue.
Wa iyyaakum, and we add that we ask Allah to grant the questioners patience with the delays they sometimes find in our answers .


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Cozy backyard, clever tricks for small space gardens
Pin It Many people underestimate the potential of the small space at the rear of their house. Think outside the square This garden cleverly disguises the lands straight edge by installing curved garden elements within the boundaries. The curvature of… Continue Reading

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Bentyl (generic name: dicyclomine hydrochloride; brand names include: Cyclominol / Coligon) belongs to a group of medicines known as antispasmodic and anticholinergic agents.
Bentyl is used to treat intestinal problems such as irritable bowel syndrome and colic spasms.


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Two sides of a safety switch
Swiss researchers have discovered a new, surprising link between chloracne and a molecule that protects cells against stress: if Nrf2 gets out of control, disfiguring cysts form on the skin.
The images were seen all over the world and stuck in the minds of many: in the autumn of 2004, former President of the Ukraine, Viktor Yushchenko, was poisoned with a high dose of dioxin. Although he survived the attack, the chloracne caused by the poisoning, officially known as MADISH, left him severely disfigured: his face was peppered with numerous cysts, which left deep scars.
Now a team of researchers headed by ETH-Zurich professor Sabine Werner and a senior researcher of her team, Dr. Matthias Schäfer, has stumbled across a link between chloracne and a molecular switch, which causes a comparable skin phenotype in mice after longer and increased activation. The new discovery has just been published in EMBO Molecular Medicine.
Interesting candidate
The molecular switch is Nrf2, which the ETH-Zurich researchers have been studying in connection with different skin diseases for some time. Nrf2 is a so-called transcription factor. It activates certain genes that protect cells and help them to survive under stress conditions. The ETH-Zurich scientists had discovered that a moderate activation of Nrf2 protects the skin against UV damage. The molecule activates several genes designed to protect skin cells from aggressive free radicals, which are formed through UV radiation, save them from dying off and prevent damage of the genetic material.
Nrf2 is thus an interesting candidate for use in skincare creams and for cancer prevention. Until now, however, the consequences of prolonged Nrf2 activation in the skin had not been characterized. After all, in a previous study Werner and Schäfer realised that the skin of mice became flaky and was thus potentially damaged upon increased activation of Nrf2.
Striking parallels between mice and humans
For their follow-up study, they used an animal model in which the skin cells of genetically modified mice permanently activated Nrf2. As a result, the animals developed skin changes that were strikingly similar to those in dioxin victims, albeit far less pronounced than in humans. In mice with Nrf2 activation, the sebaceous glands became enlarged and secreted an excessive amount of sebum. The hair follicles were also thickened and callused, which ultimately led to their widening, hair loss and eventually the development of cysts.
Consequently, in a second step the scientists tested tissue samples from MADISH patients and discovered that Nrf2 was evidently activated in their skin, causing a strong expression of the same target proteins as in the mouse model. Therefore, it is very likely that the processes that trigger such abnormal skin changes in mice also take place very similarly in humans.
Lady Luck has a hand
"We only spotted the link between chloracne and the mouse model in the course of our project – purely by chance," says Werner. Originally, the aim had been to understand what takes place in the event of an increased activation of Nrf2 in the skin. Hence, the ETH-Zurich researchers are all the more delighted that they identified a major player in the development of chloracne.
The issue of which molecular mechanisms take place in an early phase of chloracne still remains unexplored. The researchers simply lack the samples from patients, who have suffered from dioxin poisoning, to address this question. Schäfer stresses how difficult it is to get hold of this kind of sample material. "The patients only go to the doctor once the condition is already quite advanced," he says. "In other words, the early stage goes undetected and is lost."
The two researchers believe, however, that therapeutic targeting of Nrf2 in the case of chloracne is problematic. The cells activate Nrf2 in order to accelerate the detoxification of the body. In the event of dioxin poisoning, slowing down or even stopping the body's response with an intervention against Nrf2 could be fatal. Besides, dioxin is a very long-lived toxin that is stored in the body's fatty tissue. It is no coincidence that precisely the sebaceous glands of the facial skin are changed so severely in the case of MADISH: lipids and thus dioxin are stored in them. Consequently, the researchers consider it more sensible to first examine Nrf2's target genes in more detail, so that the amount of activity of specific proteins that are responsible for the symptoms might potentially be influenced.
Tan NS, Wahli W. The emerging role of Nrf2 in dermatotoxicology. EMBO Mol. Med. Published online 6th February 2014.


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Little Jimmy O'Keefe Blows the Lid Off Medicaid Fraud
Hey did you know that county-level Medicaid administrators in Ohio aren't vigorously vetting the applicants who seek their services? Thank God for James O'Keefe, the only journalist in the nation with the sheer guts to tell this bone-chilling tale of county bureaucrats failing to diligently do their jobs.
If O'Keefe, the rapey ACORN-killing junior reporter, ever had any talent, it was in picking good targets: His attempts to take down ACORN and NPR at least had the inherent drama of taking on right-wing bogeymen. His latest opus involves sending fake Russian drug dealers to strip malls in Ohio to apply for Medicaid benefits. And guess what? Bored county social workers don't immediately call the cops when guys in bad Russian accents talk openly about drugs. Or getting elective abortions for their sisters, who happen to be the age of consent in Ohio, even though federal Medicaid doesn't cover abortions and Ohio Medicaid dollars don't cover elective ones so all the Medicaid staffers tell them to go to Planned Parenthood. Scandalous.
Anyway, if it weren't for people like James O'Keefe, no one would know about Medicaid fraud except for the people who subscribe to the Department of Justice's press releases, which report new arrests and indictments in multi-million dollar Medicaide investigations on an almost daily basis. Keep up the good work, Jimmy.


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The Spinal Cord Medicine Program at Frazier Rehab Institute, located on the center of downtown Louisville Jewish Hospital Medical Campus, provides innovative, world-class treatment to those affected with spinal cord impairments resulting from trauma, disease or congenital abnormalities. Frazier Rehab Institute is one of only fourteen spinal cord model systems in the United States and is the lead center for the NeuroRecovery Network and the Locomotor Training Program under the direction of Susan Harkema, Ph.D.
Frazier's Spinal Cord Medicine Program is one of the nation's leading acute rehabilitation programs providing comprehensive treatment utilizing state-of-the-art technologies designed to maximize functional recovery. Our multi-disciplinary, patient-centered approach to care provides individualized treatment and support to patients and their families beginning in the acute hospital setting and continuing throughout the lifespan.
The new Frazier Rehab and Neuroscience Center houses our Outpatient and Day Rehab Programs, Spinal Cord Medicine Clinics, Neuroscience Collaborative Research Center and our intensive Inpatient Acute Rehabilitation Unit, which features:
In addition, Frazier Rehab Institute houses the Michael Brent Resource Center , a resource center developed in conjunction with Friends for Michael Inc. dedicated to providing information and resources regarding spinal cord injuries for inpatients, outpatients, families and community members.
Frazier Rehab Institute's advanced spinal cord medicine inpatient and outpatient network provides the knowledge, experience and services needed to ensure successful outcomes; offering assistance and support throughout our patient's entire life
Support our Healing Mission. Provide hope for a brighter future for people with spinal cord injuries.
Diagnoses treated in our Spinal Cord Medicine Program include, but are not limited to:
Average Number of Visits 2011-2013
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Physical Therapy 73 75 48
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Spinal Cord Medicine Program Features
For more information or to refer a patient call 1.866.540.7719 or 502.582.7676.
Frazier Rehab Institute
220 Abraham Flexner Way
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Phone: 502.582.7400
Jewish Hospital Health Center - Meade County
534 Fairway Drive
Brandenburg, KY 40108
Phone: 270.422.5000
Taylor Regional Hospital
1700 Old Lebanon Rd.
Campbellsville, KY 42718
Phone: 270.465.3561


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Date(s) - 08/24/2020 - 08/28/2020
8:00 am - 4:30 pm
Holiday Inn Express Cleveland Airport-Brook Park
This is an Intense 5-day Lean Six Sigma Certification Course
The course is full of Games, Videos and Simulations. We will be using simulations to learn the Importance of Statistics and Data when Solving a Process problem. You will learn Powerful Root Cause Analysis Tools. We will be using Minitab as a statistical analysis tool throughout the course. The Instructors will keep you engaged and excited!
Lean Six Sigma Green Belt Program Topics Include:
- Lean Six Sigma Introduction
- Lean Six Sigma Project Definition (Project Charter)
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- Process Mapping (SIPOC and Variables Mapping)
- Input Prioritization Tools (Using the C&E Matrix)
- Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA)
- Measurement Systems Analysis
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- Statistical Process Control for Normal and Non Normal Data
- Advanced Graphical Analysis
- Hypothesis Testing
- Tests for Mean with t-test, 2t Test
- ANOVA (Analyses of Variance)
- Chi-Squared
- Multi-Vari Analysis
- Process Control Plan
* For certification options, please see: Lean Six Sigma Certification Options
Reserve your space(s):
Bookings are closed for this event.


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The third album from Rhode Islander Joel Thibodeau under the Death Vessel name is one of the finest things Sub Pop has put out these last 12 months, and we're including the Mogwai album in that.
Understated, warm songwriting and unshowy production mask a record full of subtle touches and hidden depths. If the unmistakable voice of Sigur Rós's Jónsi Birgisson didn't already soar across the chorus of 'Iisa Drown' you'd probably still detect his hand at play in the production chair: Island Intervals shares the same sense of sonic detail and all-encompassing, blissful otherness that made the Icelandic space wizards ambient household names. What Thibodeau does so beautifully is combine that feel with the homely, plaintive mood of Bon Iver's For Emma, Forever Ago to create an album of drifting, spacey, folk. It's the kind of record that rewards a dark room and headphones, or a long walk through a snowy town.
Though Birgisson adds an undeniable contribution and various guest musicians make distinct impressions, this is very much Joel Thibodeau's record. His voice, both literal and metaphorical is soaked into the very soul of the music. That voice (literal) is a real thing of beauty as well, both genderless and oddly ageless, capable of the tone of a child and the feel and experience of a much older man. Opener 'Ejecta' is a case in point, "the water will casually follow its route" sings Thibodeau in a sing-song voice, "The caged bird will gradually go koo-koo"", it's largely senseless but oddly sad, especially over a clattering, whirling percussion backdrop that breaks down and builds up in gentle waves, lapping like a warm sea.
Not that this all luxuriant melancholy. Thibodeau is quite capable of having some fun, as with the stripped down, bass heavy 'Velvet Antlers', or 'Mercury Dime's countrified shuffle. There's admirable sonic shifts and moods here, but crucially they never feel disparate. Throughout the eight short songs that make up the album that voice (metaphorical) is watermarked into every moment, and it all feels of a piece. Thus 'Island Vapors' can swing from light-pop verse to a chorus that verges on a kind of understated anthem. It's a remarkable achievement and a wonderful piece of music.
There are several moments on Island Intervals where another artist would have ramped things up considerably. Chris Martin would kill for songs like this, and would make a fortune translating them to lighters-aloft stadium audiences. Both 'Island Vapors' and 'Isla Drown' are robust enough to withstand the epic treatment and come out unscathed, yet it's to Thibodeau's (and presumably Birgisson's) credit that we're never forced down that road. It remains, at its heart and in the best possible way, a very small record of considerable charm. Warmly recommended.
8Marc Burrows's Score


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The calendar below shows all public meetings and City of Moorhead events across all departments and categories. You can click on an event to see more details on it. If you would like to see events for only a certain category or department, you can select it from one of the drop-down boxes below.
You can also subscribe to our eNotifications to automatically receive emails about new events on our calendar.
Park Advisory Board Meeting
- Date: 11/26/2019 4:00 pm
- Location: City Hall - First Floor - Council Chambers
500 Center Ave
Moorhead, Minnesota 56560
The Park Advisory Board will be meeting Tuesday, November 26, at 4 pm, in the Council Chambers for their quarterly meeting.More >>
Park Board information, agendas, past minutes, and videos can be found here.
Park Board information, agendas, past minutes, and videos can be found here.


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By Karin Calloway
Chicken Portobello Wraps
Just as quick as a stir fry and as fun as burritos, this recipe for chicken portobello wraps is an interesting recipe for supper success. Wraps are popular lunch fare in restaurants, and they're simple to make at home.
Place 1/4 of mixture in center of each tortilla. Top each with 1/4 of the feta cheese. Fold in sides of tortillas and roll up burrito-style. Slice in half and serve.


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Good news for those of you who are part of the ever-shrinking community that still uses Camino: 1.6 has hit. I, personally, love the browser that once went by the name of Chimera, and when I am on a Mac, it is sill my browser of choice.
For many, the most welcome new feature the ability to auto-update. That's right: Camino is finally making use of Andy Matuschak's popular updating framework, Sparkle. While it has been a long time coming, it's better late then never.
Also added in 1.6 is an enhanced tabbed browsing experience. Now when users have more tabs open than is displayable in the browser window, they are given the ability to scroll left and right through the tabs, or view all open tabs listed in a drop-down menu.
Users will also be happy to know that the "Find" panel is no longer, and has been replaced by the much more Firefox-esque find dialog at the bottom of the browser window. The toolbar search can now be customized via a simple editor, too. The abilities to change the spell-check language, send feeds to web-based feed readers, as well as improved Keychain and AppleScript support round out the feature enhancements.
Unfortunately, it isn't all roses for this release. As Chris Foresman pointed out to me that there are two major "Known Issues" with 1.6. The first is that version 2.2 of Flip4Mac causes rendering issues for the browser, which is apparently being worked on by the Flip4Mac team and will be fixed in the next release. The second issue is with everyone's favorite web content delivery system, Flash. Basically, if you visit enough sites with Flash content in one session, Camino 1.6 will become unresponsive. While I'm not sure that this issue is unique to Camino, it is nice for the developers to disclose it.


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. . . and Anti-Catholic James Swan's Related Vapid Swipes at Catholic Apologists
Adoration of the Shepherds (1485), by Domenico Ghirlandaio (1449-1494) [public domain / Wikimedia Commons]
The Catholic / patristic tradition regarding Mother of God or Theotokos ("God-Bearer") requires a little bit of thought, but it's not rocket science. Let's run through a quick version of the rationale:
Luke 1:43 (RSV) And why is this granted me, that the mother of my Lord (kurios) should come to me?
John 20:28 Thomas answered him, "My Lord (kurios) and my God (theos)!"
"Lord (kurios) God (theos)": Lk 1:6, 32, 68; 4:8, 12; 10:27; 20:37.
Therefore, "Lord (kurios) equals God (theos).
Jesus is called both in John 20:28.
Mary is mother of the Lord (Lk 1:43).
Therefore, she is the mother of God, since Lord=God.
Case closed.
Moreover, we don't say of mothers that they are the mother of their child's body, but of the child, and the child has a body and a soul. They didn't create the soul; God did.
Likewise, with Jesus, Mary was the mother of Jesus, Who is God the Son. Thus, she is the Mother of God. It's wrong and even illogical to say she was the mother of His body. No; she was the mother of the Divine Person, Jesus, Who had a human nature and also a Divine Nature (that she had nothing to do with). But she is still the mother of the Person, regardless of that, as any mother is the mother of a person who has a soul directly created by God.
Most of the early Protestant leaders understood this and retained the terminology, but John Calvin (the one most influential on later Protestantism) did not. He gives his reasoning in a letter of 27 September 1552 to the French Church in London:
. . . to deal with you with brotherly frankness, I cannot conceal that that title being commonly attributed to the Virgin in sermons is disapproved, and, for my own part I cannot think such language either right, or becoming, or suitable. Neither will any sober-minded people do so, for which reason I cannot persuade myself that there is any such usage in your church, for it is just as if you were to speak of the blood, of the head, and of the death of God. You know that the Scriptures accustom us to a different style; but there is something still worse about this particular instance, for to call the Virgin Mary the mother of God, can only serve to confirm the ignorant in their superstitions. And he that would take a pleasure in that, shews clearly that he knows not what it is to edify the Church.
Just before this, he admitted that some of the objection (among Protestants) wasn't justified, and based in a degree of ignorance:
. . . I doubt not but there may have been somewhat of ignorance in their reproving the way of speaking of the Virgin Mary as the mother of God, and together with ignorance, it is possible that there may have been rashness and too much forwardness, for, as the old proverb says, The most ignorant are ever the boldest.
Ironically, however, it is Calvin himself who shows some degree of ignorance, as to the history of the term (which he knew full well, as a student of the Church fathers and early Church, was used to counter the heresy of Nestorianism). He himself explains it in a way that is perfectly in accord with the Catholic and Orthodox understanding:
She [Elizabeth] calls Mary the mother of her Lord This denotes a unity of person in the two natures of Christ; as if she had said, that he who was begotten a mortal man in the womb of Mary is, at the same time, the eternal God. For we must bear in mind, that she does not speak like an ordinary woman at her own suggestion, but merely utters what was dictated by the Holy Spirit. This name Lord strictly belongs to the Son of God "manifested in the flesh," (1 Timothy 3:16,) who has received from the Father all power, and has been appointed the highest ruler of heaven and earth, that by his agency God may govern all things. Still, he is in a peculiar manner the Lord of believers, who yield willingly and cheerfully to his authority; for it is only of "his body" that he is "the head," (Ephesians 1:22, 23.) And so Paul says, "though there be lords many, yet to us," that is, to the servants of faith, "there is one Lord," (1 Corinthians 8:5, 6.) By mentioning the sudden movement of the babe which she carried in her womb, (ver. 44,) as heightening that divine favor of which she is speaking, she unquestionably intended to affirm that she felt something supernatural and divine.
(Harmony of the Synoptic Gospels, comment under Luke 1:43; Calvini Opera, ibid., vol. 45, 35)
Simple deductive reasoning . . . Thus, in my opinion, he really has no excuse for his objection. There are only so many grounds to object to Mother of God:
1) If one believes that Jesus isn't God, Mother of God wouldn't apply to His mother. This is not true of Calvin, because, as we plainly see above and in many other of his statements, he holds to the divinity or deity or Godhood of Jesus Christ: God the Son: the second Person of the Holy Trinity.
2) "God" can only refer to the Father and not to Jesus (a variation of #1, thus not applicable to Calvin, either). Since Scripture shows Jesus being called God in several places, it's a moot point for all who believe that the Bible is inspired revelation.
3) One can believe that Mary is only the mother of Jesus' human nature, not of a Divine Person with Two Natures (divine and human). This is the heresy of Nestorianism. Calvin would seem to deny it also in the above comment, though some sections of his writings elsewhere strongly smack of it: at least in some respects.
4) Lastly, an objection can be made that derives from the fear or concern of Mother of God being misunderstood. This is Calvin's rationale. I think it fails, though, because Christianity is the sort of thing that has many elements that people can easily misunderstand or not comprehend correctly in the first place. The Holy Trinity is the most obvious example of that. We don't stop using the term "Trinity" because ignorant people will misunderstand it as three gods or a "three-headed god" (as the Jehovah's Witnesses mock it). Calvin certainly doesn't do so. We don't avoid using the term Hypostatic Union (the Two Natures of Christ), because it is a difficult notion and not all that easy to fully grasp.
Yet when it comes to Mother of God, Calvin changes his mind and advocates the cessation of its use, even though it is perfectly legitimate in and of itself, and he himself understands it to be so.
Furthermore, some of the reasoning he brings to bear for why he thinks so, is immediately suspect. He claims that Mother of God isn't "right, or becoming, or suitable," so that "sober-minded people" should avoid it. And why is that? He provides some reasoning for his assertion: bringing Holy Scripture into it: "for it is just as if you were to speak of the blood, of the head, and of the death of God."
Alright; let's examine this for a moment. Is it completely true? It's correct (as far as I know; I'm pretty sure) that the Bible doesn't refer directly to the "death of God." Yet Jesus is God and Jesus died. It follows (simple logic) that God (the Son) died. It's just one Person of the Trinity, but He did die and He was God. The reasoning is similar to Mother of God.
Scripture also refers to the "head" of God, but in non-literal or metaphorical ways: either anthropomorphically or, in another sense, relationally, such as in 1 Corinthians 11:3: "the head of Christ is God." God the Father is a spirit. But that is not, almost certainly, what Calvin was referring to.
The place where Calvin plainly stumbles badly in providing biblical disanalogies to Mother of God is in his reference to God's blood: as if that is an unbiblical usage. In fact, it certainly is, as I immediately recalled, from some of my own past apologetics work.
I've found 15 major translations of Acts 20:28 that refer precisely to the "blood" in reference to God the Father. Now, God the Father doesn't have a mother, as Jesus has (nor does the Holy Spirit). Yet, Mother of God was used in Church history, as referring to Jesus alone. Mary bore God, because Jesus was God. It doesn't mean she is greater than God or a second God, or eternal, or any similar such nonsense, because it refers only to the Incarnation.
Mary was a creature. Catholics know this, but many Protestants (largely of the anti-Catholic sort) casually think we are too dumb and stupid to comprehend these simple things (which is a large part of the problem). Calvin also thinks many Protestants will be too dumb to grasp it, too, so he thinks it is better to avoid using Mother of God altogether.
Yet, by analogy, if the Bible refers to God's blood (also, in context — quite remarkably — , the Holy Spirit's "blood"), when this is not literally true, why can't we use Mother of God, when that is definitely true of one Person of the Godhead? Here is the passage (Acts 20:28):
NIV Keep watch over yourselves and all the flock of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be shepherds of the church of God, which he bought with his own blood.
KJV . . . feed the church of God, which he hath purchased with his own blood.
NKJV / NASB . . . the church of God which He purchased with His own blood.
ASV / Moffatt . . . the church of the Lord which he purchased with his own blood.
Phillips . . . at the cost of his own blood.
Jerusalem . . . bought with his own blood.
NEB / REB. . . by his own blood.
Williams / Beck . . . bought with His own blood.
Amplified . . . with his own blood.
Wuest . . . which He bought for Himself through the agency of the blood, the blood which is His own unique blood, possessed by Himself alone.
Goodspeed . . . church of God which he got at the cost of his own life.
Goodspeed actually expresses directly the notion of the "death of God" or "God died" — by referring to the "cost of his own life": referring to "God" as the subject in the same sentence.
The only major exceptions to this predominant view I found were RSV / NRSV ("blood of his own Son") and Barclay ("blood of his own One"). 15 out of 18 translations (or, 83% of them) thus refer to the "blood" of God the Father (even though He literally doesn't have blood). What's the big problem and beef, then, with Mother of God? There is no problem: not scripturally speaking. Calvin is all wet. His argument fails; it falls flat (a not uncommon thing where he is concerned: believe me, I know, having refuted his Institutes line by line in two books.
This also recalls to my mind, Zechariah 12:10, in which God says, "they shall look upon me whom they have pierced" (KJV; cf. NASB, NIV, ASV, etc.). It's God the Son Who was literally pierced, but here it is referred to the Father as well, which in turn reflects Jesus' language of "he who has seen me has seen the father" (Jn 14:9).
As usual, then, the arguments against Catholic tradition (biblical or otherwise) do not succeed. If Calvin argues, "don't use this terminology x because Scripture doesn't use analogically similar terminology y, yet y is shown to indeed be a biblical usage, then x is established by analogy as biblical and therefore completely permissible, no matter how much it may be misunderstood by ignorant and uneducated folks that every Christian communion is blessed with in abundance.
* * *
James Swan, an anti-Catholic Presbyterian polemicist, wrote a paper about this, in which he cited a paper of mine, unattributed as usual, referring to me as "One Roman apologist" and not providing a link, so that people can read my remarks in context. I wrote in his combox:
Calvin is the one who shows himself quite ignorant of both historic and biblical usage of terms, as I will show later today (after a softball game).
Thanks for the Calvin citation! Now he can hang himself . . . [with a link to this paper]
In a rare instance of magnanimity and actual fairness, Swan decided to leave up my comment (he has routinely deleted them for some time now: ah, but see my note near the end . . . ). Then he replied as follows (in his usual contemptuous fashion):
One of the major points of my blog entry was to demonstrate that a number of Roman polemicists have incorrectly used Calvin's comments on Luke 1:43. I believe I've proven my case, once again, that Roman polemicists veer towards propaganda at times rather than actually going deep into history.
Swan carps on and on in his article about how Catholics have misquoted Calvin. It's true that Calvin appears not to have used the phrase Mother of God, for the inadequate reasons he has provided. For this reason I qualified my comments in the paper of mine that was cited:
. . . early Protestant leaders Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, and Bullinger all used the term 'Mother of God' (or at least described the same concept in slightly different terms).
In the more important sense of concept and actual meaning (as in the parenthetical remark above), however, Calvin acknowledges exactly what Catholics assert, as I have shown above. In the following comment of his, he essentially asserts that Mary is the Mother of God: by the logical thrust of the words:
She [Elizabeth] calls Mary the mother of her Lord. This denotes a unity of person in the two natures of Christ; as if she had said, that he who was begotten a mortal man in the womb of Mary is, at the same time, the eternal God.
This is how the other Catholics he cites also argue it. Swan cites one Catholic, John Pasquini, writing, "Calvin recognized the reality of Mary as the Mother of God." This is a true statement. Calvin did do that, as I have shown. This has to do with concept, not terminology per se. Swan cites Dr. Robert Schihl, who does exactly the same thing, by arguing that Calvin's comment on Luke 1:43, amounts to the same thing, with slightly different wording: Lord instead of God, but then noting that Jesus was God in the very next sentence.
Swan then cites some article (written by who knows who) called, "The Protestant Reformers on Mary." When we go there, we find that it doesn't refer to Mother of God at all when discussing Calvin's views on Mary: even his views of Mary as the mother of Jesus. The same thing is applicable to Scott Windsor's cited article as well. Then I am cited anonymously, and we have seen how I argued it in the same fashion. It's much ado about nothing (as usual with Swan: he sees what he wants to see: who cares about actual facts?).
The gist of his paper was (for the umpteenth time) to run down Catholic apologists and apologetics, yet nowhere does he establish his central assertion, that he stated today: "a number of Roman polemicists have incorrectly used Calvin's comments on Luke 1:43. . . . Roman polemicists veer towards propaganda at times rather than actually going deep into history."
This is simply not the case, as I just demonstrated. All they did was cite Calvin's commentary on Luke 1:43, where he says, "mother of her Lord" and in the next sentence calls Jesus "the eternal God." He expresses the concept, while not using Mother of God, and none of the Catholic apologists cited state anything differently (much as Swan would have wished, for his smearing purposes).
After all of this perfectly irrelevant, non sequitur citation, not proving his case in the slightest, Swan asserts:
These Roman Catholic documents make bold assertions in regard to Calvin's comments on Luke 1:43.
Nothing is bold at all about it! They simply present the facts of what Calvin's view was. He didn't like the terminology, but expressed the same concept as what Catholics mean. It's not difficult for anyone to grasp. But when one puts on polemical blinders for the purpose of smearing, one can't see the obvious, right in front of them. Protestant scholar Timothy George, Dean of Beeson Divinity School, affirms this:
The third title of Mary to consider is Theotokos, the "God-Bearer," a title for Mary as the Mother of God. Evangelicals can and should join Catholics in celebrating the Virgin Mary this way. In the Reformation, Calvin (unlike Luther and Zwingli) balked at the title Mother of God but not at the doctrinal truth it was intended to convey. Barth, however, was faithful to the deepest intention of Reformed Christology when he acknowledged that Mother of God is "sensible, permissible, and necessary as an auxiliary Christological proposition."
Although the conceptual genesis of Theotokos is very early-Ignatius of Antioch can say "Our God, Jesus Christ, was carried in Mary's womb" (Ephesians 18:2), the debates leading up to the Council of Ephesus were not concerned in the first instance with the status of Mary but rather with the unity of divinity and humanity in her son. The Church was right to reject Nestorius' preferred title for Mary, Christotokos, "mother of Christ," as an inadequate description of Mary's role in the mystery of the Incarnation. We are not at liberty to construct a merely human Christ, cut off from the reality of his entire person.
("Evangelicals and the Mother of God," First Things, February 2007)
It's a remarkable instance of a complete non-argument, or complete absence of an actual argument or demonstration, utterly failing in its purpose. None of Swan's examples document Catholic apologists claiming that Calvin liked the phrase Mother of God (only that he taught the concept in different terms). Nor does the Wikipedia article on Calvin's view of Mary that he is obsessed about make any such claim, let alone document it. So Swan ends up with nothing whatsoever. He talks a good game (like all propagandists do) but his supposed, alleged "argument" is like the proverbial onion that is peeled and peeled until the peeler finds that there is nothing in the middle of it.
Oops! I just checked again, and Swan, true to form, has deleted my comment on his blog. I was foolish enough to actually believe for a few minutes that he had the courage of his convictions and would allow free speech. But no such luck.
Fortunately, he can't prevent me from refuting his lying nonsense on my blog and Facebook page. I have done so.
Thus we observe two completely different emphases and approaches and goals:
1) James Swan: engage in hyper-uncharitable polemics, seeking to show that Catholic apologists are, once again (as always) dumbbells, who deliberately cite out of context for their nefarious ends (and lying about them and what they argued in order to supposedly "prove" this).
2) Dave Armstrong: engage in apologetics and amateur historiography, in order to determine the actual facts of what Calvin believed about Mother of God: whether he believed the concept (yes, with support from a great Protestant scholar), whether he liked that particular term (no), and whether his rationale from the Bible for why he doesn't like to use the term, Mother of God holds water (no).
* * * * *


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Dragon Tales (Tails)... The Pterosaur as Dragon
"So God created the Great Dragons" ...Genesis 1:21 The Latin Vulgate; 5th Century
"What are Wyverns"? you may ask. They are two-legged dragons, having wings and a barbed and knotted tail, according to the American Heritage Dictionary...NordicNeedle
Many have made note of the obvious similarities between the large and obviously reptilian dragon and the creatures modern science calls dinosaurs. Science states that it cannot be dinosaurs that have led to the universal historical belief in dragons, because science accepts the notion that man and dinosaurs were separated from each other by miilions of years.
Here we want to focus on a specifc kind of allegedly mythological creature--the flying dragon.
The dragons shown on the left are all "contemporay" drawings of dragons. Dragons of course, can be drawn in any style, but what these particlar ones have in common are wings, head crests and "barbed" tails. These are common characteristics of modern drawings of dragons. Where did the idea for these unique characteristics come from?
We're going to suggest that these characteristics came from the one flying reptile that conceivably could have formed the basis for "dragon legends" if it had been seen by humans--the pterosaur/pteradactyl. As you can see in these two pterosaur arrays, they came in many different shapes and sizes.
Pterosaurs apparently had a wide species variation as do dogs for example. There is a very wide range of variation between the various types of dogs --but they are all still dogs, including wolves and foxes.
All pterosaurs however did have in common, two legs and two "arms" which were attached to their wings. Many of them had head crests. Many of them had a curious long, club tail as you can see in the arrays.
It is this elongated tail and the "club" at the end which clearly is the source of the "barbed" or darted tail which is a common characteristic of many flying dragons drawn today and as we'll discover, in the past as well.
That diamond shaped tail feature on a living creature is so unusual a morphological charateristic that it would be very difficult to make a case that it is simply a coincidence that dragons are often drawn with that feature, though we suppose that there are those who won't see a connection.
Still, perhaps a case could be made that modern artists have seen drawings of pterosaurs and have either consciously or unconsciously added features like head crests and stylized barbed tails to their drawings. Let's take a look at some dragon representations from the medieval period and earlier to discover when or if pterosaur characteristics were included.
Did Dragon Representations in History Present Pterosaur Morphological Characteristics?
As we've shown, there were many types of pterosaurs, perhaps hundreds of types just as there are hundreds of breeds of dogs, all of whom can still interbreed. Pterosaurs had two legs and two hands attached to two wings. Some had long barbed tails, some as shown in the drawings above had long non-barbed tails and some had short tails or were tailess. Many had some type of headcrest.
Question: Did artists, prior to the nineteenth century draw reptilian flying dragons with two legs, two wings, head crests and a tail...long and/or short and perhaps barbed or darted? In short, did they attempt to draw pterosaurs, the flying dragon of the dinosaur animal group. (though technically pterosaurs aren't considered dinosaurs).
As we consider this question, please consider that people of bygone era's weren't all idiots. Sure they were sometimes superstitious, but science has seen fit to see their evidence that they lived with these animals as largely worthless. Just remember that the Scientific Revolution began in 1543 with Copernicus and included Francis Bacon, Galileo and Isaac Newton.
The following pieces come most often from "scientific" books of the period, known as beastiaries or menageries that attempted to portray the variety of animal and plant life in the world. Quite ofte, items were drawn from descriptions only.
Top: Jacob van Maerlant, Der Naturen Bloeme (Flanders, c. 1350).The Der Naturen Bloeme (the "flower" of nature or the book of nature), a ntural history encyclopedia, is a modified translation into Middle Dutch of a large version of the Liber de Natura Rerum, written in the middle of the thirteenth century by Thomas de Cantimpré. Bottom: Artist/Soldier Eskin Kuhn's eyewitness drawing of Pterosaurs over Cuba. Also refer to arrays of pterosaurs above. Click Photo for larger image
A dragon was said to live in the wetlands near Rome in December, 1691. The animal lived in a cave and terrorized the local population. A sketch of the skeleton has survived in the possession of Ingegniero Cornelio Meyer (left). The most remarkable thing about the animal is the clear head crest and the dual piece of skin from the crest.
Five digits were clearly visible for each foot, of the proper length and with the first shorter and offset from the rest as is proper for the S.. The upper arm bone can be seen at the front of the wing as well as the hint of the prototagium (in front of the lighter colored upper arm of the near wing).
There is a hint of a wing claw on the far wing where it curves forward. The tail vane is not visible, however that is not a skeletal feature and the dermal layer does not appear to have been preserved there. The aktinofibrils could be sketched in the wing that is clearly membraned. The wings are in front of the legs, on the vertebrae, matching the fossils.
The femur is properly shown as a single bone. The tibia and fibula, the twin lower leg bones, are visible too. Some have suggested that it could be a fossil or faked composite. It is much too accurate to be considered a fabrication. The survival of the skin suggests that it is not a fossil since it includes accurate wing features, a head crest, and the ears.Click Photo for larger image
An engraving of an Asian dragon and a Turkish hyena. From a book by A M Myller recounting his travels from 1725 to 1727. Myller journeyed from Rome to Jerusalem then on to Troy, Gallipoli and Constantinople. From Constantinople he travelled to Egypt and then to Syria. Finally from Syria he travelled to Malta and back to Rome. Click Photo for larger image
Image of dragon with a snake-tail. Los Angeles, J. Paul Getty Museum (Hassig). Comparison of winged snake and dragon (Mode, 241). Click Photo for larger image
Suffrages Book of Hours (`Hours of Catherine of Aragon'; use of Sarum) Place of origin, date: Southern Netherlands, Willem Vrelant (illuminator); c. 1460
St. George on horseback fighting the dragon Fol. 21v: full-page min. Click Photo for larger image
Bestiarium. En Andere Teksten. West-Frankrijk; c. 1450 Click Photo for larger image
Daniel de La Feuille (Sedan, ca 1640 - Amsterdam, 1709) Devises et emblemes anciennes et modernes
Un Amour qui veut blesser un Dragon (A Love which wants to wound a Dragon) [717, p. 51, no. 14] Click Photo for larger image
A man, accom panied by a lamb, walks toward a dragon and a leopard; a wolf fleeing; weapons at the foot of a tree Otho Vaenius, Emblemata Horatiana. Amsterdam: Hendrick Wetstein, 1684.Click Photo for larger image
Left: Harpies attack sailors and soldiers, both cavalry and infantry. As you can see these harpies have "human" faces. However, it is clear that this artist had seen pterosaurs in flight. Dragons were associated with evil and with the devil.
Right: The Psalterium Aureum, showing a draco in the Francish army, c. 883. Many armies carried a standard which was a winsock shaped like a dragon in flight. This is from 883 A.D. ans shows the characteristic barbed tail and headcrest of the dragon and the pterosaur. Click Photo for larger image
Image of dragon attacking a lion. Engraving be Zoan Andrea. Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris (Mode, 132). 1475-1505.
This spectacular dragon has pterosaur characteristics; two feet; two arms attached to wings, reptilian character and long "pterosaur tail". Original image black and white. Color by s8int.com. Click Photo for larger image
Lambert of St. Omer, Liber Floridus Place of origin, date: Lille and Ninove; 1460. Bottom: Pterosaur. Click Photo for larger image
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Clarendon, Vermont
|This article is a stub. Help us to expand it by contributing your knowledge. For county and town page guidelines, visit U.S. County Page Content Suggestions.
Clarendon is a town in Rutland county, Vermont. It was formed in 1761 in N.H. from Bennington county. The probate and court district for Clarendon is Rutland. For more information, contact the town at 279 Middle Rd., P.O. Box 30, Clarendon 05759. On the attached map, Clarendon is shown as 19 in Rutland county.
For information about the state of Vermont see Vermont Family History Research.


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Pervasively unreliable Time Warner Cable surprised its New York customers with a postcard in the mail declaring they'll have to pay $4 to rent the cable modem you need for its piss poor internet service. And now TWC is being sued for the stunt.
Collectively, lawyers claim the fee should cost TWC customers $40 million a month. Calling violation of consumer fraud laws, lawyers say the way Time Warner went about adding the fee is bogus:
"It's a massive hi-tech consumer fraud accomplished by low-tech methods," Steven L. Witles, one of the lawyers, said. "Send customers confusing notice of the fee in a junk mail postcard they'll throw in the garbage, sock them with a $500 million dollar a year rate hike, then announce on your website that customer satisfaction is your #1 priority. That's some way to deliver satisfaction."
In summary, it was like getting one of those birthday cards in the mail from Baskin Robbins, but instead of giving you free ice cream, you'd be allowed to purchase a melty day old cone of the worst flavor. Two different suits were filed—one in New York and another in New Jersey—seeking injunctions to ban the company from allowing
forcing customers to lease old, obsolete POS modems. [Gothamist]
Image credit: Shutterstock/ER_09


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Anthony Curtis Hickam was 37 years old at the time of the arrest.
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Brian Cashman says Yankees want Joe Girardi back
NEW YORK >> If anything, the Yankees like Joe Girardi even more now than when they hired him to manage the team six years ago.
General manager Brian Cashman praised Girardi's handling of the team during a disappointing season and is about to offer him a new contract.
"He knows we'd like to have him stay and continue as manager of the New York Yankees as we move forward," Cashman said Tuesday. "I feel we hired a good one. He's been a world champion player for us. He's been a coach, a broadcaster and obviously a world champion manager. So we've benefited from having him and we'd like to do that going forward, but we'll have to speak with him and see how it plays out."
Girardi has led the Yankees to a 564-408 record and a World Series title. Crippled by injuries, New York had its poorest season since 1992, missing the playoffs for the second time in 19 years and finishing tied for third in the AL East at 85-77.
Cashman met Girardi for coffee on Monday, a day after New York's season ended, and plans to have lunch Wednesday in New York with Girardi's agent, Steve Mandell.
"We're entering the sensitive conversations that will either lead to a deal or lead us to the understanding that there won't be a deal," Cashman said.
Girardi won out over Don Mattingly to replace Joe Torre after the 2007 season and was given a $7.8 million, three-year contract. He is completing a $9 million, three-year deal.
The Chicago Cubs may be interested in Girardi after firing manager Dale Sveum. Girardi grew up in Illinois, went to Northwestern and played for the Cubs. But Girardi is under contract through October, and Cashman wouldn't say whether he would give the Cubs permission to speak with the manager.
"I think he likes it here," Cashman said. "We're going to give him a real good reason to stay, and he's earned that through his six years with us so far."
Heading into the offseason, the Yankees face numerous questions, especially about their pitching staff and infield. Mariano Rivera and Andy Pettitte are retiring. Second baseman Robinson Cano is a free agent, as are pitcher Hiroki Kuroda and outfielder Curtis Granderson.
Shortstop Derek Jeter played just 17 games this year after breaking an ankle last October and third baseman Alex Rodriguez didn't return from offseason hip surgery until August, and he may have to serve a lengthy drug suspension next season.
Cano, a five-time All-Star who turns 31 on Oct, 22, can become a free agent after the World Series and may be seeking a 10-year deal worth $305 million or more.
Cashman will meet with the Yankees' professional scouts starting Monday to formulate his offseason plan.
"We'd love to have Robby back," Cashman said. "He's been a great Yankee. I think if he stays he has a legitimate chance to experience what you just saw for instance a little bit from Mariano, where maybe he has a chance to be the first Dominican-born player to be in Monument Park."
Cashman also said it's unclear whether the Yankees will be able to get under next year's $189 million luxury tax threshold, which includes about $177 million for player salaries.
"It's not a mandate. It's a goal that we have if it's possible," Cashman said. "There's a lot of benefits to staying under that, but it's not a mandate if it's at the expense of a championship run. It just depends on what the opportunities are before us, and the costs associated with it."
He also plans to address the Yankees' lack of power this season. Injuries and the departures of Raul Ibanez, Nick Swisher, Russell Martin and Eric Chavez as free agents caused home runs to dropped from a team-record 245 last year to 144, the Yankees' fewest in a non-shortened season since they hit 130 in 1989. Not counting strike years, it was the largest falloff in baseball history, topping a decrease of 96 for the 1988 Chicago Cubs.
"We love guys with plate discipline and power from the offensive side. And that's been our history, and that's been our philosophy for a long time that's worked," he said. "We got derailed this year by decision-making as well as injuries. They're all my responsibility, and the best we could produce unfortunately was an 85-win team. That's not Yankee standards."


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Aromas and aromas have been utilized by numerous societies over hundreds of years on account of one objective: to fuse captivating fragrances that scent extremely decent. Fragrances have the ability to change your Afeelings, inclination and even evoke great recollections. A wonderful aroma is an indication of altruism and for others, it is a device to attract a potential mate. In the 21st century, aromas are additionally used to characterize character and identity. For some, wearing an appropriate fragrance resembles wearing a bit of apparel. Scents have moved toward becoming piece of us and their part can't be underplayed.
Today, you have a large number of decisions with regards to aromas and colognes. These aromas are additionally promptly accessible over the Internet. To this end, your most loved aroma is just a tick away. Purchasing fragrances and aromas online is simple and helpful. Be that as it may, to pick the best aroma, you should arm yourself with the correct data on different fragrances and their traits. This guide separates everything for you. Along these lines, you can purchase an aroma unhesitatingly online without noticing it first. To assemble your purchasing certainty, begin by finding out about different aromas and notes.
What precisely are scent notes?
Aromas are fundamentally made utilizing three layers of fragrances. This trinity of notes cooperate flawlessly and they are; the best note, the center note and the base note. Each layer of note fills a particular need and beneath is a clarification on the same.
Top notes
As implied over, the highest fragrances are seen first and they are the best notes. They are ordinarily solid aromas which dissipate rapidly attributable to their unstable nature. These notes are generally portrayed as sharp, solid, new and self-assured. Probably the most well-known best notes to discover in aromas and scents are ginger and citrus fragrances.
Center notes
Once the cover or best notes have vanished or disseminated, you will notice the center notes. These aromas are in this way observed as the body or the core of the scent. They are otherwise called heart notes. They are utilized to veil the base notes which will be featured underneath. After the aroma has been connected, you will locate that center notes may take 2 minutes to a hour to show up. Rose and lavender aromas are the most well-known center notes of numerous scents.
Base notes
These notes are known to shape the profundity of any scent. After the initial two notes can never again be seen, the base notes hold the mixes together. These profound aromas are normally seen following 30 minutes since they are substantial in nature. Aromas separated from plant tars, musk and vetiver are a portion of the best cases of base notes used to make scents.
Various types of aromas and their fragrance qualities
Aromas will convey diverse profundities and fragrance qualities. You may pick an exceptionally solid aroma or a light one relying upon your inclination. The following is a diagram and characterization of different aromas to discover on the web.
Sprinkles – If you truly need a light dash of fragrances, sprinkles are the most ideal approach to do it. They normally contain 1 to 8% scent. A few people call them fogs.
Eau de cologne – These are aromas that will convey anyplace between 3 to 8% scent. They are more grounded than sprinkles and are extraordinary for putting forth a bolder expression.
Eau de toilette – These scents are considerably more grounded than the over two kinds. They contain 5 to 15% fragrance.
Eau de parfum – If you are searching for a fragrance that conveys up to 20% aroma, this is an incredible decision.
Strong fragrance – These aromas will have up to 15% scent and come in type of demulcents. They are typically produced using oil and honey bees wax bases.
The significant aromas to discover in scents
A fundamental arrangement of aromas orders fragrances into four sorts. This incorporates citrus, botanical, oriental and woodsy fragrances.
Citrus aromas are known for their new interest. They are viewed as spotless and tart. In the event that you cherish citrus leafy foods they run over, you may have a loving for citrus scents.
Flower aromas are for the most part ruddy and are related with female scents. They are sensitive and delicate; and having a flower subject can truly grandstand your identity and give you a ladylike interest.
Woodsy aromas will give you extremely solid and profound notes that are woody. Sandalwood and patchouli notes additionally have that hearty and woodsy interest.
In the event that you feel weak at the knees over vanilla, musk and oriental pitches, at that point oriental aromas are made only for you. They are more ground-breaking than flower and citrus fragrances and are awesome for putting forth a solid expression.
The most effective method to pick your own fragrance
Each individual has a favored fragrance, much the same as they have a picked style of wearing attire. To be sure, in the event that you are currently wearing aromas, you have a thought of what satisfies you. Nonetheless, in the event that you are new to aromas, it is basic to pick a style that will talk about your persona. The aroma should improve your identity and give you the certainty and imperativeness. On the off chance that you don't know what you like, beneath are a couple of tips to kick you off the correct way.
– If you are female and lean toward something sentimental and sensitive, you will be more disposed to flower fragrances. These are the absolute most favored by ladies and men who need to grandstand their womanliness. Flower fragrances are engaging and will light the correct inclination to your pleasure.
– On the other hand, on the off chance that you incline toward something attractive and tense, you should investigate woodsy fragrances. This is a certain method to be striking and proud with your notes of decision. The two people can locate the privilege hot aromas on the web.
– For the individuals who love effortlessness, keeping it clean is the proper activity. Citrus fragrances will go far in helping you show what you are about. This is absolutely a moderate approach that will undoubtedly help your quality.
– If you are searching for a contemporary, striking and tense aroma, picking oriental aromas will work extremely well with your plan. These scents are brave and help you feature your persona as a determined worker and as a mold forward individual.
A definitive manual for purchasing aromas and scents on the web
1. Pick the fragrances the suit you best
The guide on fragrances and notes gave above will enable you to choose what suits you. In this regard, you need to pick an aroma at an online store that works for you. On the off chance that you need to experiment with new aromas, utilize the data above to arrive on the most favored fragrance. From botanical to oriental and citrus, there are such a large number of choices accessible on the web.
2. Continuously shop from a confided in online merchant
Not every single online shop will offer you top notch items. In light of this, you must be extremely cautious about the stage you utilize. A few producers will offer their aromas straightforwardly to you over the Internet. In any case, numerous online shops will convey items from a variety of makers. Read surveys and see what others say in regards to the online retailer. Some due perseverance will go far in picking the best shop.
3. Exploit test programs
Indeed, there are organizations that enable you to notice the aromas and scents initially, before getting them on the web. These projects will see you get a couple of tests of the fragrances accessible or those you are occupied with. Thusly, in the event that you get a kick out of the chance to shop with the conventional solaces of testing the item to start with, you can do as such before purchasing fragrances on the web. Simply look for test programs in your picked area or region. You truly have nothing to lose along these lines.
4. Think about your financial plan
Scents and aromas can fit into a variety of spending plans. Less expensive aromas don't really infer low quality. Be that as it may, some exceptionally low quality fragrances are sold at a cast off cost by some online shops. In this manner, know the spending you are working with. At that point, coordinate your coveted item without trading off the quality. On the off chance that you incline toward originator aromas, you will need to part with more cash. Keep away from copies or fake architect brands. Rather, pick specialty marks that have reasonable results of the correct quality.
5. Get all the scent data before purchasing
As indicated above, you should dependably know the notes used to make the fragrance you need. Go above and beyond to find out about every one of the fixings utilized. Data on use of fragrances is likewise urgent. For instance, find out about the best summer aromas or fragrances for spring. Take a gander at the item bundling and notwithstanding marking. Every one of these components must educate and advance to you in like manner. Know how to utilize the aroma also and what's in store with the aromas in that. An online merchant who does not give extensive data in this regard will do you a damage.
6. Get acquainted with the arrival arrangements
On the off chance that you have to restore the aroma, how would you go about it? This data will be given in the strategy area of the online vender. On the off chance that it is a decent strategy that will enable you to get quality items, you should consent to those approaches. On the off chance that you feel like the approaches are excessively inflexible, you can utilize another site to your joy. Additionally, find out about the delivery span notwithstanding the transportation charges.
7. Go for offers and rebates on aromas and scents
Aromas that are marked down are incredible in light of the fact that they spare you cash. Numerous online shops will have awesome arrangements that you can't miss. Take full favorable position of this even as you test new aromas in the market. Additionally think about aromas on different stages and see the distinctions that can enable you to spare cash. Along these lines, you can decide quality as you read through client audits on different destinations.
Speedy fun certainties about aromas
– Scientific proof has demonstrated that aromas can adjust your mind-set to improve things. In the event that you need to unwind, utilize lavender and on the off chance that you need a vitality surge, utilize citrus.
– Animals have given crude materials to make scents for quite a while. Illustrations being musk, honeycomb, civet, castoreum and ambergris. Incidentally, ambergris is upchuck from whales. Gotten from the digestion tracts of sperm whales.
– Plants are


text: Submitted by TexasFlyCaster on Fri, 2013-11-15 11:35 Texas - 9TX Vote Up Down +1051 + Blue River Oklahoma Fly Fishing Fall 2013 Video of Blue River Oklahoma Fly Fishing Fall 2013 North Texas Fly Fishing Destination - Blue River Oklahoma Back to Gallery This is GoPro video from a trip to the Blue River in far South Oklahoma. The trip was 11/11/2013. Feel free to read all about it at http://www.texasflycaster.com .


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This is the ultimate pizza delivery vehicle, according to Domino's in the US, which held a public design challenge to come up with the best car to drive pizzas around. It's small, it has sliding doors, a rear-view camera and sliding shelves for the pizzas.
Sadly, it's not a real car and just a design made by Anej Kostrevic from Slovenia but I would absolutely love to live in a future where such pizza delivery vehicles existed. Can you imagine seeing these on the road? Like seeing an Ice Cream truck, this Ultimate Pizza Vehicle would make me want to immediately get pizza. Here's a deeper explanation:
It has multiple storage solutions to enable the driver a comfortable ride and easy access to everything he needs. Navigation system or maps are stored on the large touchscreen display and are easy to use. For the night deliveries the vehicle has an auxiliary light integrated in the right side mirror illuminating the surroundings. Sodas and salads are cooled via air conditioning in the side box next to driver or in the back drawer. Interior has multiple storage solutions to keep all required elements at hand.
Make it happen Domino's. [Local Motors via Design Taxi]


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America - Front
America - Back
"Rise from your grave!" When Zeus, the legendary Greek god, brings you back to life with those famous words, you set forth on a mission to rescue his daughter, Athena, from the wicked God of the Underworld, Hades. To survive the gauntlet of mythological foes, you must hunt down the three-headed wolves that inhabit each stage and collect the Spirit Balls that they release. The Spirit Balls increase your strength and allow you to transform into a variety of forms including a Werewolf, Weredragon, Werebear, Weretiger, and the ultimate form, the Golden Werewolf. Each creature possesses powerful attacks that are required to bring an end to Hade's scheme.


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You're on the Trail to Something Big
Take the road less traveled. Walk the Tracks Across the Sky at the amazing engineering marvel, the Kinzua Sky Walk. Enjoy spectacular fall foliage tours; hands-on, experiential educational and heritage tours; food & wine culinary adventures. For active groups – guided nature hikes. In the Allegheny National Forest Region Fall really is bigger!
For groups touring the Allegheny National Forest in northern Pennsylvania and nearby southwestern New York, our region offers inexpensive attractions and a selection of locally owned restaurants, choice of hotels, and one-of-a-kind venues.
Below are a few suggested attractions that welcome group tours. Call 800-473-9370, ask for Linda for personalized tour assistance, or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com.
Sample Itineraries
2019 Profile Sheet & Itinerary Ideas
Pennsylvania Puzzler
Kinzua Sky Walk – Motorcoach / Group Tour Request Form
Educational & School Group Programs
Eldred WW II Museum Resource Guide
Longhouse National Scenic Byway, Allegheny National Forest
Penn Brad Oil Museum Resource Guide
Culinary Adventures
Kinzua Sky Walk
Walk the "Tracks across the Sky"
Kinzua Bridge State Park
1721 Lindholm Drive
Mount Jewett, PA 16740
School & Group programming available.
The Kinzua Sky Walk is constructed on the restored towers of the historic Kinzua Viaduct, once the longest and highest railroad viaduct in the world. This pedestrian walkway extends 600 feet out into the Kinzua Gorge and features an octagon shaped overlook, with a partial glass floor, that provides stunning 8-mile forest vistas.
Fall Foliage – Longhouse National Scenic Byway – USA Today, 2011, named as one of top 50 scenic drives in the United States – Prime color during first two weeks of October.
Scenic Route 6 – Small Town Charm. Recommended sites to visit locally: Allegheny National Forest, Flickerwood Wine Cellars, Allegheny Cellars Winery, Artworks at the Depot, Kane Manor, Olmsted Manor, Smethport Mansion District, Old Jail Museum, Route 6 Diner, Barrel House Restaurant.
Eldred World War II Museum
History you can, see touch and feel in Eldred, Pennsylvania
201 Main Street
Eldred, PA 16731
Designed to attract visitors of all age groups, tours will be customized to the age and interest of your group. Highlights include a M255 tank, a working submarine periscope, interactive exhibits, and the Gallery of Valor.
Zippo/Case Museum
Two classic American Icons – Zippo Lighters and Case Knives
1932 Zippo Drive
Bradford, PA 16701
Bring your group on a free tour to a location that celebrates "Made in America". Home of two American icons — the Zippo lighter and the Case knife. The Zippo/Case Museum features world-class interactive exhibits, an extraordinary 7'x 11' American flag comprised of 3,393 red, white and blue lighters, and the famous Zippo Repair Clinic where the Zippo lifetime guarantee is fulfilled.
City of Bradford – Bradford's National Historic District offers the eclectic architecture built by the early Oil Barons during the first discovery period of Pennsylvania oil in the late 1800's. A variety of charming shops and locally owned restaurants are within walking distance of Main Street. John Williams European Bake Shop offers "Baking with Joe" a hands-on culinary experience for groups. Nearby is Crook Farm, an 1800s restored farm with one-room school house, blacksmith shop, and original farm house.
Penn Brad Oil Museum
Experience the excitement of the first billion-dollar oil field
Rt. 219, 3 miles south of Bradford
Custer City, PA 16725
Hear the "Wild Catting Tales" at the site of our 72 foot tall, 1890 Era Standard Rig. You can experience the excitement of the FIRST billion-dollar oil field. Guided tours by oil country veterans. See yellow dogs and barkers, headache posts, hurry-up sticks, and sucker rods — all used to produce that "miracle molecule" of oil found in Pennsylvania.
Longhouse National Scenic Byway
The Longhouse National Scenic Byway offers one of the most beautiful views in the Allegheny National Forest. A Resource Guide helps prepare your 5-8th grade students and those in secondary grades for an exciting, meaningful, and fun visit along the Byway. There is a map of the area, an "Etiquette Guide" to keep you and your students safe, and a description of available historical resources. Each point of interest is structured with Before Your Visit, During Your Visit, and After Your Visit activities and reading selections supported by PA Core and New York state standards. There is also a role-play activity where students can select someone they want to be during their visit. They could even dress-up as the person. Each section includes a glossary. You will also find interesting bits of information scattered throughout the guide.
To Book Your Adventure Contact:
Allegheny National Forest Visitors Bureau
80 E. Corydon Street
Bradford, PA 16701
For additional itineraries or personalized service in planning your group tour to the Allegheny National Forest Region, please call 800-473-9370 or email email@example.com.


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So, what is
Koso-Bap is kosofresh's signature bibimbap. BiBimBap literally means "mixed meal" or "mixed rice". This dish is served as a bowl of warm white rice topped with namul (sauteed and seasoned vegetables) and gochujang (chili pepper paste). A raw or fried egg and sliced meat (usually beef) are common additions. The ingredients are stirred together thoroughly just before eating. Not only is BiBimBap a delicious and healthy meal but the DIY (Do-It-Yourself) component certainly adds to it's appeal.


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Demonstrators show support for continued ban on gay Boy Scouts
National council may consider overturning prohibition
They stood in the noon hour heat of this Spring day in like-minded fashion about the final two words of the Scout Oath.
To Tina Miller, the pledge to be "morally straight" sums up her opposition to a policy change that would permit openly gay scouts.
"We would pull out of the BSA," the Springfield Township mother of three said. "We want to be part of an organization that holds to a standard of truth ... and it doesn't change just because the culture changes."
She was among several dozen moms, dads, troop leaders and scouts holding signs opposing the resolution that will be voted on by the National Council of the Boy Scouts next Thursday in Gaylord, Texas.
Fourteen year-old Jeremy Stacy of Troop 13 agreed that a line in the sand had been drawn.
Asked what his troop would do if scouting allows openly-gay scouts, he said "...either create a new organization or just leave the Boy Scouts."
Scouting enjoys strong support in the Cincinnati area. The Dan Beard Council is the 20th largest in the country with 700 units serving roughly 33,000 scouts.
Many have been surveyed about the issue.
Former scouts who shielded their sexual identity have said they believe the policy must change and would strengthen scouting.
Those who demonstrated in front of scout headquarters in Evendale Friday do not accept that notion.
Keith Kreuger, a youth pastor and Eagle Scout, said he was sexually abused years ago by a scoutmaster.
"We didn't know how to handle it those days. But thankfully, you know, it has not changed my life. I have not been impacted severely by it because of scouting, because of my faith. But, I just wanted you to know I'd be very sad if a child had to be experiencing what I experienced, you know, in terms of a person who is gay," Kreuger said.
Human rights leaders are quick to point out abuse and being gay are not connected. They strongly reject any suggestion of a link, emphasizing that abuse exists regardless of a person's sexuality.
But, in 40 towns and cities across the country Friday, On My Honor.Net made its viewpoint widely known just six days out from a monumental vote.
With scouts and parents holding signs and forming a supportive backdrop, Jeremy Miller, the local organizer of today's event, told media covering the demonstration, "When you open it up and allow open homosexuality among scouts ... this really opens it up to a higher increase of boy-on-boy sexual contact."
Tom Dugger of the Dan Beard Council will be in Gaylord, Texas when the vote is taken next week. He told WLWT News 5 that he is pleased with the diligent work on the survey that was taken in this area.
He believes the dialogue on this issue is healthy and that no matter how the vote turns out, scouting will continue to fulfill its mission to serve youth.


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Updating Distributions: Standards for Contributors
The PLANTS database covers vascular plants, mosses, liverworts, hornworts, and lichens of the U.S. and its territories. We welcome thorough, verifiable plant distribution information from the public. Such distribution information must be relatively detailed about locality, documenter, and source of documentation. Incomplete or unverifiable information can not be accepted. Please follow the guidelines below for providing distribution information, and then send us an email with your distribution updates.
1. Locality & other information (required):
*If you are reporting distributions to us from a printed flora, you do not need such precise locality information.
*If you are reporting distributions to us from a printed flora, you do not need such precise locality information.
2. Plant documentation, which requires information for at least one of the four categories of sources below. If you provide photos or herbarium specimens (A or B below), please tell us how you made the identification (e.g. literature source, experts consulted, etc.).
A. Photographs
These must be representative of the morphology of the plant, adequate for identification. Such morphological characteristics would be those used in a taxonomic key to distinguish the species, subspecies, or varieties of interest from other similar plants. Photos sent without identification will be thrown away.
Photos must have the plants in clear focus and appropriately lighted.
Submitted photos will be used only for identification, not posted on the website nor made available to the public.
B. Herbarium specimens: pressed, dried plant material
As with photographs, such specimens must contain the necessary representative morphology of the plant, adequate for species identification. They also must not be moldy rotted, damaged by insects or other organisms, or contain any other damage that will obscure positive identification.
You may refer us to specimens deposited in an internationally recognized herbarium (see Index Herbariorum), or mail us a collection of your own. Any specimens you provide us must contain ample material. If you plan to supply us with specimens of your own, before doing so please review some guidelines for making herbarium specimens (1)(2). After we examine these specimens we will send them to a proper herbarium. As with photos, specimens sent without identification will be thrown away. If you plan to collect specimens to provide us with distribution updates, please be sure they are legally collected by respecting private and public landowner rights and by following any local, regional, national, or international plant protection and quarantine laws.
C. Published literature
Publicly available, preferably peer-reviewed. This can include floras, scientific journals, reports from heritage programs or similar organizations, as well as doctoral dissertations and masters theses. Please tell us about the literature source you are using (title, authors, publication date, publisher).
Records from databases directly associated with herbaria are also acceptable, such as the NCU Flora of the Southeastern United States, the Consortium of California Herbaria (CCH), the Southwest Environmental Information Network (SEINet), the Plants of Washington (WTU), amongst many others. Furthermore, state Natural Heritage database records are also acceptable.
D. Botanical specialists
Verbal reports from well-known, well-published botanists specializing in certain plant groups, such as families or genera, or floras of geographic regions.
A. Photographs
B. Herbarium specimens: pressed, dried plant material
C. Published literature
D. Botanical specialists
Please email your updates to the PLANTS National Plant Data Team.


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IBM and its business partner, Vintek, have been selected by Tonkin Consulting to deploy an IBM PureFlex System.
Tonkin will be replacing its existing HP switching hardware and servers with the IBM PureFlex System, which integrates server, storage, networking and software. It will also involve an integrated v7000 storage as well as additional IBM system networking, system x server and tape storage products.
The new system will also enable Tonkin to create and deploy a private cloud providing disaster recovery for its offices in South Australia, Queensland and Northern Territory.
"Our incumbent systems became out-dated and lacked both the reliability and functional integration needed to serve growing client demands," Tonkin Consulting CEO, Gerry Doyle, said.
Vintek will deploy fully-integrated IBM management and data systems across all Tonkin Consulting operations sites and assets.
Tonkin also plans to expand its work with Vintek and IBM to support its modelling applications and a new enterprise resource planning (ERP) and customer relationship management (CRM) system due to launch in mid-2013.
"Our objective in working with Tonkin Consulting has been to deliver a holistic approach to infrastructure, which supports the firm's long-term growth strategy," Vintek managing director, Paul Vinton, said.
The deal was signed in October and the implementation of the new system will be completed this month.