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Welcome to Bottle Mysteries: information about rare and collectible glass bottles from a member of the glass bottle mold manufacturing industry:
CLARENCE MATTHEWS, R.I.P. July 21, 2018 at age 89
I have had a thing for glass since I was a kid at the age of seven. My parents had gone to a farm near us to visit with two people they liked and I was allowed to play and walk around in their yard. While there I came upon the lady's rock garden. Her husband worked at the Corning Glass Works and he had brought home pieces of glass for her rock garden. The glass cast a spell on me and they gave me three pieces of glass to bring home. On a subsequent visit, I was given three more pieces and I still have them.
I got my first collected bottle by visiting a glass factory when I was about nine years old. My Grandfather took me to Elmira, New York and the Thatcher Glass Factory, where they made milk bottles. I brought home a little half-pint cream bottle, which I still have. These two things showed my early pack rat tendencies and I have collected bottles for many years.
My third development of glass interest became a reality doing one of my youth chores. Often I would walk the railroad, in back of our little farm and often this would go about three miles to Burdett and my Grandmother's home – that promised good cookies. In the fall this trip ended up with me carrying a metal bucket to pick up pieces of soft coal dropped by the engine tenders, onto the tracks. These pieces were added to the wood fire in my Mom's wood burning cook stove, to get a hotter fire when she needed one for cooking. While doing this, I developed an appreciation for the glass telephone insulators the workmen would throw away. Glass insulators started following me home, as a collectible.
In the spring the bucket was used to collect wild asparagus spears. This plant grew well and thrived on the cinders that fell from the steam train's smoke. I carried a piece of old bed sheet or cloth with me and I would tie strips of it to the bushes or fence near the asparagus plants, to mark to their location for future harvesting. Wild asparagus is like wild strawberries – the flavor is beyond fantastic. It was an annual family mealtime vegetable.
I didn't realize it until I got older, that my Dad was very mechanical and I learned a lot from him about "How things were made". When I was about nine years old, my Dad went to work at the Morris Chain Works in Ithaca, NY. He would often bring home little pieces of metal scrap products and he delighted in how I thought they were made. He got big belly laughs out of the bizarre descriptions that I came up with. After that he would explain how they were made. Years later, I took Mechanical Engineering in college and minored in Metallurgy.
Later on, I went to work for the above mentioned Thatcher Glass Plant, as an Applications Engineer and asst. supervisor. I worked there for fifteen years and evaluated many aspects of bottle making and problems relating to mold life and mold durability in glass production.
From there I left the company and got a contract for selling metal products to the Glass Industry in many parts of the world. I have put on seminars and sales presentations to many of the glass mold people in the world. At one time I had over 3,000 names in my computer, all were Production and Engineering people, as well as Mold manufacturers and Mold repair supervisors. I spent thirty years plus doing this work and it was all centered on development of mold component materials and methods used on the ABM Automatic Bottle Machines.
All of this background is still with me in my glass studies and since retirement, I have been studying the methods of bottle making from (1500 to 1900). I have joined a couple bottle clubs and became interested in the methods of those earlier years of bottle making. I keep collecting printed information and books on the subject and I have assembled studies on various glass products and how they were made.
I have collected items from Early Black Glass to Case Gins, Civil War Glass, to Fly traps and minnow traps. I have also collected big store advertising bottles, that never held anything. Saratoga Mineral Water bottles, etc.. There are so many products one could not even comprehend the extent of glass applied to the human life cycle.
I have also been helping diggers evaluate their finds, eBay sellers with their descriptions and glass explanations – just for the fun of it and to be of help. When I pick up an old bottle, I let the marks on it tell me how it was made. If I find a mark I don't know about it becomes a "bottle mystery", thus the name for my home page. I expect to have a section of bottle mysteries, that I need solutions for; and with the hope that when someone recognizes them they will write to me.
— Red Matthews
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You can read more glass stories here: http://www.bottlemysteries.com/category/blog/


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ASU Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This collection includes most of the ASU Theses and Dissertations from 2011 to present. ASU Theses and Dissertations are available in downloadable PDF format; however, a small percentage of items are under embargo. Information about the dissertations/theses includes degree information, committee members, an abstract, supporting data or media.
In addition to the electronic theses found in the ASU Digital Repository, ASU Theses and Dissertations can be found in the ASU Library Catalog.
Dissertations and Theses granted by Arizona State University are archived and made available through a joint effort of the ASU Graduate College and the ASU Libraries. For more information or questions about this collection contact or visit the Digital Repository ETD Library Guide or contact the ASU Graduate College at firstname.lastname@example.com.
- Yu, Hongyu
- Bakkaloglu, Bertan
- Aberle, James
- Kiaei, Sayfe
- 1 Arizona State University
- 1 Barnaby, Hugh
- 1 Han, Yongping
- 1 English
- 1 Public
- Reverse Fountain Cytoplasmic Streaming in Rhizopus Oryzae
- Diné Research Practices and Protocols: An Intersectional Paradigm Incorporating Indigenous Feminism, Critical Indigenous Research Methodologies and Diné Knowledge Systems
- Developing an Augmented Reality Solution for Mapping Underground Infrastructure
- Characterization of 2D Human Ankle Stiffness during Postural Balance and Walking for Robot-aided Ankle Rehabilitation
- Using Molecular, Cellular and Bioengineering Approaches Towards Understanding Muscle Stem Cell Biology
During the last decades the development of the transistor and its continuous down-scaling allowed the appearance of cost effective wireless communication systems. New generation wideband wireless mobile systems demand high linearity, low power consumption and the low cost devices. Traditional RF systems are mainly analog-based circuitry. Contrary to digital circuits, the technology scaling results in reduction on the maximum voltage swing which makes RF design very challenging. Pushing the interface between the digital and analog boundary of the RF systems closer to the antenna becomes an attractive trend for modern RF devices. In order to take full advantages of the …
- Contributors
- Han, Yongping, Kiaei, Sayfe, Yu, Hongyu, et al.
- Created Date
- 2012

subset: commoncrawl


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Does D still win titles? Theory will be put to test as No. 1 offense faces No. 1 defense
This will be just the fifth Super Bowl since the AFL-NFL merger to feature the No. 1 scoring offense and the No. 1 scoring defense. (Elaine Thompson/AP)
The NFL seems to be challenging the long-held notion that "defense wins championships." Recent seasons have delivered an explosion of points, with more and more offenses spreading the field for various purposes and implementing up-tempo attacks.
And then there are the Seattle Seahawks.
Seattle's offense (though it slumped down the stretch) was plenty respectable, with a No. 8 finish in points scored during the regular season. The defense simply took it to another level in allowing just 231 points over 16 games -- 10 fewer than Carolina, 41 fewer than San Francisco and at least 70 fewer than any other team in the league.
The Seahawks will carry the defense banner into the Super Bowl, where the league's most potent offense awaits.
This is just the fifth Super Bowl since the AFL-NFL merger to pit the No. 1 scoring offense against the No. 1 scoring defense. It's been advantage defense, thus far, with wins by the 1990 Giants, '84 49ers and '78 Steelers. Only the 1989 49ers, led by Joe Montana and Jerry Rice (and boasting the No. 3 defense themselves), have bucked the trend, beating the Broncos 55-10.
Denver's offense in 2013 scored 164 more regular-season points than the loaded 49ers attack. That stat alone emphasizes which direction the league has trended over the past couple decades. Peyton Manning and Co., though, have not seen a defense even close to the likes of what the Seahawks bring to the table; vice versa for Seattle.
But the Broncos were tested during the regular season, with mixed results. They played seven of their 16 games against defenses that finished ranked No. 12 or better in points allowed, and posted a 4-3 record. The mark improves to 6-3 if you take into account playoff wins over San Diego (No. 11 defense) and New England (No. 10). The stingiest defense that Denver faced all season was Kansas City's, which allowed 305 points -- the fifth-best number, but one that sat nearly five points per game higher than Seattle's effort.
In the second game versus Kansas City, a 35-28 win that all but sealed the division for Denver, Manning fired five touchdown passes and finished with 403 yards through the air.
"I think he [Manning] showed people why he's so great," Decker said after the game. "How we run our offense, we're very versatile as far as going inside, outside, left, right, whatever it may be. Fortunately I had some play calls and took advantage of the opportunities I got."
Statistics aside, the Kansas City defense may be the closest mirror to Seattle's D that Denver has seen first-hand this season. The Chiefs featured an aggressive linebacking group, led off the edge by Justin Houston and Tamba Hali. Inside, nose tackle Dontari Poe commanded heavy attention, while the secondary revolved around versatile safety Eric Berry and a veteran cornerback duo of Brandon Flowers and Sean Smith.
The Broncos managed to keep Manning upright in both games with Kansas City -- the Chiefs recorded zero sacks, despite a combined 75 pass attempts from Manning -- and Manning then took advantage of the defensive weaknesses. Specifically, he targeted rookie Marcus Cooper, firing 13 passes his way in the first meeting and another 11 in that seven-point victory.
Richard Sherman's presence on one side of the field in the Super Bowl, matched up with either Demaryius Thomas or Eric Decker, likely will encourage Manning to look elsewhere. So, Byron Maxwell, Walter Thurmond and Jeremy Lane could be the difference-makers should Seattle hold the line.
The closest comparison Seattle can draw from in prepping for the Broncos lies in the New Orleans offense. Seattle twice shut down Drew Brees through the air -- the Seahawks scored a 34-7 win over the Saints during the regular season and a 23-15 wild-card round rematch victory. That said, New Orleans' talented offense did not even come close to matching the Broncos point-for-point during the regular season. No one did.
Denver scored 606 points in its 16 regular-season games; Chicago's offense was second-most prolific, at 445 points. The Saints, No. 10 overall, came in at 414.
"We wouldn't have it any other way," said headline-stealing Seattle cornerback Richard Sherman of the Broncos, according to the Seattle Times. "They're an unbelievable, record-setting offense with a Hall of Fame quarterback. That's as tough as it gets. That's as tough a game as you can get in the Super Bowl."
Seattle actually faced the three worst offenses (Tampa Bay, Houston and Jacksonville) during the regular season, plus drew a boatload of offenses in the middle of the pack. Opposing offenses did manage to find some success running on the Seahawks, who allowed 100 or more yards on the ground 11 times and finished behind six other defenses in overall rushing yards allowed.
Denver can run with Knowshon Moreno and Montee Ball, but its record-setting offense is built around Manning and his receivers. The Saints actually tried to come out of their element with a run-heavy approach in their playoff game against Seattle, only to reverse course after falling behind by 16.
"We're going to try to stay as balanced as we can," Moreno said ahead of his team's playoff meeting with the Patriots. The Broncos wound up running for 107 yards and passing for 400 in that win. "Pass the ball when they're giving it to us and try to run."
Taking the ball out of Manning's hands figures to be Plan B for the Broncos. That means the approach will not be all that different than it was for the other No. 1 offenses in their Super Bowl showdowns against No. 1 defenses.
The quarterbacks of the No. 1 offenses in the four such prior Super Bowls: Jim Kelly, Joe Montana, Dan Marino and Roger Staubach. Montana fired five touchdown passes in taking his '89 San Francisco team past an overmatched Denver squad; Kelly and Staubach each attempted 30 passes in their losses; Marino took to the air 50 times in the 1984 loss.
What does all that history mean for this season's matchup? Nothing. And yet, there's still no getting around just how historic this matchup is, as Denver's incredible offense lines up against Seattle's dynamic defense.


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Green Bay guard Keifer Sykes may only be 5-foot-11, but his height does absolutely nothing to prevent him from throwing down ridiculous dunks.
Here are two masterpieces from Green Bay's game against UIC this Sunday. It's hard to pick a favorite here—the alley-oop certainly possessed a higher degree of difficulty, but the breakaway slam is about as picturesque as a dunk can get. Once he starts rising toward the rim, it feels like he will never come down.


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Copyright © 199x by International Computer Science Institute
Copyright © 1999 by Free Software Fondation Inc.
This file is part of the GNU Sather package. It is free software; you may redistribute and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the license, or (at your option) any later version. *** This file is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See Doc/GPL for more details. *** The license text is also available from: Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
|The Sather Specification


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The facts are clear and simple. According to a study recently published in "Health Beat," the newsletter of the Harvard Medical School (3/1/2011), five lifestyle habits are considered responsible for heart disease and many other widespread illnesses that plague us today. They are smoking, lack of sufficient physical activity, weight problems, poor eating habits and excessive alcohol consumption.
Alone or together, the study says, these lifestyle choices set the stage for artery-damaging atherosclerosis. They also adversely affect blood pressure, cholesterol- and blood sugar levels. Known long-term results are heart attack, stroke and artery disease. Beyond the cardiovascular system, lifestyle-related damages are caused to the kidneys, bone structure and other organs, including the brain
The survey concludes that turning most or all of these habits around can decrease the likelihood of suffering a heart attack – which is the number one cause of death in the United States – by up to 83%.
As a strategy for health-promoting lifestyle changes, the researchers recommend to quit smoking, exercise regularly, maintain a healthy weight range, eat a highly nutritious diet and reduce alcohol consumption to moderate levels.
None of this can be considered "news," of course. If you ever had any interest in adopting a healthier lifestyle, you already know that you shouldn't smoke, drink too much, eat junk food and sit on your butt all day. So why keep talking about the same old stuff over and over again?
The answer is that we seem to keep fighting a losing battle, despite of the fact that we have all the information needed to dig ourselves out of our public health crisis. Obesity rates are still growing unabatedly. Two thirds of all Americans are overweight. Catastrophic weight problems affect one third of today's children. How can this be when we know exactly what it would take to change all that?
I watch with great interest the popular TV show, "The Biggest Loser," on NBC. Although, I don't like the idea of turning people's health problems into a spectacle, I can see some value in witnessing the enormous struggle that comes with obesity on many levels. Listening to the highly personal stories of the candidates, how they kept getting heavier and heavier despite of their best efforts to regain some measure of control over their lives, is heartbreaking. But what I keep hearing from all participants of the show is this: "I did not know how to stop gaining weight because I did not have the knowledge or the tools to make the necessary changes." So much for people knowing best what's good for them.
It is unrealistic to expect consumers to make better choices by themselves without providing them with the necessary information they must have to know the difference. For example, when New York City required fast food outlets and coffee shops to post calorie counts of their products, critics of the measure were quick to spread the message that it would have no significant impact on the behavior of customers. But, as it turns out, it did make a difference – not right away, but over time. Researchers found that average purchases at fast food places showed a 6 percent reduction in calories, almost 15 calories per item, within a year after the requirements were enacted. At coffee shops, like Starbucks, calorie cut-backs were as high as 26 percent. These numbers may not be all that dramatic, but they show that giving fact-based information to consumers does matter. Or, as one of the participants in "The Biggest Loser" show said: "I changed my life by making decisions based on knowledge."
Unfortunately, this is not the way it works in the real world. As consumers, we are not informed but rather seduced into making choices that are not really our own. Advertising is not about education but selling, we all know that. It is hard to almost impossible to escape the constant manipulation and take more control over even the smallest decisions we make every day. As one of my clients who used her three-weeks vacation to lose weight at an exotic spa resort said to me: "When I go home, I will be back in an environment where healthy lifestyle habits are neither plausible nor possible." A sad but by no means unique scenario.
As a health counselor, I naturally believe in the power of positive lifestyle changes. But I'm also keenly aware of the very real limitations that are imposed on us by life's circumstances. We can't hope to live on an isolated island forever, whether it is a TV set or a luxurious health spa. All we can do is navigate our way around the very real obstacles life keeps throwing at us and take on our challenges one by one. There are no easy ways or shortcuts.
In the end, we may have to be content with a few small achievements at a time and keep trying for more, hoping it will eventually add up to something bigger. In the meantime, even the tiniest victories deserve to be treasured.
I was full of sympathy and quite touched when I heard one of the candidates of "The Biggest Loser" say: "What is life-changing? It is not some special event but a thousand little things in life that we all take for granted until we no longer have them." And then he drove off in his convertible sports car, the one he couldn't fit in for many years. He looked really, really happy.
If you enjoyed this article, you may also be interested in reading "The New Government Guidelines for Healthy Nutrition" and "Upbringing, Education and Health."
Timi Gustafson R.D. is a clinical dietitian and author of "The Healthy Diner – How to Eat Right and Still Have Fun™," is available on her blog http://www.timigustafson.com and at Amazon. Her latest book, "Kids Love Healthy Foods™" is now available in e-book format at www.amazon.com


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British Go Journal No. 40. February 1978. Page 16.
A 3rd round struggle between a 2-kyu, Black, and a 3-kyu, which has more than its fair share of excitement, mistakes and instructive points. Black blunders horribly, fights hard to recover, but has the stuffing knocked out of him when his own area is successfully invaded.
Black: P.Olsson (Sweden), 2k
White: Louise O'Callaghan, 3k
The game-file in SGF format.
Figure 1 (1-100)
Figure 2 (101-152)
Black resigned - rather to White's suprise. Black was justified, if gentlemanly. The scores are not far apart, but White's territory is almost completely fixed, being mostly dead Black stones. All Black's territories can be reduced. He really has nothing to look forward to.


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Virtue's Last Reward places you at the heart of a terrifying mystery, as you awake imprisoned in a strange warehouse. With you in the locked room is Kim, a girl who seems to know you from the past, and elsewhere in the building are seven other unfortunate abductees. All of you are about to be launched into the same nightmare.
In a game where plot is everything, we won't reveal too much, but suffice it to say that your unseen captor has a malevolent sense of humour and an unhealthy taste for gruesome games. On each character's wrist is an electronic bracelet that tracks their performance, keeping count of their score as they attempt to find a way out of the facility. The only way to unlock the doors and open new areas for exploration is by solving mind-bending puzzles, but doing so forces you to confront the most horrifying obstacle of all – a wickedly ingenious game of trust and treachery that can either speed your path to freedom or leave you to die alone in the maze.
Boasting brilliantly complex characters, dark secrets and a story as gripping as any movie or best-selling book, Virtue's Last Reward is rich, rewarding and incredibly fun to play. The only question is: once you get into it, will you ever get out?
Virtue's Last Reward looks and sounds extraordinary, like a striking, stylish manga comic that you control.
The plot unfolds via hundreds of animated 3D scenes featuring a host of memorable characters and some brilliant dialogue. The cinematic effect is heightened by the frequent movie cutscenes, as polished and exciting as any anime classic. The characters speak in Japanese with English subtitles – which feels all the more authentic and engaging – and the music is perfectly pitched, ramping up the tension as you pick your path through the twisted labyrinth.
The result is complete immersion in the game's unique, story-led experience. Even the controls are streamlined, accessed mostly via an on-screen menu that's designed to keep your focus firmly on the action. Everything – from the log of past encounters to the memo pad, which allows you to make notes via the PS Vita system's touchscreen – is set up to ensure you lose yourself entirely in the plot.
Virtue's Last Reward is a smart game, and for all its violent thrills and spills, it wants to get you thinking.
Transported to a mysterious building, you're set a sinister challenge in the twisted Nonary Game: earn nine bracelet points to win your freedom. These points can be earned by solving puzzles, but the shadowy power behind your incarceration doesn't want to make things too easy.
Whenever you make progress, you must choose either to ally yourself with or to betray another of the Nonary Game's unfortunate players, elsewhere in the facility – and don't forget, your fellow prisoners will be required to make the same choice. If you both choose to ally, you'll each earn two points. If one of you chooses to betray, the betrayer will earn three points and the betrayed will lose two points.
If you both choose to betray, however, no one wins or gains any points. It's a clever spin on a real-life theoretical problem known as the Prisoner's Dilemma, and it makes every moment of Virtue's Last Reward unforgettably tense and exciting – especially when you recall that dropping to zero points will trigger your character's execution by lethal injection. Grisly.
Lucky then, that the game's ingenious Flow system allows you to revisit past actions and follow fate in alternative directions, effectively creating parallel universes in which new decisions lead to new destinies. Be prepared, though: sooner or later these other worlds will start to bleed into one another, leaving you to decipher not only whether you can trust your fellow prisoners, but whether you can trust yourself…
See it in action


text: Korean Job Discussion Forums :: View topic - Star Wars DJ remix Speak Korean Now! Korean Job Discussion Forums"The Internet's Meeting Place for ESL/EFL Teachers from Around the World!" FAQ Search Memberlist Usergroups Register Profile Log in to check your private messages Log in Star Wars DJ remix Korean Job Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Off-Topic Forum View previous topic :: View next topic Author Message komtengiJoined: 30 Sep 2003Location: Slummin it up in Haebangchon Posted: Thu Jun 09, 2005 1:54 am Post subject: Star Wars DJ remix http://www.djkeltech.com/starwars.htm Back to top Tiberious aka SparklesJoined: 23 Jan 2003Location: I'm one cool cat! Posted: Thu Jun 09, 2005 4:26 am Post subject: I didn't listen to it. Don't need to. The 'Imperial March' as is is one of the most sublime pieces of music ever written. No need to tamper with that. Sparkles*_* Back to top itaewonguyJoined: 25 Mar 2003 Posted: Thu Jun 09, 2005 10:02 am Post subject: hahahhhah ohh man Back to top Display posts from previous: All Posts1 Day7 Days2 Weeks1 Month3 Months6 Months1 Year Oldest FirstNewest First Korean Job Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Off-Topic Forum All times are GMT - 8 Hours Page 1 of 1 Jump to: Select a forum Forums:----------------FAQJob-related Discussion ForumGeneral Discussion ForumOff-Topic ForumTravel ForumCurrent Events ForumTechnology ForumBuy/Sell/Trade Forum You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forum This page is maintained by the one and only Dave Sperling. Contact Dave's ESL Cafe Copyright © 2018 Dave Sperling. All Rights Reserved. Powered by phpBB © 2001, 2002 phpBB Group TEFL International Supports Dave's ESL Cafe


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It's no secret how much most people are attached to their cellphones, but now TeleNav has released a survey showing just how willing Americans are to give up the finer things in life so they can still hang onto that handset.
Think about this hypothetical situation for a moment: What would you be more willing to give up so you could still have your mobile phone?
Not only does this infographic give you insight into mobile-device love, but it also helps you sort out general priorities as well. For instance, one third of the U.S. population would rather give up sex for a week than a mobile phone, but 70% were willing to give up alcohol for that phone?
Or who would've guessed that smartphone users had worse manners than their cellphone counterparts, with 26% of smartphone users frequently pulling out their handset at the dinner table, compared with 6% of cellphone ("featurephone") users?
Worse (and this one's not included in the infographic) — "Smartphone users were twice as likely as feature phone users to give up hot showers rather than their phone for one week," according to TeleNav's survey. Now that's got to be love.
Infographic courtesy TeleNav, image courtesy iStockphoto/Michael Deleon


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Journal of Petroleum Technology
Volume 49, Issue 03
March 1997
37973-JPT SPE Journal Paper - 1997View rights & permissions
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JPT is the flagship member magazine for SPE. Originally JPT contained full peer-reviewed technical papers. Starting in 1997 the magazine switched to focus on synopsis of conference papers selected by an editorial board.
Currently OnePetro contains the older full JPT papers as well as many of the more recent published articles. As they become available additional articles and features from the more recent issues will be added.


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Imagery Graphics Converter 1.9.3
Imagery Graphics Converter is a program for your MacOS computer which converts various graphic, sound and animation/video files from a variety of computers and systems into formats your Macintosh can understand.
It also allows you to translate Macintosh formats into formats that other computers can understand.
The best thing about Imagery is the price: it's free. If you do use it and if you really feel inclined to do something with your money, the author asks that you make a donation to your local SPCA, ASPCA, RSPCA or similar animal welfare agency in your country or area - or consider adopting a 'pound puppy' or 'pound kitty'. You'll save a life and gain a lifelong friend.


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SAMJ: South African Medical Journal
versión On-line ISSN 2078-5135
versión impresa ISSN 0256-9574
SAMJ, S. Afr. med. j. vol.101 no.5 Pretoria may. 2011
Errors in drug administration by anaesthetists in public hospitals in the Free State
M LabuschagneI; W RobbetzeII; J RozmiarekIII; M StrydomIII; M WentzelIV; B J S DiedericksV; G JoubertVI
IBSc Agric (Hons), MB ChB student. School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein
IIBMedSc Radiation Science, BMedSc Hons (Medical Physics), MB ChB student. School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein
IIIMB ChB student. School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein
IVBMedSc Radiation Science, BMedSc Hons (Medical Physics), MB ChB student. School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein
VMB ChB, MMed (Anaesth), FCA (SA), BA, Dip Av Med. Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State
VIBA, MSc. Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State
OBJECTIVE: To investigate errors in administering drugs by anaesthetists working in public hospitals in the Free State province.
METHODS: Anonymous questionnaires were distributed to doctors performing anaesthesia in public hospitals in the Free State, i.e. 188 doctors at 22 public sector hospitals. Outcomes included demographic information on respondents, information regarding the administration of anaesthetics, reporting of errors, and the occurrence of errors during anaesthesia.
RESULTS: The response rate was 46.3%; 48.8% were medical officers, and 39.3% of participants were involved in at least one event of erroneous drug administration. Registrars and specialists reported the most errors. Most events were of no clinical significance, caused no permanent harm to patients, and most commonly involved fentanyl and suxamethonium. Of the respondents, 23.8% indicated that they were aware of a South African standard for colour-coding syringe labels, and 92.9% indicated that they would report anaesthetic errors if a single reporting agency for such events existed.
CONCLUSION: More than a third of participating anaesthetists were involved in a drug error at some stage in their practice. Preventive systems and precautionary measures should be put in place to reduce drug administration errors.
An error is regarded as the failure to perform an action as intended.1 Medication errors in anaesthesia arise from errors in prescription, dispensing or administration of medication, that result in a patient receiving an incorrect drug or drug dosage,1 or administration via an incorrect route. Erroneous administration of drugs causes unnecessary harm to patients, and is especially relevant in anaesthesia as potent intravenous agents are frequently injected.2,3 Their effects may be of no clinical significance, result in minor morbidity requiring immediate intervention to prevent permanent injury, or major morbidity (e.g. cardiac arrest, stroke or permanent injury or death) as the main or contributory cause.4
Errors can be categorised as system, equipment and human error. The latter is associated with knowledge and experience, and other contributory factors such as haste, fatigue, stress or illness.5 Of a total of 329 reported anaesthesia errors, 136 (41.3%) were human errors, of which 17.6% were knowledge-, 27.9% skill-and 25.7% rule-based, and 6.6% were technical errors.5
Most anaesthetists in South Africa will administer an erroneous drug at some stage,2 of which a few may lead to severe patient morbidity or death. A large study6 of more than 30 000 anaesthetics administered by specialist and/or trainee anaesthetists found that 36.9% of errors were due to misidentification of drug ampoules, 64.4% of which could be attributed to ampoules having a similar appearance. In addition to 66 errors, 45 near-misses were reported.6 Gordon et al.2 found that fatigue and distraction played a role in 14.1% and 4.7% of errors, respectively, while 10.6% of errors in another study6 could be attributed to the respondent taking medication at the time of the error. Adverse events from errors included hypertension, hypotension, cardiac arrest, tachycardia, bradycardia, prolonged paralysis, and awareness under anaesthesia.2
Doctors in South African hospitals with limited resources and large numbers of patients are often subjected to adverse factors contributing to system, equipment and human errors, which may cause stress and burnout and increase errors in the administration of anaesthesia medication.7-9 We investigated the occurrence of such events in public sector hospitals in the Free State province, that included full-time practising anaesthetists and many doctors who occasionally administer anaesthesia.
An observational, descriptive study was conducted. Contact information for public hospitals was found on the webpage of the Department of Health.10 The 31 public hospitals in the Free State were approached to participate (the Free State Psychiatric Complex (FSPC) in Bloemfontein was excluded since no anaesthesia is administered there). If no anaesthesia was given at a hospital, it was excluded. The authors phoned the superintendent at each hospital to obtain consent, the number of doctors administering anaesthesia every week, and to identify a doctor who could act as a correspondent for the study.
Only qualified doctors administering anaesthesia participated, which included interns, community service doctors, medical officers, registrars and specialist anaesthetists.
The questionnaire used by Gordon et al.2 was modified for this investigation. It required doctors to provide information including: (i) demographic information on respondents, (ii) information regarding the administration of anaesthesia, (iii) reporting of errors, and (iv) the occurrence of errors during anaesthesia. All respondents completed sections (i) and (ii), while only respondents involved in erroneous drug administration during anaesthesia completed sections (iii) and (iv).
Questionnaires and an explanatory letter were distributed to all anaesthetists in public hospitals in the Free State. The researchers delivered and collected the questionnaires by hand at Bloemfontein based hospitals including National District, Pelonomi Regional and Universitas Academic hospitals. Questionnaires were mailed to designated correspondents at the other hospitals in the province and followed up by telephone if no reply was received within a month after confirmation of receipt of the questionnaires.
Questionnaires were completed anonymously and returned in an unidentifiable, sealed envelope to further ensure confidentiality. Responses were regarded as confidential and used for research purposes only.
A successful pilot study determined the efficiency of the questionnaire and the data, including 5 anaesthetists at Universitas Academic Hospital who did not complete another questionnaire.
Data were captured, transferred to an Excel spreadsheet and accuracy verified before statistical analysis by the Department of Biostatistics, University of the Free State (UFS). The occurrence of errors was analysed and, where possible, stratified for the different groups of participating doctors. Results were summarised as medians for numerical variables, or frequencies and percentages for categorical variables.
Approval to conduct the investigation was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences, UFS. Permission was obtained from the Free State Department of Health and the superintendents of the participating hospitals.
Questionnaires were distributed to 188 potential participants at 22 public sector hospitals at 15 health care centres; 87 completed questionnaires were received (46.3% response rate); 3 were eliminated owing to incomplete answers, so giving a final number of 84 questionnaires for analysis.
The period of practice of anaesthesia by participating respondents ranged between 2 months and 30 years, with a median of 36 months; 41 (48.8%) were medical officers, 16 (19.1%) registrars, 16 (19.1%) community service doctors, 6 (7.1%) interns, and 5 (6.0%) were specialists. Table I shows the median number of anaesthetics administered per week by respondents in these categories. Anaesthetics administered ranged from 1 to 100 per week. Overall, a median of 10 anaesthetics was given per week.
The questionnaire requested information regarding respondents' views on and practices in the administration of anaesthesia. None stated that they never read the name of the agent on an ampoule, 3.6% stated that they read the name on the ampoule sometimes, 21.4% most of the time, and 75.0% always read the name on the ampoule; 81.9% of respondents indicated that they performed a repeat control check before administering drugs; 20.2% asked someone else to check the name of the drug on the ampoule with them as control, and 79.8% checked on their own.
Twenty (23.8%) respondents indicated that they were aware of a South African standard for colour-coding syringe labels in the operating theatre, of whom 5 (25%) said that they regularly made use of it. Median responses to questionnaire items dealing with a colourcoded system for labelling of drug ampoules are:
a standardised colour-coded system of labelling drug ampoules would decrease the incidence of drug errors: strongly agreed
a standardised colour-coded system of labelling syringes in theatre would decrease the incidence of drug errors: agreed
havingall syringes labelled with black-on-white labels would decrease the incidence of drug administration errors: moderately agreed.
Seventy-eight (92.9%) respondents indicated that they would report anaesthetic drug errors if a single reporting agency for such events existed. Table II shows the results of respondents' suggested bodies to which errors should be reported; 8.3% of respondents recommended other options not listed in Table II, such as reporting the error to a colleague or the Head of the Department of Anaesthesia, and at departmental meetings.
Of the total of 84 respondents, 33 (39.3%) indicated that they themselves or a nurse under their direct supervision administered the wrong drug or fluid to a patient at some point during anaesthesia (Fig. 1).
Hereafter, results are based on the 33 respondents who indicated the occurrence of erroneous events during anaesthesia. Table III gives the distribution of incidents by respondents. One respondent did not specify the number of incidents in which he/she was involved. Including this respondent, at least 60 erroneous drug incidents occurred, for which the outcome was specified in 57 (95.0%) cases.
In 29 (50.9%) for which the outcome was recorded (N=57), the incident was of no clinical significance; in 27 (47.4%) immediate intervention was required to prevent harm to the patient. Major morbidity was reported in only one (1.7%) incident, and no fatalities occurred.
More information on the erroneous event was obtained in 52 (86.7%) cases. Drug errors that occurred more than once were identified (Table III); 4 respondents administered a drug into the wrong site at some stage, e.g. into an intravenous (IV) line instead of an epidural catheter.
Respondents had to identify one or more factors that they regarded as contributory to their drug errors (Fig. 2). Of the 33 respondents involved in drug errors during anaesthesia, 32 indicated whether or not they reported the error, of whom only 16 (50.0%) reported the error. In 5 (15.6%) cases, the patient was informed postoperatively that an error occurred. One patient initially threatened legal action, although all patients eventually accepted the error without taking further steps.
A response rate of 46.3% was obtained (87/188 questionnaires), which was satisfactory compared with the response rate of 18.5% reported by Gordon et al.,2 and similar to the 53% by Llewellyn et al.6
Although anaesthesia was administered most frequently by interns, only 16.7% of them admitted to making an error during anaesthesia. Among respondents who practised anaesthesia full-time, more incidents were reported; 15 (93.8%) of the 16 registrars and 4 (80%) of specialists reported errors during anaesthesia. This finding may reflect the statistical reality that more errors occur when more anaesthetics are administered, but may also indicate reluctance of less-experienced doctors to report or their greater level of vigilance. Llewellyn et al.6 also observed a higher incidence of errors among very experienced doctors administering anaesthesia, and that this could be attributed to them becoming less cautious, with increasing familiarity with the procedure, or being more comfortable regarding honesty about errors and reporting them.6
Most (75.1%) respondents who were involved in errors during anaesthesia reported the occurrence of 1 or 2 incidents (Table III). Although these were of no clinical significance in 50.9% of cases reported, and immediate intervention prevented further harm to the patient in 47.4%, anaesthetists should not be unjustifiably content with the outcomes. Undetected errors might have occurred or could not be ruled out, and only recognised errors could be attended to immediately. Major morbidity occurred in a case when calcium chloride was administered into the spinal cord instead of bupivacaine, resulting in prolonged paralysis and chronic pain syndrome.
The most common drug error involved fentanyl and suxamethonium. In 12 incidents, fentanyl was intended but suxamethonium was administered instead. In one incident, fentanyl was administered when suxamethonium was intended. Fentanyl is an opioid analgesic used in surgical procedures as supplement in total intravenous induction of anaesthesia. Suxamethonium is a depolarising muscle relaxant used intra-operatively. This erroneous drug exchange will result in muscle fasciculations and paralysis. If this mistake is made before the patient is asleep (fentanyl is frequently used pre-induction), the patient may experience paralysis while awake, causing great anxiety. When fentanyl is administered instead of suxamethonium, paralysis required for surgery is not obtained. Gordon et al.2 also found syringe swaps, with fentanyl and suxamethonium the most common drug-related error during anaesthesia.
Gordon et al.2 reported that errors involving vasoactive drugs was of concern; 14% of all drug errors involved vasoactive drugs such as adrenaline; 13 incidents involved vasoactive drugs, yielding 22.8% of the incidents considered.2 Llewellyn et al.6 reported that muscle relaxants were most commonly involved in errors during anaesthesia. In our study, 4 (12.1%) incidents involved the erroneous administration of adrenaline, which can pose serious consequences in patients with hypertension and/or cardiovascular problems (Table III).
The most frequently reported contributions to errors during anaesthesia included syringe swaps, misidentification of drugs, and fatigue (Fig. 2). Although 81.9% of our respondents indicated that they repeated control checks before administering a drug during anaesthesia, it is of concern that 18.1% did not double-check by themselves or with someone else assisting. This omission could be a main reason for the occurrence of syringe swaps. Fatigue that could result in errors was identified as a main contributory factor, especially where two drug names are closely related or the ampoules appear similar. The repeat control check may unintentionally be omitted owing to exhaustion. Misidentification of syringes could be attributed to only 23.8% of respondents being aware of a South African standard for colour coding syringe labels in the operating theatre, which is also not available in these and many other state hospitals. Only a quarter of respondents who were aware of this system used it when administering anaesthesia.
Most (92.9%) of our respondents indicated that they would report errors if a single agency for this purpose existed, whereas Gordon et al.2 reported that only 60% of respondents would do so. More than 60% of our respondents suggested that errors should be reported to the SA Society of Anaesthesiologists.
Most errors (84.5%) were not reported to the patient, which could be attributed to it being of no clinical significance or could be rectified and harm prevented. Further factors could be fear of legal prosecution and that doctors lacked communication skills.11 Doctors may find it difficult to convey bad news to patients and therefore disregard the problem, and most health professionals may be reluctant to admit their mistakes.12 Non-disclosure of this information may aggravate the problem of drug errors since contributing factors and situations cannot be identified and adjusted.
Conclusion and recommendations
Most anaesthetists have been or will be involved in a drug error at some stage. We included non-specialist anaesthetists to determine their incidence of errors. Although most errors were of no clinical significance and all patients recovered completely where intervention was required, all anaesthetists, whether regular or infrequent practitioners, should be aware of the possibility of this problem. Systems can be put in place to reduce drug errors: a standardised colour-coding system would decrease errors, and special attention should be given to drugs that are commonly confused, such as fentanyl and suxamethonium. Specialists and registrars reported the most errors, and interns the least. We deduced that the longer work experience of senior practitioners made them more at ease about admitting their mistakes. A central reporting agency that can collect information regarding errors and identify trends and other factors that can prevent mistakes, may motivate anaesthetists to report errors without fear of prosecution. Communication skills are important and should simplify the reporting of errors to patients and others. Since fatigue plays an important role in many errors, doctors should not work excessively long shifts, and should take precautions when tired, e.g. ask a colleague to perform repeat control checks together. However, working long hours is usually beyond a doctor's control. Rigid practice routines such as the syringe size and colouring for specific drugs, routine double check (with or without a third party), and arrangement of syringes on the work surface may reduce errors. Physicians administering anaesthesia must be aware of the SANS 26825 colour-coded system for syringes approved by the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) in June 2009. These require labels to be attached to syringes for the correct identification of their contents during anaesthesia.13 Electronic methods may contribute to reducing mistakes in future.
The authors acknowledge the administrative staff of the Department of Anaesthesiology, UFS, for assistance with telephone calls, photocopying and general support; Dr Elzaan Groenewald for suggestions on the report; all correspondents and participants at public sector hospitals in the Free State for their involvement; and Daleen Struwig, medical writer, Faculty of Health Sciences, UFS, for technical and editorial preparation of the manuscript.
1. Wheeler SJ, Wheeler DW. Medication errors in anaesthesia and critical care. Anaesthesia 2005;60:257-273. [ Links ]
2. Gordon PC, Llewellyn RL, James MFM. Drug administration errors by South African anaesthetists - a survey. S Afr Med J 2006;96:630-632. [ Links ]
3. Fasting S, Gisvold SE. Adverse drug errors in anesthesia, and the impact of coloured syringe labels. Can J Anaesth 2000;47:1060-1067. [ Links ]
4. Orser BA, Chen RJB, Yee DA. Medication errors in anesthetic practice: a survey of 687 practitioners. Can J Anaesth 2001;48:139-146. [ Links ]
5. Khan FA, Hoda MQ. A prospective survey of intra-operative critical incidents in a teaching hospital in a developing country. Anaesthesia 2001;56:171-182. [ Links ]
6. Llewellyn RL, Gordon PC, Wheatcroft D, et al. Drug administration errors: a prospective survey from three South African training hospitals. Anaesth Intensive Care 2009;37:93-98. [ Links ]
7. Bruce SM, Conaglen HM, Conaglen JV. Burnout in physicians: a case for peer-support. Int Med J 2005;35:272-278. [ Links ]
8. McManus IC, Winder BC, Gordon D. The causal links between stress and burnout in a longitudinal study of UK doctors. Lancet 2002;359:2089-2090. [ Links ]
9. Kluger MT, Townend K, Laidlaw T. Job satisfaction, stress and burnout in Australian specialist anaesthetists. Anaesthesia 2003;58:339-345. [ Links ]
10. Department of Health. Contact details of public hospitals in South Africa. Pretoria: Department of Health. http://www.doh.gov.za/hosp_contacts-f.html ( accessed 20 January 2009). [ Links ]
11. Sanson-Fisher R, Maguire P. Should skills in communicating with patients be taught in medical schools? Lancet 1980;2(8193):523-526. [ Links ]
12. Ausman JI. The international disease of doctors. Surg Neurol 1997;48:425-426. [ Links ]
13. South African Bureau of Standards . SANS 26825 (2009). Anaesthetic and Respiratory Equipment- User-applied Labels for Syringes containing Drugs used during Anaesthesia: Colours, Design and Performance. Pretoria: South African Bureau of Standards. https://www.sabs.co.za/content/ uploads/files/06-09.pdf (accessed 1 November 2010). [ Links ]
Accepted 11 November 2010.
Corresponding author: J Diedericks (firstname.lastname@example.com)


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North Koreans are subverting their government's censorship by sharing files on USB sticks and MP3 players, claims a report.
A Quiet Opening, by Nat Kretchin and Jane Kim, uses testimony from defectors and refugees to build a picture of how popular media originating from other countries is within the isolated dictatorship. The answer, you may be surprised to hear, appears to be "very".
North Korea—or to use its official name, the Democratic Peoples' Republic of Korea—is also known as the "Hermit Kingdom", a reflection of its isolation from the outside world. North Koreans are fed a strictly controlled and limited diet of media, and officially have no access to unvetted material. However, the collected testimony paints a picture of a people who are slowly gaining an understanding of the outside world—a process which began when the severe famine of the late 1990s shook many North Koreans' faith in their government.
Connected officials and elites are able to buy MP3 players, DVDs, and USB sticks from connections in China, and the contents are handed around surreptitiously. It's a modern twist on what was called "samizdat" in the USSR—forbidden books and pamphlets, copied and spread among activists in secret.
A 44-year-old male from Chongjin (the third largest city in the DPRK, close to the Chinese border) told the authors of the report: "About 70-80 percent of people that have MP3/4 players are young people. When you do a crackdown of MP3/4 players among high school and university students, you see that 100 percent of them have South Korean music."
The report also quotes several people who say that families and friends often gather together to watch the latest episodes of the most popular South Korean shows. Soap operas from the South are incredibly popular—and the gap between what they're told about the South (that it's poor and repressive) versus what they see (young people in designer clothes having parties) is contributing to widespread disbelief in the regime's propaganda.
The most important officials have always had access to material forbidden to the wider populace, but the implications of this latest report are that these illicit materials are filtering down to other families—and they're not scared to share their illegal media with others. A 47-year-old female from Pyongyang says kids in her childrens' class would use the class computer to copy files for each other—a crime that not long ago would have been considered unthinkable.
Recent visitors to North Korea will have noticed that mobile phones are a common sight even in the poorest areas of the country (the country has one of the highest levels of 3G penetration in the world), and in some of Pyongyang's more elite districts iPads are not unusual. While the penalties for accessing foreign media content are incredibly severe—ranging from three months to five years of forced labour, depending on how subversive it is—the proliferation of so many electronic devices is making it easier for people to communicate both with each other and the outside world.
While the North Korean government may restrict the access its people have to the Internet, it's nevertheless believed to have one of the most effective online foreign espionage operations in the world. In the wake of widespread GPS jamming in South Korea in May, information security professor Lee Dong-Hoon claimed that North Korea had the third most powerful cyberwar capabilities in the world after the US and Russia, and organisations which cover North Korea in the West are frequently subjected to hacking and DDoS attacks.
It's worth noting that this report, like most that come out of North Korea, relies on sampling a very small subsection of DPRK society. Most refugees come from either Pyongyang or other richer border regions with China, as those are the sections of society with the material wealth and connections that give them a chance of defecting in the first place. The majority of the population lives in much poorer rural conditions and with more chance of being persecuted if caught with forbidden media. The report points out that only 16 percent of those questioned for the report said they had access to some kind of computer. Frequent power shortages make it unlikely that number will dramatically increase any time soon.


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Is Your Starbucks Closing? Do You Care?
Those 600 stores that Starbucks is closing? Ten are in New York City. So sayeth the Times.
Is your Starbucks closing? Here's the list.
All in Midtown:
- 340 Madison Avenue (at 44th Street)
- 400 Madison Avenue (near 48th Street)
- 1600 Broadway (near 48th Street)
- 1675 Broadway (near 52nd Street)
- 565 Fifth Avenue (near 46th Street)
- The one on the fifth floor of Macy's in Herald Square
All in Glendale:
- Atlas Park shopping center location
- 8989 Union Turnpike
Bay Ridge, 8414 Third Avenue (at 84th Street)
Additionally, one Starbucks in Newark is closing, 744 Broad Street.


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Anlong Veng, CambodiaKirsty Turner
Exercise caution when exploring this area as there are still a large number of unexploded landmarks in the countryside around the town. Make sure you stick to the clearly marked paths and if in doubt hire a guide to show you the sights.
Most people visit Anlong Veng to discover more about Cambodia under the rule of the Khmer Rouge. Those who are interested in the life of former leader Pol Pot will be able to take a motorcycle ride through paddy fields to get here. Although the house itself is a bit of a let down, the ride is worthwhile as it takes visitors past the picturesque Damrek Mountains.
Next, take a short walk to Ta Mok's mountain house, which offers stunning views of the surrounding area from is lofty position. Those who want to spend the night here will find a comfortable guesthouse nearby. Afterwards, take a short trip to Ta Mok's town house, which is set overlooking a large lake. The house was built by Tak Mok himself and contains a number of large murals depicting scenes of Preah Vihear and Angkor Wat.
Pol Pot's grave is also located in the town of Anlong Veng, although it is a fairly modest construction, complete with wire from old tires and a rusting metal roof. There is a small shrine nearby, which was put up by someone from Thailand after they had a dream in which Pol Pot appeared to them with the winning lottery numbers. Even in death, Pol Pot's legend lives on in its own bafflingly bizarre way.
Local people often tend to gather at the manmade Anlong Veng Lake to do a spot of fishing, and this is also a good place to swim or take a boat out. Those who are feeling a bit peckish can buy food from the snack stalls that can be found near the lake and enjoy a picnic while soaking up the scenery.


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Looking for advertising rates for the Cherokee County Herald? The Cherokee County Herald is a weekly newspaper serving the Birmingham, AL area. The weekly newspaper has approximately 3,000 readers. The parent company of the publication is News Publishing Company.
Cost of Cherokee County Herald Advertising
The estimated rate for ads in the newspaper is $12.00. Note: advertising rate estimates are typically for a column inch of black and white advertising space. Seasonal factors should also be considered. Our estimates are estimates only and may be out of date or incorrect. Advertising rates change frequently. Contact the newspaper's advertising department for an exact quote.
Contact the advertising department at (256) 927-5037 for ad prices or more information.
Cherokee County Herald Contact Information
Cherokee County Herald107 1st Ave WCentre, AL 35960-1998Phone: (256) 927-5037Fax: (256) 927-4853
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Eva-Lotta Ohlsson
Eva-Lotta Ohlsson, soprano, trained at the University of Gothenburg School of Theatre and Opera. She made her début in 2006 as Donna Fulvia in La Pietra del Paragone at Läckö Slottsopera. Following on from that was Susanna in The Marriage of Figaro, Cleopatra in Giulio Cesare, Sandrina in La Finta Giardiniera, Micaela in Carmen, Female Chorus in The Rape of Lucretia, Fiordiligi in Cosi fan tutte, Valencienne in The Merry Widow and musical roles such as Maria in The Sound of Music, Magnolia in Showboat, Maria in West Side Story and Eliza in My Fair Lady. In the Göteborg Opera production of The Magic Flute, she sang the roles of Papagena in 2009 and Pamina in 2012. At the Göteborg Opera, she has also sung the role of Gianetta in L'elisir d'amore, Musetta in Bohème, Adele i Die Fledermaus, Barbarina i Le Nozze di Figaro, Julia i Romeo & Juliet, Crobyle i Thaïs, Flower Girl in Parsifal, and the Second Water Nymph in Rusalka. Eva-Lotta Ohlsson is also frequently engaged as a concert singer. She was awarded the Jenny Lind Scholarship in 2009, which led on to tours of countries such as Canada and the USA.
Image: Malin Arnesson


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Board one of the best Coolsailing boats and experience a dream cruise in Canary islands. You'll have the possibility to charter different kind of boats for your cruise in Canary islands: catamaran, monohull, gulet, yacht or motor boat. Select your boat according to your destination and your sailing area; don't worry, the Coolsailing team will help you find out which boat suits you the most! One of the renting options is to charter only a boat (if you have a boat license) but you also get the chance to rent it with a skipper and/or a crew if you are looking for more comfort and relaxation. You will not have to worry about anything since Coolsailing takes care of all your cruise arrangements.
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Lilli Vanhatalo
Lilli Vanhatalo
Before partnering with Nu Skin, I studied social psychology and marketing at Helsinki University. I also worked part-time as a waitress at several restaurants and coffee shops. I had and still have a great affection for horses and loved training my horse and competing at a high level in dressage and western riding (very expensive and time-consuming hobby!). I had made up my mind that I did not want to do a "normal 8 to 4 job" - I would like to generate something of my own instead. I just had no idea what it could be that I could make enough money and gain enough time from. One option was to work with horses, but it is a very hard and poorly paid job.
I dreamed of doing something extraordinary with my life as long as I could remember and since childhood, I had big dreams. My biggest dream was freedom. For me, success is doing what you want, with whom you want, whenever you want, as a quote on Facebook cleverly said. And that dream of financial- and time-related freedom, and ultimately independence has been my driving force ever since. That has also been my biggest motivation. And for me, freedom means having all the time and money I could spend with my husband, friends and horses. And travel around the world and not having to wake up early in the morning, which is very important! I don't have any children yet, but when I do, I want that both my husband and I can stay at home to take care of them.
I was first introduced to Nu Skin's products when my sponsor, who is a friend of my mother, sent me some products as a wedding gift. They felt good on my very dry and sensitive skin but I refused to listen to anything about starting a business. I thought that no "serious" money could be earned from that kind of "small" business and I couldn't even imagine that it could be a vehicle to achieve my dreams. Luckily, my sponsor believed in me and kept on asking me to join the business. Finally, when she promised to buy me plane tickets from Helsinki to Copenhagen to see the products, people and business, I agreed and flew to Copenhagen. That's when I saw the potential of this business. That was December 2009. I became an Executive in February 2010 and have been working with Nu Skin full time since March 2011.
Nu Skin business has made me a better person!
It teaches me self-control, trust, patience and social skills. The business can grow only as fast as you grow yourself (and because I'm very stubborn, I had some hard times in the beginning). I am very thankful to my team who are amazing, hard working people; I would do anything to help them make their dreams come true. I am also very thankful to my upline and husband for all the support they give me.
I use the Nu Skin Sales Compensation Plan, the EMEA Success Trips, Executive Bonuses and all the campaigns to plan how to get my financial goals. The financial plans I make according to how much money I need (short term goal) and how much money I want (long term goal).
When you have very clear vision about your destination it is a lot easier to get there! For example, if you get into a taxi and you don't know where you want to go or you only say where you do not want to go, it is very hard for the taxi driver to get you where you want to go. It is the same with your unconscious mind, you are going somewhere all the time in your life, but you can only get where you want if you know what your goals are! Writing them down makes you concentrate on them and really think about what you want!
There are three memorable experiences that are the most important for me (also EMEA Success Trips, etc., they are awesome, but these three moments were significant).
The first is the moment I saw my vision of freedom and realised it could be achieved with Nu Skin. I was at a business presentation in Denmark for the first time and understand absolutely nothing but at the end of the presentation, my upline showed me a picture of a very beautiful beach and said "as soon as you have enough customers and Distributors in your team and you have helped them to start, you will be free to do whatever you would like to do". And that was it! I went back home and started to work!
The next big moment was when I found out that after all the struggling in the beginning my income had increased linearly year after year (and later on exponentially). So although it seemed to be frustrating and almost impossible, it had gone forward very systematically.
The third experience occurred recently when I qualified as a Blue Diamond and I was asked to speak in big trainings and people wanted to hear my story. I realised that I'm finally where I want to be and now is the time to start to make all my dreams come true.
Now, I'm finally free (there is a lot of work still to do but I can choose who I work with and when and where). I can work with extraordinary people in extraordinary places and I can start to make true all those things I have dreamed of and I can make new dreams with no limits, because with this business I can achieve almost anything I can dream of!


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The first time I heard of Derek Jeter, this young star emerging from the Yankees' farm system, I was an 8-year-old boy. He has never not been my favorite baseball player — even now, when he's neither young nor a star.
Jeter was a 22-year-old about to become an everyday starting shortstop around the time I was finally ready to inherit some sporting allegiances of my own, which made all the difference. In his first game that season, he smacked a homer. Then, the next day, he collected three hits. He seemed to play the game the right way, people would say, and he was so young! Since then, he's had a marvelous career. He's won five World Series titles, and he will be a Hall of Famer. He is, by all accounts, the standup guy he seemed to be as a kid. And now he is 36 years old, and he is no longer a very good Major League Baseball player — that should be pretty clear to anyone watching him closely. At last, all those splendid intangibles have been outstripped by all these mediocre tangibles. This is the year that Yankees fans finally concede the point.
Which means, as Joe Posnanski wrote last week, that Jeter and the Yankees are approaching a fascinating crossroads:
You know the deal. Jeter's contract with the Yankees is up at the end of the year. Both sides understand that they HAVE no choice but to work out a deal. The Yankees cannot possibly let perhaps the most beloved Yankee of them all go somewhere else and get his 3,000th hit and retire to another place's cheers and under another team's cap. Can't happen. And Derek Jeter cannot possibly go play for the Rockies or the Brewers or the Red Sox or the Mets, it's simply unimaginable for the man who still has the voice of Bob Sheppard introduce him. Can't happen. So the Yankees have to keep him, and Jeter has to stay, and both sides fully understand. But it is also becoming more and more clear by the day that Derek Jeter is declining pretty rapidly as a player.
Jeter has never been a good defensive shortstop. (Posnanski: "He was, by various statistical measures, a terrible defensive shortstop for much of his career.") He is mired in the worst offensive year of his career. (Posnanski: "Derek Jeter has made 432 outs-most in baseball by 17.") He is probably going to suck some life out of the Yankees' payroll. (Posnanski: "The Yankees cannot viably pay Derek Jeter less or the same amount as they're paying A.J. Burnett. He's Derek Jeter.") And he is old, for a baseball player. (Posnanski: "When you have a 36-year-old shortstop with a .314 lifetime average suddenly hitting .266 in September — it sure smells of serious and irreversible decline.")
Still, as Posnanski writes, this is bound to end the right way for Jeter and the Yankees, as long as both conveniently ignore the question of whether it's worth mortgaging the franchise's future for a lot of gooey sentiment. Baseball is a ruthless business, but it will go out of its way to soften the fall for a star like Jeter. (Take Craig Biggio: As an icon, Biggio meant half as much to the Astros and their fans as Jeter does to the Yankees and theirs, and he was kept around well past his expiration date.) For Jeter, loyalty will trump efficiency, let alone plain common sense. The Yankees can go out and poach a better shortstop, but they won't. And inevitably, Yankees fans will likewise pretend to ignore what is, on paper, a management gaffe — an honorarium that might quickly become an albatross. "I've been over and over it, and there's no way around it. The disaster is coming," Michael Schur gloated to Posnanski.
I've been over and over it, too, from the other perspective. After all, I've been a Jeter acolyte for as long as I've known the difference between left field and right. I collected his baseball cards and hung up his posters. I purchased a baseball glove with his canned signature, loopy in specks of gold, and I tried to lather it with oil until I acknowledged that it just wasn't a very good piece of leather. I imitated his batting stance, and, just for fun, I would fade into the hole and jump-throw against my body, hoping against reason that the ball would reach first base. Jeter's No. 2 was the first to go on any Little League team — before No. 3 or No. 7, even — and if he had decided, one day, to lift one pant leg and not the other, I'm pretty sure all of my friends, the very next day, would have revealed one stirrup, and only one stirrup. Anything Jeter did on the baseball field, we did on the baseball field.
He was our guy, the way Tom Seaver was for Mets fans of a certain generation ("I looked down at my white undershirt, on which I'd drawn '41' with a Magic Marker. 'That's forty-one,' I said. 'Tom Seaver's number,'' J.R. Moehringer wrote in The Tender Bar), the way Freddy Lynn was for New England kids ("Like every other kid in New England," Bill Simmons wrote in an ESPN tribute, "I wanted to be just like him."), the way Mickey Mantle was for my father (Mickey was fast and graceful with the sweetest swing, and he could have been the greatest, my father would tell me, while I imagined a Disney character's oversized stuffed head patrolling center at Yankee Stadium).
Jeter isn't the player he was then, and he won't be. But he remains our guy, and in Yankeedom, that counts for something. And if it means that Jeter is about to become the most overpaid player in baseball, well, so be it. Post-Moneyball, smart baseball fans have come to laugh at emotional attachment and fetishize efficiency above all else, as if there were something inherently noble about winning at a discount. What those leaked MLB financial documents teach us, however, is that there are far worse, more poisonous things in baseball than a team that wastes money — a team that wastes none of it, say — and that in the modern game, efficient is really just a nice word for cheap.
The Yankees spend extravagantly not on winning, precisely, but on preserving the aura of winning and organizational continuity, on that famous Yankee mystique — on gooey sentiment, in other words. Mock it all you want; no other team is as in tune with its fans' feelings, if only because no other team stands to make so much money off those feelings. In that sense, they have to keep Jeter around in pinstripes, even at a way-above-market rate, even when he's kicking balls all over the infield and swinging wildly at first pitches, even when he devolves from deficiency to outright liability. To their way of doing business, having Jeter in the lineup is every bit as important as dusting off Yogi Berra now and then and trotting him out for special occasions.
In the end, it doesn't make any difference that Jeter has started to go bad, that there are days in the field he looks more like a statue that wandered away from Monument Park. For a lot of us, he's still that same young star sneaking a homer over the right-field wall in 1996 or finding himself by the first-base line in 2001 or diving into the third row in 2004, a player so imbued with that essential Yankeeness it's as if he's been preserved in amber. Over the next few years, as the Jeter farewell tour slogs into a marathon, you'll hear a lot of chatter about True Yankees and The Truest Yankees. It will all be very tiresome, and it will be more accurate than anyone realizes.


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Nothing against wayside cross - it is surely nice, together like Marterl (their bells were very often used for ringing of alarm), but I prefer religious neutrality - so, there would be needed to add also shrines for islam and judaism (at least).
(on another note... are there black people in any set?
A bit off topic, but I think culture is too dependant on religion to abandon it - it would mean no churches, no graveyards, ...
On the other hand, depicting all religions equally seems wrong.
Wayside Cross and Marterl both only fit the "Austrian" climate zone only, not northern Germany, so naturally that's where they appear.
There is no climate zone for muslems or jews, though.
(on another note... are there black people in any set? I think in pak192.comic they all have the same skin color oô)
[...]1. Southern part of Spain was under reign of Muslims before year 1492 (they left Span after falling of Cordoba, few months before Columbus started his voyage).[...]
Cry like a woman for what you haven't been able to defend like a man
All three monotheistic religions have own churches (called churches, synagogues, mosques). I don't know situation with graveyards in islam (but I think that they have graveyards too), but jews and christians have graveyards. So no problem.
Problem may be in wayside crosses and marterls that probably have not analogues in islam and judaism. Religion buildings are mostly case of city buildings, not countryside buildings.
[...] why not to avoid being of some structures present in Simutrans. I think that churches of all shapes could be sufficient, mostly if city buildings have greater chance to be built - than countryside buildings
And to issue of equality of presence of buildings of other religions in paksets: Most paksets are mostly based on Europe, so following words are related to Europe too: Jews have lived in Europe for very long time. And in great numbers. But it is not good to think that Muslims came to Europe in few last years.
See previous point - to know more. Because in this you are wrong.Again, you are wrong - in skin colour. Crimean Tatars are (more or less) white. And Jews (and Muslims from Middle-East) are mostly white too.
but I prefer religious neutrality
there would be needed to add also shrines for islam and judaism (at least).
So why no (...) nuclear facilities? (...)I'm not aware of any current pak having instances of either of those.
Interesting to see that an 'official' pakset has nuclear.
edit: After thought, although I don't want to make a full argument, I would like to at least suggest that the flip side of "political correctness" (supposedly being evil) is the very concept of tolerance. People have hijacked efforts to increase tolerance and branded them as "political correctness". What an amazing propaganda job that is! Though, as with everything else, not everything is perfect, and perhaps some efforts at tolerance are overboard or otherwise undesirable.
And great britain (to my knowledge, never been in North Ireland) as well as the majority of germany (about 70% population wise) is devoid of wayside crosses. If included, they really need to scare, of many people will not see a familar landscape object. Maybe confining them to some alpine zones (rocky) is a way out.
Howerver, pak192.comic is not a german pak per set, see the british addons: http://forum.simutrans.com/index.php?topic=12913.0 If it would be declared pak192.comic alpine, well ...And great britain (to my knowledge, never been in North Ireland) as well as the majority of germany (about 70% population wise) is devoid of wayside crosses. If included, they really need to scare, of many people will not see a familar landscape object. Maybe confining them to some alpine zones (rocky) is a way out. Megalith on the other hand are mostly expected in lower landscapes.
Well, Ters has shown that it is indeed a coal plant as it has chimneys, but still we offer the nuclear chain in the repository.
Oh, I made a mistake when I opened discussion that turned against me, a little.
Oh, I made a mistake when I opened discussion that turned against me, a little. [...]It is hard to say if islam or christianism would be offended more by placing of such buildings like Hagia Sofia, ex-mosque in Spanish city Granada,[...]
[...]And if we are picking and choosing content, then discussing WHAT to pick and choose is hardly intolerance.[...]Meanwhile, EVERY time this topic has come up, someone has felt the need to essentially accuse those that don't like religious buildings/symbols as intolerant.
But to anyone who talks about intolerance: please be careful that you are yourself free from intolerance. And I include myself in that. I try to keep an open mind. But I have also been branded as intolerant (NOT here, but elsewhere) because I stand up to the intolerance of those who try and force things on me![...]edit: After thought, although I don't want to make a full argument,[...]
By the way, and not trying to be rude, but the ex-mosque that now is a Catholic cathedral is the Mosque of Córdoba, not Granada...
I'm happy with the outcome of this discussion.
If religious structures are offensive to atheists
It depends on each human. I count myself as a atheist, but I like visits of churches, because I go to see art (and work of masters of building) there.
Actually, another interesting question: If someone did a pak.india, what if he'd include swastikas?
However, what if you were part of pak192.comic? If you said "No, I'm an atheist, I don't want it in the pak", wouldn't you try to "highjack" the pak for your atheistic worldview? In which way would that be different from saying "I'm Austrian, so I want the common stuff of Austria in the pak"? And I don't mean that as an accusation, I'm genuinly curious what the difference is.


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Wired networks incur gamut components for installing internet connection. It not only surges cost, but with the components such as switches, hubs, and Ethernet cables, whole frame drives in multiple complexities. To overcome such challenges, Wi-Fi has become a great alternative. This technology implements high-frequency radio waves instead of wired networks. Similar to Wi-Fi, another technology Li-Fi has emerged that uses visible light communication instead of radio signals. Li-Fi delivers high-speed in a much more secure way that even the latest Wi-Fi advancements cannot offer. Li-Fi allows 100 times faster data transmission than Wi-Fi, making it more competent.
Market Analysis:
The Wi-Fi and Li-Fi markets are estimated to witness a CAGR of 15.0% and 61.3%, respectively during the forecast period 2016–2022. The Wi-Fi market is analyzed by deployment mode, products, services, verticals, and regions. The Li-Fi market is analyzed by components, verticals, and regions. Increasing productivity, high speed, reliable & secure communication, and flexibility are the main reasons to switch to wireless Wi-Fi and Li-Fi technology. The Li-Fi market is emerging and being developed, which would likely lead to an increase in the adoption of Li-Fi in the next 5–7 years.
Regional Analysis:
The Americas is set to be the leading region for the Wi-Fi and Li-Fi market growth followed by Europe and Asia Pacific for the adoption of technologies. Asia Pacific is known for improvements in infrastructure and IT investments by MNCs. Thus, the region will have enormous potential for Wi-Fi connections. MEA is set to be the emerging region with a lot of opportunities and is expected to reach $4.09 billion (Wi-Fi) and $827.9 million (Li-Fi), respectively by 2022.
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Vertical Analysis:
The major verticals covered in the report are IT & telecom, education, healthcare, BFSI, retail, aerospace (in-flight operations), traffic management, underwater applications, and indoor networking. Globally, the industry players are showing interest towards Wi-Fi and Li-Fi technology. The Wi-Fi technology is already being incorporated and is widely accepted in IT & telecom, education, and healthcare sectors due to the organization's shift towards wireless ecosystem. The indoor networking segment is set to be the leading vertical for Li-Fi technology. The market revenue for indoor networking and traffic management is expected to reach $654.2 million and $5,509.4 million, respectively by 2022.
Key Players:
pureLiFi, IBSENtelecom, Alcatel-Lucent, Ericsson, Hewlett-Packard Enterprise (HPE), Cisco, Lucibel, Ruckus Wireless, GE Lighting, Renesas Electronics Corp., LIGHTBEE, Velmenni, and Oledcomm S.A.S.
Competitive Analysis:
The Wi-Fi & Li-Fi are becoming demanding technologies. There are enormous business opportunities for new players entering the market and collaborating with large players in providing various products and services. Especially for Li-Fi technology, new start-ups are coming with technologically advanced products, services, and solutions in the market and are expected to see double-digit growth in the next 5–7 years. In this space, collaboration and merger & acquisition activities are expected to continue.
The report provides an in-depth analysis of the Wi-Fi & Li-Fi market aiming to understand the networking environment. The report talks about deployment mode, products, services, components, verticals, and regions for both Li-Fi and Wi-Fi. The key stakeholders can know about the major trends, drivers, investments, vertical player's initiatives, and government initiatives towards the adoption in the next 5–7 years. Moreover, the report provides details about the major challenges impacting the market growth.
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