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Financial and Insurance Issues
|Directory Of Financial Resources
|Financial Resource Guide For Patients: A state by state directory.
|Angel Flight
|Angel Flight arranges free air transportation for charitable and medical needs.
|Corporate Angel Network
|Arranges free travel for cancer patients to treatment centers using the empty seats on corporate jets.
|A site to learn about patient assistance programs and other programs designed to help those who cant afford their medicines.
|Official U.S. government site for people with Medicare.
|Fifth Season Financial Assistance
|Fifth Season's Loans for Living program provides people living with late stage cancer, loans against their life insurance policy. The loan is designed to allow the cancer patients and their families to focus on living each day to its fullest without the distractions of financial stress. To learn more, call toll-free (866) 459-1271 or visit https://www.fifthseasonfinancial.com.
|Patient Advocate Foundation
|Patient Advocate Foundation (PAF) is a national 501 (c)(3) non-profit case management service that assures access to care, maintenance of employment, and preservation of financial stability for Americans with chronic, life-threatening, and debilitating illnesses.For more information about Patient Advocate Foundation, visit https://www.patientadvocate.org. Para la informacion en el espanol, haga clic aqui.
|Patient Advocate Foundation Co-Pay Relief Program
|Patient Advocate Foundation's Co-Pay Relief (CPR) program provides co-payment assistance for prescription drugs to insured Americans who financially and medically qualify. Services are provided through CPR call counselors, and payments are made to the designated payee upon approval.For more information about the PAF Co-Pay Relief Program, visit https://www.copays.org.
As someone diagnosed with cancer or as the primary caregiver for a cancer patient, you already know that information can be your best ally. Informing yourself about options and resources for confronting the financial challenges that cancer presents is no less important than studying disease characteristics and treatment options. An understanding of the various ways to ease the burden of medical bills can be a critical step in alleviating stress and allowing you to remain focused on your care and well-being or that of your loved one.
Fifth Season Financial Corp, a lending institution uniquely and exclusively dedicated to the financial needs of those confronting life-threatening illnesses, has worked with Cancer Consultants to develop the following guidelines to help cancer patients and their families effectively manage their healthcare expenses so that they can focus on their well-being and cherished relationships with friends and family.
When you or a loved one has cancer, many issues, decisions and difficulties arise. Fortunately, there are numerous national, regional and local support services to help you deal with many of these problems. The first step is learning about the types of services available and where they can be most conveniently accessed.
This information can help you familiarize yourself with numerous resources that are available, explore new ways to meet your financial challenges, and ultimately gain peace of mind.
The truth is worrying about money matters takes its toll on other aspects of your life, from physical health to emotional balance. Therefore, the more proactively you address the new financial changes and challenges that accompany a life-threatening illness, the better things are for you—and for your family.
The Ten Essential Guiding Steps to Clarity and Control
- Step 1: You Have More People in Your Corner than You Realize
- Step 2: Organizing Your Thoughts, Paperwork, and Details
- Step 3: Analyzing Your Income, Expenses, and Health Insurance
- Step 4: Reducing Monthly Bills to Expand Options
- Step 5: Securing Sufficient Healthcare Coverage
- Step 6: Dealing Promptly with Cash Shortfalls
- Step 7: Setting New Goals and Achieving Them
- Step 8: Creatively Analyzing Your Assets
- Step 9: Reviewing Your Full Array of Options
- Step 10: Knowing Your Unique Rights and Benefits
By reaching out to friends, family members, business associates, and supportive organizations, you may well discover a world of hope and possibility that you never knew existed.
While no two individuals' illnesses are exactly the same, there is one thing that everyone with a life-threatening illness shares: Time is of the essence. So in order to expedite matters, it is often advisable to have a lawyer, accountant or financial advisor (discussed further in Step 2) to help you analyze the situation and choose the proactive options that best serve your particular circumstances.
Some people are able to keep working and earn an income while they deal with their illness, which in turn allows them to organize things at a more relaxed pace. For those whose option to work is no longer feasible, the old adage Time Is Money takes on a whole new meaning. Bills keep coming even as income from work is sharply curtailed—or stopped entirely—and the result is all too often a level of stress that is totally counter-productive to healing.
That is why it is vital that you address your financial affairs as soon as possible even if it means asking for help. Once you take a deep breath, start to organize things, and set up a basic plan of action, the rest will begin to fall into place. The sooner you get the organizational ball rolling, the better.
While it is true that no two people approach organization in the same way, we have devised a basic format here, along with a list of papers you will want to have. If you already have a system that works for you, no problem. But for those who need a sample format, this one is simple and straightforward.
There are two primary reasons to get all your facts and figures organized.
The first is to make sure you have all the papers and information you need to conduct your affairs, and if your mind is on other things, to help you remember your regular bills and other obligations. The second is to have your important documents readily accessible.
Again, there are countless ways to do this, but the simplest approach may be to create separate file folders for the following categories:
- All bills
- All the receipts from the bills you pay each month
- Information about your regular income (wage stubs, transmittal letters for social security or disability payments)
- Health insurance policies
- Health insurance claims filed
- Health insurance claims paid (each claim that is paid should be stapled to the paperwork for that claim from the "claims filed" folder)
- Health insurance claim appeals
- Disability insurance policies
- Life insurance policies
- Home insurance policies
- Papers related to the ownership of your home and any other significant assets (stocks, jewelry, boats, vacation homes, cars, art work, etc.)
- Tax returns for the last three years
- Information on your checking, savings, IRA or other bank or investment accounts
- Your will, advanced medical directives, and related papers
- Power of attorney
Next create a master list of important people and their phone numbers.
Include members of your family or close friends who should be notified if something happens to you. Add your clergy, doctors, attorney, accountant, financial advisor, insurance brokers, and employer. Also state where to find all the above files, and be sure to send a copy to your lawyer or a trusted family member or friend.
A well-informed financial advisor can be a major asset. It may have been suggested you need a professional financial advisor to help you with your income and expense analysis and with planning your financial needs. This may be a good idea, especially if your affairs are rather complicated.
- Financial advisors may be lawyers, accountants, investment advisors, or certified financial planners.
- They also may be a family member or trusted friend with enough experience and "good business judgment" to do the job.
You should have a lawyer for certain matters, particularly the power of attorney, and perhaps an accountant to advise you on conducting financial affairs. You may have a friend or family member who is able and willing to help, someone close to you and that you trust to be there when you need him or her.
If you do not already have a lawyer, the best method for getting one, or any other professional, is to ask a friend for a recommendation. After you explain your situation clearly, here are three questions you should ask any professional advisor:
- What, specifically, can you do to help me?
- What will your services cost?
- fixed fee versus an hourly fee
- charge for phone calls/contact
- How accessible will you be?
Review your income, expenses, and health insurance coverage to get an accurate picture of your financial situation and determine if your healthcare costs will be covered.
Do I have enough money to pay the bills? Will I have enough money in three months? Do I have to pay all the bills? Can I hold some for later, or reduce what I owe? Do I have the kind of health insurance I need?
Even if you are able to cover all your current monthly and annual expenses, take a hard look at whe
re your income is coming from—employment, social security, disability insurance, income from assets—and how that income may change over time. Then ask yourself: "What specifically is my family spending money on each month?"
If you choose to maintain your current standard of living and have the financial means to do so—no problem. On the other hand, if your illness has caused (or threatens to cause) a sharp drop in your income, then you may find these guidelines helpful in developing some workable goals that are both practical and achievable.
Current Income Sources
First, list all your sources of current income. These may include:
- Income from employment
- Social Security
- Supplemental Security Income
- Social Security Disability Income
- Short- or long-term disability payments from employer plans
- Individual disability policy
- Investment or retirement income
- Veteran's benefits
- General assistance from government sources
Review all your bills. Look at those you pay every month: mortgage or rent, fuel, phone, car payments, utilities, credit cards, etc.
Look at the bills you pay quarterly and annually, including property taxes and insurance premiums. These are easy to overlook, and could be an unpleasant surprise if not planned for.
Getting Your Health Insurance Coverage in Order
Since healthcare costs will be part of your expenses, it is important to assess the quality of your coverage. Review your health insurance policy or employee benefits booklet.
Here are some common items in health insurance policies that will affect your costs:
- Lifetime maximums (the maximum amount your insurance company will pay for your healthcare over your lifetime) and how much is left
- Deductibles—there may be a single deductible per year, or there may be deductibles for some or all covered procedures or expenses
- Co-pay amounts required
- Coverage for prescriptions and how you are reimbursed
- Your out-of-pocket maximum amount per year (after which insurance pays 100% of allowable charges)
- Differences in coverage between inpatient (hospitalization) and outpatient (home or clinic care)
Check to see what the limits are for outpatient and same-day procedures.
Sometimes lab tests and X-rays will be covered only if performed in a hospital or affiliated clinic. What is the coverage for emergency room treatment? Is there a separate deductible?
Here is one of the most important rules to remember: always ask questions if you do not understand something. Ask for what you need if you are not getting it. Ask for what you want if you do not have it. And, if you do not like the answer, ask again, or ask someone else—sometimes you need to speak to a supervisor.
Here are some other points to consider:
- If your plan requires that all your care be coordinated through a primary care physician, make sure all appropriate referrals are sent to any consulting physicians.
- If a "pre-authorization number" is needed for visits or procedures, record that number in a safe place for future reference should billing problems arise.
- If you are having trouble paying co-pays and deductibles for hospital bills, contact the business office supervisor and try to negotiate a smaller monthly payment schedule. For doctor bills contact the physician's office manager.
- If problems occur review and follow the appeal or grievance process included in your plan.
- If there are still unresolved issues, contact your state insurance commissioner for possible assistance and guidance.
Read your health insurance policy or employee benefits booklet. If you have any questions about the meaning of your coverage, call the claims department directly.
Now that you have collected your monthly, quarterly, and annual bills and organized them, there may be many opportunities to reduce what you have to pay or owe.
If you own a home with a mortgage, you may be able to refinance for a lower monthly payment. If you rent you may be able to renegotiate the terms of your lease.
Shop around for your other regular monthly services and see what you are offered. Call your current suppliers and ask them if they would consider reducing your rate—sometimes they respond to competition and do not want to lose a valued customer.
Many utility companies have special programs to help individuals reduce their energy costs.
Some states or municipalities may have special programs for senior citizens or individuals with lower incomes to pay reduced property or school taxes.
Examine your insurance policies and see exactly what you are paying for.
There may be an old rider or some coverage you no longer need, and eliminating it could lower your premium.
If you have high credit card debt and other outstanding loans, you can often consolidate them for a more favorable interest rate.
Expenses can significantly be cut if you explore your options.
Health Insurance Options
Healthcare is a central concern for anyone reading this Guide. Clearly, it is also one of the most significant expenses faced by those living with cancer.
For the millions of people who lack healthcare coverage or do not have sufficient coverage to meet their needs, there are public and private sources of support.
ERISA(Employee Retirement Income Security Act). This is a federal law that sets minimum standards for most voluntarily established pension and healthcare plans in private industry to provide protection for individuals who participate in these plans.
1. There have been a number of amendments to ERISA expanding the protections available to health benefit plan participants. One important amendment, the Consolidated Omnibus Budget and Reconciliation Act (COBRA), provides some workers the right to continue their health coverage for a limited time after they lose their jobs. To be eligible for COBRA coverage, you must have been enrolled in your employer's health plan when you worked and the health plan must continue to be in effect for active employees. In addition, you must take steps to enroll for COBRA continuation benefits.
Employers must notify their plan administrators within 30 days after an employee's termination or after a reduction in hours that causes an employee to lose health benefits. Also, the plan administrator must provide notice to individual employees of their right to elect COBRA coverage within 14 days after the administrator has received notice from the employer. Finally, you must respond to this notice and elect COBRA coverage by the 60th day after the written notice is sent or the day healthcare coverage ceased, whichever is later. Otherwise, you will lose all right to COBRA benefits. For further information go to https://www.dol.gov, or call 866-444-3272.
2. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).
HIPPA is another amendment to ERISA which provides important new protections for working Americans and their families who have preexisting medical conditions or might otherwise suffer discrimination in health coverage based on factors that relate to an individual's health. For further information go to https://www.dol.gov, or call 866-444-3272.
3. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). These federal laws, under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Justice, pertain to job discrimination based on disability or disease. For further information go to https://www.ada.gov, or call 800-514-0301.
4. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). This is the U.S. Government Agency that enforces federal employment discrimination laws. For further information go to https://www.eeoc.gov, or call 800-669-4000.
Additional programs available through federal or state agencies:
Medicare is a federal health insurance program available for persons 65 years or older and/or those who have certain disabilities or have end-stage renal disease that requires dialysis.
Medicare consists of two main categories: the "Original Medicare Plan" and the "Medicare Advantage Plan." Each category is made up of four subcategories: Part A, Part B, Part C, and Part D.
The Original Medicare Plan Overview
The Original Medicare Plan consists of Part A— you have the option of adding Part B and D. You will automatically be enrolled in the Original
Medicare Plan unless you specifically choose to join a Medicare Advantage
Plan (Part C). This operates as a fee-for-service plan. Most individuals pay a deductible and then a co-pay or co-insurance.
The Original Medicare Plan does not cover everything. Costs that you may incur include co-insurance, co-pays, deductibles, etc. These costs are called gaps. To help cover these costs, you may want to consider purchasing a Medigap policy (private medical expense insurance plan that supplements Medicare coverage).
Part A Overview
Part A covers inpatient care and hospice and home healthcare. Most individuals do not pay a premium for this coverage.
Part B Overview
Part B covers outpatient care, doctor services, therapists, additional home healthcare, and approved medical supplies. Most individuals will have to pay a premium to receive this coverage.
Part C Overview
Part C is the combination of Part A and Part B. The main difference in Part C is that it is provided through private insurance companies approved by Medicare. With this program you may have lower costs and receive extra benefits.
Part D Overview
Part D is stand-alone prescription drug coverage insurance. Most individuals have to pay a premium for this coverage. Plans vary and cover different drugs, but all medically-necessary drugs are covered. You may choose what drug plan will be best suited to your needs.
For additional information, contact the Social Security Administration at 800-772-1213, or go to https://www.ssa.gov.
Medicaid is a combination of federal and state programs to help cover medical costs. Eligibility depends on your income as well as the ability to meet specific requirements.
Each individual state decides who is eligible and the scope of health services offered. Depending on your state's rules, you may also be asked to pay a small part of the cost for some medical services.
Low income is only one test for Medicaid eligibility; assets and resources are also tested against established thresholds.
For information about Medicaid contact the State Department of Social
Services, or go to https://www.cms.hhs.gov.
Veterans Administration (VA)
Veterans Administration Benefits may be available if an individual patient or spouse served in the U.S. Armed Forces.
Acute medical care, medications, and long-term care/assistance may be available.
The VA may provide disability payments for Vietnam Veterans who have certain types of cancer and/or peripheral neuropathy (from exposure to Agent Orange).
Contact your local VA representative for coverage, benefits and facilities, or call 800-827-1000, or go to https://www.va.gov.
Special Programs for State Grants
The state in which you live may have special programs or grants for individuals battling a diagnosis of cancer. These programs are usually for emergency hospitalization and basic needs.
Contact: Hospital social workers, hospital finance offices, and/or your physician's office manager would likely have the most up-to-date information regarding these special programs.
Finally, call your elected representatives either in Washington, DC, or in your state capital. You will probably be asked to talk to an aide, but the aide will get the message to your representative. Tell them what you need and what research you have done. They may be able to clear up a problem of eligibility for a federal or state program, or recommend a program with which you are not familiar.
Pharmaceutical Programs
There are Prescription Assistance Programs from pharmaceutical companies if you cannot afford your prescriptions. For more information either ask your pharmacist or search the Internet for available programs.
What if You Need, or Want, More Health Coverage?
For some, doctor's office visits, treatments, and regular use of prescription medications are a significant monthly expense, and health insurance that pays for a good portion of these costs is essential.
For others, the biggest worry may be long hospital stays, costly surgeries and post-operative care. Because of the potentially enormous costs involved, this is often referred to as "catastrophic care"—help for out-of-the-ordinary, and usually catastrophic, consequences to one's finances.
There are companies that specialize in providing insurance coverage for catastrophic illnesses. These policies have very limited, or no coverage, for routine expenses like doctor's visits or prescriptions, and they generally have very high deductibles—the higher the deductible, the lower your premiums. However, you will have to make a judgment as to your need for this coverage versus your ability to pay for it and the deductible.
Some companies also offer Long Term Care insurance, but again, there are limitations on what is covered, caps on the total benefit payments you may receive, and costly premiums. Your doctor may be able to help you determine if you are likely to require long-term care of the type covered by this insurance.
If you do not have healthcare coverage, you (if your health permits) or your spouse might consider taking a job with a company that offers open enrollment health plans.
You also may look for group coverage (at rates that are generally far less expensive than individual policies) by joining an association or similar organization. For instance, look into the National Association for the Self- Employed (NASE). The process of becoming a "self-employed" worker is quite simple; your lawyer may advise you on what you need to do.
Complex Care Management Programs Can SimplifyTreatment Options
Complex Care Management Programs are designed to support those individuals that are very sick. Complex Care Management Programs put you in control of your treatment options. Most often these plans will assign a Health Advocacy Team to assist you through the healthcare system and act as an advocate on your behalf. The Health Advocate's job is to gain a thorough understanding of your situation, then explain all of your treatment options and the possible outcomes of each, to you and your family. With this information, you are able to make informed decisions about the treatment plan that is right for you.
There are a number of programs available at the federal or state level that may provide income assistance. Some of these programs are briefly outlined below.
General Assistance
- There are state-funded programs to assist persons with little or no assets and little or no income.
- Generally speaking, a qualified person can receive assistance with food, housing, and a small monthly check to assist with living expenses.
- Contact your State Department of Social Services or State Department of Public Welfare.
Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
- This is a federal program that provides monthly income for eligible seniors or those who are blind or disabled and have incomes below federal minimum standards.
- The amount of money received is based on financial need, not FICA contributions on earnings previously paid under Social Security requirements.
- Usually, eligible persons may also qualify for food assistance and Medicaid on a state level.
- If you are on Medicare, SSI will, in most cases, pay your Medicare premiums.
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)
- AFDC is a federal benefit program for children with permanent disabilities.
- These benefits may also be available for children where one or both parents are disabled, retired, or deceased.
- An individual cannot receive both SSI payments and payments under the AFDC program; however, a parent or child may be eligible under both programs and can choose whichever one is best.
Social Security Disability Income (SSDI)
- Monthly payments under SSDI are based on prior FICA contributions on earnings under Social Security requirements.
- Medical requirements for disability are the same as for SSI.
- SSDI benefits may be taxable if your income exceeds certain limits.
SSI, AFDC and SSDI may be reached at 800-772-1213, or go to https://www.ssa.gov.
Disability Insurance Policy or Income ProtectionProgram
- A disability insurance policy or income protection program is a private insurance policy purchased by the insured for which premiums are generally paid by the insured.
- These types of policies/programs may also be a benefit you receive from your employer.
- These policies/programs are usually based on a percentage of base salary if you become disabled.
- These types of policies/programs may interfere with eligibility for state/federal programs that impose income restrictions, such as Medicaid, etc.
- Contact: Your employer's Human Resources/Benefits Director or your insurance agent.
Employer Disability Benefit (Short-term/Long-termLeave)
- Short-term disability is usually temporary. If the medical condition does not improve, long-term disability benefits may then take over, with changes in benefits.
- An individual must satisfy medical requirements of the disability policy.
- This benefit may interfere with eligibility for state/federal programs that impose income restrictions.
- Health and life insurance benefits under an employer group policy may be directly affected by the status of the disability.
- Contact your employer's Human Resources/Benefits Director for more information regarding your benefits, options, and rights.
Take the opportunity to set goals for what you want to accomplish and determine how much it will cost to achieve these goals. Prioritizing goals will help ensure that you put your resources toward accomplishing what is most important to you.
- Think of what you would like to accomplish.
- Think of what you would like to do for your family, or for a favorite charity; or your church or synagogue, or for a school you attended; or in your profession, or for a friend.
- Think of the standard of living you would like to maintain for yourself and your loved ones.
List these goals in order of priority. Then take a moment to estimate how much money it may require to accomplish each of these goals. In the sections that follow, we will discuss various options for obtaining the money you will need to realize your goals.
This section covers how you may still achieve the goals you set for yourself while working within your financial means.
Once you have set your goals and estimated the costs of achieving them, take a look at your available funds. Where there is a shortfall, you may look for alternative financial sources. The good news is that there are several options for you to consider.
It is suggested that you review all the alternatives below and evaluate which may make the most sense for you.
Selling Assets
There are a number of things to consider when you are thinking about selling your assets to obtain cash. Generally, you will want to consider selling resources with minimal tax consequences first.
- What is the cost of selling the asset—broker fees, taxes, etc.?
- If the asset has increased in value, consult your financial advisor. What are the costs associated with keeping that asset as it grows further? Such costs would include insurance and maintenance and perhaps mortgage or other financing payments.
- Which of your assets might you want to save for your family?
Each person's circumstances are unique and only you may decide how best to utilize your assets. Keep in mind that there is often a trade-off. For example, you may need to keep your car to visit friends or see your doctor.
The important thing to remember is that you have choices. Furthermore, the choices you make now may have a significant impact on your ability to have options over the longer term—to meet those goals you have planned.
If you decide to sell some of your assets, there are several ways to do this.
You may do it simply by advertising in local community newspapers, organizing a yard sale, or using an estate auction house; however in this last option, a commission, sometimes substantial, must be paid.
Leveraging Your Real Estate
If you own real estate, you may have a number of ways to use this asset to generate additional cash.
- Refinancing an existing mortgage
- A home equity loan or line-of-credit or a second mortgage
- A reverse mortgage
- Selling or renting your property
The first three types of financing require that the borrower meet certain standards for income and/or equity in a home. As you research these options, be sure to ask if there are commissions, fees, taxes or other costs.
Your financial advisor can lead you through this process.
"Equity" is the difference between the estimated market value of your home, or any asset, and the amount you still owe. You may turn this equity into cash in a number of ways, primarily through a home equity loan or line-of-credit, or a second mortgage.
If you are living on a modest fixed income, you may have difficulty meeting income standards for refinancing, adding a second mortgage or most other "home equity" loans, even though you may have a great deal of equity in your home.
The Reverse Mortgage
The reverse mortgage got its name because the lender, in effect, pays you every month instead of you paying the lender. Another benefit of the reverse mortgage is that you generally do not have to meet any standard of income (although the amount of equity in your home is a critical factor).
Here is how a reverse mortgage works: You effectively "sell" your house to a lender by signing the deed over to the lender in exchange for the reverse mortgage contract. You then have no more mortgage payments to make, and instead, the bank pays you a fixed monthly amount and you continue to live in the house.
While initially this form of financing may appear attractive, there are several matters to consider before taking such a step.
First, the lender is likely to conservatively appraise the market value of your home. If you are able to sell your home to an individual for what you would consider a fair price, this may be a better option than a reverse mortgage.
Second, you (or your heirs) will no longer own your home.
Third, whatever equity you have in the home, now based on the lender's appraisal of its value, is the basis for how much the lender will pay you monthly and when this money runs out, the lender owns your home and you will be required to move.
For some who have a life threatening illness, the prospect of being able to live your remaining months or years in your own home – and perhaps have sufficient money to pay for necessary care – may make a reverse mortgage an appealing option.
Selling or Renting
There is always the prospect of simply selling your house on the traditional open market. You may get a higher price than a lender is willing to give you under a refinancing or reverse mortgage option. You will need to consider the amount you will likely get from the sale, subtracting fees and closing costs and considering any tax consequences for you or your estate.
And of course you will have to move, perhaps to a rental unit. Also bear in mind that rent payments are not tax deductible, as is the interest portion of home mortgage payments. Think through these trade-offs carefully as you evaluate your options.
Retirement Assets
Retirement assets are another option to consider. These include pensions, 401(k)s and IRAs.
If you liquidate these types of assets before you reach the age of 59 ½, in most cases you will immediately forfeit 10% of the amount you withdraw to the IRS in the form of penalties. Also, you probably will be required to pay federal and state (where applicable) income taxes on the amount withdrawn.
One strategy that may be less expensive for you if you are under 59 ½ is to see if you qualify for a loan secured by the cash value of your pensions, IRAs and 401(k)s. Such loans may involve fees and other costs, and will most likely require monthly payments.
While hardship withdrawal options (based on demonstrating your need for the funds) do exist, the penalties for early withdrawal described above often still apply.
Individual Retirement Accounts
Under the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, individuals may contribute an IRS designated annual amount to a traditional, tax-deductible IRA or to a Roth IRA, provided they have earned income and are within certain broad income ranges.
Under traditional, deductible IRAs, you pay taxes when you ultimately withdraw money from your IRA, in the meantime your money grows and compounds on a tax-deferred basis. The advantage is that your taxation rate at retirement will often be lower than your taxation rate during your working life.
Under a Roth IRA, contributions are made post-tax, but growth is tax-free; once you put your money in, you never pay taxes on these contributions. Since withdrawals are not reportable income, they will not affect your adjusted gross income during retirement.
There may be tax penalties for withdrawing from either of these accounts. As such, please consult your tax attorney and/or the company from which you purchased the IRA.
If you cannot meet your debts, bankruptcy is an option. However, declaring bankruptcy creates serious financial considerations that you should discuss with your financial advisor.
Consumer Credit Counseling Services (CCCS)
Across the country, CCCS organizations help people in all segments of the community solve personal money management issues. Through counseling, these organizations work with clients to evaluate their specific situation, their budget and total amount owed, and make an effort to set up a plan for each individual to stabilize their finances and plan for the future.
These organizations offer educational workshops in which participants are able to focus on problem areas including long- and short-term financial goal setting, how to understand and use credit to their benefit, how to survive a lay-off or pay cut, and how to prepare to buy a home.
For assistance in locating an accredited CCCS counselor, visit the National Foundation for Credit Counseling (NFCC) at https://www.nfcc.org, or call 800-388-2227.
Life Insurance: The Hidden Asset
You may not have thought of your life insurance policy as an asset, but through some relatively new products and services, virtually all life insurance policies may be turned into cash.
There are two basic types of insurance: Individual insurance that you purchase yourself and Group insurance obtained through an employer or association. Most group life insurance policies are "term" insurance. Term insurance pays a fixed amount (the face amount) to beneficiaries at the time of the insured's death. Individual policies can be term, "whole life" (sometimes called universal life) or a combination. Whole life policies invest a portion of the premium payment. These invested funds create cash value that will be added to the initial face value of the policy to increase the amount paid at time of death.
A Cash Value Loan
Most whole life and universal or variable life policies (or that portion of combination policies) have provisions to allow the individual covered by the policy to borrow a percentage of the accumulated cash value at any given point.
Often, the interest rate at which you may borrow these funds is fixed at the time you purchased the policy, and it can be quite low compared with current rates for other forms of borrowing. This option generally is only available on more expensive forms of individual coverage.
Taking a loan from the cash portion of your life insurance policy may be a relatively inexpensive way to obtain cash. In most cases, you need only pay the interest each year; you do not have to pay back the principal (the amount borrowed). But, if you do not pay back the principal, you do two things: (1) you reduce the amount the insurance company has to invest on your behalf to create greater cash value, and (2) you reduce the amount your survivors will receive at the time of your death.
Accelerated Benefits
If your policy has a provision (or "rider") allowing the payment of accelerated benefits, this means you may elect to take a portion of the face value, or death benefit, while you are still living. The maximum amount of cash you may receive typically ranges between 25% and 50% of the total benefit amount of the policy. The remainder will then be paid to your survivors at the time of your death.
In most cases, these benefits cannot be used unless your life expectancy is 12 months or less, which must be substantiated by medical records and verified by the insurance company physician. And, it is possible that receiving the lump sum funds may jeopardize your eligibility for financial aid programs with income limits.
Secured No-payment Line Of Credit
A non-recourse loan is based on the amount of your life insurance policy's death benefit. In most cases, accelerated death benefits limit the amount you may obtain to a range of 25% to 50% of your policy's death benefit, whereas a non-recourse loan may provide up to 70% of the death benefit of the life insurance policy.
There are a number of other factors that distinguish the non-recourse loan from other forms of financing – and especially from other methods of using your life insurance policy to generate cash.
These factors include:
- No credit check or physical examination is required, though to determine your medical eligibility a review of your existing medical records will be conducted.
- You are not required to make monthly payments on the loan, and further premium payments are advanced on your behalf and repaid out of the policy death benefit.
- Generally, there are no federal or state income or estate tax consequences.
- The loan may be approved and funded in as little as two to four weeks in some cases.
- Non-recourse loans generally do not impact your eligibility for state or federal income benefit programs like Medicaid, Social Security and Disability.
- There are no costs to apply. Upon loan funding, an origination fee is charged to your loan balance and is paid out of the life insurance policy death benefit.
- The loan balance is paid back from the insurance policy death benefit, so there is no personal liability ("non-recourse").
- Excess proceeds from the policy after repayment of the loan balance will be passed on to your designated beneficiaries.
- There are no restrictions on how the funds may be used.
It is important to remember that the full balance of your life insurance policy death benefit above and beyond repayment of advances, origination fee, premium payments and interest generally are paid tax-free directly to your beneficiaries.
The non-recourse loan can be made on most forms of life insurance policies— term, whole life or a combination—as long as your policy is "assignable" and beyond the two year contestable period. You also must be prepared to have your medical records evaluated to confirm that your life expectancy is five years or less to qualify.
Peace of mind is the bottom line in this non-recourse loan.
Importantly, if you survive beyond the five years, the loan will continue to be payable out of policy death benefit, and neither you, nor your estate, will have any personal liability.
For more information on non-recourse loans call toll-free 866-459-1271, or go to https://www.fifthseasonfinancial.com.
Life Settlements
A life settlement (commonly called a viatical settlement) involves selling your life insurance policy to a company in return for cash. The amount offered by the viatical company is a reduced percentage of the face value of the policy. As the new owner of the policy, the company pays all future premiums and collects the policy's full benefits when the policy matures.
Unlike accelerated benefits, viatical companies will usually purchase policies from individuals who have life expectancies of up to five years.
There are no restrictions on how the money may be used.
If you decide to research viatical companies, here are some suggested questions to ask:
- Does my insurance policy qualify for purchase?
- Would you consider buying my policy, based on my state of health?
- What are the fees and costs associated with purchasing my policy?
- What is the actual amount of money I may expect to receive, and when will I receive it?
- What are the tax implications? (HIPAA enables individuals to</font>
- collect a viatical settlement without having to pay income taxes on the proceeds if a physician certifies that the person holding the policy has a life expectancy reasonably estimated at 24 months or less. Please consult the complete HIPAA guidelines for the exact language).
- Who will have access to my medical records?
- How do you check on my health status? Should I expect calls or letters inquiring into my health status?
- Will I need to take a physical exam?
For more information, call the Life Insurance Settlement Association of America at 877-382-4357, or visit https://www.lisassociation.org. Brochures are also available by calling the Federal Trade Commission at 202-326-2222.
What Options Do I Have Left if I Do Not Have Life Insurance?
If you are among those without a life insurance policy, there are a number of solutions. You've probably seen advertisements for insurance policies that promise "no health exam, you cannot be denied." These are real insurance policies called guaranteed issue or special issue policies. They were created to fill the need of people who have no policy or who want additional insurance. Make sure the policy truly is a life insurance policy, not just an accidental death policy. There may also be a two-year waiting period to qualify. Keep in mind that premiums for this type of insurance are among the highest in the industry.
The following questions will serve as a checklist to help you review the steps you've learned, and to help properly evaluate the various options available to you.
- Do you have a financial advisor or someone else you may trust in that capacity?
- Do you have health insurance?
- If not, can you secure health insurance through employment?
- Have you evaluated which public resources you might qualify for—Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security, Veteran's Benefits, etc?
- Have you carefully set your goals and then reviewed your financial resources?
- Do your goals include leaving assets or funds to beneficiaries?
- Do you need extra income to cover medical expenses or alternative treatments?
- Are there other areas you would like to focus on—trips with family, friends, etc?
- Have you evaluated the implications of early withdrawal of retirement benefits?
- Do you have assets to sell?
- Have you arranged these assets according to high tax/low tax implications, as well as those that are critical and not critical?
- Do you own your house?
- Have you evaluated the benefits of selling and renting, versus a reverse mortgage, or other forms of financing?
- Do you have assignable life insurance?
- If not, have you looked at options to purchase life insurance?
- Have you carefully reviewed all the benefits and drawbacks of the options available to tap into the value of your life insurance policy, considering your state of health, size of policy, tax implications, and beneficiaries?
- Have you compared your potential income sources against your priority goals?
- Have you left some income flexibility based on a longer-than anticipated life expectancy?
If you have been diagnosed with a life-threatening disease you, may have experienced difficulties in securing the elements essential to maintaining adequate quality of life: respect, hope, peace of mind and appropriate care.
Having sufficient financial resources can be critical to attaining these vital components. At a time when you are at your most vulnerable, you have certain "rights."
- Be treated with respect.
- Set goals and have hope.
- Receive appropriate care and have the opportunity to consider complementary or alternative treatments.
- Live with dignity.
- Be told the truth.
- Participate in decisions that affect you.
- Know who has access to your medical records.
- Maintain physical, emotional and financial control over your life to the extent you are able.
Whether we like it or not, financial circumstances really do have a direct and daily impact on most families who are dealing with a life-threatening illness. For some, having enough money simply means having what it takes to cover the basics— food, clothing, shelter, transportation and necessary healthcare. For others, however, it also means obtaining enough money to have additional options and achieve specific goals – making certain that a long-anticipated wedding is celebrated in style, taking a family trip that has been a lifelong dream, or seeing a child off to college the way it was always planned. And while it means something different to every family, one thing remains the same: quality of life is often determined by the degree of financial security one possesses.
If this Patient and Family Financial Resource Guide has given you a new sense of hope, helped to reduce the level of stress associated with your circumstances, and supplied you with the necessary tools and resources to explore your options more effectively and expeditiously, then we feel we have accomplished our goal of helping you and your family start living fully in the moment.
As we explained in the beginning, when you are in the fight of your life, information can be your strongest ally. Our hope is that you now know for certain that you are not in the fight alone.
The information contained on this Web site is for general informational purposes only and should not be construed as legal, accounting, tax or financial planning advice. Because this information is not meant to be a substitute for legal, accounting, tax, financial, estate planning, or other similar advice obtained from a professional, you may want to seek the help of professional advisors to answer any questions you may have regarding the information contained in the Web site.
Leesburg or Sterling
Fax: 1-855-831-9022 or 703-858-3111
Phone: (703)-858-3110


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To the women who "can't understand what the big deal is" and think "guys are such perverts" are audibly sighing right now, please save your comments until women stop obsessing about diamonds. Thank you.
Just The Facts
- Boobs can either a) help you get a job/promoted or b) make the workplace more tolerable for the rest of us.
- Boobs are often successfully used in place of a coherent plot or acting in movies to create a great film.
- The power of boobs should not be underestimated.
Cracked on Boobs
From the Dawn of Time, boobs have been shaping history - destroying careers, crippling world powers. Many men have been nearly destroyed by these orbs of power:
And here's a PG-13 tour of the reasons why:
Reason 1: The Side Boob.
Reason 2: The Underboob.
Reason 3: Cleavage.
It's not our fault though.
The Boobs FAQ
Q: What Can Women Do If They Want This Power, But Are Weak in the Ways of the Boob?
A: The Pushup.
Or, if you are rich and famous, you can have your boobs enhanced with CGI. See Cracked article: CGI Boobs: 7 Special Effects The Stars Want to Keep Secret.
Is there anything else to boobs other than the Sideboob, Underboob, and Cleavage?
A: Yes. The center of the Boob is the source of its power. It is so powerful in fact that society does not permit its public display for fear of wide spread anarchy, and mass headsplosions. So here are some things that look sort of like the center of the boob:
Pictured above: San Onofre Nuclear Power Plant. Powerful.
Q: I heard something bad happens to Gremlins when they get wet. Is the same true for Boobs?
A: Yes and no. They triple or quadruple in power, so this can be a good or a bad thing.
Exhibit 1: Regular non-wet boobs:
Exhibit 2: Supercharged, wet boobs:
What Happens to Boobs When They Get Older?
A: It's horrible. Much like the end of The Giving Tree, Boobs, after providing so many years of thoughtless service, just become completely useless at the end of their life cycle. They become like Ray Liotta in Goodfellas. You can't help but looking at them and thinking, "He was getting front row seats at clubs, and now look at him. Disgusting."
It looks like it would be hard for girls with large boobs to play sports. Is this true?
A. Udder nonsense. See for yourself:
Q: What are Boobs' other powers?
A. Boobs can lighten up a woman's whole appearance. They can make the sun come out when it is raining. They can make a woman smarter and funnier and more interesting.
If you look long enough, you'll realize that she's actually quite ugly.
One of these women is clearly a scholar.
Q: Can Boobs help my career?
A: Well, yes and no. Yes if you are a woman and they can destroy your career if you are a man. For a guide to how much cleavage female lawyers should show at work, see here: http://abovethelaw.com/2013/05/cleavage-as-a-career-enhancer-for-female-attorneys/
Famous People Whose Careers Were Built By Boobs
1. Britney Spears
2. Katy Perry
3. Scarlett Johansson
Famous Boobs
1. The stock boob photo girl:
Who is she? She actually has a neck and a head. And a name. It's Kate.
2. That t-shirt model on Cracked:
Who is she?
She is a t-shirt model on istockphoto.com. She actually has several other photos, including these (and many others that we cannot publish here):
3. "Kelly" from the Kirk Cameron evolution debate:
Who is she? Her name is Kelly O'Connor and has become somewhat of an internet phenomenon since the debate. It seems that Kirk Cameron, in his effort to stomp out sin with the help of his friend, the croc-o-duck, has inadvertantly raised a level of boob awareness. Kelly's Myspace page features the following video, in which she details all of the Google search terms people have used to find topless photos of her:
4. This girl:
Also pictured above in the FAQ, Amanda Wenk became somewhat of an Internet phenomnenon in 2005 after some of her pictures from a trip she took one summer ended up on Flickr. Her pictures ended up in Webshots galleries, she got her own Wikipedia page (since deleted it appears). It appears that her entire flickr account was posted on the web. She now has her own fan club on Facebook and seems to be doing a good job of wielding the Matrix of Leadership she holds in her chest.
The Great Internet Porn-Off
Here's how to protect yourself from boobs:
Step 1:
Read this article: The Great Internet Porn-Off by David Wong. He describes in detail how to protect yourself from the spell.
Step 2:
Sign up here.
Boobs are nature's masterpiece, perfect in shape and design. As beautiful as they are powerful. All it takes is something that looks like a boobs to unleash their power.
Somewhere a bear is masturbating.

subset: commoncrawl


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IntroductionAlthough the largest concentration of Amish communities is located in and around Holmes County in northeast Ohio, a growing number have relocated to Adams County in the southwest part of the state during the past few decades. Today, they are the county's leading tourist attraction. The most popular Amish merchants in Adams County are Kaim Family Market, Miller's Bakery and Furniture & Bulk Foods. Adams County also attracts droves of visitors each year for several other attractions, including the Serpent Mound, the largest and most famous Indian effigy mound in North America. The scenic drive through the foothills of Appalachia features quilt designs painted on dozens of old barns. And nature lovers come from miles/kilometers around to see the Southern Ohio Birding & Heritage Trail, which is a part of the Appalachian Discovery Trail. 73 mi/117 km east of Cincinnati.
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Both Ready Size or Custom Size garments have a 8 working days dispatch lead time after the measurements are submitted by customer.
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Dec-22-08 DCA Announces 2008 Accomplishments
DCA Announces 2008 Accomplishments
Foreclosure, Heating and Housing Assistance Provided to Thousands
TRENTON – Department of Community Affairs Commissioner (DCA) Joseph Doria today announced the Department's top accomplishments for 2008. These include expansion of LIHEAP, continuation of Lead Hazard Control Act Program, completion of the Neighborhood Stabilization Program Plan, an increase in State Rental Assistance Program vouchers, completion of COAH's third round regulations, and expansion of the Neighborhood Revitalization Tax Credit Program.
"Governor Corzine expanded several key programs at DCA this year, allowing us to assist and aid more New Jersey residents," said Commissioner Doria. "2008 was an extremely productive year and we look forward to continuing our success in the coming new year."
For example, the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), designed to help low-income families and individuals meet home heating and medically necessary cooling costs, was expanded. This year, DCA will receive $185,773,240 in funds, compared to approximately $117,300,000 received last year. Recently, Governor Corzine raised the program's income eligibility from 175% of the federal poverty level, to 225%. This increase will allow approximately 50,000 more households to be eligible for LIHEAP (projected households is 245,000, compared to 196,000 last year). The Governor also enhanced the electric benefit 10% over last year's benefit, enhanced the gas benefit 17% over last year's benefit and enhanced the oil household benefit to average approximately four times last year's benefit.
This year the Lead Hazard Control Act Program reached over 300 units in the abatement of lead hazards. The program continued to educate and outreach to the at risk population with a $1 million grant to preserve the " Wipe Out Lead" dust wipe kit program through DCA's network of non-profit agencies and the statewide coalitions. In October, DCA announced a $1.5 million grant program to support local health officials and the Office of Consumer Affairs with the purchase of advanced XRF lead detection equipment and plans to continue that level of funding over the next several years until all health offices are properly equipped to identify lead hazards.
Additionally, through the Neighborhood Stabilization Program (NSP), a component of the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008, DCA will receive $51.4 million after HUD approval of an Action Plan. The program works to stabilize neighborhoods experiencing the negative effects of the subprime mortgage crisis and the general economic downturn. These funds can be used for property acquisition, demolition, rehabilitation and for the creation and operation of land banks, in any combination, to spur neighborhood recovery. The Governor has made this funding part of his economic recovery program.
The State Rental Assistance Program (SRAP), which allows for low-income individuals or households to choose the neighborhoods in which they live, also received increased funding to $52 million. Currently, the program is assisting approximately 3,500 families throughout the state; which represents a 15% increase over the past year. Tenant based program funding is set-aside to assist the elderly, disabled, and homeless families.
In June, COAH adopted a new set of third round rules that will create thousands of more affordable housing opportunities in the state. While the previous rules established the state's affordable housing need at only 52,000 units, the new rules establish a need of 115,000 units of affordable housing through 2018, a 63,000 unit increase. A new growth share ratio of 1 affordable unit among 5 units and 1 affordable unit for every 16 jobs has been established, as opposed to the previous ratios of 1 among 9 units and 1 for every 25 jobs. These rules drastically increase the number of affordable housing units that must be created in New Jersey, thus increasing the opportunity for New Jersey residents and families to secure the housing they need.
In May 2007 the legislature approved increasing the Neighborhood Revitalization Tax Credits from 50% to 100%, providing a more substantial investment vehicle for public and private stakeholders. As the investment dollars increased, the number and scope of projects submitted to the DCA for approval has also grown. NRTC funds totaling $6.5 million have yielded $26 million in leveraged funds by nonprofits. Additionally, investors have risen from one investor to sixteen with twenty project applications submitted.
For further information on DCA programs, please log on to http://www.nj.gov/dca.


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Seborrhoeic Dermatitis and Scalp Health
Your email has been successfully sent to the recipent.
If you suffer from seborrhoeic dermatitis, it's important to keep your scalp in good condition as part of your treatment
It's caused by the same factors as dandruff:
Explore the cause of Seborrhoeic Dermatitis in more detail.
Keep your scalp healthySeborrhoeic dermatitis damages the scalps outer layer of skin, so you need to keep your scalp healthy to help repair the damage.
It also relies on scalp oils in order to feed the Malassezia so try to use a clarifying shampoo regularly that removes oil to leave your hair feeling soft and clean.
More about Seborrhoeic dermatitis
Scalp Psoriasis
Itchy Scalp
How To Get Rid of Dry Scalp


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Happy Friday everybody.
Here is this weeks Quick Licks lesson. As this is the last video of the month, this video also has a full play through of all this months licks in one full solo.
As always this video is really short, so if you have less than 2 minutes to spare please have a watch and try some of the licks.
Next Friday we start a fresh, working on licks for a new solo in E major.
Have a fantastic day people.
For Tabs and backing track: https://www.fiverr.com/s2/663848cbd2


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Media Malta 2007
In October 2007, Rebecca Gomperts was invited by Emmy Bezzina of the Alpha Liberal Democratic Party to come to Malta to give a lecture.
The lecture in Malta resulted in frontpage news and more than 25 newspaper articles and editorials for a month and days of television coverage. Anti abortion groups prayed in front of the Hotel where Rebecca Gomperts was staying.
However for the first time also some serious voices supporting abortion rights could be heard:
Raphael Vassallo wrote in Malta Today on October 14, 2007: All things told, Rebecca Gomperts might not have won over many hearts and minds in this country. But her visit has nonetheless served a very useful purpose……It has thrown into sharp focus our intense unfamiliarity with the European Union, which we evidently thought was just about roads and structural funds….. And it has once again established that at the end of the day, "democracy" is nothing but a nine-letter word beginning with a "D".
Daphne Caruana Galizia wrote in the Malta independent on Sunday, October 21, 2007 "In reality, thousands of Maltese women have had abortions over the years because they have superb access to abortion clinics, better access than women living in many other parts of Europe. The nearest clinics are a short, cheap flight or catamaran ride away, precisely the sort of distance that women living in large countries must travel to the nearest city if they live in rural areas. Rebecca Gomperts wondered aloud at her public meeting why Maltese women are not campaigning for abortion. …..The truth is that Maltese women have things sorted smoothly, as Maltese women tend to do: if they want an abortion they can easily have one up the road in Catania, but at the same time they are able to salve their consciences by fighting against abortion in Malta. This is an extremely convenient situation: a ban on abortion within our borders, giving us brownie points with God, but none of the problems associated with a ban on abortion, as women can still have all the abortions they want to. If the nearest abortion clinic were a Lm700 flight away from Malta, or a thousand-mile hike across a desert, you can rest assured that the story would be very different. There wouldn't be quite as much moralising then."


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- ▪ plant divisionIntroductionany member of the division Ginkgophyta, a group of gymnospermous plants of particular interest to paleobotanists. Two of the three genera of ginkgophytes, Ginkgoites and Baiera, are extinct. The third genus, Ginkgo, has only one member, Ginkgo biloba, commonly called the ginkgo tree. It is also known as the maidenhair tree because of the resemblance of its bilobed leaves to those of the maidenhair fern. G. biloba may be the oldest living seed plant, and it is regarded by some as one of the wonders of the world.General featuresFossil leaves with similar form and venation to the living Ginkgo have been found in the Jurassic period (200 to 145 million years ago). These fossils have been described from such geographically separated areas as Australia, western North America, Mongolia, Alaska, England, and central Europe. The fossils vary greatly in form and are usually described as species of the genus Ginkgoites. Almost the same degree of variation in leaf form can be found on a living Ginkgo tree, however. Some paleobotanists, therefore, have recommended the abandonment of the genus Ginkgoites and the recognition of several species of Ginkgo.There is one type of ginkgophyte leaf in the fossil record that is generally regarded as a distinct form and is given the generic designation Baiera. The leaf is deeply lobed into four segments and lacks a stalk (petiole). Following the Mesozoic Era, Ginkgo declined progressively in its distribution, and some botanists believe that remote portions of southeastern China are the last natural home of the maidenhair tree. After the outer fleshy seed coat is removed, the seed kernel is used as food in China and Japan. For 3,000 years or longer, extracts of the Ginkgo leaf have been recommended in Chinese medicine as benefiting the heart and lungs. Ginkgo has been investigated for its effects in the treatment of asthma, toxic shock syndrome, and various circulatory disorders. In addition, it has been used by many individuals for its purported enhancement of memory function, which has been studied in hopes of finding a treatment or preventative for Alzheimer disease.Form and functionStemAt maturity a Ginkgo tree can reach heights of 20 to 30 metres (65 to 100 feet). Young trees often have a central trunk with regular, lateral branching; in older trees the branching is irregular.A conspicuous feature of Ginkgo is the possession of long branches and short, or spur, branches. Leaves are produced on long branches during the spring growth. In subsequent years, clusters of leaves are formed on the lateral short branches. Ginkgo is deciduous, and the leaves of some varieties turn a beautiful golden colour in the autumn. The colour varies to some extent among horticultural varieties. There is some plasticity in growth form in that a short branch may become a long branch or the tip of a long branch may be converted to a short branch. The interplay between these two types of branches accounts for the more irregular shape of the older trees. Branching appears to be controlled by the distribution of auxin, a naturally occurring plant hormone.The trunk diameters of the older specimens of Ginkgo may become large as a result of secondary growth. The vascular cambium gives rise to secondary phloem and secondary xylem (wood) for the conduction of water and dissolved minerals. The growth activity of the vascular cambium is sustained in the trunk and long shoots and produces a rather hard wood with well-defined growth rings. The activity of the vascular cambium persists in short shoots, but only a limited amount of soft wood is produced each year.Leaves (leaf)One of the most distinctive features of G. biloba is the foliage leaf, which consists of a leaf stalk (petiole) and a fan-shaped dichotomously veined blade, or lamina. Although biloba (or bilobed) correctly describes the form of many Ginkgo leaves, there is a great range of variation in the degree of lobing and dissection among leaves of the same tree. Bilobed and undivided leaves occur on spur or short branches, while most of the leaves on the upper part of a long branch are divided by a deep sinus into two lobes, each of which may be further lobed. Multilobed leaves also occur on new branches (sucker shoots) arising from the tree trunk at ground level.The dichotomous venation pattern in a leaf blade is a striking morphological characteristic of Ginkgo. Two vascular bundles extend through the petiole and give rise to two systems of dichotomously branched veins. This type of venation was also present in the leaves of extinct members of the Ginkgoales. Such a system of venation is often referred to as an open type, devoid of vein fusions. It has been shown, however, that vein unions may occur with some regularity.Reproductive structures and functionCompletion of the entire reproductive cycle, from the advent of pollination to the production of seeds with well-developed embryos, takes about 14 months. Pollination and the development of the sexual, or gametophytic, phase of the life cycle occur in the first year (April to September), but embryo development is not completed until the spring of the following year.Ginkgo is dioecious, which means that pollen-producing structures and ovules (ovule) are produced on separate trees. The reproductive structures are restricted to the spur branches, where they are evident in the spring in the axils of bud scales and foliage leaves.The pollen-producing strobilus is a loose, pendulous, catkinlike structure consisting of a main axis to which are attached numerous appendages, each of which usually bears two microsporangia at its tip. Meiosis occurs in cells of the microsporangia, giving rise to numerous haploid microspores. Cell divisions take place within the microspores, resulting in the formation of five-celled pollen grains (male gametophytes).Ovuliferous structures also arise in the axils of bud scales and the foliage leaves of spur branches. Each consists of a stalk that bears two or sometimes three or more erect ovules. An ovule is composed of an integument (the future seed coat) surrounding a tissue called the nucellus. It is in the nucellus that meiosis occurs, resulting in the formation of four haploid megaspore cells. It is at about this time that pollen grains are released from the microsporangia of male trees. The pollen (male gametophyte) is carried by wind currents and adheres to a pollination droplet, which exudes from the micropyle at the tip of the integument. Retraction of the droplet brings the pollen grains into a pollen chamber in the nucellus, where they develop into multibranched pollen tubes (male gametophytes).One of the megaspores in the ovule that results from meiosis enlarges and undergoes a succession of free nuclear divisions (without wall formation). After about 8,000 haploid nuclei are produced, cell walls begin to form. After the female gametophyte becomes cellular, archegonia (normally two) are initiated at the surface toward the micropylar end of the ovule. An archegonium consists of neck cells and a large egg cell.The basal end of the filament-like male gametophyte becomes suspended in a cavity above the female gametophyte (called the fertilization chamber). The spermatogenous cell of a male gametophyte divides, resulting in the production of two multiflagellated sperm. The sperm and the contents of the pollen tube are released into the fertilization chamber. The sperm swim in the liquid for a brief period of time. Approximately 1,000 flagella are attached to a spiral band at the anterior end. A sperm enters an archegonium and fuses with the egg nucleus. Ginkgo and the cycads are the only seed-producing plants that have motile sperm.The growth of the embryo (embryogenesis) may begin shortly after fertilization but continues after the developing seeds fall to the ground. The embryo grows into the nutritive tissue of the female gametophyte. A seed at maturity consists of a dicotyledonous embryo, nutritive tissue of the female gametophyte, and the seed coat, which is made up of a hard inner layer and a fleshy, orange-coloured outer layer. Because of the presence of butyric acid, upon decay the fleshy layer emits an odour similar to rancid butter.ClassificationIn earlier systems of classification, Ginkgo was placed in the class Coniferopsida, along with conifers (e.g., pine, fir, spruce). In recent years Ginkgo and its fossil allies have been placed in a separate group, the division Ginkgophyta (sometimes classified as the class Ginkgopsida), in recognition of the many characteristics outlined above. The early ancestral stock of Ginkgo extends back in the fossil record to a time coordinate with the ancestors of the conifers, but the two groups appear to have evolved independently.Division GinkgophytaLarge trees; leaves typically fan-shaped and bilobed, or with more lobes, especially in fossil forms; leaves borne mainly on spur (short) branches; male and female trees; seeds with a fleshy outer layer that upon decay, emits an odour of rancid butter; a single order, Ginkgoales; a single family, Ginkgoaceae; a single extant genus, Ginkgo; 2 extinct genera, Ginkgoites and Baiera.Ernest M. GiffordAdditional ReadingThomas N. Taylor and Edith L. Taylor, The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants (1993), provides details on the fossil record of ginkgophytes. Details of the life cycle and morphology of ginkgo are in Harold C. Bold, Constantine J. Alexopoulos, and Theodore Delevoryas, Morphology of Plants and Fungi, 5th ed. (1987).
* * *
Universalium. 2010.
Look at other dictionaries:
Ginkgophyte — Ginkgoaceae Ginkgoaceae … Wikipédia en Français
ginkgophyte — noun Any plant of the division Ginkgophyta; in reality, just the ginkgo … Wiktionary
plant — plantable, adj. plantless, adj. plantlike, adj. /plant, plahnt/, n. 1. any member of the kingdom Plantae, comprising multicellular organisms that typically produce their own food from inorganic matter by the process of photosynthesis and that… … Universalium
gymnosperm — gymnospermism, n. /jim neuh sperrm /, n. Bot. a vascular plant having seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary; a conifer or cycad. Cf. angiosperm. [1820 30; < NL gymnospermae name of type. See GYMNO , SPERM] * * * Any woody plant that reproduces… … Universalium
Cretaceous Period — Interval of geologic time from с 144 to 65 million years ago. During the Cretaceous the climate was warmer than today. In the seas, marine invertebrates flourished, and bony fishes evolved. On land, flowering plants arose, and insects, bees in… … Universalium


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Sound Off, Jan. 22, 2013
I see this photo in the Sunday Register Citizen, B3 and I am wondering what kind of a gun is this man holding? I guess I get the idea of having a head cam, but this gun that this man felt necessary to carry to an outdoor rally in Hartford, I don't understand. Is it legal for him to carry such a weapon in public like that? What does this do for his ego? I don't see any other reason for such a public display.
The Warner reported a drop in sales revenue. Could it be that people who would have attended a show or several shows have cut back due to the economy? That they don't have the money to spend that they previously did.
How many people have re- examined their budgets and with the new payroll taxes taking a big bite have eliminated entertainment, dinner out, a trip. Government may be getting more money but the average person will adjust by spending less somewhere along the way.
What do you say about a people who love war, who name call the peace keepers, who encourage expansion of attacks on American civilians in our American cities and schools, who fabricate what the president is saying about weapons restriction. To keep pistols and rifles, but restrict automatic weapons except for the police and military to avoid 10,000 murders every year for the past 30 years! Are war, and murder and rape and constant bickering signs of a deteriorating America? Who are the antagonists of these hostile behaviors? Is it the Left or the Right? Who defends violence? Are we as American citizens paying attention?
After declaring that he had extinguished Al-Qaida terrorists, Barack Obama is again embarrassed and left to explaining to the American public why so many U.S. hostages were murdered by Islamist terrorists in Mali. The siege at Ain Amenas transfixed the world after radical Islamists linked to al-Qaida stormed the complex on Wednesday, which contained hundreds of plant workers from all over the world, then held them hostage surrounded by the Algerian military and its attack helicopters for four tense days that were punctuated with gun battles and dramatic tales of escape. Fresh news reports reveal that all American hostages along with many other foreign born hostages were killed by the Islamist murderers at a gas field complex in Bamako Mali despite Obama assurances last year that terrorist threats were all but eliminated. The Obama foreign policy has been a disaster highlighted by craven weakness in the face of International terrorists whose only goal is dead Americans. Critics have blasted Obama's policy of ignoring or minimizing the real danger of International Islamist terrorism to America and western society.
Those who want gun control have failed to realize that gun owners have seen the future coming. Many have stocked up on their ammo, weapons and many have resorted in advance to buying weapons that have not been registered. Why? Out of fear that their Second Amendment rights will be stripped by the well intended and the not so well-intended liberals. You will not see any of these far-sighted Americans committing murder or mayhem with their weapons nor will you see any responsible gun owners committing murder.
This country is on a slippery slope with the efforts being expended to destroy the Second Amendment. The gun control people do not love this country. They want to destroy our Constitution, make the USA part of the global community. The global community has been working on gun control for quite some time with the USA holding back until now. Sandy Hook and the tragedy of the children has given those in this country that want to take guns away from the citizenry the perfect vehicle, the children. President Obama fueled the agenda with the children.
Who among us does not mourn the massacre of the children? Who among us want o protect the children? All of us. Truth be told. If Adam Lanza did not have guns available to kill he would have found another way that day. Address the Adam Lanzas of society!


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|Table of Contents
LumiNUS Trailer
Multimedia name luminus-Introduction.mp4 width 600 page Assets
What is LumiNUS?
LumiNUS is the evolution of IVLE, NUS' learning management system (LMS). IVLE has existed since 1999, almost 20 years.
In that time, NUS has grown and technologies have advanced. CIT needs to make sure that our LMS is able to cope with ever larger loads and keep up with changes in technology. So, our team has developed the new LMS from the ground up.
When visiting LumiNUS, you will notice that it looks very different from IVLE.
But the changes are more than skin-deep. The entire underlying architecture and database have been changed.
These changes are significant enough to warrant a new name. Hence, LumiNUS.
What does LumiNUS mean?
LumiNUS alludes to luminous, which is defined as giving off light, or bright and shining. We hope that we can work with academic staff to light students' educational path in NUS.
When does LumiNUS launch?
LumiNUS launched in Alpha in January 2018.
We expect LumiNUS to launch in Beta in August 2018. The Beta period will last at least until August 2019.
The schedule is shown below.
|Fully operational
|Fully operational
|Fully operational
Where can I access LumiNUS?
You can log in to LumiNUS using your NUSNET ID and password at https://luminus.nus.edu.sg/.
What does Alpha mean?
LumiNUS Alpha is a preview of what to expect when LumiNUS launches.
- You should not use LumiNUS Alpha for your official modules. A number of known and unknown bugs are likely to surface.
- LumiNUS Alpha does not have the full feature set planned for launch.
- Content created in LumiNUS Alpha will stay in Beta and final launch. The records will not be purged unless the entire feature is removed.
What does Beta mean?
LumiNUS Beta means that you can start using LumiNUS for your modules/classes.
Some features may still be unavailable, but LumiNUS should be stable enough for actual use.
Despite that, we ask for your patience and understanding if things do go wrong.
LumiNUS and IVLE
What happens to IVLE?
IVLE will run concurrently with LumiNUS during the LumiNUS Beta period.
However, development of IVLE will cease. IVLE development will be limited to critical security and bug fixes.
Once LumiNUS Beta period is over, IVLE will go into read-only mode - no new content will be able to be created/hosted on IVLE. This is scheduled to go into effect from AY19/20. At a later date, IVLE will be shut down.
Are IVLE and LumiNUS connected?
No, IVLE and LumiNUS are not connected.
If you create a module and content in IVLE, they only exist in IVLE.
If you create a module and content in LumiNUS, they only exist in LumiNUS.
This is because they do not share a common database nor a common database structure.
Can I export my module and content from IVLE to LumiNUS?
Unfortunately, no.
This is because IVLE and LumiNUS do not share a common database nor a common database structure.
Also, there are many legacy items which users have created in IVLE that have not been used for very long time or have never been used at all.
Thus, we hope to start fresh with LumiNUS.
Why have IVLE and LumiNUS run concurrently, if they are not connected?
We want to ease academic staff into LumiNUS, so we are running both concurrently to give you time to adapt to LumiNUS.
The comfort level for a beta product will differ from person to person, so we have decided that both should be available while we polish LumiNUS up for actual launch.
Running both concurrently also allows LumiNUS to gradually deal with actual-use load.
Choosing between LumiNUS or IVLE?
We encourage you to choose either LumiNUS or IVLE for each module.
- If you record new Web Lectures (webcasts), you must use LumiNUS as the new Web Lecture system is only in LumiNUS.
- If you use the Project tool, it is only available in IVLE. There's no Project tool in LumiNUS. However, Evaluation tool is currently in development for LumiNUS.
- Are you co-teaching the module? Have a discussion with your co-teachers about this.
- How comfortable are you (and your students) with new technology?
- Is your tolerance of bugs low or high?
- What is your class size? If it is small, you might considering using LumiNUS.
- Is your use of IVLE mostly passive (e.g. announcements, distributing lecture material, collecting assignments) or does it involve grading (e.g. online quizzes, forum participation marks etc.)? If you use IVLE in a mostly passive manner, you may consider switching to LumiNUS.
We do not encourage you to host one module on both LumiNUS and IVLE. However, in some situations, it may be inevitable. Please read a possible scenario suggesting how to resolve these situations.
Are there any tools in LumiNUS that will not be available in IVLE?
Web Lecture Recording
Yes, Web Lectures (or webcasts) - will not be in IVLE, starting in AY18/19. New Web Lecture recording will only be available in LumiNUS.
This is because we are moving to a new Web Lecture system, which has been integrated into LumiNUS but not IVLE.
Academic staff who want to use Web Lectures should use LumiNUS for their modules.
For those use Web Lectures who are not ready to move to LumiNUS, you will need to:
- Create a module in LumiNUS and IVLE.
- Set up your module in IVLE as per normal.
- Set up your module in LumiNUS, hiding all the tools except Web Lecture.
- Apply for Web Lecture as per normal.
- In IVLE, create weblink(s) to your module's Web Lectures in LumiNUS.
That said, we encourage Web Lecture users to stick to using one platform - LumiNUS.
For more details, please visit our web lecture FAQ.
Are there any tools in IVLE that will not be available in LumiNUS?
Project tool will not be available in LumiNUS. It will be replaced by another tool - Evaluation, which is yet to be developed.
Gradebook export to IMMS
Direct export of grades from LumiNUS to IMMS is currently not available.
This features is dependent on NUS IT providing an API that will allow LumiNUS to connect to IMMS.
Direct export to IMMS should be ready by the start of AY19/20, at latest.
In the meantime, you can export marks to a spreadsheet, then import the spreadsheet to IMMS.
When the export integration is built, it will be similar to how IVLE works with IMMS.
I co-teach a module with other lecturers. How should we choose between IVLE and LumiNUS?
We encourage one module to be on one platform only. We discourage setting up the module on both LumiNUS and IVLE.
How will students know if a module is on IVLE or LumiNUS?
Academic staff will have to inform students whether your module is on IVLE or LumiNUS.
This will only affect AY 18/19 as IVLE is scheduled to go into read-only mode in AY 19/20.
LumiNUS Features
What is new in LumiNUS?
You can read about LumiNUS' features here.
Where can I get help with LumiNUS?
You can report a bug, ask a question or make suggestions at
LumiNUS Help Desk (NUSNET login required)
Staff and students may also email email@example.com.
Staff Guide (being developed)
Student Guide (to be developed)
Online information sessions
From April 2018 onwards, CIT has been holding webinars to introduce LumiNUS to the NUS community.
Please refer to the webinars page for details.
During these online information sessions, you will find out our plans for LumiNUS and IVLE and learn more about the new and improved features in LumiNUS.
You may post your questions during the live online session.
Training workshops will be conducted by CDTL from AY18/19 Semester 2 onwards.


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POSTED July 07, 2019
June 5, 2018
What is it, General? My lord, the fleet has moves out of light-speed. Com-Scan has detected an energy field protecting an area around the sixth planet of the Hoth system. The field is strong enough to deflect any bombardment. The Rebels are alerted to our presence. Admiral Ozzel came out of light-speed too close to […]
Noisy brute. Why don't we just go into light-speed? We can't? How would you know the hyperdrive is deactivated? The city's central computer told you? Artoo-Detoo, you know better than to trust a strange computer. Ouch! Pay attention to what you're doing!
Yes, that's it. Dagobah. No, I'm not going to change my mind about this. I'm not picking up any cities or technology. Massive life-form readings, though. There's something alive down there… Yes, I'm sure it's perfectly safe for droids. I know, I know! All the scopes are dead. I can't see a thing! Just hang […]
April 13, 2018
Welcome to WordPress. This is your first post. Edit or delete it, then start writing!


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antioxidant acai bowlBreakfasts & Recipes & Snacks
Acai Bowls. Spend 15 minutes on almost any social media outlet and you're likely to find a photo of a bowl filled with a mysterious purple substance topped delicately with fruits and nuts. They're everywhere.
For many months now, I've become increasingly curious about these beautiful bowls and really wanted to try making my own. At first it seemed like the only solution was to buy a powdered acai and mix it with frozen berries. Then I found out that you can purchase some frozen acai packs. I finally managed to get my hands on some of the frozen packs (wasn't hard – Whole Foods stocks this brand) and decided that I was going to dedicate this weekend to experimenting with the famous acai bowl.
It turns out that the trick to the acai bowl is that the desired consistency is thicker than a smoothie. It's a spoon-fed concoction – hence the bowl as the vessel. Because of the thicker consistency, you want to avoid a) letting the acai sit at room temperature for too long before OR after blending (pop it back in the freezer for 15 minutes), b) diluting the acai mixture with too many non-frozen ingredients and c) blending for too long in a high-speed blender – this will create friction and eventually start to heat up your acai!
Now, you must be wondering – what on Earth does acai taste like? I was pleasantly surprised. I really expected a strong berry flavor. Given its wild purple color, it looks like a pureed mixture of berries. Acai actually tastes more like…chocolate. Yeah…right? It's a little bitter with a dark chocolatey taste. Kind of strange, definitely unexpected, but a chocolate-flavored super berry was BORN to be in a smoothie bowl.
antioxidant acai bowl
yields: 1-2 servings
- 1 frozen acai packet, unsweetened
- 1 medjool date, pitted
- 1/2 banana + 1/2 banana, sliced + divided
- 1/2 cup frozen blueberries
- 1/3 cup frozen cranberries
- 1/2 cup unsweetened almond milk
- 1 kiwi, sliced
- 1 tsp chia seeds
- 1 tsp cacao nibs
- 1 tsp slivered almonds
- 1/2 Tbsp. coconut flakes, unsweetened
- 1/2 Tbsp. goji berries
- 1 tsp honey (or liquid sweetener of your choice: maple syrup, agave, coconut nectar, etc.)
- Prepare all of your ingredients and toppings before removing the acai puree from the freezer: slice the banana and kiwi and pit the date.
- In a blender, combine the frozen acai puree, date, frozen berries, 1/2 of a banana, and almond milk. You may have to stir the ingredients a few times (or use the blender plunger) to get the entire mixture to soften.
- Pour the mixture into a large serving bowl or two small ones and top with your desired ingredients.
- Drizzle with honey. Eat with a spoon!


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Special Holiday Offers!
Superior Apartments
1 May - 10 Jun. only 279€ per week (regular price 420€ per week) 10 Sept. - 31 Oct. only 279€ per week (regular price 770€ per week) Deluxe Maisonette
1 May - 10 Jun. only 349€ per week (regular price 525€ per week) Superior Maisonette
1 May - 10 Jun. only 349€ per week (regular price 525€ per week)
Welcome to Village Esperia
A magical village of luxury villas that offer something truly unique for a wonderful holiday experience on Thassos. Here are 12 large and spacious self-catering accommodations that surround a beautiful pool located in the southern coastal town of Potos. Village Esperia lies in a quiet part of this vibrant town which offers beautiful sandy beaches and an upbeat nightlife. The villas are tucked away on a quiet road away from traffic and are just a short walk away from the beach and downtown.
Indulge Yourself
Enjoy the crystal-clear and soothing water of the swimming pool just foot steps from your front door where you can relax, go for a swim, work on your tan, or read a book. You may also bring your laptop and connect to the internet using the high-speed wireless access. There is a barbecue area with a table and seating next to a large garden behind the villas where you can have a cook-out anytime you desire. There is also plenty of private parking space in front of the villas for guests.


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LocationKingston NH
146 Route 125
Kingston, NH 03848
New 2019 Palomino Puma Destination 39-PFKFront kitchen! Walk-thru bathroom with dual vanity! Private bedroom!
12 days of Black Friday Deals on all 2020 RVs
Palomino Puma Destination 39PFK highlights:
- Front Kitchen
- Walk-Through Bath
- Two Recliners
- King Bed
If you have been dreaming about having your perfect vacation home at your favorite location then this Puma Destination 39PFK is the answer. You will enjoy cooking your meals in the front kitchen layout that provides a large area to prepare the meals, drawers to store your utensils, a pantry to bring along your favorite goodies, and a dinette to dine at. You will also enjoy the convenience of a dual vanity in the walk-through bathroom when you're getting ready for the day. When you're ready to wind down the night, you can choose to either head to the rear private bedroom or relax in the living area in either one of the two recliners or lay back on the sofa!
With any Palomino Puma Destination Trailer you will appreciate the convenience of getting away from the hustle and bustle of your daily routine to your favorite location for many years to come. From the rubber roof with a 12 year manufacturer's warranty, the rain gutters with large drop spouts, and a Darco wrapped underbelly to double entry doors, a rack and pinion electric slide system with manual override, and Beauflor linoleum you might never go back home. You will love cooking in the kitchen with the 3 burner cooktop, stainless steel sink with a high rise faucet, and you can keep your seasonings handy with the kitchen spice rack. So, come choose your favorite floorplan, and start your next vacation today!
Stock# 35093
Interior Color: Stone
|40 ft 6 in
|Ext Height
|11 ft 9 in
|Int Height
|6 ft 8 in
|Interior Color
|Hitch Weight
|1854 lbs
|Gross Weight
|12014 lbs
|Dry Weight
|9995 lbs
|Cargo Weight
|2019 lbs
|Fresh Water Capacity
|51 gals
|Grey Water Capacity
|65 gals
|Black Water Capacity
|35 gals
|Tire Size
|Furnace BTU
|35000 btu
|Available Beds
|Refrigerator Type
|Refrigerator Size
|16 cu ft
|Cooktop Burners
|Shower Size
|34" x 34"
|Number of Awnings
|Axle Weight
|8091 lbs
|LP Tank Capacity
|Water Heater Capacity
|12 gal
|Water Heater Type
|13500 btu
|Awning Info
|(OPT)21' Electric w/LED Lights
|Axle Count
|Washer/Dryer Available
|Number of LP Tanks
|Shower Type
Scan this QR code with your smartphone to save this page and have mobile access to this unit's information.
As demand for the Palomino grew, Mr. Landey felt it would benefit his company, Vanguard Ind., to relocate. With most manufacturers and industry suppliers located in the Elkhart, In. area the move eastward seemed logical. Vanguard Industries settled in the community of Colon in 1972. Once in Colon he began to put his plans in motion. By 1973 he had built the main production facility and within days Palomino tent trailers were rolling out the doors.
In 1976, Vanguard added its own Needle Division, in 1978 its own Metal Fabrication Plant, and has several cold storage facilities. On May 27, 1992, the primary production building and offices were destroyed by fire. By late August, 1992, the first 1993 model Palomino rolled of the line in the new 52,300 sq. ft. facility, which was built on the same site as the previous building had been.
The year 1998 continued to see expansion with the addition of a new 75,000 sq. ft. production facility, and another storage facility. In 2002 Vanguard was purchased by Forest River, Inc. This allowed for rapid growth and the introduction of two new towable lines of travel trailers and fifth wheels, Puma and Sabre by Palomino.
*All calculated monthly payments are an estimate for qualified buyers only and do not constitute a commitment that financing or a specific interest rate or term is available. Financing terms may not be available in all Campers Inn locations. Campers Inn RV Sales is not responsible for any misprints, typos, or errors found in our website pages. Any price listed excludes sales tax, registration tags, and delivery fees. Manufacturer pictures, specifications, and features may be used in place of actual inventory in stock on our lot. Please contact us for availability as our inventory changes rapidly.


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When going through my garage and hard-drives to look for artists that have covered Bob Marley songs, I quickly figured out that 2 artists really enjoy doing his songs. Albert Griffiths of the Gladiators and Lee Scratch Perry. Both do a Bob song in every show I have by them, which out of 100's of shows by various reggae artists those are the only 2 that I can say that about. Some artists have a closer connection to Bob like Judy Mowatt and Jacob Miller while others pay tribute to him during their shows. All tracks are downloadable from the main site Radio page and for easy listening a youtube vid was made. Happy Birthday 2012 Robert Nesta Marley
01. Sly and Robbie Rastaman Chant
02. Jacob Miller I Shot The Sheriff San Fran. 7.22.75 featuring JOHN CIPOLLINA
03. Joe Higgs, Get Up Stand Up Reseda, CA, Country Club, 1981-10-27
04. Freddie McGreggor – War – Hopi Land Reservation, AZ, July 1984 SDB
05. Freddie McGreggor – Crazy Baldheads Hopi Land Reservation, AZ, July 1984 SDB
06. Forever loving Jah w BUNNY RUGS, CAT COORE & FREDDIE MC GREGOR reseda 81
07. One Drop w BUNNY RUGS, CAT COORE & FREDDIE MC GREGOR reseda 81
08. Ken Boothe – Long Beach Arena, Long Beach,CA 2-19-95 AUDM No Woman , No Cry
09. The Gladiators – New Orleans, LA 6-29-83 SDB Rude boy ska
10. The Gladiators – 1983-07-03 Wolfgangs, San Francisco, CA SBD Small Axe
11. Lee perry london 11-22-84 nice time
12. Mighty Diamonds – Keep On Moving Tokyo, Japan SBD -1985-05-12
13. Meditations 1999-04-24 Blackman Redemption
14 Jacob Miler – Talkin Blues San Fran. 7.22.75 featuring JOHN CIPOLLINA
15 . Joe Higgs – La Jolla, CA 1991-03-10 SBD – Sun Is Shinning
16. Sinead O'Connor NYC 12-09-2005 War
17 U-Roy California 1990 Soul Rebel
18 Gladiators – Dubby Conquer 2000_Marysville
19. Gladiatiors – Stand Alone Live Unreleased
20 Lee Scratch Perry 11 13 2006 Neumo's Seattle Heathen
21. Dennis Brown – Kaisers Cafe, JA 1-5-91 SDB Heathen, War NMT, Get Up Stand Up
22. Big Youth – 1981-04-19 Santa Cruz, CA SBD Get Up, Stand Up
23. Judy Mowatt – SOB's 1983-11 Concrete Jungle NYC
24 Judy Mowatt – One Love with Peter Tosh SOB's 1983-11
25 Johnny Nash Stir it Up 1973-June-08
26. Skatalites 1990Feb7 Kuumbwa SBD Simmer Down
27. Redemption Song w BUNNY RUGS & IBO COOPER Reseda, CA, Country Club, 1981-10-27
28. Monty Alexander – Redemption Song 2008-11-15


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Dressing Up (and Down) in the Middle Ages
In 1983, Dr. Anne H. van Buren of Tufts University received NEH support for the research and writing of a comprehensive history of Northern European medieval dress based solely on firmly dated or datable works of art. She drew on illuminated manuscripts, early printed books, tapestries, paintings, and sculpture from museums and libraries around the world.
Before completion of her highly anticipated magnum opus, however, Dr. van Buren died, and her fully-drafted book was prepared for publication by Roger S. Wieck, curator of medieval and Renaissance manuscripts at the Morgan Library & Museum in New York City. The work—a detailed 430 page study and visual recounting—has now been published by the Morgan Library and Museum Press as Illuminating Fashion: Dress in the Art of Medieval France and the Netherlands, 1325-1515 in advance of an exhibition at the Morgan by the same name. The exhibition ran from May 20 through September 4, 2011.
Illuminating Fashion includes 340 richly-colored illustrations, which demonstrate how dress reflects social customs and politics at a time of rapid change leading up to the Renaissance. Major cultural and political shifts caused by events such as the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) and the occupation of Paris by the English (in the 1420s) had a notable impact on fashion, and medieval illuminators deftly recorded these shifts in taste. They used clothing and costume to help viewers interpret the meaning of their art.
In his Foreword, Museum Director William Griswold notes that "French and Flemish artists of the late Middle Ages exploited clothing as a kind of code that reflected the wearer's identity, occupation, and moral character….The original viewers of these works of art could 'read' the images using their own knowledge of fashion." Modern audiences can now look at the lavishly decorated manuscripts more like the original viewers by unlocking the iconography of dress and costume.
Illuminating Fashion also includes a comprehensive glossary of medieval English and French clothing terms and an extensive list of dated and datable works of art. This fully illustrated volume can be used as guide to a fuller understanding of the works of art: it can help determine the date of a work; reveal the shape and structure of depicted garments; and open up a picture's iconographic and social content.