text:
|Version 13 (modified by 7 years ago) (diff),
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Write window
This window will appear when you choose to write a new message or answer or forward an already existing message. You can open TWO Write windows at a time. The Write window consists of three sheets, laid out as shown below. The menu bar is the same for each sheet.
Menu bar: Text Edit Attachments Options
.-----------------------. .------------------. .--------------------. | Message | | Attachments | | Options | | |_|__________________|___|____________________| | | | | | | | | | The big text edit field on the 'Message' | | sheet is the internal editor which you | | can use to enter your message. | | | | | | | | | `---------------------------------------------------------------------'
Send now
Send later
These four buttons appear at the bottom of each sheet:
Send now
Prepares the message for sending, moves it to the Outgoing folder and tries to send the mail at once. For this option to work correctly, there must be a TCP/IP stack running and online.
Send later
Prepares the message for sending and copies it to the Outgoing folder. Use this button when working offline.
The message will be prepared as described in Send later and copied to the Outgoing folder, but will be held back and NOT sent. Use this button for unfinished messages, e.g. if you'd like to make some additions to the e-mail at a later time, and not risk them to be sent out by mistake.
Use this button if you've changed your mind. BEWARE: All input made in this window will be lost. But don't worry, a security requester will popup before YAM really discards any modifications you have made. (It won't show up if you haven't made any modifications in the message itself, though).
Message sheet
Above the large text editor area there are two header fields and a toolbar.
Insert here the main recipient you wish to send the actual message to. You can use names or aliases from the address book or even full e-mail addresses in case the recipient does not exist in the address book. If you wish to enter several recipients, you have to separate them by inserting commas.
There are several ways of importing here any recipient which can be found in your address book — just select the method you feel more comfortable with:
- click on the pop-up button to the right, thereby opening the address book. Now you can either double click on any entry you want, or drag it over to the text field holding the left mouse button.
- while the address book window is open, you can click the To: button there to automatically add the current entry to the To: field of your message. To add several recipients, just select them one by one and click the To: button in turn.
- lastly, a newly introduced and more elegant method is to just start typing the alias, first name or email address of your recipient in the To: field. This way you are quickly presented with a dropdown list of the possible matches, taken from your address book.
<Shift-Return> adds only the recipient address and drops the real name, whilst pressing <Return> without selecting a recipient will add the first match in the dropdown list. Both techniques can be combined.
If YAM cannot find a name or alias you've inserted manually into the To: field, you will get an error report as soon as you try to send [later] or hold your message. Please double check your spelling, or just use one of the selection methods outlined above.
jdoe, boss@…
What the mail is all about. When a mail is answered, there will be a Re: inserted in front of the original subject, whereas when forwarded a (fwd) will be added at the end.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 [Editor] same as menu item Text/Launch editor 2 [Insert] same as menu item Text/Insert as/Plain 3 [Cut] same as menu item Edit/Cut 4 [Copy] same as menu item Edit/Copy 5 [Paste] same as menu item Edit/Paste 6 [Undo] same as menu item Edit/Undo 7 [Bold] same as menu item Edit/Textstyle/Bold 8 [Italic] same as menu item Edit/Textstyle/Italic 9 [ULined] same as menu item Edit/Textstyle/Underlined 10 [Colored] same as menu item Edit/Textstyle/Alternative color 11 [Search] allows you to search the text for a given string
Internal editor
YAM uses the efficient MUI class TextEditor.mcc for message handling. Many aspects of the editor, such as keybindings, spellchecking or fonts can be changed in the TextEditor sheet of the MUI configuration . Although you can modify the keybindings, here is a list of the important default settings in TextEditor 15.9:
<Control-Up> go to the start of the text
<Control-Down> go to the end of the text
<Control-Left> go to the start of the line
<Control-Right> go to the end of the line
<Alt-Up> previous page
<Alt-Down> next page
<Alt-Left> previous word
<Alt-Right> next word
<RAmiga-x> cut
<RAmiga-c> copy
<RAmiga-v> paste
<RAmiga-z> undo
<RAmiga-RShift-z> redo
<Command-Help> suggest a word
<Del> delete the character
<Shift-Backspace> delete to start of line
<Shift-Del> delete to end of line
<Alt-Backspace> delete to start of word
<Alt-Del> delete to end of word
<Alt-Tab> quit editor
The TextEditor homepage can be found at http://sourceforge.net/projects/texteditor-mcc/
Attachment sheet
You can add one or more files to your message. This way you can send binary files such as archives, pictures, etc. via e-mail. You can choose the method of encoding (MIME or UUencoded) and write a comment for each file. Files can be archived automatically to reduce the size of the resulting message.
The attachment list contains five columns: filename, size (in bytes), contents, encoding and description. You can re-order the files using Drag & Drop .
Buttons and Gadgets
Add file(s)
You can select one or more files, which will be added as new attachments to the list. YAM recognizes over 20 filetypes automatically and will fill in the MIME type field accordingly.
Pack & add
By adding files this way, they will be archived with e.g. LhA, LZX or ZIP before being actually attached to the message. Select the files you would like to add to the archive and then enter an archive name. You can define the archiver in the configuration window, under Miscellaneous .
Removes the selected entries from the list.
Displays the selected entry using one of the programs contained in the MIME viewers list. The program used by default is MultiView.
For normal use you should encode your files using MIME (Base64/QP). YAM uses quoted printable encoding for text files and Base64 for binary files. If the recipient isn't able to decode messages in MIME format (because his mailer does not support this), you can also UUencode the files. Messages containing UUencoded files are still in MIME multipart/mixed format, but those attachments can be extracted from the message using a UUdecoder such as UUxT. A message generated by YAM may contain UUencoded attachments as well as attachments in Base64 format.
MIME type
As long as YAM recognizes the filetype of the attachment, the correct MIME type will be inserted automatically, otherwise the default setting (application/octet-stream) will be used. Before defining a new MIME type, please check that is isn't already part of the pop-up list.
Additional file types defined in the MIME configuration are also used automatically.
Example: image/gif
Here you can enter a comment about the actual attachment.
Example: Picture from our summer holidays (GIF format)
Options sheet
The items in the Options menu correspond to the buttons on this sheet.
The layout of this sheet is:
_________________________________________________ Copies to|_______________________________________________|^| Hidden copies to|_______________________________________________|^| From|_______________________________________________|^| Reply to|_______________________________________________|^| Additional header|_________________________________________________|
Send options
Header fields
Copies to
The recipients listed here will receive a copy of the message. See also the explanation about the To: field given for the Message sheet .
Hidden copies to
The recipients listed here will receive a copy of the message; however, unlike the recipients listed in Copies to, they won't appear in the message headers. This is useful if you want to send someone a copy of a message without the other recipient(s) knowing.
Pretty obvious, really! YAM will fill this in with your address, but you might want to change the way your real name appears.
Reply to
This setting is also valid only for the current message and will be inserted instead of the usual "Reply-To:" address as specified in the program settings. Leave this blank unless it needs to be different from the e-mail address in the "From:" header.
Additional header
If for any reason it should become necessary to add one or more special header lines to a message, you can enter these here. Several lines must be separated by inserting '\n'. YAM will prepend the entered headers with X-YAM-Header- in the resulting message.
Example: Keywords: Amiga, YAM\nPassword: CuriosityKilledTheCat
Send options
Delete after sending
Activate this option if you want the message to be deleted right after being transmitted, instead of being copied to the 'Sent' folder.
Disposition Notification
Activate this option to request the recipient's e-mail program to let you know about what the recipient did with your message, e.g. if the message has been read by the recipient or if the recipient has deleted or forwarded it. Please note that there are only a handful of e-mail programs which support this function, as well as the fact that the recipient might forbid the sending of any status report on e-mails. Therefore, not getting any information even with this option in use does not necessarily mean that the message has not been read. The command to send a status report is contained in the Disposition-Notification-To: header field. At the time of writing this document, the Internet standard for Message Disposition Notifications (MDN) was still being formulated.
Add personal info
Check this option to create a special X-SenderInfo: header containing personal data like your postal address, phone number, homepage, date of birth or URL of your picture. If the recipient works with YAM too, (s)he will be able to create an address book entry and fill it with your data. To get this to work, add an entry in your address book containing your data (YAM will find your entry based on the email address). If one exists, enter the WWW address of a small photo of yourself in the "address book" section of the configuration.
Specify here how important the message is for the recipient. Messages noted as important will usually be displayed with an exclamation mark in the status line and put into first place by automatic mail sorting. The level of importance is stored in the Importance: header.
Here you can replace the standard signature by one of the alternative signatures, or switch it off completely for this message.
Select here which security measures you want to take for this message.
none: Normal mail transfer.
sign: The message will be signed with your PGP public key and saved in multipart/signed format. The text of the message will be readable without PGP.
encrypt: The message will be encrypted using the recipient's PGP key and saved in multipart/encrypted format.
sign and encrypt: This is a combination of the two previous options, allowing the recipient to check the sender's identity.
send anonymously: The mail will be sent using an ANON service, so the sender will stay anonymous.
default: The mail will use whatever security measures have been selected for this recipient in the address book, or "none" if this recipient cannot be found there.
Further information about PGP and security issues can be found in the PGP and Configuration/Security chapters.
YAM's Glossary acts as a place to collect blocks of text which you may use fairly frequently, such as templates for letters, greeting phrases or frequently asked questions. The text can be as long as desired, extending over several lines. Using the Edit/Glossary menu item or the <RAmiga-D> shortcut you can go straight from the internal editor into the glossary. Each entry has a name (e.g. "ys" for "Yours sincerely") which you can see in the left-hand part of the window. Click on the name and you can edit the entry in the right-hand side of the window. A double click on the name pastes the text block at the current cursor position and then closes the window.
Function of the buttons
Creates a new entry in the glossary.
Add selection
Creates a new entry in the glossary using the block marked in the text editor. If no block is currently marked, YAM will try to paste the contents of the clipboard.
Deletes the selected entry from the glossary.
Pastes the highlighted entry into the text editor, at the current cursor position.


text:
Mercury Systems RF and Microwave Components group develops innovative technology solutions to solve complex customer challenges. We call it Innovation That Matters, and it is what makes us the better alternative for addressing our customers' needs.
Mercury's RF Components group has compiled a portfolio of technologies with unparalleled breadth to enable solutions at the block diagram level. Whether the application is EW, Radar, or telecom, for airborne and space, naval or terrestrial end uses, we have the ferrites, mixers, high power amplifiers and switches, VCOs, low noise products and test equipment as well as integrated combinations to support customers' needs. Our family of components is designed to work together, resulting in significantly lower technology risks. Through our continued investment in automated test and manufacturing technology as well as our investment in infrastructure, we also lower our customers' delivery and schedule risks.
Domestic Contact
International Contacts
RF/Microwave Technology
Product Line Overview
Tech Briefs:
Quality Clauses, Certs and Terms:
» ISO 9001 Certification
» AS9100C Certification
» SQAR General
» SQAR Specific

subset: commoncrawl


text:
| 10.1°C Belfast
Prime Minister David Cameron has insisted that the first police and crime commissioners will have a mandate to oversee the delivery of law and order, despite a turnout at the elections which is expected to be a record low.
In the most high-profile result, Labour's Lord Prescott failed in his bid to become police commissioner for Humberside, losing out to Tory Matthew Grove.
But the historic vote for the newly-created £100,000-a-year jobs was overshadowed by poor turnout, with fewer than 20% of voters going to the polls, and some cities - such as Coventry - barely scraping above 10%. In one polling station in Gwent, not a single voter cast their ballot. The Electoral Commission watchdog announced a review of the operation of the polls, warning the low participation level was "a concern for everyone who cares about democracy".
Labour said it was "shocking" that the Government had spent up to £100 million on elections which had failed to engage the public, while Liberal Democrat president Tim Farron warned it would be "extremely difficult" for PCCs to claim a mandate when they were elected by just 7-8% of registered voters in their area.
But Mr Cameron insisted: "Yes, they have a mandate. The turnout was always going to be low, when you're electing a new post for the first time, but remember these police and crime commissioners are replacing organisations that weren't directly elected at all."
Speaking during a visit to Wiltshire to congratulate successful candidate Angus Macpherson, the Prime Minister said: "For the first time people are going to have a local law and order champion... Now they have got them and those people in post will be able to prove their worth - that they are holding the police to account, they are getting things done for local people, they are prioritising the law and order crackdown that the people want to see - my prediction is that the turnout will be much higher next time around."
With turnout at the PCC elections - held in every part of England and Wales except London - set to be even lower than the 23% peacetime record set at the 1999 European Parliament polls, Electoral Commission chair Jenny Watson promised a "thorough review".
"The Government took a number of decisions about how to run these elections that we did not agree with," said Ms Watson. "But what is important now is that the right lessons are learnt: we will talk to voters, candidates and returning officers to understand what worked and what didn't. The Commission is going to undertake a thorough review, and we will present our findings to Parliament in early 2013."
Shadow home secretary Yvette Cooper said: "We warned the Government repeatedly that they had the wrong approach and that turnout would be low. Theresa May and David Cameron didn't listen and it is shocking that they have spent £100 million on these elections rather than on 3,000 police constables instead. Time and again on the doorstep people told us either they didn't have enough information, didn't know the elections were happening, didn't support them or didn't want to go out in the dark to vote."
The final result was declared just after midnight, with Conservative candidate Tony Hogg winning the election in Devon and Cornwall. In total, the Conservatives won 16 commissioner posts, Labour 13 and independents 12.


text:
Judge halts Kentucky execution set for next week
In less than a month, judges in Kentucky and California have barred their respective states from executing inmates because of problems with the way the states put their lethal injection procedures into place.
The latest halt came Friday in Kentucky, where Franklin County Circuit Judge Phillip Shepherd stopped an execution set for Sept. 16 and halted any other execution until the state addresses multiple issues with its protocol. Shepherd's ruling comes on the heels of a California judge's decision late last month to keep a ban on executions in place until her questions about that state's process are answered.
Those decisions, rooted heavily in the law and the facts of the protocol, not the emotional details of gruesome killings, appear to be on the leading edge of how the judiciary will treat execution challenges in the future, said Fordham University law professor Deborah Denno.
"Judges are taking a more proactive, hands-on treatment of these cases," Denno said. "It really has reverberations far beyond the state of Kentucky."
Kentucky's protocol, like those of at least 33 other states, covers a variety of issues, from a condemned inmate's final visitation to how much of each drug is used to put the inmate to death. After the U.S. Supreme Court upheld Kentucky's method in 2008, multiple states used it as a template, because they believed it passed constitutional muster.
Since then Kentucky has executed one inmate - a volunteer in 2008 - and has seen its protocol dismissed by the courts twice. That could spell trouble for states that modeled their method after Kentucky's, because judges like Shepherd are taking a closer look at the details of how executions are carried out, Denno said.
"I think the judges in these kinds of cases are becoming more sophisticated," she said.
In both California and Kentucky, judges knew the details of not only the case, but the state's protocol for handling an execution and quizzed attorneys about those details.
The path was initially blazed by U.S. District Judge Jeremy Fogle of California in 2006, who suspended executions in that state after concluding that the last six men executed there might have been conscious because they were still breathing when lethal drugs were administered.
He ordered the state to reformulate its process, including having a licensed medical professional on hand to inject the fatal dose, before executions could resume.
Adams, the Marin County judge in California, stopped executions Aug. 31, telling the state no inmate would be put to death until she could be sure the state has complied with prior orders to change its protocol to lessen the risk of pain.
Shepherd's decision in the case of 53-year-old Gregory L. Wilson is similar in nature: It focuses heavily on what is and isn't included in the protocol. It also marks the second time in the last 12 months that Kentucky's lethal injection method has been thrown out.
Kentucky readopted its lethal injection protocol in May, seven months after the state's high court halted executions because the written process wasn't properly put into place. Several death row inmates immediately challenged it.
Shepherd ruled that the state's protocol for an execution is inconsistent with the state's law because the law provides for a single drug execution and the protocol doesn't. Shepherd also found that the protocol doesn't provide a safeguard to prevent a mentally retarded or criminally insane inmate from being executed.
The state may not execute any inmate until those issues are resolved to the satisfaction of the court, Shepherd wrote.
"The Court has found serious questions about whether all statutory and constitutional requirements have been met in the challenged administrative regulation at issue here," Shepherd wrote.
Shelley Johnson, a spokeswoman for the Kentucky Attorney General's Office, said prosecutors will ask the Kentucky Supreme Court to hear the case, with an eye toward following through on Wilson's execution next week.


text:
Now that the second season of the Walking Dead has come to a close, it's time to reflect on poor character decisions...with giant letters scrawled across actors' faces! Here's a collection of brilliant (and all too true) Walking Dead memes that answer the question of who is worse: Carl or Lori? Hint, it's Lori!
And if for more Walking Dead weirdness, see T-Dog's recap of Season Two. Thanks for the tip, Ash (Not From Pallet Town)!


text:
Estonian Maritime Academy is one of the schools of Tallinn University of Technology and it is the only educational institution in Estonia that offers professional higher education and Master's level education in the maritime field. We are located in the capital Tallinn but also have a Centre for Blue Economy in Saaremaa.
In addition to higher education, we contribute to research, provide trainings and offer services. The Academy also holds a one of a kind Simulator Centre and has a whole dedicated floor of hi-tech laboratories.
Welcome aboard!


text:
Epic fail: Scientific Research in Homeopathy Conference 2010
Yes, I really did go to this and, no, it wasn't the shortest conference in history — it lasted a whole dreary day. They didn't know it was me because I had cunningly disguised myself as a middle-aged, middle-class woman so I wouldn't stand out.
You may be wondering what possessed me to spend a day listening to a bunch of quacks talking piffle. Having done it, I'm wondering the same. The best I can say is that I went for the same reason I once consented to an examination by a chiropractor, wore a niqab and gave birth at home (not all at the same time) and why I might yet have a reiki massage and do the alpha course: I wanted to see what it was like. I saw it as part of the rich tapestry of out-of-the-ordinary experiences that life has to offer. What could be more bizarre than to sit listening to "top PhD research scientists" talk about one of the loopiest of all quack therapies as if there was a serious chance it could revolutionise health care systems in the developed world?
The conference, organised by the very scary Jayney Goddard of the Complementary Medical Association, was promoted thus:
'Homeopathy is nothing more than placebo! It doesn't work and homeopaths are cynically ripping off vulnerable people!'
We've all seen these ridiculous headlines. So, if you are as fed up as we are of hearing this constant nonsense, do come along to the 2010 "Scientific Research in Homeopathy" Conference. This is a not-for-profit event that will give you the proof you need to effectively counter these arguments.
Jayney opened the conference with the declaration that, "Homeopathy is weird. We know it works but we don't know how," and promised us speakers "at the zenith of their profession."
Are you ready?
Lionel Milgrom
Call me naive, but when I go to conferences I expect to hear professional presentations in keeping with the theme of the event.
I'd never seen or heard Dr Milgrom perform live before and I initially mistook him for some cocky little barrow boy from Billingsgate market who'd wandered in by mistake. But, according to the conference website, he'd had a "a long career as an academic research scientist". Blimey, as Milgrom would probably say, he certainly kept his scientific credentials well-hidden during the hissy-fit he gave in lieu of a presentation.
The list of targets was predictable enough: Edzard Ernst, Richard Dawkins, David Colquhoun, Michael Baum, Simon Singh and Ben Goldacre all came in for a tongue-lashing as did the Sense about Science charity, with a special mention for the charity's founder, Lord Taverne: "Dick by name, dick by nature," spat Milgrom, to approving sniggers from the audience. But the main target for his venom was Evan Harris. "I've always voted Lib Dem before," he snivelled, "but I never will again." He announced that he'd written to Nick Clegg requesting that Evan be censured — "and I really hope he is!" See gimpyblog for a look at the letter.
It seemed a curious decision to kick off a purportedly serious conference about homeopathy and scientific research with a session that was little more than a rant about "the new fundamentalism", as Milgrom describes the growing opposition to the unethical promotion and public funding of scientifically unsupported therapies. It also seemed curious that he should give a presentation that, as far as I can see, was virtually identical to the one he gave at the first such conference two years ago (available here or, for anyone who'd prefer to read the same old guff in article form, try here). As an update on his last rant, we'd been promised a "critique" of the article by Michael Baum and Edzard Ernst on the truth about homeopathy, but nothing that could reasonably described as a critique took place.
It will come as no surprise that Milgrom gave the usual quackish misrepresentation of what was happening in the BCA v Simon Singh libel case (in spite of Jack of Kent's hilarious post about him last year), sneered at the 10:23 event and at skeptic bloggers in general. And, of course, he called the meta-analysis by Shang et al (the one that reveals homeopathy to be the biggest cock and bull story since the virgin birth) the "best example of bad science worthy of Ben Goldacre", which is what he said last time (see apgaylard), and which is, of course, nonsense. There were a few criticisms of the Shang paper but these have been more than adequately answered and, anyway, they had no effect on the truth of Shang's conclusions. Milgrom is not the type of quack who would let the truth get in the way of good story, however.
If anyone's interested in any of the…ahem…'scientific' content of Milgrom's slot, I suggest you go and read Andy Lewis's superb article about what he said at the previous conference and if that isn't enough for you, I can recommend Shpalman's collection of articles on Milgrom. As far as I'm concerned, he's a waste of space and I'm not going to waste any more of my time on him.
19.4.2010: Edited to add link so you can read Milgrom's rant now published on some quack website. Don't all rush.
Alex Tournier
The demeanour of this charming Frenchman couldn't have been more of a contrast to that of the horrendous Milgrom. Not only did he not slag anyone off but his was one of only two presentations at the conference that contained some science and it is rather sad that someone so well qualified is wasting their time on homeopathy. Dr Tournier is a biophysicist and a research fellow for Cancer Research UK. He is also chair of the Homeopathy Research Institute.
I don't propose to say much about the content of his presentation because, although I took copious notes, I don't have a copy of the slides he used. (Copies of all the presentations were promised to attendees; none have so far materialised.) Even with the slides, I found his argument difficult to follow and it was even more difficult to take him seriously after he'd introduced his session with probably the daftest remark made by any of the speakers during the entire day, which is that the principle of like treating like — the 'Law of Similars' — is "pretty uncontroversial".
Say what?
It isn't the first time I've heard a quack from a scientific background mention vaccines in the same breath as homeopathy and, coming from people like that, I can't see the comparison as anything other than dishonest. I know a lot of homeopaths say things like, 'homeopathy works by stimulating the body's own healing power', but they're just stupid. That's not an explanation!
Surely the 'treat like with like' — sympathetic magic — idea is every bit as controversial as the 'more dilute = more potent' nonsense. (The latter is what Alex Tournier described as the 'Achilles heel' of any theory of homeopathy, when really it's just the part that most easily lends itself to ridicule.) The 'Law of Similars' has always been a huge stumbling block to acceptance as far as I'm concerned and I still await answers to the questions about it I have posed several times already in previous posts.
Tournier soon made his second ludicrous and dishonest assertion of the day, which was that homeopathy's detractors never pick up on the similarity of the high dilutions principle and hormesis. Oh, good grief! I may not have a PhD in biophysics but even I know the difference between something and nothing.
Another reason why I didn't expect to be blown away by Tournier's presentation is that I'd read Gimpy's analysis of what he said last time. To quote Gimpy,
…he indulges in the familiar deceit, misinterpretations and hypocrisy of homeopaths when it comes to evaluating scientific approaches to homeopathy
Anyway, as I can't bring Tournier's presentation to you, I'll just c & p what he said in the pre-conference information and move on. (I'd skip it if I were you.)
There is presently no accepted scientific theory of how the high-dilutions involved in homeopathy might carry any physical effect, let alone a therapeutic effect. Several lines of enquiry have been followed over the years with little success. There is currently a great need for a testable theory of high-dilutions, such a theory might be that of Quantum Coherence Domains (QCDs).
Giuliano Preparata (1942-2000), an Italian theoretical physicist at the university of Milan, hypothesised the presence of QCDs in room temperature condense matter. QCDs emerged out of Preparata's extension of Quantum Electro-Dynamics to include interactions with external Electromagnetic (EM) fields. In the case of water these hypothesised QCDs would be small volumes of water each one acting as a single quantumly coherent entity.
These QCDs have interesting properties in terms of a potential explanation of the phenomena linked to high-dilutions. These QCDs are predicted to capture the EM fields present at the time of their creation. This process could, in principle, capture the specific EM signature of any given substance. The serial dilution/succussion process involved in homeopathy could then be seen as a way of propagating QCDs around a sample (through succussions or, equivalently, vortexing) and eventually removing all trace of the original substance (through dilutions).
QCDs are currently being investigated as a potential explanation of a number of anomalous behaviours reported in experiments investigating solvation effects. In the context of high-dilutions a number of experiments have already reported some effects, although not in a fully reproducible way.
I will present an overview of the theory of QCDs and how, when applied to homeopathy, it offers a framework through which many of the observed phenomena can be investigated and potentially explained.
Kate Chatfield
Chatfield's name will be familiar to anyone who's been following David Colquhoun's campaign against quackademia (snigger). She still leads an MSc course at Uclan but it's only in homeopathy by e-learning, which would explain why Chatfield, who described herself as a "philosopher not a scientist" is considered qualified to take it.
Obviously, as she's not a scientist, her session wasn't remotely connected to science. Instead she promised, in her session, to address the question of whether it is unethical to prescribe homeopathy. Chatfield, a homeopath, concluded that it isn't. Fancy that.
Steven Cartwright
How lucky am I that Azneo has produced a very nice wee blog post on the same presentation — right down to the quote from Sir Arthur Conan Doyle — given by Cartwright at another venue! Before you click on the link, allow me to indulge in a bit of blatant well-poisoning.
I'm sorry but I just have to share with you some bits from an article by the same Dr Steven Cartwright that was published in The Homeopath magazine in 1996.
Cartwright had several years experience as a homeopath and four years involvement in shamanism, when he travelled to Peru to learn about the shamanic healing practices of a tribe of Amazon Indians. He "knew intuitively that there were important connections between shamanism and homeopathy".
My favourite bit is his description of how a shaman deals with a sick person who comes to see him and how it may take several visits before the shaman 'sees' what is wrong with the person.
The shaman would say that the spirits have shown him. And in that moment of 'seeing' the cure takes place. The singing that follows, the plant infusions that are given, all help; but unless the shaman has 'seen', no cure can take place.
This all sounds fair enough, doesn't it? We are talking about a primitive people living in the Amazon rainforest, after all. I don't suppose too many of them get the chance to go to university, unlike Steven Cartwright who, according to his conference profile, gained his PhD from Edinburgh University and spent many years as a research biochemist at Oxford University before discovering homeopathy. He continues:
The parallels with homeopathy were unmistakable. A patient can come several times to the homeopath, but only when we 'see' the nature of the patient's sickness, only when we understand, can and does, cure take place…For the shaman it is the spirits who help him to 'see'. The homeopath has only symptoms to help him or her to 'see'. And intuition.
Now here's the bit that made my jaw drop:
For those of us who do not follow the way of the shaman, there is a symbolic system above all others which is so versatile and which tells us so much about a patient and their state of being, including their heredity, even before they tell us their story, that it is invaluable as an aid to coming to the meaning of sickness; and that symbolic system is astrology. Astrology gives us access directly at the level of meaning, rather than manifestation, and that, to my mind, is its great value.
I've since learned that astrology — sorry, I mean medical astrology — is considered quite appropriate for incorporation into the homeoquack's armoury. I am so tempted to book a consultation with Steven Cartwright just to hear him talk about 'Mars in Scorpio rising' or some such twaddle.
You may be wondering why somebody like this was speaking at a conference that has the word 'science' in the title. The answer is that he's been involved in "experimental work at the Cherwell Innovation Centre in Oxford aimed at developing assay systems for homeopathic potencies as well as demonstrating changes in solution on succession, which it is hoped will eventually lead to an explanation of the mechanism of action of homeopathy".
Steven Cartwright, bless him, comes over as a really sweet and personable man but he doesn't half talk some hogwash. Here's a sample taken down verbatim from his session:
Has anyone here given a remedy and it hasn't worked, then given the same remedy further down the line and it has worked? (Murmers of assent.)
What's happening?
The indications are that potencies oscillate in their effectiveness over time…What if James Maddox and James Randi had come to Benveniste's lab on a day when the strength of the potency was at its lowest? And if they'd come when the strength of a remedy was at a peak, I wouldn't be standing here now because Benveniste would have won the Nobel prize and it would all have been sorted.
OK, go away and read that other blog now, if you're interested enough in what Dr Cartwright has to say. (As an alternative, I'd recommend yesterday's interesting post by Prof Stephen Curry: Homeopathy and the Structure of Memory.)
By the way, if anyone doesn't know the story of Benveniste, you could do worse than watch the 2002 Horizon documentary on homeopathy, which is now on youtube. The advantage of this is you get to see and hear Benveniste himself talk and he's dead sexy. Well, just dead now, of course. Milgrom's in it too.
Edited to add: Or see the Bienveniste story told in cartoon strip here — superb!
Oliver Dowding
We have huge "constituencies" of satisfied users consistently proving beneficial outcomes. These are satisfied users who generally have four legs, but in some cases, only two, and all come from the animal kingdom. Whilst not widely practised in this country, there are a great many more animal users of homoeopathy than sceptics are prepared to accept.
Yes, I know. This extract from Dowding's conference profile is just begging for ridicule. You're right, Oliver, I do not accept. Just put me in touch with some of these four-legged "users" and let them tell me themselves how satisfied they really are.
There is more of the same on this website, which he directed us to.
This article is written from the experiences I had in keeping 500 head of dairy livestock for 14 years, whilst managing the farm under organic principles. I was meeting many health challenges that they faced, which we primarily resolved with homoeopathic remedies. The overriding outcome and opinion formed was that cows are not inherent liars or fraudulent creatures! They have no axe to grind, nor a commercial position to maintain or enhance.
There's not more much I can say about this former dairy farmer, who was yet another speaker at this so-called science conference who began his session by declaring he wasn't a scientist, had no degree of any sort in fact but he had "spent a lifetime doing things". Well, that's nice to know.
Dowding was as sour as Cartwright was sweet. Allopathic medicine is failing on a big scale, he told us, and we need alternatives. I'm sure he knew he was singing (or, rather, reading his speech word for word) to the choir but that didn't stop him.
Like Lionel Milgrom, he felt the need to have a cathartic rant at the usual suspects — mainly Ben Goldacre — but also at the more humble everyday folk who like to challenge the promotion of dangerous nonsense on the web under "ridiculous pseudonyms". I can't think who he means. Strangely, the one he chose to focus on was my friend, Margaret Nelson, who makes no attempt to hide her identity in making her brief comment on libdemvoice.org, which Dowding read out because it ends with this throwaway line:
Oh, and if Oliver's use of homeopathic "treatments" for his livestock causes them any suffering, he's liable to be prosecuted on animal welfare grounds because it's not treatment at all.
Dowding, to my astonishment, then read out his entire response, which is nearly a thousand words long! How surreal was it to be at a conference supposedly about scientific research listening to Worzel Gummidge read out some squabble he'd had on the internet? Honestly, it felt utterly bizarre. I will add that I go to quite a few meetings and conferences and if the humanists and skeptics I hear at them behaved like some of these people did, I'd have nothing to do with them.
Anyway, Worzel said nothing that was worth reproducing here so I'll move swiftly on.
Clare Relton
During the conference, two conflicting views were expressed on the state of scientific evidence for homeopathy. One view is that there is loads of good quality scientific evidence that homeopathy works (Milgrom) and the other view was that there isn't (Relton — though, in fairness, she implied this rather than said it in as many words).
Milgrom repeated the lie that "there are many good quality scientific trials and meta-analyses showing that homeopathy can demonstrate clinically observable effects over and above placebo". Relton, on the other hand, while stating that since 1945 there have been some 200 RCTs published on homeopathy and that a new one lands on her desk every couple of weeks, repeated the argument so beloved of altmed devotees, which is that "lack of evidence of effectiveness is not the same as evidence of lack of effectiveness".
Indeed it isn't and it's a perfectly reasonable thing to say in relation to a therapy that — unlike homeopathy — is scientifically plausible but hasn't been trialled extensively. When a treatment that — unlike homeopathy — doesn't flout any fundamental laws of physics but — unlike homeopathy — hasn't been subjected to rigorous scientific testing, then of course we can't know for certain whether it works or not.
Take, for example, the extract from the foxglove plant, digitalis, which was originally part of an old folk remedy for heart disease and which is still used by homeopaths "for people who are prone to heart and circulatory disorders. The remedy is considered particularly appropriate if symptoms are accompanied by a fear of death, or a fear that moving — especially walking — may cause the heart to stop beating".
For more than two centuries digitalis (digoxin) was considered a life-saver by physicians practising orthodox medicine as well.
…doctors based their ideas on their clinical experience and intuition, and knew that digoxin saved lives. They could see it working. The 1997 trial showed that doctors had been wrong on this point for two centuries. People who took digoxin lived no longer than those who swallowed a placebo. That was not because it was less 'natural' than chewing on a foxglove, simply because the effect of the active compound on the human body was not as miraculous as intuition suggested."
Druin Burch,Taking the Medicine p. 237
When it comes to a therapy that has been tested in a couple of hundred RCTs and when the better quality trials demonstrate an effect no better than placebo….well, if that isn't evidence of lack of effectiveness, I don't know what is.
But for homeopaths — or any other breed of quack for that matter — if the science tells us something we don't like, then there is something wrong with the science. Clare Relton used her slot to talk about clinical trials — the subject of her recently completed PhD. She was the most engaging speaker at the conference and her presentation was the only one I found vaguely interesting, though not as interesting as her story of how she flunked science at age 13, got a "motley collection of GCSEs" yet ended up being employed by the NHS to provide homeopathic treatment and is now a research fellow at Sheffield. She said she found the fact that she now earns her living from science "intriguing" and, having heard her presentation, so do I.
She mentioned her extensive experience of treating menopausal women with homeopathy. As someone who's spent the best part of a year finding out just how bad the menopause sucks and how it can ruin one's social life, I had no trouble imagining how nice it would be to spend an hour in the company of this charismatic woman. I could envisage her listening intently, maybe even holding my hand as she nodded sympathetically. Then she would prescribe an individualised remedy — a remedy just for me — devised after careful consideration of everything from my food preferences to my phobias (for a list of questions used in homeopathic consultations, see here). I have not the slightest doubt that if anyone can cure my menopause, Clare Relton can. A series of appointments with her and I'm sure the hot flushes would lessen in frequency and eventually disappear altogether. Yep, I'm convinced of it.
Anyway. Dr Relton talked about perceived shortcomings of RCTs and about her pioneering work on a new trial design: Relton et al BMJ. 2010 Mar 19;340:c1066. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c1066. Rethinking pragmatic randomised controlled trials: introducing the "cohort multiple randomised controlled trial" design.
Here's an extract from the article:
We have obtained ethical approval for and have conducted a pilot study of the cmRCT design. (Relton C. A new design for pragmatic RCTs: a "patient cohort" RCT of treatment by a homeopath for menopausal hot flushes. [PhD thesis] ISRCTN 0287542. University of Sheffield, 2009.)
In this pilot, a large observational cohort of 856 women aged 45-64 was recruited and their outcomes measured. A total of 72 women reported frequent or severe menopausal hot flushes, or both. Of these 72 women, 48 were eligible for the trial treatment (NA) and 24 were randomly selected to be offered the treatment (nA). The outcomes of the randomly selected patients were then compared with the outcomes of those eligible patients not randomly selected (NA – nA) using both intention to treat analysis and CACE analysis.20 Patients were not told about the treatments that they were not randomly selected to be offered.
Now, here's how she described to the conference audience, what she'd told the women selected to be offered the treatment:
There is a treatment that we think might benefit you but we are not sure. There doesn't appear to be any risks because it is homeopathic, although there is not much evidence about it.
I don't pretend to be any kind of expert in these matters but even I managed to spot a teensy-weensy problem with that scenario. We know by now (and, indeed, have known for more than 200 years) that the mere belief that a medical intervention is taking place can result in an improvement (or worsening) in some medical conditions. That's why trials have control groups and why both groups are blinded. Isn't comparing a group who know they are being treated to a group who know they aren't, asking for bias? What am I missing here? I hope someone will be able to explain it to me — preferably someone who knows what they are talking about.
If you're wondering why I didn't pose this question to Dr Relton at the time, it's because we were forbidden by Janey Goddard from asking questions in the sessions. The conference wasn't an occasion at which conferring was encouraged until a brief all-speaker panel session at the end. Goddard said it was more "holistic" (yes, she really said that!) to save questions until the end of the day when, inevitably, there were too many — mostly daft — questions for the time allotted.
During her slot Relton also highlighted, with the help of the BMJ pie chart, "how little we know about the effectiveness of NHS-funded healthcare". To her credit, she didn't do what I've mostly seen quacks do with that pie-chart and claim that it refers only to conventional medicine when it fact it refers to all commonly used treatments including the one Dr Relton has spent years practising. She focussed very much on the 51% of treatments of unknown effectiveness (treatments "for which there are currently insufficient data or data of inadequate quality") without mentioning the criteria on which treatments were included or left out so I'm not sure what point she was making. Funnily enough, she made no mention at all of the 13% of treatments of proven effectiveness and of the fact that homeopathy was not included amongst them.
Dr Rob Verkerk
Verkerk is a "compelling speaker who is also extremely personable," said the pre-conference publicity. In fact, Verkerk, who has a PhD in something to do with agriculture comes across a dreary, whingeing and obnoxious gobshite, very much in the Milgrom mould. He is the Executive Director of the Alliance for Natural Health — whatever that is — and, like many of the presentations at this 'Scientific Research in Homeopathy' conference, his had nothing much to do with scientific research but, like Clare Relton's session, focussed much more on dissing the methodology employed by scientific researchers because it doesn't suit quack remedies.
He quickly endeared himself to the audience with a hilarious joke that went something like this: "It's important to declare one's biases and my bias is that I don't like pharmaceuticals a lot". His second bias is that he doesn't like "corporate imperialism". I'm sure you can work out one of his favourite themes from those two biases and his argument was so tired, I'm not even going to go there.
My interest was piqued when he informed us that "energy-based medicine" is central to some ancient tradition or other and that the only people who don't understand it are orthodox physicians. But my hope that he was going to give some sort of explanation of this energy-based medicine was not realised, alas. Instead he told us his third bias is Ben Goldacre, whom he doesn't think is a very good doctor or scientist. But then Dr Verkerk evidently doesn't think that any doctor or scientist who considers the totality of available evidence for quack remedies and concludes that they are basically crap, is a very good doctor or scientist.
Verkerk talked about the difference between efficacy in the "ideal experimental world" and effectiveness in the "real world". As every quack knows, the methods of research favoured by scientists tend to demonstrate a lack of efficacy in quack therapies and this, he whined, is mainly because scientific researchers ignore clinical experience, which isn't what David Sackett intended at all. No, indeed! Then again, I don't think he intended that clinical trials should be cherry-picked and the larger, better quality ones ignored. In his 1996 article in the BMJ, (which Verkerk mendaciously referred to as a "complaint" that clinical experience is being disregarded), Sackett said,
Evidence based medicine is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. The practice of evidence based medicine means integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research.
It follows that, as the best clinical evidence from systematic research of homeopathy shows it's a crock, NHS funding for it should be withdrawn immediately.
Of course, Verkerk also had a go at Edzard Ernst. He went on about Edzard rather a lot, in fact. To give a flavour of what he said and the tone in which he said it, this is Verkerk reading from a systematic review of RCTs of individualised herbal medicine conducted by "Ernst and his chums", in 2007.
"There is a sparsity of evidence regarding the effectiveness of individualised herbal medicine and no convincing evidence to support the use of individualised herbal medicine in any indication"…so says God! And it is utter rubbish! If only he was to look at what's happening in a clinical environment…
If this conjures up a picture of a surly adolescent having a tantrum, I've succeeded in conveying my own impression of Verkerk's session. If not, you might like to look at Verkerk's written response to the same systematic review, in which he says pretty much the same thing and in the same way as he did at the conference.
Scientists like Prof Ernst have become so introspective over their worship of their reductionist methods that they fail to see how they do or don't relate to the much, much bigger picture of how extremely complex and diverse natural substances interplay with even more complex and diverse genomes. This truly is an abuse of science.
Worship of reductionist methods? Enough already! I really can't be bothered to transcribe the rest of what this guy said. Let's just consider that the pre-conference publicity said the main purpose of Verkerk's session was to "outline a potential way forward aimed at facilitating greater acceptance and uptake of homeopathy by mainstream medicine".
This is what he said in conclusion:
It is time to park some of the thinking on efficacy. It ties up a huge amount of resources. If they want to do it, that's fine, but the work is done so consistently badly and inappropriately that, most of the time, it's not worth it…We need to be thinking about mechanisms but it's not not the end of the line if we don't have one. We need to focus on finding better tools to measure what is going in a clinical environment. We have to translate that patient experience and find better ways of translating what's happening at a clinical level into a so-called scientific approach.
In other words, stop worrying about how it works; the way scientists do science sucks and we just need to find ways of making all our anecdotes look like convincing evidence. Clare Relton said pretty much the same thing — she just said it in a nicer way.
The conference has been described as a "huge success" but only, so far as I know, by the person who organised it. It's not clear what criteria she is basing her judgment on but probably that people enjoyed it as a social occasion. One thing I can be sure of: not a single person left that conference equipped to "effectively counter" the arguments against homeopathy as a therapy or against its provision on the NHS.
Something I hoped to gain from the day was a better understanding of why people so passionately believed in such an implausible idea. Is there something more going on here (I mean psychologically, not with homeopathy) than the naive post hoc ergo propter hoc assumption?
I don't think so.
I think we already know the factors that come into play: perhaps the most important one is that bad experiences with proper medicine make one more disposed to wanting any alternative to work, however batty it sounds. The apparently miraculous recovery of a loved one (or oneself) when nothing else had worked — as was the case with Relton's son's chronic ear infections, which hadn't responded to antibiotics but got better after getting homeopathic treatment — can provoke an ephiphany and I use that word deliberately. The conversion to homeopathy is closer to a religious experience than it is to anything else, just as homeopathy is more like a religion or cult than it is like a proper health discipline. I don't think faith in homeopathy can be explained by any new insight into the human condition that has thus far eluded us.
And, of course, once someone has invested days, months or years and a considerable amount of money to becoming a homeopath and especially once they've found they can make some sort of living out of it, their minds become resolutely closed to the possibility that they can be wrong about it. (By the way, in my usual spirit of open-minded enquiry, I wouldn't mind doing this two-day beginners' course at the Centre for Homeopathic Education, if only it didn't cost £250. Any offers to fund me?)
Talking of money, I will say that if the conference had really lived up to the title and the promises, i.e. if it had really been about scientific research, if the speakers had really been top PhD scientists and at the zenith of their profession and if it had really equipped people to effectively counter what are really very simple arguments, then it would have been a fantastic bargain at £58.
As it is, the best thing I got out of it was a rather nice goody bag which, once I'd binned the contents, proved quite useful on my next trip to Sainsbury's.
33 Responses to Epic fail: Scientific Research in Homeopathy Conference 2010
Great blog, really enjoyed the read.
I find it astonishing the good press Homeopathy is getting and think the skeptic bloggers are doing a great job of holding them to account. Tip Top.
This is excellent stuff. Sort of thing I'd love to do myself, but I doubt I'd sneak in unnoticed.
My presence in a room is not what one might describe as subtle.
Anyway, how many 6 foot 2, overweight, beardy skinheads were in the audience?
I commend your endurance. I tend to snort loudly when I laugh. That would have given the game away.
Darn it
I just spent ages typing a long comment, but when I tried to submit it my FireFox did something really weird.
Did it come though or should I retype it all again?
Such disappointing reporting from one who portends to scientific inquiry. It is obvious that you took copious notes, but clearly they were intent on creating emotional hyperbole. This, my dear, is not scientific inquiry. It is called bias and prejudice. Such reporting lands you clearly in the realm of fundamentalist extremism–much noise, no substance, and money from those who have something to sell. It is so unfortunate that your listening skills are in need of repair.
Awesome report and I commend you for your patience and courage. Milgrom is a right nasty piece of work and Cartwright is away with the fairies. I'm amazed that the "very scarey Jayney Goddard" (LOL!) called this a conference about scientific research when most of the talks weren't about science, nor the speakers, scientists.
Keep up the good work.
I'm dismayed that scientist employed by Cancer Research is also a homeopath. That reflects badly on them.
As for the ignorant and abusive comment from tanya marquette, (why do they always resort to abuse – do they think it hides the fact that they don't have a rational argument)…you may be interested in another comment from the same person:
" Posted by: tanya marquette | May 23, 2008 7:24:51 AM
based on this 'report' i next expect to hear that a major pharmaceutical corporation has purchased consumer reports!
i have used homeopathy as my primary health protocol for over 20 yrs. i can assure you that it has dealt with anything from measles in my children to chronic ankle problems from childhood to releasing repressed memories with amenorrhea. my pets have benefitted enormously from homeopathy on issues including stomatitis, cancer and currently uri and bacterial infections in a 19 yr old cat."
"if they have one."
Why not? Easy to prepare, lucrative and without substance. That's their speciality!
So what were the tea and coffee like during the breaks? One tea-bag or one teaspoon of Birds Mellow per twenty cups?
Excellent summary – you sure know how to enjoy a day off!
"The indications are that potencies oscillate in their effectiveness over time…"
At least homeopaths are very creative when trying to explain why for 175 years now those remedies seem to lose their (otherwise incredibly strong) effects whenever they're put to the test.
Thanks for this write-up!
Somehow the link I added didn't show up (I guess that's due my limited html-skills). Second try:
You sound like a very open minded person. Maybe you should focus your career on highlighting the positive beneficial effects of therapeutic interventions, as that would certainly be of more value to human kind.
Thanks for producing such a detailed account of proceedings, Skepticat. I would have bet money they had little "scientific" to say, and it doesn't sound like I would have lost any. I like your take on the underlying logic of Clare Relton's presentation. I predict there will be some, er, "heated discussion" to come in the comments following her BMJ paper, so they will be worth keeping an eye on over the next couple of weeks.
BTW, Orac gave DUllman a good thrashing today. Not that it will make any different to the Energizer Bunny of Homeopathic Self-Promotion.
Int J Oncol. 2010 Feb;36(2):395-403.
Cytotoxic effects of ultra-diluted Homeopathic remedies on breast cancer cells.
Frenkel M, Mishra BM, Sen S, Yang P, Pawlus A, Vence L, Leblanc A, Cohen L, Banerji P, Banerji P.
Integrative Medicine Program-Unit 145, Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA. [email protected]
The use of ultra-diluted natural products in the management of disease and treatment of cancer has generated a lot of interest and controversy. We conducted an in vitro study to determine if products prescribed by a clinic in India have any effect on breast cancer cell lines. We studied four ultra-diluted HOMEOPATHIC remedies (Carcinosin, Phytolacca, Conium and Thuja) against two human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and a cell line derived from immortalized normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMLE). The remedies exerted preferential cytotoxic effects against the two breast cancer cell lines, causing cell cycle delay/arrest and apoptosis. These effects were accompanied by altered expression of the cell cycle regulatory proteins, including downregulation of phosphorylated Rb and upregulation of the CDK inhibitor p27, which were likely responsible for the cell cycle delay/arrest as well as induction of the apoptotic cascade that manifested in the activation of caspase 7 and cleavage of PARP in the treated cells. The findings demonstrate biological activity of these natural products when presented at ultra-diluted doses. Further in-depth studies with additional cell lines and animal models are warranted to explore the clinical applicability of these agents.
PMID: 20043074 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
I'm not sure what you hoped to achieve by giving the abstract to that flawed paper.
It has been utterly demolished:
A giant leap in logic from a piece of bad science
Dynamised Preparations in Cell Culture?
A "homeopathic" bit of breast cancer "science," or: Who knew alcohol was so toxic?
I recommend you read all of these.
Thanks for the info on Alan Tournier. As he is — presumably — by CRUK, I will no longer support that charity.
I can't think of any other discipline in the modern world that attempts to forge new knowledge by going back to what life was like before the invention of the wheel.
Perhaps by doing so questers after ancient wisdom will come up with a square wheel for conquering stairs.
Good post over at Quackometer, http://www.quackometer.net/blog/2010/06/fossilised-medicine.html, covering the use of fossils in homeopathy.
If this is true then the whole substance of homeopathy is possible made from ultra-diluted coprolite, http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaur/glossary/Coprolite.shtml.
This is such a vitriolic essay it was painful to have to read through it. I can only suspect the author will die a premature death from such anger, animosity and hubris over the denial in the true ethics of science that is of discovery, asking questions, querying our results and conclusions and for open debate that will benefit all.
Nice article. They seem to be re-hashing much of the content from last time. I did a couple of posts on the previous presentations:
I still can't believe that Milgrom is still going on about Shang et al. Most of the criticisms were flawed, and those that weren't were addressed by the authors (http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2805%2967881-6/fulltext). I'm just stunned that he wrote: "Not only does it lack any literature citations". This is just untrue. In its original form the paper did not identify which of the cited studies made it into the "arger trials of higher methodological quality" group. This was out right three months after publication, in December 2005!
It's also odd that Milgrom only ever sees philosophical problems with the science that doesn't comform to his views. His philosophial posturing tries to distract by claiming critics of homeopathy are making universal claims for science, when all that is required for the critics to be right is that the methods of science are capable of falsifying the very testable claims made by homeopathy.
It's also significant that he only ever engages with the most basic, and largely discredited, philosophical accounts of science. Not that Milgrom getting his philosophy right (which he doesn't) and all critics of homeopathy being "scientistic" (which they are not) would actually make homeopathy work!
And as for Kate Chatfield, on the evidence of some of her published work, she's not much of a philosopher either:
Here are some other posts on Milgrom's typical arguments, as seen in a paper he wrote last year:
I was going to pick the paper apart some more, but ran out of enthusiasm.
Tell me please, do you think that Homeopathy Act passed by Indian parliament is 'fake', Central council of homeopathy is 'fake' and those 186 homeopathic colleges in India are 'fake'? From your post looks like you mean 285000 registered homeopaths, 6000 government dispensaries and hospitals are doing 'fake' medical practice that may 'endanger' human lives? According to you, BHMS and MD degrees awarded by Indian universities are all about 'fake' disciplines? Do you mean those millions of people thronging daily in homeopathic clinics and getting relief for their ailments are idiots attracted to 'fake practitioners' due to 'belief' only?


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Rick and company hold (then release!) a green sea turtle from Snow Bay on San Salvador, Bahamas. See other beautiful phenomena from the Bahamas.
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The Pre-Course Costa Rica written assignments consist of two requirements. First, (1) you'll post an Pre-Course Outline of your Discussion Topic (See Costa Rica Topic Outlines Below). This outline will serve as the foundation for your five page Presentation Topic Paper. (2) Then, you'll post your pre-course presentation paper prior to the beginning of the course. Please feel free to browse...
--Costa Rica Pre-Course Outlines and Responses
--Costa Rica Pre-Course Web Posting Papers Your completed Pre-Course Presentation Topic Papers can be viewed here.The Presentation Topic Outlines are shown below.
Peer Review is a fundamental component of doing science.To help make your discussion projects more scientifically sound, you are being called upon to put forward your topics and ideas as well as provide needed feedback to your fellow students.
For students selecting a discussion topic for Tropical Ecosystems of Costa Rica, INPUT YOUR TOPIC Outline or Completed Presentation Paper, and then review feedback here. Topics have to be approved by Dr. Cummins or Dr. Myers via this web feedback. Specific topics are first-come, first-served.
Posting Steps: Input Here
Post Pre-Course Discussion/Paper Topic Idea and Outline
Receive Feedback and Resubmit Revised Outline
Post Your complete Pre-Course Presentation Topic Paper
|Hello Costa Rica Ecology Folks!
We're looking forward to our course. As part of our course expectations, each student will present a twenty minute talk on a tropical ecosystem topic of your choice during the course. These presentations will be at lunch time or in the evenings. You may have as little as one day's notice!
To do a good job in your 15-20 minute presentation, you will need to hit the library and WWW well ahead of time. We will use the World Wide Web as our Discussion Feedback Central. You can see what other students are talking about and I would expect that you would submit suggestions on other peoples topics as well! In the selection of a topic, besides submitting a title, include a synopsis of your discussion topic. What do you plan on teaching the class? Why do you feel your topic is important? Include an outline of your talk and at least 5 references! I will provide feedback(everyone is welcome to contribute suggestions) via the web.
The time line for completion is:
-By Mar 15, 2003. Topic Selection, Paragraph, Outline, and Sources. First-Come, First-Served!
-April 15, 2003. Final Submission: Rewrite after having received feedback.
-May 15, 2003. Final Paper Posting. A five page paper on your discussion topic.
Topics can include, but are not restricted to, anything related to tropical ecology. Some topic ideas include land use, agriculture, climate change, climate in the tropics, conservation, plants (epiphytes, emergent trees, palms, understory plants); processes (predation in tropical rain forests, competition, nutrient cycling, mutualism), hydroelectric power, conservation, plate tectonics and volcanism in the Neotropics, indigenous peoples, coral reefs in Costa Rica, mangrove ecosystems, deforestation, species loss, or specfic species or family studies on reptiles, amphibians, birds, or other specific organisms (e.g., monkeys, bats, sloths, lizards, parrots, fresh water fish, mollusks, butterflies and moths) or other topics addressing biodiversity and sustainability (the national park system, economy and sustainability in Costa Rica, soil types, cattle ranching, the timber industry, environmentalism, medicinal plants). Let your interests lead the way. Do not be constrained by these suggestions! Look at what other students have talked about in previous years. To "prime" your discussion, you may wish to provide readings in advance to the class.
Let us know if we can help in any way. And, if you haven't done so yet, check out the Trop Ecosystems of Costa Rica Image Web Page. You'll get a taste of what's in store!
Hays and Chris
Discussion Topic Submissions:
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Here are links to a large database, the Library of Congress, the Miami library, and WWW search engines.
The science article library contains thousands of PDF articles. It is an amazing resource. The database is password protected.
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There are over 13,000 web pages on my website! There are so many pages that it can be difficult to even know what is here. Many of these web pages are student research articles, complete with literature sources. Use the Within-Site Search Engine to look for past student research work that may aid you in your research! It is not password protected.
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The meeting, organised by the Italian OSCE Chairmanship and the OSCE Transnational Threats Department/Border Security and Management Unit (TNTD/BSMU), aims at providing the NFPs with an opportunity to discuss emerging threats, risks, and available cross-border co-operation mechanisms to address them with consideration to the OSCE current and planned activities in the area of border security and management (BSM).
The meeting aims to develop the content of the on-line training on gender equality mainstreaming in border security and management.
The aim of the conference is to assess the Police (and Customs) Co-operation Centres (P(C)CCs') technical and operational capacity to identify the gaps to be addressed in order to provide for better co-ordination, co-operation and real time information exchange mechanism among the border security and management services in the region.
The Roundtable is specifically geared towards the Mediterranean region and will help showcase the important role that regional approaches and effective co-operation mechanisms can play in addressing cross-border challenges, to include those related to migration flows.


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Hello all, I've been married for 22 years, and my wife has never had an incline to learn riding motorcycles. Although recently, she's now enjoyed watching videos I've taken on long trips to Canada and out west and now wants part of it. She is not the type to ride in the back, she says she wants control,.. whatever that means.
Over a year ago we looked into getting her started and she got her motorcycle permit. She has not gotten her endorsement yet, but we keep on practicing. We debated at length what she should start riding with, but she was adamant about "No clutch" and No shifter. So, we purchased a Suzuki Burgman 400. She did well for a while in parking lot, school yard and such but she feels really unsettled on the roads. She's now dropped it 3 times and is afraid of climbing on it again. The Burgman 400 is a respectable 474 lbs bike and not to be taken lightly, I managed 92 mph on it.
Talking to friends and coworkers, she now decided she wants a Can Am Spyder. I never ridden a Spyder, but a 1000cc sport beast,.. Im not sold on that idea. I've read many blogs that says that it is the most popular choice for women ridding for the first time, so it has to speak volume.
Any on here with first hand driving experience on a Can Am Spyder and willing to provide insight on whether it's appropriate for a first time rider?


text: Maru hatsune 0 Posted November 18, 2012 okay. for those who have read the incarnations chapter of the arcana exxet, you would know that incarnations are born if the person in question achieves three goals. one, they must be a natural creature with a very high natura. two, his existence must be highly significant to a large amount of people to the world. and three, his death must be massively tragic and epic, releasing a mass amount of energy in the proccess. if you think about it, Bard and story tellers would be a crucial part in the creation of incarnations. but that got me the idea as well. what if they were incarnations in real life? who would be incarnated? any ideas and such? Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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I'm sure that this has somehow to do with fragrance, although actually I'm not sure. I can tie it in by the end perhaps. Suffice it to say that this post is not about "what frag would Lana wear" or "if Lana were a scent, what would it be?"
At work I got looped into a discussion about the one-woman culture war that is LDR. Specifically, I was discussing with my colleagues the long video for "Ride," with its nearly five-minute spoken introduction. Broadly,
I've recently repurchased the three fragrances that made up my steady rotation in high school and college, just to see how much they've changed (and how much I have, for that matter). Drakkar Noir and Grey Flannel were thoroughly pleasant reintroductions. Calvin by Calvin Klein, however, turned out a grave disappointment--even allowing for the distortions of hindsight, I have difficulty believing that the drear contents of this little blue bottle are the same as they were in 1981. A smear of
Like Swedish death metal or Byzantine icons, cologne is essentially a narrow and conservative form. That makes genius within the genre all the more impressive: as the smaller details are the only really variable elements, they have to carry the composition.
Some weeks ago I tried some Acqua di Parma Colonia Essenza in a store, and it seemed impossible that any fragrance could lift my spirits so suddenly and decisively. Pure transport and unlike anything I had ever smelled before.
I mentioned before my desire for a "fall urban pastoral," something cool, smoky, citified, and fundamentally unsweet. This quest has led me over the last few weeks to various odd beasts and not-so-near-misses, but has also generated a number of thoughtful proposals. One of the most promising of these came in the form of Nostalgia by Santa Maria Novella, whose enthusiasts claimed for it a power to transport the wearer to Le Mans in the summer of 1972.
Le Mans, the movie
I'm thinking about The Guide right now, as I suppose many Basenoters do from time to time. LT and Tania's seminal book, now a strapping four-year-old and into its second edition, indicated a new way of thinking and writing about fragrance much as (I am indebted to anomie for this insight) Robert Christgau's Village Voice columns fundamentally shifted the grounds of pop music criticism, tightening it, sharpening it, demanding that everything essential fit in one hook-laden paragraph.
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The Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies
The present paper proposes to put forth a general outline of categories (=padarthas) as available in the Vaisesika system of Indian philosophy.
Whereas some categories clearly are the outcome of mental deliberations, such as the dharma-taxonomies of the Buddhists, the padarthas of the Vaisesikas, or the tattvas of the Samkhyas, others seem to arise from within the cognitive models of Indian culture. This paper explores the concept of bhava as one of the categories arising from within the Sanskrit linguistic and philosophical traditions and traces its transformation into one of the core categories of Sanskritic thought.
Keynote Respondent: Ramprasad Chakravarthi
This paper examines Nyaya's understanding of the sources of knowledge, especially perception and inference, as generating genuine subkinds of cognition that are discernible by introspection as well as through our own and others' behaviour, and addresses how typological resources are used by the school in its epistemological theory. By being able to recognize a cognition as perceptual, inferential, analogical, or testimonial in character, we have access to our knowledge such that doubt and controversy can be resolved. The hinge premise is that we may assume such cognition to be veridical.
This paper explores the shift in Jaina thought from categorization (the ontological dualism of jiva and ajiva) to classification (the universe as a map of the Jina's mind), and reflects on a corresponding alteration in soteriological and sociological concerns.
The status of categories within Madhyamaka philosophy is a curious one. On the one hand there is a strong tendency to reject philosophically refined analyses of the constituents which make up the world, thereby rejecting systems of categories as well. The Madhyamika, it seems, accepts whatever conventions the world accepts at the merely conventional level but does not propose any conventions of his own. In fact there appear to be good reasons for such a view.
This paper argues for an interpretation of classical SƒÅ·pÉkhya according to which its schema of twenty-five categories constitutes the result of an analysis of experience as opposed to a speculative cosmogony or imaginative account of how our psychological faculties come into existence. Problems with prevalent interpretations are highlighted, notably the difficulty of understanding how physical elements can 'evolve' from psychological ones and that of understanding the relevance of the categorial schema to SƒÅ·pÉkhya's overall soteriological goal.
This paper will address the question whether and to what extent the ontological categories of early Indian philosophies can be looked upon as what might be called 'natural categories', categories that correspond in some way to the reality they intend to describe. It turns out that some of the Indian categories are of this kind, others are not. Examples will be discussed.
Mysticism is a term that has fallen out of use in recent years, partly due to the critique of essentialism in the history of religions, partly due to the recognition that mysticism is particular to tradition and culture and partly due to the orientation to understand religion in terms of a politics of culture that sees religion purely in constructivist terms.
Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies 13 - 15 Magdalen Street, Oxford OX1 3AE, UK Tel: 01865 304300Regd Charity No. 1074458
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Vermeer's View of Delft has long been famous for the remarkably powerful impression that it projects. This article examines the painting to understand the manner in which Vermeer created such a naturalistic, yet imposing work of art. It discusses the techniques employed to create textures of buildings and walls. Through a comparison with old maps and town views it analyzes in detail the relationship of his scene to the actual site depicted. This information suggests that although many areas of the painting are extremely accurate, Vermeer did make a number of compositional adjustments to enhance the impact of the scene. Some of these al-terations are evident in x-rays and infra-red reflectographs of the painting. The existence of modifications in compositional design are important when considering the hypothesis that Vermeer worked with a camera obscura.
"Desiderare una ignuda". A Kinetic Investigation of Giorgione and Michelangelo
The unique chronological and stylistic concurrence between Giorgione's nudes for the Fondaco dei Tedeschi and Michelangelo's in the Sistina Ceiling cannot be accounted for, at the present time, by a proven reciprocal influence. Indeed Michelangelo could not have stud-ied the frescoes of the Venetian Master, since he did not leave Bologna until departing for Florence (February 22, 1507) and Rome, and it does not seem possible that Giorgione would have been affected by nude drawings coming from Central Italy with such quality of move-ment. The kinetic analysis which is proposed here (carried out by using three different coding methods) brings out some basic differences which contradict commonly held interpretations. Giorgione's nudes are far more sculpturesque, three-dimensional and complex in their pos-tures. The female nudes have positions which are definitively erotic as is shown by the iden-tity of the pose of the nymph in the Tempesta, with that of the lutist in the Concerto Campestre — a negative symbol of sensualism — as well as that of Leda, later painted by Correggio. Besides this, the possibility, which is shown here, of imitating with living models such Renaissance masterpieces, denotes the presence of a higher degree of "naturalism" as is acknowledged by modern historiography.
The article is a reconstruction of the David cycle on the wooden doors from the end of the fourth century in the Chiesa di S. Ambrogio in Milan. The work is based on the two extant original panels [1st Book of Samuel XVI, 10 and XVII, 34-35 as well as XVI, 11 and XVI, 13] and five drawings from the mid-18th century in Museo Sacro della Basilica Ambrosiana, as well as copies from 1751 in the present doors. The first drawing [XVI, 23 and XVII, 31; XVII, 32-33 and XVII, 38, as well as XVII, 51] portray the no longer extant originals. The fifth drawing [XVII, 40] is a pendant to scene XVII, 51, which proves that there were also other panels below on the 4th century doors. The copy with scene XVI, 19 can therefore be included in the original cycle. Its no longer extant pendant may have illustrated verses XVI, 14-18 or XVI, 20-22. The logic of the composition requires that two more panels from 1751 [XVII, 55-56 and XVII, 57 as well as XVIII, 6 or XVIII, 27 and XIX, 1] be included in the original. The fourth century cycle would therefore be composed of sixteen scenes. It is the direct continuation of the Itala fragment from Quedlinburg. The problem of the archetype is also taken into account [the pictorial unity of the Ciprian treasure, the Khludov Psalter and the Paris Psalter as well as the ideological sense of the cycle based on the exegesis of Hippolytus of Rome (David-Christ)]. Formally connected with early Christian sarcophagi, the cycle sym-bolically portrayed the victory of Christ over sin and death, much like the decoration of the doors of Christ's Tomb on the plaques at the British Museum and Castello Sforzesco.
An Unknown Landscape Model by Veit Stoss
Through a philological critique of sources we manage to prove the existence of a sculptured, colored landscape model by Veit Stoss. The work, which probably marks the beginning of the history of landscape models, seems to be no longer extant.
The subject of uomini famosi, or cycles of famous men, has been recognized as a major form of secular iconography in the art of painting and sculpture of the Italian Renaissance since the early twentieth century. In addition to the many lost examples and surviving frag-ments of this tradition from various geographical areas of fourteenth to sixteenth century It-aly, extensive references to this subject in the literature of the Early Renaissance as well as in the revival of classical works in the manuscript and book production of this period make it clear that in devising such programs Renaissance patrons had antique precedent in mind.
Although antique examples are essentially all lost, surviving references to this tradition strongly suggest that in antique times this artistic practice derived directly from what had be-come established literary practice.
The development of the idea of citing illustrious citizens for their ancestry or for the glory they relinquished to a city in order to inspire imitation of their excellence in contemporary society is one which though it develops steadily in Greek literary practice does not emerge in the form of presenting collections of biographies assembled from the point of view of a heroic ideal until Hellenistic times. Further, the sources indicate that the idea was quite clearly a Roman one, and one which can be identified with some degree of precision as a Ciceronian invention and localized in time at about 40 BC.
Classical nudes were of course basic models for the Neo-Classic art of Blake's time, and their influence and that of their Renaissance and later imitations appears everywhere in his very eclectic production. However, conflicting attitudes toward complete nakedness (and eventu-ally toward Classicism) characterize his art, which is full of both erotic and conservative symbolism. He variously presented nakedness with equanimity, evasiveness, exaggeration, or transformation. These several views of sexuality and his recurrent idealization of androgyny suggest that certain of his solutions resulted from adult and sometimes ambivalent reworkings of infantile material, as well as traditional and esoteric visual and literary prototypes. Several of his figure types (Apollo, Laocoon, Albion, Androgyne, Fire, Old Parr, and various female subjects) are discussed, with their proposed sources, as examples of his use of the nude as a motif and its meanings in his work.
This paper attempts to explain the recurrent appearance of works of art in the films of Lina Wertmuller. The article asserts that there is a symbolic connection between the artifacts used in her naturalistic 'mise en scene' and the thematic directions, often seemingly chaotic, of her narratives. This correlation between setting and theme brings to light interesting aspects of the director's feminism and politics in general. The films discussed are Love and Anarchy , Seven Beauties and Night Full of Rain. The artifacts employed by this director are the Marcus Aurelius statue and the Neptune Fountain on the Capitoline Hill, The Roman Forum, copies of the Dioscuri statues and an antique statue of the Aphrodite. Further pieces are the Ara Pacis and Bronzino's Allegory of Love.


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Freese exits after getting hit by pitch
ANAHEIM -- David Freese suffered a small, non-displaced fracture in his right middle finger on a hit by pitch on Friday night, a postgame X-ray confirmed. Speaking after the Angels' 5-2 loss, the veteran third baseman was hopeful of avoiding a stint on the disabled list, but it'll hinge largely on how he feels over the weekend.
"It's going to be one of those things where I'll come in tomorrow and the next day and see where I'm at," Freese said. "If you're going to get a slight fracture, it's in a good spot. I guess that's a positive way to look at it. We'll know more tomorrow and the next day, how I react."
Freese suffered the injury in the bottom of the third, when he took a fastball from Rangers starter Colby Lewis off his right hand. He jogged to first base and briefly stayed in the game, after getting checked on by the Angels' medical department, but was replaced by Ian Stewart at third base for the top of the fourth.
The 31-year-old is batting .202, but he has six hits in his last 13 at-bats. His injury -- like Josh Hamilton's and Kole Calhoun's -- comes at a time when he's getting hot offensively.
"I was starting to feel it a little bit," Freese said, "but I think I figured out a few things that when I come back, hopefully I can jump back into it -- whether it is a week or after a DL stint. But it was nice to see things come together, for sure."