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⭐"AND IN HER STARRY SHADE I LEARN'T THE LANGUAGE OF ANOTHER WORLD." -Lord Byron
👩🏼🎓"WITH NORMAL TALENT AND EXTRAORDINARY PERSEVERENCE, ANYTHING IS POSSIBLE." -William Ford
🌌"EVEN IN THE DARKEST OF TIMES HOPE CAN BE FOUND IF WE ONLY REMEMBER TO TURN ON THE LIGHT." -J.K. Rowling
- 1 A tad-bit about RESPECT ☮
- 2 KOTLC Peace Day 🌅💜☮
- 3 Bio.... 👱🏻♀
- 4 Fun Facts (that you probably don't want to know)🎈
- 5 On Passion, Dreams, and Making a Change 🎆
- 6 Pages I Made!!! 😃
- 8 Favorite KOTLC Characters💃🏼
- 9 My Ships❤
- 10 My KOTLC Persona.... 👸🏼
- 11 Unpopular Opinions 😡
- 12 The Vacker Wiki You think you may know the Vackers. Popular, famous, a prestigious family - but there is something more behind that charade. This wiki delves deeper into the heart of the Vacker Family, trying to unearth its deepest secrets, and the thing we've heard Alvar mention - the Vacker Legacy
- 13 My Favorite Books, Music, and other random things....🎶📕
- 14 My favorite pages
A tad-bit about RESPECT ☮[edit | edit source]
Hate comes from a fear of the unknown.
ALL PEOPLE of ALL SEXUALITIES (LGBTQ+), ETHICITIES, RELIGIONS, GENDERS (or non-binary), and COUNTRIES must be respected. No one is an alien or a disease. We are all human and we all deserve respect.
Do not hate merely because you don't believe.
KOTLC Peace Day 🌅💜☮[edit | edit source]
KOTLC Peace Day happens every Sunday, when shippers from rival ships come together and give thanks for the series. We try not to argue or debate on Peace Day, but exceptions will be made, especially if the argument is peaceful and civil.
This is the comment that started it, probably still applicable.
All right. So, I don't know about you guys, but I've been feeling that the shipping's been getting a little out of hand. We're smacking both sides (Sophitz and Sokeefe) left and right. The debating has become irrational and heated on both sides. All of us are gettig irritated. All we want is for Sophie to have a happy relationship, and I think we all can agree to that. So let's take a moment out of our day to take a deep breath, and thank Shannon Messenger. Come together. Become friends with someone from the opposite ship. From now on, I dub Sundays: KOTLC PEACE DAY, where we try to refrain from smacking other ships or being mean to others. Comment below with a heart or peace sign if you want this to happen. Also, really try connecting with the other side! Tell me if you end up connecting with someone.
Bio.... 👱🏻♀[edit | edit source]
In fandom, you'll know me as PanakesBlossom (formerly MoonlarkSong), passionate Sophitzer (part of the Sophitz Armada). I'm also Trin (#1760) on discord. In real life, I'm a youth fantasy author and a know-it-all straight A student (just like Sophie! *Gasps*). But academics is like the ONLY thing I'm good at... you should see me trying to cook XD. I've wanted to go to Berkeley (undergrad) and Princeton (grad) to get a PhD in environmental science and a B.S. in sociology since I was 9.
I've read the whole series MANY times.... I think I'm at about 11 or 12 now. Still working on that time machine to get books 8 and 9, but hopefully it will be done soon.
Just so you know, I won't judge you because of your ships, so please feel free to ask me questions at any time.
Jolie or Sophie are the characters who are most like me, and I would love to meet them (if elves exist)!
I'm also insanely into mycology (look it up)! I've my school science fair (this year I even went to county!). NERDS UNITE! I pretty much got ALL my friends into kotlc, and we're going to have a HUGE party when flashback comes out. *edit* It was awesome!!!
I wrote one novel, Under the Crab-Apple Trees (If you go on my website, there's a link), and am working on two others- Stand Taller, a book about bullying based on personal experiences, and Mezanoa, a fantasy novel for teens into environmental activism.
I forgot to mention that I'm the assistant principle viola in my youth orchestra, and I love playing music just as much as I like writing and mycology.
oh yeah.... GO RED SOX
Fun Facts (that you probably don't want to know)🎈[edit | edit source]
- I speak English, a little French, and Mandarin
- I was homeschooled until 7th grade
- I adopted pet rabbit named Marshmallow (check out dailybunny.org for photos!) 🐰
- I play soccer⚽, volleyball🏐, and basketball🏀
- I used to be on a swim team
- I am a FC Barcelona fan! (GO MESSI!)
- I am a Boston Red Sox fan ⚾
- There are only 24 people in my grade, and 60 in my school.
- I am bi 💗💙
- I play the viola🎵
- I have been the victim of many incidents of bullying.
- I love Marvel (Black Panther, LOKI *cries*, Tony Stark, GROOT *cries*)
- I love both star trek and star wars!
On Passion, Dreams, and Making a Change 🎆[edit | edit source]
When I was younger, I was an innocent daydreamer staring off into worlds of magical fantasies. The older I became, the stronger my imagination grew. I wrote pages upon pages of mythical stories, letting my dreams fly. Today, people say I'm too smart - but I brush them off, for I can see through their judging eyes.
I write poems singing of hopes and dreams, and novels full of hidden meaning. Everyday I try my hardest to make the best of every passing second, slipping through my hands like cherry blossoms. Maybe I was meant to paint my dreams in words, or maybe I was meant to make the world my dream; all I know is that I am here, living and breathing in this magical life.
Sometimes, when I listen to my brother struggle with anxiety, I remind myself of the turbulence of life, rocking dreams like crashing tsunamis. For that, my friends, is the greatest danger of them all- the blinding storm of doubt we bring upon ourselves. To be one in a million with a passionate dream is merely a byproduct of a society that squashes hopes as an elephant will unknowingly stamp out a passing insect. Growing up in a crowd of manufactured human beings may be disconcerting, but it has driven me to protect my dreams in the strongest armor I can give them - undying passion.
I advise you, who may still be young enough to cling onto your daydreams - pursue them with the love and perseverance of a young mother. Protect your fantasies as you would shelter an innocent child and chase your dreams to the moon and back again. Of all times in the history of the universe, it is now that we most urgently need a group of daydreamers to restore peace and harmony to the priceless community of life which we have nearly destroyed. In this era of unconscious living, bring a spark to the sleeping masses. Awaken the population to the arising crises which we have created. To those who believe there is no hope- always believe in the potential of good. Even if the flame has died, we may yet rise from the embers.
I dream of a world where all races, genders, and LGBTQ+ members live freely in coexistence and harmony with nature and the Earth itself. I dream of a place where I breath clean air. I dream of a culture where nature isn't rejected like an unpopular style. I dream of a humanity where all children have loving, nurturing families. I dream of a world where I can walk into school without fear of my life being snuffed out, as a candle is silenced. I dream of a world where I can live and dream freely- without judgement. Most importantly, I dream of making a change in my world.
Power is choice. All of us have the choice to do something with our future. A choice to help the world. To advocate for those in need. To love your family. To teach children. To forward science. To make the law. To create happiness. To do something that is right. If you have a purpose in your life, it is hard to lose focus at the first sign of failure. Ask yourself- what is your purpose in life? What are you doing right now that is benefiting the world? What could you be doing? What does your purpose mean to you? How can you make a change? You're already doing something by asking yourself this. You're giving yourself the choice to do something. Be a dreamer or a rebel, a protector or a fighter. It will make you a happier person to make a difference. Always remember your power. Your dream. Your choice.
Pages I Made!!! 😃[edit | edit source]
- Cad and Ro
- The Ballad of Bo and Ro
- Swizzlespice
- Beacon
- Levitating
- Darkness Vision
- Threadleens
- Blitzenberry Muffins
🏵🔮💖🎆HAPPY VIBES🎆💖🔮🏵[edit | edit source]
A little bit of background...
I was bullied a lot when I first came to public school in 7th grade, mainly because I didn't know how to interact around other people my own age. I was homeschooled up until that point, and a lot of people thought that was bad. I was unusually smart, socially awkward (I like to say that I'm mentally gifted but socially dumb), and new. I should also explain that pretty much everyone in my school have known each other since kindergarten. I also stand out- everyone in my school has dark hair, and I have VERY BRIGHT GOLDEN hair so, well... that was a recipe for attention.
Basically, people wrote un-repeatable rude and hurtful things on my locker and on the table, and I still don't know who did it. I sank into a cloud of depression for a while, doubting my beauty, intelligence, friends, etc. until I got a rabbit.
Caring for a life reminded me of how important savoring every moment on this earth is.
So... for those of you feeling down...
There are so many people out there who care for you....
Even if you feel like you aren't okay now, there will be a time and place where you ARE HAPPY!
There are so many opportunities out there if how you are right now isn't working.
Death is not the way out. Ending your life will simply end all further opportunities for happiness.
Remember your family. they LOVE YOU more than you can imagine.
If you ever need to talk, leave me a message.
"You yourself, as much as anyone in the entire universe, deserve your love and affection." -Buddha 🌅
"NEVER BE BULLIED INTO SILENCE. nEvEr AlLoW yOuRsElF tO bE tHe ViCtIm. ACCEPT no one's DEFINITION of life, BUT define YOURSELF."
"The best THING you could do is MASTER the chaos in you- You are not THROWN INTO THE FIRE. You ARE THE FIRE." 🔥
"Courage is fire and bullying is smoke."
"Some people fear the fire
some people simply become it." 💥
Now I'm sounding like a pyrokinetic XD
"when you love what you have you have everything you need." 🌈
"Hapiness cannot be traveled to, earned, owned, worn, or consumed. Hapiness is the spiritual experience of living every minute with LOVE, GRACE,
and GRATITUDE." 🏳🌈🌼
Favorite KOTLC Characters💃🏼[edit | edit source]
- TIE- Sophie Foster and Jolie Ruewen (I love Jolie so much and don't know why)
- Keefe Sencen (BACK THE T-REX UP!)
- TIE- Edaline Ruewen, Grady Ruewen, Della Vacker, Alden Vacker, and Mr. Forkle (Best. Parents. Ever.)
- Amy Foster (she's sooo cute!)
- TIE- Oraile and Kenric (they're the cutest couple EVAAAAAHHHH)
- Silveny (gotta love a sparkly alicorn)
- Dexter Dizznee (DEX APPRECIATION!)
- Iggy (Iggy reminds me of my rabbit XD)
- TIE- Linh Song and Wylie Endal (LYLIE FOR THE WINH!)
- Biana Vacker (She's the fiercest of them all!!!)
- Fitz Vacker (WONDERBOY!!)
- Marella Redek (love that girl soooo much. That attitude is the best!)
- Gisela Sencen (You have to admire her cunning)
- Tam Song (HAPPY SHADOW THOUGHTS!!)
- Livvy (Love her. So. Much.)
- Tiergan (he's hiding something....)
Sophie Foster!
My Ships❤[edit | edit source]
- Sophitz or Sophie's choice
Some people say Fitz's anger issues are bad for Sophie, but I believe that she can calm them. If Fitz would get over his obsession with being a good match, Fitzphie would be perfect. I also wouldn't mind if Sophie ended up with Keefe, AS LONG AS IT IS SOPHIE'S CHOICE. Honestly, I can also see Sokeefe, and wouldn't mind if it happened... as long as no ones' feelings get hurt.
They're just PERFECT for eachother.
I feel like Tam's darkness and Biana's sweetness balance out really well. +Tam likes brunettes!!! 😊
Im not sure about this one. I just feel like Dex and Marella both come from strange families and have suffered hardships. Also, poor Dexy deserves someone.
- Keefe and the "New girl"
Im not against Sokeefe. I just love Fitzphie more.
- True forever and ever
My KOTLC Persona.... 👸🏼[edit | edit source]
- My name is Adlanniel Manarian
- My special abilities are Empath and Inflictor
- I am Left Hemisphere
- I live in Evenglade
EVENGLADE (aka where i wish i lived) ---------->
Unpopular Opinions 😡[edit | edit source]
- Alina wasn't a bad principal
- Alden is cliché
- Biophie would be cute!
- Rain is my favorite weather
- Keefe + Marella :) <3
- a REPUBLIC is a bad system
- Alden shouldn't have asked Keefe to back off
The Vacker Wiki
You think you may know the Vackers. Popular, famous, a prestigious family - but there is something more behind that charade. This wiki delves deeper into the heart of the Vacker Family, trying to unearth its deepest secrets, and the thing we've heard Alvar mention - the Vacker Legacy
My Favorite Books, Music, and other random things....🎶📕[edit | edit source]
- Harry Potter by J.K. RowlingLOTR by J.R.R Tolkein (probably is the best fantasy series of all time!)
- The Hobbit by J.R.R Tolkein
- Septumus Heap Series by Angie Sage
- The Song of the Lioness series by Tamora Pierce
- The House on Mango Street
- To Kill A Mockingbird
- Oliver Twist
- The Diary of Anne Frank
- WonderBridge to Terabithia
- Summer of Salt
- The Great American Whatever
Biography of Alexander Hamiltion by Robert Chernow
Which brings me to me next list... MUSIC! I enjoy pretty much all music except SUPER popular pop and country.
- Hamiltion, the musical by Lin-Manuel Miranda
- In the Heights, the musical by Lin-Manuel Miranda
- Pretty much all classical music
- Bach Cello Suites (Played by Viola)
- Grace Vanderwaal
- Daya
- Alessia Cara
- 2pac
- Beastie Boys
- Kah-Loh
- Despacito, because it is the favorite of my Latino community
- Any reggae!!! My favorite is Bob Marley or UB40
- The police
- Led Zepplin
- the Guardians of the Galaxy mix tapes
My favorite pages[edit | edit source]
- Sophitz!
- Sophie Foster
- Iggy


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My thoughts on the new Britannia mini series!
Fifty thousand Romans stand on their feet, watching from the stands of the coliseum with captured breath as Achillia, a gladiator unlike any seen before, faces incredible odds as one lone warrior against five of the empire's greatest.
I'm glad to see the return of this series and these characters – although I probably wasn't expecting it so soon! Antonius Axia – Rome's only detective has another interesting case to decipher and this one looks as grim and bloody as the last. This time in Rome, we get more issues with the gods – they seem to be behind the slayings of the high-borns, and also gladiators also seem to be important. One gladiator at least, and she seems to be key to this all. This issue also provides an interesting commentary on the role of women in ancient Rome – powerless, but also powerful – especially where the Vestel Virgins are concerned.
I wonder if this is going to be more magic and myth than actual detective work, the last series really blurred those lines, so it will be interesting to see where this goes.
The art continues to be excellent, with especially striking action and fight scenes – right from the off!
Emperor Nero continues to be an insainly good character!

subset: commoncrawl


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From the worldwide capital of superfluous paperwork comes this collection of truly worth-while works of "paper art."
All are entries from a recent show and contest at the Hirshorn Gallery of Modern Art.
Participating artists were required to use nothing but
1 piece of paper
The result: Some great examples of unusual art using no paint, no ink, no anything but a single piece of plain white paper. Well, one artist used 2 sheets (Below).


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The growth in IoT data is explosive, impressive and unsustainable under current architectural approaches. Many IoT deployments face challenges related to latency, network bandwidth, reliability and security; which cannot be addressed in cloud-only models.
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Which teams will get caught looking?
LAS VEGAS, NV (The Spread) – Which top 25 college basketball teams could be caught looking ahead this week? Let's take a look.
View Carlos Salazar's Expert Picks
As the college basketball regular season winds down, there are still some great edges you can find as a handicapper. There are teams that are reeling and some that are desperate to win because they considered to be on the edge of making the NCAA Tournament.
One of my favorite angles in college basketball handicapping is going with teams that are possibly looking ahead to their next game. That angle is called the look ahead theory, which can be pretty successful. On Monday, there was a perfect example of that theory as Syracuse was looking ahead towards a meeting with Virginia on March 1. They faced Maryland on the road as a 4.5-point favorite and won the game by 2, 57-55. Going with Maryland was the right play since Syracuse was "looking ahead" to a match up with Virginia, who has won 11 straight games.
Let's take a look at the latest look ahead games involving top-25 teams.
#7 Louisville (23-4 straight up, 14-11 against the spread) takes on 7-19 Temple on Feb. 27. The Cardinals beat Temple on the road by 24 as a 14-point favorite and will probably be favored by over 20 points at home. On March 1, Louisville travels to Memphis to take on the 22-6 Tigers. On Jan. 9, Memphis upset Louisville on the road, 73-67. There's no doubt that Rick Pitino's team will have their minds set on revenge against the Tigers. They can coast and beat Temple, but they probably won't cover the big double-digit number at home.
#10 Saint Louis (25-2 straight up, 9-15 against the spread) has won 19 straight games, but that streak could be coming to an end on March 1, when they visit Richmond to take on VCU. However, on Wednesday, they face Duquesne, a 11-15 team that they barely by four points on Jan. 22, giving 9. They should be a huge favorite at home against a team that is playing for pride. The game against VCU means a lot more than this game, so they are probably looking ahead. Don't expect this team to cover against Duquesne, as they've gone 0-4 against the spread over their last four games.
#23 SMU (22-6 straight up, 16-8 against the spread) has been playing some great basketball this season. But they also seem to take it easy on the sub-par teams as they have been getting overvalued. They beat Houston by four giving 14 on Feb. 19 and defeated Temple by seven, laying eight on Feb. 16 on the road. The have a winnable game against UCF (10-15) at home on Saturday, March 1. This is a team they defeated by 12 on Jan. 18 on the road giving 4.5 They should be at least at 14-point favorite in this game and it's easy to understand why they might not be focused. That's because #7 Louisville comes to town on March 5, as the Mustangs are looking for the revenge game (they lost by eight on Jan. 12 at Louisville). The UCF game on March 1 is a typical look ahead game.
For More of The Best Expert Picks and Analysis Check Out All The Handicappers at TheSpread Insiders!


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Myna Mahila Foundation creates a network of young female entrepreneurs by partnering with self-help groups in urban slums that produce and distribute affordable high quality menstrual hygiene products to increase adoption of safer menstrual hygiene management practices. We are creating a cultural revolution and generating jobs locally. We improve health at the doorstep, affordably.
Some key facts about Myna Mahila Foundation are below.
In 2015 in India as a Section 8/25 company (non-profit). Currently, we have our center in Govandi, Mumbai.
40% of women in India do not have access to sanitary products for MHM. While this is a problem in itself, it stems from a more fundamental problem of a lack of female empowerment to openly talk, like the 'Myna' bird, about their own bodies and lives.
No. of women on board:
15 Myna Mahila (women) working on pad production, operations, education, distribution and sales, and 50 Myna fleet-on-feet women who distribute door-to-door. All the women are from various slums in Mumbai.
Myna Series:
We educate women in English, life skills, mathematics, computer and health and financial literacy. We hold workshops, courses and lectures with the women twice a week. We also train some women in business skills to be able to operate the sanitary pad micro franchisee themselves.
Myna Research:
We conduct extensive surveys about menstrual hygiene awareness and generally women's health from house-to-house to understand the extent of the problem and the reasons for existing stigma and disposal constraints.
Ultimately, we hope that women are able to find a safe space of work at Myna where they can share a part of their lives, be a part of a powerful network of women, generate employment and improve health affordably.
Our Impact:
We have manufactured 500,000 pads over the last two years, and have converted 3,000 women across 15 slums who used cloth and did not have access to hot water to wash them with to using sanitary pads. We have more than a 90% repeat customer rate because of the personalized attention each woman receives.
We are seeking incredible partners from around the world who have a similar vision to normalize menstrual hygiene and empower women through it!


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Interesting Marketing Messages And Banners
Excessive amount of competition in businesses have led to marketers looking for marketing means and ways to promote their products and showcase their brands. In contemporary times, there are endless
Why Do I Need SEO?
Search engine optimisation (SEO) is often considered to be the cornerstone of online marketing. It's the 'base' of many online marketing campaigns, and a lot of web marketing companies have


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9 184.108.40.206
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Set these settings in your mobile or pc. And enjoy unlimited 3g internet on your airtel sim
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Get the lowest prices on generic medications.
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Your privacy is always protected and your information is secure.
Prescriptions made easy
We work with your doctor or local pharmacist to take care of transfers, refill requests, and more.
This medication is used to treat fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails that do not respond to creams/lotions. Clearing such infections will get rid of symptoms such as itching, red/peeling/scaly skin, and discolored nails. This medication works by stopping the growth of fungi. It does not treat infections due to bacteria or yeast.
Take this medication by mouth as directed by your doctor. For the best absorption, it is best taken with or after a meal containing a moderate amount of fat. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about specific dietary instructions, especially if you are on a low-fat diet.
The dosage is based on your medical condition and response to therapy. In children, dosage is also based on weight. The length of treatment depends on the type of infection you have. It may take several weeks to months to complete treatment for infections of the scalp, feet, and body. Nail infections may require several months to a year or longer to treat.
Antifungal medications work best when the amount of medicine in your body is kept at a constant level. Therefore, take this drug at evenly spaced intervals.
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Inform your doctor if your condition persists or worsens.
Headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach upset, tiredness, dizziness, or trouble sleeping may occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, notify your doctor or pharmacist promptly.
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Tell your doctor right away if any of these unlikely but serious side effects occur: numbness/tingling of the hands/feet, mental/mood changes (e.g., confusion, trouble doing normal activities), hearing changes, butterfly-shaped facial rash (around the nose and cheeks), joint/muscle pain.
Tell your doctor right away if any of these rare but very serious side effects occur: yellowing eyes/skin, stomach/abdominal pain, persistent nausea/vomiting, dark urine, signs of kidney problems (such as change in the amount of urine, frothy urine), signs of infection (e.g., fever, persistent sore throat).
Use of this medication for prolonged or repeated periods may result in oral thrush or a new vaginal yeast infection (oral or vaginal fungal infection). Contact your doctor if you notice white patches in your mouth, a change in vaginal discharge, or other new symptoms.
A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is unlikely, but seek immediate medical attention if it occurs. Symptoms of a serious allergic reaction may include: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.
This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.
In the US - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or at www.fda.gov/medwatch.
In Canada - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.
Before taking griseofulvin, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.
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Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: lupus.
This drug may make you dizzy or less alert. Alcohol or marijuana (cannabis) can make you more dizzy or much less alert. Do not drive, use machinery, or do anything that needs alertness until you can do it safely. Avoid alcoholic beverages while you are taking this drug unless your doctor gives permission. Drinking alcohol during treatment with this drug could result in a fast heartbeat and flushing of the skin. Talk to your doctor if you are using marijuana (cannabis).
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Editor's note: The Christian Review will occasionally publish long form essays, such as this, when the subject matter and its treatment merit the space.
Whole Foods, the grocery chain noted for its organic and natural food offerings, recently ordered one of its ice cream vendors to change the cursive script on its label to print or block lettering. The reasons the chain's buyer gave: "Millennials can't read cursive."(1)
Curious about this report, I asked my 31-year-old Millennial son about his handwriting skills or lack thereof. He was taught and used cursive or longhand into middle school, but once he entered high school, he said, "The teachers didn't really care about it anymore because we mostly used computers and had to keyboard."
cursive (adj.) from French cursif (1784), from Medieval Latin cursivus "running," from Latin cursus, "a running," from past participle of currere "to run." The notion is of "written with a running hand" (without raising the pen).
When I first typed the word "cursive" into my Google search engine, a list of 12,400,000 entries popped up in .45 seconds, many of which were articles and op-eds of mixed merit, defending or defaming either cursive or keyboarding.
Undisputed by everyone is that the teaching of cursive in American elementary schools has largely been displaced by printing and keyboarding—all this apparently flowing from the computer revolution which came to dominate American education by the early 1990s.(2)
Terms of the Quarrel
On the surface, the popular discussion and debate about cursive is between those we can loosely call Techies and Luddites, keeping in mind the connotations—fair and unfair—attached to each label.
The Techies rightly argue that the computer keyboard is here to stay, but assert it's time to consign cursive to the dustbin of curricula as an outmoded and unnecessary skill.
One hard-to-quarrel-with example of keyboard superiority is the replacement of scribbled or scrawled, easy-to-misread doctors' prescriptions with those spit out by tiny printers in a physician's office or transmitted directly and electronically to a pharmacy. Where prescription medicines are concerned, the legibility of keyboard-produced letters can prevent mistakes and save lives. No one would want otherwise.
Other "arguments," sometimes breathlessly expressed, are actually appeals to what I regard as a romanticized view of the digital present and future: "The old pen-and-paper ways of learning must make way for the new digital generation." "Is handwriting, particularly cursive, really necessary in the digital age?" (The predictable answer is No.)
Morgan Polikoff, an assistant professor in the Rossier School Education at the University of Southern California, urged as part of a 2013 New York Times editorial debate on the matter that "As we have done with the abacus and the slide rule, it is time to retire the teaching of cursive." Asserting the inevitability of cursive's disappearance, he boldly declares: "The writing is on the wall."(3)
Readers of the Bible will certainly recognize the oddity of Polikoff's allusion to the book of Daniel 5:5, where "the fingers of a man's hand appeared and wrote on the plaster of the wall of the king's palace," communicating God's mysterious message to King Belshazzar in handwriting.
Opposing the Techies are the Luddites, who may be regarded as more backward or historically focused, depending on your viewpoint. Many Luddites express nostalgia for the lost intimacy of the handwritten letter or note. They also want to retain cursive not only for its aesthetic value, but also for its importance for reading materials of familial, historical, and cultural value.(4) (By the way, grandparents, don't assume your grandchildren can read the cards and notes you write in cursive.)
Biographer and archivist Judith Thurman argued in a 2012 blog for The New Yorker that while a "knowledge of cursive may not be 'relevant' to the modern world . . . it is essential to a visceral sense of the past, and an ability to examine the literature, correspondence, and history contained in original documents."(5)
In regard to history, for those who have grown-up cursive-free in an Internet culture of texts, tweets, and email, it's relatively easy to see what can be lost through our ignorance of the longhand past—and not just the distant past. Here's an illustration from the recent past regarding World War II, which ended 70 years ago at this writing. In a PBS report on "Communications: Letters and Diaries" during World War II, the late American author and WWII veteran Paul Fussell emphasized that mail from home was "indispensable" as a "motivator of the troops. Mail call whenever it happened . . . was a delight."
The same report also describes the essential integration of these handwritten letters with technology in getting the mail to the front—something that suggests we should probably not consider cursive or keyboarding as a one-or-the-other choice.
This WWII hybrid system was called V-mail for "Victory-mail." People wrote on a one-sided page which was then funneled through Washington D.C. government censors, photocopied onto 16mm microfilm reels, each holding thousands of missives, and flown overseas with other much needed supplies and materiel; there letters were printed out, put in envelopes, and delivered to the troops.
Returning mail used the same process, with officers serving as censors. From June 1942 through November 1945, civilians sent a staggering 556 million letters overseas to their loved ones in service, who in turn sent about 510 million letters back.(6)
Anyone who knows cursive can read the surviving wartime letters of their grandparents or great-grandparents for insights into this era, as well as any other documents written in longhand that may still be squirreled away in closets, attics, and basements, just waiting to be heard. What a shame if those voices, memories, and histories are lost for lack of cursive readers or translators.
Another point Luddites can make is that hand-composed documents have not entirely disappeared from modern life. The FBI is certainly aware of this reality, having a professional concern with documents of all kinds. The FBI's "Questioned Documents Unit" in Quantico, Va., analyzes, in addition to such things as plastic bags, shoe and tire prints, hard copy documents, including those typed, word-processed, and handwritten (print and cursive) for forensic purposes.(7)
A weaker argument for cursive's retention is that writing in longhand reflects a person's individuality, personality, and even character —an understanding of handwriting peculiar to the late 20th century and our 21st century. This claim, perhaps not surprisingly, is treated with some skepticism by the CIA, which cedes that while graphology—the study of handwriting as indicative of personality, character, or abilities—may be an art, it is not a science.(8)
Apple founder Steve Jobs would likely have agreed with the CIA. According to reporter Tim Appelo, Jobs' study of calligraphy at Reed College in Oregon under the tutelage of former Trappist monk Robert Palladino led to Jobs' appreciation of type fonts as "beautiful, historical, [and] artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture."(9)
We now take for granted the multiple fonts and proportional typefaces Jobs was the first to introduce to personal computers. Ironically, now-standard and custom script fonts, some available for free online, will be unreadable to non-cursive, keyboard writers of the present and future.
Finally, I discovered a third group in the debate who argue that kids should learn to print and then move directly to keyboarding, skipping longhand altogether. Their weakest arguments, like those of the Luddites, are often based on graphology and forensics: "All writing, not just cursive, is individual. . . . That is why . . . any first-grade teacher can immediately identify (from print-writing on unsigned work) which student produced it."(10)
These educators unsurprisingly view printing as a natural precursor to keyboarding, as do some Techies, and rightly state that children who print are using fine motor skills. However, this argument fails to address how motor skills relate to the different language centers in the brain as learning occurs.
One of their more complex and interesting claims is that "children can be taught to read writing that they are not taught to produce. Reading cursive can be taught in just 30 to 60 minutes — even to five or six-year-olds, once they read ordinary print."(11) This assertion is a fact, something I'll address elsewhere, but it neglects the question of how screen reading and writing affect comprehension, retention, and higher-order thinking skills, something we'll get to in a moment.
The go-directly-from print-to-keyboard-without-stopping-at-cursive crowd may dismay those of us who want to preserve cursive instruction from grades 1 and 2 through the beginning of middle school. But those of the cursive persuasion must realize that most of the American educational establishment has in theory and in fact embraced computerized learning, along with computerized assessments and testing. We should cede this third group some respect and make common cause with them if possible.
Here's an example of something already upon us: Common Core language arts assessments mandated online computerized-keyboard testing of third grade writing skills, beginning this spring, 2015. (Whether or not schools have the technology or funds to comply with these requirements is a separate issue.)
In response, according to Lyndsey Layton of The Washington Post, as early as 2011 "Educators around the country" began "rushing to teach typing to children who [had] barely mastered printing by hand." We're talking about kids in grades K-3, many whose small hands ache "after 15 minutes" of keyboard instruction. Layton also reports the obvious: Youngsters may be masters of swiping and using a mouse, but there are serious questions whether third-graders are cognitively developed enough to do the keyboard writing required by Common Core.
Layton quotes Laura Slover, "who heads one of two consortia that are designing the tests," saying that in the tests, children "will read a nonfiction selection and a literary passage and write about each, and they will be asked to write a story based on a real or imaginary experience."(12 )
The kind of third-grade writing required by Common Core, however, has a chorus of critics who rightly point out among other problems, it requires highly-developed skills, such as the ability to form paragraphs, that 9-year-olds simply don't yet possess.
Higher-Order Thinking Skills
At this point, it's important for two reasons to step back and understand what educators mean by "higher-order thinking skills": 1) this term appears throughout almost all the serious literature and studies on keyboarding and cursive; and 2) the question is whether children who learn to print and keyboard without learning cursive can successfully develop these higher level thinking skills.
Current understandings of higher-order thinking skills are widely derived from "Bloom's Taxonomy," an influential system created in 1956 by educational psychologist Dr. Benjamin Bloom that classifies kinds of intellectual activity.
Bloom's category of "cognitive" learning is of primary interest to reading, writing, and communication educators and tutors, such as myself. In the original taxonomy (whose vocabulary has been updated), cognitive learning includes six kinds of thinking: knowledge, comprehension, application, with the next three—analysis, synthesis, and evaluation—built upon and integrated with the first three. These latter three are associated with "critical" and "creative" thinking (13) and are related to what are often called "problem-solving" skills.
As a writer, editor, college composition instructor, and writing tutor with thirty years of experience under my belt, I can tell you that analysis, synthesis, and evaluation are the most essential and important thinking skills for advanced reading, writing, and communication.
I can also testify to the fact that for years, scores of students have been washing up on the shores of higher education without these skills, let alone with any knowledge of grammar or of the writing process itself, and hence upon arrival, they are unable to construct a coherent paragraph, let alone a basic five-paragraph essay.
These difficulties and challenges have their roots in early education; and as I hope to show, whether or not youngsters learn cursive actually does matter in acquiring higher-level thinking skills when it comes to graduating from high school, and being college and job ready—three goals of the new Common Core standards.
How far today's students are from those goals is evidenced by the 2015 SAT scores, the lowest in a decade, with only 42% of all takers ready for college or the job market. ACT high school test-takers performed no better this year, with only 40% prepared for higher education or for entry into an information-data, tech-driven work-force.(14)
So it's important to look behind all the "ink that's been spilt" (yes, someday this may be an outmoded expression, but I'm betting long on its return) for the more serious studies and concerns behind the popular debate over cursive and keyboarding in education. In doing so, I found myself falling down a rabbit hole of research, most culled from online databases.
I discovered what cognitive behavioral studies and recent neuroscience, including MRIs, tell us about how we learn. I reviewed lesson plans that jettison pen and paper for teaching keyboarding and other computer literacy skills as essential for U.S. students to compete successfully in a world of global high-tech economies.
Anecdotal columns by teachers as well as formal studies by occupational therapists and specialists in learning disabilities enumerate the relative benefits of cursive or keyboarding for learning disabled and dyslexic students. I looked at how changes in the culture, deficits in teacher training, the computer revolution, and more recently how No Child Left Behind and the newer Common Cores standards are driving handwriting out of the primary school curriculum.
A Brief History of U.S. Penmanship
What I discovered is that the story of cursive—its disappearance from our classrooms and the reasons for retaining it in a culture dominated by digital screens and the Internet—is a complex one.
This complexity is hinted at by the establishment in 1977 of National Handwriting Day on January 23, the birthday of John Hancock. Hancock, as President of the Continental Congress, was the first to sign the 1776 Declaration of Independence in an ornamental script called Roundhand, giving rise to the American expression, "Put your John Hancock [or "signature"] here." (For an example of Roundhand, see The New York Yankees' logo.)
In the United States, before the advent of the typewriter, legible, even elegant penmanship was a necessary skill for the copying of legal and business documents as commerce accelerated in the eighteenth century.(15)
Just recall the description of the trade practiced by the most famous penman in American literature, the protagonist of Herman Melville's eponymous 1853 short story "Bartleby the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street," who toils with two other scriveners in a document shop for a prosperous New York City business lawyer.
Besides the trade or professional uses of longhand in the 19th century, a person's social standing, education, and even sex were conveyed by one's script (16) —a view of handwriting that reflects a society based more on social roles than on the individual and his or her distinct personality. After the Civil War, as the economy began to flourish and expand, and public education began to take root, American children were taught Spencerian script, today preserved in the original Coca-Cola logo.
Spencerian style longhand was replaced in the 1880s by "The Palmer Method of Business Writing," which was plainer, easier to learn, and quicker to write, and designed to compete with the encroaching typewriter. The Palmer method was prized for its efficiency—an American obsession—and for its uniform legibility. It was the script taught to the Baby Boomer generation. (Who of us Boomers can forget the various ink pens that in unskilled hands blotched our pages and stained our fingers blue?)
Ball-and-Stick Printing
Another twist of the story brings "manuscript" into the picture, by way of Marjorie Wise, a British educator at Columbia's Teachers College in New York City, who in 1922 introduced and advocated the teaching of printing made up of circles and straight lines—hence the name "ball and stick"—arguing that children could more easily construct letters with such strokes.
Later reversing herself, Ms. Wise became a formal advocate of Italic Handwriting (17), something similar to modern day D'Nealian italic, introduced in 1978 as a bridge script between printing and longhand. Teaching printing before cursive was rapidly adopted by American educators because of its visual relationship to print or "bookface" type.
However, according to educator and cursive advocate, Samuel L. Blumenfeld, before this development students moved directly from writing in cursive to reading in print. By the 1940s, he reports, most American kids were printing before learning cursive so that they could simultaneously write and read the new "look-say" or whole language "Dick and Jane" readers, which presented some readers the difficulty of distinguishing between "reversible letters" such as b/d, f/t, and g/q/p. (18)
Not a dyslexic, I nonetheless remember a seemingly endless struggle with the reversible letter combination "f/t" when learning to read print. Just think about the words "Spot" and "fast." Is it Spot runs fast or Spof runs tasf?
Are All Keyboards Equal?
The mechanical keyboard arrived with the invention of the typewriter, and the modern QWERTY typewriter entered the American market in 1874. Typewriters didn't begin to replace penmanship in business until the mid-1920s, by which time women had emerged as professional typists-stenographers-secretaries and teaching typing by "touch" had become the norm. (19)
I remember well the typing course I took in the Southern California public high school I attended in the late 1960s, where while attending to our posture we pounded away, drill after drill, learning the keyboard by touch so as to avoid two-finger hunt-and-peck typing.
In the junior and senior years of my college prep track, we were not only expected to type our final papers, but we had to master now-arcane and forgotten rules of margins and line spacing to insert any necessary footnotes at the bottom of each page of a research paper. Otherwise, typewriters were never a part of my elementary or high school classrooms, nor were they ever adopted nationwide as such.
Through research serendipity, I came across a few articles that documented the methods and results of studies on typewriters in the classroom. From a 1996 article by a Prof. James Kalmbach, I learned that in the 1920s and 1930s progressive educators concerned with child-centered learning and with democratic social justice leanings experimented first with letter presses, and then with typewriters to discern their effects on literacy and learning in elementary classrooms.
An association of four manufacturers called the Typewriter Educational Research Bureau funded a no-strings-attached study created by University of Chicago's Frank Freeman and Ben Wood of Columbia University, and also provided the typewriters. (20) The study involved nearly 15,000 students from grades three to six (21) and compared classrooms with typewriters and 180 "experimental teachers" to classrooms without the machines, with 239 "control" teachers.
Kalmbach reports that standardized tests "by quantitative measures" indicated typewriters had "little effect on achievement." The qualitative outcomes, however, in Kalmbach's judgment from the perspective of the 1990s, were ultimately more revealing, since Wood and Freeman "claimed to have analyzed over 578,000 pieces of writing." (22) The outcomes were almost entirely positive: typewriting produced deeper student engagement, improved spelling, punctuation, and reading and writing skills, as well as production of more text. (23)
How are these typewriting studies of the last century relevant to the cursive/keyboarding debate? The answers to this question point to the more serious matters we'll take up later about how human beings actually learn to read and write.
But for now, it's enough to note that 1) learning to type involves touch or kinetic learning; and 2) and the act of writing by typewriter—something most college educated Baby Boomers were taught— which uses the hands and keyboard as the technology to impress words and sentences upon a paper surface, also requires higher-thinking level skills demanded by composition, in which the writer employs idea creation, organization, construction of arguments, concerns of genre and style, and so forth.
Again, to restate the question: What we need to know is whether visual-keyboard writing—without fluent manuscript or cursive skills taught early on—develops the language and higher-level thinking skills necessary for sophisticated writing and communication. Defenders and many researchers of cursive say Not so.
Because these typewriting studies, and others in the 1940s and 50s were conducted in an era when cursive was always taught, none of them can tell us anything about the potential benefits or drawbacks of the exclusive use of either cursive or keyboarding. While computers have become ubiquitous across the country in the classrooms of schools and school districts able to afford them, little research on whether keyboarding alone is a successful pedagogy for teaching children to write has actually been done.
Saying Goodbye to Cursive
So when did the teaching of cursive begin to disappear from American classrooms?
A widely-cited 2010 "Information Capsule" from the Miami-Dade County Public Schools, reports that the daily teaching of penmanship, generally beginning in the first grade and continuing through the sixth, persisted in U.S. classrooms until the early 1970s.
Courses for educators in how to teach handwriting were replaced by courses in "inclusion, technology, diversity, and special needs students." (23) To this list, I would add the obligations of teaching other multiple "eds": sex-ed, drug-ed, bilingual-ed, character and self-esteem ed, and more recently gender-ed (Heather Has Two Mommies, 1989) and anti-bullying ed.
As we all know, the effects of social disruption and upheaval inevitably overflow into the classroom. As a society, I'd hazard to say that we have de facto insisted that elementary and secondary school teachers take up the slack, as if they were social workers, and deal with the tumultuous changes, originating in the 1950s, 60s, and especially the 70s, that affected and altered family life, the lives of our children, and the curricula of the schools in which they have been and are being taught.
A first major, necessary and just social change was desegregation. I believe most Americans today regard the 1954 Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that formally abolished race-based separate but equal school systems to have been a first step required to redress racial injustice. Nonetheless, we all know what disturbances followed upon it.
Regarding this, I came across a document that summarized interviews conducted in 1967 with students, teachers, and administrators who lived through school desegregation. It reported positive experiences of school integration; it also included accounts of disruption, of which forced busing was only one, within the classrooms of public school systems and communities black and white. (25) The Civil Rights movement itself, with its non-violent civil disobedience, ultimately brought about the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964, but not without its participants facing resistance, confrontation, violence, and even death. And no one should forget the murders of the four African American schoolgirls by a bomb blast before a church service in September 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama.
The 1960s, which saw developing opposition to the war in Vietnam, were also years marked by race riots with looting, destruction of property and deaths. I remember my parents voicing their fears as they listened to the news in August, 1965, when they feared that the Watts, Los Angeles, riot with 34 deaths, would somehow spill over into our peaceful San Gabriel suburb.
Two other major riots occurred in July 1967—Detroit with 43 deaths, and Newark with 24. The assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was also followed by destructive riots in Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Chicago and Kansas City. Omitted here are other riots and racial disturbances that occurred across the U.S. during this era.
I note these events (without addressing the effects of federal social welfare programs instituted in 1965) because they indicate the severity of social problems that persist to this day in what we now call "inner" cities—a euphemism for the older terms "ghetto" and "slum"—and which affect largely minority-populated public schools. My daughter-in-law tells hair-raising tales of teaching—or attempting to teach—when at the beginning of her career not so long ago, she spent two years in Harlem, New York City, public elementary schools. Most of her students came from single- or no-parent homes, many of which were afflicted with persistent and pervasive poverty, often coupled with drug and alcohol problems. Among her students, she faced daily fights, emotional and behavioral acting out, and a gun threat on her life; all this was in addition to having no books or other teaching materials, and no administrative support.
Daniel Patrick Moynihan, in his 1965 landmark report on "The Negro Family: The Case for National Action" (26) —now commonly and famously known as The Moynihan Report—anticipated social problems beyond his own era when he tied the fragility of the African American family to its destruction under American slavery. The results: absent fathers, households headed primarily by mothers, poor educational achievement, high drop-out rates, unemployment, chronic poverty and "aberrant, inadequate, or antisocial behavior."
The 1960s and 1970s also brought the pill, synonymous with the sexual and feminist revolutions and their immediate off-spring: no-fault divorce (first legalized in 1970 by then Gov. Ronald Reagan of California) and legalized abortion in 1973.
In quick order have followed broken and blended families, high illegitimate birth rates, single parents often raising children in poverty, and today, co-habiting and same-sex couples who often also have families.
The serious lesson here is that the destructive social changes of the second half of the 20th century and their attendant "pathologies," as Moynihan called them, continue to afflict not only poor African American families, but also now apply in lesser to greater degrees to almost all Americans regardless of race or ethnicity, social strata or residence in urban, suburban and rural locales. Behind the deficits and failures of education in our recent history is the weakening and general collapse of the traditional family in the country at large.
In short, given all these changes, it was inevitable that something in the classroom would have to give. And give it did. "It" in this essay is "cursive"—although all of us could probably add innumerable items to our various "it" lists, so serious is the collapse of the elementary and secondary educational system in the United States.
* * * *
In upcoming articles on cursive, I'll be looking at the impact on cursive instruction from No Child Left Behind and the newly adopted Common Core standards. I'll also explore pushback from parents, teachers, states, and private, parochial, and charter schools to discover who and what institutions are fighting to retain cursive. I'll also explore recent cognitive neuroscience and behavioral psychology, along with anecdotal evidence, that shows how teaching cursive is important for both reading comprehension and for the development of advanced or "higher-order" thinking and writing skills.
1. Annie Gasparro and Leslie Josephs. "Whole Foods Calls the Shots for Startups: Companies tweak ingredients, labels to win retailer's blessing." The Wall Street Journal, May 6, 2015. Available at http://www.wsj.com/articles/whole-foods-calls-the-shots-for-startups-1430904782.
2. "History, the History of Computers, and the History of Computers in Education." Available at http://web.csulb.edu/~murdock/histofcs.html.
3. Morgan Polikoff. "Let Cursive Die." The Opinion Pages, Room for Debate: Is Cursive Dead? The New York Times, May 1, 2013. Available at http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/04/30/should-schools-require-children-to-learn-cursive/let-cursive-handwriting-die.
Jimmy Bryant. "Cursive Handwriting Is a Cultural Tradition Worth Preserving." 4. The New York Times, April 30, 2013. Available at www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/04/30/cursive-handwriting-is-a-cultural-tradition-worth-preserving.
5. Judith Thurman. "In Defense of Cursive." The New Yorker, July 5, 2012. Available at http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/in-defense-of-cursive.
6. Ken Burns and Lynn Novack, directors. "Communications: Letters and Diaries." The War. Online materials available at https://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_home_communication_letters_diaries.htm.
7. Federal Bureau of Investigation. "Getting Physical: Our Hardcopy Forensic Experts." Stories, April 2009. Available at https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2009/april.
8. Central Intelligence Agency. "The Assessment of Graphology." Library: Center for the Study of Intelligence, Sept. 23, 1993. Available at https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence.
9. Tim Appelo. "How a Calligraphy Pen Rewrote Steve Jobs' Life." The Hollywood Reporter, October 14, 2011. Available at www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/steve-jobs-death-apple-calligraphy.
10. Kate Gladstone. "Handwriting Matters; Cursive Doesn't." The New York Times. April 30, 2013. Available at www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/04/30/handwriting-matters-cursive-doesnt.
11. Kate Gladstone. April 30, 2013.
12. Lyndsey Layton. "Elementary school children learn keyboard typing ahead of new Common Core tests." The Washtington Post, October 13, 2013. Available at www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/elementary-students-learn-keyboard-typing-ahead-of-new-common-core-tests/2013.
13. Patricia Armstrong. Bloom's Taxonomy. Center for Teaching, Vanderbilt University. Available at http://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/blooms-taxonomy/.
14. Kaitlin Mulhere. "Here's the SAT Score You Need to Beat." College Planner. Money. Sept. 3, 2015. Available at time.com/money/4017881/average-sat-scores-2015.
15. Jane Rodgers Siegel. Teaching of Handwriting – The Eighteenth Century, The Nineteenth Century, The Twentieth Century, Manuscript Writing and Other Systems. Available at http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2027/Handwriting-Teaching.html.
16. Jennie Cohen. "A Brief History of Penmanship on National Handwriting Day." January 23, 2012. History. Available at www.history.com/news/a-brief-history-of-penmanship-on-national-handwriting-day.
17. Kitty Burns Florey. "Does Handwriting Still Matter in a Digital World?" TheHuffingtonPost.com. Nov. 27, 2013. Available at www.huffingtonpost.com/kitty-burns-florey/handwriting-book.
18. Samuel L. Blumenfeld. How Should We Teach Our Children to Write? Cursive First, Print Later! See http://donpotter.net/PDF/cursive-first.pdf.
19. "The Typewriter: an informal history." IBM Archives, August 1977. Available at www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits.
20. James Kalmbach. "From Liquid Paper to Typewriters: Some Historical Perspective on Technology in the Classroom." Computers and Composition 13.57-68 (1996).
21. Thomas A. Sinks and J.F. Thurston. "Effect of Typing in Elementary School Grades." Educational Readership Supplement. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, NEA. January 1972. Available in www.ascd.org/ASCD/pdf/journals/ed_lead/el_197201_sinks.pdf.
22. James Kalmbach. 1996.
23. Bertis E. Capehart and Margaret McNish. "The Typewriter as an Instructional Tool . . . What Research Says." The National Elementary School Principal 38:1959 (23-26).
24. Christie Blazer. "Should Cursive Handwriting Still Be Taught in Schools?" Information Capsule: Research Services, Miami-Dade County Public Schools. Vol. 0916, March 2010. Available at http://drs.dadeschools.net/InformationCapsules/IC0916.pdf.
25. Lawrence E. Vredevoe. "The Effects of Desegregation upon School Discipline." Journal of Secondary Education, 42:2, Feb. 1967. Available at http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED018453.pdf.
26. Daniel Patrick Moynihan. The Negro Family: The Case for National Action. United States Department of Labor: Office of Policy Planning and Research. March 1965. Available at http://web.stanford.edu/~mrosenfe/Moynihan%27s The Negro Family.pdf.


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These are the enhancements that are included in the next release of agency management system InsurancePro (Release 18.104.22.168).
- Added a file history to the File menu to list the last 10 customers accessed by a user.
- Updated the bridge icon for TurboRater.
- Updated the message when a user exceeds his or her user count logged in.
- Made a modification to the download process.
About the AuthorFollow on Twitter Follow on Linkedin More Content by Becky Schroeder


text:
This is late because I've been in the city having high profile meetings with corporations that own most of the fucking world, the upshot of all this is was a well meant invitation to some swanky fucking concert, an invitation I am unable to refuse thus satisfactorily putting a throbbing bulls dick in my Friday evening. To make matters worse Myfwt is in flat cap and clog land to see her mum for a birthday, so as all of my friends enjoy the relaxing sounds of grindcore and metal, I will arrive alone for the concert on Friday looking like the first cunt out of water.
I had a busy day yesterday that bore some fruit, finally, and I cycled home in the pissing rain gladdened by the arranged visit from Myfwt in the evening. I made supper; chicken and mushroom pasta bake which, although a bit Delia, was a triumph. We watched some TV, Family Guy stamped a prodigious end to the evening before bed happened.
At precisely 6.07 I was awoken by a sort of shrieking sobbing, I think this may have been going on for some time because the dream I was having involved an argument with rock-titted Dannii Minogue after she's tried to nick my Yukata, and I was being such a cunt I made the robot faced hottie weep uncontrollably. Needing a piss I got up to find the source of this horrific noise, 'please don't let it be downstairs' I sadly hoped to myself. No surprise when it turned out it was.
Their hairy kid was now also crying, I heard bits of conversation, 'you said you were going to marry me' she said 'I fucking never' came the heroic reply. I can just imagine him promise the poor cow heaven and earth just for a fucking reach around, the despicable snivelling little fuck. She then began to really howl and he naturally lost his rag. Obviously we're dealing with damage incorporated here, a woefully sad story of a pathetic grunting fuck-wit taking advantage of a sad vulnerable girl and him not having the required intelligence or care to take responsibility for his actions. So in one puff of jism two lives are permanently destroyed, the hairy one never even had a chance, and mankind takes another step towards destruction. The conversation ended with him yelling 'fuck you' and lots of door slamming as she wailed herself to sleep a few feet below me. Mercifully Myfwt slept through the whole thing, I didn't get back to sleep and am fucking exhausted subsequently.
RIP Ned Sherrin
Odd/crap video, great song under the circumstances


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from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
- noun law That aspect of English
tortlaw that denies children protection in law from misfeasant / malfeasant / negligent misconduct of public office.
- noun Official / institutionalized hostility or coldness towards children : as in political acts, for example failure to implement ratified UNCRC and withdrawal of subsidised school milk.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
From German.
Sorry, no example sentences found.


text: Here are what i have found to be some problems with the CCW Engines. When a engine sits for long periods of time, outer crankshaft seals tend to fail on them. I have bought some CCW powered Deere's with bad seals and others without. So if your sled is hard to start, backfires, or lacks power, and it isn't your carb be sure to check your crank shaft seals. Failure to do so can result in a burned piston.


text:
The Federal Government of Nigeria has dissolved the Executive Management of the Niger Delta Power Holding Company Ltd. Consequently, the Managing Director and all Executives of the Company are directed to hand over immediately to the most senior officer in their respective departments.
Also affected is the General Manager Audit, who has been disengaged and instructed to handover to the most senior officer in the audit department.
While appreciating their services, the federal government has appointed Mr. Chiedu Ugbo a lawyer as the Acting Managing Director of the company.


text:
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text: On Wed, Dec 11, 2002 at 10:24:07AM -0800, Curtis Poe typed: > > Speaking of worse, while we've been reserving that space every month for > almost a year, > ... > However, after a year of this and having Rose and Rain Drop playing "Guess > which shell the policy pea is under this month", I'm getting a bit tired of > them. If you bear in mind that the Rose and Raindrop owner died a few weeks ago, a change in management and policy is not too surprising. -- Michael Rasmussen aka mikeraz Be appropriate && Follow your curiosity http://www.patch.com/ http://wiki.patch.com/ http://blog.patch.com/sandbox/ The fortune cookie says: You can't mend a wristwatch while falling from an airplane.


text:
YouTuber MikeB has compiled a digital history tour of every appearance of the Battle of Hoth from every Star Wars game ever made. Ever.
That's going waaaay back to the first Star Wars game back in 1982 on the Atari 2600 up through pretty much every Star Wars title. Why is that so awesome? Because the Battle of Hoth, aside from being a massive win for the empire, was one of the most iconic sequences of the entire original trilogy. Charting the visual evolution from Atari to the PlayStation 3 is pretty compelling, MikeB even managed to work in one of my personal favorites, Star Wars Trilogy Arcade.
So, so dope.
RELATED: 10 Places to Look for Pokémon Today in Google Maps
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text:
Sikh detective Gurpal Virdi from Hounslow who is suing the Met Police for racial discrimination has sensationally claimed potentially damaging documents are being shredded.
Mr Virdi is claiming damages from the force for the fifth time after being overlooked for promotion to inspector last year, and the accusation forms part of his case.
Met chiefs have already admitted to an employment tribunal that notes taken by Mr Virdi's promotion panel were 'shredded in error'.
But they deny claims from the Inspectors Branch Board, which represents more than 2,000 senior police officers, that they are routinely destroying harmful evidence about the selection process.
"That is simply ridiculous, electronic copies of all documents remain as a matter of public record," said a Met spokesman. "Hard copies were destroyed so they could not be duplicated and did not leave a central location."
However, the accusations have sparked an inquiry into the promotions process by a watchdog examining ethnic recruitment and retention within the Met.
Cindy Butts, an independent member of the Metropolitan Police Authority, is heading a 'race and faith' inquiry looking at how easy it is for people from ethnic minorities to rise through the ranks.
She said: "I am aware of certain issues relating to the recent promotion process and the retention of documentation and consequently I have asked the Met to bring a report to the committee I chair so members can consider current procedures."
Mr Virdi, 50, has been embroiled in a bitter row with the Met since bosses accused him of sending racist email to himself and colleagues in 1998.
He was cleared in 2000 but claims he has since missed out on promotion twice because he is seen as a 'troublemaker'.
"I am the Colin Stagg of the Met (referring to the man wrongly accused of killing the model Rachel Nickell on Wimbledon Common)," he told a national paper at the weekend. "Everyone knows I'm innocent and the Met are not accepting it."
The Met, which claims Mr Virdi failed to win promotion because he lacked the 'necessary competences', lost an employment tribunal brought by Mr Virdi in 2005 but the ruling was later overturned.
Mr Virdi's appeal is due to be heard next month.
A second tribunal, launched in 2008, has already taken place and a decision is expected soon


text:
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All of our faculties have strong portfolios and great success rates.
AURA is your supplemental learning solutions providing organization. Through Math and other subjects, we teach the skills and mindset needed to solve today's problems and predict, prevent and manage tomorrows.


text:
Hello, festive fashionistas and welcome!
Today's post is very near and dear to my heart because it is the debut of my first evening gown, which I designed and crafted from scratch! This intense red hue + cut-outs in all the right places will have you looking like one hot tamale.
Check it out!
I purchased the polyester, cotton blend fabric, aptly named Tango Red, from Jo-Ann Fabric, and it was the perfect amount of stretch and structure. The original concept was to create a completely backless dress, but sometimes a girl has to scratch the original plans and go the alternate route to get a little more support. Hence the double-strap, racer-back style. The end result?
Ultra glam, so suave, and fabulously festive.
I was set on creating a vintage vibe for this photo shoot, so I added a DIY black faux fur coat (tutorial here). Despite the fast fashion trend of fur coats being oh-so-totally in this season, I'm not entirely on the wagon. I believe fur fashion hit it's peak when worn by the Hollywood hotshots of the 1950's. Hopefully I can repurpose this into a vest or something a little more versatile!
This look from the side = sensory overload.
But baby, it's cold outside.
My best attempt at a "come-hither" stare.
The temperatures may be dropping, but it's getting a little hot up in here. Try and tell me you don't think this is a sexy silhouette.
Thanks for reading! Now be a doll and let me know your thoughts in the comments below, so I can continue to improve my design work! Peace out, lovelies. XXOO


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Festive schedule includes the Prime Brass Christmas Family Concert; Midnight Mass, live from the Church of Our Lady and English Martyrs; a new Cambridge 105 Pantomime featuring Bake Off winner Ian Cumming; Eclectic Light Show Specials on Syd Barrett, KT Tunstall and Sir Paul McCartney; and the return of Where's Flossie?
Cambridge 105 Radio celebrates the festive season with a schedule of music, entertainment and documentary.
Christmas Eve (December 24)
Bake Off finalist Ian Cumming makes a special appearance in the Cambridge 105 Christmas Pantomime (Christmas Eve 6pm, Repeated Christmas Day 7pm). The Bake Off is looking for a new host, and in pantoland Dame T Cosey thinks she's the woman for the job. But not if the evil Burner & Spark have anything to do with it.
Later, the Eclectic Light Show special pays tribute to Pink Floyd founder Syd Barrett. Mandy Morton talks to Syd's former girlfriend Jenny Spires about the early days of Pink Floyd, the London music scene of the 60s and Syd's music, art and abiding love of Cambridge. (Christmas Eve 10pm)
We step into Christmas with the church of Our Lady and English Martyrs and a live broadcast of Midnight Mass (Coverage starts at 11.20pm).
Christmas Day (December 25)
We start Christmas morning with Phil Rowe and Tony Barnfield as they wake Cambridge up with Christmas Breakfast starting from 8am.
At 1pm there's a chance to hear the Prime Brass Family Christmas Concert, recorded earlier this month at the West Road Concert Hall.
The ensemble is joined by the junior choirs of Younger Twisters, Humming and Notes, Harston and Newton Community Primary School; and Haslingfield Endowed Primary School. Music includes Away in a Manger, Walking in the Air and Let it Snow.
On Christmas Day afternoon Mandy Morton follows the progress of the Kings College Choir as they record and perform one of Sir Paul McCartney's choral works. The programme includes Sir Paul, Stephen Cleobury and several the boys who were involved. (Sir Paul McCartney's Ecce Cor Meum, Christmas Day 2pm).
After The Queen's traditional Christmas Day message Neil Whiteside presents a special programme live from our Gwydir Street studios (Christmas Day from 3pm).
From 5pm there's a second chance to listen again to Tony Barnfield in conversation with legendary broadcaster and Clare College alumnus Sir David Attenborough in the year of his 90th birthday.
On Christmas Night (December 25th) there's highlights of two of the city's major musical events. At 8pm Les Ray and Tim Willett introduce highlights of the 51st Cambridge Folk Festival from Cherry Hinton Hall. Then at 10pm Neil Whiteside picks his personal favourites from across five days and three stages at this year's Cambridge Rock Festival.
Holiday Tuesday 27 December
On Tuesday evening we hear from acclaimed singer-songwriter Andy White, three decades after he began his career in Cambridge. Andy meets Trevor Dann who gave him his first radio play and first interview to discuss the release of his new 14-CD box set, his time as a student in Cambridge and his new life in Australia (Andy White – Unboxed, December 27, 7pm).
Wednesday 28 December
In an hour-long special Mandy Morton talks to pop and rock artist KT Tunstall about her new album Kin, her move to the United States, and why she's turned her life upside down. With Mandy, she discusses her songwriting, her live performance, her fans and her philosophy on life in general. The programme includes tracks from the new album (Wednesday 7pm).
Then from 8pm Tim Willett introduces the 4th annual NMG Awards, recorded at the West Road Concert Hall in October.
New Year's Eve
Where's Flossie returns on New Year's Eve afternoon. Tim Willett introduces the fourth treasure hunt around the city as Louise Wilson is the willing runner (New Year's Eve 1pm).
Later, Cambridge 105's two soul hosts Tony Dellar and Mike Prior reunite for an evening of soul music in Mike and Tony's Soul Night. (December 31, 7pm).
Then from 10pm Matt Webb sees you into the New Year with The Party Zone.
Tim Willett, Station Manager, Cambridge 105 Radio said: "It's sometimes hard to believe that such a schedule can be put together by a community radio station staffed entirely by volunteers.
"I'd like to take this opportunity to thank our listeners for letting us into their homes in 2016 and we look forward to serving the community again in 2017".


text:
Made to Order: Serving Slab in White with Gold Splatters
Suite One Studio
When our best selling designs sell out you can now purchase your very own sets Made to Order. The moment your order is placed your plates will be made just for you! Our Made to Order production timeline is currently 8 weeks from the date your order is placed. Once your items are finished they'll be carefully packed and shipped to you.
About this product:
Made with smooth porcelain this organically shaped tray is a beautiful addition to any table. Glazed in a an ivory white, handmade (and of course food safe) glaze and splattered with painterly 22k gold details.
The unglazed underside is sanded to a smooth finish. The substantial heft of this tray makes it very functional, while the high gloss white and gold paired with the organic edges give the visual appearance of lightness.
15" long by 8.5" wide


text:
The events and tourism industries are today unsurprised that Melbourne has once again secured its seat as one of the top two sporting cities internationally, second only to London which will host the Olympics this year.
The 10 point defeat in the World's Ultimate Sport Cities Awards, which are based on industry rankings from sporting publication SportBusiness International, doesn't dull the shine on the award according to Victoria Events Industry Council (VEIC) Chief Executive, Dianne Smith.
"Melbourne continuously hosts sporting events that go unrivalled internationally. No other site in Australia – and as proven again in the Awards, few internationally – can offer access to world-class sporting facilities right in the heart of a vibrant city, mixed with the immediate access to unique tourism attractions, accommodation, restaurant and retail outlets," says Ms Smith.
"Hosting the first game of the State of Origin series tonight is a prime example of why Melbourne upholds this proud status as an internationally renowned event host city. The city is alive today with rugby supporters, including an estimated 15,000 interstate travellers," says Ms Smith.
According to a further announcement by Victorian Premier Ted Baillieu on the win, Melbourne topped the rankings for the World's Best Sport Venues and the World's Best Major Events Strategy, and was named the Best Sports City in the 'large' category for cities with a population of between four and six million people.
"Victoria's major events deliver a combined economic impact to the State of approximately $1.4 billion annually and attract over 230,000 international visitors every year," says Ms Smith.
"Our events industry works together to promote Melbourne and Victoria to the world and drives significant economic, social and cultural benefits to the State. The flow-on effects significantly contribute to local business, employment and tourism."
Established in December 2006, the Victoria Events Industry Council (VEIC) is the peak policy council representing Victoria's $1.4 billion event industry.
To arrange a media interview with VEIC Chief Executive Dianne Smith, contact Senior Communications Adviser Melina Walton on email@example.com, 03 8662 5310 or 0423 883 945.


text:
Allhallows Beach
- Beach info
- Beach Map & Location
Shops, Pub, Cafe, Holiday Park
Fishing, Golf, Walking, Golf
Parking Available /
Water Quality
Not Tested
Lifeguard information
ROCHESTER TIC 95 High Street. Rochester Kent. ME1 1LX Tel: +44 (0) 1634 843666
How to find Allhallows Beach
Medway / Rochester
Take the A228 north from Rochester. then follow signs to Allhallows-on-sea
Bus service N94 runs from: Grain - Lower Stoke - Allhallows - Medway Valley Park
We use a simple colour coded key to display the amount of cottages nearby, the below shows the three different colours and the number range for each one from green through to red.
- 1-10
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- 100 +
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text:
Open Comment on #OpenAccess
May 14-16 and 16-17, 2013, National Academy of Sciences hosted an open comment meeting on Open Access to federally funded research and publication and big data. I delivered a comment for the record on May 14, 2013 in which I made a statement about real differences in access between academic library users and public library users.
(Please click on the video to play it from Vimeo)
I had a lot of fun and I thank National Academy of Sciences for hosting the event. The video featured here was uploaded to Vimeo by National Academy of Sciences.
2 thoughts on "Open Comment on #OpenAccess"
[…] get into issues of publishers, embargoes on copyrighted publications or open access, I have already commented upon these topics and I will continue to learn more over time. Subscription is not inherently a bad […]
What's up, just wanted to say, I liked this post.
It was inspiring. Keep on posting!


text:
Sophisticated schooling in this particular nation is instantly turning into a necessity around the firm group rather then an extravagance. On the earlier the people who had a secondary school exercising nevertheless experienced the possibility to fabricate a first-class community for them selves and their people. Individuals days are speedily becoming one additional dieing coal of your earlier. For the off prospect that you simply would want to have massive obtaining capability amid your life span you will be thoroughly restricted by your discovering probable along with the stage of instruction you possess gotten.
The uplifting information is that you will not want to have got a gain or bust solution almost about instruction. You can easlily launch by creating infant strides with reference to superior education and learning. Within the off opportunity that you choose to use a junior university with your standard vicinity, this can be undoubtedly one of the most suitable assets for starting your university instruction at any phase in your living. Most junior colleges will offer you classes at many different periods amid the working day and night time, even some on Saturday preserving in your mind the end target to oblige understudies of varied ages and foundations.
Junior colleges additionally offer a amazing chance to start your figuring out mission inside a way that may be a very good deal considerably more very easily decent to the standard countrywide than an all out college. These schools are to some terrific extent employee educational institutions all the same there is two or three that permit understudies the practical experience of residing over a university grounds at a a good deal lessen expenses than most actual faculties cost for your identical or fundamentally the same as features.
Junior colleges at the same time permit you to examine your choices in case you are not often particular what heading you would like in your schooling to choose without the need of paying this kind of a significant price tag for the method. In the event that you understand the vocation way you wish to consider chances are you may identify a two-year diploma application that will have you ever outside of college and in a occupation substantially earlier than a four-year system will allow. To the off opportunity that that isn't enough information in your case, a big portion of the two-year initiatives of research that happen to be given for the junior college or university stage may perhaps just shift effortlessly into 4 12 months certification programs with the faculty level.
Junior colleges provide a terrific start off for some consumers that are seeking for superior instruction even if to assist their professions or simply just to find out fulfillment on somebody stage in everyday life. One can find a number of excellent tasks in qualified fields and scholarly fields that may be investigated and scientific studies around the junior college level.
For graduating secondary college understudies junior colleges enable understudies handbook in the alteration from secondary university to high school without the need for experiencing the way in which of daily life stun that a few schools can set understudies thru. You will see that there are routinely a variety of possibilities to meet instructive and likewise social preferences relating to the junior school degree for understudies which are occupied with searching for after a junior university exercising.
You must likewise find that junior schools tend to be much less demanding to paying as regards to putting aside finances and investment decision resources for possibly your own private school working out or perhaps the instructive expenditures of the children. Experiencing them go to a junior faculty for just a prolonged time then exchanging to a College can spare plenty of cash and provides you a little bit of brain that the young children are as still accepting a brilliant amount of instruction.
Actually, for the off chance that you are trying to find an astounding level of quality as regards to instruction you would do on your own or your kids an damage in the event that you do not appearance on the junior faculty choices as part of your typical vicinity previously dove in and leaping into your faculty technique for lifespan. You will see that junior faculties routinely offer you an equivalent degree of instruction for the elementary courses that for starters and 2nd 12 months undergrads consistently consider, there're a vastly enhanced esteem for that income, and they are an remarkable attributes to the individuals who're trying to juggle their teaching with household and work obligations.


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About Us
We understand the importance of making our clients feel welcome and relaxed. Step into our office, and you will enjoy our modern, yet comfortable décor as you are greeted by a team of professionals who know how to make people feel at ease.
Rockwest Dental knows that at the cornerstone of any successful relationship is good communication. We go out of our way to ensure that our patients understand their oral condition and the details behind any recommended treatments.
We look forward to seeing you!