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get citationMemorandum of conversation between Castro and Honecker regarding the bilateral relations, US-Cuban relations, and Soviet-Cuban relations"Transcript of Conversation between Cuban Premier Fidel Castro and East German leader Erich Honecker, Havana, (excerpt)," May 25, 1980, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, TsKhSD, f. 5, op. 77, d. 642, ll. 18-21; translation by Svetlana Savranskaya https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/111220
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Minutes of
the official talks between the Secretary General of the SED Central Committee and chairman of the State Council, Comrade Erich Honecker and the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Cuban Communist Party, the chairman of the State Council and the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Cuba, Fidel Castro Ruz at the Palace of Revolution in Havana
Wednesday, 28 May 1980
(Beginning: 9:45 a.m.)
Fidel Castro: Dear Comrade Erich Honecker! Dear German comrades!
Your visit, dear Comrade Honecker, has long been on our agenda, long before it came to the problems of the recent past, long before the military maneuvers [scheduled by the U.S. at its Guantanamo Bay naval base for May, but cancelled--ed.]. But now it has a special meaning that your visit is taking place right now, at a time of increased activity of the USA and the other enemies of our revolution.
Hostility and aggression, of course, did not come all of a sudden, but there are reasons for this: the liberty of Ethiopia, events in Nicaragua, the situation in Central America; then there was the conference of the nonaligned countries [in Havana in September 1979], and agression gradually increases in this whole situation. During the conference of the nonaligned countries, they were very angry and started a malicious campaign. At that time, they discussed the issue of the Soviet brigade, exactly at the time of the conference of the nonaligned countries. We corresponded with the Soviet comrades regarding this issue. We took the view that this should be called a brigade. But when we explained all that to the Soviet Union, it was called a study center. Of course, the Soviet comrades did not want to aggravate the international situation any further, and since SALT II still had to be discussed in the Senate, there was no other option than calling it a "study center." Thus, the brigade was called study center no. 12. Once this had been said, we had to stick to that term.
I have expressed this in a special way on the USA-TV and in the USA-press: what you call a brigade and we call a study center is something that we have had for 17 years now.
This unit came here after the October [1962] Crisis. Actually, we strongly resisted a total withdrawal of troops. Finally, we managed to have one brigade stay with us, and for 17 years, this brigade has been here. These troops were not included in the agreements following the October Crisis. The October Crisis affected the missiles, the bombers, and the nuclear weapons, but not the troops. When the brigade stayed with us, no agreements were concluded.
In any event, we always would have liked to see these troops called a brigade for one reason: we must not relinquish our right to have Soviet brigades here. We did not relinquish that right. If we call this a study center for moral reasons, then we relinquish the right to have a brigade. At the May 1 demonstrations, I said that we have got study center no. 12, but that we would like to have numbers 13, 14, 15. But the malicious campaign started with that brigade. All USA presidents knew that we have a brigade here. One can hide a pen, but not an entire brigade with tanks, guns, with 2,000 to 3,000 men. Everyone knows this. The CIA tries to find out whether the soldiers have a bride or not. They want to know everything. They knew about the presence of this brigade, and for 15 years, they treated this as a secret, the issue has never been discussed.
When the October Crisis started they were not bothered by the fact that we had a brigade here. No president has raised this issue, neither Kennedy nor Johnson, neither Nixon nor Ford. But now, the current president does.
The Americans themselves believe that the president has made a mistake to discuss this question just at the same time when the Senate was supposed to discuss SALT II and the conference of the nonaligned countries was taking place, with the intention, of course, of bringing Cuba into a difficult legal situation, to portray it as a country with a Soviet military base, because they took up the issue and produced a big scandal, a very big scandal. This caused damage to SALT II and led to a tense climate, the pretext to create an operational military command near Cuba. In reality, it is an intervention force that they have created just after this problem. It is also possible that Carter thought that, under such strong pressure, the Soviet comrades would be forced to withdraw these troops. That's what they thought. Perhaps Carter hoped to achieve a political success.
The Soviet comrades made it clear right from the beginning that they are not willing to discuss the issue, that these troops would not be withdrawn. In the end, it was a disaster for Carter. But this was part of the escalation of threats.
Then, there were the spy planes over Cuban territory. The most recent event was the organization of a naval exercise, including a landing in Guantanamo military base. Actually, they have taken a step back because of the great mobilization of the masses. We announced to organize mass rallies all over the country. The issue of Mariel existed before. We already had organized the April 19 mass rallies and after that, they took a step back. They canceled the landing exercise in the military base, and even signaled that they were ready to negotiate a suspension of the Mariel exercise.
That was on April 29, about 48 hours before May 1. Once they had said that, I thought they were ready to suspend the exercise. I told my comrades they might explain that we were going to respond on May 1 or 2. Yet on April 30, at night, during the first hours of May 1, before the mass rally we organized against the military exercise, at this point they proclaimed the suspension of the exercise. The very same day! This is the first time that they set up something like this on such a big scale, and they have suspended it without any conditions. The planes haven't been flying over our country for several weeks. Mariel and the issue of the USA interests section here is giving them a big headache now. There are 380 counterrevolutionaries. This is the situation. They want to negotiate. But what they are interested in is to resolve these two issues.
We are saying that this has to be discussed globally. And just at that time Comrade Honecker's visit takes place, and therefore it is of great importance for us.
The Mexican government, too, has adopted a friendly attitude towards us. Recently, the Mexican president announced that he would visit Cuba, too. [Jose] Lopez- Portillo is going to visit our country on July 28. He announced the visit almost three months in advance, in the midst of this tense situation. Clearly, this has political implications.
The Mexican press also behaved well. And Mexico's attitude in general was a positive one. When Lopez-Portillo visits us, we will give him a great reception. We will choose roughly the same route that you have taken. Usually, we don't take choose a long route but a much shorter one. It is an exception that we chose such a long route. I think the last visit for which we organized such a big trip was [Algerian leader Houari] Boumediene's; we also did it for Brezhnev.
Moreover, the state security is very worried during such big visits. Lots of people have to be deployed because there is always a potential risk. I suppose this is the same in the GDR as it is here in Cuba. We are located in immediate proximity to the USA, and it is always possible that someone will infiltrate. Hence, such a trip is always potentially dangerous.
This is the time at which you have arrived, Comrade Honecker, this is why this visit is of special importance for us, and we feel very honored. I am convinced that this visit will contribute to the future development of the relations of the two countries. The people are very excited about this visit and there is great satisfaction with it.
Erich Honecker:
Comrade Fidel, please let me convey the warmest salutes [die herzlichen Kampfesgruesse] from the CC of the German Socialist Unity Party, the State Council, the Council of Ministers, and the people of the German Democratic Republic to you, the members of your delegation, and the party and state leadership.
We are very pleased to have the opportunity to visit revolutionary Cuba, the American island of liberty, at the present time because we know - as you have already pointed out - that this visit has special importance. First, this visit takes place at a time when the USA apparently is trying to increase tensions at the international level. In this context, it goes without saying that the measures the USA has taken against Cuba in the Caribbean are of particular importance. It is obvious that this USA exercise has been drawn up according to a long-term plan. It has become clear that detente, which has its primary basis in Europe, does the imperialist circles no good.
In the meantime, the Americans not only have been kicked out of Vietnam, but the Vietnamese also managed to counter China's aggression. In addition, the Americans had to leave Iran because of the Iranian people's revolution. Of course, this an uncomfortable matter for the USA's political elites; since the stake is not only the oil, which does not belong to the American imperialists, but also an outpost at the southern border of the Soviet Union.
Moreover, there were the events we could witness on our trips through Africa, such as Angola, Zambia, Mozambique, Ethiopia, South Yemen. We had meetings with the South African national liberation movement, with SWAPO [the Southwest African People's Organization], with the ANC [African National Congress], and also with the Organization for African Unity in Addis Ababa. The OAU Secretary General, [Edem] Kodjo - in presence of all African ambassadors - presented me a copy of the OAU charter and gave a speech of anti-imperialist, anti-colonialist, and anti-racist character. He expressed strong solidarity with the socialist German Democratic Republic and thanked us. It became clear that Africa - and not only the socialist countries - is heading off for new shores, which are not those of imperialism.
The scheme of Camp David, which basically did not solve any problem concerning the Middle East, was declared doomed to failure. Except for Egypt, all countries - including Saudi Arabia - are against the Camp David agreement. The resolution of the Near East conflict is dashed by Israel's imperialist stance, which is strongly backed by USA monopolies.
The situation in the Caribbean has to be seen in this context. The USA, albeit very reluctantly, would have tolerated Cuba, since they understand that because of the then-concluded agreement, the Soviet Union stands behind Cuba. They know that the whole socialist community stands behind Cuba, that behind the slogan "Hands off Cuba!" stands the power of socialism.
Through the powerful manifestation of revolutionary Cuba within the last couple of weeks, the mobilization of the Cuban people, they felt that the revolutionary regime and the government of Cuba led by Fidel Castro are very solid.
I completely agree with Fidel Castro: they feel that Cuba is not alone, that it is virtually the lighthouse of socialism in America, that it provides a stimulus for the anti-imperialist revolution in Latin America. They had to swallow the fact that Cuba is revolutionary, but Nicaragua came as a great surprise to them. As we all know, events in Nicaragua did not fall out of the blue, and they felt that the Nicaraguan revolutionaries had the moral and material support of Cuba. Add to this the events in El Salvador.
The USA imperialists have a strong interest that all is quiet in their "backyard." But there is a new revolutionary wave in Latin America. As Comrade Fidel rightly pointed out: Kennedy kept quiet about the so-called Soviet brigade, as did Johnson, Nixon, and Ford. In the beginning, Carter did not feel like broadcasting it. However, we have seen that there are powerful elements within USA imperialism that don't like detente at all. They reached the conclusion that cooperation with the Soviet Union benefits the socialist movement in Europe and Asia and the national liberation movements in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. For a long time, they have been preparing a blow against the policy of detente, in order to go over to a policy of confrontation
It is not yet clear whether they will take the crucial step, that is, the step from confrontation to war; because a military attack on Cuba means world war, as does a military attack on the GDR. They know that the Soviet Union, after the forced American withdrawal from Iran, did not permit them to compensate through the occupation of Afghanistan or the strengthening of USA influence there. Thus a situation was created that is reflected by various actions and in the development that Comrade Fidel Castro has pointed out.
The US-Americans aim at increasing tensions on the international level. Certain elements have an interest to dramatize the situation, to make it seem as if the outbreak of World War III is imminent. We have seen that they can't ignore the power of the Soviet Union and its allies. For the first time ever, war would be carried to directly to the USA. In the past, the USA has always sent merely an expeditionary corps across the Ocean when the war was almost over. Now they must reckon that a war with nuclear weapons also affects the USA.
The big fuss they make about Afghanistan is of the same nature as the invention of the Soviet brigade in Cuba just at the time of the conference of the nonaligned countries [and] the ratification of SALT II. For a long time, the most aggressive circles within the USA have been preparing their strike against the policy of detente, against peace, because they want to tip the global balance of power in their favor. They want to counteract the further strengthening of Real Socialism, the development of national liberation movements in Africa and Latin America, the development of communist and workers' parties within the capitalist countries, and their mass impact in the struggle against the attempts of the bourgeoisie to pass on the burden of crisis to the working people.
In fact, this can be discerned directly from recent political events. They are known to Comrade Fidel and the other comrades. Recently, at the session of the Political Advisory Commitee of the Warsaw Pact countries in the Polish capital, we have examined this situation. On the basis of Comrade Brezhnev's fundamental speech, his assessment of the present and future international situation, the declaration drew concrete conclusions. You know that declaration. In my speech in Warsaw, I have pointed out that the current attempt to further heighten international tensions results from the mounting crisis within the capitalist countries, which leads some imperialist elements to regard war as their last resort. Whether the countries of Real Socialism and the masses all over the world are going to allow for this, however, is a different question.
We have to note the fact that the Vladivostok agreements [of December 1974 between Brezhnev and Ford regarding a framework for SALT II] were not kept by Carter. Comrade Fidel already mentioned that despite prolonged negotiations and the signatures of Vienna, SALT II has not been ratified by the U.S. Congress and Senate.
Furthermore, we must note that, against the will of world public opinion and that of many NATO member states, the 1978 NATO Council Meeting in Washington has adopted the NATO long-term program, which envisions yearly increases in military expenditures until 1990. At a time when what matters is adding a military dimension, i.e. disarmament, to detente, they have adopted the long-term defense program, in spite of opposing resolutions passed by the UN.
NATO's [December] 1979 Brussels missile deployment decisions [to deploy medium and intermediate range missiles in West Germany and elsewhere in Western Europe] are a provocative step. At the same time when disarmament is on the global agenda and Carter, at the signing of SALT II in Vienna, talks about the existence of a rough balance of military power on the global level, they raise an outcry over an alleged Soviet threat and pass this defense program in Brussels.
Basically, the production of new American intermediate nuclear forces and their deployment in Western Europe is an attempt to undermine the results of SALT II. They want to offset the fact that Soviet missiles can reach the USA. This is supposed to be achieved through the depolyment of American intermediate-range (nuclear) missiles having a range beyond Moscow up to the Urals. While it takes 20 to 30 minutes for the missiles that are deployed in the USA to reach the Soviet Union, they only need 5 minutes when deployed in the Federal Republic, Belgium, and Great Britain, except for the so-called wing missiles [Fluegelraketen], which would also violate the neutrality of such states as Sweden.
Hence, this a large scale, long-term attempt to tip in favor of American imperialism the rough balance of military power that currently exists in the world. This is supposed to put pressure on the Soviet Union and the socialist countries, including Cuba, on countries like Nicaragua, and others, and on the national liberation movement. They want to foster anything that leads to an alliance of the USA, Japan, China, and, if possible, the FRG, too, against Real Socialism and the national liberation movement. For us, a very interesting aspect is that China supports the so-called reunification of Germany, i.e. the elimination of the GDR.
It is necessary to recognize this situation. On the other hand, the situation certainly is not like the reactionary imperialist circles would have it. Of course, Real Socialism is strong enough to defy the USA. It is perfectly possible to shatter the USA imperialism's attempt to conduct a large-scale offensive against the socialist countries and the national liberation movement.
In this context, we regard socialist Cuba, the American island of liberty, as playing a very important role. Our country's citizens, the citizens of the Soviet Union, and those of all socialist countries, see it as a banner that is waved by the Cuban people under the leadership of its communist party and that of Fidel Castro.
Likewise, our struggle, too, the GDR's and the CSFR's [Czechoslovak Socialist Federal Republic's] struggle, is a banner for all peace-loving people in the world, since we don't allow imperialism to take any step against our borders. I am mentioning the CSFR because, together with us, it is fighting in the front line.
In the aftermath of [the 1975 East-West accords at] Helsinki, the West German imperialists have attempted to build up a fifth column in the German Democratic Republic. To this end, they adressed not only counterrevolutionary elements, which, of course, still exist in our country, too, but also the reactionary, the unsteady, and the uncertain. All this took place under the slogan of human rights.
They placed their hopes in the Protestant and the Catholic Church, which have 8.5 and 2.5 million members, respectively. These churches and their bishops were supposed to act in our country as guerillas of the West. With the help of the 6,000 Western citizens, who, as a result of the international recognition of the GDR and the ensuing establishment of Western embassies, came to our country, they undertook subversive activities. The American, the Federal German, and other embassies established contacts with our artistic intelligentsia in particular. One million copies of a so-called manifesto against the GDR party and state leadership have been published, allegedly written by leading SED functionaries. Under the slogan of human rights, it has been tried to set up committees for the "protection of human rights" and the "protection of workers' rights."
Various elements have been given the opportunity to use the FRG's TV and radio to influence the GDR. All around the clock, 24 hours a day, 35 FRG radio stations are broadcasting political commentaries. The three Western TV channels were also used for interviews with certain authors and other GDR people, which were conducted "on behalf of the SED against the SED leadership." On behalf of socialism in the GDR, they spoke out against the SED's alleged dogmatism. They disguised themselves as socialists, but all their efforts were in vain.
In May of last year, our republic held municipal elections. There were mass rallies all over the country, where all issues were discussed. More than 99 percent of the citizens voted for the candidates of the national front, despite the fact that the Western media had asked the people either not to vote at all or to vote against these candidates.
In Berlin, we organized a big rally of the GDR's youth. 700,000 FDJ [Free German Youth] members marched up. This left even the Western correspondents flabbergasted. After all, there are only 1.2 million people living in the capital. 700,000 FDJ members marched into Berlin and dominated the city at the time.
(Fidel Castro: From all over the country?)
Yes, from all over the country.
(Fidel Castro: How were they accomodated?)
In tents, in schools, in apartments, or in other peoples' homes. This was a big campaign. They didn't have much time to sleep, but they all had a place to stay. Some families hosted up to 7 teenagers. The family slept in the kitchen, so that the FDJ members could sleep in the bed and living-rooms. There was huge attendance. We never had had something like this before.
During these four days, the Western journalists were not subjected to any restrictions in their interviews. Moreover, some 200,000 people from the Federal Republic and West Berlin came to the capital to discuss with the FDJ members. In any case, none of them managed to report something negative. They were surprised that this youth is different from what they thought.
Along a wide front, we prepared for the 30th anniversary of the GDR [in October 1979]. 250,000 young people marched in Berlin. Comrades Brezhnev, [Polish leader Edward] Gierek, [Czechoslovak leader Gustav] Husak, [Bulgarian leader Todor] Zhivkov, [Hungarian leader Janos Kadar], [Mongolian leader J.] Zedenbal, and others were there. In any case, we gave our adversary such a thrashing that he last all his interest in continuing his shameless propaganda against the GDR with the same ferocity as before.
At this time, the Chancellor of the FRG, Helmut Schmidt, requested a meeting. This means that while adhering to their revanchist attitude towards the GDR, they were forced to accept that socialism has a solid basis in our country.
Then, at the transition from 1979 to 1980, there was the heightening of international tensions.
(Fidel Castro: One question before we continue. In which month did this marching up of the 700,000 young people take place?)
This was in May 1979, and in October, on the occasion of the 30th anniversary, there were 250,000. The demonstration in May, at Whitsun, was the big response to our adversary's campaign which claimed that the GDR youth does not support the regime. Since then, they keep quiet or say that it has to be admitted that the enthusiasm was not organized.
Then, dear Comrade Fidel Castro and dear Cuban Comrades, there was the apparent heightening of international tensions in late 1979 / early 1980. We have reacted with great level-headedness to this situation. On January 9 we had a reception for the diplomatic corps. There, I expressed the GDR's hope that it would be possible to reduce international tensions because there is no alternative to the policy of peaceful coexistence. Only the American ambassador did not attend the reception since our politburo and the Council of Ministers had made a statement in support of the entry of a limited contingent of Soviet troops into Afghanistan following the Afghan government's request. A couple of days later we had a hare-hunt for the diplomats.
We have continued our policy of socialist buildup with great popular support, and I expressed to Chancellor Helmut Schmidt my readiness to meet him for a talk in 1980.
They all were surprised that the GDR, together with the Soviet Union and the other socialist countries, reacted so calmly to Carter's confrontational course. Indeed, the citizens of our republic stand firmly behind the policy of the party and the government, which is directed against Carter's confrontational course and stands up for peaceful coexistence and international cooperation. We have activated our ministerial exchange with the FRG, but also with Belgium, the Netherlands, France, and Austria. While one has to proceed from the assumption that the Western governments, particularly with respect to the boycott of the Olympic Games [in Moscow in summer 1980], will show a certain class solidarity with the USA, they still hesitate to identify entirely with the hardened policy of the USA administration.
Thus, it came to the meeting [on May 19 in Warsaw] between Leonid Brezhnev and Giscard d'Estaing, about which you are probably informed. Finally, there was the long delayed meeting [on May 16 in Vienna] between the new Secretary of State in the Carter administration, [Edward S.] Muskie, and [Soviet Foreign Minister] Comrade [Andrei] Gromyko. Today, the GDR newspapers report that on June 30 and July 1 the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, Helmut Schmidt, is going to meet with Comrade Brezhnev in Moscow.
During my stay in Belgrade, on the occasion of Tito's funeral [8 May 1980], I had talks with several statesmen.
Many expressed the desire to talk to me. Of course, the first meeting I had was with Comrade Brezhnev, who, after his health cure is back on the world stage in full health. Old comrades-in-arms and friends sat together the night and talked about current issues. I had meetings with [Indian leader] Indira Gandhi and various other personalities, which I don't want to go into at this moment, and with Helmut Schmidt, too.
Two issues were central. The first issue was that, because of our commitment to never again let a war start from German soil, one has to resist the Carter course of confrontation. We thus discussed the necessity to supplement the political dimension of detente with detente in the military field, not to support, but to counteract the unpredictable policy of Carter.
The second issue was the boycott of the Olympics. I said that it is an insult to the Soviet Union and to Comrade Brezhnev personally, if the athletes of the Federal Republic are prevented from participating at the Olympic Games in Moscow. Schmidt told me that he is under heavy pressure from the USA. Moreover, he said that this was the "mildest reaction" to the "invasion," the "intervention" of the Soviet Union in Afghanistan as he put it.
I said: Mr. Schmidt, what you call an "intervention" in Afghanistan is no intervention at all. On this issue, we apparently have differing points of view. You used to be defense minister and you know exactly that after the Americans got kicked out of Iran, they now try to gain a foothold in Afghanistan--through external aggression, as a compensation for the weakening of their position in Iran, so to speak. Hence, the Soviet Union simply had to respond to the requests that Afghanistan already had voiced several times before by sending a limited contingent of troops to that country. As soon as Afghanistan's neighbors ensure non-interference in Afghan domestic affairs and the stopping of the external aggression, guaranteed by the USA, the Soviet Union, perhaps France as well, as soon as the Afghan government declares that the Soviet troop contingents can be withdrawn or reduced, the withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan will begin. I pointed out that Fidel Castro, as chairman of the nonaligned movement, has made a similar proposal.
Schmidt did not want to see it this way. He told me: Mr. Honecker, have you seen the maps of the Soviet invasion? I said: I also have maps, but this is irrelevant; stopping the external aggression is the crucial issue.
Then I had to go to the meeting with Comrade [Zambian President Kenneth] Kaunda, and Schmidt asked me: When are we going to meet in the GDR? I answered: First, go to Moscow to Comrade Brezhnev, then we can meet in the GDR.
That's how we parted, and we both found that this was a useful meeting. Certainly, this meeting has a certain impact on the situation in Europe, because the Federal Republic has some influence on its western, northern, and southern allies. Of course, we don't believe that we are the center of the world, the normalization of GDR-FRG relations, however, certainly is of great importance for detente in Europe. It helps to restrain the belligerence of the USA. After all, the Federal Republic of Germany is the second strongest power within NATO.
The events in the Caribbean, and especially the anti-Cuban campaign of the USA and the Western media are related to the heightening of international tensions. In this context, our visit, which had been planned for a long time, indeed carries great international importance. This view has been expressed yesterday by the "Pravda" and this morning by the "Neues Deutschland." They wrote that, especially in the present situation, the solidarity with revolutionary Cuba shown by the Soviet Union and its allies, including the GDR, is of great importance. In the GDR, we have started a big solidarity campaign under the slogan: "Hands off Cuba! - Stop the Amerian economic embargo against Cuba! - Stop the espionage flights! - Give up the USA military base in Guantanamo!" I was pleased to hear that the espionage flights are currently being suspended.
Under these conditions, Comrade Fidel Castro, we renew the fraternal solidarity and our comradeship in arms between the GDR and revolutionary Cuba. We are aware that we are fighting in the front line, but we know there are strong reserves in behind. On this basis, we look with optimism into the future and will develop our bilateral relationship further.
I apologize for having talked so extensively about the international situation, but I was prompted by your statements on these issues.
Fidel Castro:
What Comrade Honecker has told us is very interesting. We have listened with great attention. The international situation is of vital importance for us; because its aggravation means increasing dangers for Cuba.
As I have already pointed before, the Yankees have been very angry with us for some time and they toy with the idea of how to get back at us, especially after events in Angola and Ethiopia. In our contacts, they insisted on a troop withdrawal from Angola and Ethiopia. We always replied that we are not on any account going to discuss this issue with them. We refused to talk about it. This was one of their most pressing demands.
Another demand relates to our solidarity with Puerto Rico's independence; and it is virtually a tradition of the revolution to show solidarity, to give support, if there is a struggle for the liberation and independence of Puerto Rico.
This was before the revolution in Grenada, a small country. This has important implications in the Caribbean, where there is instability after the success of revolution in Nicaragua [words unintelligible-ed.] the difficulties in Central America.
For some time they have been hoping that we would make a mistake, so that they can teach us a lesson, as they put it. Thus we must act with great caution on all these issues.
It is not our fault that there are revolutions. We are [not] responsible for what happens in El Salvador. This is a phenomenon that has developed over time. Except for the example that Cuba gives, and to give an example is always best, because solidarity, too, plays a big role. These political phenomena, however, arise virtually as natural events, because the people no longer accept such a situation. When such a revolutionary situation emerges in these countries, then inevitably this leads to tensions. Thus, with the revolution, of course, there are tensions. In Afghanistan, too, with the revolution, there were tensions, and the new situation in Iran, the revolution, has produced tensions in that region. We take an interest in what happens in the Caribbean, but also what happens in all other areas of the globe, what happens in Afghanistan.
Some Yankees, some groups of forces within the intelligentsia, are developing the argument, the strategy, that, when a crisis unfolds in one part of the globe, in Iran or Afghanistan, in the Indian Ocean or anywhere else in the world, then the USA has to respond [against] Cuba. They have said that quite frankly. If they have some clash with the Soviet Union in a part of the globe where the balance of power is unfavorable for the USA, then they should respond in a place where the balance of power is favorable for the USA. Because one should not think that only a global conflict is possible. A world conflict is the most severe. The decisions are of tremendous importance and they are dramatic ones. However, the real prospects for a conflict, not a general conflict, but a local one, are much greater.
In this sense, it doesn't matter to us in which part of the globe it happens. It will affect us. This is why the failure of detente is of special importance to us, of very special importance. First, because detente eliminates the possibility of a global conflict, but at the same time eliminates the possibility of local conflicts and also the opportunities for repression and attacks on the liberation movement.
Of course, detente has numerous advantages, particularly if it involves disarmament and a lowering of military spending. This is virtually the only way to give the Third World more resources for their development. This is why the policy of the Cold War, of arms races, is a catastrophe for all countries, but particularly for our country, given its geographic position. However [it is a catastrophe for Cuba], not only because of this position, but also as a developing country, and it is not only political and military effects, but also economic ones in Latin America. The Cold War can trigger a special effect. This allows the USA to better control certain wavering governments and to conduct a policy towards the whole liberation movement that suits them. This hurts the revolutionary movement all over the world, but especially in Latin America; because the Yankees believe that Latin America is their back yard. The USA has an interest in what happens in Asia, what happens in Europe, in Portugal, and so on, but they have a much stronger interest in what happens in Latin America, in the revolutionary changes in Latin America. Particularly in a Cold War situation, an intervention becomes more likely. This is why, for us, the issue of changing the current course and of finding the way back to detente, if possible, is of tremendous importance.
Erich Honecker:
There are some new aspects. We got information about the meeting between Comrade Brezhnev and Giscard d'Estaing. This meeting came as a complete surprise to the USA.
Even if one takes into account the existence of a certain class solidarity between France and USA imperialism, this talk between Comrade Brezhnev and Giscard d'Estaing still suggests that France intends to pursue a policy independent from the USA and is not willing to support the hardened, Cold War, course of the USA. Giscard d'Estaing explained that France will not support the USA's economic sanctions against the Soviet Union, that its athletes will go to Moscow, and that France does not want the FRG to become the leading power in Western Europe. France, Giscard d'Estaing said, has an interest in the further existence of a divided Germany as an important element of the European balance of power. With respect to the issue of Afghanistan, France wants a political, but not a military solution, and this goes for Afghanistan as well as for Iran. By and large, this is a useful element, since it limits the chances of the USA to revive the Cold War with all its ferocity.
In this context, the conversation that the new American Secretary of State, Muskie, had with Comrade Gromyko is interesting, too. Muskie presented himself as the man who wants to be the number one in U.S. foreign policy. He did not mention Brzezinski's name, but he said: I am independent from the President's entourage. Mr. Gromyko, let us discuss the issue of Afghanistan and sort it out.
Comrade Gromyko replied: We sent our limited contingent of troops to Afghanistan only after there was interference in Afghanistan's domestic affairs, when there was the danger that you would get a foothold in Afghanistan after you got kicked out of Iran. Comrade Gromyko added, as discussed in Moscow, that Afghanistan is nothing but a pretext for the USA to heighten international tensions. This means, this was a result of long-planned steps taken by the USA.
Comrade Gromyko went on saying: Give up the boycott, so that your athletes can come to the Olympic Games. It is a symbol of your attempts to stir up the Cold War. Also, this contradicts your statement, Mr. Muskie, that you want a healthy international climate. Muskie said this could not be changed, the President has taken his decision. Thereupon, Comrade Gromyko explained that the President already has changed his mind so many times, perhaps he could do it again in this case. Muskie replied that this would not be possible.
In concluding, Muskie said that he would inform his President. Comrade Gromyko could proceed from the assumption that he, Muskie, has been Secretary of State for 20 days while Gromyko has been in office for 20 years. However, he would like to say that the USA wants a normalization of the situation between the USA and the Soviet Union.
No one knows whether this was only diplomatic maneuvering or not. The ratification of SALT II played an important role in the conversation. According to Muskie, it is not impossible that, after the elections, the situation might change. The conversation has demonstrated that the USA does well understand the implications of the aggravation of the international situation.
Fidel Castro has pointed out that the international situation leads to Cold War, also leads to an increased danger of local conflicts, including the Caribbean. On the other hand, the peoples' revolutionary movements have examples in the form of other countries, as Cuba here in Latin America; but they are objectively determined. If a subjective factor is added to that, then such welcome events as in Nicaragua take place. Of course, the USA now endeavors to prevent a second Nicaragua in El Salvador, and their actions in South Korea also demonstrate their determination to defend the status quo. On the other hand, there are such events as those mentioned by Comrade Fidel Castro, e.g. Grenada in the Caribbean.
As far as the African region is concerned, you are under heavy pressure of the USA because of your military operations in Angola and Ethiopia. But we are sitting in the same boat, even though we don't have any troops there. We only have technical experts there. The USA is very curious about what the GDR does in Africa, be it in Angola or Ethiopia, in Zambia or Mozambique, Namibia or South Africa. We have a lot of cadres there who are active in various fields, and we train cadres for them. This is why the USA is currently tightening its policy towards the GDR. Above all, they bring their influence to bear on the banks in order to hurt us, in order to create economic problems in the GDR.
However, our economy is sound, we have enough allies. In addition to the Soviet Union and the other socialist countries, there are also imperialist monoplies that want to trade with us. For example, we are expanding our economic relations with France, Italy, Scandinavia, and Belgium. After this visit, Comrade Mittag will go to Mexico. This year or next, President Portillo plans to visit the GDR.
We have met the Cuban comrades in Angola and Ethiopia. I would like to thank you, Comrade Castro and the other comrades for the extensive security measures that you have provided; a whole Cuban batallion in Luanda.
Fidel Castro: Yes, I remember. We asked our comrades there to provide comprehensive support for Comrade Honecker's trip.
Erich Honecker: We felt this support everywhere, and I would like to thank you on behalf of our delegation and of our republic as a whole.
Fidel Castro: I believe it was a very good initiative of the GDR's party and government to send such a delegation to Africa. It supports the liberation movement and is very beneficial for us. It is very important to develop the GDR's cooperation with these countries, and we are very happy about that. Among the socialist countries in Eastern Europe the GDR is the country that pays greatest attention to Africa. When I talk about the socialist countries in Eastern Europe, I would like to exclude the Soviet Union. Because for a long time it has made a lot of efforts in this area. I am convinced that the African countries greatly appreciate the cooperation of the Soviet Union and the GDR. This is important; because if the GDR does not go there, others will go, who have different intentions, who want to cultivate relations in order to moderate developments. I am thinking of the Yugoslavs. They want to exert influence in a sense which is not the most positive. This is why the GDR's presence helps us a lot to maintain the most radical positions.
Erich Honecker: The speech you gave before our State Council [in April 1977] is still ringing in our ears. This was after your trip to Africa. Since then we have increased our engagement there.
Fidel Castro: This is very important for all of us, for the whole revolutionary movement. The Ethiopian comrades are very happy that you want to supply a cement factory. We have promised to help them to put up the cement factory. But the contribution to sustaining the radical spirit in these countries, in Ethiopia, in Angola and Zambia, in Madagascar has to be added to that, and is very beneficial for us within the framework of the nonaligned movement.
The great success of the VIth summit conference [of nonaligned countries in Havana in September 1979] nonwithstanding, the radical countries are in the minority, but we were able to win them over on the most important issues, and thereby to isolate the countries with reactionary positions; because there actually were very significant disagreements at the nonaligned conference.
The situation in Afghanistan has caused a lot of problems for us, particularly with regard to the Third World. We remained in the absolute minority. The imperialists exploited this issue. At that time, we were fighting for the Security Council, and we gained some 90 votes. Colombia was a major obstacle for us, they got 50 votes then. We would not have backed off but would have continued the elections, however, because of the events in Afghanistan, we had to talk to the Mexicans and to give up the idea. It would have been nonsense, many votes would have been lost, and this did a lot of harm to the nonaligned movement, because the number of progressive, radical countries still is very limited. There is a middle group, though, which can be won over on some issues.
Of course, the situation has aggravated, for several months already, and also already before events in Afghanistan. The events in Afghanistan basically are a pretext for carrying through the boycott and all these measures. This started after the confirmation of SALT.
You mentioned Carter's words in Vienna; however, when Carter came back to the USA, he gave a speech before Congress and used quite sharp words with respect to Cuba. In this speech he explained to the public that he had told Brezhnev that Cuban adventurism in the Caribbean constituted an obstacle to detente and peace. He expressed fairly wicked intentions toward us, and basically accused us of constituting an obstacle to detente, an obstacle for the relations between the USA and the Soviet Union.
He basically asked the Soviet Union to control us. Just at this time, we wanted to have some contact, because the revolution in Nicaragua had reached its final phase, and they wanted to talk to us. We refused to talk to them and, after Carter's speech before Congress, we cancelled a meeting they had scheduled.
The worst in all of this was the policy of preparing certain armaments. The decision to deploy 570 missiles is a very serious issue. I agree with you that this deployment upsets the balance of power. If Europe deploys an additional number of missiles against the Soviet Union, then this is a change in the correlation of forces. There are no missiles close to the USA. We can understand this situation very well, because we experienced the October Crisis. When the missiles were deployed here, the Yankees disagreed, and they almost provoked a world war precisely because the missiles that were deployed in Cuba could have reached the USA within a couple of minutes. This would have annulled the entire warning system and all time calculations. The Yankees didn't agree at all with the installation of such missiles. We had 52 missiles here, but they are talking about 570 intermediate range missiles against the Soviet Union, and the Soviet Union's long range missiles do not have that range, the USA's intermediate range missiles in Europe, however, can reach the Soviet Union; this is a traumatic situation.
Erich Honecker: Helmut Schmidt told me at our meeting: Mr. Honecker, we are afraid, this is why we agreed with that missile decision; because the Soviet Union got these SS-20 missiles, as you call them, and they are aimed at us, the Federal Republic. I replied: Mr. Schmidt, if you are afraid of the missiles, then you should have been afraid before the decision, because the missiles that can reach you in the Federal Republic are not at issue here at all. The group of the Soviet armed forces has got them, and the NPA [National People's Army of East Germany] has got them, too. We can destroy Bonn with missiles at any time, or even the whole Federal Republic. The missiles, however, that you want to deploy, they are supposed to reach up to the Urals. The USA thereby achieves superiority over the Soviet Union in terms of missiles. These are the issues at stake and not the Federal Republic.
The USA wants to turn Western Europe into an anti-Soviet missile carrier, and they want to shift the risk to Western Europe. Thereby, they shift the military balance, and we will not allow that to happen. This means that now we must have defense systems against missiles that can reach us within 5 minutes. This necessitates great armaments efforts.
At the VIth conference of the nonaligned countries, you said that armaments should be reduced and that a $500 million fund should be created. However, if now, following the Brussels decision, these missiles are built, there will be no detente in the military field. Then we have to muster all means in order to increase our defense efforts. We will not allow a military imbalance to the disadvantage of the socialist countries. Your comparison is a very good one. The USA has made a big fuss about 50 missiles at the time of the October crisis. Now they want to want to deploy 570 missiles right on the Soviet Union's doorstep. After the elimination of their Iranian bases and facilities, they now try the same in Afghanistan. Moreover, there are their activities in Turkey.
The aggravation of the international situation thus is intertwined with the heightened crisis in the Caribbean, the USA's backyard, so to speak. But the USA is not going to succeed.
Fidel Castro: I would like to add the following story. In the resolution of the October crisis, the USA has pledged to withdraw the missiles from Turkey and Italy. They have done that. In a certain sense, their plans [to deploy missiles in Western Europe] are illegitimate and violate the October crisis agreements. This has not been publicized, but [former Soviet leader Nikita S.] Khruschev has shown me the letters, the letters related to the agreements. This was a tacit pledge to withdraw the missiles there. They were of a different kind than today's; however, they, too, could reach the Soviet Union.
Erich Honecker: Then they relocated the missiles to submarines, to ships. It is known that exactly at the peak, if you can say so, of the USA's plans against Cuba, the Soviet Union has pointed to this agreement. Comrade Gromyko did the same when talked to Muskie. This is how all this is intertwined with each other.
Fidel Castro: I believe Brussels is the most serious step they have taken.
What you said with regard to Muskie, we think that he has certain ideas. Some political circles in the USA take the view that to chose Muskie for that function was a smart move; because what one got to know about Muskie was that he is a liberal, not an aggressive man. He has no bad reputation. There is no doubt that he has been appointed Secretary of State just at a point when Carter feels weak. I think he has made some demands. Among other things, he said that he is independent, and that he will not be Brzezinski's tool but a true Secretary of State. There have always been disagreements between Vance and Brzezinski. Every time they sent a contact group to us or to Panama, or to Costa Rica, this group consisted of two men. The first belonged to the State Department, the other to the National Security Council. At any rate, I am of the opinion that Muskie will pursue a policy of defending his positions against Brzezinski, and he will claim authority.
Erich Honecker: This is why he said he is responsible for foreign policy.
Fidel Castro: He can exert a positive influence. Vance has exerted a positive influence. The policy of missile buildup is Brzezinski's. The policy of allying with China against the Soviet Union is Brzezinski's. He traveled to China, he had pictures taken of himself at the border.
Erich Honecker: He had a picture taken of himself at the [Pakistani] border with Afghanistan, with a machine gun in his hand.
Fidel Castro: Yes, he is a cunning devil.
Erich Honecker: This policy is dangerous, but he won't succeed. However, it can cost us a lot.
One has to say that resistance against this policy is beginning to show in Western Europe. It's true, they bow before the USA and they have seriously supported the missile decision, e.g. the FRG. However, we had conversations in the Netherlands, in Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, and France. The leading politicians of these countries don't want a Third World war.
We are in contact with the folks of big FRG companies, the chemical industry, Mannesmann, and others. They all oppose the boycott, too. It is very interesting that even the Federal Republic's protestant church, together with and on suggestion of the GDR's church, has issued a statement against the Carter policy.
Fidel Castro; Is it correct, that you have so many Protestants in your country? Are they indeed religious?
Erich Honecker: They are church members, and of course they are religious, otherwise they were not members. I had conversations with the bishops. This was the first time ever in the history of the GDR. They said: We don't want to be partisans of the West. We are GDR citizens. The members of our congregation work for socialism. We conceive of ourselves as a church within socialism. I couldn't say anything against that. The vast majority of the people feel attached to their state, to socialism, and the leaders of the church are smart, they take that fact into account. They exert an influence on the churches in the Federal Republic and in the USA. At the World Council of Churches, they have introduced a resolution calling for the continuation of detente and disarmament. It has been presented to the governments of all countries. The Protestant churches of the GDR and the USA have issued a common statement calling for the continuation of detente. Hence, certain changes become apparent here.
Of course, the church does not want to join together with us completely. This is evident, they can't do that. However, it is still better to have a church that is loyal to the socialist state than one that works against it.
In the USA, too, there are quite a lot of people who oppose the policy of confrontation, otherwise Vance would not have had to go. He was against the military adventure in Iran. What you said about Muskie confirms our information that Muskie indeed wants to act more independently. We have to exploit that.
Fidel Castro: I believe that a lot of people understand that the third world war would also be the last.
Concerning the boycott of the Olympic Games, a many people believe that the USA's non-participation increases the others' chances at the Games a lot.
Erich Honecker: With respect to the chances of preventing a third world war, we are optimistic, even though you never know what some lunatics will get up to.
Regarding the Olympic Games, there are some people in our country who think that the USA does not send its athletes to Moscow because it is afraid that they would again lose against the GDR's athletes as was the case in Montreal [in 1976].
(12:25 p.m. - 4:00 p.m.: Lunch Break)
Erich Honecker: As for the movie we've just seen, I have already asked if we can get it for our TV.
Fidel Castro: In less than four weeks we have organized three big rallies, the last of them being the one for your arrival yesterday.
Erich Honecker: This huge manifestation has already been covered by our TV yesterday, as will be today's negotiations; everything in color. Millions of GDR citizens are watching this. 80 percent of the people have a TV-set.
Fidel Castro: Hence, there are much more viewers than there are Catholics and Protestants.
Erich Honecker: These are loyal citizens as well.
Fidel Castro: If we said that we have Catholics, then we could talk about millions of Catholics who are baptized. Yet actually, nobody becomes involved with the church. Our relations with the church are not that bad. In the early days of the revolution it was necessary to make


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The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit recently announced a ruling that may represent a shift in the way Title VII cases are addressed in the future. In Hively v. Ivy Tech Community College, the appeals court found that discrimination based on sexual orientation was actionable under Title VII and was, in fact, "a subset of actions taken on the basis
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AboutA working museum dedicated to preserving the history of railways in the East Anglian region. Steam locomotives, diesel trains, passenger coaches from 1860 to 1960, wagons, period railway buildings combined with modern facilities.
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2020 MLB Draft Guide Player Profile: Didi Gregorius
Greg Jewett takes a closer look at new Philadelphia Phillies shortstop Didi Gregorius to let fantasy baseball owners know what to expect during the 2020 MLB season.
Perhaps it's easy to forget about Didi Gregorius with the talent pool at shortstop this season. Reunited in Philadelphia with his former manager Joe Girardi, Gregorius seems primed for a bounce back in 2020. Moving from New York to Citizens Bank Park should not impact Gregorius' power numbers too much. As a frame of reference, here's his spray chart from the last three years of all batted balls in the air with Philadelphia as the backdrop:
Over the last three years, Gregorius owns a .267/.314/.473 slash line with 68 home runs and 235 RBI in 355 games. This sets him up well to succeed in a strong lineup for the Phillies. Last year, the aggregate sixth hitters slashed .266/.311/.444 with 79 runs and 85 RBI over 638 at-bats. Knowing this, Gregorius sets up as a below the radar target at shortstop for teams looking for power later in drafts given his present price point.
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- These transactions are immediately available to both the parent as well as the school.


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Verlinda Kay Boger, 69, of Brownsville, PA, passed away on Saturday, May 30, 2020.
She was born November 8, 1950, the daughter of Ralph Boger and Edith Tyrrell. In addition to her parents she was preceded in death by her grandson Matthew.
Verlinda will be sadly missed by her three sons, Eric Boger, Daniel Boger and girlfriend Charlotte Phillips and Ryan Boger, all of Brownsville; seven grandchildren; four great grandchildren; two brothers, William and Mike Boger; two sisters, Lugene Christner and Lori Fisher; three nieces, one nephew and her beloved granddog, Boston.
A memorial service will be held Sunday, June 14, 2020, from 11:00 AM – 2:00 PM at The Meeting Place, 7 E Main Street, New Salem, PA 15468.
In lieu of flowers there is a Gofundme page on Facebook in Verlinda's name.
Professional services and arrangements are in the care of NOVAK FUNERAL HOME, 515 Front Street, Brownsville, PA.
To sign the online guest book log onto www.novakfuneralhome.net
To send flowers to the family or plant a tree in memory of Verlinda Kay Boger, please visit our floral store.


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Question about 1999 Lexus ES 300
Posted by alsaeed12000 on
Toyotas and Lexus cars have some unique feaures. If your fuel cap is loose or the O2 sensors on the exhaust are faulty this results in an emission problem and the engine computer unit (ECU) engages the check engine light and disables the VSC (the VSC light comes on to warn you that it has been disabled). However you have p0500 code which says the car has no speed sensor signal. The seed sensor is located on the side of the final drive from the transmission and its job is to measure the speed of rotation of the output shaft. The ECU will compare the signals from this shaft along with the speed sensors in the wheel hubs. If there is a difference between these signals the VSC is engaged to apply braking effort to which ever wheel is slipping (running faster) than the other or that the transmission speed sensor would warrant.
So you either have an emission fault has fed back to the VSC and speed sensor missing (p0500) condition, or you have a faulty sped sensor which has tripped the VSC light and in turn the CEL.
Check your fuel filler cap is on tight, turn radio off and disconnect the negative lead to the battery for 5 minutes (this should clear the ECU memory of the code error). If p0500 error and CEL and VSC lights come back on then check the electrical connection to the speed sensor. Ensure it is clean and making a good contact, check the wiring for continuity. If everything else looks good consider changing the speed sensor.
Posted on Sep 14, 2010
Hi, i do'nt have es 300, but, i got the codes for a 1999 lexus GS 300 and code 0500 is the (VSS VEHICLE SPEED SENSOR, CIRCUIT MALFUNCTION. sometimes the codes and the equipment is the same. if your using a reader only sometimes these are not accurate. gerry
Posted on Sep 14, 2010
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Would you like a younger complexion?
How about an extra boost of moisture with firmer skin?
You might also prefer a quicker skincare routine.
All of these benefits and more come from the best Japanese face masks.
- Why are Japanese face masks good for you?
- What is a Japanese sheet mask?
- Top Japanese Face Masks
- Shiseido ELIXIR SUPERIEUR Lifting Moisture Mask
- Tatcha Luminous Dewy Skin Mask
- Lululun Japanese Face Sheet Masks, Intensive Moisture
- Lululun Face Mask Precious Red
- Lululun Japanese Face Sheet Masks, Moisture Balance Pink Version 2020
- Lululun Japanese Face Sheet Masks, Renovated Precious Green, Ver. 2020
- Lululun Face Mask White
- Lululun Precious Face Mask–3 Types
- Lululun Premium Tochigi Mask
- HADA LABO Koi-Gokujyun 3D Perfect Mask
- Hada Labo Tokyo Ultimate Anti-aging Facial Mask
- Hadabisei Facial Mask Super Moist
- HADABISEI Kracie 3D Moisturizing Conditioning Facial Mask
- Hadabisei Premium Pure Hyaluronic Acid Facial Sheet Mask
- PREMIUM PUReSA Golden Jelly Mask with Rose
- Kose Clear Turn White Vitamin C Facial Mask Sheets
- Kose Clear Turn 6-in1 Retinol Face Mask
- Keana Nadeshiko Rice Mask
- MINON Amino Moist Face Mask
- Premium Pure Collagen Excellent Facial Sheet Mask
- Karuna Revivify Coconut Water-Infused Japanese Sheer Cotton Sheet Mask
- Karuna Karma Kit+ Face Mask Box
- Karuna Hydrating+ Face Mask
- Daiso Japan Natural Pack Charcoal Peel-Off Mask
- Daiso Japan Reusable Silicon Mask Cover for Sheet Prevent Evaporation
- The Body Shop Japanese Matcha Tea Pollution Clearing Face Mask
- Conclusion
Why are Japanese face masks good for you?
Beauty bloggers have commented that they prefer Japanese to Korean sheet masks.
The two main differences are the fragrances and the packaging.
Many Japanese masks are fragrance-free. That's good news for sensitive skin.
Also, most brands are available in multi-packs to reduce waste.
Some companies, like Lululun, offer a range of solutions targeted at dry skin, daily care, brightening, and anti-aging concerns.
What is a Japanese sheet mask?
There are two main kinds of Japanese beauty masks.
One consists of a gel or mud that a person spreads over their skin and allows to dry.
It draws out impurities.
Then, the mask is peeled off
But most of the masks I'm reviewing today are sheet masks.
They are made of fine cotton soaked in serum.
There are holes cut out for the eyes, nose, and mouth.
Pat it onto the face, then let it work for about fifteen minutes before removing it.
You won't even have to wash your face afterward because the treatment doubles as a moisturizer.
Without a doubt, it's a treatment that saves time and effort.
It may also save you money as one mask can replace various skincare products.
You may find yourself buying less serum, moisturizer, and eye cream.
Top Japanese Face Masks
Shiseido ELIXIR SUPERIEUR Lifting Moisture Mask
Shiseido's lifting mask rejuvenates aging skin.
It increases the moisture level over 100% to leave the complexion soft and firm.
Fine lines disappear, too.
This is a brand that's well-known in the USA. But other imports are quickly catching up in popularity.
Tatcha Luminous Dewy Skin Mask
Tatcha is one of the most popular Japanese beauty brands.
The Dewy Skin Mask is a top seller for various reasons.
First, the ultra-thin microfiber is saturated with a soothing serum.
The serum contains anti-aging superfoods like algae, rice germ oil, and green tea.
As a result, it's full of essential fatty acids and antioxidants.
Second, it's free of problematic ingredients like artificial fragrances, mineral oil, phthalates, DEA, TEA, and parabens.
The fact that it avoids parabens makes it stand out from another popular manufacturer below.
Lululun Japanese Face Sheet Masks, Intensive Moisture
Do you know what people ask a lot? They want to know which LuLuLun mask is the best.
I can understand why they ask as there are several different versions.
One helpful distinction is the color of the box. This one is blue.
These sheet masks are excellent for hydrating the skin.
They have Lipidure, a powerful moisturizer.
There's also hyaluronic acid, an ingredient that holds a thousand times its weight in water (1).
Plus, the updated version pulls out of the box as if it were a tissue. It's very easy to use.
Some users recommend placing the box in the refrigerator for a cooling sensation.
The only downside is that Lululun uses parabens as preservatives. This is problematic as parabens are known to interfere with the endocrine system (2).
Lululun Face Mask Precious Red
The Precious series is aimed at mature customers. It provides anti-aging support.
For example, the Precious Red mask infuses the skin with much-needed hydration.
Rice extract and rice bran oil repair damage caused by the sun.
Then, there's the traditional beauty secret of the geisha: camellia oil. It's an excellent moisturizer and skin conditioner.
Lululun Japanese Face Sheet Masks, Moisture Balance Pink Version 2020
The improved version of the pink Lululun mask fits better on the face.
It has multiple plump layers that soak up then impart maximum moisture.
It contains rice ceramide, acacia honey, and hyaluronic acid.
If you apply it morning and night, it can replace other creams and serums.
Lululun Japanese Face Sheet Masks, Renovated Precious Green, Ver. 2020
The Precious Green introduces a new ingredient called "L22."
The goal is to make mature skin appear twenty-two-years-old again.
Happily, it works equally well on dry or combination skin. It's non-comedogenic and won't cause breakouts.
Lululun Face Mask White
If you have hyperpigmentation, try the white mask.
It doesn't just moisturize, it also brightens skin tone.
Use it twice a day and follow up with the Cream Mask for maximum results.
Lululun Precious Face Mask–3 Types
If you just can't decide between the different Precious masks, here is an assorted pack.
It has red, white, and green versions.
Lululun Premium Tochigi Mask
Lululun introduces masks infused with Tochiotome strawberries from Tochigi, Japan. This fruit is world-famous.
The extract is rich in polyphenols to make the skin supple. It also provides a delicious natural scent.
Alongside the fruit are konyaku ceramide, hyaluronic acid, and collagen. These help erase fine lines and hydrate the skin.
HADA LABO Koi-Gokujyun 3D Perfect Mask
This anti-aging mask from Hada Lobo blends squalane, ceramide, collagen, and hyaluronic acid.
It minimizes those fine lines around your mouth and eyes. Then, your skin looks smooth, poreless, and luminous.
The rich and creamy sheet mask can replace serums and moisturizers in your routine.
Hada Labo Tokyo Ultimate Anti-aging Facial Mask
How about a fifteen-minute spa treatment at home?
Hada Lobo's 100% cotton mask delivers a burst of moisture and anti-aging ingredients to the skin.
It makes the complexion look noticeably radiant and younger.
Moreover, it's free of parabens, fragrances, dyes, and mineral oil.
Hadabisei Facial Mask Super Moist
One person who tried the Hadabisei Super Moist Mask said it took them from zombie to pregnancy glow overnight.
It has lemon to lighten skin tone, plus Royal jelly and hyaluronic acid for plenty of hydration.
The main con is the inclusion of methylparaben.
It's an anti-fungal preservative common in cosmetics. The EWG rates it a 4, or medium safe because it's linked to endocrine disruption. In other words, it can mess with hormones (3).
HADABISEI Kracie 3D Moisturizing Conditioning Facial Mask
The Kracie 3D mask brightens the skin as it moisturizes. You only need to use it for ten minutes at a time, three times per week to enjoy the effects.
It relies on vitamin C, collagen, and Royal jelly. It also lists something called "micro oil." That's explained as a conditioner that balances the skin's natural oil.
Happily, it's free of artificial fragrances and alcohol.
Hadabisei Premium Pure Hyaluronic Acid Facial Sheet Mask
One customer commented that there's so much lotion packed into this mask that she uses it as a moisturizer for other parts of her body.
However, the jelly-like consistency is thick and rich and doesn't run down the face.
It has two types of hyaluronic acid for maximum moisturization.
PREMIUM PUReSA Golden Jelly Mask with Rose
If you love having dewy skin, try this mask. It has a pleasant rose fragrance.
It's based on Golden jelly and hyaluronic acid.
As far as I can tell, Golden jelly comes from a blend of gold leaf, Royal jelly, yeast extract, collagen, and hyaluronic acid.
And that brings us to the question of what is Royal jelly (4). Bees make it to feed queens and larvae.
Just a note of warning: if you are allergic to bee stings, I'd avoid Royal jelly.
Kose Clear Turn White Vitamin C Facial Mask Sheets
It's still popular in Japan to whiten the complexion.
Therefore, it's no surprise that the Kose Clear Turn mask is a best-seller.
It employs Vitamin C to brighten and lighten skin tone.
That includes the area around the eyes.
The company says that regular use of the mask can prevent melanin from forming. That means fewer dark spots in the future.
Kose Clear Turn 6-in1 Retinol Face Mask
Here's a retinol face mask that turns back time.
It plumps out fine lines while it hydrates.
It's good at reducing wrinkles and age spots as well as dark circles.
Those of you who are concerned about ingredients will be happy to know it's fragrance-free. It doesn't have mineral oil or dyes, either.
Some of the other key components include collagen, elastin, hyaluronic acid, glycerin, and Astaxanthin.
The large resealable package has fifty sheets in it.
Keana Nadeshiko Rice Mask
The traditional rice mask is thick and nourishing. Users say each cotton sheet absolutely drips with serum.
The rich serum comes from Japanese-grown rice. This single ingredient tightens pores and moisturizes at the same time.
The treatment only takes ten minutes to make a remarkable difference in your skin.
MINON Amino Moist Face Mask
MINON's face mask features nine amino acids plus hyaluronic acid. It rebuilds and strengthens your skin while it moisturizes.
The result is a smoother, firmer texture. Some users say it feels like "baby skin."
Furthermore, the mask is free of artificial dyes and fragrances, which could cause irritation.
Premium Pure Collagen Excellent Facial Sheet Mask
This is another sheet mask that avoids problematic ingredients like artificial fragrances, dyes, mineral oil, alcohol, and animal-derived components.
It has Golden jelly with two types of collagen.
One customer said that the scent reminded her of lemongrass.
Karuna Revivify Coconut Water-Infused Japanese Sheer Cotton Sheet Mask
Karuna's sheer cotton mask doesn't have the hockey player appearance of some brands. You won't scare yourself when you look in the mirror while you're wearing it.
With that said, it's still saturated with essential nutrients.
While coconut water imparts vitamins and hydration, hydrolyzed collagen tones and firms.
The mask times itself for you. It does eventually turn white to let you know when the treatment is done.
Also, the good news is that it's free of phthalates, petrochemicals, parabens, and synthetic fragrances.
Karuna Karma Kit+ Face Mask Box
The difference between this package and the one above is that it's a kit with a variety of different masks.
The best-sellers like Exfoliating, Antioxidant, and Age-Defying are all inside.
Karuna Hydrating+ Face Mask
If all you need is a boost of moisture, try the Hydrating+ mask.
Clinical testing showed that it reduces dryness by 40% after only one use.
It contains hyaluronic acid and soybean oil to hydrate and condition.
Like other products from this brand, it's free of parabens, dyes, and mineral oil.
Daiso Japan Natural Pack Charcoal Peel-Off Mask
In case you were searching for a peel-off mask, here's one that cleanses the pores.
The charcoal soaks up excess oil and impurities.
Once it dries and you remove it, your skin should look and feel cleaner.
Users have said that it's so powerful that it pulls out facial hair. It's best not to spread it directly beneath the eyes.
Daiso Japan Reusable Silicon Mask Cover for Sheet Prevent Evaporation
If you apply a cream mask or want to maximize benefits from a sheet mask, where this silicon mask over the top.
You can use it again and again as it's very easy to clean. It's also resistant to bacteria.
The silicone mask has ear loops to keep it in place. This allows you to do other activities while you wait.
Fortunately, it comes with English instructions, and it can be trimmed to fit.
The Body Shop Japanese Matcha Tea Pollution Clearing Face Mask
I know, it's not made in Japan. But the active ingredient, matcha green tea, is grown in Japan.
The other essential component, aloe, comes from Mexico.
The formula is vegan and free of parabens, mineral oil, and paraffin.
The creamy texture exfoliates dead skin and gets rid of pollutants and impurities. It protects against premature aging.
The luxury and convenience of these Japanese sheet masks cannot be overstated.
They are excellent if you're in the mood to pamper your skin.
Try replacing a part of your nightly routine with a face mask.
If you are delighted with results, tell us about your experience in the comments below.
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaluronic_acid accessed February 11, 2020
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraben accessed February 11, 2020
3. https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/703937-METHYLPARABEN accessed February 11, 2020
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_jelly accessed February 11, 2020


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Bell Labs former R&D center sold
by firstname.lastname@example.com in hardware on (#2S42)
Bell Labs, once dominant innovators in the field of technology has long since fallen from glory. Their old research center, where many of their inventions took shape (including the touch-tone telephone!) has been vacant since 2007. Now, it looks like the historical building is finding new life.
As far back as the 1930s, the site was a research center for AT&T. The scientists who toiled here were pioneers in developing the transistor, cellphones, touch-tone dialing and fiber optic communications, amassing seven Nobel Prizes.
But since 2007, when the property was closed by Alcatel-Lucent, which had acquired it in a spinoff from AT&T, the structure's fate has been uncertain. At one point, another developer proposed demolishing it, setting off an international outcry from scientists and architects who feared the loss of a piece of intellectual history and an architectural gem.
...The redevelopment plan, which would cost well over $100 million, could transform the former Bell Labs building into a commercial center for Holmdel, a community of about 17,000 people. With no downtown, most of the town's retail properties now sit along busy Route 35.


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Location: Hull & Goole
Salary: £8.72 - £10.48 per hour (depending on skills and experience)
Closing date: 30/09/2020 23:59
HCUK Resourcing is part of The Hull College Group and has their own supply bank of academic and support staff, we are now looking to grow our support area.
The HCUK Recruitment Bureau aims to provide short-term quality cover for the group.
Supply Learner Support Assistant – To provide a high quality and confidential customer-focused support service to students with additional learner support needs. All additional support will be provided in line with the needs of the learner, and will include support in and out of the class, including some areas of personal assistance. This role will work alongside the college Learning Support Assistants and the SEND Team Leaders to provide additional support within a managed classroom environment.
Please note that as these positions provide temporary and usually emergency cover, work is often offered at short notice. If this sounds like an opportunity you would be interested in, we would love to hear from you!
If you are interested in working for us but are not able to work everyday (Monday to Friday), please still apply, but let us know your availability on your application form.
|Supply Bank - Learner Support Assistant JD.pdf


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We're back in the yard – Can I get three cheers for the fourth time in a year of boatyard dwelling? Woot Woot Woot!!! This time I must say the surrounding scenery is much nicer; we didn't have to travel very far or better yet, be towed to get here;
in boggle, Cruz, HaHa, La Cruz, Live Free 2 Sail Fast, Patreon, postaday, postaweek, PV Sailing, Sailing Blogs, Tulum, Tulum IV, Uncategorized, whale sharks


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The Journey
Crafting a Career
The Story of Harvey
"The desire to inspire others is important to me. Just like I was inspired by others: With music that goes from the ear to the heart."
- Harvey Mercera
Keight Jarret, John Patituci, Bob James, Fred Hammond and Randel Corsen. These are some of the names that made the young Harvey aspire to make a signifacant contribution to the musical world today.
Born and raised in a loving family on the beautiful Caribbean island of Curaçao. Gifted with talent that only needed to be nurtured, it was a matter of time before he started developing his skills. On these exotic soils he will make his first steps into music.
Tipiko Santa Rosa, one of the most important folklore groups of the island, primarily consisted of family members. The group has many accridited compositions that became part of the Antillian musical heritage.
Grandfather Nemencio Domitilia, better known as Chi Domitilia of Tipiko Santa Rosa, will play an important part in setting his first steps by giving Harvey his first music lessons. Being part of this musically gifted family allowed for a propitious environment.
At one point in his young adult life he stopped relying solely on his gift. Harvey knew he had to take his music to the next level. He wanted to offer it as a way of communication and understanding that makes its way from heart to heart.
Rudy Emerensiana, Evert (Papa) Thomas and Dave Isenia were all influencial teachers. They helped form and condition him for success.
Then came the time when the island had offered eveything it could to his development. It was time to make a decision for an important step.
It's the summer of 2001. Harvey moves to the Netherlands to further developed what he knows best: music.
He enrolled in the renowned Prins Claus Conservatorium in Groningen, which provied a great platform for this development. He will also fall in love with the city, its people and the cosy musical environment.
Jazz, Gospel, Latin and Soul were the musical genres he spent most of his life studying. In 2006 he will graduate with honours as a pianist, composer arranger and teacher at higher vocational level.
After his graduation he started a bright career and had a vast network of musicians. Equiped with a unique musical style, he had the opportunity to play with professionals and amatuer musicians while being a source of inspiration to his pupils.
"I strongly believe that every musician, regardless of his/her level, has their rightful place in music."
- Harvey Mercera.
One of his greatests assets is his flexibility to adapt to different styles of musical genres. The list of names with whom he has shared the stage show his diversity as a musician.
- Owen Hart Jr. (Jazz Drummer)
- Izaline Calister (Latin Jazz & Antillian Jazz)
- Ralph Peterson
- Dena DeRose
- David Berkman
- Elisa Krijgsman
- Don Braden
- Junior Martir (World Rhythm, Melodic Roots)
- Mogambo Latin Band (Spanish & Brazilian music, Salsa)
- Ache Cubano (Son, Salsa band)
- Hasan Band (Turkish music)
- Rod Niangandumu (Afro Pop music)
- Smiling Osei (Reggae Band)
His exclusive talents can provide a unique blend between gospel interpreted in the language of jazz.
Through the years he has discoverd that this is one of the ways in which he can personalize his roots; the way that conveys the art of prolific rhytms is how he can do justice to his musical identity. And it is this musical identity that is at the base of Pro-Dux.
As he has been inspired in life is is how he wants to inspire others with music that goes from the ear directly to the heart. This is the hope that he carries with him to every musical encounter, to different ethnic groups and through life.
Harvey Mercera is and will remain a true musical gift.


text: Searching for PG accommodation in Bangalore? EzPG is the best PG app where you can book PG online in Bangalore. By using this website, one can easily find the best options for PG for boys and girls. EzPG Mobile Application helps you find paying guests (PGs) according to your requirements. Don't waste a day looking around for PG's, use our app to get all the details you require about a PG. EzPG is built to help bachelors and spinsters find a PG with facilities they require.


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Happy Canada Day! I have always been a proud Canuck, but I think living abroad this past year made me even more patriotic (although I really think this guy is ruining our international rep…). Part of my job while teaching in Spain was actually to be a "cultural ambassador" and I happily obliged ( and fulfilled the stereotype of traveling around with my flag on my knapsack).In general, the Spaniards (and pretty much everyone else) that I met while living abroad did not know much about the true north strong and free, but that didn't surprise me; I think we Canadians are used to people not knowing about us, eh? But the stereotypes! Despite any lack of familiarity with the country, the stereotypes were still abundant (apparently Spaniards think we are always on horses?). I wasn't bothered by it at all — I found it funny, and was happy to share some Canadian tidbits (timbits?). So, with us celebrating Canada's 146th birthday, I thought it might be fun to share the most frequently asked questions I heard this year… The Eh List
Tag Archives: ricotta
Spanish Sweet [Lemon Ricotta Pudding]
One of my best friends is leaving for Madrid to be an au pair for the next few months. I am so excited for her, but selfishly I will miss having her in town this summer! She came over for an impromptu dinner the other night, and while the meal was not Spanish I thought it would be fun to serve a Spanish inspired dessert.
My parents gave me this beautiful cookbook for Christmas, The Food Of Spain, and I've been dying to try some of its recipes. I'm excited I finally have!
I didn't have a lot of time to whip up dessert when I came home from work, but this recipe actually turned out to be perfect for the occasion. Four ingredients and almost no prep-work later, we had some delicious Spanish Cheese Pudding on our hands. (In the cookbook it is just called "cheese pudding", but I think Lemon Ricotta Pudding sounds nicer…!)
This simple dessert is the perfect accompaniment for the colourful fruit that is starting to abound at the market and a little drizzle of honey. The lemon flavour comes through lightly and will be great for easy breezy sunny days, this one is definitely on the "make again" list.
Love you, Laura — buen viaje!! xo