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The Shattering of the Self: Violence, Subjectivity, and Early Modern Texts (review)
- Comparative Drama
- Western Michigan University
- Volume 38, Numbers 2,3, Summer/Fall 2004
- pp. 321-324
- 10.1353/cdr.2004.0023
- Review
- View Citation
- Additional Information
Reviews321 Cynthia Marshall. The Shattering of the Self: Violence, Subjectivity, and Early Modern Texts. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. Pp. xii + 216. $44.95. In this provocative, cogent, and illuminating study, Cynthia Marshall argues that some early modern texts, including some plays, served to "dismantle the composure" (2) ofplaygoers or readers.Why were readers and playgoers ofthe period receptive to works that provided "an experience of psychic fracture" (1)? Such works hardly seem either pleasant or useful. Through her careful analysis ofa small but diverse selection ofprimaryworks and her sophisticated application of theory, Marshall arrives at complex answers that integrate historical and psychological insights. This integration makes her work a corrective to studies that treat cultural artifacts either as simply reflective ofthe social context or as independent ofthat context. The book is selective and suggestive rather than comprehensive and conclusive but opens an area of inquiry that invites further exploration. After briefly surveying her overall argument, I will focus on the two chapters ofmost interest to readers of Comparative Drama. Marshall takes issuewith newhistoricist accounts ofthe early modern period. The very title of her book sets up an implicit contrast with the title of Stephen Greenblatt's landmark study Renaissance Self-Fashioning. Greenblatt argued that social, economic, political, and cultural forces in the period promoted a new ideology of autonomous individuality. Marshall agrees but contends that the situation produced a profound reaction that has been obscured by new historicist assumptions and methodology.According to Marshall, the emerging ideology of individual autonomy aroused anxiety and fear. Certain texts provided a"Dionysian release" (3) by shattering the autonomous individuality that was in the process ofbeing fashioned elsewhere in the culture. Marshall's sophisticated approach involves a complex set of comparisons among diverse perspectives: "I proceed dialectically, setting Renaissance denunciations oftheatrical involvement beside insights from modern phenomenology into the dynamics ofviewer response,early modern theories ofthe passions next to Freudian, Lacanian, and post-Lacanian theories, and Reformation models of sacrifice and self-loss against contemporary understandings ofsubjectivity and identity" (7). Marshall's use of psychoanalytical theories should not deter potential readers who are either unfamiliar with or skeptical about psychoanalysis . She explains these theories in lucid prose and applies them judiciously and in conjunction with other perspectives to illuminate the texts discussed. In chapter 1,"Violence, Subjectivity, and Paradoxes of Pleasure," Marshall surveys diverse forms of "self-shattering" in the early modern period. Antitheatrical polemicists complained that dramatic performances aroused 322Comparative Drama emotions in playgoers that produced a sinfully pleasurable dissolution of psychic integrity.Another form ofself-shattering was sought by devout Christians. In order to overcome his sinful resistance to God, for example, the speaker of John Donne's Holy Sonnet 14,"Batter my heart, three-person'd God," prays for violence against himself. Some literary and dramatic characters express a desire to be relieved of the burden of the self. Hamlet wishes that his "too, too solid [or sallied] flesh would melt, / Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew" (1.2.139-40). Critics have exercised considerable ingenuity in evading or explaining away the curious and disturbing fact that readers and playgoers take pleasure in literary and dramatic depictions of violence and suffering. Forthrightly and provocatively, Marshall explores similarities between this phenomenon and sadomasochism. It is hard to argue with the notion that human beings are sometimes self-divided, sometimes subject to psychic forces sharply at odds with one another. If this is so, then it is possible that one component of a person's psyche might take pleasure in somethingthat causes pain to another component. According to Leo Bersani, certain works of art help to manage psychological conflicts by means ofan "aesthetics ofmasochism" (42). Social conditions may exacerbate these psychological conflicts. Although psychological stresses arise in every period, Marshall argues that the initial burst of individualism in the early modern period made such stresses particularly intense and that the age produced a correspondingly intense masochistic desire for self-dissolution that was satisfied by a wide range of cultural artifacts. These works "offered their audiences the complex pleasure of shucking off a newly acquired sense of an autonomous self (53). One weakness of Marshall's argument in chapter 1 is...


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Network Working Group J. H. Dunn INTERNET-DRAFT Hewlett-Packard Expires in six months C. E. Martin Hewlett-Packard
AugustOctober 1998 Terminology for Call/Cell Benchmarking draft-ietf-bmwg-call-02.txt<draft-ietf-bmwg-call-03.txt> Status of this Memo This document is an Internet-Draft. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet- DraftsInternet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as ``work in progress.'' To view the entire list of current Internet-Drafts, please check the "1id-abstracts.txt""1id- abstracts.txt" listing contained in the Internet-Drafts Shadow Directories on ftp.is.co.za (Africa), ftp.nordu.net (Northern Europe), ftp.nis.garr.it (Southern Europe), munnari.oz.au (Pacific Rim), ftp.ietf.org (US East Coast), or ftp.isi.edu (US West Coast). Abstract This memo discusses and defines terms associated with performance benchmarking tests and the results of these tests in the context of cell-basedcell- based and call-based switching devices. The terms defined in this memo will be used in addition to terms defined in RFCs 1242, 1944 and 2285. This memo is a product of the Benchmarking Methodology Working Group (BMWG) of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). I. Background 1. IntroductionIntroduction. This document provides terminology for benchmarking cell-based and call-based switching devices. It extends terminology already defined for benchmarking network interconnect devices in RFCs 1242, 1944 and 2285.2285 . Although some of the definitions in this memo may be applicable to a broader group of network interconnect devices, the primary focus of the terminology in this memo is on cell-based and call-based switches. Specifically, this includes Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) cell relay and signaling and Frame Relay (FR) signaling. This memo contains two major sections: Background and Definitions. Within the definitions section areis a formal definitions sub- section,subsection, provided as a courtesy to the reader, and a measurement definitions sub-sectionsub-section, which contains performance metrics with inherent units. The BMWG produces two major classes of documents: Benchmarking Terminology documents and Benchmarking Methodology documents. The Terminology documents present the benchmarks and other related terms. The Methodology documents define the procedures required to collect the benchmarks cited in the corresponding Terminology documents. 2. Existing Definitions RFC 1242 "Benchmarking Terminology for Network Interconnect Devices" should be consulted before attempting to make use of this document. RFC 1944 "Benchmarking Methodology for Network Interconnect Devices" contains discussions of a number of terms relevant to the benchmarking of switching devices and should also be consulted. RFC 2285 "Benchmarking Terminology for LAN Switching Devices" contains a number of terms pertaining to traffic distributions and datagram interarrival. For the sake of clarity and continuity this RFC adopts the template for definitions set out in Section 2 of RFC 1242. Definitions are indexed and grouped together in sections for ease of reference. The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119. II. Definitions The definitions presented in this section have been divided into two groups. The first group is formal definitions, which are required in the definitions of the performance metrics but are not themselves strictly metrics. These definitions are subsumed from other work done in other working groups both inside and outside the IETF. They are provided as a courtesy to the reader. 1. Formal Definitions 1.1. Definition Format (from RFC1242) Term to be defined. Definition: The specific definition for the term. Discussion: A brief discussion of the term, its application and any restrictions on measurement procedures. Specification: The working group and document in which the term is specified. Listed in the references. 1.2 Definitions 126.96.36.199. ATM Related Definitions. 1.2.1. Allowed Cell Rate (ACR): Definition: An ABR service parameter, ACR is the current rate (cells/second) at which a source is allowed to send. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.2. ACR Decrease Time Factor (ADTF): Definition: This is the time permitted between sending RM-cells before the rate is decreased to ICR (Initial Cell Rate). The time units are: .01 to 10.23 seconds with a granularity of 10 ms. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.3. Additive Increase Rate (AIR): Definition: An ABR service parameter, AIR controls the rate at which the cell transmission rate increases. It is signaled as AIRF, where AIRF = AIR*Nrm/PCR. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.4. Additive Increase Rate Factor (AIRF): Definition: Refer to AIR. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.5. ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL): Definition: The layer in the B-ISDN reference model (see B-ISDN) which adapts higher layer PDUs into the ATM layer. Discussion: There are 4 types of adaptation layers: - AAL1: used for circuit emulation, voice over ATM - AAL2: used for sub-rated voice over ATM - AAL3/4: used for data over noisy ATM lines - AAL5: used for data over ATM, most widely used AAL type These AAL types are not measurements, but it is possible to measure the time required for Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR). Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.6. ATM Adaptation Layer Type 5 (AAL5): Definition: AAL5 functions in support of variable bit rate, delay- tolerant data traffic requiring minimal sequencing or error detection support. Discussion: AAL5 is the adaptation layer for UNI signaling, ILMI, PNNI signaling, and for IP PDUËs. It is the most widely used AAL type to date. Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.7. Available Bit Rate (ABR): Definition: ABR is an ATM layer service category for which the limiting ATM layer transfer characteristics provided by the network may change subsequent to connection establishment. A flow control mechanism is specified which supports several types of feedback to control the source rate in response to changing ATM layer transfer characteristics. Discussion: It is expected that an end-system that adapts its traffic in accordance with the feedback will experience a low cell loss ratio and obtain a fair share of the available bandwidth according to a network specific allocation policy. Cell delay variation is not controlled in this service, although admitted cells are not delayed unnecessarily. Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.2 Call-based1.2.8. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Definition: An association between two or more users or between a user and a network entity thatA transfer mode in which the information is established byorganized into 53 octet PDUs called cells. It is asynchronous in the usesense that the recurrence of network capabilities. This association may have zero or more connections.cells containing information from an individual user is not necessarily periodic. Discussion: noneATM is based on the ISDN model. Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.3 Cell1.2.9. ATM Link: Definition: A unit of transmission in ATM. A fixed size frame consisting of a 5 octet header andvirtual path link (VPL) or a 48 octet payload.virtual channel link (VCL). Discussion: nonenone. Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.10. ATM Peer-to-Peer Connection: Definition: A virtual channel connection (VCC) or a virtual path connection (VPC). Discussion: none. Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.11. ATM Traffic Descriptor: Definition: A generic list of traffic parameters, which specify the intrinsic traffic characteristics of a requested ATM connection. See GCRA. Discussion: Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.12. ATM User-User Connection: Definition: An association established by the ATM Layer to support communication between two or more ATM service users (i.e., between two or more next higher entities or between two or more ATM- entities). The communications over an ATM Layer connection may be either bi-directional or unidirectional. The same Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) issued for both directions of a connection at an interface. Discussion: none. Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.13. Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN): Definition: A Resource Management (RM) cell type generated by the network or the destination, indicating congestion or approaching congestion for traffic flowing in the direction opposite that of the BECN cell. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.14. BECN Cell (BN): Definition: A Resource Management (RM) cell type indicator. The network or the destination may generate a Backwards Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) RM-cell. To do so, BN=1 is set, to indicate the cell is not source-generated, and DIR=1 to indicate the backward flow. Source generated RM-cells are initialized with BN=0. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.15. Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) Model: Definition: A layered service model that specifies the mapping of higher layer protocols onto ATM and its underlying physical layer. The model is composed of four layers: Physical, ATM, AAL and Service. Discussion: none. Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.16. Burst Tolerance (BT): Definition: A traffic parameter, which, along with the Sustainable Cell Rate (SCR), specifies the maximum number of cells which will be accepted at the Peak Cell Rate (PCR) on an ATM connection. Discussion: BT applies to ATM connections supporting VBR services and is the limit parameter of the GCRA. Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.17. Connection Admission Control (CAC): Definition: Connection Admission Control is defined as the set of actions taken by the network during the call set- up phase (or during call re-negotiation phase) in order to determine whether a connection request can be accepted or should be rejected (or whether a request for re-allocation can be accommodated). Discussion: none Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.18. Call: Definition: A call is an association between two or more users or between a user and a network entity that is established by the use of network capabilities. This association may have zero or more connections. Discussion: none Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.19. Call-based Definition: An association between two or more users or between a user and a network entity that is established by the use of network capabilities. This association may have zero or more connections. Discussion: none Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.20. Constant Bit Rate (CBR): Definition: An ATM service category which supports a constant or guaranteed rate to transport services such as video or voice as well as circuit emulation which requires rigorous timing control and performance parameters. Discussion: Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.21. Cell: Definition: A unit of transmission in ATM. A fixed-size frame consisting of a 5-octet header and a 48-octet payload. Discussion: none. Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.22. Cell Header: Definition: ATM Layer protocol control information. Discussion: The ATM cell header is a 5-byte header that contains the following fields: - Generic Flow Control (GFC): 4 bits - Virtual Path Identifier (VPI): 8 bits - Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI): 16 bits - Payload Type (PT): 3 bits - Cell Loss Priority (CLP): 1 bit - Header Error Check (HEC): 8 bit CRC computed over the previous 4 octets Each field is discussed in the ATM Specific definition section of this document. Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.23. Congestion Indicator (CI): Definition: This is a field in a RM-cell, and is used to cause the source to decrease its ACR. The source sets CI=0 when it sends a RM-cell. Setting CI=1 is typically how destinations indicate that Explicit Forward Congestion Indication (EFCI) has been received on a previous data cell. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.24. Cell Loss Priority (CLP): Definition: This bit in the ATM cell header indicates two levels of priority for ATM cells. CLP=0 cells are higher priority than CLP=1 cells. CLP=1 cells may be discarded during periods of congestion to preserve the CLR of CLP=0 cells. Discussion: The CLP bit is used to determine GCRA contract compliance. Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.25. Connection: Definition: An ATM connection consists of concatenation of ATM Layer links in order to provide an end-to-end information transfer capability to access points. Discussion: none. Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.26. Cutoff Decrease Factor (CDF): Definition: CDF controls the decrease in ACR (Allowed Cell Rate) associated with CRM. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.27. Current Cell Rate (CCR): Definition: The Current Cell Rate is an RM-cell field set by the source to its current ACR when it generates a forward RM-cell. This field may be used to facilitate the calculation of ER, and may not be changed by network elements. CCR is formatted as a rate. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.28. Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC): Definition: A mathematical algorithm that computes a numerical value based on the bits in a block of data. This number is transmitted with the data and the receiver uses this information and the same algorithm to insure the accurate delivery of data by comparing the results of algorithm and the number received. If a mismatch occurs, an error in transmission is presumed. Discussion: CRC is not a measurement, but it is possible to measure the amount of time to perform a CRC on a string of bits. This measurement will not be addressed in this document. Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.29. DIR: Definition: This is a field in a RM-cell, which indicates the direction of the RM-cell with respect to the data flow with which it is associated. The source sets DIR=0 and the destination sets DIR=1. Discussion: none Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.30. Explicit Forward Congestion Indication (EFCI): Definition: EFCI is an indication in the PTI field of the ATM cell header. A network element in an impending-congested state or a congested state may set EFCI so that this indication may be examined by the destination end-system. For example, the end- system may use this indication to implement a protocol that adaptively lowers the cell rate of the connection during congestion or impending congestion. A network element that is not in a congestion state or an impending congestion state will not modify the value of this indication. Impending congestion is the state when network equipment is operating around its engineered capacity level. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.31. Explicit Rate (ER): Definition: The Explicit Rate is a RM-cell field used to limit the source ACR to a specific value. It is initially set by the source to a requested rate (such as PCR). It may be subsequently reduced by any network element in the path to a value that the element can sustain. ER is formatted as a rate. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.32. End System (ES): Definition: A system where an ATM connection is terminated or initiated. An originating end system initiates the ATM connection, and terminating end system terminates the ATM connection. OAM cells may be generated and received. Discussion: An ES can be the user side of a UNI signaling interface. Specification: AF-TEST 1.2.33. Generic Cell Rate Algorithm (GCRA): Definition: The GCRA is used to define conformance with respect to the traffic contract of the connection. For each cell arrival the GCRA determines whether the cell conforms to the traffic contract. The UPC function may implement the GCRA, or one or more equivalent algorithms to enforce conformance. The GCRA is defined with two parameters: the Increment (I) and the Limit (L). Discussion: GCRA is not a measurement, but there are a number of measurements that can be obtained using the GCRA and other parameters. Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.34. Generic Flow Control (GFC): Definition: GFC is a field in the ATM header, which can be used to provide local functions (e.g., flow control). It has local significance only and the value encoded in the field is not carried end-to-end. Discussion: none Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.35. Header Error Control (HEC): Definition: A check character calculated using an 8 bit CRC computed over the first 4 octets of the ATM cell header. This allows for single bit error correction or multiple bit error detection. Discussion: none Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.36. Initial Cell Rate (ICR): Definition: An ABR service parameter, in cells/sec, that is the rate at which a source should send initially and after an idle period. Discussion: none Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.37. Integrated Local Management Interface Definition: A management protocol which uses SNMP carried on AAL5 to provide ATM network devices with status and configuration information concerning VPCs, VCCs, registered ATM addresses and the capabilities of ATM interfaces. Discussion: ILMI is a conditionally required portion of UNI3.1; however, ILMI 4.0 has been issued as a separate specification. This document will refer to ILMI 4.0. Specification: ILMI4.0 1.2.38. Intermediate System (IS): Definition: A system that provides forwarding functions or relaying functions or both for a specific ATM connection. OAM cells may be generated and received. Discussion: An IS can be either the user or network side of a UNI signaling interface, or the network side of a PNNI signaling interface. Specification: AF-TEST 1.2.39. Leaky Bucket (LB): Definition: Leaky Bucket is the term used as an analogous description of the algorithm used for conformance checking of cell flows from a user or network. See GCRA, UPC and NPC. The "leaking hole in the bucket" applies to the sustained rate at which cells can be accommodated, while the "bucket depth" applies to the tolerance to cell bursting over a given time period. Discussion: There are two types of LB algorithms- single and dual. Single LB defines a PCR, dual LB defines a PCR and SCR. Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.40. Maximum Cell Rate (MCR): Definition: This is the maximum capacity usable by connections belonging to the specified service category. Discussion: none Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.41. Maximum Burst Size (MBS): Definition: In the signaling message, the Burst Tolerance (BT) is conveyed through the MBS that is coded as a number of cells. The BT together with the SCR and the GCRA determine the MBS that may be transmitted at the peak rate and still is in conformance with the GCRA. Discussion: none Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.42. Minimum Cell Rate (MCR): Definition: An ABR service traffic descriptor, in cells/sec, that is the rate at which the source is always allowed to send. Discussion: none Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.43. Missing RM-Cell Count (CRM): Definition: CRM limits the number of forward RM-cells that may be sent in the absence of received backward RM-cells. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.44. Mrm: Definition: An ABR service parameter that controls allocation of bandwidth between forward RM-cells, backward RM-cells, and data cells. Discussion: none Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.45. Nrm: Definition: An ABR service parameter, Nrm is the maximum number of cells a source may send for each forward RM-cell. Discussion: none. Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.46. Operations Administration and Maintenance (OAM): Definition: A group of network management functions that provide network fault indication, performance information, and data and diagnosis functions. Discussion: There are four types of ATM OAM flows: segment or end-to-end VP termination management (i.e. F4 segment, F4 E2E) and segment or end-to-end VC termination management (i.e. F5 segment, F5 E2E). These OAM cells can be used to identify fault management, connection verification, and loopback measurements. Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.47. Protocol Data Unit (PDU): Definition: A PDU is a message of a given protocol comprising payload and protocol-specific control information, typically contained in a header. PDUs pass over the protocol interfaces that exist between the layers of protocols (per OSI model). Discussion: In ATM networks, a PDU can refer to an ATM cell, multiple ATM cells, an AAL segment, an IP datagram and others. Specification: 1.2.48. Private Network-Network Interface (PNNI): Definition: A routing information protocol that enables extremely scalable, full function, dynamic multi-vendor ATM switches to be integrated in the same network. Discussion: PNNI consists of signaling and routing between ATM network devices. PNNI signaling is based on UNI 4.0 signaling between two network side interfaces, while PNNI routing provides a mechanism to route ATM cells between two separate, autonomous ATM networks. Specification: AF-PNNI1.0 1.2.49. Payload Type Indicator (PTI): Definition: Payload Type Indicator is the Payload Type field value distinguishing the various management cells and user cells. Example: Resource Management cell has PTI=110, end-to-end OAM F5 Flow cell has PTI=101. Discussion: none. Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.50. Peak Cell Rate (PCR): Definition: A traffic parameter, which specifies the upper bound on the rate at which ATM cells can be submitted to an ATM connection. This parameter is used by the GCRA. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.51. Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC): Definition: This is a link with static route defined in advance, usually by manual setup. Discussion: PVCËs are widely deployed in WAN ATM networks€ Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.52. Permanent Virtual Channel Connection (PVCC): Definition: A Virtual Channel Connection (VCC) is an ATM connection where switching is performed on the VPI/VCI fields of each cell. A Permanent VCC is one that is provisioned through some network management function and left up indefinitely. Discussion: none. Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.53. Permanent Virtual Path Connection: (PVPC): Definition: A Virtual Path Connection (VPC) is an ATM connection where switching is performed on the VPI field only of each cell. A Permanent VPC is one that is provisioned through some network management function and left up indefinitely. Discussion: none. Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.54. Rate Decrease Factor (RDF): Definition: An ABR service parameter, RDF controls the decrease in the cell transmission rate. RDF is a power of 2 from 1/32,768 to 1. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.55. Rate Increase Factor (RIF): Definition: This controls the amount by which the cell transmission rate may increase upon receipt of a RM-cell. The additive increase rate AIR=PCR*RIF. RIF is a power of 2, ranging from 1/32768 to 1. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.56. Resource Management (RM): Definition: Resource Management is the management of critical resources in an ATM network. Two critical resources are buffer space and trunk bandwidth. Provisioning may be used to allocate network resources in order to separate traffic flows according to service characteristics. VPCs play a key role in resource management. By reserving capacity on VPCs, the processing required to establish individual VCCs is reduced. Refer to RM-cell. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.57. Resource Management Cell (RM-Cell): Definition: Information about the state of the network like bandwidth availability, state of congestion, and impending congestion, is conveyed to the source through special control cells called Resource Management Cells (RM-cells). Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.58. Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR): Definition: The process used by the AAL in the B-ISDN reference model (see B-ISDN) which fragments higher layer PDUs into ATM cells. Discussion: SAR is not a measurement, but the speed in which SAR can be completed on a bit stream can be measured. This measurement will not be discussed in this document. Specification: 1.2.59. Sustainable Cell Rate (SCR): Definition: The SCR is an upper bound on the conforming average rate of an ATM connection over time scales which are long relative to those for which the PCR is defined. Enforcement of this bound by the UPC could allow the network to allocate sufficient resources, but less than those based on the PCR, and still ensure that the performance objectives (e.g., for Cell Loss Ratio) can be achieved. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.60. Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC): Definition: A connection established via signaling. The user defines the endpoints when the call is initiated. Discussion: SVCËs are established using either UNI signaling or PNNI signaling. The signaling mechanism follows a specific state machine€ Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.61. Switched Virtual Channel Connection (SVCC): Definition: A Switched VCC is one that is established and taken down dynamically through control signaling. A Virtual Channel Connection (VCC) is an ATM connection where switching is performed on the VPI/VCI fields of each cell. Discussion: none. Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.62. Switched Virtual Path Connection (SVPC): Definition: A Switched Virtual Path Connection is one that is established and taken down dynamically through control signaling. A Virtual Path Connection (VPC) is an ATM connection where switching is performed on the VPI field only of each cell. Discussion: none. Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.63. Switched Connection: Definition: A connection established via signaling. Discussion: none. Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.64. Tagged Cell Rate (TCR): Definition: An ABR service parameter, TCR limits the rate at which a source may send out-of-rate forward RM-cells. TCR is a constant fixed at 10 cells/second. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.65. Traffic Contract Definition: A specification of the negotiated traffic characteristics of an ATM connection. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.66. Transmission Convergence (TC): Definition: A sub-layer of the physical layer of the B-ISDN model transforms the flow of cells into a steady flow of bits and bytes for transmission over the physical medium. On transmit, the TC sublayer maps the cells to the frame format, generates the Header Error Check (HEC), and sends idle cells when the ATM layer has none to send. On reception, the TC sublayer delineates individual cells in the received bit stream, and uses the HEC to detect and correct received errors. Discussion: TC is not a measurement, but the speed in which TC can occur on a bit stream can be measured. This measurement will not be discussed in this document. Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.67. TDF: Definition: An ABR service parameter, TDF controls the decrease in ACR associated with TOF. TDF is signaled as TDFF, where TDF = TDFF/RDF times the smallest power of 2 greater or equal to PCR. TDF is in units of 1/seconds. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.68. TDFF. Definition: Refer to TDF. TDFF is either zero or a power of two in the range 1/64 to 1 in units of 1/cells. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.69. Traffic Management (TM): Definition: Traffic Management is the aspect of the traffic control and congestion control procedures for ATM. ATM layer traffic control refers to the set of actions taken by the network to avoid congestion conditions. ATM layer congestion control refers to the set of actions taken by the network to minimize the intensity, spread and duration of congestion. The following functions form a framework for managing and controlling traffic and congestion in ATM networks and may be used in appropriate combinations. o Connection Admission Control o Feedback Control o Usage Parameter Control o Priority Control o Traffic Shaping o Network Resource Management o Frame Discard o ABR Flow Control Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.70. Time Out Factor (TOF): Definition: An ABR service parameter, TOF controls the maximum time permitted between sending forward RM-cells before a rate decrease is required. It is signaled as TOFF where TOF=TOFF+1. TOFF is a power of 2 in the range: 1/8 to 4,096. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.71. Time Out Factor (TOFF): Definition: Refer to TOF. Discussion: none Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.72. Trm. Definition: An ABR service parameter that provides an upper bound on the time between forward RM-cells for an active source. It is 100 times a power of two with a range of 100*2-7 to 100*20 Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.73. Traffic Shaping (TS): Definition: Traffic Shaping is a mechanism that alters the traffic characteristics of a stream of cells on a connection to achieve better network efficiency, while meeting the QoS objectives, or to ensure conformance at a subsequent interface. Traffic shaping must maintain cell sequence integrity on a connection. Shaping modifies traffic characteristics of a cell flow with the consequence of increasing the mean Cell Transfer Delay. Discussion: Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.74. Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR): Definition: UBR is an ATM service category, which does not specify traffic related service guarantees. Specifically, UBR does not include the notion of a per-connection negotiated bandwidth. No numerical commitments are made with respect to the cell loss ratio experienced by a UBR connection, or as to the cell transfer delay experienced by cells on the connection. Discussion: UBR is used with € traffic type€ Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.75. User-Network Interface (UNI): Definition: An interface point between ATM end users and a private ATM switch, or between a private ATM switch and the public carrier ATM network; defined by physical and protocol specifications per ATM Forum UNI documents. The standard adopted by the ATM Forum to define connections between users or end stations and a local switch. Discussion: Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.76. Usage Parameter Control (UPC): Definition: Usage Parameter Control is defined as the set of actions taken by the network to monitor and control traffic, in terms of traffic offered and validity of the ATM connection, at the end-system access. Its main purpose is to protect network resources from malicious as well as unintentional misbehavior, which can affect the QoS of other already established connections, by detecting violations of negotiated parameters and taking appropriate actions. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.77. Variable Bit Rate (VBR): Definition: An ATM Forum defined service category which supports variable bit rate data traffic with average and peak traffic parameters. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.78. VC: Definition: A communications channel that provides for the sequential unidirectional transport of ATM cells. Discussion: Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.79. Virtual Channel Connection (VCC): Definition: A concatenation of VCIs that extends between the points where the ATM service users access the ATM layer. The points at which the ATM cell payload is passed to, or received from, the users of the ATM Layer (i.e., a higher layer or ATM-entity) for processing signify the endpoints of a VCC. VCCs are unidirectional. Discussion: Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.80. Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI): Definition: A unique numerical tag as defined by a 16 bit field in the ATM cell header that identifies a virtual channel, over which the cell is to travel. Discussion: Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.81. Virtual Path (VP): Definition: A unidirectional logical association or bundle of VCs. Discussion: Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.82. Virtual Path Connection (VPC): Definition: A concatenation of VPIs between Virtual Path Terminators (VPTs). VPCs are unidirectional Discussion: Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.83. Virtual Path Identifier (VPI): Definition: An eight-bit field in the ATM cell header that indicates the virtual path over which the cell should be routed. Discussion: Specification: AF-UNI3.1 1.2.84. Virtual Source/Virtual Destination (VS/VD): Definition: An ABR connection may be divided into two or more separately controlled ABR segments. Each ABR control segment, except the first, is sourced by a virtual source. A virtual source implements the behavior of an ABR source endpoint. Backward RM- cells received by a virtual source are removed from the connection. Each ABR control segment, except the last, is terminated by a virtual destination. A virtual destination assumes the behavior of an ABR destination endpoint. Forward RM-cells received by a virtual destination are turned around and not forwarded to the next segment of the connection. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.85. Xrm Decrease Factor (XDM): Definition: An ABR service parameter, XDF controls the decrease in ACR associated with Xrm. It is a power of two in range: [0, 1]. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.2.86. Xrm: Definition: An ABR service parameter, Xrm limits the number of forward RM-cells which may be sent in the absence of received backward RM-cells. The range is 0-255. Discussion: Specification: AF-TM4.0 1.3. Frame Relay Related Definitions 1.3.1. Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN): Definition: BECN is a bit in the frame relay header. The bit is set by a congested network node in any frame that is traveling in the reverse direction of the congestion. Discussion: Specification: FRF 1.3.2. Committed Information Rate (CIR): Definition: CIR is the transport speed the frame relay network will maintain between service locations when data is presented. Discussion: Specification: FRF 1.3.3. Discard Eligible: Definition: This is a 1-bit field in a frame relay header that provides a two level priority indicator, used to bias discard frames in the event of congestion toward lower priority frames. Similar to the CLP bit in ATM. Discussion: Specification: FRF 1.3.4. Forward Explicit Congestion Notification (FECN): Definition: FECN is a bit in the frame relay header. The bit is set by a congested network node in any frame that is traveling in the same direction of the congestion. Discussion: Specification: FRF 1.3.5. Frame: Definition: A logical grouping of information sent as a link-layer unit over a transmission medium. Discussion: Specification: FRF 1.3.6. Frame Relay: Definition: A high-performance interface for packet-switching networks; considered more efficient that X.25. Frame relay technology can handle "bursty" communications that have rapidly changing bandwidth requirements. Discussion: Specification: FRF 2. Performance Metrics 2.1. Definition Format (from RFC1242) Metric to be defined. Definition: The specific definition for the metric. Discussion: A brief discussion of the metric, its application and any restrictions on measurement procedures. Measurement units: Intrinsic units used to quantify this metric. This includes subsidiary units, e.g. microseconds are acceptable if the intrinsic unit is seconds. 2.2 Definitions 2.2.1 Cell Transfer Delay (CTD) Definition: The elapsed time between a cell exit event at the measurement point 1 (e.g., at the source UNI) and the corresponding cell entry event at a measurement point 2 (e.g., the destination UNI) for a particular connection. Discussion: The cell transfer delay between two measurement points is the sum of the total inter-ATM node transmission delay andThis includes subsidiary units, e.g. microseconds are acceptable if the total ATM node processing delay. Measurement units: seconds 2.2.2intrinsic unit is seconds. 2.2 Definitions 2.2.1. Cell Delay Variation (CDV)(CDV): Definition: The variation in cell transfer delay associated with a given traffic load, orientation and distribution, as well as an integration period. CDV = max(CTD) - min(CTD) where max and min indicate the maximum and minimum over the integration period, respectively. Discussion: CDV is a component of cell transfer delay, induced by buffering and cell scheduling. Peak-to-peak CDV is a QoS delay parameter associated with CBR and VBR services. The peak-to-peak CDV is the ((1-a) quantile of the CTD) minus the fixed CTD that could be experienced by any delivered cell on a connection during the entire connection holding time. The parameter "a" is the probability of a cell arriving late. Measurement Units: seconds. 2.2.3seconds 2.2.2. Cell Delay Variation Tolerance (CDVT): Definition: ATM layer functions may alter the traffic characteristics of ATM connections by introducing Cell Delay Variation. When cells from two or more ATM connections are multiplexed, cells of a given ATM connection may be delayed while cells of another ATM connection are being inserted at the output of the multiplexer. Similarly, some cells may be delayed while physical layer overhead or OAM cells are inserted. Consequently, some randomness may affect the inter-arrival time between consecutive cells of a connection as monitored at the UNI. The upper bound on the "clumping" measure is the CDVT. Discussion: Measurement units: seconds 2.2.3. Cell Error Ratio (CER)(CER): Definition: The ratio of errored cells in a transmission in relation to the total cells sent in a transmission associated with a given traffic load, orientation and distribution, as well as an integration period. CER = Errored Cells / Total Cells Transmitted. Discussion: The measurement is taken over a time interval and is desirable to be measured on an in-service circuit. Measurement Units: dimensionless. 18.104.22.168.4. Cell Loss Ratio (CLR)(CLR): Definition: The ratio of lost cells in a transmission in relation to the total cells sent in a transmission associated with a given traffic load, orientation and distribution, as well as an integration period. CLR = Lost Cells / Total Cells Transmitted. Discussion: CLR is a negotiated QoS parameter and acceptable values are network specific. The objective is to minimize CLR provided the end-system adapts the traffic to the changing ATM layer transfer characteristics. The CLR parameter is the value of CLR that the network agrees to offer as an objective over the lifetime of the connection. It is expressed as an order of magnitude, having a range of 10-1 to 10-15 and unspecified. Measurement Units: dimensionless. 220.127.116.11.5. Cell Misinsertion Rate (CMR)(CMR): Definition: The ratio of cells received at an endpoint that were not originally transmitted by the source end in relation to the total number of cells properly transmitted associated with a given traffic load, orientation and distribution, as well as an integration period. CMR = Mis-inserted Cells / Total Cells Transmitted. Discussion: none Measurement Units: dimensionless. 2.2.6. Cell Rate Margin (CRM): Definition: This is a measure of the difference between the effective bandwidth allocation and the allocation for sustainable rate in cells per second. Discussion: Measurement units: Cells per second 2.2.7. CRC Error Ratio: Definition: The ratio of PDUs received at an endpoint that which contain an invalid CRC in relation to the total number of cells properly transmitted associated with a given traffic load, orientation and distribution, as well as an integration period. Discussion Measurement Units: dimensionless 2.2.8. Cell Transfer Delay (CTD): Definition: The elapsed time between a cell exit event at the measurement point 1 (e.g., at the source UNI) and the corresponding cell entry event at a measurement point 2 (e.g., the destination UNI) for a particular connection. Discussion: The cell transfer delay between two measurement points is the sum of the total inter-ATM node transmission delay and the total ATM node processing delay. Measurement units: seconds 3. Security Considerations Security issuesConsiderations. As this document is solely for the purpose of providing terminology and describes neither a protocol nor an implementation, there are not addressed inno security considerations associated with this memo.document. 4. References [ILMI4.0] ATM Forum Integrated Local Management Interface Version 4.0, af-ilmi-0065.000, September 1996. [AF-TEST] Introduction to ATM Forum Test Specifications, af-test- 0022.00, December 1994. [AF-TM4.0] ATM Forum, Traffic Management Specification Version 4.0, af-tm-0056.00, April 1996. [AF-UNI3.1] ATM Forum, User Network Interface Specification Version 3.1, September 1994. 5. Editor's Addresses Jeffrey Dunn Hewlett-Packard 3701 Koppers St. Baltimore, MD 21227 USA Phone: +1 (410) 362-7612 E-mail: email@example.com Cynthia Martin Hewlett-Packard 3701 Koppers St. Baltimore, MD 21227 USA Phone +1 (410) 362-7631 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Buhari's aides bar AIT from covering his activities
• We are resolving ethical issues with them, says Shehu
SECURITY aides to the President-elect, General Muhammadu Buhari yesterday barred the African Independent Television (AIT) from covering his engagement until certain pertinent issues are resolved.
Yesterday, the AIT crew who were on ground to cover the visits of dignitaries to the president-elect at the Defence House in Abuja were asked to go because "they constitute security risk."
However, the AIT crew, alongside that of the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) which also got the order disregarded it.
AIT is one of the media outfits that ran several advertorials against the president-elect in the build- up to the just concluded general elections.
Buhari's spokesman, Garba Shehu justifed the action saying it was based on concerns over security and ethical standards raised by the family of the President- elect.
He said: "Yes you can quote me that I said that we have asked them to step aside and that we are resolving the issues of ethics and standards with them. AIT has been asked to stay aside based on security and family concerns. In addition, the Buhari family has decided that they will have to resolve some issues relating to issues of standard and ethics.
"We will be talking with them to try and resolve the matter but for now the station has been asked to stay aside because like I said, there are some family and security concerns. They have been asked to step down their coverage until we resolve the matter with them on ethics and standards, " he said explained.
Shehu faulted the notion that the NTA was involved adding: "Its crew remain free to attend the events of the President-elect and to cover it."
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«Boosts employment and equality»
The agency says it has not found a "significant impact" of the reform of the PP on the percentage of the population at risk of poverty
The reviled labor reform against which the garments of both the social communist coalition and the unions are torn, although among all of them there is no quorum on what aspects should be suppressed, not only has it managed to recover more than 80% of the employment destroyed during the crisis but also was crucial to rescue Spain. That is the conclusion drawn by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) after a thorough analysis of the recipes developed in Spain to recover from the "dramatic" collapse of the labor market. The «Evidence» found by the IMF indicate that the changes introduced by the PP in 2012 have been fundamental for «Improve employment and income equality without a substantial impact on the overall poverty rate». The document, made by IMF experts Ara Stepanyan and Jorge Salas, also highlights the «Rapid impact» that had the labor reform in the recovery of a crisis that put at risk the distribution of income and social inclusion. «The 2012 reforms boosted employment, including that of young people. Employment growth was systematically higher and youth unemployment was lower than the expected evolution of both indicators in the absence of these reforms », underline in their conclusions the academics responsible for the analysis. Although the study ensures that in the years after the 2012 reform the Gini coefficient, which measures inequality, was reduced by two percentage points, the IMF notes that it has not found a "significant impact" of the reform of the PP in the percentage of the population at risk of poverty.
But the multilateral agency document does not avoid touching other collateral aspects of the reform. The authors acknowledge that changes in the labor market caused a decrease in average hours workedas well as a increase in involuntary part-time employment (Those workers who have part-time contracts but would like to be full-time). "The greater flexibility of part-time contracts, which was supported by the reforms, may have encouraged employers to offer more part-time jobs despite employees' desire to work longer hours. In addition, the structural change of the economy from construction to services may also have contributed to less hours being worked, "the report reflects. Due to this transition towards temporality, the Fund affirms that the 2012 labor reform caused a wage loss among workers and an increase in the "poverty rate" among part-time employees.
With regard to young people, the report highlights that the labor changes introduced by the PP were beneficial for the unemployment rate among those under 25 years of age compared to the situation that would have occurred in the absence of the reforms introduced. Another variable analyzed by the IMF economists is the ratio of income between 20% of the population with the highest income and 20% of the population with the lowest income. According to the results, the 2012 reform did not cause "any significant impact" on this indicator. In other words, labor reform not only did not generate more inequality but, in general terms, its effect was precisely the opposite.
More obstacles to companies
The conclusions contradict the versions that both the PSOE and its partner in the Government, United We Can, and class unions handle. The Government of Sánchez has already targeted labor reform in the previous legislature, but the lack of support and the positive evolution of the labor market halted any initiative. However, for the current social-communist coalition it is "vital" to repeal what they call «More harmful aspects» of the reform. The first step in this direction will take place next Tuesday, when the Executive repeals the dismissal for the accumulation of justified medical leave, according to the Minister of Labor, Yolanda Díaz, on Wednesday. The employer considers a mistake touch aspects like the prevalence of company agreements on the sectors as well as the limitation of the labor negotiation in the business field and the flexibility of the same, announcements that the Executive has been making. The CEOE predicts a loss in employment and competitiveness of Spanish companies.


text:
$60.00 – $71.50
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Abersoch Water Sports (Gwynedd)
- InformationPhone: 01758 712483
- 7 Day Weather Forecast
Our weather forecast for Llyn Peninsula in Gwynedd is split into two widgets. The first shows a timeline containing temperature, wind, sunrise/sunset and chance of rain, whilst the second shows the forecast for the week ahead including severe weather alerts when available.
- You may also like ...
In this 'you may also like' section we attempt to answer what else can I do? Here you have a list by order of being the closest some more beaches, things to see and do, places to eat and upcoming events.
- We offer training in wakeboarding, surfing, kirtesurfing, SUP and also our shop offers wide selection of kit for purchase or hire.
- Abersoch lifeboat station is situated in the popular village seaside resort on the Llyn Peninsula. Abersoch lifeboat station has been in operation since 1869.
- Abersoch Harbour Beach is a small area of sand straddling by the River Soch that sits between the outer harbour and Warren beach. It is often quieter than the other Abersoch beaches and you do get a large area of sand is exposed at low tide.
- The main beach at Abersoch is in a sheltered position that makes it ideal for traditional beach visitors and watersports lovers alike. This is a large, relatively sheltered sandy beach, on the south east facing side of the Llyn Peninsula with colourful beach huts.
- Warren Beach is a large sandy beach to the north of the river estuary and runs from Harbour beach in the south past the Warren holiday park and onto Llanbedrog Headland. Number of options to access Warren beach. To the north you have a small car park just below the headland, towards the centre and south you can park in lay-bys and take public footpaths to the beach. Alternative you can park in Abersoch and walk along the shore.
- Porth Ceiriad is at the tip of the Llyn Peninsula, between Abersoch and Hell's Mouth. A sheltered steep shelving beach under the cliffs with access via a walk and steep steps. Good surfing beach although not recommended for beginners. Less experience surfers should stick to its neighbor Hell's Mouth.
- Porth Neigwl beach is also known as Hell's Mouth, a large beach on the southwest facing side of the Lleyn Peninsula which can be a very exposed sandy beach and offers some great surfing for all levels of surfers. Also popular for horse riding.
- Llanbedrog beach and it's colourful beach huts is a large sandy sheltered beach with views of Cardigan Bay, adjacent to woods. The beach is managed by the National Trust. Popular for watersports, although as it is sheltered it is not for the serious enthusiast. Dolphins and Porpoises may be seen in nearby waters. Facilities include the National Trust car park, toilets and beach hut hire.
- St Tudwal's Lighthouse is situated on the small island of St Tudwal, Gwynedd.
- Pwllheli beach is a very long stretch of south facing sand on the Llyn Peninsula and is also known as Pwllheli South Beach. The beach starts out at the marina and stretches for approximately 3 miles to Llanbedrog and as you move away from the town you have a beautiful remove beach. Pwllheli is known as the unnoficial capital of the Llyn Peninsula. Parking on the road behind the beach, toilets, promenade, beach shop and Pwllheli has a harbour.
- Plas yn Rhiw Manor house (Tudor and Georgian additions) with ornamental garden and views across Cardigan Bay. Woodland walk with picnic area.
- Pwllheli lifeboat station was established in 1891 and now operates inshore and all weather lifeboats. Station is open daily, no shop.
- Where can I stay ...
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On 5 April 2016 the JRC presented the interactive and collaborative online European Energy Efficiency Platform. This beta platform is conceived to fill the gap opened by scattered data and fragmented knowledge resulting from a rapidly growing energy efficiency market. It is expected to be both a one-stop shop for information retrieval and a meeting point for experts to exchange data and reduce redundant activities.
Street lighting can account for up to 30-50 % of the total electricity consumption of municipalities. The recent market introduction of LED technology for street lighting offers high savings with comparatively short pay-back times.
Last Updated on 26 Sep 201826 Sep 2018Total Views 4747
Streetlight-EPC - Triggering the market uptake of Energy Performance Contracting through street lighting refurbishment
Despite the great potential, most European regions have not yet seen a significant development of Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) markets.
Last Updated on 26 Sep 201826 Sep 2018Total Views 3131
The EU-Project Streetlight-EPC is funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme and was launched in April 2014 with the objective of triggering the market uptake of EPC through street lighting refurbishment projects.
Last Updated on 26 Sep 201826 Sep 2018Total Views 2020
Streetlight-EPC - Triggering the market uptake of Energy Performance Contracting through street lighting refurbishment
The Streetlight-EPC project has created demand and supply for Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) in 9 regions by setting up regional EPC facilitation services and supporting projects towards implementation. The facilitation services provided comprehensive support to municipalities (including members of the Covenant of Mayors) and (potential) ESCOs.
Last Updated on 26 Apr 201726 Apr 2017Total Views 3333
Street lighting can account for up to 30-50 % of the total electricity consumption of municipalities. The recent market introduction of LED technology for street lighting offers high savings with comparatively short pay-back times.
Last Updated on 30 Mar 201730 Mar 2017Total Views 7474
Thursday, October 13, 2016 - 11:15 to 13:00
Speakers: Željko Kolar, Prefect of the Krapina-Zagorje County Michel Lebrun, European Committee of the Regions Panellists: Anette Jahn, Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
Last Updated on 06 Sep 201606 Sep 2016Total Views 3030
Between the building components windows are of high interest within the European policy activity as directives and regulations set out roles to manage, more or less directly, their environmental performance. The product group "Windows" is subjected to the Construction Products Regulation and it is indirectly addressed by the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive. The Working Plan for energyrelated
Last Updated on 23 Nov 201523 Nov 2015Total Views 2929
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The European Energy Efficiency Platform is an open collaborative tool for a strong and connected energy efficiency community.
The content in it is divided in six thematic and four cross-thematic areas.
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Cross-thematic AreasPolicies and TargetsTechnology and StandardsEconomics and FinancingBehaviours and SocialEnergy Service CompaniesStay
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The present report aims to provide an overview of the main issues at stake with the calculation methods for energy savings generated by measures implemented by EU Member States under Article 7 of the Directive 2012/27/EU on Energy Efficiency (EED).Stay
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Kelowna Spotlight: The Golf Life
I enjoy now doing what I do… playing golf, relaxing a little, enjoying life. – Yogi Berra
Although you may not believe this, we're not always working.
I know this might come as somewhat of a shock, given our unparalleled customer service and quick turnaround times; but honestly, with so much beauty all around us, can you blame us for taking time out to enjoy all that our area has to offer?
When we're not in the office, we may be found wandering one of Kelowna's scenic hiking trails, sampling the delightful offerings of local wineries, or picnicking along Lake Okanagan. Weather permitting, of course. This is Canada, after all. Depending on the season, we're just as likely to be cross-country skiing or snowshoeing as we are anything else.
But when the skies are blue and the weather's fine, locals and visitors alike grab their clubs and head out to the links. In this respect, Kelowna is a golf-lover's dream, since its relatively sunny climate offers golfing opportunities long after other areas have closed their courses.
But Kelowna's sunlit hours are not the only draw:
Averaging over 2,000 hours of sun every year, Kelowna offers one of the longest, driest golf seasons in Canada. With courses that range from easy-going to ego-shattering, there is something in Kelowna for every skill level. Mild weather, stunning scenery and 20 exceptional courses make Kelowna a must-play destination on every golf enthusiast's list! (Golf Kelowna)
Whether you're an avid golfer (or are just married to one!), you'll find that Kelowna has a course suited to meet your needs, along with stunning views and smooth local wines to act as balm in the case of shattered self-esteems or bruised egos.
As longtime residents of Kelowna, we couldn't be prouder of the many fine local businesses partnering with us to provide services, activities, attractions, entertainments, and special events that we can all be pleased to call our own.
Whether you're a local neighbor or a faraway friend, we're happy that our work in the Kelowna web design industry has brought us closer together.
If you have any questions regarding our services – or if you'd simply like to challenge any of our staff to a game of golf! – please feel free to contact us.


text: Plant your seeds in the Worth Garden 3 Pocket Vertical Garden Wall Planters. The three-strong plastic outer shell pockets come with three inner baskets. The reservoir holes in the inner baskets provide self-watering and air flow to aid in healthy plant growth. Three openings allow you to nail or screw this planter to the wall. Use these vertical wall planters indoors or outdoors.


text:
Scroll Dish Drainer and Sponge Rack
Additional Information
Product Details
Keep your kitchen gorgeous—even when your dishes are drying! This dish and sponge rack set is made from rust-resistant wire and mesh, so your dishes air-dry quickly. 15" l x 12 1/2" w x 6 3/4" h dish drainer holds up to 9 dinner plates and has folding wire handles (so you can carry it like a caddy) and utensil holder. Sponge rack is 7" w x 5 1/2" h x 4" d.
Additional Information
Ratings & Reviews
Scroll Dish Drainer and Sponge Rack is rated out of 5 by 123.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Nick from Great I'm looking for the yellow one again I have one but it's old need a new one help fine me one
Date published: 2020-08-04
Rated 5 out of 5 by Eliz from ABSOLUTELY LOVE IT I brought this ITEM in hopes that it will SOLVE my problem with the gathering of MILDEW at the bottom of PLATES and SPOON'S / KNIFES and COOKING utensils. I chose the BLACK because unfortunately the other colors would not match with what I have already; But I am happy to say that it is very RICH ( Elegant ) looking and that it is relay RUST PROOF as they say it is ! so fare what ever I have bought nothing has disappointed me so I know that this will not as well. I am now thinking of getting one for my Mother as well.
Date published: 2020-07-26
Rated 5 out of 5 by Margo from LOVE THIS!! I ordered this and it arrived timely (which is rare these days) The best part is that I love it. It came in a very sturdy box with minimal filler, its sturdy and heavy and fits perfectly in our sink. Also love the height so it will hold tall utinsils.
Date published: 2020-06-18
Rated 5 out of 5 by Happy Momma from Love It! Worth every penny, love the quality and color- the foot print appears to be small, but this holds a lot of dishes. The sponge rack is a nice addition as well. The carrying handles were not a requirement for me at the time of purchase-until I used them for the 1st time-super! The over all design is well thought out-only draw back I can state is;I had trouble locating a drain board that I liked to complimented the Dish Drainer
Date published: 2020-04-14
Rated 5 out of 5 by NayNay from Beautiful Color I love it! The color is a perfect match for my kitchen decor.
Date published: 2020-03-18
Rated 5 out of 5 by grandmaman from love it! Exactly what I wanted. Goes very well with my kitchen decor
Date published: 2020-03-10
Rated 5 out of 5 by Sammy from Like it wAs made for me lol I received this today already came together I love it because like it was made for me it's just me and my husband the dish rack is very deep and has deep compartments for two glasses the forkI received this today already came together I love it because like it was made for me it's just me and my husband the dish rack is very deep and has deep compartments for two glasses And compartments for the utensils very sturdy I love it
Date published: 2020-02-15
Rated 5 out of 5 by Lucy. from Has everything I need to do my dishes. I am just now ordering this, but I've wanted it for a long time.
Date published: 2020-02-04
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