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Neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) transplantation is a promising treatment for various neurodegenerative disorders including spinal cord injury, however, no direct analysis has ever been performed on their in vivo profile after transplantation. Here we combined bioimaging, flow-cytometric isolation and ultra-high-throughput RNA sequencing to evaluate the cellular properties of engrafted NSPCs. The acutely transplanted NSPCs had beneficial effects on spinal cord injury, particularly neuroprotection and neurohumoral secretion, whereas their in situ secretory activity differed significantly from that predicted in vitro. The RNA-sequencing of engrafted NSPCs revealed dynamic expression/splicing changes in various genes involved in cellular functions and tumour development depending on graft environments. Notably, in the pathological environment, overall transcriptional activity, external signal transduction and neural differentiation of engrafted NSPCs were significantly suppressed. These results highlight the vulnerability of engrafted NSPCs to environmental force, while emphasizing the importance of in situ analysis in advancing the efficacy and safety of stem cell-based therapies.
As the adult central nervous system (CNS) has limited natural potential for repair and regeneration, spinal cord injury (SCI) causes permanent and severe motor/sensory dysfunctions, and currently available treatments are ineffective1,2,3. Therefore, the transplantation of stem cells such as neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) is an exciting therapeutic option for replacing damaged neural cells and inducing functional recovery3,4,5,6, and some clinical trials have been performed7,8. However, the efficacy of NSPCs for treating SCI is currently insufficient, and unexpected serious side effects have been observed following NSPC transplantation4,7,9. More importantly, no direct analysis has ever been performed on the in vivo profile of NSPCs engrafted in injured spinal cord and thus the in vivo properties of engrafted cells still remain unclear. Therefore, the cellular mechanisms underlying functional improvement, the risk of tumorigenesis after transplantation and optimal transplantation protocols remains largely elusive4,8. Without assessing biological and molecular properties of engrafted cells in pathological environments, the development of effective and safe strategies for stem cell-based therapies cannot be possible.
Here we evaluated the viability of transplanted NSPCs and their effects on neural apoptosis, inflammatory reactions and motor function after SCI to elucidate the in vivo activity of NSPCs. To directly assess the in vivo biology of engrafted NSPCs, we developed a combined method for isolating engrafted cells from the injured spinal cords and providing whole transcriptome information. Ultra-high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is a revolutionary tool for transcriptome profiling, which offers both single-base resolution for annotation and digital gene expression levels at the whole genome scale10, and overcomes several limitations of hybridization-based microarrays10,11. In particular, the wide dynamic range of RNA-seq allows robust capture of low-expression transcripts, including cytokines/chemokines, signal transduction molecules and transcriptional regulators10 and direct comparisons of transcriptomes in different samples and under different conditions10,12. A detailed understanding of the cellular behaviour after transplantation is crucial to establish the efficacy and safety of stem cell-based therapies4,5, and our strategy will be applicable to various stem cell-based approaches.
Cell viability and functional improvement
We examined the engraftment and survival of NSPCs in mouse SCI using in vivo bioluminescent imaging (BLI) system. NSPCs were harvested from embryonic mouse striatum and labelled with luciferase and green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter genes via lentiviral transduction, and GFP-positive cells were expanded with a neurosphere assay (Supplementary Fig. S1). BLI detect transplanted cells expressing luciferase after the administration of the luciferase substrate, luciferin. This reaction depends on ATP and oxygen, and thus only living engrafted NSPCs can be noninvasively tracked in the same animal13.
To examine whether the number of transplanted cells affects cell survival and functional improvement, different numbers of lentivirally labelled NSPCs (1×105, 2.5×105, 5×105 or 1×106 cells) were transplanted into the injured spinal cord immediately after contusion injury at the 10th thoracic level. After confirming that the number of transplanted NSPCs correlated with bioluminescence intensity, we tracked the bioluminescence intensity and observed comparable rates of NSPC survival, irrespective of the number of transplanted NSPCs (Fig. 1a–c and Supplementary Fig. S1). In all groups, bioluminescence intensity largely decreased during the first week after transplantation in line with previous histopathological studies14,15,16. This would be due to the apoptotic and necrotic cell death17. Although these cell deaths could be caused by immune rejection18, significant T-cell infiltration, which is an indicator of immune rejection, was not observed at the initial and late phase after transplantation (Supplementary Fig. S2). Because our model consisted of a C57BL6 syngeneic allograft, little graft rejection response would occur in this study. No increases in the bioluminescence intensity, indicator of tumorigenesis, were observed within the experimental period. All NSPC-transplanted groups showed better locomotor function recovery than the medium-injected control group in two open-field motor scores (Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) score and Basso Mouse Scale (BMS)) and footprint analysis (Fig. 1d and Supplementary Fig. S3a,b). However, functional recovery was not significantly different among the NSPC-transplanted groups. Also, cell fate was not significantly affected by the number of transplanting NSPCs (Supplementary Fig. S3c–f). Correlational analysis revealed no relationship between the number of surviving NSPCs and the subsequent functional recovery at any time point in 74 NSPC-transplanted mice (Fig. 1e and Supplementary Fig. S3g). Moreover, bioluminescence intensities and motor scores at 4, 7 and 42 days after transplantation (DAT) were comparable among the NSPC-transplanted mice that were divided into two groups based on motor scores or bioluminescence intensities at 42 DAT (Fig. 1f,g), indicating the effects of NSPC transplantation on functional recovery to be saturated at a specific number of cells. Furthermore, we transplanted a broader range of NSPCs (ranging from 2.5×104 to 2.5×106 cells). The transplantation of 2.5×104 NSPCs did not significantly affect functional improvement, but that of 2.5×106 NSPCs made the injury worse by eliciting a robust inflammatory reaction (Supplementary Fig. S4), resulting in a negative effect on functional improvement (Fig. 1h and Supplementary Movies 1–3). These results indicate that an optimal number of transplanted cells are beneficial to SCI.
Neuroprotective effects of engrafted NSPCs
There are several possible explanations for NSPC-mediated functional improvement after SCI, such as synapse formation by graft-derived neurons, remyelination by graft-derived oligodendrocytes, growth support, neuroprotection and immunomodulation4,5,19. To determine which mechanism mainly contributes to functional improvement in acute transplantation, we evaluated the weekly recovery in the open-field score and observed the most prominent effect within the first week after transplantation (Fig. 2a). In this study, we therefore focused on the actions and effects of engrafted NSPCs within 7 DAT. In this phase, engrafted NSPCs did not yet differentiate because they did not express any neuronal or glial markers, but were positive for Nestin, a marker of undifferentiated NSPCs (Fig. 2b). These results indicate the functional improvement in this phase to be mainly due to either neuroprotective and/or immunomodulatory effects, rather than cell replacement or growth support, which requires much more time. During this time period, significant increases in the expression levels of several neurotrophic factors were observed, including nerve growth factor, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) a, PDGFb and vascular endothelial growth factor a (VEGFa), in the NSPC-transplanted groups (Fig. 2c and Supplementary Fig. S5a,b). These expression levels increased in proportion to the number of transplanted cells, indicating in vivo neurohumoral secretion by the engrafted NSPCs (Supplementary Fig. S5c).
Because these neurohumoral factors prevent neural apoptosis by the activation of the PI3K-Akt/NF-κB signalling pathway in vitro20,21,22,23, the neuroprotective effects through NSPC transplantation were examined. Histopathological examinations at 7 DAT revealed fewer TUNEL-positive cells and more spared myelin in the NSPC-transplanted group (Fig. 2d–g). Furthermore, we observed the activation of Akt and NF-κB (p65) (Fig. 2h), and a significant upregulation of their downstream transcriptional targets, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL20,23 (Fig. 2i), at 7 DAT in the NSPC-transplanted group, resulting in decreased activation of caspases 9 and 3 (Fig. 2j). To identify the cells that showed decreased apoptosis after transplantation, immunohistochemical analysis was performed 7 DAT. Increased Akt activation and decreased caspase-3 activation was observed in neurons and oligodendrocytes (Fig. 2k,l and Supplementary Fig. S6).
In addition to neuroprotective effects, NSPCs are known to have immunomodulative effects4,19,24; therefore, the acute inflammatory response after NSPC transplantation was also examined. Although increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) was observed, no significant differences were observed in terms of the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines or the number of infiltrating inflammatory cells (Fig. 3a–f). Consistently, Fas, FasL and caspase 8 expression levels, the extrinsic apoptotic-cascade mediators induced by inflammation, and caspase 8 activation did not significantly differ from that in the controls (Fig. 3g,h). These results indicate that engrafted NSPCs ameliorate pathological changes during the acute phase of SCI, particularly the secondary damage cascades that are dependent on the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.
Flow-cytometric isolation of engrafted NSPCs
To assess whether the increased expression of neurohumoral factors was attributed to engrafted NSPCs, we tried to isolate engrafted NSPCs from the injured spinal cord. After digesting and dissociating spinal cord tissues into single cells, the GFP-positive engrafted NSPCs were purified by flow cytometry (fluorescence-activated cell sorting: FACS) (Fig. 4a,b). Approximately 1.1×105 cells were collected at 7 DAT (mean: 112,663±8,122 cells, n=5) from the injured spinal cord transplanted with 5×105 NSPCs (collection rate: 91.5±17.3%) and RNA was prepared from FACS-purified NSPCs. Gene expression levels in NSPCs were not altered by FACS manipulation (Fig. 4c). The expression of neurohumoral factors was observed in FACS-purified NSPCs by reverse transcription PCR (RT–PCR) (Fig. 4d). These results were confirmed by immunostaining using the VEGFa or BDNF antibody, in situ hybridization using PDGFa, PDGFb or IGF1 probes with GFP staining, and the laser-capture microdissection method 7 DAT of histopathological sections (Supplementary Fig. S7). Changes in their expression properties, such as a gradual increase in differentiation-related genes, as well as a decrease in stemness markers, ruled out the possibility that only a single specific population survived and was isolated by our procedure (Fig. 4e). The gene expression profiles of several neurohumoral factors significantly differed between the FACS-purified and pre-transplantation NSPCs (Fig. 4d–g). Almost all secretory activities significantly increased in FACS-purified NSPCs at 7 DAT compared with those in NSPCs at 7 days in vitro (DIV; Fig. 4f–h). These results indicate that the graft environment greatly affects the secretory activities of engrafted cells.
RNA-seq of NSPCs
To elucidate environmental influences on the cellular properties of NSPCs, RNA-seq was performed on NSPCs in four different contexts: pre-transplantation NSPCs (Pre), NSPCs grown for 7 days in a culture dish (in dish), in naïve spinal cord (in naïve) or in injured spinal cord (in injured). The quality of RNA prepared from FACS-purified NSPCs was excellent and comparable across all samples (Fig. 5a). Eight sequencing libraries were constructed (two samples from each NSPC population) and sequenced on a giga-sequencer; the sequenced fragments were mapped to the mouse reference genome using TopHat and assembled with Cufflinks25. More than 21 million 36-base sequence reads were obtained, of which >83% were aligned and included >11,000 genes from a single library (Supplementary Table S1). The median expression level of the reconstructed mRNA was estimated by fragments per kilobase of exonic sequences per million aligned reads (FPKM)11. Biological replicates for different samples gave extraordinary identical genome-wide translational profiles (Fig. 5b), confirming the accuracy and precision of our RNA-seq analysis. RNA-seq profiling was validated using quantitative PCR (qPCR; Fig. 5c). Consistent with qPCR data (Fig. 4f–h), RNA-seq data showed higher TGF-β1 expression and lower VEGFa expression in NSPCs in naïve and in injured compared with other contexts (Fig. 5d). The expression differences of each neurotrophic factor in Fig. 4f–h were also confirmed by RNA-seq (n=3; Supplementary Fig. S8). Overall, the expression of large sets of genes varied considerably, and several environment-dependent salient genes were identified (Fig. 5e). The Venn diagram summarizes the overlapping transcripts detected in each sample (Fig. 5f). Furthermore, considerable differences were observed in the expression levels of nearly two-thirds of the genes between NSPCs in dish versus those in naïve or in injured (>2-fold change; Fig. 5g). These results highlight molecular variability of NSPCs depending on the environment and the importance of in situ analysis of engrafted cells.
Comparison of the global gene expression levels with hierarchical clustering showed that NSPC populations were clearly distinguished based on whether they were in vivo NSPCs (in naïve and in injured) or in vitro NSPCs (Pre and in dish) (Fig. 5h). To distinguish the biological properties of in vivo NSPCs from in vitro NSPCs, in silico analyses of the RNA-seq data were performed. A transcription factor-binding site (TFBS) enrichment analysis26 identified ten over-represented TFBSs in the in vivo and in vitro NSPCs, respectively (P<0.0001; Supplementary Fig. S9). The gene expression levels of the transcription factors corresponding with over-represented TFBSs were examined using RNA-seq and qPCR. Immunoregulatory and metabolic transcription factors, such as Nfkb1, Rela and Pparg, were over-regulated in in vivo NSPCs, whereas the growth-, proliferation- and differentiation-related transcription factors, such as Pax6, Myc, Bmyc, Maz, Egr1, Egr2, Creb1, Creb3 and Creb5, were over-regulated in in vitro NSPCs (Supplementary Fig. S9), suggesting different transcriptional regulation patterns between the two groups. Gene ontology (GO) analysis, which classifies abundant gene expression data into functional categories and provides biological interpretations27, revealed 79 GO terms, such as the response to external stimuli, regulation of apoptosis and cytokine production, to be significantly over-represented in in vivo NSPCs, whereas 56 GO terms, including neurogenesis, RNA biosynthesis and reproductive developmental processes were significantly over-represented in in vitro NSPCs (Supplementary Figs S10 and S11). These results indicate that engrafted NSPCs develop graft environment-dependent properties that cannot be precisely predicted before transplantation in terms of several cellular functions, including cell differentiation, survival, proliferation, secretory activities and response to external stimuli (Fig. 5i).
Differences in NSPCs engrafted in naïve and injured spinal cord
To investigate the biological differences between NSPCs engrafted in normal physiological versus pathological environment, the profiles of NSPCs in naïve and in injured were compared. RNA-seq demonstrated considerable differences in nearly one-third of the expressed genes (FPKM>2-fold change) and almost all these genes were downregulated in NSPCs in injured compared with NSPCs in naïve (Fig. 6a). Similarly, the transcriptional activity, which was indicated by read counts, decreased across the entire genome in NSPCs transplanted in injured spinal cords (Fig. 6b). These data indicating repressed transcriptional activities under the pathological environment were further confirmed by qPCR (Fig. 6c). In GO analysis, we found 22 GO terms, including biological metabolic processes and intracellular component biosynthesis, to be significantly over-represented in NSPCs transplanted in injured spinal cord, whereas 33 GO terms, such as the response to external stimuli, cell proliferation, cell adhesion and nerves system development, were over-represented in NSPCs transplanted in naïve spinal cord (Fig. 6d,e). These results were contrary to our expectations because the response to external stimuli of engrafted NSPCs was assumed to be strongly upregulated in the injured spinal cord owing to the inflammatory milieu with abundant signalling ligands. However, these data indicate that the external signal transduction was significantly suppressed in the engrafted NSPCs in the pathological environment. The relative ranking method was used to confirm these results. All expressed genes were arranged in the descending order in each sample and the relative ranks of genes with this function to the expressed genes were compared between NSPCs in naïve and in injured. Individual gene rank values with this function were largely lower in NSPCs in injured (Fig. 6f) and several genes encoding signal transduction molecules were downregulated in almost every signalling pathway in these NSPCs (Fig. 6g). Transcriptional repression was also observed in differentiation-associated genes in NSPCs transplanted in injured spinal cords (Fig. 7a). Consistent with gene expression data, only a few differentiated NSPCs were observed in injured spinal cords, although numerous engrafted NSPCs differentiated in naïve spinal cords 14 DAT (Fig. 7b,c). Because their differentiation was observed at 42 DAT in both environments (Fig. 7d), these results revealed that the neural differentiation of transplanted NSPCs is hindered in injured spinal cords. Contrary to the results of signal transduction and differentiation, survival-associated genes were generally activated in NSPCs in injured than that in naïve (Fig. 7e) and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, which is a key determinant in cell death/survival28, was significantly higher in NSPCs in injured than that in naïve (Fig. 7f,g). These results of an anti-apoptotic state in NSPCs transplanted in injured spinal cord indicate that engrafted NSPCs can adequately survive in the injured niche by regulating survival-associated genes without the influence of transcriptional repression. Actually, BLI revealed no significant differences in the overall survival rate at 7 DAT (Fig. 7h) and comparable levels of apoptotic NSPCs were noted with TUNEL staining (Fig. 7i).
As tumorigenesis is closely associated with abnormal gene expression and/or alternative splicing of pro-oncogenes29,30,31, the representative pro-oncogenes in the CNS were quantified32,33. We observed significant expressions of such pro-oncogenes in NSPCs and differences between the two in Igf2r, pdgfrb, Hif1a, Fos, Smo, Idh1, Pax6 and Olig2 (Fig. 8a). The dynamic range of RNA-seq facilitates the assessment of almost all genes involved in the glioma development/growth pathway depicted in the Kyoto encyclopaedia of genes and genomes (KEGG)34 (Fig. 8b), suggesting our combined method to be feasible for evaluating tumour initiating potential of engrafted cells. Several brain tumour-specific alternative splicing variants (skipping or increased/decreased expression in specific exons) were also identified in the genes of NSPCs in injured31,35 (Fig. 8c and Supplementary Fig. S12). Moreover, distinct splicing variants were identified in Mcl-1, which has longer and shorter isoforms that are formed by skipping the second exon35,36. The longer gene product of Mcl-1 L, which is involved in tumorigenesis36, was dominant in NSPCs in injured, whereas Mcl-1S, the shorter one, was the main product in NSPCs in naive (Fig. 8d). The differential expression of the splicing variants was confirmed by RT–PCR (Fig. 8e,f). These results indicate a possible increase in the degree of malignancy for engrafted cells in pathological environments.
In this study, flow-cytometric isolation and RNA-seq were used to investigate the in vivo profile of engrafted NSPCs. Using this method, we found the biological properties of engrafted NSPCs, including the risk of malignancies, to be dynamically altered depending on their environment. Notably, overall transcriptional activity, external signal transduction and neural differentiation were significantly suppressed in NSPCs transplanted into injured spinal cords, emphasizing the need for in situ analysis to establish safe and effective stem cell-based therapies. Furthermore, using BLI, we demonstrated the presence of an appropriate range in the number of transplanting cells for SCI. In clinical trials, the transplantation protocols are completely different and, in particular, the number of transplanted cells varies considerably, which is also true in animal studies5,7,8. This hampers the establishment of an optimal treatment for SCI. In this study, we demonstrated that the transplantation of an excessive number of cells inversely prevented functional recovery following SCI, which emphasizes the need to define the optimal protocols to maximize their efficacy for clinical trials.
The mechanisms underlying functional improvement remain unclear, which also present a significant hurdle for clinical translation of stem cell-based therapy for SCI4. Although engrafted NSPCs could facilitate functional recovery after SCI through multiple mechanisms4,5,8, our results revealed that neuroprotective effect is most significant for acute phase of SCI. Furthermore, we directly confirmed the neurohumoral secretion of engrafted NSPCs and demonstrated their secretory activities to be mostly enhanced after transplantation. Of the secreted neurohumoral substances, PDGF, IGF, TGF-β1 and IL-10 have critical roles in preventing neural apoptosis via the PI3K-Akt/NF-κB pathway20,21,22,37. Nerve growth factor and BDNF prevent activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway via the P75NTR-mediated NF-κB pathway23,38. NF-κB activation induces the upregulation of anti-apoptotic genes, including Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL20,23 and the Akt pathway could independently block the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway23. We demonstrated the activation of these mitochondrial apoptotic cascades following SCI to be attenuated by NSPC transplantation, providing a reasonable neuroprotective mechanism due to several neurohumoral factors.
Expression microarrays are most widely used for transcriptome analysis; however, it is difficult to capture genes that are expressed at low levels, such as cytokine/chemokine, differentiation factors, signal transduction molecules and transcription factors, due to their narrow dynamic range and high background signals10. In contrast, RNA-seq can capture genes with low expression levels in a digital manner10 and is therefore particularly useful for elucidating cellular activities, such as secretion, differentiation, signal transduction and transcriptional regulation. This technology highlights the graft environment-dependent properties of engrafted NSPCs and their vulnerability to environmental changes. The neural development of NSPCs was significantly inhibited in vivo, particularly in the injured spinal cord, indicating the reduction of their differentiation potential after transplantation. Moreover, under DNA damage-inducible conditions, mammalian cells repress transcriptional activities for self-defense and attenuate their response to environmental influences to resist disruptive external forces39,40. We found that engrafted NSPCs developed these specialized stress responses when transplanted into injured spinal cords, providing a plausible explanation for the persistence of undifferentiated engrafted NSPCs for an extended period of time41 and failure of external manipulation. These results highlight the difficulty in obtaining cells that differentiate into the desired lineage in vivo and the need for innovative strategies that can overcome the environmental factors to improve the efficacy of stem cell-based therapies.
One major obstacle of stem cell-based therapy is the risk of tumorigenesis4,5. Recently, Amariglio et al.42 reported that transplanted NSPCs gave rise to glioneuronal neoplasms in a patient with ataxia telangiectasia. Although this report is controversial43,44, this highlights one of the biggest safety hurdles to overcome. Although NSPCs are tissue-derived stem cells that are unlikely to develop tumours43, all mammalian cells can turn into tumour cells caused by DNA damage, and the damage to the genes occurs by chance following various genotoxic insults29,30. Acute inflammation can contribute to tumour initiation by inducing DNA damage through reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, and chronic inflammation is a major cause of malignancy in many tumours30. Following SCI, cellular inflammation is excessive during the acute phase and it persists for a long time2,45. Thus, the risk of tumour initiation of transplanted cells would be increased in injured spinal cords. Actually, a positive correlation between traumatic injury and development of malignancy has recently been reported in the CNS42. To support this insight, RNA-seq demonstrated that NSPCs are exposed to various types of stress that could lead to DNA damage after transplantation2. Furthermore, RNA-seq can provide information about not only gene expression but also gene structure, such as splicing variants25. Therefore, our strategy enabled a direct and exhaustive analysis of complex transcriptomes, including the splicing variants responsible for tumorigenesis after transplantation31,46. In this study, we observed that brain tumour-specific alternative splicing increased in NSPCs transplanted in injured spinal cords than those transplanted in naïve spinal cords31. In addition, we found that expression levels of the longer isoform of Mcl-1, which is a prognostic and predictive marker for tumour development35,36, significantly increased in NSPCs in injured spinal cords. These results indicate that the risk of tumour initiation of transplanted cells increased in injured spinal cords. Because the graft environment is potentially related to the risk of tumour development of transplanted cells, an in situ analysis of transplanted cells will be needed to ensure the safety of stem cell-based therapies for patients.
Studies on stem cell-based therapy focused enhancing their efficacy by genetic modification. Our findings, however, strongly indicate the importance of precisely assessing the reciprocal actions between engrafted cells and the pathological environment to ensure the efficacy and safety of the cells. Our methods, findings, and transcriptome databases contribute to advancing stem cell-based therapies for the treatment of SCI and other CNS disorders. A better understanding of the in situ behaviour of engrafted cells and developing a solid experimental basis for each pathological condition are required for there to be progress toward the successful clinical application of stem cell-based therapies.
Primary culture and lentiviral transduction of NSPCs
Methods for the culture and expansion of NSPCs have been described previously13. Briefly, the striatum of C57BL6 or BALBc mice on embryonic day 14 was mechanically dissociated, and concentrated lentiviruses were added into the culture medium to infect the primary NSPCs. Lentiviral vector expressing both luciferase and GFP was generated in 293T cells by transient transfection of the transfer vectors pCSII-EF-Luc-IRES2-Venus, pLP1, pLP2 and pLP/VSVG (Invitrogen) using GeneJuice Transfection Reagent (Novagen), followed by ultracentrifugation and titration, as described previously13. After the purification of GFP-positive transfected cells by FACS and passaged two times in a media hormone mix supplemented with 2% B27 (Invitrogen), 20 ng ml−1 FGF-2 and 20 ng ml−1 EGF (Peprotech), neurospheres were used for transplantation and analysis. For the in vitro assay, neurospheres were plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated cover slips and allowed to differentiate for 7 DIV. For RNA-seq experiments, NSPCs were harvested from the embryonic striatum of commercially available green mice (Japan SLC) and expanded and cultured with the same method.
Bioluminescence imaging
Bioluminescence image was performed using the Xenogen-IVIS 50-cooled CCD optical macroscopic imaging system (SC BioScience) following a previously published protocol13. All images were analysed with Igor (WaveMetrics) and Living Image software (Xenogen).
SCI and cell transplantation
Adult female C57BL6 mice were anesthetized via an intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (somnopentyl; 50 mg kg−1). SCI was induced using Infinite Horizons Impactor at 70 kilodyne on 10th thoracic level47. A 25-μl Hamilton syringe (Hamilton) with a glass tip was inserted into the epicentre of the injured spinal cord and 2 μl of the cell suspension was injected at 0.5 μl min−1 using a stereotaxic injector (KDS 310; Muromachi-kikai). Control animals only received 2 μl conditioned medium13. At the over-dose experiment, 4 μl of cell suspension or conditioned medium was injected into injured spinal cords of each group. Motor functions were evaluated with a locomotor open-field rating scale on the BBB score13 and the Basso Mouse Scale47. Footprint analysis was performed only on mice scored as frequently or consistently plantar stepping at 42 days after SCI. All animal studies were approved by the Committee of Ethics on Animal Experiment in Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University. Experiments were conducted in accordance with the institutional guidelines and regulations for animal experiments.
Flow cytometry and cell sorting
For analysis of the infiltrated inflammatory cells, the spinal cord samples (4-mm long) were dissociated in collagenase (Invitrogen) and stained with antibodies, as previously described47, followed by analysis using FACSAria II flow cytometer and FACSDiva software (BD Biosciences). Phycoerythrin-Cy7 (PE-Cy7)-conjugated CD45 (1:10), fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated CD11b (1:10), PE-conjugated Gr-1 (1:50) and biotin-conjugated Nk1.1 (1:10) antibodies were used to examine myeloid cell infiltration. Allophycocyanin (APC)-conjugated streptavidin (1:10) was added to label the biotin-conjugated antibodies. PE-Cy7-conjugated CD45 (1:10), APC-conjugated CD3 (1:10), PE-conjugated CD4 (1:10) and fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated CD8 (1:10) antibodies were used to examine T-cell infiltration. All antibodies were purchased from eBioscience. For the isolation of engrafted NSPCs, the dissected spinal cord samples (4-mm long) were minced with scissors and then digested in 0.5% Trypsin with 0.5 mg ml−1 DNase for 5 min at 37 °C. The digests were further dissociated by gentle pipetting with a plastic pipette. The cell suspension was washed in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and filtered through a 50-μm nylon cell strainer to isolate any tissue debris. The single-cell suspension was collected by centrifugation and resuspended in FACS buffer and propidium iodide was added to determine cell viability and then analysed with FACSAria II. Recollection rate was estimated from the BLI data; the number of GFP-positive cells recollected by FACS was divided by the estimated number of surviving cells using the BLI measurements.
Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting
After the mice were transcardially fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, the spinal cord was removed, dehydrated and embedded in an OCT compound47. The frozen sections were cut in the sagittal plane at 14 μm or axial plane at 20 μm. For immunostaining, the sections were stained with primary antibodies to NeuN, Hu, APC-CC1, GSTπ, GFAP, Nestin, phospho-Akt or cleaved caspase 3. For TUNEL staining, an ApopTag red in situ kit (Chemicon) was used. The number of TUNEL+/GFP− cells was counted in axial sections at 500 μm intervals and the number of TUNEL+/GFP+ cells was counted in sagittal sections at 280-μm intervals. Luxol Fast Blue staining was performed to calculate the area of spared myelin as described previously47. For immunoblotting, the following antibodies were used for: activated caspase 9, cleaved caspase 3, phospho-Akt, phospho-p65 (Ser536) and α-tubulin. All antibodies used are described in Supplementary Methods. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assays were performed using the IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α ELISA kit (Bender Medsystems)47. Quantification methods are detailed in Supplementary Methods.
Quantitative and semiquantitative RT–PCR
Total RNA was isolated from the spinal cord (4-mm long) or inflammatory cells using RNeasy Lipid Tissue or Mini Kit (Qiagen). For complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis, the reverse transcriptase reaction was performed using PrimeScript first-strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Takara Bio). qPCR was performed using primers specific to the genes of interest (Supplementary Table S2) and SYBR Premix Dimmer Eraser (Takara Bio). Data were normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. qPCR was performed in triplicate47.
In situ hybridization with GFP staining
The spinal cord was dissected after its perfusion, fixed with Tissue Fixative (Genostaff), and then embedded in paraffin, and sectioned at 6 μm. For in situ hybridization, as a first staining, tissue sections were de-waxed, rehydrated, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and then treated with 10 μg ml−1 proteinase K in phosphate-buffered saline for 30 min at 37 °C. Hybridization was performed with probe (Supplementary Table S3) at a concentration of 300 ng ml−1 in the Probe Diluent (Genostaff) at 60 °C for 16 h. After hybridization, the sections were treated with 50% formamide, followed by incubation with RNAse. After blocking, they were incubated with anti-DIG AP-conjugated antibody (1:1,000, Roche) for 2 h. Colouring reactions were performed with NBT/BCIP solution (Sigma-Aldrich) overnight. For immunohistochemistry as a second staining after in situ hybridization, endogenous peroxidase was blocked with 0.3% H2O2 for 30 min, followed by incubation with Protein Block (Dako) and a avidin/biotin blocking kit (Vector). The sections were incubated with an anti-GFP rabbit polyclonal antibody (Invitrogen). They were incubated with biotin-conjugated goat anti-rabbit Ig (Dako), followed by the addition of peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin (Nichirei). Peroxidase activity was visualized by diaminobenzidine. The sections were mounted with CC/Mount (DBS).
Laser-capture microdissection
At 7 DAT, fresh injured spinal cords were immediately frozen in dry ice/hexane and stored in a deep freezer at −80 °C. The tissues were sectioned into 10-μm thick slices using a cryostat at −20 °C and mounted on PEN membrane slides. Sections were then fixed in ice-cold acetone for 2 min. GFP-positive and -negative cells were dissected with a LMD 6500 system (Leica Microsystems GmbH) and transferred by gravity into a microcentrifuge tube cap placed directly beneath the section. The tube cap was filled with 75 μl of RLT buffer (Qiagen). For each sample, cells that were dissected from one series of sagittal sections, each separated by 140 mm, from an individual animal were used. Total RNA was isolated using the RNeasy Micro Kit (Qiagen).
RNA-sequencing for NSPCs
Construction of the libraries, mapping fragments to the genome, transcript assembly, abundance estimation and data analysis are described in Supplementary Information. All sequencing data from this study are available at the DNA Data Bank of Japan Sequence Read Archive under submission ID: DRA000217.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using the two-tailed unpaired Student's t-test, Mann–Whitney U-test for single comparisons, and one-way factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) or two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by the post-hoc Bonferroni, Dunnett or Tukey–Kramer correction for multiple comparisons. Correlational analyses were performed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. In all statistical analyses, significance was defined as P<0.05.
Additional information
How to cite this article: Kumamaru, H. et al. Direct isolation and RNA-seq reveal environment-dependent properties of engrafted neural stem/progenitor cells. Nat. Commun. 3:1140 doi: 10.1038/ncomms2132 (2012).
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This work was supported in parts by Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and Technology for Kyushu University, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research and research foundations from the general insurance association of Japan, ZENKYOREN and Japan Orthopaedics and Traumatology foundation.
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Supplementary information
Supplementary Figures, Tables, Methods and References
Supplementary Figures S1-S12, Supplementary Tables S1-S3, Supplementary Methods and Supplementary References (PDF 1725 kb)
Movie 1
Functional recovery of medium-injected mice after spinal cord injury. (MOV 17563 kb)
Movie 2
The transplantation of 250,000 neural stem and progenitor cells improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury. (MOV 14872 kb)
Supplementary Movie 3
The transplantation of 2,500,000 neural stem and progenitor cells prevents functional recovery after spinal cord injury. (MOV 19183 kb)
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About this article
Cite this article
Kumamaru, H., Ohkawa, Y., Saiwai, H. et al. Direct isolation and RNA-seq reveal environment-dependent properties of engrafted neural stem/progenitor cells. Nat Commun 3, 1140 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2132
Further reading
Effects of neural stem cell transplantation on the motor function of rats with contusion spinal cord injuries: a meta-analysis
Neural Regeneration Research (2020)
Transplantation of human urine-derived neural progenitor cells after spinal cord injury in rats
Neuroscience Letters (2020)
High-Dose Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Transplantation Increases Engraftment and Neuronal Distribution and Promotes Functional Recovery in Rats after Acutely Severe Spinal Cord Injury
Stem Cells International (2019)
The Fate of Transplanted Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells in Surgically Created Periodontal Defects in Rats
International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2019)
Accomplishments and challenges in stem cell imaging in vivo
Drug Discovery Today (2019)
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What is BIOS?
BIOS allows you to update your PC's BIOS system. The nearest BIOS gigabyte allows you to download update files from the server and update the BIOS system.
What is Gigabyte App Center?
Although it is called App Center, there is no app inside it. It has all-usable tools that help you launch, update, download drivers, BIOS, and update and install the latest apps on your PC.
What is Q-Flash?
Q-Flash is a tool for updating BIOS without accessing an operating system like MS-DOS. This tool helps you to get rid of the complicated process of the BIOS flashing process.
What is DualBIOS?
DualBIOS is a motherboard that supports two BIOS. One is the main BIOS and the other is the backup BIOS. The BIOS system works based on the main BIOS. If the main BIOS is damaged or disabled for any reason, the backup BIOS takes the next system boot and copies the BIOS files of the main BIOS to ensure that the normal BIOS is running normally. There is no chance for users to update the backup BIOS.
What does Gigabyte EasyTune do?
It is an interface that allows beginner and expert users to easily adjust voltage and memory clocks and adjust system settings in their Windows environment.
What is a smart timelock?
With the Smart Timelock tool you can decide when and how much time to use your PC. You can set this time using a user interface.
In this article, we have provided you with the GIGABYTE App Center For PC and its direct link to download Gigabyte App Center as well as the download method. If your PC motherboard is of Gigabyte brand then this app center will come in handy.


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Leonard George Clemons, 73, of Paragould, passed away on Tuesday, June 2, 2020. He was born June 20, 1946, to Burnis and Lois Clemons. Leonard was a member of 3rd Avenue Baptist Church. He loved westerns, auctions, Adam 12, and WWE. During his time living in Kentucky, he was a volunteer firefighter.
Leonard was preceded in death by his parents; sisters, Juanita Wright, Rosemary Deringer; and brother, Milton Clemons.
Survivors include his wife of 45 years, Olive Clemons; son, Jeff Clemons; daughter, Janice Swigart; stepdaughter, Elizabeth Duncan; sisters, Peggy Dixon and Lois Marks; and grandchildren, Russell James Kibler, Veronica Lynn Clemons, Jayden Nicole Clemons, and Breck Kibler.
Service details are incomplete at this time.
To send flowers to the family or plant a tree in memory of Leonard George Clemons, please visit our floral store.


text: Xander Wildeisen 1,502 Posted August 1, 2017 Share Posted August 1, 2017 I do not know anything about this auction company. Just an ad that is in the local paper listing items for online bidding. Thought I would pass it along because it is a hard car to find. http://rodfivecoatauctions.hibid.com/lot/33325311/1958-chrysler-300d/?ref=lot-list Link to post Share on other sites


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"Dugan tells us everything we didn't even want to know about the STEN MK III in Dugan's Tool Shed Episode 2.
"Starring Randy Broshankle and Dugan Ashley."
I would gladly take that broken crappy junk off his hands if he can't find anything other than hitlermelons to shoot with it. Honestly, I don't even need that cutting-edge optic or its aerospace-tech mounting system.
If you can't get enough hot, hard Ashley in your face, if you need every fuzzy inch of Broshankle God made, head over to the CarniK Con YouTube channel.
The post Dugan Ashley's tool shed: The STEN gun (VIDEO) appeared first on Guns.com.


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TAPENTADOL 100MGPharmaceutical Drugs & Medicines - Panchkula
Tapentadol is used to help relieve moderate to severe short-term pain (such as pain from an injury or after surgery). It belongs to a class of drugs known as opioid analgesics. It works in the brain to change how your body feels and responds to pain
Additional Details
Brand Name OPADOL 100
Packaging 10*10
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Consign Your Best Items with Lelands. We Also Pay Cash on the Spot! Learn More Here.
Great hockey stuff from the Olympics includes: 1936 Canada team on their way to Germany (Neville, Stewart), 1936 Japanese team on the ice in Tokyo, the 1936 United States team with Coach Walter Brown, 1932 Lake Placid Arena with Canada defeating US 2-1 (two different), USA's first victory in 1936 (over Germany), great USA team photo with John P. Chase, Canada beats USA in the finals (1936) and USA warming up for Games (1932). (9) vintage wire photos with either paper captions or newspaper articles on verso. Average EX+ and 7" x 9".
Other past auction items that may be of interest to you.
November 2006 Lelands-Gaynor


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|Using CyCognito Platform, Researchers Uncover Zero-Day Vulnerability on Cisco Routers
|Thursday, 02. July 2020 15:00
PALO ALTO, Calif., July 02, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- CyCognito Inc., the leader in uncovering and prioritizing risk from attacker-exposed systems and assets, today announced its research team has uncovered a significant Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability on the web admin interface of Cisco small business router models RV042 and RV042G. Cisco routers are popular around the world, and the company has approximately 50% market share in the router and switch market globally. This vulnerability gives attackers an easy path for taking control of a router administrator's web configuration utility, a position that allows them to perform all admin actions, from viewing and modifying sensitive information to taking control of the router or having the ability to move laterally and gain access to other systems.
The CyCognito platform discovered the Cisco vulnerability, which was subsequently verified by the CyCognito Research Team and then by Cisco. The platform detected the Cisco router XSS vulnerability when mapping the attack surface of a CyCognito customer that was using one of the Cisco small business routers, and the research team quickly realized the CyCognito platform had found a never-before reported vulnerability, also known as a "zero-day" vulnerability.
"Commandeering a network router puts attackers in a prime position for intercepting company secrets and crucial data and to advance their attacks," stated Alex Zaslavsky, CyCognito's Head of Security Research. "Attackers value XSS vulnerabilities because they can be used to access a victim's current session and even take over an account and impersonate the victim. A vulnerability in an admin configuration utility can be even more damaging as phished credentials can be used to try to gain access to other systems within a company's infrastructure. That's why we worked with Cisco to help resolve this vulnerability to ensure organizations remain secure."
For more details on this new vulnerability and how organizations can protect themselves, please read CyCognito's latest blog, "CyCognito Platform Automatically Detects Four Zero-Day Vulnerabilities." Zaslavsky and Chen Bremer, also from the CyCognito Research Team, discovered three additional zero-day vulnerabilities in other vendors' gear over the past few weeks as well. More information will be provided once the respective vendors have taken steps to address the issues.
Responsible Disclosure
Path of Least Resistance Detection
The CyCognito platform is the first attack surface management solution to detect a zero-day vulnerability, which demonstrates the value of its POLaR approach, as well as its superiority over conventional port-scanning based attack surface management products.
About CyCognito
For more information, please visit cycognito.com.
Press Release URL: https://www.cycognito.com/blog/press-release-using-cycognito-platform-zero-day-vulnerability-cisco
Media contact:
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Copyright GlobeNewswire, Inc. 2016. All rights reserved.
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I had the Essure placement done in June 2012, and have had nothing but problems/issues since. I've gained at least 15lbs. After doing research, I came to the conclusion that the necessary estrogen is not going through my fallopian tubes because they are blocked. That goes down to the uterus that will cause fertilization of the eggs. I can see the fat in my stomach and abdomen area. I look like I'm 7 months pregnant. I workout at least 3 days a week and of those 3 days, I spin two and still have not been able to keep this weight off.
I went to the doctor on a Saturday and weighed in at 153 and 9 days later went and weighed in at 163.5, which is ridiculous. I've never weighed this much, ever in my entire life. I feel bloated all the time, even after I ate a very small sandwich. With that being said, I think that's why I've gained all this weight. I have severe right and left side pain. My cycle is off, I've gone six weeks before I had one and now I'm late again.
Having the Essure placement was the worst decision I've ever made, and I've made some. If, I could go back a year, I would have not had this procedure. I did it because of the recovery time. The doctors do not tell you that they get a percentage of placing these tubes in their patients. The doctors do not tell you all the side effects. The only thing they will tell you is the coils are hormone-free and should not cause weight gain.
I would suggest everyone to do a research on how the ovaries, fallopian tubes and uterus work together. The ovaries control your hormones, which releases an egg each month and that egg travels down the fallopian tube to the uterus. When the tubes are blocked, the egg (hormone) is unable to travel for fertilization. So, when the hormone does not travel, what happens to it? No doctor, is explaining any of this. If I had known this prior to the procedure, I would have not had the Essure. I would have stayed on the birth control pills, which the pills stop the egg from releasing from the ovary.
There's so much research that needs to be done on the Essure. I really wish they would take it off the market and allow each female to get her Essure reversed. After doing all this research, the clinic in NC, Chapel Hill, is a clinic that performs the reversal and it costs $7,000.00 which has to be paid prior to reversal. Also, if you have/need to cancel the reversal for whatever reason, they charge $1,000.00 per cancellation.
I am PRAYING that all of us can get this reversed. I'm sure the FDA has received more complaints than they would like. Granted, I have read that some women don't have any problems/issues, and that goes to show you that every female body is different. However, when there are more complaints than good results, something should be done.


text: Asithappens 611 #1 Posted February 10 May be better placed in Daily Texan, but there are some political aspects to the student loan "debacle". It's a problem, to be sure, but, and this chaps my hide a bit, the story on NPR (so far) has not said anything about whether the choice of taking out these loans was a wise one, or even a good one. Owing $100k when you're a theater/radiotvfilm/undergrad psych major is stupid. The student may not be stupid, but they have made a stupid decision. (if you want to argue that people who make stupid decisions are stupid you won't get much argument from me). They said that students don't know the difference b/t taking out a $3,000/yr loan vs a $30,000/year loan. It's all just a number and you sign your name. Give me a fucking break. If there's anything we should have learned by now, it's that you can't prevent stupid people from being stupid. I would like to see the data on some of these loans: amount, major, school, did they graduate, etc. Again, if you took out $100k in loans and you're a theater major then you get no sympathy from me. Sorry. 6 Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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Foodi Photoh Classie. Parade Hotel.|Jump to navigation Skip to Content. Bunbury residents are asked to look out for and report unusual birds following the recent discovery of a Eurasian tree sparrow in Escort mature Marrickville backyard of a Carey Park residence.
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Released on Released on: Thursday, January - DPIRD has asked members of the Bunbury community to look out for and report unusual birds following the discovery Finding Wodonga girlfriend a tree sparrow in Carey Park.
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The HP Elite Dragonfly is the right laptop for business professionals who want a machine with a distinct design, light build and powerful performance to handle all the critical tasks that need to get done throughout the day.
With a starting weight of less than 1 kilogram, the HP Elite Dragonfly is the ideal business convertible to take anywhere your productivity requires. It also breaks the mold of what to expect in the design of a business-focused laptop. The HP Elite Dragonfly is ready to impress with diamond-cut accents, a distinct color scheme, and the power and security features that business and enterprise users demand.
The HP Elite Dragonfly sports an iridescent dragonfly-blue design, with a next-generation magnesium chassis. The 1,000-nit ultrabright display is crisp and delivers excellent visuals for work or streaming a program to unwind. You get all this in a package that won't be a hassle to add to your bag for the next conference or other trip away from the office.
Adaptable design
The right laptop lets you get work done the way you want. The Dragonfly enables this with a touchscreen and the HP Rechargeable Active Pen G3. The pen is built for natural note-taking, writing, drawing and interacting with apps on screen. It has a built-in magnetic attachment capability to make it easier to keep track of.
The HP Elite Dragonfly can be converted to four working modes to suit tasks throughout the workday. Use the flexible chassis to flip the keyboard over 360 degrees and use the Elite Dragonfly as a tablet. As it's a Windows 10 device, you can interact with the OS by touch, or you can use the Active Pen G3 to make handwritten notes on a document or illustrations within a design application.
Need to share content for a client to interact with? Set it upright with the tent mode. Present a video or watch one yourself with media mode. And, of course, it also performs as a traditional laptop.
When you're typing, the ultra-quiet keyboard won't disturb co-workers or anyone you sit by. It's also backlit for use in low light. The glass Precision touchpad is responsive and large enough for you to use the Windows 10 multitouch gestures. The immersive screen boasts the highest screen-to-body ratio in a 13-inch business convertible. Model options include a 13.3-inch Full High-Definition (FHD) IPS touchscreen, a 4K HDR 400 touchscreen, and an FHD touchscreen with the HP Sure View integrated privacy filter, which helps you protect any proprietary company information while working away from the office.
Other hardware features are built specifically with the day-to-day needs of the business user in mind. The Dragonfly includes an IR camera that works with Windows Hello facial recognition. There's no need to worry about privacy, as you can just close the camera shutter when it's not in use. If you prefer fingerprint authentication, take advantage of the built-in fingerprint reader underneath the arrow keys.
Security for the business user
Privacy features are built in throughout the laptop. An integrated privacy screen with HP Sure View can help keep any prying eyes from observing the details of what you're working on.
Traditional antivirus software can't always recognize the latest attacks that surface in a world of ongoing new threats. HP Sure Sense taps into the power of deep-learning AI to identify and quarantine attacks that haven't been seen before, helping to stop intrusions before they occur.
HP Sure Click's hardware-enforced security protects the device from websites and attachments with malware, ransomware or viruses. With HP Sure Start Gen5, your HP Elite Dragonfly includes a self-healing BIOS that restores a system to a previous safe state if it has been corrupted by a firmware attack.
HP Sure Run Gen2 works to keep those essential protections like antivirus scanning up and running. This further defends your PC by pushing back against attackers' attempts to take down the machine's full defenses.
Another key aspect of hardware security is rapid image creation and management of hardware, BIOS, and security via the Microsoft System Center Configuration Manager. The HP Manageability Integration Kit achieves this with a comprehensive portfolio that reduces the cost and complexity of managing a fleet of PCs that require client management software.
An optional feature, HP Sure Recover with Embedded Reimaging Gen2, ensures fast, secure and automated recovery of the machine from anywhere. With malware threatening major disruptions to day-to-day business, this service can get you back up and running quickly.
In total, these security features are part of the commitment to provide the best hardware and software experience for maximum productivity and to reduce the risk of security threats derailing your work.
Features to enhance work from anywhere
The HP Elite Dragonfly offers several connectivity options, such as gigabit-class 4G LTE 4 and Wi-Fi 64. It's the world's first business convertible with 4x4 LTE antennas to deliver maximum connectivity, giving you the freedom to work beyond where Wi-Fi is available.
Great sound can also enhance the experience. The Dragonfly's audio system is built in collaboration with Bang & Olufsen, so video conferences are clear. So is the music to help you focus during a long workday. HP Noise Cancellation, four top-firing speakers and four discrete amps work together to create immersive sound.
Successful mobile work also requires solid battery life. The HP Elite Dragonfly features the world's longest battery life for a 13-inch business convertible. Battery options include a 2-cell, 38-WHr Long-Life Battery and a 4-cell, 56-WHr Long-Life Battery. Additionally, 30 minutes of charging when the system is off or in standby mode can generate 50% power to the machine.
The Dragonfly includes two USB-C connections with Thunderbolt 3, a full-sized HDMI, one USB-A port and a headphone jack. For those who want to maximize their productivity in the office, the HP Elite Dragonfly can be paired with the stunning HP S430c Curved Ultrawide Monitor, which offers a 43.4-inch diagonal curved display – the equivalent of dual 24-inch diagonal displays.
Reviews of the HP Elite Dragonfly call out its stunning design and powerful performance. Here are samples of what several tech journalists have had to say about the HP Elite Dragonfly:
"The Dragonfly proves that corporate business machines don't have to be boring and soulless. In fact, they can be more desirable than their consumer-focused counterparts." – Dan Seifert, The Verge
"I can't believe this is a business laptop." – Sherri L. Smith, Laptop Mag
"The HP Dragonfly's crisp, beautiful display; lightweight design; and robust security features combine to give you a laptop that's as nice to look at as it is to use." – Henry T. Casey, Tom's Guide
Achieving work-life balance
The HP Elite Dragonfly is the world's first business convertible with preinstalled personal wellbeing software. HP WorkWell is built to help you take a break, stretch, and better manage the amount of time you spend working at your machine with the goal of healthier work-life balance.
View the configuration options, which include an Intel Core i5 or i7 processor and a 256GB SSD, with a three-year limited warranty. No matter the specific configuration, the HP Elite Dragonfly will serve you well for many years as a premium laptop built for today's businessperson's needs.