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Councillor Evonne Williams, Cabinet Member for Children and Young People:
In Derby we have what we call our family of schools – now more than ever, this family needs our support.
Since the beginning of this pandemic, our headteachers, teachers and school staff have been doing amazing work to keep our schools open for key workers' children and vulnerable children, whilst organising online learning and support for those children who are staying at home. I would like to take this opportunity to say thank you to each and every one of the staff members for going above and beyond their duty and educating in this bizarre world we find ourselves in.
Being in education is important for all children, and in particular for the future outcomes of children who have fewer advantages in life, however, we also understand and appreciate that parents and teachers have real concerns about the return to school.
We support the Government in its ambition to see schools opened up to more pupils as soon as it is sufficiently safe to do so. It is our duty to fully support headteachers and governing bodies to ensure they are able to put complete safety measures in place, which will allow a gradual return to school in a safe and sustainable way. This isn't about meeting an arbitrary national deadline, but finding the right balance for schools, pupils and families of safety and access to learning and support.
This is an incredibly complicated issue to work through. Derby's Quality, Standards and Performance team, led by Pauline Anderson OBE, has been working in partnership with our local Public Heath team, health and safety advisors, headteachers, governing bodies and local teaching unions, to carefully discuss what can be done to ensure children's and staff's safety and to build the confidence of everyone involved.
Every school has been asked to complete a detailed risk assessment to help them with preparations, which will give both schools and us a clear idea of the risks and where further support is needed. Derby City Council has provided a capacity planning tool to support schools in calculating how many children they can safely accommodate in line with social distancing.
We know that our headteachers and governing bodies know their individual schools best. We will stand by our schools and the ultimate decisions they make to manage a gradual return to school for children, which will be based on what is best for children and on public health evidence and advice. It is also a decision for parents, and our schools are best placed to have discussions with parents who might have concerns about their children returning, including the impact on vulnerable or shielding people at home.
We will make every endeavour to help schools gradually reopen to more year groups in line with Government guidance. Schools may have to prioritise the pupils they admit from Monday 1st June and will need to admit children of key workers and children from vulnerable groups before any others. We will continue to support schools in planning to re-open classrooms and to ensure that all decisions are based on the safety of children and staff.
Finally, I want to thank our parents and carers. They have played and extremely important role throughout the pandemic – now as schools begin the phased reopening, I want to reiterate to parents that this is their choice. There is no right or wrong answer and they must do what they feel is right for their child and family. I hope that the work that has taken place within the schools, and which has been communicated to parents and carers will give them the assurances they need to make informed decisions.


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Nigerians excited as Enkay got evicted from BBNaija house, she became the 10th housemate to leave the reality TV show. My
When the five new housemates were brought into the house, a lot ofBBNaija fans immediately pitched their camps with the ones they felt had the good looks and could bring drama.
However, Cindy wasn't considered to have either of those and has continuously been undermined and looked down on, by both fans of the show and some housemates too.
Just recently, a video clip went viral on the internet in which Enkay is seen basically shooing Cindy away in a rude manner after she wanted to join her in playing a game of ludo.
In the video, Enkay who has done very little to hide her dislike for Cindy, is seen expressly telling her she doesn't want to play the game with her. Enkay goes as far seize the dices, repeatedly stating she does not want to play with her.
See some of the reactions below:
What do you think?


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Track: Breene third at New Englands in 1000 meters
Recommended Video:
Wilton High senior Aaron Breene capped off his high school indoor track career in impressive fashion, taking third in the 1000 meters at Saturday's New England track and field championships in Boston, Mass.
Breene, who had a season-best time of 2:31.72, was fractions of a second from winning the New England title. He was just nosed out at the finish by Stephen Tyler of Weston (2:31.53) and Devin Connell of Andover, Mass., (2:31.72).
"He ran his best race of the season. He was pretty much in the lead the whole way until 50 meters to go and the other two guys kind of snuck by," said Wilton coach Jeff Gee. "I'm really happy for him, that he put it together in the biggest race of the season."
Breene lowered his best time by more than two seconds. He had finished fifth in the 1000 at the State Open, after winning the event (along with the 1600 meters) at the Class L state championships.
The Wilton boys also got a strong performance at New Englands from junior Chris Colbert, who qualified as an alternate and went on to finish 10th in a time of 36.39.
Colbert, who had finished eighth at the State Open, was the third Connecticut finisher at the New England meet.
"He's very hard worker and he's very self motivated. He's been very, very consistent all season," said Gee.
Colbert holds the school record in the event, 36.12, which he set in January.
Junior Morgan McCormick was the lone Wilton girl to qualify for the New England meet, coming off wins in the 3200 meters at the FCIAC, Class L and State Open championships.
This time, her string of victories was ended, as she finished 12th in the two-mile run.
Despite the finish, it was another record-setting effort for McCormick, who broke the Wilton record for the fifth straight race with a time of 10:59.94, which converts to 10:56.11 for 3200 meters.
"I think she ran well. She still ran faster than she did at the Open," said Gee.
At the New England meet, however, McCormick was never able to catch up to the lead pack as she had done at the State Open.
"The fast pace put her in a really tough spot early on and she couldn't get into the flow of the race later," Gee said. "She just could never catch up to the leaders."
Over the last five weeks, McCormick's time in the 3200 has dropped from 11:19 to 10:56. She initially broke the school record of 11:17 at the FCIAC East Division championships in on Jan. 28 with a time of 11:08. Since then, she's run 11:04 at the FCIAC championships, 11:00 at the Class L championships, 10:56.15 at the State Open, and 10:56.11 at New Englands.
"She ran just a tremendous series of races," said Gee, who feels that, despite all her accomplishments, McCormick's best is still ahead of her.
"As she gets more experience and trains more, she'll be able to better her times by quite a bit next year," he said.


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A nonlinear transformation is introduced, which can be used to compress a series of random variables. For a certain class of random variables, the compression results in the removal of unknown distributional parameters from the resultant series. Hence, the application of this transformation is investigated from a radar target detection perspective. It will be shown that it is possible to achieve the constant false alarm rate property through a simple manipulation of this transformation. Due to the effect the transformation has on the cell under test, it is necessary to couple the approach with binary integration to achieve reasonable results. This is demonstrated in an X-band maritime surveillance radar detection context.
- transformations
- random variable properties
- radar detection
- mathematical statistics
- radar
1. Introduction
The fundamental problem to be examined in this chapter is the detection of targets embedded within the sea surface, from an airborne maritime surveillance radar. Artifacts of interest could be lifeboats or aircraft wreckage resulting from aviation or maritime disasters. From a military perspective, one may be interested in the detection and tracking of submarine periscopes. Another scenario may be the detection of illegal fishing vessels or small boats used for smuggling of people or contraband. An airborne maritime surveillance radar has a difficult task in the detection of such objects from high altitude, while surveying a very large surveillance volume.
Such radars operate at X-band and are high resolution, and as such are affected by backscattering from the sea surface, which is referred to as clutter. This backscattering tends to mask small targets and makes the surveillance task extremely difficult. One of the major issues with the design of radar detection schemes is the minimization of the detection of false targets, while maximizing the detection of real targets. As a statistical hypothesis test, one can apply the Neyman-Pearson Lemma to produce a decision rule that achieves these objectives. However, in many cases, such a decision rule requires clutter model parameter approximations as well as estimates of the target strength based upon sampled returns. An issue, well known within the radar community, is that small variations in the clutter power level can result in huge increases in the number of false alarms. Since clutter power is a function of the underlying clutter model's parameters, approximations of the latter will have an inevitable effect on the former. Hence a large body of research has been devoted to designing radar detection strategies that maintain a fixed level of false alarms. A detector that achieves this objective is said to have the constant false alarm rate (CFAR) property [1].
In order to maintain a fixed rate of false alarms, sliding window decision rules were examined in early studies of radar detection strategies [2–6]. These investigations have been extended to account for different clutter models and to address issues with earlier detector design in a number of subsequent analyses [7–15]. Such decision rules can be formulated as follows. Suppose that the statistic Z is the return to be tested for the presence of a target. Let Z1, Z2, …, ZN be N statistics from which a measurement of the level of clutter is taken, via some function f = f (Z1, Z2, …, ZN). Then a target is declared present in the case where Z is larger than a constant times f. The constant is selected so that in ideal scenarios, the false alarm rate remains fixed. It is generally assumed that the clutter statistics are independent and identically distributed in ideal settings, and also independent of the statistic Z. This can be formulated as a statistical hypothesis test by letting H0 be the hypothesis that the cell under test (CUT) statistic Z does not contain a target, and H1 the alternative that it contains a target embedded within clutter. Then the test is written
where τ > 0 is the threshold constant and the notation used in Eq. (1) means that H0 is rejected when Z > τf (Z1, Z2, …, ZN). The probability of false alarm is given by
If τ can be determined, for a specified Pfa in Eq. (2), such that it is independent of clutter parameters, then the decision rule in Eq. (1) will be able to maintain the CFAR property in ideal scenarios. In practical radar systems, a detection scheme such as in Eq. (1) can be run across the data returns sequentially to allow binary decisions on the presence of targets to be made, which are then passed to a tracking algorithm. A comprehensive examination of such detection processes is included in [1].
This chapter examines an alternative approach to achieve the CFAR property, based upon a nonlinear transformation that is used to compress the original clutter sequence. The consequence of this is that the resulting transformed series of random variables will have a fixed clutter power level and so permits a CFAR detector to be proposed. It is then shown how this transformation can be used to produce a practical radar detection scheme.
The chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the nonlinear mapping and formulates a decision rule. Section 3 specializes this to the case of Pareto distributed sequences, since the Pareto model is suitable for X-band maritime surveillance radar clutter returns. Section 4 demonstrates detector performance in homogeneous clutter, while Section 5 applies the decision rules directly to synthetic target detection in real X-band radar clutter.
2. Transformations and decision rule
2.1. Mapping
In X-band maritime surveillance radar, the Pareto distribution has become of much interest as a clutter intensity model due to its validation relative to real radar clutter returns [16–18]. This model arises as the intensity distribution of a compound Gaussian model with inverse Gamma texture. Consequently, the Pareto distribution fits into the currently accepted radar clutter model phenomenology [19]. Hence, there have been a number of recent advances in the design of CFAR processes under a Pareto clutter model assumption [20–25].
A random variable X has a Pareto distribution [26] with shape parameter α > 0 and scale parameter β > 0 if its cumulative distribution function (cdf) is
for t ≥ β. The density of X follows by differentiation of Eq. (3). In order to ensure the existence of the first two moments, it is usually assumed that α > 2, which is an assumption that has been validated in fits of this model to real data [18]. This Pareto model possesses what is referred to as a duality property in Ref. [20]. To introduce this, recall that if Y is an Exponential random variable with unity mean, its cdf is given by
for t ≥ 0. Then it can be shown that the Pareto model in Eq. (3) can be related to Eq. (4) via the random variable relationship
Other random variables of interest in radar signal processing, such as the Weibull, can also be expressed in a form similar to Eq. (5). Hence, for the purposes of generality, suppose {Xj, j ∈ IN := {0, 1, 2, …}} is a sequence of homogeneous random variables with common support and that θ1 and θ2 are two fixed real constants. Define a sequence of random variables {Zj, j ∈ IN} by
The sequence produced via Eq. (6) is a generalization of the Pareto model (3). Next define a nonlinear mapping ζ : IR+ × IR+ × IR+ × IR+ → IR+ ∪ {0} by
where each xj > 0, and IR+ is the positive real numbers. Then the following result is relatively easy to prove:
Lemma 2.1Suppose {Zj, j ∈ IN} is a sequence of random variables defined via Eq. (6). Then the sequence {Wj, j ∈ IN} with Wj := ζ(Zj, Zj + 1, Zj + 2, Zj + 3) does not depend on θ1and θ2.
The proof of Lemma 2.1 is now outlined. Supposing that Zj, Zj + 1, Zj + 2 and Zj + 3 are represented in the form defined via Eq. (6) it follows that
where properties of the logarithmic function have been utilized. Since Eq. (8) does not depend on θ1 and θ2, the proof is completed.
Lemma 2.1 suggests that if the original sequence of random variables is processed in 4-tuples, the compressed sequences' statistical structure is only dependent on the random variables Xj. Observe that the Lemma does not require an independence assumption. Thus if sequence {Xj} has no unknown statistical parameters, the process generated by Eq. (7) also has no unknown parameters. This suggests that processing of a data sequence in terms of 4-tuples may be an effective may in which to achieve the CFAR property. The next subsection clarifies this.
2.2. Decision rule
In order to propose a decision rule exploiting the transformation introduced in Lemma 2.1, it is necessary to focus first on a series of four returns. Hence, suppose we have a CUT statistic Z, and three clutter measurements are available, denoted Z1, Z2 and Z3. Let H0 be the hypothesis that the CUT contains no target, and H1 the hypothesis that it does contain a target embedded within clutter. Then, based upon Eq. (7), a linear threshold test takes the form
where τ > 0 is the threshold. Based upon Lemma 2.1 if the clutter is modelled by Eq. (6), then it is clear that under H0, the Pfa of the test in Eq. (9) will not depend on θ1 or θ2, implying it is CFAR with respect to these parameters. Furthermore, an auxiliary motivation for defining a linear threshold detector such as Eq. (9) is that in the cases where it is assumed that one has a priori knowledge of clutter parameters, linear threshold detectors are ideal, or asymptotically optimal, and hence provide the maximum probability of detection within the class of sliding window decision rules [27].
The test in Eq. (9) can also be re-expressed in terms of the preprocessed clutter statistics. In particular, it can be shown to be equivalent to rejecting H0 if
with the appropriate choice for τ, which can be determined from the corresponding Pfa expression for Eqs. (9) or (10).
Observe that this test is not of the usual form found in the radar signal processing literature, since it compares a CUT with a measurement of clutter based upon three statistics, and not upon a sample of predetermined size. This will be discussed subsequently in terms of practical implementation of the test in Eq. (10). The next section discusses the application of Eq. (10) to the Pareto clutter case, enabling the determination of τ.
3. Specialization to the Pareto Clutter model
3.1. Distributions under H0
Since the motivation of the work developed here is the design of radar detection schemes for maritime surveillance radar, the results of the previous section are specialized to the Pareto case. In order to apply Lemma 2.1, it is necessary to determine the distribution of the resultant sequence produced by ζ under H0. The following is the key result:
Corollary 3.1In the case where the sequence of random variables in Lemma 2.1 is Pareto distributed and independent, the cdf of the sequence processed by ζ is given by
for t ≥ 0.
This can be recognized as a Pareto distribution, with support the nonnegative real line and shape and scale parameter unity. More specifically, P = X + 1, where X has density (3) with α = β = 1. This illustrates the cost of the nonlinear transformation approach: although the resultant series of clutter has no unknown clutter parameters, it is from a distribution with no finite moments. The independence assumption is adopted for analytical tractability and is consistent with the assumption that independent and identically distributed clutter returns are available, as in the formulation of the test in Eq. (1).
To prove Corollary 3.1, suppose that η1 and η2 are two independent random variables with cdf (4). Then by analyzing the difference η1 − η2, it can be shown that it has cdf
which is that of a Laplace distribution. Then it follows that
where Eq. (12) has been applied, and t > 0. Thus the modulus of the difference is also exponentially distributed with unit mean.
Supposing that κ1 and κ2 are two independent random variables with cdf Eq. (13), then by statistical conditioning
and an application of Eqs. (4)–(14) shows that the ratio has cdf Eq. (11) with an evaluation of the integral. This establishes the result in Corollary 3.1, as required.
3.2. Thresholds and the CUT
Based upon Corollary 3.1 the univariate threshold for the Pareto case is given by
The threshold (Eq. (15)) illustrates the issues with the nonlinear mapping, as this threshold will be quite large for appropriate Pfa. Note that for a Pfa of 10− 6, τ = 106 − 1. This threshold will increase as the Pfa decreases. In the Pareto setting, it is shown in Ref. [20] that an ideal detector has its threshold set via β(Pfa)− 1/α. In the case where α = 4.7241 and β = 0.0446 (which correspond to spiky clutter returns) and with the Pfa set to 10− 6, this threshold is 0.8312 by contrast. Thus the nonlinear mapping, in the process of compressing the original data series, can be used to achieve the CFAR property with Eq. (10), but detection performance may be unacceptable.
To explore this further, it is informative to examine the detection scheme in Eq. (10) when there is a target model present. Suppose Ξ is the CUT statistic, in the case where a target is present in the clutter, in the pretransformed data. Let be the CUT in the transformed domain, meaning the detector Eq. (10) when there is a target present so that T is the intensity measurement of a return signal and clutter in the complex domain. Then by applying the left-hand expression for Pareto random variables in Eq. (5), we can write
where each Ej is an independent exponentially distributed random variable with unit mean. Then with an application of results from the proof of Corollary 3.1, since |E2 − E3| has the same exponential distribution, one can apply statistical conditioning on E1 and |E2 − E3| to show that the distribution function of the transformed CUT is
where the change of variables x = e− θ and y = e− φ has been applied. Thus the transformed CUT can be generated from the pretransformed CUT via Eq. (17). To examine this, Figure 1 plots Eq. (17) in the case of a Swerling 1 target model embedded within Pareto distributed clutter with α = 4.7241 and β = 0.0446. A Swerling I target model is essentially a bivariate Gaussian model, which is combined with the Pareto model by embedding the latter into a compound Gaussian process with inverse Gamma texture in the complex domain, and then taking modulus squared to produce the intensity measurement [20]. The distribution function of Ξ can also be found in Ref. [20] for the case of interest. Figure 1 shows the pretransformed CUT as well as Eq. (17), in the cases where the signal to clutter (SCR) ratio is 1, 10, 50, and 100 dB. For the case of a 1 dB target model, the CUT has its range of potential values increased under the transformation. This is also the same for the 10 dB case. Interestingly, for the 50 dB and 100 dB cases, the situation is reversed. Hence, as the SCR increases, the nonlinear mapping suppresses the target SCR, reducing the range of admissible values for the transformed CUT. This suggests that although the nonlinear mapping removes unknown clutter parameters, it may also impede detection due to target suppression. If the threshold is set via Eq. (15), then it is clear from Figure 1 that it will be very difficult to detect targets with a reasonably small Pfa. Hence, the new detection scheme must be combined with an integration process to rectify this.
4. Performance in homogeneous clutter
4.1. Methodology and data
In order to examine the performance of the proposed detection scheme (9), clutter is simulated under the assumption of a Pareto clutter model, which has been found to fit Defence Science and Technology Group's (DSTG's) real X-band maritime surveillance radar data sets. Ingara is an experimental X-band imaging radar which has provided real clutter for the analysis of detector performance [28]. A trial in 2004 produced a series of clutter sets that have been analyzed from a statistical perspective in Ref. [29]. During the trial, the radar operated in a circular spotlight mode, surveying the same patch of the Southern Ocean at different azimuth and grazing angles. Additionally, the radar provided full polarimetric data. For the purposes of the numerical work to follow, focus is restricted to one particular data set. This is run 34683, at an azimuth angle of 225°, which is approximately in the up wind direction. Additionally, the numerical analysis focuses on the horizontal transmit and receive (HH) case.
For performance analysis in homogeneous clutter, the data is simulated with distributional parameters matched to those obtained from the Ingara data set. The data consists of 821 pulses with 1024 range compressed samples, from which maximum likelihood estimates of the distributional parameters can be obtained from the intensity measurements. Under the Pareto model assumption, the estimates are and .
As remarked previously, it is necessary to couple (10) with an integration scheme to enhance its performance. The integration scheme used for this purpose is binary integration, which is well-described in Ref. [30], and an application of it in a Pareto distributed clutter environment can be found in Ref. [31]. Such a process applies a series of M ≥ 1 tests of Eq. (10), and then conclude that if at least S out of M return a detection result, then a target is likely to be present in the radar clutter [30], where S ∈ {1, 2, …, M}. Selection of an appropriate S is outlined in Ref. [31]. Essentially, it is pointed out in Ref. [32] that for a specified univariate cumulative detection probability and false alarm rate and a fixed number of maximum binary integration returns M, there exists an optimal S which minimizes the required signal to clutter ratio, and maximizes the binary integration gain. This can be done visually or numerically by plotting the minimum SCR as a function of S, under the assumption of a certain signal model. This approach, and the analysis in Ref. [31], shows that in the current context, the choice of S = 3 with M = 8 should provide good results. Relative to the problem addressed in this chapter, applying binary integration with a linear threshold detector in the transformed clutter domain is not computationally expensive, and thus is seen as a reasonable solution.
If PfaBI denotes the Pfa for binary integration, then it can be expressed in terms of the univariate detection processes Pfa through the equation
The threshold τ is set via Eq. (18) coupled with the univariate Pfa from Eq. (9).
To simulate detection performance, the probability of detection (Pd) is estimated, using 106 Monte Carlo runs based upon a Swerling 1 target model assumed for the CUT. For each SCR, the binary integration process is run using S = 3 out of M = 8 binary integration. The motivation for these choices can be found in Ref. [31]. In order to assess the robustness of the detection scheme to interference, up to two interfering targets are inserted into the clutter measurements to give an indication of the performance with interference. Thus independent Swerling 1 targets, with interference to clutter ratio (ICR) of 1 dB, are applied to Z1 (denoted Inter 1 in the plots), then to Z2 (denoted Inter 2), and then to both Z1 and Z2 (denoted Inter 3) in the univariate decision rule in Eq. (9). A real spurious target may only appear in a subset of the clutter measurements and so this analysis of interference can be viewed as an upper bound on poor performance.
4.2. Receiver operating characteristic curves
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are used to examine the performance, which plots the probability of detection as a function of the false alarm probability, when the target in the CUT is at a fixed SCR. Figures 2–4 provide examples of the performance of the new detector Eq. (10) with binary integration and compares it to the performance of some of the recently introduced detectors designed for operation in a Pareto clutter model environment. For a CUT Z and clutter range profile Z1, Z2, …, ZN, the Geometric Mean (GM) CFAR is
which is shown in Ref. [20] to have its threshold set via ζ = Pfa− 1/N − 1. Similarly, an Order Statistic (OS)-CFAR has been analyzed in Ref [22], which is given by
which has its threshold multiplier νj set via inversion of the Pfa equation given by
where the OS index 1 ≤ j ≤ N and the notation νj emphasizes the fact that νj depends on the selected OS index j. Observe that both these decision rules require a priori knowledge of β. In order to provide a valid comparison with Eq. (10), these detectors have been applied with N = 3 and coupled with binary integration. Due to this, there are three choices available for j, corresponding to a minimum (denoted MIN, when j = 1), median (MED, j = 2), and maximum (MAX, j = 3).
Figure 2 compares the performance of these decision rules, where the detection process (10) coupled with binary integration is denoted as the nonlinear mapping (NLM). In this case, the CUT SCR is 5 dB, representing a small target. As can be observed, the new decision rule has superior performance. The same experiment is repeated in Figure 3, where the CUT SCR is 15 dB, and then it is increased to 20 dB in Figure 4. These results show that the new detection process has superior performance, while not requiring a priori knowledge of the Pareto scale parameter. These results validate the application of Eq. (10) to target detection in spiky X-band clutter with binary integration.
It is interesting to note that as M is increased, there is very little gain in performance. To demonstrate this, Figure 5 repeats the same scenario in Figure 4 except M has been increased to 30. Comparing Figures 4 and 5, it is clear that there is very little gain. However, the computational complexity increases dramatically as M is increased. Hence, in a practical implementation of the binary integration process, it is more efficient to select M small.
4.3. Effect of interference
Next the cost of interference on the new decision rule is examined, and for brevity, only this decision rule is considered. Figure 6 shows the case where the CUT has SCR of 5 dB, and the decision rule (10) coupled with binary integration is denoted BI, while the three interference cases are marked appropriately. Here we observe quite good performance that decreases with the interference. Figure 7 shows the result of increasing the SCR in the CUT to 20 dB. The result is an expected detection performance improvement as shown.
5. Performance in real data
As a final test of the proposed detection scheme, it was run directly on the Ingara data set under consideration, with the insertion of synthetic Swerling 1 target and interference as for the homogeneous case. A sliding window was run across the data sequentially, and detection performance was estimated by running the 3 out of 8 detection scheme, resulting in a run length of 840,672. The Ingara data is slightly correlated from cell to cell and so the detector Eq. (9), which has threshold set via an independence assumption, becomes a suboptimal decision rule. Detection performance under both clutter model assumptions is plotted on the same ROC curve to compare performance on the real data more easily. The same scenario is repeated as for the analysis under homogeneous independent clutter.
Figure 8 shows detection performance with the CUT SCR of 5 dB, while Figure 9 repeats the same numerical experiment as for Figure 8, except the CUT has SCR of 20 dB. Comparing Figure 8 with Figure 6 we observe that the effects of correlation are having an effect on the performance in real data. The new decision rule is designed to operate in independent homogeneous clutter returns, and so there is a serious variation in performance. The same situation is observed at a larger CUT SCR (comparing Figures 9 and 7).
6. Conclusions
A nonlinear transformation was introduced and shown to remove clutter parameter dependence for a class of statistical models. This was used to formulate a simple linear threshold detector in the transformed clutter domain. Due to issues with the magnitude of detection thresholds, it was necessary to couple the approach with binary integration.
Analysis of detection performance in simulated clutter showed good detection performance. Interference had a strong impact on performance as expected. When the detection process was applied directly to real data, similar results were observed. Nonetheless, the nonlinear transformation, coupled with binary integration, resulted in reasonable detection performance while guaranteeing the CFAR property is preserved.


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Hi, I am Kerry (female) and live in Queensland Australia. I have been learning Italian now for many years and have a good grasp of higher level grammar and vocab. I can read it quite well, and understand it if not spoken in dialetic, but my continuing problem is speaking the language with confidence. I am in my 50's, have two grown sons and live with my husband. We are both lovers of all things Italian and we travel to Italy quite often (except recently with COVID :( ) I love animals, enjoy writing fiction, do volunteer work in the community as I no longer work in my profession. I want to find a conversation partner who will help me improve my flow of conversational italian and continue to gain confidence speaking the language.
Reading, writing, travelling, pets.
26 June 2020 at 07:47:34 AM
25 June 2020


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Scholastic and Early Childhood Association together bring a unique membership for children:
Scholastic-ECA Reader's Club Card
Scholastic is the world's largest publisher and distributor of children's books with operations all over the world. Scholastic India works with the mission to provide children with reading and learning opportunities that will cultivate their minds to the utmost capacity and enrich their lives.
Early Childhood Association , is India's largest ECE association (not for profit) with a membership base of over 10,000 preschools as members and also has a membership base of NGO's working in various capacity to bring quality in ECE settings.
Scholastic-ECA Reader's Club Card - An exclusive membership by Scholastic. Reading from an early age will help your child develop early literacy and communication skills, spark their imagination and stimulate their curiosity.
Scholastic-ECA Reader's Club Card is a free membership card for children of your school, this is offered only to Early Childhood Association member schools. Given below are the benefits of the Scholastic-ECA Reader's Club Card for your school and children.
A.Benefits of the card for schools:
B. Benefits of the card for kids/parents:
Avail of this exclusive offer and enrol all your children for the Scholastic-ECA Reader's Club Card Please find attached sample of the card. Fill in the attached sheet with the details of all your students and avail of the free Scholastic-ECA Reader's Club Card as a Children's day gift for the children of your school.
Once you fill up the details and send to email@example.com we will courier the physical cards to you to distribute to the children. For any queries you may call 18001031099 Toll Free.
Warm Regards,
Neeraj Jain
MD. Scholastic India


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A paralegal who drives a £30,000 Mercedes and tried to fool parking wardens with Tipp-Ex in a bid to save £9 ended up with a £780 fine.
Malikah Richards, 25, only paid £1.80 to park her white Mercedes C220 outside her boyfriend's house in Portsmouth on October 18 last year – when the day rate was £10.80.
The legal assistant used Tipp-Ex to cover up the '1' before writing '10' instead to make it look like she had paid the full fee.
But the parking wardens on patrol in the area weren't fooled and she was issued with a fine.
When she failed to pay the money, her car was impounded and she was taken to court, where she was forced to cough up £780.
Portsmouth Magistrates Court heard that Richards, of Portsmouth, Hampshire, had accumulated 27 parking fines worth a total of £2,000 since last March.
Malikah Richards, 25, only paid £1.80 to park her white Mercedes C220 outside her boyfriend's house in Portsmouth – when the day rate was £10.80
Legal assistant Richards used Tipp-Ex to cover up the '1' before writing '10' on her parking ticket instead (pictured) to make it look like she had paid the full fee
Prosecutor Ben Attrill told the court that Richards' car was impounded after the fine was not paid and eventually reclaimed by the finance company she had used to buy the car, as she had also missed payments for it.
He said: 'Portsmouth City Council parking officers were patrolling the street when they came across a Mercedes parked in a pay and display bay.
'They inspected the ticket and noticed it had been altered by Tipp-Ex and by hand using black ink.
'A parking charge notice was issued and the car was impounded. The car was not claimed but was eventually recovered by the vehicle's finance company which showed outstanding payments on the vehicle.'
Mr Attrill said police eventually got involved and arrested the defendant, who admitted she had faked the ticket when interviewed.
She told them: 'I only had enough money to pay for an hour.
When she failed to pay the money, her car (pictured being towed away) was impounded and she was taken to court, where she was forced to cough up £780
'I put Tipp-Ex and pen on the ticket to make out I'd paid for the whole day. I knew why my vehicle had been taken away.'
Richards admitted two counts of fraud for changing the ticket and then using a false one.
She told magistrates: 'I have pleaded guilty. I no longer have the vehicle. I now have a job but was not working at the time.'
Magistrates told her she had been 'silly' trying to fake the amount paid as they slapped her with a £440 fine and ordered her to pay £340.
Speaking after the case, Portsmouth City Council investigations officer Stephen Goodall said: 'The council impounded the defendant's vehicle due to the amount of outstanding penalty charge notices and debt accrued.
'She stated that she would enter a payment plan, and the vehicle was released to her but she reneged on this agreement, and continued to accrue more penalty notices in Southsea, near her boyfriend's address.'


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The final days of 2019 seem to be counting down faster than a Dick Clark ball drop, and, with winter's chill finally setting in, we've found ourselves fondly looking over a few of our stories that most made you smile. Without further ado, here are our Top 10 (see: most-clicked) stories from the last 365...
1) Apollo Dr | A Place in the Sun
As they say, "If you love something, set it free. If it comes back to you, it was meant to be." We like to think that the love affair between our COLLECTIVE and 3602 Apollo Dr is one for the ages. This stellar mid-mod in the Cove has come back to us a handful of times since our own Cody Derrick lived in it, then sold it back in 2010. Each time we hate to see it go (but we love to watch it sell). Full story here.
2) Place of Worship | Eastcapitol
When a few visionary pals spotted this listing of ours up for grabs a few years back, it was something of a diamond in the rough. The Capitol Hill home underwent a to-the-studs remodel, resulting in the stunning space that became the subject of our Place of Worship series (and--no surprise--it was snapped up again shortly after the story's publication). Shine on, you crazy diamond... Full story here.
The anthem is a labor of love, to be sure. Dreamed up over many years and shot over the last two by our favorite videographer, @patfenelon, the anthem is a stunning, 3-minute snapshot of what it is we think this little company of ours is all about. It's interesting homes, both big and small. It's life. It's laughter. It's loving where you love. Simply put, this is us...distilled down to a brief, beautiful video. Full story here.
4) Row 17 | 32 Units
We listed this project from developers Urban Alfandre and the majority of available units sold in a hurry. It's no surprise: these units are sleek, modern, open, and airy--and being perched right across the street from Sweet Lake Biscuits + Limeade certainly doesn't hurt, either. (Looking for a city spot to call your own? There are still a few of these beauties up for grabs.) Full story here.
5) We Designed It, You Can Buy It...
It was the first (of hopefully many) of its kind: a few from our real estate division purchased this unit in Central City's Premier building and elected the hand of a few from our interior design division to breathe beautiful new life into it. In short, we got to showcase all the areas of our COLLECTIVE expertise in one fell swoop: we bought it, we designed it, we sold it. Full story here.
6) Place of Worship | 11th East Live/Work
This live/work space on 1100 East stands as one of the most intentionally designed structures we've ever encountered. From the beautiful, paired-down facade to the expansive back deck, every detail here is purposeful and all-too-pretty (not to mention, we're sort of smitten with the doggo that lives inside.) Full story here.
7) Oh, Hello! | On Broadway
A complete remodel in 2018 by AnneMarie Barton Design made this lofty spot a truly immaculate lesson in living intentionally. High-end finishes meld seamlessly with the building's industrial charm, and the result is a sky-high oasis in the city's center. (Like what you see? This space is available!) Full story here.
8) Cabin Fervor | In Alta
The first in a new series showcasing the lives of those that choose to live in the thick of our Wasatch wilderness, this edition of Cabin Fervor took a peek into the life of Lincoln White and his spot in the hills of Alta. Flannels, firesides, and the distant rustling of forest friends? It's a Thoreau-ly satisfying sentiment. Full story here.
9) Maple Grove Hot Springs | Soak It In
Maple Grove Hot Springs is doing its darnedest to offer people a bit of respite from the chaotic motions of day-to-day life. Our profile on this lithium pool paradise highlighted some of the restoration efforts that were underway at the time (meaning in 2020 these folks should have some pretty awesome facilities opening up to go with the already adorable accommodations). Full story here.
10) On Roosevelt | A Brand New Deal
At fewer than 1,400 sq. ft., this tidy Liberty Park number might seem on the meek side to some, but the undeniable uniqueness and surprisingly contemporary interior made this listing on Roosevelt one of our most-clicked stories. It was fresh, it was simple...and it was gone in a hurry. Full story here.


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A Modernised Two Bedroom Detached True Bungalow set in well maintained lawned gardens with Driveway and Detached Garage. Lying just off Thornton Crescent, towards Trinity Road, the property offers easy access to the seafront and town centre. Much improved by the current owner during the last five years, the accommodation includes a Modern Kitchen and Shower Room with walk-in shower, A bay fronted Lounge/Dining Room with feature fireplace, and Two Double Bedrooms featuring fitted storage by Sharps. Offers for a quick Sale.
Via side porch with composite entrance door. Further door into the hallway, with radiator.
Front facing living room having a double glazed bay window, and further side aspect window. Two radiators, and featuring a marble fireplace incorporating a modern electric fire.
Fitted with modern cream gloss units, and contrasting work surfaces incorporating a stainless steel sink/drainer. Built-in electric oven/grill and gas hob with extractor over. Integrated washing machine, and space for a fridge/freezer. Radiator. Double glazed window to rear aspect, and access to the rear garden.
Double glazed window to rear aspect, radiator, and fitted wardrobes with co-ordinating bedside cabinets by Sharps.
A second double bedroom, with a double glazed window to front aspect, radiator, and full height fitted storage by Sharps (housing the gas central heating boiler). Loft access via drop down ladder.
Equipped with a large walk-in shower enclosure, vanity sink unit, and wc. Tiling to walls and floor, radiator, and a double glazed window to side aspect.
Approached by a driveway, the property sits in well maintained established lawned gardens. The rear includes a patio area, greenhouse and detached garage with up and over door.


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All Categories › Home & Garden › Appliances
BrewSense 10-Cup Drip Coffee Maker with Thermal Carafe
Product Description
Braun's BrewSense 10-Cup Drip Coffee Maker features a stainless steel thermal carafe that keeps your coffee hot and flavorful for up to 6 hours. The unique PureFlavor system makes your coffee at exactly the right temperature and brewing time to extract the best flavor and aroma. The moment the luscious aroma of freshly brewed coffee fills the air, you know you're going to have a satisfying cup of savory goodness. And the sleek stainless steel will look stunning in any kitchen.


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A big Welcome to Lovehart's blog.
From my little patch of Earth, a tiny corner of heaven in Devon, a diary of thoughts, questions, progress & development, highs & lows on the rollercoaster of work & life!
Please feel free to comment or get in touch so I know I am not speaking to myself!
'Monoton' Font By Vernon Adams
August 30, 2017
I started this collection in February, just before I celebrated a 'big' number Birthday. Learning unexpectedly that someone I had known from my childhood, whom I had got back in touch with about 7 or 8 years ago, Vernon Adams, designer of 'Monoton' & many of the most popular internet fonts (Oswald, Pacifico & Oxygen to name a few!) had passed away in August 2016. It would also have been his Birthday in February. I had been unknowingly using many of Vernons fonts in my work. This news has reminded me of so many crucial things this year. The importance of family, not to take people or time for granted, or even think just because you are in touch of Facebook, they are still there,the threads that connect us, how they cross often without us even being aware, to leave something I am creatively proud of behind (still working on that!) & much more. Trying to do something positive, & say thank you for the fonts I use, I am donating 20% of sales of Monoton collection on my own website in September to their fundraiser on YouCaring.
Vernon Adams, father of two, was involved in a major scooter accident in 2014. Due to the severity of his injuries, he passed away on August 24, 2016. His wife Allison was left behind with their 6-year old daughter and 14-year old son. He was 49 years old.
Front row 2nd from RHS in orange cardi me, next to Vernon Adams in blue.
Vernon Adams' Story
Vernon was the creator of many of the most popular fonts in the Google Font library. Vernon's fonts have billions of views. He was passionate about creating libre fonts (free to use with no licence) His most popular creation, Oswald, a reworking of the classic Alternate Classic typeface, has over 506.4 billion lifetime views via Google Fonts, with many of his other fonts topping the charts as well. Oxygen has 42 billion views, and Nunito, Muli, and Francois One have each been cracked the 30+ billion view count mark as well. To see just how many fonts he created and how many views each one has, check out Google Font Analytics and search for "Vernon Adams" — the results are staggering.
Vernon's family receives no royalties for his massive library of fonts. He was paid 'up-front' for his creations, which were then uploaded to the web for use without royalties. This means that Vernon Adams' surviving family no longer has his income to depend on, and there is no inbound stream of royalties available to help pay their bills. It seems he didn't have life insurance, either.
Fundraiser on YouCaring to raise funds for their family.


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- Item
- September-October 1999
Part of JHSBC Oral History Collection
Oral history interview with Sella Heller (Sarah Marion Miriam Landau), who was born in Austria, 1909 and her second marriage is to Sam Heller. In Vancouver she was involved in the United Jewish Appeal , National Council of Jewish Women, Hadassah, the Vancouver chapter of the Hebrew University, Ben Gurion University. Sella has been involved in numerous fund raising campaigns and translated her father's memoir - written in German - of being the last surviving member of the Jewish Socialist party in Crackow.


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Here's what; according to eHarmony, in regards to making an award winning online dating profile, what matters the most is your photographs. According to your level of communication and interaction drastically affects.
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If you can't take her away from the group and you still want to exchange amounts, you can reduce the pressure of her friends by turning her back. Her friends are behind her her back acts.
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This wasn't part of this plan. My hands began to shake and I did not know how to respond. All I could do was wonder what Sylvester would tell me to do then I told myself to just go with this and instantly started taking deep breaths. I heard the door open and a girl's voice say, " what's all that noise? It took a moment for me to register what was happening then it sunk it and that I thought to myself, " oh my God, it is his mommy! " As she walked towards the kitchen from down the hallway, her footsteps grew louder. " Oh, hi baby! " As she saw me standing there at the kitchen, pot in 15, she said.
" I have had it. That's it for me. No more dance. " " How come? " " Got turned down. Let us get out of this. " " Think you'll date again? " " It is doubtful. " " How many girls did you ask? " " One, but that was enough, let's go. " " So you figure you gave it the old college try. " " Sure did. " Were there some other ladies in the place? " " Oh, should have been three hundred. " " So why don't you ask them? " " Nah, forget itafter that one said no. " If you are stupid enough to limit your actions the pool of abilities will stay itty- bitty. Under some circumstances the date- pool can enlarge to additional. For instance, if you were fine to moving after a spouse that parameter could make the potential. This becomes even more glaringly apparent since so many customs dateless, state in the United States and Canada, and, in actuality, many countries, fit nicely into this category. The perils of online dating L'Anse au Griffon Québec, in many places, is fat.
Does the martyr gain management? You guessed it: through local sluts. How can you be mad at someone who is doing everything for you, who's taking good care of you? The martyr is very efficient at controlling individuals.
SparkMatch surfaced as a beta experiment of enabling users who'd taken the Match Test to search for and get each other based on their own Match Test types. SparkMatch's prevalence took off and it was re- launched because its own site, and renamed OkCupid.
The dynamic modifications: You begin to feel free to be yourself. You quit obsessing about your connection as the Chaser since you feel that the stability on your own connection. Remember that because the runner was resisting the reason why you were feeling the lively chaos because of an imbalance before the relationship, that is.


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Instructions & Tech Articles
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EngineQuest has a new version replacement head that is very durable - but should not be considered a high-performance head. It cannot even equal the stock OEM heads for airflow. And they do not accept performance modification easily or inexpensively! Some suppliers are selling the 2nd version as the original EQ heads. Be sure you know what you are getting before you buy.
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text: Selena Gomez didn't make it to the Met Gala last Monday, but she made it to Nice, France, for the Cannes Film Festival. The actress will be walking the red carpet tomorrow for The Dead Don't Die premiere, which will open the festival. That will be a ball gown-worthy, red carpet occasion. But today, Gomez chose comfort. She was shot in the Nice airport wearing a sleeveless white jumpsuit with a oversized giant cream cardigan. She finished the look with tan sunglasses:


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With a wide base that tapers and expands to a fat midsection, upon which is perched a tiny head, the Russian robot named Promobot IR77 is no C-3PO. It evokes nothing so much as an artificially intelligent snowman, down to the machine's white-as-fresh-powder paint job.
Like another famous snowman and itinerant - Frosty - the robot seems to have acquired a taste for skipping town, too.
On June 16 the robot fled its creators, as The Washington Post reported. The story goes that an engineer working at Promobot Laboratories, in the Russian city of Perm, had left a gate open. Out trundled Promobot, traveling some 150 feet into the city before running out of juice. There it sat, batteries mostly dead, in the middle of a Perm street for 40 minutes, slowing cars to a halt and puzzling traffic cops.
The prototype robot is designed for easy human interaction, with speech-recognition software, a prominent chest display and a program developed to remember specific faces. Promobot says its creation - as a "promotional robot" - would be able to perform tasks like a concierge or visitor guide. It is a member of a growing field of (often cute, often painted white) robots developed for interacting with citizens in public or in homes.
Promobot Labs is also testing the machine's ability to avoid obstacles. The autonomous avoidance, it seems, is what gave Promobot IR77 its wanderlust. According to The Post's previous report, Promobot co-founder Oleg Kivokurtsev said that when the machine escaped June 16, "the robot was learning automatic movement algorithms on the testing ground."
To some critics, the story seemed to be a promotional stunt. As the Russian engineers wrote on Facebook at the beginning of June, they plan to compete at TechCrunch's Disrupt conference in September. Was the great escape a ploy to drum up some excitement before entering a crowded startup field?
But then Promobot gave its creators the slip again. And now, its creators say, the machine might not make it to September, let alone Christmas.
Despite several rewrites of Promobot's artificial intelligence, the robot continued to move toward exits. "We have changed the AI system twice," Kivokurtsev told the Mirror. "So now I think we might have to dismantle it."
Although there are other versions in development, this malfunctioning Promobot's days look numbered. Unless, however, its fans have any sway. Maxim reports that the Promobot YouTube comment sections are filling up with supporters asking the Russian roboticists to keep the wandering robot out of the junk heap.


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Intensive animal farming or industrial livestock production , also known by its opponents as factory farming , [1] is a type of intensive agriculture , specifically an approach to animal husbandry designed to maximize production, while minimizing costs. There is a continuing debate over the benefits, risks and ethics of intensive animal farming. The issues include the efficiency of food production; animal welfare ; health risks and the environmental impact e. Intensive animal farming is a relatively recent development in the history of agriculture , and the result of scientific discoveries and technological advances. Innovations from the late 19th century generally parallel developments in mass production in other industries in the latter part of the Industrial Revolution.
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- New Report: Major disruption in food and agriculture in next decade
- Livestock production: recent trends, future prospects
- Intensive animal farming
- Dairy, Veterinary & Animal Research
- New Report: Major disruption in food and agriculture in next decade
- Meat and Dairy Production
- Animal production
- Agricultural production - livestock and meat
New Report: Major disruption in food and agriculture in next decadeVIDEO ON THE TOPIC: Agriculture: Minnesota Livestock Farmers, Beef Production
Feeding the world in a sustainable way is one of our most pressing challenges in the coming decades. Meat plays a pivotal role in this.
Meat is an important source of nutrition for many people around the world. Global demand for meat is growing: over the past 50 years, meat production has more than quadrupled. The world now produces more than million tonnes each year. But the production of meat has large environmental impacts — increasing greenhouse gas emissions , agricultural land and freshwater use. Seafood production — fish and seafood is another key source of protein and nutrition for populations across the world.
How much fish do people eat, and what are the environmental impacts? Diet compositions — varied diets are essential for good health and nutrition. But the quality and diversity of diets varies significantly across the world. What do people eat? Micronutrient deficiency — poor dietary diversity means many people lack the essential vitamins and minerals they need for good health. How common is micronutrient deficiency and who is most at risk?
In this entry we look in detail at land use across the world. Global meat production has increased rapidly over the past 50 years — as we see, total production has more than quadrupled since The chart shows global meat production by region, measured in tonnes.
Regionally, Asia is the largest meat producer, accounting for around percent of total meat production. This regional distribution has changed significantly in recent decades. In , Europe and North America were the dominant meat producers, accounting for 42 and 25 percent, respectively. In , Asia produced only 12 percent. Production increases in Asia, however, have been staggering: meat production has increased fold since Absolute increases in production in other regions have also been substantial, with output in all regions with exception to the Caribbean which approximately tripled growing more than 5-fold over this period.
However, the distribution of meat types varies significantly across the world; in some countries, other meat types such as wild game, horse, and duck can account for a significant share of total production. Although production of all major meat types have been increasing in absolute terms, in relative terms the share of global meat types have changed significantly over the last 50 years.
In , poultry meat accounted for only 12 percent of global meat production; by its share has approximately tripled to around 35 percent. In comparison, beef and buffalo meat as a share of total meat production has nearly halved, now accounting for around 22 percent. In the chart we see the global production of cattle beef and buffalo meat. Globally, cattle meat production has more than doubled since — increasing from 28 million tonnes per year to 68 million tonnes in Global production of poultry meat has increased rapidly over the last 50 years, growing more than fold between Global trends in poultry production are shown in the chart.
China and Brazil are also large poultry producers at 18 and 13 million tonnes, respectively. Collectively, Europe is also a major poultry producer with an ouput in of approximately 19 million tonnes — just below output of the United States.
China dominates global output, producing just short of half of total pigmeat in Increases in Chinese pigmeat production have been rapid, growing around fold from 1. Global population has underwent rapid growth , especially in the second half of the 20th century; we may therefore also expect the rapid growth in total meat production as explored in the sections above.
But how has meat consumption changed on a per capita basis? In the chart we see a global map of per capita meat excluding seafood and fish consumption, measured in kilograms per person per year. As a global average, per capita meat consumption has increased approximately 20 kilograms since ; the average person consumed around 43 kilograms of meat in This increase in per capita meat trends means total meat production has been growing at a much faster than the rate of population growth.
The direction and rate of change across countries has highly variable. Growth in per capita meat consumption has been most marked in countries who have underwent a strong economic transition — per capita consumption in China has grown approximately fold since ; rates in Brazil have nearly quadrupled. The major exception to this pattern has been India: dominant lactovegetarian preferences mean per capita meat consumption in was almost exactly the same as in at less than 4 kilograms per person.
Meat consumption is highest across high-income countries with the largest meat-eaters in Australia, consuming around kilograms per person in However, changes in consumption in high-income countries have been much slower — with most stagnating or even decreasing over the last 50 years. Consumption trends across Africa are varied; some countries consume as low as 10 kilograms per person, around half of the continental average.
Higher-income nations such as South Africa consume between kilograms per person. One of the strongest determinants of how much meat people eat is how rich they are. This is at least true when we make cross-country comparisons. In the scatterplot we see the relationship between per capita meat supply on the y-axis and average GDP per capita on the x-axis. What we see is a strong positive relationship: the richer a country is, the more meat the average person typically eats.
Overall, countries tend to shift upwards and to the right: getting richer and eating more meat. What preferences do we have in terms of the types of meat we eat? Consumption trends vary significantly across the world.
In China, pigmeat accounts for around two-thirds of per capita meat consumption. In Argentina, beef and buffalo meat dominates, accounting for more than half of consumption. Whilst other meat types such as wild game, horse, and rabbit meat account for a very small fraction of meat consumption at the global level, around one-quarter of meat in Gabon comes from such sources this has declined from around 70 percent in The visualization details the total number of livestock animals slaughtered for meat in the given year.
This is shown across various types of livestock. Here these figures represent the total number slaughtered for meat production which does not include those use primarily for dairy or egg production which are not eventually used for meat. In , an estimated 62 billion chickens; 1. This is not to be confused with figures above which represent the total number of livestock animals slaughtered or used for meat in any given year.
You can find data and research on fish and seafood production and consumption across the world in our entry here. This is measured in mass quantities — such as tonnes or kilograms. These sheets account for losses and allocations in the food system, including imports, exports, stock variations, seed, animal feed, other industrial uses , and food losses.
To derive the average per capita food supply, this total figure is divided by the population size. This figure can be considered to be the average level of food intake however it does not account for food wastage at the consumer level i. Feed conversion ratio FCR is used to measure the mass quantity of feed required to produce one kilogram of animal product e. For example, on average, we have to feed cattle 25 kilograms of feed to produce one kilogram of beef or buffalo meat — this would give us an FCR value of 0.
The same calculation process applies for energy conversion efficiency using caloric inputs and outputs. Environmental footprints, such as those defined as land use requirements or greenhouse gas emissions per unit mass, protein or calorie of food products are calculated using a process called life-cycle analysis LCA.
LCA methods are used to try to fully capture all environmental impacts across the value chain, and can include those up and downstream of production. This includes food chain inputs such as fertilizer production and application, seed production, energy use on-farm, feed production, manure production if used as fertilizer , manure management, farm infrastructure construction.
Life-cycle analyses LCAs attempt to fully quantity all such inputs necessary for the production of a food production. Summary The world now produces more than four times the quantity of meat as it did fifty years ago.
In , production was around million tonnes. Pigmeat is the most popular meat globally, but the production of poultry is increasing most rapidly. Tens of billions of chickens; billions of pigs; and hundreds of millions of sheep, goats and cattle are slaughtered each year for meat. The average person in the world consumed around 43 kilograms of meat in This ranges from over kg in the US and Australia to only 5kg in India.
Meat consumption increases as the world is getting richer. The world now produces around million tonnes of milk each year — more than double the amount fifty years ago. Richer countries tend to consume more milk per person. The amount of meat produced for a given animal varies significantly across the world based on production systems. Livestock production has large environmental impacts on greenhouse gas emissions, land and water use.
Beef and lamb have much larger environmental impact than pigmeat and poultry. Meat production by region. Click to open interactive version. In the chart we see how meat production has changed by livestock type since Beef and buffalo cattle meat production. Poultry production. Pigmeat production. Since , global pigmeat production has grown fold to million tonnes in Global livestock numbers over the long-term.
Number of cattle. Number of poultry birds. Number of pigs. Seafood production You can find data and research on fish and seafood production and consumption across the world in our entry here. Cattle meat per animal. Poultry meat per animal.
James R. Gillespie, the original author of this text, had extensive training and experience in the field of livestock production and agricultural education. Gillespie taught agricultural education at the high school and adult education levels. Gillespie passed away in Frank B.
Livestock production: recent trends, future prospects
The livestock sector globally is highly dynamic. In developing countries, it is evolving in response to rapidly increasing demand for livestock products. In developed countries, demand for livestock products is stagnating, while many production systems are increasing their efficiency and environmental sustainability. Historical changes in the demand for livestock products have been largely driven by human population growth, income growth and urbanization and the production response in different livestock systems has been associated with science and technology as well as increases in animal numbers. In the future, production will increasingly be affected by competition for natural resources, particularly land and water, competition between food and feed and by the need to operate in a carbon-constrained economy. Developments in breeding, nutrition and animal health will continue to contribute to increasing potential production and further efficiency and genetic gains.
Intensive animal farming
Gillespie , Frank Flanders Cengage Learning , Having undergone extensive updates, Modern Livestock and Poultry Production, 8th Edition includes current issues in animal agriculture including, biosecurity, animal ID, and vertical integration, while still incorporating vital agriscience and production information, including real-life applications, required for high school students success in the field. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version. Gillespie, the original author of this text, had extensive training and experience in the field of livestock production and agricultural education. Gillespie taught agricultural education at the high school and adult education levels.SEE VIDEO BY TOPIC: Poultry Production from Start to Finish
Feeding the world in a sustainable way is one of our most pressing challenges in the coming decades. Meat plays a pivotal role in this. Meat is an important source of nutrition for many people around the world. Global demand for meat is growing: over the past 50 years, meat production has more than quadrupled. The world now produces more than million tonnes each year. But the production of meat has large environmental impacts — increasing greenhouse gas emissions , agricultural land and freshwater use. Seafood production — fish and seafood is another key source of protein and nutrition for populations across the world. How much fish do people eat, and what are the environmental impacts? Diet compositions — varied diets are essential for good health and nutrition. But the quality and diversity of diets varies significantly across the world.
Dairy, Veterinary & Animal Research
All the contents of www. The Project envisages the development of a common methodology for the preparation, storage, dissemination and evaluation of scientific literature in electronic format. As the project develops, new journal titles are being added in the library collection. The objective of the site is to implement an electronic virtual library, providing full access to a collection of serial titles, a collection of issues from individual serial titles, as well as to the full text of articles.
Federal government websites always use a. Rangelands provide the principal source of forage for the cattle and sheep operations on thousands of American farms and ranches. As human populations increase and demand for food and energy expands, the need for forage and the other range resources will increase. The United States is the world's largest beef producer and second largest beef exporter, but significant imports of lower-valued processing beef also make it the world's largest beef importer. Milk has a farm value of production second only to beef among livestock industries. Dairy farms, which are overwhelmingly family-owned and managed, are generally members of producer cooperatives. Dairy products range from cheese, fluid milks, yogurt, butter, and ice cream to dry or condensed milk and whey products, which are main ingredients in processed foods. Poultry and egg production is expected to expand in the coming years to meet higher domestic and foreign demand.
New Report: Major disruption in food and agriculture in next decade
It presents information on livestock and meat production in the European Union EU. However, the majority of livestock were held in just a few large Member States. One fifth The pig population is relatively cyclical. The population in was back up to that of after fluctuating at lower levels in the intervening years see Figure 1. Between and , the EU population of bovine animals grew steadily, then stabilised, and fell in The population of sheep fell relatively steadily between and , before stabilising and rebounding slightly. However, the population shrank again in
Meat and Dairy Production
Livestock production is the world's largest user of land, either directly through grazing or indirectly through consumption of fodder and feedgrains. Globally, livestock production currently accounts for some 40 percent of the gross value of agricultural production. In industrial countries this share is more than half. In developing countries, where it accounts for one-third, its share is rising quickly; livestock production is increasing rapidly as a result of growth in population and incomes and changes in lifestyles and dietary habits. Growth in the livestock sector has consistently exceeded that of the crop sector. The total demand for animal products in developing countries is expected to more than double by By contrast, demand for animal products in the industrial world has been growing at low rates, and livestock production in this group of countries is expected to grow only slowly over the projection period see Table 5. Satisfying increasing and changing demands for animal food products, while at the same time sustaining the natural resource base soil, water, air and biodiversity , is one of the major challenges facing world agriculture today. Global agriculture as a whole will be increasingly driven by trends in the livestock subsector, many of which are already apparent:. Meeting these challenges raises crucial global and national public policy issues that must be addressed.
Animal production
The livestock sector is today at the epicentre of public debates in Europe and beyond. These debates have become dominated by interest groups who only want to spread myths and radical views about livestock farming. Ever increasing on social media and in the press, these myths and opinions end up portraying a picture that is in stark contrast with the reality experienced and lived every day by thousands of European farmers and professionals working with them on the ground.
Agricultural production - livestock and meat
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