text:
GOT RUM? It Is The Answer To Many Holiday Drink Questions This Season
The Three Kings Day holiday (feist of the Epiphany for the more religious amongst us) traditionally marks the end of the Christmas season in the Virgin Islands.
And especially in St. Croix, just as with Three Kings Day, there is a Spanish flare to what people drink at the holidays. For the most part if your friends are of Puerto Rican descent, you are more than likely drinking coquito this time of year. If your friends are Dominican, you are taking a shot of mamajuana.
Anyone who knows mamajuana knows that the best stuff is made locally in recycled bottles. Although its origins are from the Dominican Republic, you can buy mamajuana in the Rain Forest on St. Croix at the Montpellier Domino Club (famous for its beer drinking pigs) 340-713-9052.
Some complain that the stuff tastes too much like cough syrup, but the rum-based concoction is a delicious island favorite. Locals mix up their own versions, soaking tree bark and other Dominican herbs in rum for weeks, then adding red wine and honey. Some soak the liquid for longer than others, and everyone has their own mix of up to 16 different herbs and spices. Thus, every batch tastes slightly different.
Coquito is an egg-nog-like alcoholic beverage traditionally served in Puerto Rico. It is made with rum, coconut milk, sweet condensed milk, vanilla, cinnamon, nutmeg, and cloves – many of the same ingredients in the mamajuana – sans the milk. The drink is commonly associated with the holidays, where it is traditionally served with local food. Some of the best coquito on St. Croix is sold at Luncheria Mexican Food on Company Street in Christiansted 340-773-4247. Tell Lenny I sent you.
Another holiday drink in the Virgin Islands, straight from the bottle and not homemade is Barbados-made Ponche Kuba which many people simply drink from a small cub. It is a lightly spiced rum cream and says holiday season to many around this time of year. A good mixed drink involving Ponche Kuba involves it and Grand Marinier and other ingredients, but for the exact recipe you'll have to ask Luis at Luncheria and I believe he is only there on Thursday and Friday nights. Cruzan Rum also makes a delicious rum cream drink.
If you are on St. Croix and it is the holidays, most locals swear by Guavaberry liqueur. It is also quite popular in nearby Sint Maarten. The colonists from Denmark and Holland found that it could flavor rum by infusion similar to the way schnapps is made. My favorite drink at the holidays involves gin, guavaberry, tonic water and lime. If you keep reading the Virgin Islands Free Press hopefully I'll be able to make one before the "Christmas winds," aka the Trade Winds, leave us this season.


text:
Video Production service
Video is consumed more than any other type of content across websites and social media platforms alike. The new age of digital media has positioned video as one of the most vital aspects of proactive communications, as well as the most effective tool to gain traction and engagement on social media. Live Wire has over two decades of video production experience on its team to ensure your messages are communicated in the most compelling, visually appealing, and viewer-friendly format possible. We produce a diverse array of video content, from live events and thought leadership to corporate branding and client testimonials – and beyond.
Live Wire develops video projects from concept through the final cut, ensuring your production is seen to completion by a team that knows your messages and objectives inside and out. Our video capabilities include:
- Conceptualization, storyboarding, and scriptwriting;
- Subject research, message development, and spokesperson coaching;
- Interview direction, shot list execution, and live events;
- Graphics and digital element creation, full production and editing; and
- Distribution strategies and optimization.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Photoshop Quick Matte Tool sites:
Photoshop Quick Matte Tool search in title
Displaying 1 - 20 out of 1597 websites
WordPress › Blog Tool, Publishing Platform, and CMSwordpress.org
Amazon.ca: Online shopping in Canada - books, electronics, Kindle, home & garden, DVDs, tools,...amazon.ca Amazon.ca: Online shopping in Canada - books, electronics, Kindle, home & garden, DVDs, tools, music, health & beauty, watches, baby, sporting goods & more. Free two-day shipping with Amazon Prime.
Simple free learning tools for students and teachers | Quizletquizlet.com We make simple learning tools that let you study anything, for free.
Woot: Daily Deals for Electronics, Computers, Home, Tools, Garden, Sport, Accessories, Kids, Shirt,...woot.com Find great deals on tablets, laptops, speakers, headphones, home theater equipment, and much more. Daily deals site featuring discounts for electronics, computers, home, tools, garden, sport, accessories, kids, shirts, and wine.
LIVESTRONG.COM - Lose Weight & Get Fit with Diet, Nutrition & Fitness Tools | LIVESTRONG.COMlivestrong.com LIVESTRONG.COM offers diet, nutrition and fitness tips for a healthier lifestyle. Achieve your health goals with LIVESTRONG.COM's practical food and fitness tools, expert resources and an engaged community.
Cosmetics, Beauty Products, Fragrances & Tools | Sephorasephora.com Discover the latest in beauty at Sephora. Explore our unrivaled selection of makeup, skin care, fragrance and more from classic and emerging brands.
League of Legends Strategy Build Guides :: LoL Strategy Building Tool by MOBAFiremobafire.com Create, share and discuss strategy builds for the multi-player online battle arena, League of Legends. Fans can create team strategies, single strategies, vs strategies or theories including champion guides and rune builds. Start sharing your...
Pastebin.com - #1 paste tool since 2002!pastebin.com Pastebin.com is the number one paste tool since 2002. Pastebin is a website where you can store text online for a set period of time.
Moz: SEO Software, Tools and Resources for Better Marketingmoz.com Backed by industry-leading data and the largest community of SEOs on the planet, Moz builds tools that make inbound marketing easy. Start your free trial today!
Free Vector graphic art, free photos, free icons, free website templates, psd graphic, photoshop...all-free-download.com Huge collection of graphic resource for designer include: vector graphic art, vector images, vector illustration, free photos, free hd photo, free pictures, free website templates, free icons, psd graphic, free font, photoshop brush, photoshop...
Histats.com Counter ,the free web stats and stat counter, hit counter, free web tracker and...histats.com Histats.com, free web stats and stat counter, hit counter, free web tracker and tracking tools, stats counter
Visual Studio - Microsoft Developer Toolsvisualstudio.com Visual Studio is a comprehensive collection of developer tools and services to help you create apps for the Microsoft platform and beyond.
Software Development and Collaboration Tools | Atlassianatlassian.com Millions of users globally rely on Atlassian products every day for improving software development, project management, collaboration, and code quality.
JetBrains :: World's Leading Vendor of Professional Development Toolsjetbrains.com JetBrains, creator of the best Java IDE - IntelliJ IDEA - is a technology-leading software development firm specializing in the creation of intelligent development tools.
Kmart - Deals on Furniture, Toys, Clothes, Tools, Tablets & TVskmart.com Kmart is a nationwide retailer of electronics, toys, clothing, bedding, furniture & home decor. Buy online, pick up in store. Find nearby store locations.
The College Board - College Admissions - SAT - University & College Search Toolcollegeboard.org Get connected to your college. Find official college planning and preparation tools to help you succeed. Visit the College Board website - your inside source.
Free Web & Mobile Prototyping (Web, iOS, Android) and UI Mockup Tool | InVisioninvisionapp.com Transform your Web & Mobile (iOS, Android) designs into clickable, interactive Prototypes and Mockups. Share and Collaborate on them with others. Get it FREE forever!
WHOIS Search, Domain Name, Website, and IP Tools - Who.iswho.is Find information on any domain name or website. Large database of whois information, DNS, domain names, name servers, IPs, and tools for searching and monitoring domain names.
Popular Mechanics - Automotive Care, Home Improvement, Tools, DIY Tipspopularmechanics.com Popular Mechanics is a service magazine covering a variety of information on home improvement, automotive needs, electronics, computers, telecommunications, outdoors, fitness and science and technology. Popular Mechanics also features product...
Harbor Freight Tools – Quality Tools at Discount Prices Since 1977harborfreight.com Harbor Freight buys their top quality tools from the same factories that supply our competitors. We cut out the middleman and pass the savings to you!
Queries related to Photoshop quick matte tool
photoshop cloth removal tool, quick selection tool, quick admin tools for vb 4.x, quick pdf tools, photoshop quick mask, quick pdf tools pro v184.108.40.206, profit instruments quick index tool, quick index tool, quick indexing tool, photoshop color replacement tool, photoshop initializing type tool, quick download tools, quick backlinks tool, photoshop color match tool review, adobe photoshop elements pen tool, photoshop elements pen tool, how to flip quick select tool, quick pdf tools pro, quick picture tools, photoshop quick reference card for mac


text:
|Justin Hosten and Rachael Kaplan
photo courtesy Don Bluth Front Row Theatre
Click here for more information on this production that runs through September 28.
"You'd think that in the last 50 years we would have made some major progress as a country when it comes to race relations. Yet, seeing the stage adaptation of the 1967 film Guess Who's Coming to Dinner showed me that while much has changed in our society since the film premiered, there are still many things unresolved in a country where racially charged language, tweets and attacks are the daily norm. The play, like the film, focuses on what happens when the daughter of a white progressive family surprises her parents by bringing home her fiancé, who is a black man. To say her liberal parents aren't exactly on board with the idea would be an understatement. Don Bluth Front Row Theatre presents a perfectly cast and beautifully directed production of this still timely, thought-provoking story....Director Cheryl Schaar...and cast instill the characters with small details, pertinent glances, well timed gestures, and silent looks that bring the script and characters vibrantly to life. ...As Matt and Christina, Lee Cooley and Toni Kallen...expertly navigate their way through these very changing characters and create beautiful and realistic portrayals. Rachael Kaplan infuses Joanna with determination and optimism. ...As John, Justin Hosten does a great job in depicting the wisest member of the group, a very intelligent man who is a realist and understands exactly what he and Joanna are up against... While it's fairly clear from the beginning of the piece that love will prevail, there is enough insight, humor and heart in this wonderful production of Guess Who's Coming to Dinner to provoke conversations long after the play is over." -Gil Benbrook, Talkin' Broadway (click here to read the complete review)
"...In the context of today's racial turmoil and efforts to reverse decades of civil rights progress, one might posit that the original story line about an interracial couple wanting to wed is dated..configuring it for the stage, (Todd) Kreidler has given today's audiences substantive food for thought and reflection about the limited extent to which true progress has been made in redressing grievances, bridging the cultural gap, and washing away the nation's original sin...Director Cheryl Schaar does a yeoman's job in interpreting the playwright's intention, assembling an outstanding cast, and creating a well-paced and engaging production...For a thoroughly well-directed and well-acted play with gravitas and wit, this show rates a must-see." - Herbert Paine, Broadway World (click here to read the complete review)


text:
4 Safe and Sunny Summertime Vacation Ideas
Summer is a season for fun outdoor adventures under the blazing sun. However, the ongoing health crisis has put a serious damper on most people's summer vacation plans. But after weeks or months of enforced quarantine and staying cooped up in your own home, it's only natural to want to go on a trip. A
Visit Israel's Most Sacred Attractions
Israel has a long and storied past that intersects with the world's three biggest monotheistic religions which are Christianity, Islam and Judaism. This country is home to many sacred sites that are in the Bible, Koran and Torah. It is also a popular pilgrimage and tourist destination because of its attractions and history. One of
3 Secrets to a Longer, Healthier Life
As we get older, our bodies undergo changes that can hinder us from doing the things we love. While none of us will live forever, there are ways to extend and improve the quality of one's life. Below, we've compiled five habits that can help you live a longer, happier life. Have a balanced diet
Visit Seattle: Places of Interest for Grunge Music Fans
Seattle is famous for its coffee and architecture (the Space Needle!), But when it comes to music, it gave birth to a whole new sub-genre or, as most would call it, the "Seattle Sound" or grunge music. An anthem of Gen X, it helped launch iconic bands, such as Pearl Jam, Nirvana, Soundgarden, Alice In
Franchisee Blunders to Avoid at All Costs
So you want to start a business by buying a franchise? This is an excellent opportunity that allows you to invest your hard-earned money in an already successful business model. You get to pursue a passion and earn more money to help you grow your wealth. When buying a franchise, it pays that you do
3 Things People Often Get Wrong About Veganism
The Vegan Society revealed that in just five years – from 2012 to 2017 – veganism has impressively quadrupled in popularity. In 2017, there has been an increased in demand for food items that are meat-free – a whopping 927%! Because plant-based diets are not going to lose their popularity anytime soon, people need to


text:
Unlike many other museums, the Porsche Museum stands for joie de vivre and variety. It will retain its commitment to the long-established philosophy of the "Museum on Wheels" and will utilise, enhance, and expand the newly designed exhibition in Zuffenhausen.
Instead of a conventional static exhibition, the Porsche Museum is thus a constantly changing feast. The regular re-arrangement and re-combining of exhibits reflect the self-image of a modern company which thrives on the tension between tradition and innovation.
With the "Museum on Wheels" Porsche is taking a route no one else has travelled. Even the classic vehicles of the museum's collection are serving the purpose for which they were built in the first place: driving!
About 50 years separates the Boxster Bergspyder and the 909 Bergspyder from one another. Both were built with the same target: maximum weight reduction.
Our opening hours are Tuesdays to Sundays from 9 a.m. – 6 p.m.
Porscheplatz 170435 Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen
National calls +49 (0)800 - 356 0911International calls 0049 (0) 711 - 911 20911
Until further notice we will not take any booking requests for factory tours in 2020. If you would like to make an inquiry for 2021, please do so from November 2020. We ask for your understanding and look forward to welcoming you soon.
Upcoming events
The restart of the museum operations are in line with the requirements of the Federal Government and the State of Baden-Württemberg for protection against infection with the coronavirus. This includes, for example, a new guidance system in the entire building to ensure a minimum distance of 1.50 m between visitors. We kindly ask for your understanding that for your protection and that of our employees, we will limit the access by having 250 visitors in the museum at the same time.
We also provide face masks and disinfectants during your visit at the Porsche museum. In order to ensure that everything runs smoothly on site and that the specifications are respected, we would ask you to follow the illustrated instructions both in front of as well as in the Porsche Museum.
© 2020 Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG. Legal notice.Privacy Policy.


text:
Uniting Church Involvement
"In 2015, the 14th Assembly of the Uniting Church in Australia agreed to support Constitutional Recognition as a "step towards and not a blockage to the larger issues of sovereignty and treaty." The 14th Assembly also committed to work with the Uniting Aboriginal and Islander Christian Congress to "educate members of the Church about the need for a treaty" and to highlight issues faced by First Peoples."
Media Statement by Stuart McMillan, President, Uniting Church in Australia Assembly 17th March 2016
The decision of Assembly
- a) note the decision of the Northern Regional Council of Congress that it:
(i) Acknowledges that Arnhem Land was not conquered or occupied by foreigners in the colonial era, nor succeeded by a foreign jurisdiction through a treaty;
(ii) Acknowledges that the Maḏayin system of law, that pre-existed the Australian system of law, remains the properly constituted, law of the land" in Arnhem Land;
(iii) Acknowledges that it is through the Maḏayin system of law that Arnhem Land has Mägaya- peace, order, and good government;
(iv) Acknowledges that the Maḏayin system of law is dhapirrk consistent in its statutes; is guarded by the Yothu Yindi separation of powers; is stewarded through our lawful authorities and government; and is revealed by the Creator to the Givers of Law:- Djaŋ"kawu and Barama Ḻany"tjun;
(v) Acknowledges that although our Arnhem Land members are granted Australian citizenship at birth they are first subject to the Maḏayin system of law, and as such, will endeavour to fulfill the Maḏayin system of law in all its workings in Arnhem Land, unless morally irresponsible;
(vi) Acknowledges that the Australian system of law now plays a secondary role in Arnhem Land towns;
(vii) Will work to try and enhance collaboration between the Australian system of law and the Maḏayin system of law, within Arnhem Land;
(vii) Acknowledges that if the people of Arnhem Land are to have the freedom and scope to live, think, and develop in a way that suits them they need an internationally recognisable treaty protecting this right;
(viii) Supports the historical and continuing request for a treaty between the tribes of Arnhem Land and the Australian Government, that recognises inalienable tribal land ownership and the jurisdiction of the Maḏayin system of law, including its institutions, and its authorities; and
(ix) Will assist advocacy attempts to achieve (vii) and (viii).
- b) Refer the decision of NRCC in relation to the Yolngu Nations Assembly call for a treaty to the Standing Committee and request that it to work with Congress to give further consideration to the request for support for a treaty for the tribes of Arnhem Land.
Arnhem Land is roughly the area designated by the former Arnhem Land Aboriginal reserve, covering the North Eastern portion of the Northern Territory, and amongst others includes the Yolngu and Bininj peoples who were strongly involved in the Methodist Overseas Mission towns of this region.
The Uniting Church has a strong ongoing relationship with the people of Arnhem Land due to its missionary history in the region, originally under the organisation of the Methodist Oversees Mission. The Uniting Church had missionary communities at South Goulburn Island, Croker Island, Millingimbi, Ramingining, Galiwinku, Gapuwiyak and Yirrkala. Today the church still has a strong affiliation with these communities, as well as Maningrida.
When the church left their missionary communities, handing them over to the control of community councils, it was supposed that this would assist the local people in achieving greater self-determination, self-management and independence. Notwithstanding the achievement of the Northern Territory Land Rights Act (1976), it is now clear that this ideal did not eventuate as successive Northern Territory and Australian Governments have eroded community control and discarded any collaboration with traditional law, institutions, customs and conventions (the Maḏayin system of law). The 2006/ 2007 Federal Government Emergency Response encapsulates this but NT government policies are also evidence of this disempowerment, including the defunding of homelands, the defunding and banning of Bilingual education, and the forced seizure of community council assets and the declaration of super shires.
The Federal Crimes Act has banned the consideration of traditional aboriginal law or custom in the judgment of crime and since 2007 police stations have been established in many more former missions to enforce Australian law.
In the meantime, and under pressures from exploitative business agents, both Federal and Northern Territory governments are moving to weaken the NT Land Rights Act.
What we are witnessing in Arnhem Land is the movement of colonisation achieved in the south a hundred and fifty years or more ago.
Among Arnhem Land people the missionary past is viewed mostly as a time of promise and hope. The Methodist Missionaries came with a general respect for culture, tried to empower indigenous people in town governance, and taught skills of the industrialised world. They are also respected for introducing Jesus to Arnhem Land, which by Gods hand enabled a revelation of the personal Creator as yet unknown. Yet another story underlies this, a strong question is developing. Were the missionaries a cavalcade of "peace" to fool Arnhem Landers into trusting foreigners? Were the missionaries responsible for opening a pathway to exploitation, as cultural supplanters with a smile?
Recognition of First Nations Peoples in the Australian constitution is important, but it is a mistake for the church to make a false divide between this issue and the ongoing and drastic needs of the North to have their sovereignty needs dealt with. Why cannot "Recognise" and "Treaty" advocacy work together? Shouldn't the two movements inform each other in praxis?
The people of Arnhem Land need a treaty as soon as possible to protect their rights to live the life God meant for them. This is only possible with a treaty that recognises inalienable tribal land ownership and the Maḏayin system of law.
If Arnhem Land does not get this then Australia is guilty of continuing colonial expansionism, and the church is guilty of assisting this agenda. Living blood is on our hands.
This request builds on the 1988 Barunga Statement, the 1998 Miwatj Petition, and the 2008 Yirrkala Bark Petition.


text:
Hello Guys!!
Did we offend God to have blessed Africans with useless Leaders?
Imagine, Burundi have not recorded any case of Coronavirus because of this
Madness abi? That's exactly what I said too after reading the News on Social media.
ALSO READ: BREAKING!! Panic as Coronavirus Cases In Nigeria Hit 65 (Read Details)
Guys, please
What Do You Have To Say About Burundi?
Let's hear from you all.
Drop your comments
Always visit HappiGist.com for more post…
Connect with us on our Social media Pages to get our daily Updates
⇒ Click HERE to Follow us on Facebook
⇒ Click HERE to Follow us on Twitter
⇒ Click HERE to Follow us on Instagram
⇒ Click HERE to Follow us on LinkedIn


text:
Jessi latina I Searching Dating
But with time, the reason behind eating my ice cream has changed.
|Relationship Status:
|I Am Wanting Man
|New York, NY
|Ultra long
|Relation Type:
|Single Bored Looking For New Friend
Views: 8717
Offering exclusive content not available on Pornhub. The Pornhub team is always updating and adding more porn videos every day. We have a jessi latina free DVD selection that you can download or stream.
Pornhub is the most complete and revolutionary porn tube site. We offer streaming porn videos, downloadable Jessi latina, photo albums, and the number 1 free jessi latina community on the net.
We're always working towards adding more features that will keep your love for porno alive and. For the safety and privacy of your Pornhub account, remember to never enter your password on any site other than pornhub.
For your safety and privacy, this link has been disabled. I understand.Bulgarian Escorts London
Logging in Remember me on this computer not recommended on public or shared computers. Latina pornstar bounces.
Amateur smalltits jizzed. Lovely jessi latina butt latina Jessi gets fucked for money. Throat Choking Black Cock.
Skinny latina teen Jessie getting her pussy fucked hard by the horny school prin. Jessie Fontana choked jessi latina pussy smashed. Jessi comienza su carrera pornsta.Reliable Professional Man Wants A Girlfriend
Auditioning babe rides black cock in office. Busty amateur babe drilled by pawn dude.
Latina Jessi enjoys a hardcore sex in the pawnshop. Latina working out gets her sexy ass teased in POV. Remove ads Jessi latina by TrafficFactory.
Type Straight Gay Shemale. Related searches jessi foster jessi backroom jessi casting jessi foster jessi anal brandy bae jessi latina jessica nigri jessi pawn jessica robbin abby rose jessi latina casting auslanderin jessica selena santana lilith shayton jessica latina katja jessi latina tow truck a lot of cum gaming jessi latina backroom casting brcc latina jessy jessica alba latina jessi nicole ray pawn shop jessi el rancho de las conejas chimbote brcc jessie latina More Related Pornstars.
Sarah Jessie. Danika Mori. Jessie Lee.


text:
Great small kitchen table ideas all storage bed kitchen tables for small apartments. Unique small kitchen tables small kitchen tables ideas. Inexpensive high bar tables bar high tables bar high kitchen tables new co small dinette. Small kitchen tables with storage small kitchen remodeling ideas. Bar height tables chairs kitchen ideas, kitchens with tables as bar kitchen breakfast bar table kitchen bar tables and chairs.
Short Link


text:
Bernard, Claude
- born July 12, 1813, Saint-Julien, Francedied Feb. 10, 1878, ParisFrench physiologist.He taught at several major French institutions and was named a senator in 1869. He discovered the role of the pancreas in digestion, the glycogenic function of the liver in carbohydrate metabolism, and blood-supply regulation by the vasomotor nerves. He helped establish the principles of experimentation in the life sciences, including the need for a hypothesis. His concept of the internal environment of the organism led to the present understanding of homeostasis. Bernard also studied the effects of such poisons as carbon monoxide and curare. He was awarded the grand prize in physiology three times by the Académie des Sciences.
* * *▪ French scientistIntroductionborn July 12, 1813, Saint-Julien, Francedied Feb. 10, 1878, ParisFrench physiologist known chiefly for his discoveries concerning the role of the pancreas in digestion, the glycogenic function of the liver, and the regulation of the blood supply by the vasomotor nerves. On a broader stage, Bernard played a role in establishing the principles of experimentation in the life sciences, advancing beyond the vitalism and indeterminism of earlier physiologists to become one of the founders of experimental medicine (medicine, history of). His most seminal contribution was his concept of the internal environment of the organism, which led to the present understanding of homeostasis—i.e., the self-regulation of vital processes.Early training.Bernard's father, Pierre, was a winegrower; his mother, Jeanne Saulnier, was of peasant background. When Claude was very young, his father failed in a wine-marketing venture and tried to make ends meet by teaching school. Despite his efforts, the family never prospered, and when he died, the survivors were left in debt. Educational opportunities were scarce for a poor winegrower's son in the France of Louis XVIII. The boy studied Latin with the local priest and then was enrolled in a Jesuit-conducted school at Villefranche, where no natural science was taught. At 18 Bernard ended his secondary schooling at Thoissey without a diploma and was apprenticed to an apothecary in a Lyon suburb.Bernard's days were spent in menial tasks relieved by errands to a veterinary school or, on his rare times off, by visits to a theatre. He wrote a playlet, La Rose du Rhône, now lost, and then began writing Arthur de Bretagne, a historical drama in five acts. His employer was not pleased, however, and the apprenticeship came to a halt, the youth returning home in July 1833. By November 1834 he was in Paris with the completed manuscript of Arthur de Bretagne and a letter of introduction. The literary critic Saint-Marc Girardin read his play and advised him to try medicine instead of playwriting.Bernard enrolled that same winter in the Faculty of Medicine in Paris and, in due course, was admitted as an extern in the hospitals. Outwardly reserved and even shy at that time, he had an inner strength that was to overcome poverty and discouragements. Of 29 students passing the examination for the internship, Bernard ranked 26th. Serving in Paris hospitals were the celebrated doctors Pierre Rayer and François Magendie (Magendie, François), and Bernard studied under the latter at both the Hôtel-Dieu and the Collège de France. Magendie noticed Bernard's skillful dissections and took him on as a research assistant.Bernard became involved in Magendie's research on spinal nerves. His first publication dealt with the chorda tympani (a branch of the facial nerve), while his medical dissertation was devoted to the function of the gastric juice in nutrition (1843). These maiden publications were prophetic, for much of his later research concerned neurology and metabolism. Failing in the examination that would have qualified him to teach in the medical school, he collaborated with others in research on digestion and on the exotic poison curare, thus treading two paths that would lead him to fame. He was rather old at the age of 31 to be content with a research assistantship, however, and resigned the position late in 1844. Left in financial straits, he turned his thoughts again toward medical practice.To save his research career, a friend arranged a marriage of convenience for him with Marie-Françoise Martin, daughter of a Paris doctor. The marriage brought him a dowry of 60,000 francs but was destined to be painfully unhappy. Their separation was to follow his election to the French Academy late in life.Research on the pancreas and the liver.In 1847 Bernard became Magendie's deputy at the Collège de France. This period was marked by a veritable explosion of discoveries, beginning in 1846, when Bernard solved the mystery of the carnivorous rabbits. Puzzled one day by the chance observation that some rabbits were passing clear—not cloudy—urine, just like meat-eating animals, he inferred that they had not been fed and were subsisting on their own tissues. He confirmed his hypothesis by feeding meat to the famished animals. An autopsy of the rabbits yielded an important discovery concerning the role of the pancreas in digestion: (digestion) the secretions of the pancreas broke down fat molecules into fatty acids and glycerin. Bernard then showed that the principal processes of digestion take place in the small intestine, not in the stomach as was previously believed.His work on the pancreas led to research on the liver, culminating in his second great discovery, the glycogenic (glycogen) function of the liver. In 1856 Bernard discovered glycogen, a white starchy substance found in the liver. He found that this complex substance was built up by the body from sugar and served as a storage reserve of carbohydrates that could be broken down to sugars as needed, thereby keeping the sugar content of the blood at a constant level. Bernard's discovery showed that the digestive system not only breaks down complex molecules into simple ones but also does the opposite, building up complex molecules from simpler ones. Simultaneously, he was nearing his third great achievement—explanation of the regulation of the blood supply by the vasomotor nerves. He discovered in this regard that the vasomotor nerves control the dilation and constriction of blood vessels in response to temperature changes in the environment. For example, in cold weather the blood vessels of the skin constrict in order to conserve heat, while in hot weather they expand to dissipate excess heat. This control mechanism, like the glycogenic functions of the liver, illustrates how the body maintains a stable internal environment in the midst of changing external conditions—a fundamental phenomenon known as homeostasis.Bernard also conducted important studies on the effects of such poisons as carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide poisoning) and curare on the body. He showed that carbon monoxide could substitute for oxygen and combine with hemoglobin, thereby causing oxygen starvation. His experiments with curare showed how this dread poison causes paralysis and death by attacking the motor nerves, while having no effect on the sensory nerves. He demonstrated that, because of this selectivity, curare could be used as an experimental tool in differentiating neuromuscular from primary muscular mechanisms.Recognition and later work.Within less than a decade, from obscurity in the shadow of Magendie, he had risen to a commanding position in science. In 1854 a chair of general physiology was created for him in the Sorbonne, and he was elected to the Academy of Sciences. When Magendie died in 1855, Bernard succeeded him as full professor at the Collège de France. No laboratory had been provided for Bernard at the Sorbonne, but the French emperor Napoleon III, after an interview with him in 1864, remedied the deficiency, at the same time building a laboratory at the Museum of Natural History of the Jardin des Plantes. In 1868 Bernard left the Sorbonne to accept a newly established professorship in general physiology at this museum.Magendie's empirical method of conducting experiments without a guiding hypothesis was by then out of date, partly as a result of his own discoveries. Bernard's historic role was to demonstrate the experimenter's need for a guiding hypothesis to be either confirmed or refuted by the results.For various reasons, a shift was occurring in Bernard's scientific interests. The productive researcher was turning into a philosopher of science. Failing health after 1860 led him to spend more time at Saint-Julien, less time in the laboratory. Bernard suffered apparently from chronic enteritis, with symptoms affecting the pancreas and the liver. By way of compensation, the enforced leisure left him time for reflection, out of which would come his masterpiece, Introduction à la médecine expérimentale (1865; An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine).This work was planned as a preface, if a very long one, to a work of greater magnitude, never completed. Bernard's aim in the Introduction was to demonstrate that medicine, in order to progress, must be founded on experimental physiology. The other points in his argument are that (1) the physical and chemical sciences provide the foundation for physiology, although it is not reducible to them; (2) the notion of "vital force" does not explain life; (3) vivisection is indispensable for physiological research; and (4) biology depends on recognizing that the processes of life are mechanistically determined by physico-chemical forces. Still germane for modern science is his presentation of the concept of the milieu intérieur, or "internal environment," of the body.The book brought new honours to Bernard, notably election to the French Academy in 1868. His friends included such literary figures as Ernest Renan, Hippolyte Taine, and the Goncourts, besides such scientists as Louis Pasteur and Marcellin Berthelot.The most renowned of the students trained by Bernard were Albert Dastre, Paul Bert, and Arsène d'Arsonval. Bert succeeded Bernard in the Sorbonne when the latter transferred to the Museum of Natural History in 1868. Bernard's own experiments were taking new directions. The phenomena common to animals and plants formed the subject of lectures published posthumously. He also began research on fermentation. His findings were published after his death by Berthelot and, because they conflicted with Pasteur's views, cast a cloud over the microbe hunter's memory of his late colleague.Bernard's health had declined precipitously in the autumn of 1877. On New Year's Day he caught cold, and shortly afterward inflammation of the kidneys set in. Soon he was confined to his bed. At his death Bernard was accorded a funeral arranged and financed by the government, the first ever granted to a scientist in France.Reino Virtanen Ed.Additional ReadingJ.M.D. Olmsted, Claude Bernard, Physiologist (1938), is the fullest biography; it may be supplemented by J.M.D. Olmsted and E. Harris Olmsted, Claude Bernard & the Experimental Method in Medicine (1952, reissued 1961); Reino Virtanen, Claude Bernard and His Place in the History of Ideas (1960); and Frederic Lawrence Holmes, Claude Bernard and Animal Chemistry: The Emergence of a Scientist (1974), treating his work during the period 1842–48.
* * *
Universalium. 2010.
Look at other dictionaries:
Bernard, Claude — Médico francés nacido en 1813. Es considerado el fundador de la medicina experimental y a lo largo de su carrera demostró la participación del páncreas en la digestión de los lípidos y la función glicogénica del hígado, introduciendo el concepto… … Diccionario médico
BERNARD Claude — (1813 1878) (retrato) [véase http://www.iqb.es/historiamedicina/personas/bernard.htm]: Médico y fisiólogo fránces del siglo XIX célebre por sus estudios sobre el metabolismo de la glucosa biografía [véase… … Diccionario médico
Bernard, Claude — • French ecclesiastic (1588 1641) • French physiologist (1813 1878) Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006 … Catholic encyclopedia
Bernard, Claude — (1813 1878) physiologist Regarded as a founder of experimental medicine, Claude Bernard was born in Saint Julien, Rhône. He received his early education in the humanities and only after 1834 enrolled in medical school. Bernard obtained a… … France. A reference guide from Renaissance to the Present
Bernard , Claude — (1813–1878) French physiologist Bernard, the son of a poor wine grower from St. Julien, began writing plays to earn money but turned to medicine on the advice of a literary critic. His first experiences of medicine were discouraging but,… … Scientists
Bernard,Claude — Ber·nard (bĕr närʹ), Claude. 1813 1878. French physiologist noted for his study of the digestive and nervous systems. * * * … Universalium
Bernard, Claude — ► (1813 78) Médico y fisiólogo francés, creador de los modernos métodos de la fisiología de laboratorio. Se le considera el fundador de la medicina experimental y de la fisiología moderna. Demostró la acción del jugo pancreático en la digestión… … Enciclopedia Universal
Bernard, Claude — (France) Watercolorist. Reproductions: [Man using his penis as a golf club]; ink; Kronhausen, 1973: p. 41 [B]. [Nude women whipped before a group of nuns]; 1870; watercolor; Hill, 1996: p. 39 … Dictionary of erotic artists: painters, sculptors, printmakers, graphic designers and illustrators
BERNARD, CLAUDE — a distinguished French physiologist, born at St. Julien; he studied at Paris; was Majendie s assistant and successor in the College of France; discovered that the function of the pancreas is the digestion of ingested fats, that of the liver… … The Nuttall Encyclopaedia
Bernard Claude Panet — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Panet. Bernard Claude Panet Mgr Bernard Claude Panet (1753 1833) fut archevêque de … Wikipédia en Français


text:
Why I scared myself silly doing a handstand on a knife-edge in Peru
Di Westaway | Chief Adventure Chick | Wild Women On Top
Turns out you don't have to dive with white pointers or ski naked off Mt Everest to get a thrill from adventure. Research shows just climbing trees, jumping garden beds, cartwheeling beaches or leaping logs can make you heathier, happier and more resilient.
But, I went upside down on a knife-edge mountain top because it made me feel better.
Too much time on Facebook convinced me everybody was having more fun than me and I felt miserable. Everybody was on a sailboat in the Bahamas, watching the sunrise on a tropical island, looking glamourous at a barefoot beach party or camping out on a cliff top under the light of a full moon.
While I was drowning in an ocean of emails, deadlines, balance sheets, planning templates and mother guilt that just wouldn't shift.
It's that feeling that I'm not doing enough, not being enough, not helping enough, and not mothering enough. I've always worked hard but sometimes I set the bar too high for my health.
Not every day. But sometimes.
I know the best solution for me is to get moving outside, feel the breeze in my hair, the sun on my skin. Even for just ten minutes. And when that isn't enough, I need an adventure.
Adventure motivated me to squeeze in a bit of hiking, cycling, kayaking, yoga and rock climbing every week and finally fly to Peru with a bunch of girlfriends to do a handstand on a knife edge.
And I've just found some scientific evidence showing that active adventures help us all feel happier.
Swiss research just published in the Sports Medicine Journal shows that adventurous physical activity is not only good for you, but it can give you stronger thighs, better dodging skills (handy on the road), a healthier heart, a confidence kick, more bendy bits and more sparkle. This keeps you young.
The new study shows active adventure improves well-being and can transform your life. It also makes you smile and think happy thoughts as well as helping you achieve goals, be friendlier, banish boredom, boost bravery and elicit exhilaration.
As an adventure health coach, I see this stuff every day in my clients but it's still a juggle to make it a habit in my own life.
Meta-analyses of hundreds of adventure education studies show that adventure programs facilitate positive health and well-being outcomes.
Most people think of adventure as a risky or dangerous activity and dismiss it as something for radical thrill seekers. But adventurous physical activities like hiking or kayaking are really good for us. You don't have to risk your life to experience a heap of health benefits.
Our Coastrek adventures help tens of thousands of women get into adventure every year just by walking 30 or 60km along a coast with their friends. Over 98 percent of then finish the challenge and 70 percent of them say they feel awesome.
This is not an accident. It's because adventure connects to our primal DNA and brings a whole host of happy hormones bubbling to the surface.
But don't take my word for it. Ask a doctor. Dr Robert Grenfell, Health Director from the CSIRO says . "Adventurous physical activities like the Coastrek challenge can create sustained behavioural change and lift people's mood because they are doing an activity that's intrinsically good for them. And it's fun so they want more of it."
Here's what you can to this week:
- Have a daily micro-adventure like skipping to your local park, swinging in a tree, leaping a fence or rolling down a grassy slope or surfing.
- Have a mini-adventure on the weekend like mountain biking trails, kayaking down a river or scampering rock ledges. This can lead you to a bigger adventure like an overnight hike or a long distance trek.
- Plan a macro-adventure like a girls weekend hiking or an overnight camp/kayak trip
Adventure isn't just for hard core extremists. It's a state of mind, so try it, you'll like it.


text: In 1995, our expansion takes another step forward when Dr. Brian Jewart joins the Practice. His fellowship training in vitreo-retinal diseases and surgery provides our patients with the latest developments for treating diabetic eye disease and age-related macular degeneration. Dr. Jewart, the first vitreo-retinal surgeon in Western Pennsylvania, is one of the first in the country to perform retinal procedures in an outpatient setting.


text:
FRIENDS OF BILSTON TOWN HALL was formed 7 years ago in order to bring cinema to Bilston Town Hall for the benefit of local townspeople.
In 2019, as part of the Bilston in Bloom competition, the group undertook to tidy and replant a neglected section of the gardens adjacent to the Town Hall. We removed all the weeds, brambles and anti-social detritus, raising funds to transform the previously abandoned eyesore into a pleasant, cultivated area. It was very rewarding being made aware by the comments of passers-by of the pride and interest that the gardens raised in the immediate locale. Due to the help and support of James Beattie Trust our group can continue to improve our specified area within Bilston during 2020 and beyond.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE CONTACT OUR WEBSITE www.friendsofbilstontownhall.co.uk
or phone 07855 817596


text:
All your COVID-19 essential updates in one place here – let's get you back to business
Since the government published its 50-page roadmap to gradually ease lockdown, many businesses have turned their attention to changes they may need to make to put them in the strongest position coming out of the coronavirus crisis.
This could include changes to employees' terms and conditions, restructuring the business to combine roles or replacing existing roles with new, more appropriate ones or reducing headcount through redundancy. Changes driven by genuine business need and executed fairly can be accomplished without putting your business at further risk, but there are some key things to bear in mind.
In this guide, our HR & Employment Law experts outline the most essential considerations you need to make if you're planning on making changes to your business.
To download your free copy today, simply enter your details in the form opposite.
40,000 happy clients
24/7 support & advice
300,000+ annual pieces of advice
Copyright © 2020 Citation Ltd. Terms and Conditions. Citation Limited Privacy Information.


text:
What Causes Lichen Planus is a frequently identified proposal because it is important to Laser Treatment For Lichen Sclerosus, Lichen Amyloidosis Homeopathic Treatment, and Lichen Amyloidosis Treatment.
Notably, this scientific website is seeking to produce an instructive and an empowering resource, and carefully pursuing to facilitate afflicted people to gather energizing information, linked to natural cures for grave symptoms, to go over directly with their personal medical providers.
Primarily, we wish to share with you momentous, breaking scientific research. Such report illuminates little understood medical conditions aggravating most persons in the USA, in Britain, and in all of Europe. These individuals are bothered by annoying diseases. Moreover, 99% of these people are not diagnosed accurately. Not a lot of people know that.
Lichen Planus Skin Disease Cure Homeopathy
Certain doctors have managed some of these syndromes for years. Even several standard health care providers now comprehend the causes of certain syndromes. Such doctors are no longer caring for these problems endlessly with medications. What I mean is with corticosteroids, cancer medicines, and anti-inflammatory drugs. These drugs usually hide the syndrome but damage the immune system because of bad adverse effects.
Completely, our goal is helping to furnish an educational and a helpful website, and carefully endeavoring to assist anguishing people to gain enlivening intelligence, linked to fortuitous cures for long-standing syndromes, to review conveniently in person with their primary medical doctors.
Lichen Sclerosus Caused By Stress
Might this be an issue: What Causes Lichen Planus?
It is very likely that your own medical doctor will immediately become discerning with the treatment for your appropriate disorder and help you back to good health.
- How To Cure Lichen Planus Naturally.
- How To Cure Lichen Sclerosus.
- How To Get Rid Of Lichen Sclerosus Naturally.
Lichen Planus Lips Treatment is a basic supplication by reason of the point that it is related to Lichen Planus Mouth Causes, Lichen Planus Mouth Natural Treatment, and Lichen Planus Nails Causes.
What Causes Lichen Planus
One does not need to adhere to the word of dozens of practitioners that have managed thousands of sufferers. The thing that is most important is that you may test the results personally!
As a result, this makes these syndromes get worse. Meanwhile, the medications destroy the immune system and set off disturbing consequences. This progresses to a downhill way of misery, suffering, deleterious health, and certain demise, ignoring the monstrous monetary setback.
Lichen Planus Skin Treatment
Importantly, we wish to bring you significant, startling messages. This research presents little understood health conditions troubling many persons in the USA, in the UK, and in most of the European countries. These individuals are ravaged by life-threatening diseases. Moreover, 99% of these people are never diagnosed correctly. Very few people realize this.
Lichen Planus Tongue Home Remedy
Realize that you can most assuredly live a normal life minus depression, pain, and fatigue. Do not give up! You can cure many of your medical diseases!
Lichen Sclerosus Alternative Treatment
Solely, we are attempting to furnish a scholastic and an encouraging site, and sincerely striving to aid anguishing people to become aware of life-changing details, relevant to extraordinary cures for grim syndromes, to talk about directly in person with their current health providers.
Lichen Planus Over The Counter Treatment is a basic supplication thanks to the reason that it is crucial when relating to Lichen Planus Pigmentation Treatment, Lichen Planus Pigmentosus Causes, and Lichen Planus Pigmentosus Face Treatment.
Lichen Planus Tongue Treatment - Lichen Planus Treatment
Some providers have dealt with some of these diseases for a decade. Even some conventional providers now discern the peril of certain diseases. Such providers are not caring for these symptoms uninterrupted with drugs. By this I mean with corticosteroids, anti-cancer medications, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Such medications usually conceal the disease signs but destroy the other parts of the body due to troublesome adverse effects.
How To Cure Lichen Planus
Simply, we are attempting to bestow an instructive and an uplifting website, and sincerely endeavoring to facilitate suffering men and women to gain comforting enlightenment, linked to uncommon cures for severe syndromes, to review conveniently with their primary doctors.
Maybe have you a while ago had a cold virus? Probably did you heal from the issue? Certainly you did! You can't heal a common cold itself, nevertheless your system usually establishes resistance to a particular cold virus within several weeks. We call that being healed by your very own immune response!
Lichen Planus Pigmentosus Home Remedies is an habitual solicitation thanks to the reason that it has relevance to Lichen Planus Pigmentosus Treatment, Lichen Planus Pigmentosus Treatment Homeopathy, and Lichen Planus Remedies.
Lichen Planus Treatment By Baba Ramdev - Lichen Planus Treatment Cream
And definitely you will possibly acquire an additional cold virus, since there remain 300 different cold viruses. Yet you will unlikely get the same cold infection that you had in the past because you have actually developed resistance to that virus.
Lichen Planus Treatment In Ayurveda - Lichen Planus Treatment In Bangalore
Alternative health practitioners have dealt with certain conditions for a decade. Even several traditional health care providers are beginning to realize the disaster of certain syndromes. These doctors are not treating these manifestations endlessly with medications. I mean with steroids, anti-cancer medications, and anti-inflammatory medicines. Such medicines usually cover up the disease symptoms but damage the immune system because of bad adverse results.
Lichen Sclerosus Causes
Why is this a problem: What Causes Lichen Planus?
Purely, our goal is attempting to provide an academic and an elucidating website, and eagerly pursuing to allow distressed persons to gain encouraging scientific knowledge, related to natural cures for long-standing problems, to cover directly in person with their personal medical practitioners.
- How To Treat Lichen Planus Marks.
- How To Treat Lichen Planus Naturally.
- How To Treat Lichen Sclerosus.
Realize that you can most likely enjoy a normal life minus depression, discomfort, and weakness. Do not give up! You can relieve many of your medical conditions!
Lichen Planus Treatment In Homeopathy - Lichen Planus Treatment In Kerala
One does not need to adhere to the experience of hundreds of doctors that have treated thousands of people. The thing that matters most is that you may test the results yourself!
How Do You Treat Lichen Sclerosus - How I Cured My Lichen Planus
What is What Causes Lichen Planus?
As a result, this makes these diseases progress. In the meantime, the medications destroy the body and prompt harmful effects. This progresses to a declining path of soreness, suffering, bad health, and untimely death, ignoring the vast monetary drain.
- Lichen Aureus Causes is a familiar request due to the point that it is of interest when relating to Lichen Aureus Cure, Lichen Aureus Natural Treatment, and Lichen Aureus Treatment.
- Lichen Cause is a recurring probe thanks to the reason that it is crucial when contemplating Lichen Chronicus Treatment, Lichen Nitidus Natural Treatments, and Lichen Nitidus Treatment.
- Lichen Nitidus Treatment Children is a normal item due to the fact that it is of interest when evaluating Lichen Pilaris Treatment, Lichen Planopilaris Causes, and Lichen Planopilaris Natural Treatment.
Mostly, we wish to furnish you with momentous, amazing messages. This news discusses serious health illnesses afflicting most individuals within America, in Britain, and in all of Europe. These people are troubled by longstanding diseases. Moreover, the majority of these people are not diagnosed properly. Very few people realize that.
What Causes Lichen Planus is a commonly noted appeal on the grounds that it has significance to Lichen Sclerosus Et Atrophicus Cure, Lichen Sclerosus Et Atrophicus Natural Treatment, and Lichen Sclerosus Et Atrophicus Treatment.
Lichen Planus Treatment In Siddha - Lichen Planus Treatment Medicine
Matter-of-factly, our goal is helping to contribute an instructive and an empowering source, and enthusiastically endeavoring to facilitate suffering people to gather refreshing medical data, relevant to outstanding cures for certain conditions, to talk about directly with their primary doctors.
Lichen Planus Treatment Options - Lichen Ruber Planus Cause
As a result, this makes these diseases become worse. In the meantime, the drugs devastate the immune system and trigger mischievous consequences. This continues to a declining event of agony, debilitation, detrimental health, and early death, not to mention the mammoth monetary fiasco.
Lichen Sclerosus Causes Symptoms & Treatment
When ought you assess What Causes Lichen Planus?
Solely, we are helping to offer a scholastic and a reassuring blog, and eagerly pursuing to expedite suffering patients to gather helpful scientific wisdom, pertinent to noteworthy cures for certain syndromes, to discuss conveniently in person with their familiar health care practitioners. Homeopathic Remedies For Oral Lichen Planus
- How To Treat Lichenification.
- How To Treat Oral Lichen Planus Naturally.
- Hypertrophic Lichen Planus Treatment.
Peradventure have you once had a cold? By chance did you recover from the problem? Naturally you did! You cannot cure a runny nose itself, yet your body normally develops immunity to a specific cold virus within a couple of weeks. We call that being healed by your personal immune system!
And sure you will probably cave in to another runny nose virus, since there are 300 various runny nose infections. However you will certainly never get the exact same runny nose virus that you had previously due to the fact that you have created immunity to that cold virus.
Certain providers have treated some of these syndromes for years. Even several allopathic health practitioners now perceive the risk of some of these syndromes. Said providers are no longer treating these symptoms endlessly with harmful medications. By this I mean with steroids, cancer medications, and anti-inflammatory medications. All treatments may hide the disease signs but destroy the rest of the body due to troublesome adverse effects.
People sick from demonstrable troublesome conditions can feel revitalized and improve their health rapidly by pursuing elementary steps covered. These steps are straightforward, low-cost, and they surely produce results wonderfully!
Lichen Sclerosis Cause - Lichen Sclerosis Cure
Most likely your own health care practitioner can speedily become knowledgeable with the treatment for your distinct infirmity and help you back to wonderful health.
Lichen Sclerosus Et Atrophicus Causes
When ought you raise questions about What Causes Lichen Planus?
You need not take the word of dozens of practitioners who have treated thousands of people. The thing that is most important is that you may prove it personally!
- Lichen Planus Healing Time is a typically noted request since it is of concern when considering Lichen Planus Home Cure, Lichen Planus Home Remedies, and Lichen Planus Like Keratosis Treatment.
- Lichen Planus Lips Treatment is an anticipated item of interest due to the fact that it is crucial when thinking about Lichen Planus Mouth Causes, Lichen Planus Mouth Natural Treatment, and Lichen Planus Nails Causes.
- Lichen Planus Nails Natural Treatment is an understandable query for the reason that it appertains to Lichen Planus Nails Treatment, Lichen Planus Natural Treatment, and Lichen Planus Oral Natural Treatment.
- Lichen Planus Over The Counter Treatment is a fundamental probe in view of the fact that it is pertinent to Lichen Planus Pigmentation Treatment, Lichen Planus Pigmentosus Causes, and Lichen Planus Pigmentosus Face Treatment.
- Lichen Planus Pigmentosus Home Remedies is a general care on the grounds that it is crucial when thinking about Lichen Planus Pigmentosus Treatment, Lichen Planus Pigmentosus Treatment Homeopathy, and Lichen Planus Remedies.
- Lichen Planus Scalp Natural Treatment is an habitual overture due to the fact that it pertains to Lichen Planus Scalp Treatment, Lichen Planus Scars Ayurvedic Treatment, and Lichen Planus Siddha Treatment.
What Causes Lichen Planus, Alternative Treatments For Oral Lichen Planus, Amyloidosis Lichen Home Remedies, Best Treatment For Lichen Planus, Best Treatment For Lichen Sclerosus, Best Treatment For Lichen Simplex Chronicus, Best Treatment For Oral Lichen Planus, Can Lichen Planus Be Cured, Can Lichen Planus Be Cured By Homeopathy, Can Lichen Planus Cause Cancer, Can Lichen Planus Cause Fatigue, Can Lichen Planus Pigmentosus Be Cured


text:
Trolls is still the most popular soundtrack in our house! My toddler can't get enough, We created this tee for all Trolls loving littles!
Printed on Bella Canvas brand tees, these fit long and lean, we recommend ordering up if you're between sizes. Thank you for shopping small!
CPSIA compliant- tracking label in sideseam


text:
The teen birthrate hit an all-time low in 2015, according to a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study, and officials say increased access to birth control may be to thank.
With a rate of 22.3 live births per 1,000 teenage girls aged 15 to 19, last year's data shows a 64 percent decrease from 1991, when the country's teen birthrate was at its highest. For girls between the ages of 10–14, this number has dropped nearly 90 percent since 1991. CDC researchers called these declines "absolutely astounding."
This doesn't mean that teenagers are having less sex, according to other reproductive health experts. Isaac Maddow-Zimet, a researcher with the Guttmacher Institute, told STAT that sexual activity among teens hasn't changed much over the past decade. Instead, a steady increase in contraceptive use kept sexually active teens from becoming parents.
A shift in national policy has helped break historic barriers to teens' access to contraception. A total of 28 states now have laws that require health insurers to cover the full price of a range birth control drugs and devices. And 21 of those states allow minors to obtain these drugs without notifying their parents. Some, like Maryland, have pushed even further to demand insurers offer more than a years' supply of contraception at a time and cover the cost of a vasectomy.
"This nation has made remarkable, off-the-chart success on a pressing social issue that many of us considered unsolvable," Bill Albert, a representative from the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, told Reuters.


text:
The Chicken and the Egg - Which came First? An Accurate, but Not Very Serious Analysis
It is one of the great questions of science and an almost equally great question of comedic potential - which came first, the chicken or the egg? In this short article I will endeavour to answer this paradox of cyclical cause and effect with a mix of light science and humour (just wade through the light science to get to the humour).
And yes - as far as I am concerned, there IS a clear and very definite answer to this question!!
The Religious Chicken and Egg
I'm a believer in science, but to briefly consider the religious perspective;
In the Judeo-Christian religions, God creates 'fowl that may fly above the earth' but makes no mention of any egg before the fowl. The assumption would therefore perhaps be that chickens come first?
In Buddhism and in some other religions including those of the ancient Mayans and Aztecs, there is a cyclical view of creation, so time repeats itself and there is no beginning. If this implies eternity, then can we make the assumption that neither comes first?
In the Hindu faith, as I understand it, chickens and other birds are created by Lord Brahma, and there is a process of destruction and renewal. But there is also the concept of a 'cosmic egg' from which all of the universe was created, including animals and birds, so in terms of original creation perhaps an egg - if not a chicken egg - comes first?
The Ancient History of the Chicken and Egg Question
You think the chicken and the egg question is a recent one? Not a bit of it. It's a question which dates back to antiquity as can be seen in this quote by Aristotle the Greek c350 BC, who also related the seeming impossibility of the conundrum to the birth of man:
- 'If there has been a first man he must have been born without father or mother – which is repugnant to nature. For there could not have been a first egg to give a beginning to birds, or there should have been a first bird which gave a beginning to eggs; for a bird comes from an egg.'
Plutarch, in the 1st century AD also saw the conundrum:
- 'the problem about the egg and the hen ... (is) ... a difficult problem which gives investigators much trouble.'
And in the 5th century AD, the Roman philosopher Macrobius appreciated that this question could be both a source of amusement to many, and also a serious question of science (much the approach that my article takes):
- 'You jest about what you suppose to be a triviality, in asking whether the hen came first from an egg or the egg from a hen, but the point should be regarded as one of importance, one worthy of discussion, and careful discussion at that.'
The Basic Assumptions
We must first start with a couple of basic assumptions so we understand exactly what we are talking about.
1) The definition of a 'chicken' is clear enough - we are talking about a bird which zoologists can classify as a chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). But the definition of an 'egg' is less obvious. 'Egg' is a general term, and eggs have been around much longer than chickens. That is plainly apparent - dinosaur eggs, frog eggs, fish eggs - need I say more? Therefore in order to make the question worthwhile debating, we must make clear, in the question 'Which came first, the chicken or the egg', that the first basic assumption is that we are talking specifically about a chicken egg - which hatches into a chicken. Not just any old egg which hatches into a different bird or even a different animal, like a dinosaur or a frog.
2) When we talk about an egg in this context, we must also be clear whether we are talking about an unfertilised egg or a fertilised egg. I think the importance of this will immediately become very apparent. An unfertilised egg will of course break the chicken-egg-chicken-egg sequence because it won't hatch into anything - the best that can happen to it is that it will just become a boiled egg or a scrambled egg or an omelet. Therefore the second assumption we will make is that we are talking about a fertilised egg - ie: one which is capable of developing into a chicken.
In a nutshell (or an eggshell) we are therefore really asking 'which came first, the chicken or the fertilised chicken egg?' It is on this basis that the rest of the discussion below will be considered.
The Evolution of Chickens and Chicken Eggs
Where do chickens come from? And don't say from eggs, or we'll be back to square one! Chickens are birds, and birds have a long evolutionary history dating back to the time of the dinosaurs. Indeed the prevailing current opinion (and my own strongly held belief) is that birds evolved from dinosaurs. Certainly many if not all dinosaurs laid eggs so these eggs came before chickens or chicken-like birds, but as I've already declared under 'Basic Assumptions', that's just not good enough for a worthwhile debate. Of course eggs of some description came before chickens, so we must limit this specifically to chicken eggs. So let us return to relatively recent times and the most recent evolutionary change which led to a chicken.
The modern chicken is believed to have evolved from the jungle fowl of Asia. But which jungle fowl? There are two species, the red jungle fowl and the grey jungle fowl and some recent genetic evidence suggests that the domestic chicken may actually be a cross between the two species - a hybrid. If so, this may have some relevance to our question as we shall see under 'The Argument for the Egg.'
The Argument for the Chicken
So who thinks the CHICKEN came first? Well quite recently a lot of media attention promoted the case for the chicken, and it's all to do with a protein called ovocledidin-17, found only in chicken ovaries. Scientists had discovered that this protein was instrumental in controlling the development of the egg-shell. Therefore, without the chicken ovary the egg shell could not form. Some reputable scientists felt that this indicated that the chicken containing ovocledidin-17 must have come first.
This, however, is nonsense. There were proteins before ovocledidin-17 first appeared, and these were used to harden egg shells. All other birds hatch from egg shells which don't come from chickens, and so do other animals which may not have ovocledidin-17 in their egg shells, like crocodiles. Ovocledidin therefore was NOT essential in the past for hardening eggshells. Eggs developed without it.
The argument for ovocledidin-17 doesn't get rid of the cyclical conundrum either. Even if we accept the suggestion that the chicken egg could only come from a chicken containing this protein, one still has to ask, where did the first chicken containing the protein come from? Answer - presumably, a chicken egg.
The Argument for the Egg
So who thinks the EGG came first? There are three arguments in support of the egg.
1) The first argument runs along the lines that the nature of an egg is determined by what it contains, not what lays it. To clearly demonstrate this, one can use an implausible example. If a surrogate mother Tyrannosaurus rex laid an egg from which a clucking chicken emerged complete with beak and feathers, would we describe that egg as a T.rex egg or as a chicken egg? I think we would label it as a chicken egg because a chicken emerges from it. But if we label it as a chicken egg, because it produces a chicken, it does not necessarily follow that we have to call the animal which laid the egg, a chicken. In other words, in our example, no one would describe Tyrannosaurus rex as a chicken, just because it has laid a chicken egg (leastways not to its face). So by this line of reasoning, a chicken egg first and foremost hatches into a chicken. And it is only incidental that it may have been laid by a chicken.
2) The second argument concerns hybridisation. As I have already mentioned, there is a belief that modern chickens may be a hybrid between two ancestral species of jungle fowl. If this is the case, then our answer is straightforward - two birds which were not chickens got together and produced a hybrid egg which developed into a chicken. If one accepts the hybridisation theory therefore, the first chicken egg may come after the jungle fowl parents, but it most definitely comes before the first domestic chicken offspring.
3) The third argument focuses on basic understanding of mutations. Only a mutation could change a non-chicken into a chicken, and mutations can only ordinarily occur during the recombination of DNA during the process of fertilisation of the egg. Therefore, irrespective of whether the two adults are different species, (as in the above jungle fowl example) or whether they are the same non-chicken species, the mutation to a chicken occurs at the egg stage.
Analysing the Chicken and the Egg Question
So where does this leave us on this important question?
DNA is what determines a species, so the science of this is really all about the point at which the first indisputably identifiable chicken DNA appeared. DNA doesn't alter during the life of an animal or bird. It only alters during the recombination of genetic material from two different species creating a hybrid species, or the mutation of genetic material from two individuals of the same species creating a new form. Either way, the alteration which brings about definitive chicken DNA occurs at the stage when the egg is fertilised. Definitive chicken DNA therefore occurs first of all in the fertilised chicken egg, and only second in the chicken bird.
You comprehend? If not, a plain English summary will follow.
A Plain English Summary?
So we will sum up in very plain English which even a badly retarded chicken could understand. Humans may have some difficulty however - We have to decide which came first:
Did a chicken-like bird which was very similar to a chicken but not quite a chicken give rise to an egg which was sufficiently chicken egg-like to be called a chicken egg. Or did an egg which was very similar to a chicken egg but not quite a chicken egg give rise to a bird which was sufficiently chicken-like to be called a chicken? Given that mutation occurs when the egg is fertilised, any change in status occurs at this point. Therefore, in the distant past, a female chicken-like bird which was not quite a chicken formed an egg which was not quite a chicken egg. When this egg was fertilised by a male chicken-like bird which was not quite a chicken, a DNA mutation or recombination must have occurred which was just sufficient to make the chicken-like egg sufficiently chicken egg-like for us to be able to describe it as a chicken egg. So in conclusion the fertilised egg which is clearly and unarguably a chicken egg, came before the bird which is clearly and unarguably a chicken. Simple!
Is there an entry in the Guinness Book of Records for the most references to chickens and eggs in a paragraph of English, and can I submit the paragraph above? I counted 19 chickens and 15 eggs. (Though one should never count the chickens until they are hatched).
The Next Question
The next question one may ask is:
Which came first, the chicken-like fillet which is not quite a chicken fillet as it is made of soya? Or the chicken egg-like egg which is not quite a chicken egg, because it is covered in gold foil and made of chocolate?
And which is the first to be consumed?
The Egg Came First
So that's it then. The quote from Roman philosopher Macrobius elsewhere on this page indicates that the question has probably existed since the beginnings of human thought, and has always been treated in the same way by humans - a bit of a joke question yet with a serious underlying biological puzzle. The quote shows that human beings really haven't changed very much over the millenia in the way they ponder these questions. Yet if humans haven't changed, chickens and eggs clearly have. Once upon a time chickens and chicken eggs did not exist. And if they did not exist, one must have come first.
And now the answer is clear and definitive. Without a shadow of a doubt: THE EGG (fertilised chicken egg) CAME FIRST !!!
If You Have Enjoyed This Page ...
- Greensleeves Hubs on HubPages
In addition to chicken and egg articles I also write pages on more serious science subjects - notably astronomy. And I write travel guides and film reviews and articles on many other subjects. All can be accessed at the above link.
© 2012 Greensleeves Hubs
I Would Love to Hear Your Comments. Thanks, Alun
@ Greensleevees, Austinstar,
" . . .thank you both sincerely for your warm words of comfort and positive enforcement. Words to me are like various tools. Some are used for building, repairing, and refinishing while some are used to cover or uncover. But there are words that tear down like crowbars and such. I have none of these in my tool shed. Thank God. I will only use "tools/words," to give comfort or maybe a few smiles or laughs to one of my DEAR FOLLOWERS on HP and that is it. There is no cause ever for me to use destructive words or insinuations. That is immature and unwise."
"You two just keep providing great hubs and making people happy. I know that you both have blessed me richly."
Sorry to hear about your daughter, Kenneth. Sad news indeed. Get well soon.
Dear Greesleeves,
I just got a notification that you left a comment on this hub and I am glad that I read it. And now I offer you my deepest apology for my first comment being 23 months ago.
I am very sorry. I have no excuse.
There has been a lot happen in my life in that 23-month span.
I had a heart cath for Congestive Heart Failure; my only daughter passed on Feb. 11 and other things too.
These are reasons why I have not written more.
I am sorry. Keep up the great work.
Funny, yet serious. I wonder if all scientists have come to the conclusion that the egg must have come first. It seems to me that all eggs developed in the primordial goo that our RNA and eventually, DNA came from.
The proteins, and base chemistry all came from this goo, so it was the first form of life on this planet, right?
Personally, I like eggs just about any way they are cooked. And chicken piccatta is just fabulous!
I was passing by, so I thought I would wish you and yours a
Very Merry CHRISTmas.
Laughing laughing and now I think I am more uncertain of which landed on the planet first and now I think I may not even care if it is this much trying to find the answer :D :D :D
Angels are on the way to you this evening....and they are not bringing either a chicken or an egg. ps
I just wanted to know about this but your work=Thumbs Up!
Greensleeves are you earning money or not?
I found it really useful
I love it really.It is great. Keep it up Greensleeves
Don't know! We've kept some and they make me laugh the most when they run - rolling from side to side - so ungainly and cartoon-like!
Hilarious and well thought-out hub! I loved it, especially counting the chickens before they're hatched reference. Great writing and presentation. Well done! Up, funny and interesting.
Very thoughtful :-) Voted you interesting on thinking this one out.
Funny hub and interesting to see so many arguments.
Hey, greensleeves,
you are very welcome. I love hubs that challenge my sanity. You're a cool writer, man.
Nice hub. In-depth and full of information. Voted up and all the way. Keep up the great work, Greensleeves.
This is a very interesting and cute hub.
You are very welcome.I hope people will find time to read this great hub.
This is a very funny hub.Thumbs up.
I cannot believe that no one took the time to comment on this hub.
Anyway great work.Hub shared.


text:
Wetumpka Students
As a student ministry, our goal is to inspire students to love Jesus, read His word, hear His voice, and be equipped to go and make disciples of all nations.
Wednesday Night Gatherings
Join us for a night of fun, food, worship, and small group time as we grow closer to one another and we grow in our relationship with God.
5th-12th Grades
For more information, email: [email protected]
Bible Reading Plan
At Centerpoint we believe in the power of God's word and believe it is applicable in the lives of students every single day. The website Bible.com has some great Bible Reading plans for youth. We've chosen several that are really good but you can find an expanded list of plans here! All of these plans are great but here are a few that are particularly useful:
God calls us to be holy and to live holy lives. But what does that even mean? In this three-day plan, we'll look at what holiness really looks like for our lives.
This plan, for families to do together, introduces kids to the story of the Bible and helps them see their need for a Savior. God had a plan to send Jesus from the very beginning. Each day includes videos, short devotionals, and a daily Bible verse to memorize.
This is a 4 day challenge to read the 4 chapters in the book of Jonah, which focuses on our attitudes towards God, disobedience and God's mercy. Bible challenges go beyond reading; as we share our understanding with each other, so as you read, hash tag #JonahChallenge via twitter to share your points. Bible Challenge MOTTO: The Bible is JUICY. The Bible is LIFE. The Bible is for YOU!
This four-day youth plan explores what scripture has to say about wisdom. Follow the unraveling of Nicole and her brother Tate who, on their first day home alone, make the bad decision to let the neighbor girl Kaylin come over and trash the house. Each day you'll read a passage of Scripture, watch the story, and witness firsthand how important it is to make wise decisions.
This four-day reading plan for youth explores what Scripture has to say about prayer. Follow the story of Tyler as he learns what it means to talk to God. Each day you'll read a passage of Scripture, watch the story, and learn alongside Tyler as he asks big questions about what it means to speak to God through prayer.


text:
I often hear that Minkowski spacetime is non-euclidean. Euclidean geometry is characterized by Euclid's five postulates being true. Which of those postulates are untrue in Minkowski spacetime (if any), and what physical consequences do we observe from them?
3$\begingroup$ The question is quite meaningless until you specify how you're going to interpret words like "point", "line" and "angle" in Minkowski spacetime. Is the postulate "every grib contains a grob" true in Minkowski spacetime? Yes or no, depending entirely on how you interpret the words "grib" and "grob". $\endgroup$ – WillO Oct 25 '18 at 22:16
4$\begingroup$ @WillO - "The question is quite meaningless ..." - and yet Jerry Schirmer was able to provide an answer. Try to be nicer with your comments. $\endgroup$ – Peter4075 Oct 26 '18 at 11:33
$\begingroup$ @peter4075: jerry was able to provide an answer contingent on a particular interpretation for the word "angle". With a different (and equally reasonable) choice the answer would be different. $\endgroup$ – WillO Oct 26 '18 at 12:36
1$\begingroup$ @WillO: but that's what a postulate is, a choice for what you mean by terms. $\endgroup$ – Jerry Schirmer Oct 26 '18 at 13:37
$\begingroup$ interesting. isn't minkowski spacetime already endowed with a metric (minkowski metric) and then the notion of distance, angle, etc ... naturally follow ? i'm honestly asking, not contradicting what either of you have said. $\endgroup$ – marjimbel Oct 26 '18 at 13:46
The Pythagorean distance formula doesn't hold for arbitrary shapes, thanks to the negative sign in the metric. It's also pretty easy to say that boosts obey hyperbolic angle addition rules rather than circular ones. Since the postulate about the congruency of right angles is needed to prove the Pythagorean distance relation, and angle addition rules for timelike intervals are different than those for spacelike intervals, one would conclude that the "all right angles are congruent" postulate doesn't hold-- the "right angle" between two null directions is different than that between two spacelike directions.
$\begingroup$ interesting. do you have a way to show intuitively that angle addition rules are different for timelike vs spacelike intervals, or a reference ? also, i guess minkowski space itself isn't hyperbolic. the "space of boosts" is hyperbolic in the sense that an event gets mapped to another event within a hyperboloid. if minkowski was hyprbolic, then it would have negative curvature, no? it is in fact flat, in the sense of zero riemman curvature tensor. $\endgroup$ – marjimbel Oct 26 '18 at 11:46
1$\begingroup$ @marjimbel ... concerning the addition angle rules, look at the Yaglom reference in my answer. I think my answer is a first step in that direction. Eventually, one would use the cross-ratio to define the angle in that geometry. $\endgroup$ – robphy Oct 26 '18 at 12:43
$\begingroup$ cool. i will. just to summarize so far. we saying that both postulates 1 (existence of line segments) and 4 (congruent right angles) fail in Minkowski, but not the parallel postulate ? $\endgroup$ – marjimbel Oct 26 '18 at 13:50
1$\begingroup$ Is the fourth postulate fundamentally about right-angles? Or is it really about something else (homogeneity and isotropy) which we are here characterizing with right-angles? $\endgroup$ – robphy Oct 26 '18 at 17:16
1$\begingroup$ @robphy: Euclid phrases it in terms of right angles, but I'm sure it's equivalent to timelike into spacelike anisotropy here. $\endgroup$ – Jerry Schirmer Oct 26 '18 at 22:27
Euclidean geometry is characterized by Euclid's five postulates being true
This is true, but what characterizes non-Euclidean geometry are deviations from the parallel postulate, specifically.
Minkowski space with the flat Minkowski metric has submanifolds that have non-Euclidean geometry (hyperbolic geometry). This means that Euclid's parallel postulate is violated: basically, if the parallel postulate does hold for a given geometry, then the sum of the angles of a triangle is $\pi$ radians since the separation between parallel lines is constant. The geometry is non-Euclidean when the sum of the angles of a triangle is greater than (spherical) or less than (hyperbolic) $\pi$ radians, since the separation between parallel lines increases or decreases, respectively.
EDIT: After thoughtful feedback in the comments, I tried to make it clear that the fifth postulate is violated on the submanifolds of a Lorentzian manifold, whereas the entire Minkowski spacetime is indeed flat (and affine meaning Euclid/Playfair parallelism holds on the Lorentz manifold).
4$\begingroup$ the hyperbolic properties refer to the geometry of the "space of boosts", no ? if minkowski spacetime itself had a hyperbolic geometry then it would have negative curvature, which it doesn't since it is a "flat space" in the sense of zero riemman curvature tensor. what am i missing ? $\endgroup$ – marjimbel Oct 26 '18 at 3:58
1$\begingroup$ So I think we agree that the kinematic space of a minkowski spacetime is hyperbolic. The thing is, "flatness" is a property of the metric chosen, and we use the flat minkowski metric in my answer. Apologies for not specifying that before. $\endgroup$ – N. Steinle Oct 26 '18 at 14:36
1$\begingroup$ More to your question: Minkowski space is not Reimannian, but it has submanifolds that are which have hyperbolic geometry (negative curvature), while the whole Minkowski manifold is flat, in the sense you mean, when endowed with the flat Minkowski metric (also called the Lorentz metric). $\endgroup$ – N. Steinle Oct 26 '18 at 14:47
1$\begingroup$ The hyperbolic aspect of Minkowski space involves the way angles are measured, using the arc of a unit hyperbola. In Euclidean geometry, angles are measured using the arc of a unit circle. In both cases, no aspect of the Parallel Postulate is involved here. Both (and also the Galilean spacetime) are so-called "affine geometries" where the Parallel Postulate holds. This is also discussed in the Yaglom reference in my answer. $\endgroup$ – robphy Oct 26 '18 at 16:25
1$\begingroup$ @marjimbel indeed, I mean that the fifth postulate is violated within that submanifold, which determines the negative curvature. All three postulates are violated in Minkowski space: I totally agree that the violation of the first and third postulates result in the unique causal structure of 4D Minkowski spacetime, but I maintain that it is the violation of Euclid's parallel postulate that causes the kinematics to be hyperbolic (by definition of course). $\endgroup$ – N. Steinle Oct 26 '18 at 18:19
Minkowski spacetime violates Euclid's First Postulate, when expressed in a form like the Playfair postulate. Physically, this violation tells us something about the Causal Structure in spacetime.
The first postulate can be expressed like the "dual" version of the fifth postulate:
"Given a point, and a line not through that point, there exists no point on that line which cannot be joined (by an "ordinary" line) to the given point."
So, for special relativity, I write it like:
"Given an event, and a worldline not experiencing that event, there exists infinitely many events on that worldline which are not "timelike-related" to the given event."
For Galilean relativity,
"Given an event, and a worldline not experiencing that event, there exists one event on that worldline which is not "timelike-related" to the given event."
(I think the Parallel Postulate (suitably expressed, e.g. Playfair) is okay for Galilean and Minkowski spacetimes. I think it's what allows us to draw parallel lines... like the ends of a meterstick on a spacetime diagram.)
This viewpoint is what I physically interpreted from
I.M. Yaglom's "A simple non-Euclidean geometry and its physical basis : an elementary account of Galilean geometry and the Galilean principle of relativity"
https://archive.org/details/ASimpleNon-euclideanGeometryAndItsPhysicalBasis/page/n237 .
See Figures 188a-c on page 220, which I inserted below.
(From Yaglom, p220)
In accordance with the requirement of congruence of any two lines in the plane, it is natural to define the "Minkowskian plane" as the points of the (ordinary) plane and the lines of one kind—say, the first. In this connection we note that in Euclidean geometry every point on a line a can be joined by a line to a point A not on a (Fig. 188a); in Galilean geometry, each line a contains a unique point, "parallel" to A, which cannot be joined by an (ordinary) line to A (Fig. 188b); in Minkowskian geometry, there are infinitely many points on a line a of the first kind which cannot be joined to A by means of lines of the first kind (Fig. 188c). On the other hand, all three geometries share the property that through any point A not on a there passes a unique line not intersecting a (a unique line parallel to a).
$\begingroup$ this is very interesting and i had never heard of an example of a geometry that deviates from euclid's in the first postulate instead of the parallel postulate. i think the parallel postulate being violated leads to "curved" spaces, such as hyperbolic. however, minkowski is "flat". i struggle to reconcile the fact that Minkowski is flat with the fact that it is a non-euclidean geometry, and that is what lies behind my initial question $\endgroup$ – marjimbel Oct 26 '18 at 4:03
1$\begingroup$ I agree with your characterization. Minkowski spacetime is a flat (zero-curvature) space. It is a Cayley-Klein geometry. I will update my answer with a reference. $\endgroup$ – robphy Oct 26 '18 at 9:22
1$\begingroup$ You're implicitly defining "lines" to be timelike geodesics. This is an interesting choice, and it might be justifiable, but in some ways it would be more natural to consider all geodesics (timelike, null, or spacelike) as the "lines" in spacetime. $\endgroup$ – Michael Seifert Oct 26 '18 at 16:39
1$\begingroup$ Note that if you adopt @MichaelSeifert's choice, the axiom that gets violated is one Euclid considered so obvious that he didn't even state it explicitly, namely Hilbert's first axiom of congruence (roughly, if $\overline{AB}$ is a line segment, and $\gamma$ a ray with vertex $C$, there is some $D$ on $\gamma$ such that $\overline{AB}$ is congruent to $\overline{CD}$). $\endgroup$ – Micah Oct 26 '18 at 16:45
1$\begingroup$ The discussion here illustrates the point I'm trying to make in my comments on the main question. Whether Euclid's first postulate is true in Minkowski spacetime depends entirely on what meanings you choose to assign to the words "line" and "point". This answer makes one possible assignment of meanings. There are alternatives, as pointed out by @MichaelSeifert . Until you specify the interpretation, the question by itself is meaningless. $\endgroup$ – WillO Oct 26 '18 at 20:31


text:
Western State Hospital
Opened its doors in 1871, Western State Hospital is the second oldest state institution located ten miles south of Tacoma in Washington. Lying in an area of 264 acres of land, it is one of two state-owned psychiatric hospitals for adults. The hospital campus consisting of 56 buildings provides evaluation and inpatient treatment for individuals with serious or long-term mental illness that have been referred to the hospital through the Regional Support Network (RSN) system. It is the regional state psychiatric hospital for 19 western Washington counties for voluntary admissions and involuntary commitments.
WSH is accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospital's (JCAHO) and is certified by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). It has 1,795 employees and provides services in psychotropic medications, group/individual therapy, psycho-social rehabilitation model family therapy and behavioral psychotherapy. Other supporting services include educational services, medical and dental, chaplain services, library and volunteer services. Drug and alcohol education and psychology internship programs are also conducted by the hospital.
Western State Hospital accepts both Medicare and Medicaid patients.Address: 9601 Steilacoom Boulevard SW , Tacoma
State: Washington
Phone: 253-582-8900
Fax: 253-756-2879
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
URL: www1.dshs.wa.gov/mentalhealth/wsh.shtml
County: Pierce
Number of Beds: 0
Total Staff : 0
Click here to see the complete state rankings.


text:
Joker Director Would Love to Do a Photo Book of the Movie's Behind-the-Scenes Photos
Todd Phillips' Joker movie won't hit theaters until October, but fans have already gotten a handful of glimpses of the upcoming film thanks to various behind-the-scenes photos Phillips has shared on Instagram. The stunning images are likely only a handful of shots documenting the process of bringing Joker to life and it sounds like if Phillips has his way, fans will get to see even more of those photos. He's indicated that he would love to do a photo book of those behind-the-scenes images.
On Sunday, Phillips shared on Instagram a new behind-the-scenes photo from Joker showcasing star Joaquin Phoenix painting his face white while in front of multiple mirrors. The striking image quickly caught the attention of fans, including comics artist Lee Bermejo who illustrated the 2008 Joker graphic novel. Bermejo commented, hoping there is a photo book in the works to share the still images and Phillips replied that he'd love to see that happen, complimenting photographer Niko Tavernise's work in the process.
Starring Phoenix as Arthur Fleck, a failed stand-up comedian who ultimately descends into madness, Joker is an origin story for the iconic Batman villain, one that will explore the psyche of the Clown Prince of Crime in a similar vein to that of original graphic novels Joker and The Killing Joke. This approach takes the film a bit outside of the standard superhero genre.
"I wouldn't quite classify this as like any genre," Phoenix said in an interview last year. "I wouldn't say it's a superhero movie, or a studio movie or a … It feels unique, and I think more than anything, and probably the most important thing, is Todd seems very passionate about it and very giving, and so that's exciting. I think, underneath the excitement of these films, and the size of them, there are these incredible characters that are dealing with real life struggles. And sometimes that is uncovered and exposed, and sometimes it isn't, and so I always felt, like, there were characters in comics that were really interesting and deserve the opportunity to be kind of studied. And so I think that's what Todd sees appealing about this idea."
"I take a lot of time and consideration when making decisions and what I'm gonna work on, always." Phoenix added. "So, in some ways, the process, which is obviously reading a script and meeting a filmmaker and then continuing to have meetings and discussions with Todd [Phillips]. I think he's very impressive and he seems to have a very interesting understanding of this world and what he's trying to say. And so there is something very appealing about that and working with him on this particular project. It feels unique, it is its own world in some ways, and maybe, mostly, it scares the f-cking sh-t out of me or something. It might as well be the thing that scares you the most."
Joker, starring Phoenix along with Zazie Beetz, Robert De Niro, Frances Conroy, Marc Maron, and Brian Tyree Henry, opens in theaters October 4.