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Keywords: CGE, Nepal, Philippines,
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(Duclos et al., 2001). To implement the approach ... standard Social
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Integrated Computable Simulation Approach
John Cockburn1, Erwin Corong2 and Caesar Cororaton3 1 Poverty and Economic Policy (PEP) research network and Université Laval, Canada; email:
[email protected]
2 Centre of Policy Studies, Monash University, Australia; email:
[email protected]
3 Global Issues Initiative, Virginia Polytechnic University, USA; email:
[email protected]
ABSTRACT: Conventionally, the analysis of macro-economic shocks and the analysis of income distribution and poverty require very different methodological techniques and sources of data. Over the last decade however, the natural divide between both approaches has diminished, as evaluating the impact of macro-economic shocks on poverty and income distribution within a CGE framework complemented by household survey data has flourished. This paper focuses on explicitly integrating into a CGE model each household from a nationally representative household survey. The aim of this paper is threefold. First, we show that explicitly modelling each household in the CGE model addresses Kirman's critique (1992) and overcomes the strong micro-economic assumption of representative agent. Second, we respond, albeit in a simple way, to the recommendation of Bourguignon and Perreira (2003) to integrate ―real‖ households within a CGE framework rather than using representative households. Third, by providing applications to Nepal and the Philippines, we demonstrate that this technique is straightforward to implement and requires only a standard CGE model and a nationally representative household survey with information on household income and consumption.
Keywords: CGE, Nepal, Philippines, microsimulation, integrated, poverty 1. INTRODUCTION Conventionally, the analysis of macro-economic shocks and the analysis of income distribution and poverty require very different methodological techniques and sources of data. Owing to their economy-wide effects, macro-economic shocks are examined within the context of a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model based on consistent national accounts data but with the strong micro-economic assumption of one or a few representative households. On the other hand, income distribution and poverty issues are normally analysed within a partial equilibrium framework, based on household or individual level data to account for agents' heterogeneity. Over the last decade however, the natural divide between both approaches has diminished, as evaluating the impact of macro-economic shocks on poverty and income distribution within a CGE framework complemented by household survey data has flourished. Unlike the sequential approaches presented in the preceding papers, this paper focuses on explicitly integrating into a CGE model each household from a nationally representative household survey. The aim of this paper is threefold. First, we show that explicitly modelling each household in the CGE model addresses Kirman's critique (1992) and overcomes the strong micro-economic assumption of representative agent. Second, it responds, albeit in a simple way, to the recommendation of Bourguignon and Perreira (2003) to integrate ―real‖ households within a CGE framework rather than using representative households. Third, by providing applications to Nepal and the Philippines, we demonstrate that this technique is straightforward to implement and requires only a standard CGE model and a nationally
representative household survey with information on household income and consumption. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the conceptual problems raised by the representative household approach in general equilibrium models, and offers a fully integrated micro-simulation approach as an alternative. Section 3 describes the basic steps to follow to integrate and implement the integrated CGE microsimulation approach and offers some advice on data treatment through illustrations for Nepal and the Philippines. Section 4 discusses simulation results for both the Philippines and Nepal, while section five concludes on the usefulness of this approach. 2. CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS IN THE REPRESENTATIVE HOUSEHOLD APPROACH Although poverty and income distribution analysis within a CGE framework began in the late 1970s (Adelman and Robinson, 1978; Lysy and Taylor, 1980; Dervis et al., 1982), it is not until the late 1990s that this line of research became widespread. One reason is the proliferation of nationally representative household surveys with detailed income information over the course of the decade. Another is that, until recently, CGE modellers have generally shown little interest in the distributive impacts of policies—preferring to focus on welfare effects in terms of equivalent variation (EV) or compensating variation (CV). Nonetheless, the use of CGE models complemented with household survey data is now recognized as well-suited to identifying the mechanisms by which macro-economic shocks affect poverty and income distribution (Winters et al. 2004; Hertel and Reimer 2005).
Integrated Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Micro-Simulation Approach
The traditional approach, as summarized by Lofgren et al. (2004), makes use of "representative" households rather than actual/real households. Distributive impacts are simply captured through extending the disaggregation of the representative households in order to identify as many household categories, generally corresponding to different socioeconomic groups, as possible. This approach makes it possible to analyze the impacts of policies on incomes and welfare between groups (inter-group distribution) but not within groups as intra-household distribution is assumed to be fixed. It provides information neither on poverty impacts (as the poor may be found in many different socio-economic groups and in varying proportions) nor on intra-group distribution. In order to address the first limitation, some authors have applied a fixed income distribution function among households within each household group in order to compute poverty indices (such as the FGT indices). One way is to assume a log-normal distribution, where the variance is estimated from the base year data (De Janvry et al., 1991). Meanwhile, Decaluwé et al. (2000) argue that a beta distribution is preferable to other distributions because it can be skewed to the left or right and thus may better represent the types of income distributions commonly observed within household groups. Yet, Boccanfuso et al. (2003) underscore the difficulty of using restrictive functional forms as distribution could change before and after simulations, and large variations in poverty indices may arise depending on the functional form employed.
applications of this approach date to the very end of the 1990s and are reviewed in Cockburn (2006).
The representative household approach is based on a very strong theoretical assumption that could be formulated as follows: the choices of households belonging to a given category may be represented by the choices of a unique household that maximizes its utility in such a way that these choices coincide with the aggregated choices of a large number of heterogeneous individuals. Kirman (1992) argues that this hypothesis is not very realistic given that, outside the most restrictive behavioural hypotheses: (1) there is no theoretical justification to affirm that the aggregation of individual choices necessarily leads to the same solution as the choice of a representative individual, (2) there is no guaranty that the reaction of the representative household entails that any change in the model will be the same as the aggregated reaction of the individuals it represents, (3) lastly, the representative household approach may interfere with the individual preferences' weak principle.
For the Philippines, labour is disaggregated into skilled and unskilled workers, both segmented into agricultural and non-agricultural labour markets. Capital and land is sector specific. For Nepal, all sectors and factors of production are separated into three regions as households: urban, Terai, and Hills/mountains. Labour is classified into skilled and unskilled. Factors are mobile between sectors within each region but not between regions. Agricultural capital is only mobile among agricultural sectors, just as non-agricultural capital is mobile between all other sectors. National production in each sector is a constantelasticity-of-transformation (CET) combination of regional productions. As they are expected to be close substitutes, high elasticities of substitution (equal to 10) are utilized. Poverty is analysed using Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) indices (Foster et al., 1984) computed using DAD software (Duclos et al., 2001).
An alternative approach is to integrate separately all individual households from a household survey directly into a CGE model, making it possible to conduct an explicit analysis of the poverty impact of macro-economic shocks on each household. The representative household problem is avoided since individual household behaviour and income distribution is directly captured without the need to impose any functional form. The first
To illustrate the approach, this paper focuses on two specific applications – Cockburn (2006) and Cockburn et al. (2008) – which fully integrate of 3,388 and 24,797 households for Nepal and the Philippines, respectively, without sacrificing the disaggregation of factors, sectors and products required to capture the links between macroeconomic shocks and poverty and income distribution. 3. METHODOLOGY Constructing an integrated CGE micro-simulation model is technically straightforward since one merely shifts from a model with ―representative‖ households to ―real‖ households by integrating every household from a nationally representative household survey. As in the representative household approach, each household has an income and expenditure vector, but here these are all actual households. All the regular assumptions of a basic CGE model can be retained although, obviously, more sophisticated approaches can be envisaged. The only notable change in the CGE model code is to increase the number of households in the set defining household elements1, while the manner by which the simulations are carried out remains the same. We used variants of the EXTER model (Decaluwé et al., 2001) as the basic CGE modelling platform.
To implement the approach requires simply a standard Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) and data from a nationally representative household survey with complete information on household incomes and expenditures. Survey data must be adjusted to establish a link to, and ensure consistency with, the SAM underlying the CGE model. Given differences in data sources and year, it is inevitable that there will be inconsistencies in data between the SAM and the household survey. Data
Integrated Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Micro-Simulation Approach
reconciliation is necessary to the integration process but, as it brings to light limitations or errors in one or the other datasets, it should not be seen as a "drawback" to the CGE microsimulation approach.2 Indeed, prior data adjustment in household survey data is normally required for standard poverty/inequality analysis even outside of an integrated CGE microsimulation framework. Deaton (1997) confirms that, in household surveys, it is more difficult to collect reliable information on income than on consumption, although consumption data are not without their faults. Income underreporting and measurement errors are likely to result from the desire to hide revenues from other family members, neighbours or eventual tax authorities, as well as from the long (usually one-year) recall periods involved for intricate sources of income such as returns to assets, agricultural output and seasonal activities. This is further aggravated by the fact that most households in developing countries receive their income from informal production activities in which family income and business revenues are often combined. Thus, the absence of formal accounting in these activities and within the household make it impossible to constitute an accurate picture of the income of producer households and often lead to underestimated income (or overestimated expenditures) generated by these activities. There is no magic recipe for reconciliation. A thorough understanding of both datasets is required and reasonable assumptions have to be made with the ultimate aim of creating a better and coherent dataset with the least possible adjustments. The first step is to multiply the household income and expenditure vectors by their respective vectors of sample weights in order to be able to extrapolate to national values as they appear in the SAM. Furthermore, if the survey and SAM data are collected for different years, the survey data must be adjusted to account for inflation in the intervening years. A first comparison of the aggregate household income/expenditure vectors from the survey and the SAM make it possible to evaluate the magnitude and direction of divergences in each of the income and expenditure accounts. There are a variety of reasons why the two sets of vectors will not match. If the initial SAM is based on a previous household survey, it is normal that household endowments and behavior would have changed over time. If instead it is drawn solely from national accounts, the margin for divergences is even greater. Some errors may stem from survey measurement and/or sampling errors. Coverage of informal and household production activities may also vary. The choice of which dataset to use as an anchor boils down to the modeller's judgment. For instance, one may keep the structure of the SAM
and adjust the household survey data in consequence or vice versa. If errors are suspected on both sides, a reconciliation strategy requiring some adjustments to both datasets may be required. Substantial effort should be devoted to understanding and addressing all sources of divergence. However, ultimately, some arbitrary changes will need to be made in order to ensure coherency. In this section, we present two country cases – Nepal and the Philippines – briefly explaining the procedure employed to prepare and integrate every household from a nationally representative household survey into a SAM. Nepal The datasets are the 1996/97 SAM (Sapkota, 2001) and the 1995/96 Nepal Living Standards Survey (NLSS), which is based on a representative sample of 3,388 households. Due to natural inconsistencies between the two datasets, three ―bridging‖ reconciliation rules are imposed. First, mutually inclusive variables – those present in both datasets – must be reconciled. Second, whenever a variable appears in the household survey but not in SAM (e.g. transfers between domestic households), the aggregate value from the NLSS is introduced into the SAM. Third, when the variable is in the SAM but not in the survey (for example, public transfers and dividends), its value in the survey is approximated using the SAM income or expenditure ratio.3 Net income from self-employment activities is allocated between the different factors of production, as they appear in the SAM, by imputation based on the opportunity cost of each factor (i.e. Heckman regression or simply the market wage rate, possibly corrected by the unemployment rate, in the case of labour). The revised factor income estimates are then used as the anchor and the household factor income composition in the SAM is adjusted correspondingly. As income under-reporting in the household survey leads to savings underestimation, these are instead estimated residually in the household survey after all income and expenditure adjustments have been made. Indeed, about 45 percent of households have total income below consumption, while about 0.4 percent actually show negative incomes. Among other reasons, this could be due to: (a) a lag between income and consumption reference periods, causing consumption to be overestimated relative to income due to inflation; (b) underestimation of incomes generated by household self-employment activities (over 91 percent of Nepalese households engage in selfemployment with 46 percent of them declaring total income lower than total consumption; indeed, among households that dissave according to the NLSS, 93 percent of their incomes are generated from self-employment activities); (c) in some cases, low income levels could be accurately
Integrated Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Micro-Simulation Approach
estimated and simply due to transitory financial difficulties experienced during the survey year. To simultaneously address income under-reporting in the NLSS and allocate self-employment income to the various factors of production, various adjustments are applied sequentially. NLSS Step 1 (Inflation): As income is reported for the entire year, whereas expenditures are generally reported for the previous month, income is adjusted upward by half of the inflation rate (assuming a smooth distribution of income over the year).4 NLSS Step 2 (self-employment income): Selfemployment income is allocated to the factors of production (land, labour and capital) used in its generation by imputing values based on their respective market opportunity costs, assuming that households will not use their resources in self-employment unless their returns are the same as renting them out. The opportunity cost of labour is computed by the mean hourly implicit wage for each socio-professional categories adjusted by their respective unemployment rates. This reflects the fact that individuals will engage in self-employment either because they cannot find paid work in their profession or their expected wage from self-employment exceeds those offered in the market. The share of returns to land from agricultural self-employment was estimated by computing the mean regional rental price of land. The value of capital share from self-employment was computed residually as the difference between net revenue and the estimated costs of all other factors used in this activity. NLSS Step 3 (negative capital income): In cases where households reported negative capital income from self-employment, this was deemed unrealistic and the values were set to zero. This correction reduced the share of households with negative savings from 40 to 26 percent. NLSS Step 4 (inter-household transfers): For all remaining household with negative savings, we assumed that this was due to the failure of the NLSS to capture intra-household transfers. Thus intransfers were increased just enough to bring savings to zero for these households, where these in-transfers are financed through a proportional increase in out-transfers from all households with positive reported savings. Subsequently, we turn our attention to reconciling household survey and SAM data. A comparison of income and expenditure vectors from both datasets revealed that household income and expenditure in the NLSS was still understated relative to the SAM in spite of the preceding adjustments. This could be due to various causes such as the omission of households lacking information on incomes, expenditures and/or other socio-economic variables from the NLSS, as well as the 2.4 percent population growth and 7.8 percent inflation between the year of the NLSS (1995/96) and the year of the SAM (1996/97). Consequently, the income and expenditure vectors generated from the survey were increased proportionally to match SAM values. Regional savings rates rates still remained above
corresponding SAM values, which we attribute to possible over-estimation of the opportunity cost of factors used in self-employment activities. These values are thus adjusted proportionally to reconcile the SAM and survey savings rates. The aggregate survey income and expenditure vectors were then substituted into the SAM and all remaining minor imbalances were corrected through a least squares SAM balancing procedure. Philippines The application to the Philippines uses the 1994 SAM (Cororaton, 2004) and the 1994 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES), which is based on a nationally representative sample of 24,797 households. The ―bridging‖ reconciliation rules are similar to Nepal, except that no imputation was carried out to estimate for the market equivalent prices of factors (labour and capital) used in self-employment activities. Since factor incomes and transfers for the entire family are assigned to the household head, recovering income earnings for each family member and undertaking imputation exercises on the basis of the characteristics of the household head may alter the survey structure significantly. Instead, self-employment income was directly allocated to capital income. Moreover, no adjustment for inflation was required as income and expenditure data were both collected at the same time in two rounds of visits at six months interval. Nonetheless, inter-household in-transfers were increased proportionally, as there total was inferior to total in-transfers. Reconciliation between the household survey and the SAM was carried out in three steps. The first step involved proportionally increasing the expenditure vector in the SAM as it was six percent below that of the household survey. This difference was attributed to inter-household transfers, which are non-existent in the initial SAM. The second adjustment was on total labour income and total capital income, which are, respectively, 40 and 38 percent higher in the SAM. Since both datasets are for the same year, this reconciliation process was straightforward with survey values normalized to SAM totals, implying that capital and labour income for each household was increased proportionally. Finally, savings was computed residually. 4 APPLICATIONS AND SIMULATION RESULTS To illustrate the integrated CGE microsimulation approach, we study the impact, in both Nepal and the Philippines, of the elimination of all import tariffs with a compensatory uniform consumption tax designed to maintain government revenue constant.5 As the consumption tax is applied uniformly to all goods, it does not create any distortions in the relative consumer prices, allowing us to focus on the impacts of the elimination of all tariffs. We present the results in terms of sectoral supply and demand, factor returns, household income and consumption, and
Integrated Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Micro-Simulation Approach
Table 1 Effects of trade liberalization on sectors, Philippines (% change) Price Volume SECTORS PM PQ PD PL PX M EX D Q XS Irrigated Paddy -31.0 -5.0 -5.0 -8.2 -8.2 395.0 -1.8 -1.8 -1.8 Non irrigated Paddy -5.8 -5.8 -9.0 -9.0 -1.6 -1.6 -1.6 Corn -33.9 -7.0 -5.3 -8.4 -8.4 53.2 7.6 -4.1 -1.7 -4.0 Banana -6.3 -6.3 -9.4 -3.9 - 22.7 2.2 2.2 14.0 Fruits -39.6 -7.8 -4.7 -7.9 -6.9 126.3 13.5 -2.5 3.6 -0.5 Coconut -4.3 -4.3 -7.5 -6.7 - 18.8 2.9 2.9 4.5 Sugarcane -6.9 -6.9 -10.0 -10.0 -7.2 -7.2 -7.2 Other agricultural crops -16.3 -4.5 -4.3 -7.5 -6.9 51.7 26.2 -1.8 -1.1 -0.1 Hog -32.8 -7.4 -5.5 -8.6 -8.6 88.9 -4.6 -0.5 -4.6 Chicken, eggs & poultry products -12.0 -4.2 -4.1 -7.3 -7.3 17.0 14.7 -1.5 -1.4 -1.5 Other livestock -24.1 -5.4 -5.3 -8.4 -8.4 38.6 12.9 -1.3 -1.1 -1.3 Fishing -9.8 -2.4 -2.4 -5.7 -4.5 10.5 7.8 0.2 0.2 1.8 Other Agriculture 3.5 -3.2 -3.5 -6.7 -6.7 -20.7 0.2 -0.6 0.2 AGRICULTURE -25.7 -5.0 -4.4 -7.6 -7.0 66.2 13.9 -1.7 -0.6 -0.5 Mining -6.8 -5.9 -3.0 -6.3 -3.3 6.6 24.4 -17.4 0.3 0.9 Meat Processing -34.3 -8.6 -6.3 -9.4 -9.4 314.6 42.4 -5.8 4.7 -5.5 Canning/preserving of fruits & veg. -26.0 -4.9 -3.5 -6.8 -4.7 66.7 12.9 -1.8 1.1 2.5 Fish canning and processing -29.5 -1.2 -0.6 -3.9 -2.3 330.9 13.5 -4.8 -2.1 2.5 Coconut processing -29.6 -12.5 -7.0 -10.1 -3.6 58.8 12.5 -9.0 2.9 4.6 Rice and corn milling -31.0 -3.6 -2.9 -6.2 -6.2 139.1 16.0 -1.7 0.0 -1.7 Sugar milling and refining -40.4 -10.4 -5.5 -8.7 -7.8 211.3 15.0 -10.0 3.9 -7.7 Beverages, Sugar, Confectionery -15.5 -3.7 -3.1 -6.3 -6.1 20.5 8.8 -0.8 0.0 -0.5 Other food manufacturing -16.6 -6.5 -3.8 -7.0 -6.6 33.9 13.3 -5.0 1.7 -3.9 Textile and garments -23.5 -16.5 -9.5 -12.6 -5.8 52.7 34.8 -19.0 10.0 7.4 Wood and paper products -16.5 -11.0 -6.9 -10.0 -6.9 24.7 23.1 -11.7 1.8 -1.8 Fertilizer 3.0 2.5 1.7 -1.7 -1.0 -1.7 8.4 2.4 -0.3 5.0 Other chemicals -11.0 -8.5 -6.2 -9.3 -8.0 11.2 28.9 -6.6 1.7 -2.2 Petroleum related products -1.5 -1.5 -1.5 -4.8 -4.5 -0.6 10.1 -0.7 -0.7 0.0 Metal and related products -11.3 -8.7 -5.0 -8.1 -4.2 13.8 20.6 -11.4 2.5 3.0 Semi-conductors & other electronic -8.9 -7.4 -3.4 -6.7 -1.8 13.3 19.0 -12.1 5.7 10.1 Motor vehicles & other machineries -7.6 -6.9 -4.8 -7.9 -4.9 5.3 27.7 -6.0 2.1 6.0 Other manufacturing -26.1 -18.7 -11.0 -14.0 -9.0 46.5 30.3 -22.2 5.8 -5.6 Construction and utilities 0.0 -3.2 -3.2 -6.4 -6.3 - 14.5 -1.9 -1.9 -1.7 INDUSTRY -11.6 -7.3 -4.6 -7.8 -5.9 18.5 23.5 -6.3 1.9 0.2 Wholesale trade -0.4 -0.4 -3.7 -2.9 5.9 -1.5 -1.5 0.1 Other service -0.2 -0.2 -3.6 -3.0 6.4 -0.7 -0.7 0.4 Government services -3.8 SERVICES -0.3 -0.3 -3.6 -3.0 6.2 -1.0 0.3 0.3 Key: PM=import prices; PQ=composite consumer prices; PD= prices of local goods sold on the domestic market (with tax); PL= prices of local goods sold on the domestic market (without tax); PX=composite (export-domestic) producer prices; M=imports; EX=exports; D=domestic sales; Q=composite commodity; XS=total output; ―-―– zero at the base.
finally poverty, bearing in mind that in a CGE model all variables interact and are determined simultaneously. We first discuss the simulation results for the Philippines then proceed with the discussion for Nepal. Philippines The elimination of tariffs affects the agricultural and industrial sectors differently (Table 1). Since import-weighted average tariff rates are higher in agriculture, import prices (PM) fall more, and import volumes (M) increase proportionately more in agriculture than in industry. However, as import competition (intensity) is greater in the industrial sector, domestic prices for locally-produced goods (PD and, net of taxes, PL) and consumer prices (PQ) fall more in the industrial sector, whereas they rest almost constant for services, which are not imported. At the same time, faced with a fixed current account balance, rising imports lead to a real exchange rate devaluation and an expansion in exports. Industrial exports (EX) expand more than agricultural and service exports since industry is more export-oriented. Industry also benefits more from falling imported input costs
which, together with the depreciating real exchange rate, make domestic industrial products more competitive in the international market. The net impact is a slight reduction in output (XS) in the inward oriented agricultural sector in favour of the service sector and the outward oriented industrial sector. Output prices (PX) also fall less in industry than in agriculture, despite the greater reduction in prices for domestic sales (PL), given industry's greater export intensity, where export prices are assumed to be constant. However, it is value added prices that drive factor returns and, eventually, income and poverty effects. Falling output prices bring a general reduction in both nominal returns to capital (R) and the average wage rate (Table 2). Greater input cost savings imply that value added priced (PVA) fall even less in industry relative to agriculture. The service sector, which is unaffected by import tariff liberalization, emerges with the smallest reduction in value added prices. As a result, returns to capital fall more in agriculture than in industry and services, and agricultural wages fall more than wages for non-agricultural
Integrated Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Micro-Simulation Approach
Table 2 Effects of trade liberalization on factors, Philippines (% change) Value Added
Labour Demand Unskilled NonAgriAgriculture culture -3.3 -8.2 -2.3 -7.2 -5.0 -9.8 19.4 13.4 0.1 -4.9 6.0 0.7 -12.0 -16.4 0.6 -4.4 -7.3 -11.9 -1.9 -6.9 -2.6 -7.5 6.4 1.0 1.3 -3.8 0.0 -4.4 2.5 -20.0 6.1 6.5 10.7 -6.7 -15.2 -0.9 -7.8 19.4 -4.0 19.1 -7.6 0.3 10.8 30.5 15.5 -11.0 -4.2 0.0 -0.2 0.4 2.0 0.0 1.0
Skilled NonAgriculture -9.0 -8.1 -10.7 12.4 -5.8 -0.3 -17.2 -5.3 -12.8 -7.7 -8.4 0.1 -4.7 -5.1 1.6 -20.7 5.2 5.5 9.7 -7.5 -16.0 -1.8 -8.7 18.3 -4.9 18.0 -8.4 -0.7 9.8 29.3 14.4 -11.8 -5.0 0.02 -0.5 1.1 1.0
Total SECTORS VA PVA R Labour Irrigated Paddy -1.8 -10.2 -11.8 -3.5 Non irrigated Paddy -1.6 -9.5 -10.9 -2.5 Corn -4.0 -9.8 -13.4 -5.8 Banana 14.0 -4.4 8.9 18.3 Fruits -0.5 -8.3 -8.7 -0.9 Coconut 4.5 -7.5 -3.3 5.2 Sugarcane -7.2 -13.5 -19.8 -12.3 Other agricultural crops -0.1 -8.2 -8.2 -0.3 Hog -4.6 -11.4 -15.4 -8.4 Chicken, egg & poultry products -1.5 -9.2 -10.6 -3.0 Other livestock -1.3 -10.1 -11.2 -3.7 Fishing 1.8 -4.7 -3.0 5.0 Other Agriculture 0.2 -7.8 -7.6 0.2 AGRICULTURE -0.4 -8.4 -8.5 -0.8 Mining 0.9 -2.5 -1.6 2.0 Meat Processing -5.5 -18.7 -23.2 -20.4 Canning/preserving of fruits & veg. 2.5 -0.6 1.9 5.7 Fish canning and processing 2.5 -0.2 2.3 6.1 Coconut processing 4.6 1.7 6.3 10.1 Rice and corn milling -1.7 -8.8 -10.4 -7.1 Sugar milling and refining -7.7 -11.8 -18.6 -15.6 Beverages, Sugar, Confectionery -0.5 -4.3 -4.8 -1.3 Other food manufacturing -3.9 -7.9 -11.5 -8.3 Textile and garments 7.4 6.8 14.7 18.8 Wood, and paper products -1.8 -6.2 -7.8 -4.5 Fertilizer 5.0 8.9 14.4 18.5 Other chemicals -2.2 -9.2 -11.2 -7.9 Petroleum related products 0.0 -3.7 -3.7 -0.1 Metal and related products 3.0 3.3 6.4 10.3 Semi-conductors & other electronic 10.1 13.9 25.4 29.9 Motor vehicles and other machineries 6.0 4.6 10.9 14.9 Other manufacturing -5.6 -9.5 -14.5 -11.4 Construction and utilities -1.7 -6.3 -8.0 -4.5 INDUSTRY -0.2 -4.3 -4.5 -0.3 Wholesale trade 0.1 -3.7 -3.6 0.2 Other service 0.4 -2.4 -2.0 1.4 Government services 0.0 -4.0 0.0 0.0 SERVICES 0.3 -2.8 -2.5 0.9 TOTAL -0.1 -4.5 -4.1 Change in average wage, % --> -4.7 -8.8 -4.0 -3.1 Key: VA=value added; PVA=value added prices; R=rate of return to capital; ―-―– zero at the base. Notes: The changes in labour demand volume for skilled and unskilled agricultural labour in the agricultural sectors are the same. This is because in the SAM, all agricultural sectors have the same share of skilled and unskilled agricultural labour (18 and 82 percent share in total agriculture labour respectively) in production—owing to absence of data to break detailed agriculture labour across agricultural sub-sectors. Nonetheless, this does not significantly affect the computational results of the model.
workers. Obviously, total nominal household income falls across all household categories (Table 3) due to the fall in both nominal wages and returns to capital. The decomposition in Table 3 shows that this income fall is driven primarily by the reduction in wage income, particularly among non-agricultural skilled workers, who contribute a high share in total household income, and agricultural workers, who are hardest hit by the wage reductions outlined in Table 2. Given their reliance on agricultural income, income reduction among male headed households is stronger, when compared to their female counterparts. Similarly, less educated households experience greater
nominal income losses than their higher-educated counterparts. On average, consumer prices fall more than nominal household incomes (Table 4). This is not the case in rural areas, where nominal incomes fall more given the above-noted strong reductions in the returns to agricultural factors. This impact can be traced primarily to households headed by low educated males, for whom nominal incomes fall more than consumer prices, as they are the most dependent on agricultural income. These income and consumer price changes can be traced to each individual household from the FIES in order to analyze the poverty impacts. Overall,
Integrated Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Micro-Simulation Approach
Table 3 Effects of trade liberalization on household income, Philippines (% change) Female Low High Educated Educated All -0.1 -0.1 -0.3 -0.7 -0.7 -1.3
Male Low High Educated Educated -0.2 -0.4 -0.7 -1.5 -0.9 -1.7
Household categories All All Agriculture Skilled -0.2 Agriculture Unskilled -0.6 Non-agriculture Skilled -0.9 Non-agriculture Unskilled -0.4 -0.5 -1.0 -0.4 -0.9 Labour Total Labour -2.1 -1.5 -1.7 -1.4 -2.2 -2.4 -2.1 Agriculture -0.7 -0.4 -0.7 -0.2 -0.8 -1.3 -0.3 Industry -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 Services -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.5 -0.7 Land -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 -0.2 -0.3 -0.1 Capital Total Capital -1.6 -1.2 -1.5 -0.9 -1.6 -2.1 -1.2 Other Dividends Income Others Total -3.7 -2.7 -3.2 -2.2 -3.9 -4.5 -3.3 Notes: (a) ―-― in labour income block indicates the absence of household income from the corresponding labour type. For instance, low (high) educated male and female have no labour income from skilled (unskilled) agriculture labour and skilled (unskilled) non-agriculture labour. (b) ―-― in the Other income block is due to the assumption that nonfactor income (i.e., dividends, government transfers and remittances) are held fixed to prevent any possible welfare/poverty effects of variations from these income sources; (c) ―Total‖ shows over-all variation in income. This is calculated as the sum of contribution of each income source to the total variation in income.
Table 4 Effects of trade liberalization on income and prices, Philippines (% change) All Income All Philippines NCR Urban except NCR Rural
-3.7 -2.7 -3.3 -4.9
All Female -2.7 -2.3 -2.4 -3.7
Low Educated Female -3.2 -2.4 -2.8 -4.1
High Educated Female -2.2 -2.3 -2.1 -2.6
All Male -3.9 -2.8 -3.4 -5.1
Low Educated Male -4.5 -2.5 -3.8 -5.5
High Educated Male -3.3 -2.9 -3.2 -4.2
Consumer price index per household category All Philippines -4.2 -3.7 -3.9 -3.3 -4.2 -4.1 -4 NCR -3.6 -3.3 -3.5 -2.5 -3.7 -3.3 -3.5 Urban except NCR -4.2 -3.8 -3.9 -3.5 -4.3 -4.5 -4 Rural -4.4 -4.1 -4.2 -3.7 -4.5 -4.5 -4.4 Notes: (a) Consumer price index per household category is the same as the Weighted Price of Household Specific Consumer Basket; (b) NCR stands for National Capital Region, otherwise known as Metro Manila, which is the capital of the Philippines.
the national poverty headcount index falls marginally, whereas both the national poverty gap and severity index increase marginally, implying that the poor become even poorer (Table 5). Indeed, the poor are overwhelmingly concentrated in rural areas and thus hit hardest by the fall in agricultural income. A clear pro-urban bias in the poverty results emerges as all poverty indices fall significantly in the National Capital region and compare favourably among other urban households relatively to rural households, for whom all poverty indices increase. Households with highly educated heads also benefit more from tariff reductions than their counterparts with low educated heads, given their greater relative reliance on non-factor and non-agricultural income and skilled wages. Moreover, poverty falls dramatically among households headed by highly educated females given their high share of income from non-factor and non-agricultural sources. As the underlying data is available at the individual household level, analysis by other socio-economic categories would, of course, straightforward.
Nepal Sectoral supply and demand effects of trade liberalization in Nepal are presented in Table 6. As in the Philippines, the sectors with high initial tariff rates (TM) – paddy, other food crops, mining, and gas/electricity/water – experience the greatest increase in import volumes. The impact of this increase in import volume is tempered however, as imports represent a small share of local consumption in all sectors, except manufacturing and, to a lesser degree, the transport/communication, mining and trade sectors. In general, the export-oriented sectors – hotel/restaurant, transport/communication and trade – post the greatest output increases. Manufacturing exports are insufficient to offset the sector's vulnerability to import competition (47 percent of local consumption) such that it posts the greatest output contraction next to mining, which does not export at all. The agricultural sector has very low export intensities, 2 percent or less, and thus posts output contractions and
Integrated Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Micro-Simulation Approach
Table 5 Effects of trade liberalization on poverty, Philippines (% change) Low High All Educated Educated Female Female Female
Low High Educated Educated All Male Male Male
FGT Poverty Index All All Philippines Headcount -0.2 -2.9 -2.5 -5.9 0.0 0.1 -0.6 Gap 0.8 -1.3 -1 -4.3 0.9 1.1 0 Severity 1.2 -1.2 -0.9 -3.5 1.4 1.6 0.3 National Capital Region (NCR) Headcount -1.6 -6.3 -5.1 -9.1 -1 -2.6 0.8 Gap -2.5 -3.5 -3.4 -4.5 -2.4 -2.8 -2 Severity -3.2 -4.2 -4.4 -4.8 -2.9 -3.5 -2 All Urban Households (except NCR) Headcount -0.7 -3.1 -2.7 -5.7 -0.5 -0.1 -1.7 Gap 0.2 -2.5 -2.1 -5.7 0.4 0.6 -0.7 Severity 0.7 -2.3 -2 -5.8 0.9 1.2 -0.3 All Rural Households Headcount 0.0 -2.6 -2.3 -5.3 0.2 0.3 -0.03 Gap 1.1 -0.8 -0.6 -3.6 1.2 1.3 0.6 Severity 1.5 -0.7 -0.5 -2.7 1.7 1.8 0.8 Notes: Poverty headcount - Proportion of the population that falls below the poverty line; Poverty gap - Indicates how far on the average the poor are from the poverty line; Poverty-severity - Squared average distance of income of the poor from the poverty line.
Table 6 Effects of trade liberalization on sectoral production, Nepal (% change) Tariff rate TM
Import volumes M M/Q
Exports and Production PD EX EX/XS XS
Value Added Urban Terai Hills
AGRICULTURE Paddy 13.5 52.4 0.2 -0.8 -4.0 21.6 0.1 -0.7 -4.0 -0.7 -0.5 -1.4 Other food crops 12.2 43.4 0.6 -0.8 -4.0 21.9 0.2 -0.8 -4.0 0.8 0.4 -1.7 Cash crops 7.0 11.7 3.5 -0.7 -4.3 23.8 2.0 -0.2 -4.2 -1.3 -0.8 0.4 Livestock/fisheries 4.4 -1.5 1.2 -0.9 -4.4 24.0 1.9 -0.4 -4.3 -1.0 -0.9 0.0 Forestry 0.8 -4.2 25.1 0.1 0.9 -4.2 -0.5 0.6 1.6 NON-AGRICULTURE Mining 12.3 39.8 8.6 -10.4 -2.6 -10.4 -2.6 -12.2 -11.8 -9.8 Manufacturing 8.1 15.8 47.0 -8.1 -3.1 7.8 16.8 -5.4 -2.6 -6.0 -5.4 -3.5 Construction -0.9 -2.4 -0.9 -2.4 -1.2 -0.7 -0.6 Gas, electricity, water 10.9 47.7 2.4 -2.3 -2.0 -2.3 -2.0 -2.4 -1.9 -1.9 Hotel and restaurant 1.6 -2.4 14.9 55.9 9.1 -1.0 9.2 10.1 6.6 Transport/communication 6.0 13.8 13.3 -1.4 -2.9 14.4 30.5 3.5 -2.0 3.4 4.0 3.0 Trade 3.4 2.2 6.8 1.5 -3.1 18.9 20.9 5.2 -2.4 3.2 6.4 10.0 Banking and real estate 0.9 -2.1 0.9 -2.1 0.5 1.6 0.5 Government services -0.1 -2.5 -0.1 -2.5 -0.1 -0.3 0.3 Other services -0.1 -2.2 11.6 0.8 0.0 -2.2 1.6 0.2 -2.7 Key: TM=initial tariff rate; δ=variation; M=Imports; Q=domestic consumption; M/Q=import penetration rate; D=Local sales of domestic output; PD=Price of local sales of domestic output; EX=exports; XS=domestic output; EX/XS=export intensity ratio; PX=Producer price of composite domestic output; VA=value added. Notes: Changes in value added and Output are equal.
Table 7 Effects of trade liberalisation on factor remuneration, Nepal (% change) Wage Rate
Urban Terai Hills and Mountains
Unskilled -2.9 -4.1 -4.3
Skilled -2.3 -2.3 -2.3
Returns to: Capital in Agriculture -5.4 -5.1 -4.4
the greatest reduction in producer prices. The fall in agricultural producer prices translates into a reduction in the remuneration of factors used intensively in agriculture, namely land, unskilled labour and agricultural capital (Table 7). Note that unskilled wages in the agricultural sector falls by about 4 percent, which is roughly as much as the fall in the prices of agricultural output. In contrast, the decline is smaller for
Capital in Nonagriculture -1.7 -0.6 -0.8
Land -5.4 -5.1 -4.4
Other income 0.02 0.02 0.02
urban unskilled labour as it is not so tightly linked to the agricultural sector. For a better understanding of the household income impacts, the average income changes for households in each region are decomposed into changes in income from each factor (Table 8). Since Terai and Hill/mountain households derive their income primarily from unskilled labour and land, households in these two regions have a
Integrated Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Micro-Simulation Approach
Table 8 Sources of household income by region, Nepal Income shares (%) Urban Terai Hills WAGES Unskilled Skilled RETURNS TO: Agricultural Capital Non-agricultural Capital Land OTHER INCOME TOTAL
Change in factor Remuneration rates (%) Urban Terai Hills
Income changes (%) Urban Terai Hills
24.5 22.0
33.8 10.4
36.1 9.2
-2.9 -2.3
-4.1 -2.3
-4.3 -2.3
-0.7 -0.5
-1.4 -0.2
-1.6 -0.2
0.4 32.5 3.2 14.3 100.0
1.9 18.8 30.5 4.7 100.0
1.8 11.6 34.1 7.1 100.0
-5.4 -1.7 -5.4 0.0
-5.1 -0.6 -5.1 0.0
-4.4 -0.8 -4.4 0.0
0.0 -0.6 -0.3 0.3 -1.8
-0.1 -0.1 -1.6 0.1 -3.3
-0.1 -0.1 -1.5 0.1 -3.3
Table 9 Effects of trade liberalization on consumer prices, Nepal (% change) PM
AGRICULTURE Paddy -11.9 -4.0 0.2 Other food crops -10.9 -4.0 0.6 Cash crops -6.5 -4.3 3.5 Livestock/fisheries -4.2 -4.4 1.2 Forestry -4.2 -4.2 1.2 Mining -10.9 -2.6 8.6 NON-AGRICULTURE Manufacturing -7.5 -3.1 47.0 Construction 0.0 -2.4 0.0 Gas, electricity, water -9.8 -2.0 2.4 Hotel and restaurant 0.0 -2.4 0.0 Transport/communication -5.7 -2.9 13.3 Trade -3.2 -3.1 6.8 Banking and real estate 0.0 -2.1 0.0 Government services 0.0 -2.5 0.0 Other services 0.0 -2.2 0.0 Total Consumer price indices Key: PM=Price of imports; PD=Price of local sales of prices
Hills / Urban Terai Mountains 65.0 79.2 79.0 -3.0 14.1 32.1 18.2 -3.1 5.9 13.5 18.1 -3.4 24.1 24.2 28.8 -3.4 4.4 4.0 5.0 -3.2 16.5 5.4 8.8 -2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.0 20.8 21.0 -3.7 19.5 13.2 15.1 -1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 -1.2 0.5 0.1 0.0 -1.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 -2.2 2.9 1.1 1.1 -2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 -1.1 0.2 0.5 0.1 -1.4 10.0 5.0 4.0 -1.1 1.6 0.8 0.6 100 100 100 -3.1 -3.1 -3.2 domestic output; M/Q=import penetration rate; PC=Consumer PC
more substantial loss (3.3 percent) in nominal income than urban households (1.8 percent). In contrast, urban households earn nearly one-third of their income from non-agricultural capital and nearly a quarter more from skilled wages, which are the two factors that experience the smallest reductions in terms of remuneration rates. These changes imply that, on the income side, trade liberalization favours urban households over rural households. At the same time, trade liberalization affects consumer prices (Table 9) through the reduction in import prices and, in the face of this import competition, in the prices of local sales by domestic producers. At the same time, a uniform compensatory consumption tax is introduced to keep government revenue constant, which raises consumer prices proportionally in all sectors. Generally speaking, consumer prices fall most in the initially highly protected sectors – paddy, other food crops, mining and gas/electricity/water sectors – and the initially moderately protected but import-intensive manufacturing sector. What conclusions can we draw in terms of poverty? Making full use of the household-level results, it is possible to draw curves showing the variation in headcount ratios and the poverty gap
(Figures 1 and 2) over a wide range of poverty lines (from zero to twice the median income). This gives us a much more detailed view of how the impacts of trade liberalization vary over the whole income distribution. These figures show that results are very sensitive to the choice of poverty line. While there is some evidence of a slight reduction in the number of the very poorest (under 900 rupees, or $US 43, per capita annual income), the number of moderately poor increases as a result of trade liberalisation (Figure 1). Similar results are obtained in terms of the poverty gap, with the very richest clearly emerging as beneficiaries of trade liberalization (Figure 2). This analysis can be pushed further to examine the impacts among particular socio-economic or regional groups. In results not shown here, the incidence of poverty in urban areas is found to fall, whereas it increases in the two rural areas. Indeed, the urban poor have a greater endowment of non-agricultural capital and depend less on income from land and unskilled labour. Here, too, it is possible to go further into the analysis to contrast, for example, impacts on the extreme versus moderate poor.
Integrated Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Micro-Simulation Approach
0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0 -0.001 -0.002
Poverty line
Figure 1 Variation in headcount ratio curves, Nepal (All regions) Note: This figure represents the variation in the headcount ratio resulting from trade liberalisation for a whole range of poverty line
0.0014 Variation
0.001 0.0008 0.0006 0.0004 0.0002 0 -0.0002 0
Poverty line
Figure 2 Variation in poverty gap curves, Nepal (All regions) Note: This figure represents the variation in the poverty gap resulting from trade liberalisation for a whole range of
poverty lines
5. CONCLUSION This paper has shown how to explicitly integrate into a CGE model each household from a nationally representative household survey to overcome the representative household critique. To the extent that the analysis of macro-economic shocks has differing impacts on individual households, an explicit analysis that integrates household-level income sources and consumption patterns is essential. We have also shown that constructing a standard integrated CGE micro-simulation model is straightforward, since one merely shifts from a model with several ―representative‖ households to a model with a large number of ―real‖ households. Practically no modification is required to the standard CGE model code and the only data requirements are the SAM and other data underlying a standard model and a recent household survey containing complete income and expenditure data. The main challenge of this approach is to reconcile
the national accounts and household survey data. However, reconciliation is just as necessary in the representative household and sequential microsimulation approaches presented in the other papers of this volume, even if it is often ignored. There is no magic recipe for reconciliation; a thorough understanding of the datasets are required and reasonable assumptions must be made, with the ultimate aim of creating a more reliable and coherent database with minimal data alteration. Through applications to Nepal and the Philippines, we have shown how this approach can generate rich and nuanced insights into the full distributive impacts of trade liberalization and other macro shocks. A rich agenda for future research remains, particularly in integrating some of the more sophisticated labour market modelling found in sequential CGE microsimulation models. Another extension could be in terms of modelling the motors of growth in order to explicitly identify how each household is affected by and contributes to growth.
Integrated Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Micro-Simulation Approach
Notes 1
For instance, moving from a CGE model with three representative households to a fully integrated version with 5000 household only entails changes in a slice of code. That is, (a) In GAMS, the household SET H previously defined as SET h /h1*h3/ will be modified to SET h /h1*h5000/; (b) In GEMPACK, one moves from SET H (h1-h3) to SET H (h1h5000). Refer to Cockburn and Cloutier (2002) for a detailed discussion of the different techniques available. See Fofana and Cockburn (2003) for a technical description of reconciliation procedure. Paxson (1992) adjusts household savings by deflating household consumption by the inflation rate over the period of the survey. Although complete tariff elimination may not be implemented by both countries in the near future, it provides an order of magnitude and allows us to compare the impacts of trade liberalization on Nepal and the Philippines in a consistent manner.
REFERENCES Adelman I and Robinson S (1978) Income Distribution Policy: A Computable General Equilibrium Model of South Korea, Stanford: Stanford University Press. Boccanfuso D, Decaluwe B and Savard L (2003) ‗Poverty, income distribution and cge modeling: does the functional form of distribution matter?', Cahier 03-32, CIRPEE, Université Laval, Montreal. Bourguignon F and Pereira da Silva L A (2003) ‗Conclusion: Where do we go from here?', in Bourguignon F and L A Pereira da Silva (Eds.), The Impact of Economic Policies on Poverty and Income Distribution: Evaluation Techniques and Tools, New York: World Bank and Oxford University Press, 339-349. Cockburn J (2006) ‗Trade liberalisation and poverty in Nepal: a computable general equilibrium micro simulation analysis', in Bussolo M and J Round (Eds.) Globalization and Poverty: Channels and Policies, London: Routledge, 171-194. Cockburn J, Corong E and Cororaton C (2008) ‗Poverty effects of the Philippines' Tariff Reduction Program: Insights from a CGE model', Asian Economic Journal, 22(3), 287– 317. Cockburn J and Cloutier M-H (2002) ‗How to build an integrated CGE microsimulation model : step-by-step instructions with an illustrative exercise', mimeo, Poverty and Economic Policy (PEP) research network . Cogneau D and Robillard A S (2001) ‗Growth distribution and poverty in Madagascar: learning from a microsimulation model in a general equilibrium framework', TMD
Discussion Paper 61, International Fool Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C.. Cororaton C B (2004) ‗Analyzing the impact of trade reforms on welfare and income distribution using cge framework: the case of the philippines', Philippine Journal of Development, 57(2), 25-64. Decaluwé B, Dumont J-C and Savard L (2000) ‗Measuring poverty and inequality in a computable general equilibrium model', Working paper 99-20, Centre de recherche en économie et finance appliquées (CREFA), Université Laval, Quebec. Decaluwé B, Martens A and Savard L (2001) La politique économique du développement et les modèles d'équilibre général calculable, Montréal: University of Montreal press. De Janvry A, Sadoulet E and Fargeix A (1991) ‗Politically feasible and equitable adjustment: some alternatives for Ecuador', World Development, 19(11), 1577-1594. Deaton A (1997) The analysis of household surveys: a microeconometric approach to development policy, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press for the World Bank. Dervis K, de Melo J and Robinson S (1982) General Equilibrium Models for Development Policy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Duclos J Y, Araar A and Fortin C (2001) ‗DAD: a software for distributional analysis/analyse distributive', MIMAP Programme, International Development Research centre, Government of Canada and CREFA, Université Laval, Montreal. Fofana I and Cockburn J (2003) ‗Microsimulations in Computable General Equilibrium: Procedures for analysing and reconciling data', mimeo, Poverty and Economic Policy (PEP) research network, . Foster J, Greer J and Thorbecke E (1984) ‗A class of decomposable poverty measures', Econometrica, 52(3), 761–766. Hertel T and Reimer J (2005) ‗Predicting the poverty impacts of trade reform', The Journal of International Trade and International Development, 14(4), 377-405. Kirman A (1992) ‗Whom or what does the representative individual represent?', Journal of Economic Perspectives, 6(2), 117-136. Lofgren H, Robinson S and El Said M (2004) ‗Poverty and inequality analysis in a general equilibrium framework: the representative household approach', Chapter 15 in Bourguignon F and Pereira da Silva A L (Eds.) The Impact of Economic Policies on Poverty and Income Distribution: Evaluation Techniques and Tools, Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 325-339. Lysy F and Taylor L (1979) ‗The general equilibrium income distribution model', Chapter 6 in Taylor L, Bacha E L, Cardoso E A and Lysy F (Eds.) Models of Growth and Distribution for Brazil, London: Oxford University Press, 128139. Paxson C H (1992) ‗Using weather variability to estimate the response of savings to transitory
Integrated Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Micro-Simulation Approach
income in Thailand', American Economic Review, 82(1), 15-33. Sapkota P R (2001) ‗Regionally disaggregated social accounting matrices of Nepal, 1986/87', mimeo, Himalayan Institute of Development, Kathmandu, Nepal. Winters L A, McCulloch N and Mckay A (2004) ‗Trade liberalization and poverty: The evidence so far', Journal of Economic Literature 42(March), 72–115.
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text:
This is an old revision of the document!
Agricultural Economics, 1912-1935
b. Necedah, Wisc., 1871
d. Amherst, Mass., 1935
Known as "Miss J", Jefferson was a dedicated teacher and published extensively on various aspects of agricultural industry and marketing, including the McIntosh apple market and the agricultural labor movement. Illness forced Jefferson's retirement from the University in 1935 and she died shortly thereafter.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
PEOPLE have a chance to do their bit for the environment and learn a traditional country skill at the same time.
Coppicing is to be taught at Dogley Local Nature Reserve at Highburton.
Coppicing – cutting off trees and shrubs to ground level – stimulates vigorous regrowth and allows more sunlight to reach the woodland floor, encouraging the flowering of many woodland plants in Springtime.
The event is being held by Conservation Kirklees on Saturday, October 17, and there will be a second on Saturday, November 14. Both sessions will be from 9.30am to 3.30pm.
They are free to join in but places must be booked by contacting Simon Pedley, of Kirklees Countryside Unit, tel: 01484 234073.


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Some of the best ways to spend holidays are reading books, drawing pictures, playing musical instruments of one's choice, listening to music, gardening, travelling, cooking, watching movies, etc. These activities can lessen much of life's tension.
A good novel with an excellent story can distract our minds and fill us with great delight. Painting in the open also can make our minds afresh. Playing favourite musical instruments, listening music, watching good movies, etc., can also provide a lot of relaxation and enjoyment.
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Gardening is also a good way to spend during holidays. It has a recuperating effect particularly on those engaged in mental work. Travelling is the best way of spending holidays. It, not only widens our geographical knowledge but also, has the capacity to soothe our strained minds. Beautiful scenery, overflowing rivers, vast green fields, enchanting hills, touching landscape, sandy beaches, historical buildings, etc., fill us with lots of joy and delight.
Holidays are a must in everyone's life, for most lives are full of toils and tensions, ups and downs. Holidays reduce these physical and mental ills. It energises our exhausted bodies and refreshes our worn-out minds. An exhausted body cannot function smoothly. A worn-out mind cannot think and act properly.
Holidays replenish the lost energy and vigour. It removes our tension and worry at least for some time. It cools down the heat and dust of life. Those who work without breaks and holidays often end up having sicknesses, such as ulcer, stomach disorders, psychological ills, sleeplessness, neurosis, etc.
Thus, there is no doubt that holidays can energise our exhausted bodies, refresh our worn-out minds and renews our lost vigour and energy filled hearts. It cools down the heat and the dust of life and fills us with a new zest for life. However, what is important is not the number of holidays we spend but the manner in which they are spending. Indeed, holidays well spent is time well spent?


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Repressive Regimes
War on Terror
The reduction in rubbish collections has caused public outrage in Britain. Over 150 councils are switching from weekly to fortnightly refuse collections. Will this improve recycling rates as the government has claimed or will it result in mounting piles of rubbish, putting our health at risk?
Binwatch wants to see your bins! Are they overflowing with rubbish? Attracting local vermin? Or perhaps the new system is resulting in a greener approach to your rubbish disposal.
Send us your bin stories, photos and videos - good or bad!
'Dispatches: Bin Wars' is on Channel 4 on Mon 24th May at 9pm
Posting to this moblog is simple, simply send an MMS containing an image or video to 07725202020 with your message and the word bin at the start of the message, then more info about your bin such as where it is located in the UK, how smelly is it, etc. Alternatively you can email your Bin pictures or video to:
and they will appear here.
You can also add detailed info about your bin by posting user comments below your picture.
yes you can
I think you should be speaking to your neighbour.
THE BIN HAS MOVED! We subtly left the bag closer to their door the other night, and this seemed to do the trick!
Will be keeping an eye in future though!


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Throughout 2019, Poundside Pop has been starting a tsunami out of Philly while demonstrating his well-deserved recognition on social media. This Philly young gun has not only worked in the studio with Meek Mill, but also made an appearance on Meek's tour with Future. Today, Poundside Pop makes his first appearance on the Chiefers pages with his video for "Off Top."
2019 has been a year of numbers for Philadelphia's Poundside Pop. The up-and-comer now sits atop 12k subscribers on YouTube, 40k followers on Instagram, and 2500 followers on Twitter. This platform he's created for himself is perfect for the next phase of his career, as he's culminating a much larger fanbase outside the confines of Philly. 2020 will be the year that Poundside Pop explodes on the digital scene. This latest bit of content from Poundside is another perfect expression of his brand and is making a phenomenal impression with his ever-growing fanbase. This gritty track from the Philly young-gun is one of my favorites, and the visuals are a perfect fit. With 700 likes and 4 dislikes currently on YouTube, it seems like his fans agree. This NOC-produced heater and its corresponding visuals are bound to draw a whole lot of attention in the near term. Pay attention to Poundside Pop and the rest of the upcoming Philly scene while it's early, you'll thank me later. Take a look at the impressive visuals for "Off Top" below, and while you're at it, peep his previous video for his track "Drippin' Again" (now at almost 400k views since its drop in July).


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For most people in Marysville and the rest of America, auto loans are the chief debt-related commitment in life, aside from a mortgage. However, this is one of the most difficult times in our nation's history to finance a car, thanks to the recession.
Worried? You needn't be! It's our mission to help you finance the vehicle you want. When you submit your application, our software works to find you the local lender which best suits your needs.
Sure, loan requests will appear on your credit file. The good news is that the fico score calculations now take into consideration shopping periods. Provided that you constrain a few different rate quotes to only 1 to 1.5 months, multiple credit report checks should show up as just one inquiry on your credit report.
Click the link to APPLY ONLINE.
Getting a Car with A Bad Credit Score in Marysville, WA
Ever thought about how many people in Marysville have bad credit? Remember, a credit rating of less than 620 is considered bad credit.
Credit Score
# of Marysville Residents
Without a doubt, consumers struggling with subprime credit scores want automobile financing just like everyone else. That's where we can help.
When you apply online, our Approval Maximization Engine goes to work placing your loan application with a lender who finances bad credit.
Click this link to apply online.
Co-signer: Mandatory?
Even though cosigners might not be absolutely mandatory, not having your loan cosigned could prolong the approval process. This is immensely important when you need a no credit auto loan in Marysville, WA. Bear in mind: cosigning an auto loan is a big responsibility. How so? Because the cosigner will be required by law to pay off the amount borrowed in the event that the principal buyer cannot. What's more, did you know that the auto loan will pop up on the cosigner's credit? Due to this, cosigning a car loan is a big commitment.
Planning Your Investment
A lot of people wonder: what size loan can I afford? It is generally best to have a chat with a good financial planner. That said, we can give you some guidelines catered to Marysville's average income, debt, and insurance amounts. Keep in mind, these are only average numbers.
- Income: $52,643
- Monthly Debt Payments: $694
- Monthly Budget for Vehicles: $250 (36% of Debt)
- Monthly Insurance Premiums: $55
- Leftover Allowance For Car Payments, Gas, Repairs: $195
The loan amount to which this equates will depend on an array of criteria: annual percentage rate, length of term, fico scores, and so on.
Just click here to Apply Online!
Is a Down Payment Required?
It depends. You can get a car loan with zero down in Marysville, WA. However, the question for you is this: should you get a car with no down payment? The thing is, upside down loans are an enormous problem among US borrowers. Putting money down is a straightforward way of avoiding the feared upside down auto loan.
If you need car loans with adverse credit in Marysville, WA, you might have no option but to offer up some cash upfront.
Buy Here Pay Here Dealers in Marysville, WA: Be Warned!
Have you seen all the buy here pay here car lots, which furnish no credit check financing, popping up across Washington? These types of car dealerships serve individuals who have terrible credit, and those needing car loans in Marysville, WA, with chapter 7 or 13 bankruptcy, property foreclosure, or even repossession. Getting a loan from the bank would be unimaginable for folks with credit issues such as these. Marysville buy here pay here dealerships, on the other hand, will provide them an auto loan, usually without any credit check. The interest levels can be inflated, and it's too easy to go upside down with this type of loan.
We have noticed that lots of people believe that their credit rating is uglier than it really is. You will most likely not need a no credit check car loan.
Click this link to Apply Online.


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China's sweet-toothed millennials lure giant sugar player MSM
Kuala Lumpur
ONE of Asia's biggest sugar refiners is in talks to sell the sweetener in China, seduced by the country's "new generation" of consumers.
MSM Malaysia Holdings Bhd is nearing the final stages of discussions to set up partnerships in China's downstream sugar industry, executive director Khairil Anuar Aziz said. The refiner is looking to sell sugar for popular snacks such as bubble tea, health drinks and bread, as well as healthier sweeteners, condensed milk and molasses used in alcohol.
There's "opportunity if you really blend it with the current lifestyle of people" in China, Mr Khairil said in an interview at the company headquarters in Kuala Lumpur last week. "We really want to provide sugar to all these different industries - bakeries, bubble tea, healthy drinks. The demand is there."
MSM's wager on China follows a tumultuous time for the global sugar market, which has been one of the worst performers in recent years. The more-than 40 per cent plunge in futures in the past two years has hurt firms from Germany's Suedzucker AG to major Singaporean food trader Olam International Ltd. MSM hasn't gone unscathed, with dwindling sales leading to a quarterly loss and shares tumbling to a record low on Monday. MSM shares in Kuala Lumpur rose as much as 4.7 per cent to RM1.77 on Tuesday.
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MSM is hoping China can help turn things around. The refiner, the world's sixth largest for standalone capacity at 2.25 million tonnes per year, sees China as Asia's next biggest sugar market as the younger generation become increasingly busy and pick up easy-to-eat sugary snacks on the go. BLOOMBERG
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But i'm planing on the next newsletter and it just got a brain storm. YAY. Now i can get it done. while I'm holding Scooter the cat. He likes to be held.
ok, enjoy the beautiful spring-summer weekend.
I'm off
Wow, thunderstorms, 70 degrees and above...it must be the begining of SUMMER!
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A Trump official is in trouble for spending R200,000 on an ostrich leather jacket – he should have shopped in South Africa, where it costs much less
- The former chair of US president Donald Trump's election campaign is currently on trial for fraud.
- The prosecution revealed that Paul Manafort spent more than R200,000 ($15,000) on an ostrich-leather jacket.
- He would have forked out less than R40,000 in South Africa, one expert in the industry says.
Last week, Paul Manafort, the former election campaign chair for US president Donald Trump, appeared in court on bank fraud, tax fraud, and money laundering charges.
But what really raised eyebrows during the start of the trial in Virginia was the revelation, made during the prosecution's opening argument, that Manafort spent more than R200,000 ($15,000) on a jacket "made from an ostrich".
Manafort stands accused of bank and tax fraud for allegedly concealing tens of millions of dollars from his contracted work for a pro-Russian Ukrainian leader. When he stopped receiving payments, he allegedly lied about his income in order to get approved for bank loans in the US.
Manafort is a subject in the US special counsel Robert Mueller's Russia probe, but his current trial pertains to his alleged financial crimes. He faces another trial in September on charges he failed to register as a foreign lobbyist
The internet also appeared to put Manafort on trial for his fashion choices after the Department of Justice released images of his ostrich leather jacket:
Manafort's $15,000 ostrich jacket probably looked like A. But I'm going to imagine B anyway. pic.twitter.com/HK3hsNNynF— Helen Kennedy (@HelenKennedy) July 31, 2018
I think I figured out why manafort owned an ostrich jacket. It is is something you need in order to work for trump - it allows you to stick your head in the sand.— Matthew Dowd (@matthewjdowd) August 1, 2018
In a just world, an ostrich would be wearing a jacket made of Paul Manafort.— Rex Huppke (@RexHuppke) August 2, 2018
I have never in my life given a thought to ostrich jackets and didn't even know they existed and now I can't stop thinking about them and how much I want one just because.— Kyle Griffin (@kylegriffin1) August 2, 2018
People, please. Be reasonable. Who amongst us who hasn't laundered money from America's sworn enemies to buy a jacket "made of an ostrich"? #ManafortTrial— Alt. U.S. Press Sec. (@AltUSPressSec) July 31, 2018
While its not known who sold Manafort the jacket, there is a fair chance that the controversial leather jacket (or at least its leather) originated from South Africa.
South Africa is the world leader in ostrich production with 75% of global market share. Some 90% of South African ostrich meat and products are exported, which earned some R58 million last year.
According to Mariska Coetzee, spokesperson of the high-end exotic leather goods producer Cavalli, an extra-large ostrich leather jacket for a man would normally retail in SA for a maximum of R38,000.
"Ostrich leather is considered a precious material – and that not everyone can afford it. It is much more expensive than python and anaconda, and is ranked third in terms of cost after crocodile and alligator leather respectively," Coetzee told Business Insider South Africa.
"Ostrich leather contains natural oils which mean it resists cracking and stiffness. (It is) luxurious, soft, supple, and thick, featuring an exotic goose bump appearance from the large feather quill follicles."
A single ostrich will deliver more than four meters of leather.
Receive a single WhatsApp every morning with all our latest news: click here.
Also from Business Insider South Africa:
- American execs are paying R27,000 a day to learn how to track lions – and to become better at business – in Mpumalanga
- Cowabunga! This electric surfboard can zip you along at 56km/h
- This tiny worm has saved South African companies more than R400 million
- A South African computer game that allows you to deform the world is a hot hit overseas
- Dogs get their own menu - which includes ice cream - at this Cape Town restaurant
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James Holzhauer's rise to fame has captivated Jeopardy! fans during the past two months in the U.S. But perhaps even more captivating is the way a 27-year-old librarian seemingly came out of nowhere to defeat him. New champion Emma Boettcher can be a lesson to us all: If you want…
There are actually lots of people out there who have what it takes to be great. But to be the greatest of the great, you need more than talent.
What would you try in your professional life if you weren't afraid of failing? Would you finally write that book of short stories? Strike out and open your own shop? Convince your manager you deserve to be in charge of a larger team?
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Jimmy from Lokbox spotted this cool 1988 Pavel canard quad with Geppy fins at Real Surf Shop in Oceanside. I'm digging the color job my Dad did on it.
What do you think?
5 Comments
So did he buy it or what? Looks like the Art Slob's handi-work through that digital camera for a loop!
ps – Real Surf has the best prices on wax…
ummm, threw
right on! love to see the 'old' style.
so, what are we calling 80's boards these days?
…I like the tapered stringer…
Future Retro negates the whole time space thing.
That board is so cool, it never even happened……… 🙂


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- 1 What is Japanese Whisky?
- 2 Japanese Whisky Terminology
- 3 Consuming Japanese Whisky
- 4 Best Japanese Whiskies to Try
Japanese distilleries have certainly made their mark on the world of whisky in the past two decades. They have been producing a wide range of world-class whiskies, from extremely smooth single malts through to delicious blended grain whiskies.
Japanese whisky makers have displayed incredible ingenuity and creativity, combining traditional Scotch making techniques with new approaches. If you enjoy delicious, high-end whisky, you will find that Japan has a lot to offer.
What is Japanese Whisky?
In early 1918, a young Japanese chemist named Masataka Taketsuru moved to Scotland with the goal of becoming a distiller. He apprenticed at several whisky distilleries and discovered how Scotch whisky was made.
When he returned to Japan in 1923, he partnered with Shinjiro Torii to launch Yamazaki Distillery, under the company name Kotobukiya. Taketsuru's whisky-making ability combined well with the Torii's experienced palate and the whisky they produced was high-quality.
In 1934, Taketsuru decided to build his own distillery on the island of Hokkaido, which had a cooler climate which was more like Scotland. He launched the company Dai Nippon Kaju, and built Yoichi distillery. Shinjiro Torii retained control of Kotobukiya.
In later years, Kotobukiya changed its name to Suntory and Dai Nippon Kaju became Nikka. These two companies are the largest producers of Japanese whisky today.
The popularity of Japanese whisky dramatically increased in the 2000s, largely due to Japanese whiskey makers winning several major awards. These awards included the International Spirits Challenge and Whisky Magazine Awards. Japanese whisky distilleries were no longer a curiosity, they were producing some of the best whiskies in the world, beating distilleries in Ireland, Scotland, and the United States.
Most Japanese whisky makers are heavily influenced by the Scotch whisky tradition. That's why they tend to produce whisky distilled in pot stills, and aged in oak casks.
However, there are a few key differences between Japanese whisky and Scotch whisky. The first difference relates to the use of raw distillates, which is a whisky straight from the still before it enters the cask. It is a colourless liquid that is extremely strong and quite harsh. The time it spends in the cask mellows its flavour and reduces its alcohol content.
Because Scotland has almost 200 distilleries, it means they can easily trade raw distillates with one another to produce unique blended whiskies. In fact, some companies produce blended scotch whisky solely using raw distillates provided by other distilleries.
Japan, on the other hand, only has a small number of distilleries. As a result, single distilleries will often produce different raw distillates in-house, then use them to create unique their own blended whiskies with unique flavour profiles.
The in-house creation of distillates means Japanese distilleries will use a greater variety of techniques than a typical Scotch whisky distillery. A single Japanese distillery might have both wood and steel fermenters, multiple fermentation techniques, several types of pot stills, and a greater variety of oak casks for maturation.
The distillates produced by Japanese distilleries are typically closely guarded, while it is common for Scotch makers to sell or trade distillates to make blends.
Japanese Whisky Terminology
Japanese whisky producers use some unique terminology, which describe the way the whisky was produced or how it is consumed. Some common terms include:
Pure malt
Pure malts are the equivalent of blended malts in Scotland. They contain whiskies which are made from a 100% malted barley mash that is distilled in pot stills and aged in oak.
Ji-Whisky is a name given to very small distilleries that do not sell their products nationwide. To sample these whiskies, you will need to visit the distillery or region where it is produced. Be careful when sampling Ji-Whisky as the rules surrounding whisky production are very relaxed in Japan. This can mean that some Ji-Whiskies may not meet the same criteria as a normal whisky. Check with the distillery before making a purchase.
Some of the most well known Ji-Whisky brands include:
- Wakatsuru
- Chugoku Jozo
- Sasa-no-kawa Shuzo
Mizukara Cask
One of the most interesting aspects of Japanese whisky production is that it can use oak that is not found in other parts of the world. The use of these less common oaks imparts the whisky with a unique flavour.
A Mizukara Cask is made from Mongolian Oak (quercus mongolica), which is indigenous to several parts of Asia, including Japan, China, and Mongolia. While this type of oak is in the same family as European oak and American oak, it is much softer and more porous.
A Mizukara cask is often used to finish a whisky before bottling. It imparts some delicious flavours in the whisky, including blossoms, floral, vanilla, and various spices.
Shochu Cask
Most distilleries will mature their whisky in oak barrels which have previously been used to store another spirit. This gives the whisky additional flavours and alters its character.
Scotch whisky makers tend to use old bourbon, sherry, or port barrels. In addition to these types of barrels, the Japanese also use Shochu Casks. Shochu is a traditional Japanese spirit which is primarily made from sweet potatoes, sugar, buckwheat barley, and rice.
Consuming Japanese Whisky
Most people drink high-quality Japanese whiskey like they would Scotch whisky: neat, with a splash of water, or on the rocks. Japanese drinkers often use blended whiskies in cocktails like the very popular whisky highball (called a haibōru in Japanese).
Interestingly, the Japanese highball is slightly different to a western highball. A zen-like focus is placed on its preparation and the highest quality ingredients are used. Bartenders will shave the ice before placing it in the glass and prepare the ingredients very carefully.
In winter, the Japanese will add hot water to their whisky to make "Oyuwari". In summer, they will mix whisky with cold water to make "Mizuwari". Japanese consumers often drink whisky and soda (a highball or another cocktail) with their meals.
Best Japanese Whiskies to Try
There are many excellent Japanese whiskies to choose from, but here our best (based on quality, availability, and price):
Suntory Hibiki Japanese Harmony
Suntory is Japan's biggest whisky company and the producer of several top shelf whiskies. Established in 1923 (when the Yamazaki Distillery opened), Suntory now has large distilleries in Mishima-gun, Hokuto, and Chita-shi.
Hibiki Japanese Harmony is one of the company's most popular products. It is a blend of several whiskies which have been carefully selected to give the finished product a 'harmonious' aroma and palate. This blend includes at least five grain and malt whiskies which have been aged in five different types of casks.
It is a complex blend with a wonderful combination of flavours and aromas. The nose includes plenty of oak, honey, and floral notes while the flavour is strong on honey custard, vanilla, burnt caramel, and orange zest. Expect a sweet finish with orange and chocolate.
If you enjoy this whisky, see if you can find a bottle of Hibiki 21. Although it is a more expensive whisky, it has been perfectly aged and is an exceptional drop.
Nikka From the Barrel Coffey Grain Whisky
This delicious Japanese whisky is from the Miyagikyo Distillery, which was established by master distiller Masataka Taketsuru in 1934. This is the largest distillery of the Nikka Whisky Company and one that has been responsible for some of the best whiskies created in Japan.
Nikka Coffey Grain Whisky is a sweet whisky with a mash bill that is mostly corn, with some malted barley. This whisky is distilled in a Coffey still, which was imported from Scotland in 1963. This type of still is renowned for producing grain spirits with high alcohol content while retaining the aroma and flavours of the original grains.
This strong whisky has a nose including vanilla, spices, herbs, and corn. The palate is mostly vanilla, syrup, malted barley, caramel, oak, and fruit (melons and grapefruit). The finish is long and features a corn aftertaste.
Yamazaki 12 Year Old
This is another high-quality Suntory product that is very popular with whisky aficionados. It is a premium pure malt whisky which is fermented in wooden washbacks and distilled in small pot stills. Finally, it is aged in a combination of American, Spanish and Japanese oak.
The use of a smaller than normal pot stills helps to give the spirit a deep, rich flavour that whisky drinkers love. The aroma of the 12 year old is strong in florals, cinnamon, apple, peach, and tropical fruits. The palate has plenty of vanilla, citrus, and spice.
There is a lingering cedar wood flavour from the oak barrels used. This is an outstanding whisky and a great introduction to Japanese whisky. If you appreciate the flavours of the 12 year old, try the 18 year old. It has a wonderful palate with dark fruits, raisins and apricots. The ex-sherry barrels give it a rich flavour.
Akashi White Oak Blended
Akashi has a long history in distillation, being owned by a family which has been making alcohol for more than 300 years. Although White Oak Whisky has the honour of holding Japan's first whisky license (issued in 1919), the family didn't produce any premium whisky under the brand until 1984.
Akashi White Oak Blended whisky is heavily influenced by traditional Scottish grain whiskies. It is a lightly peated whisky with a delicious flavour that includes malt, vanilla, oak, and black cherry. The time in ex-bourbon barrels and Japanese shochu casks gives it a rich flavour and plenty of character. This distillery also produces an incredible single malt worth tracking down.


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Four days after New Delhi announced that India and China had agreed on "early and complete disengagement" along the Line of Actual Control in Ladakh, Beijing Tuesday said border troops of both countries "have disengaged in most localities" following close communication via military and diplomatic channels.
The OnePlus Nord is at least Rs 15,000 cheaper than the most affordable phone in the OnePlus 8 series. The phone does not have a top-end processor, but offers everything from four cameras at the back to 5G compatibility.
The Delhi Police chargesheet mentions his earlier conviction and the bail granted by the Allahabad High Court. That bail itself had been a subject of controversy.
This January, Noor was diagnosed with hepatoblastoma, a rare cancer of the liver, setting off a chain of events that had turned the family from Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh virtually into nomads, as they shuttle between their hometown and Mumbai, and between shelter homes and the flyover.
West Bengal Lockdown Guidelines & Rules: However, exceptions have been made for religious festivals and national holidays such as Bakri Eid, Rakhshabandhan, and Independence Day.
Meanwhile, the PCMC commissioner has appointed two IRS officers, N Ashok Babu and Ravindra Chavan, to check the bed management and medical bills of private hospitals. The Divisional Commissionerate had deputed the two officers to PCMC.
Punjab had reported 164 deaths in the state till July 5. The toll rose to 336 by Tuesday, 23 days later. In the last 24 hours, as many as 19 deaths have been reported, as per the media bulletin.
Dharmendra Prajapati (38), who has a clinic in Gandhinagar, stated in his petition that the use of loudspeakers by mosques at various times of the day causes "great inconvenience and disturbance to nearby residents."
With a series of cases of kidnapping and murder taking place in the state, DGP HC Awasthy on Tuesday directed district police chiefs to expedite investigation of kidnapping cases and ensure safe recovery of victims.
Tamil Nadu recorded its highest single-day count for the sixth consecutive day with 6,972 fresh cases reported in the state on Tuesday. With this, the state Covid-19 tally has risen to 2,27,688.
Telangana, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh Coronavirus News Live Updates: The Covid-19 fatality rate in Telangana stands at 0.84 per cent, while the national rate is 2.26 per cent.
Small pujas and celebrations, no allowing visitors, no visiting places of worship and no outside food are among the restrictions put up by the civic body ahead of the festivals.
While its origin is unclear, the challenge aims to spread positivity during the pandemic. A participant in the 'challenge' can nominate as many women they want.
BSE Odisha 10th Result 2020, Odisha Board Class 10th Matric Results 2020 at bseodisha.nic.in, orissaresults.nic.in LIVE Updates: The students can check the results through the websites- bseodisha.nic.in, bseodisha.ac.in after 11:30 am. Around 5.34 lakh students had appeared in the exam this year


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Knowing More About Business Coaching Certification
There are several challenges involved in properly running a business by many owners or managers. Business coaching certification has been currently the best alternative for building every person participating in running a business organisation by equipping them with the right business skills. For a business to get a business coaching certification, it has to invest in a good business coach who will assist it in matching its needs with its vision or goals. Through proper business coaching certification, it will be easy for the owner to take his or her organisation to where he or she wants it to be.
It is however important to understand that business coaching is different from business mentoring as in the business coaching. There are however so many reasons why every organisation whether small or large needs the right business coaching certification. Here are some few ways through which proper business coaching certification can be of help to a company especially in its small growth stages.
Business coaching certification will first help the management to develop confidence. Confidence greatly comes when one is able to come up with the solution of a certain problem facing the business and hence the reason why business coaching certification builds confidence in an organisation. By the help of a business coaching certification everyone in the organisation is able to know the best ways of dealing with problems like crises and conflicts among the employees. Business coaching certification will give the management different leadership styles something that also helps the management to work with different types of employees. There are so many things in every organisation that require the business owners to come up with the right strategies specially to achieve process quality in the products manufactured or produced and hence another reason why business coaching certification is very relevant.
There are so many reasons why centers for executive coaching which are greatly recommended to the business managers and employers who would like to improve their business operations and achieve their set goals with the help of business coaching. It is important to be aware of the various guides for choosing the right center for executive coaching which offers the right coaches to help develop your organisation. It is very important to make sure that you first take the goals, needs and visions of your business into account before choosing any executive coaching center. Good executive coaching centers will make clear agreements about the business confidentiality with the management.
Interesting Research on Programs – Things You Probably Never Knew


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Touring Bordeaux is something a wine lover must do at least once. During the tour we will visit grand and well-known prestige chateaux, but also smaller family producers. We will have gastronomic lunches at chateaux with matching wines, sometimes older vintages. Our wine tour lunches are famous. This is a golden opportunity to discover or rediscover this classic wine region. We will stay in the city of Bordeaux, one of the most beautiful cities in France.
Read more about the Bordeaux wine tour 2-6 October 2019.
Book now!


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Ekstein linked with a move to the Buccaneers
DURBAN – Hendrick Ekstein is likely to snub an opportunity to ply his trade overseas for a local move.
Independent Media has been reliably informed that Ekstein is set to join Orlando Pirates.
The skilful midfielder parted ways with Kaizer Chiefs towards the end of the 2018/9 season.
"Ekstein is on his way to Orlando Pirates. The club is set to announce his arrival in the next few weeks," a source said.
Pirates have already agreed a deal for the services of Maritzburg United midfielder Fortune Makaringe.
His manager, Palesa Mkhize, was not at liberty to reveal the names of the interested teams.
"There are clubs that we've engaged but we are waiting for them to get back to us. I can't mention the clubs that want to sign the player. At the moment there's nothing concrete.
"As soon as we've started negotiating the money and stuff with the package, then we can disclose the name of the clubs. There's two clubs that I've spoken to. One is local and one is not local," Mkhize explained.
Ekstein's departure at Amakhosi came as a surprise. He was one of the shinning lights at the club despite Chiefs enduring torrid times.
"There's also interest in Azerbaijan but obviously we want to see if the boy can get the deal locally before we can talk about offers outside the country. He has family and his child is still very young.
Preferably, he will love to stay here. If maybe then we can't get anything we will entertain the outside (deal). But it will depend on what he gets. If he gets a good deal then he will stay," she added.
Administrative manager at Pirates, Floyd Mbele, denied that they are interested in Ekstein.
"I don't want to talk about that rubbish. There's nothing to talk about," Mbele said.
Mkhize made it clear that there is no bad blood between Amakhosi and Ekstein following his departure.
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"He left Chiefs because he was not part of the plans for next season. We must respect the club for their decision.
"They are a big institution and they have been long in this game. They know what they are doing. We have to soldier on and look for another club. We must not feel sorry for ourselves.
We have to be professional and look forward to wherever he is going to go," Mkhize concluded.@Minenhlecr7
The Mercury