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Traditionaw ecowogicaw knowwedge
Traditionaw Ecowogicaw Knowwedge (TEK) describes indigenous and oder traditionaw knowwedge of wocaw resources. As a fiewd of study in andropowogy, TEK refers to "a cumuwative body of knowwedge, bewief, and practice, evowving by accumuwation of TEK and handed down drough generations drough traditionaw songs, stories and bewiefs. It is concerned wif de rewationship of wiving beings (incwuding human) wif deir traditionaw groups and wif deir environment."[1] Such knowwedge is used in naturaw resource management as a substitute for basewine environmentaw data in cases where dere is wittwe recorded scientific data [2], or may compwement Western scientific medods of ecowogicaw management.
The appwication of TEK in de fiewd of ecowogicaw management and science is stiww controversiaw, as medods of acqwiring and cowwecting knowwedge -- awdough often incwuding forms of empiricaw research and experimentation -- differ from dose used to create and vawidate scientific ecowogicaw knowwedge from a Western perspective.[3][4] Non-tribaw government agencies, such as de U.S. EPA have estabwished integration programs wif some tribaw governments in order to incorporate TEK in environmentaw pwans and cwimate change tracking.
There is a debate wheder Indigenous popuwations retain an intewwectuaw property right over traditionaw knowwedge and wheder use of dis knowwedge reqwires prior permission and wicense.[5] This is especiawwy compwicated because TEK is most freqwentwy preserved as oraw tradition and as such may wack objectivewy confirmed documentation. As such, de same medods dat couwd resowve de issue of documentation to meet Western reqwirements may compromise de very nature of traditionaw knowwedge.
Traditionaw knowwedge is used to maintain resources necessary for survivaw.[6] Whiwe TEK itsewf, and de communities tied to de oraw tradition, may become dreatened in de context of rapid cwimate change or Environmentaw degradation [7], TEK is proving criticaw for understanding de impacts of dose changes widin de ecosystem.
TEK can awso refer to traditionaw environmentaw knowwedge which emphasizes de different components and interactions of de environment. [8]
Devewopment of de fiewd[edit]
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The earwiest systematic studies of TEK were conducted in andropowogy. Ecowogicaw knowwedge was studied drough de wens of ednoecowogy, "an approach dat focuses on de conceptions of ecowogicaw rewationships hewd by a peopwe or a cuwture," in understanding how systems of knowwedge were devewoped by a given cuwture.[9] Harowd Cowyer Conkwin, an American andropowogist who pioneered de study of ednoscience, took de wead in documenting indigenous ways of understanding de naturaw worwd. Conkwin and oders documented how traditionaw peopwes, such as Phiwippine horticuwturists, dispwayed remarkabwe and exceptionawwy detaiwed knowwedge about de naturaw history of pwaces where dey resided. Direct invowvement in gadering, fashioning products from, and using wocaw pwants and animaws created a scheme in which de biowogicaw worwd and de cuwturaw worwd were tightwy intertwined. Awdough de fiewd of TEK began wif documentation of wists of species used by different indigenous groups and deir "taxonomies of pwants, animaws, and water, of oder environmentaw features such as soiws," de shift from documentation to consideration of functionaw rewationships and mechanisms gave rise to de fiewd as it is recognized today. In emphasizing de study of adaptive processes, which argues dat sociaw organization itsewf is an ecowogicaw adaptationaw response by a group to its wocaw environment, human-nature rewations and de practicaw techniqwes on which dese rewationships and cuwture depended, de fiewd of TEK couwd anawyze a broad range of qwestions rewated to cuwturaw ecowogy and ecowogicaw andropowogy, .[10]
By de mid 1980s a growing body of witerature on traditionaw ecowogicaw knowwedge documented bof de environmentaw knowwedge hewd by diverse indigenous peopwes and deir ecowogicaw rewations.[9] The studies incwuded examining "cuwtivation and biodiversity conservation in tropicaw ecosystems, and traditionaw knowwedge and management systems in coastaw fisheries and wagoons, semi-arid areas, and de Arctic." What dese studies iwwustrated was dat a variety of "traditionaw peopwes had deir own understandings of ecowogicaw rewationships and distinct traditions of resource management." [10] The rise of traditionaw ecowogicaw knowwedge at dis time wed to internationaw recognition of its potentiaw appwications in resource management practices and sustainabwe devewopment. The 1987 report by de Worwd Commission on Environment and Devewopment refwects de consensus at de time. The report points out dat de successes of de 20f century (decreases in infant mortawity, increases in wife expectancy, increases in witeracy, and gwobaw food production) have given rise to trends dat have caused environmentaw decay "in an ever more powwuted worwd among ever decreasing resources."[11] Hope, however, existed for traditionaw wifestywes. The report decwared dat tribaw and indigenous peopwes had wifestywes dat couwd provide modern societies wif wessons in de management of resources in compwex forest, mountain, and drywand ecosystems.
Differences from science[edit]
Fuwvio Mazzocchi of de Itawian Nationaw Research Counciw's Institute of Atmospheric Powwution contrasts traditionaw knowwedge from scientific knowwedge as fowwows:
Traditionaw knowwedge has devewoped a concept of de environment dat emphasizes de symbiotic character of humans and nature. It offers an approach to wocaw devewopment dat is based on co‐evowution wif de environment, and on respecting de carrying capacity of ecosystems. This knowwedge-based on wong‐term empiricaw observations adapted to wocaw conditions—ensures a sound use and controw of de environment, and enabwes indigenous peopwe to adapt to environmentaw changes. Moreover, it suppwies much of de worwd's popuwation wif de principaw means to fuwfiw deir basic needs, and forms de basis for decisions and strategies in many practicaw aspects, incwuding interpretation of meteorowogicaw phenomena, medicaw treatment, water management, production of cwoding, navigation, agricuwture and husbandry, hunting and fishing, and biowogicaw cwassification systems.... Beyond its obvious benefit for de peopwe who rewy on dis knowwedge, it might provide humanity as a whowe wif new biowogicaw and ecowogicaw insights; it has potentiaw vawue for de management of naturaw resources and might be usefuw in conservation education as weww as in devewopment pwanning and environmentaw assessment...Western science is positivist and materiawist in contrast to traditionaw knowwedge, which is spirituaw and does not make distinctions between empiricaw and sacred. Western science is objective and qwantitative as opposed to traditionaw knowwedge, which is mainwy subjective and qwawitative. Western science is based on an academic and witerate transmission, whiwe traditionaw knowwedge is often passed on orawwy from one generation to de next by de ewders.[12]
Aspects of traditionaw ecowogicaw knowwedge[edit]
The aspects of traditionaw ecowogicaw knowwedge provide different typowogies in how it is utiwized and understood. These are good indicators in how it is used from different perspectives and how dey are interconnected, providing more emphasis on "cooperative management to better identify areas of difference and convergence when attempting to bring two ways of dinking and knowing togeder."[13]
Factuaw observations[edit]
Houde identifies six faces of traditionaw ecowogicaw knowwedge.[14] The first aspect of traditionaw ecowogicaw knowwedge incorporates de factuaw, specific observations generated by recognition, naming, and cwassification of discrete components of de environment. This aspect is about understanding de interrewationship wif species and deir surrounding environment. It is awso a set of bof empiricaw observations and information emphasizing de aspects of animaws and deir behavior, and habitat, and de physicaw characteristics of species, and animaw abundance. This is most usefuw for risk assessment and management which provides nations wif opportunity to infwuence resource management. However, if a nation does not act, den de state may act on its own interests. This type of "empiricaw knowwedge consists of a set of generawized observations conducted over a wong period of time and reinforced by accounts of oder TEK howders."[15]
Management systems[edit]
The second face refers to de edicaw and sustainabwe use of resources in regards to management systems. This is achieved drough strategic pwanning to ensure resource conservation, uh-hah-hah-hah. More specificawwy dis face invowves deawing wif pest management, resource conversion, muwtipwe cropping patterns, and medods for estimating de state of resources.[16] It awso focuses on resource management and how it adapts to wocaw environments.[14]
Past and current uses[edit]
The dird face refers to de time dimension of TEK, focusing on past and current uses of de environment transmitted drough oraw history[17], such as wand use, settwement, occupancy, and harvest wevews. Specificawwy medicinaw pwants and historicaw sites are great concerns.[14] Oraw history is used to transmit cuwturaw heritage generation to generation, and contributes to a sense of famiwy and community.
Edics and vawues[edit]
The fourf face refers to vawue statements and connections between de bewief system and de organization of facts. In regards to TEK it refers to environmentaw edics dat keeps expwoitative abiwities in check. This face awso refers to de expression of vawues concerning de rewationship wif de habitats of species and deir surrounding environment - de human-rewationship environment.
Cuwture and identity[edit]
The fiff face refers to de rowe of wanguage and images of de past giving wife to cuwture.[18] The rewationship between Aboriginaws (originaw inhabitants) and deir environment are vitaw to sustaining de cuwturaw components dat define dem. This face refwects de stories, vawues, and sociaw rewations dat reside in pwaces as contributing to de survivaw, reproduction, and evowution of aboriginaw cuwtures, and identities. It awso stresses "de restorative benefits of cuwturaw wandscapes as pwaces for renewaw"[19]
The sixf face is a cuwturawwy based cosmowogy dat is de foundation of de oder aspects. Cosmowogy is de notion of how de worwd works for many cuwtures. This can vary greatwy from one cuwture to de next. In de U.S for exampwe, dere are over 577 federawwy recognized tribes wif deir own cuwture, wanguages and bewief system. Many of dese are interconnected wif de wand and astrowogy.(add cite) The combination rewates to de assumptions and bewiefs about how dings work, and expwains de way in which dings are connected, and gives principwes dat reguwate human-animaw rewations and de rowe of humans in de worwd. From an andropowogicaw perspective, cosmowogy attempts to understand de human-animaw rewationship and how dese directwy infwuence sociaw rewationships, obwigations toward community members, and management practices.
Ecosystem management[edit]
Ecosystem management is a muwtifaceted and howistic approach to naturaw resource management. It incorporates bof science and traditionaw ecowogicaw knowwedge to cowwect data from wong term measures dat science cannot. This is achieved by scientists and researchers cowwaborating wif Indigenous peopwes drough a consensus decision-making process whiwe meeting de socioeconomic, powiticaw and cuwturaw needs of current and future generations. Indigenous knowwedge has devewoped a way to deaw wif de compwexity whiwe western science has de techniqwes and toows. This is a good rewationship to have which creates a better outcome for bof sides and de environment. The dangers of working togeder is dat nations do not benefit fairwy or at aww. Many times Indigenous knowwedge has been used outside of de nation widout consent, acknowwedgment, or compensation, uh-hah-hah-hah. Indigenous knowwedge can sustain de environment, yet it can be sacred knowwedge. Therefore, we must be respectfuw of de traditions and deir rights.
Traditionaw knowwedge and de U.S. Environmentaw Protection Agency[edit]
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The U.S. Environmentaw Protection Agency was one of de first federaw agencies to devewop formaw powicies detaiwing how it wouwd cowwaborate wif tribaw governments and acknowwedge tribaw interests in enacting its programs "to protect human heawf and de environment."[20] In recognizing tribaw peopwes connection to de environment de EPA has sought to devewop environmentaw programs dat integrate traditionaw ecowogicaw knowwedge into de "agency's environmentaw science, powicy, and decision-making processes."[21]
Awdough TEK is not currentwy recognized as an important component of mainstream environmentaw decision making, scientists are working on devewoping core science competency programs dat awign wif TEK and promote sewf-sufficiency and determination, uh-hah-hah-hah.[22]
In November 2000, U.S. President Biww Cwinton issued Executive Order 13175, which reqwired federaw departments and agencies to consuwt wif Indian Tribaw governments in de devewopment of powicies dat wouwd have Tribaw impwications.[23] Tribaw Impwications are defined by de EPA as having "substantiaw direct effects on one or more Indian tribes, on de rewationship between de federaw government and Indian tribes, or on de distribution of power and responsibiwities between de federaw government and Indian tribes."[24] As a Federaw agency of de U.S. government, de EPA was reqwired to estabwish a set of standards for de consuwtation process. As its initiaw response, de agency devewoped a set of standards dat wouwd awwow for meaningfuw communication and coordination between de agency and tribaw officiaws prior to de agency taking actions or impwementing decisions dat may affect tribes. The standards awso designated EPA consuwtation contacts to promote consistency and coordination of de consuwtation process, and estabwished management oversight and reporting to ensure accountabiwity and transparency.
One form of consuwtation has been EPA Tribaw Counciws. In 2000, de EPA's Office of Research and Devewopment formed de EPA Tribaw Science Counciw. The counciw, made up of representatives from tribes across de nation, is meant to provide a structure for tribaw invowvement in EPA's science efforts, and serve as a vehicwe drough which EPA may gain an understanding of de scientific issues dat are of highest priority to tribes at a nationaw wevew. The Counciw awso offers tribes an opportunity to infwuence EPA's scientific agenda by raising dese priority issues to an EPA-wide group.[25]
Of importance for tribaw members at de initiaw gadering of de EPA Tribaw Science Counciw was de inherent differences in tribaw traditionaw wifeways and western science. These wifeways incwude "spirituaw, emotionaw, physicaw, and mentaw connections to de environment; connections which are based on intrinsic, immeasurabwe vawues"; and an understanding dat de earf's resources wiww provide everyding necessary for human survivaw.[23]
The EPA's Tribaw Science Counciw, however, was meant to act as a meeting pwace where bof groups couwd "share information dat may contribute to environmentaw protection for aww peopwes wif neider cuwture rewinqwishing its identity." In an effort to protect TTL de Counciw identified subsitence as a criticaw area for investigation, uh-hah-hah-hah. The EPA-Tribaw Science Counciw defined subsistence as: de "rewationships between peopwe and deir surrounding environment, a way of wiving. Subsistence invowves an intrinsic spirituaw connection to de earf, and incwudes an understanding dat de earf's resources wiww provide everyding necessary for human survivaw. Peopwe who subsist from de earf's basic resources remain connected to dose resources, wiving widin de circwe of wife. Subsistence is about wiving in a way dat wiww ensure de integrity of de earf's resources for de beneficiaw use of generations to come." Because TTL or TEK is specific to a wocation and incwudes de rewationships between pwants and animaws, and de rewationship of wiving beings to de environment, acknowwedgment of subsitence as a priority awwows for de knowwedge and practices of TTL to be protected. For exampwe, as part of deir dewiberation regarding subsistence, de Counciw agreed to identify resource contamination as "de most criticaw tribaw science issue at dis time." Because tribaw peopwe wif subsistence wifestywes rewy de environment for traditionaw techniqwes of farming, hunting. fishing, forestry, and medicines, and ceremonies, contaminants disproportionatewy impact tribaw peopwes and jeopardizes deir TTL. As de EPA Counciw stated, "Tribaw subsistence consumption rates are typicawwy many times higher dan dose of de generaw popuwation, making de direct impact of resource contamination a much more immediate concern, uh-hah-hah-hah."[23] As native peopwes struggwe wif tainted resources, de Counciw has made progress in investigating its impacts.
Despite such efforts, dere are stiww barriers to progress widin de EPA-Tribaw Science Counciw. For exampwe, one obstacwe has been de nature of TTL. Tribaw Traditionaw Lifeways are passed down orawwy, from person to person, generation to generation, whereas western science rewies on de written word, communicated drough academic and witerate transmission, uh-hah-hah-hah.[23] Endeavors to bring togeder western scientists and tribaw peopwe have awso been hindered by Native American's perceptions dat scientific anawysis are put in a metaphoricaw "bwack box" dat shuts out tribaw input. Regardwess, de EPA has recognized de abiwity of indigenous knowwedge to advance scientific understanding and provide new information and perspectives dat may benefit de environment and human heawf.
The integration of TTL into de EPA's risk assessment paradigm is one exampwe of how de EPA-Tribaw Science Counciw has been abwe to enact change in EPA cuwture. The risk assessment paradigm is an "organizing framework for de scientific anawysis of de potentiaw for harmfuw impacts to human heawf and de environment as a resuwt of exposure to contaminants or oder environmentaw stressors." Risk assessment has been used by de EPA to estabwish "cwean-up wevews at hazardous waste sites, water qwawity and air qwawity criteria, fish advisories, and bans or restricted uses for pesticides and oder toxic chemicaws."[22] Tribaw peopwe are concerned, however, dat current risk assessment medodowogies do not afford compwete vawue to tribaw cuwture, vawues, and/or wife ways. The Tribaw Science Counciw seeks to incorporate TTL into exposure assumptions existent in de EPA risk assessment modew. A wong-term goaw for de EPA's Tribaw Science Counciw, however, is a compwete shift in decision-making assessments from risk to preserving a heawdy peopwe and environment. As stated above, tribaw peopwe do not accept a separation of de human and ecowogicaw condition when dey characterize risk. Through EPA initiated seminar, workshops, and projects, tribes have been abwe to engage in diawogue about de integration of Tribaw Traditionaw Lifeways into EPA risk assessment and decision-making. This has occurred in a number of ways: incwusion of uniqwe tribaw cuwturaw activities such as native basketry, de importance of sawmon and oder fishes, native pwant medicine, consumption of warge amounts of fish and game, and sweat wodges as exposures for estimating potentiaw risk to peopwe or to communities. Awdough dese types of tribaw specific activities may be incwuded in EPA's risk assessment, dere is no assurance dat dey wiww be incwuded nor is dere consistency in how dey may be appwied at different sites across de country.[22]
In Juwy 2014, de EPA announced its "Powicy on Environmentaw Justice for Working wif Federawwy Recognized Tribes and Indigenous Peopwes," setting forf its principwes for programs rewated to federawwy recognized tribes and indigenous peopwes in order to "support de fair and effective impwementation of federaw environmentaw waws, and provide protection from disproportionate impacts and significant risks to human heawf and de environment."[26] Among de 17 principwes were #3 ("The EPA works to understand definitions of human heawf and de environment from de perspective of federawwy recognized tribes, indigenous peopwes droughout de United States, and oders wiving in Indian country"); #6 ("The EPA encourages, as appropriate and to de extent practicabwe and permitted by waw, de integration of traditionaw ecowogicaw knowwedge into de agency's environmentaw science, powicy, and decision-making processes, to understand and address environmentaw justice concerns and faciwitate program impwementation"); and #7 ("The EPA considers confidentiawity concerns regarding information on sacred sites, cuwturaw resources, and oder traditionaw knowwedge, as permitted by waw.").[27] Whiwe dis powicy identifies guidewines and procedures for de EPA in regards to environmentaw justice principwes as dey rewate to tribes and indigenous peopwes, de agency noted dat dey are in no way appwicabwe as ruwes or reguwations. They cannot be appwied to particuwar situations nor change or substitute any waw, reguwation, or any oder wegawwy-binding reqwirement and is not wegawwy enforceabwe.[26]
Effects of environmentaw degradation on traditionaw knowwedge[edit]
In some areas, environmentaw degradation has wed to a decwine in traditionaw ecowogicaw knowwedge. For exampwe, at de Aamjiwnaang community of Anishnaabe First Nations peopwe in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, residents suffer from a "noticeabwe decrease in mawe birf ratio ..., which residents attribute to deir proximity to petrochemicaw pwants":[28]
In addition to concerns about de physicaw reproduction of community members, indigenous peopwe are concerned about how environmentaw contamination impacts de reproduction of cuwturaw knowwedge. In Aamjiwnaang, oraw traditions once passed down from grandfaders during fishing or grandmoders during berry picking and medicine gadering are being wost as dose activities are no wonger practiced because of concerns about dese foods being contaminated. Rocks once used for sweat wodges are no wonger being cowwected from wocaw streams because de streams have become contaminated. The cedar used for making tea, smudging, and washing babies contains vanadium at concentrations as high as 6 mg/kg..., refwecting wocaw reweases to air of > 611 tons of vanadium between 2001 and 2010.... At Akwesasne, community members report a woss of wanguage and cuwture around subsistence activities wike fishing, which have been wargewy abandoned because of fears of exposure to contaminants.[28]
Cwimate change[edit]
Traditionaw ecowogicaw knowwedge provides information about cwimate change across generations and geography of de actuaw residents in de area.[29] Traditionaw ecowogicaw knowwedge emphasizes and makes de information about de heawf and interactions of de environment de center of de information it carries.[30] Cwimate change affects traditionaw ecowogicaw knowwedge in de forms of de indigenous peopwe's identity and de way dey wive deir wives. Traditionaw knowwedge is passed down from generation to generation and continues today. Indigenous peopwe depend on dese traditions for deir wivewihood. For many harvesting seasons, indigenous peopwe have shifted deir activity monds earwier due to impacts from cwimate change.
The rising temperature poses as dreats for ecosystems because it harms de wivewihoods of certain tree and pwant species. The combination of de rise in temperatures and change in precipitation wevews affects pwant growf wocations.[31] Cwimate change has wiped out much of de sawmonids and acorns which make up a significant portion of de Karuk peopwe's food. The increase in temperatures has stunted de wiwd rice's abiwity to grow and dat has a negative infwuence on de Anishinaabe peopwe's wifestywe.[32] The Ojibwe peopwe are awso affected by de rising temperature's effect on rice growf.[33]
The warming awso affects insects and animaws. The change in temperatures can affect many aspects from de times dat insects emerge droughout de year to de changes in de habitats of animaws droughout seasonaw changes. In Maine, de woss of certain habitats and de increase in temperatures, especiawwy in de cowder seasons, encourages de survivaw of ticks dat harm de moose popuwation, uh-hah-hah-hah.[32]
As de temperature gets hotter, wiwd fires become more wikewy. One Indigenous nation in Austrawia was recentwy given back wand as are running it as park rangers to start deir own controwwed fires as was deir tradition, uh-hah-hah-hah. Doing dis dere was better biodiversity and wiwdfires are wess severe and wess common due to dis tradition, uh-hah-hah-hah. Not onwy are different aspects of de environment affected, but togeder, de heawf of de ecosystem is affected by cwimate change and so de environmentaw resources avaiwabwe to de indigenous peopwe can change in de amount avaiwabwe and de qwawity of de resources.[32]
The Navajo Nation peopwes in de Soudwestern United States are victims to de powwution in de air. Cwimate change increases chances for droughts which wead to de dangers of airborne dust to be picked up from de ground.[33]
Water resources are awso affected. In particuwar, about a dird of de Navajo Nation peopwe need to physicawwy attain deir own water. Damage to deir water resources poses as dangers to overaww heawf and crop faiwures. In Arizona, de Fort Apache reservation's chiwdren are victims to de rising temperatures in deir water which awwows more impurities to grow in de water and causes dem to have diarrhea and stomach probwems.[33]
As sea ice wevews decrease, Awaska Native peopwes experience changes in deir daiwy wives; fishing, transportation, sociaw and economic aspects of deir wives become more unsafe. The Native peopwes residing on de Guwf and West Coasts are affected by de rising sea temperatures because dat makes de fish and shewwfish, dat dey rewy on for food and cuwturaw activities, more susceptibwe to contamination, uh-hah-hah-hah.[33] The defrosting of soiw has caused damages to buiwdings and roadways. Water contamination becomes exacerbated as cwean water resources dwindwe.[32]
Cwimate changes undermine de daiwy wives of de Native peopwes on many wevews. Cwimate change and indigenous peopwe have a varying rewationship depending on de geographic region which reqwire different adaption and mitigation actions. For exampwe, to immediatewy deaw wif dese conditions, de indigenous peopwe adjust when dey harvest and what dey harvest and awso adjust deir resource use. Cwimate change can change de accuracy of de information of traditionaw ecowogicaw knowwedge. The indigenous peopwe have rewied deepwy on indicators in nature to pwan activities and even for short- term weader predictions.[34] As a resuwt of even more increasing unfavorabwe conditions, de indigenous peopwe rewocate to find oder ways to survive. As a resuwt, dere is a woss of cuwturaw ties to de wands dey once resided on and dere is awso a woss to de traditionaw ecowogicaw knowwedge dey had wif de wand dere.[32] Cwimate change adaptations not properwy structured or impwemented can harm de indigenous peopwe's rights.[35]
The EPA has mentioned dat it wouwd take traditionaw ecowogicaw knowwedge into consideration in pwanning adaptations to cwimate change. The Nationaw Resource Conservation Service of de United States Department of Agricuwture has used medods of de indigenous peopwe to combat cwimate change conditions.[30]
Case Study: Savoonga and Shaktoowik, Awaska[edit]
In one study, viwwagers of Savoonga and Shaktoowik, Awaska reported dat over de wast twenty years of deir wives, de weader has become more difficuwt to predict, de cowder season has shortened, dere is more difficuwty in predicting de amount of pwants avaiwabwe for harvests, dere are differences in animaw migrations, dere are more sightings of new species dan before, and de activities of hunting and gadering have become not as predictabwe nor occur as often due to more wimited avaiwabiwity to do so. The residents saw a noticeabwe change in deir cwimate which awso affected deir wivewihoods. The pwants and animaws are not as consistent wif deir avaiwabiwity which affects de residents' hunting and gadering because dere is not as much to hunt or gader. The appearance of new species of pwants and animaws is awso a physicaw and nutritionaw safety concern because dey are not traditionawwy part of de wand.[29]
See awso[edit]
- ^ Berkes, F. (1993). "Weaving Traditionaw Ecowogicaw Knowwedge into Biowogicaw Education: A Caww to Action". BioScience. 52 (5): 432. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0432:WTEKIB]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Freeman, M.M.R. 1992. The nature and utiwity of traditionaw ecowogicaw knowwedge. Nordern Perspectives, 20(1):9-12
- ^ McGregor, D. (2004). Coming fuww circwe: indigenous knowwedge, environment, and our future. American Indian Quarterwy, 28(3 & 4), 385-410
- ^ Becker, C. D., Ghimire, K. (2003). Synergy between traditionaw ecowogicaw knowwedge and conservation science supports forest preservation in Ecuador. Conservation Ecowogy, 8(1): 1
- ^ Simeone, T. (2004). Indigenous traditionaw knowwedge and intewwectuaw property rights. Library of Parwiament: PRB 03-38E. Parwiamentary Research Branch Powiticaw and Sociaw Affairs Division, uh-hah-hah-hah.
- ^ AAAS - Science and Human Rights Program. 2008. 10 February 2009 <http://shr.aaas.org/tek/connection, uh-hah-hah-hah.htm>.
- ^ Henriksen, John (2007). HIGHLY VULNERABLE INDIGENOUS AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES, INTER ALIA, OF THE ARCTIC, SMALL ISLAND STATES AND HIGH ALTITUDES, CONCERNING THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ACCELERATED THREATS, SUCH AS POLLUTION, DROUGHT AND DESERTIFICATION, TO TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES WITH A FOCUS OF CAUSES AND SOLUTION. Montreaw: UNEP/Convention on Biowogicaw Diversity. p. 30.
- ^ "What is Traditionaw Knowwedge".
- ^ a b Berkes, Fikret (1993). "Traditionaw Ecowogicaw Knowwedge in Perspective" (PDF).
- ^ a b Berkes, Fikret. "Traditionaw Ecowogicaw Knowwedge" (PDF).
- ^ "Report of de Worwd Commission on Environment and Devewopment: Our Common Future" (PDF). March 20, 1987.
- ^ Mazzocchi, Fuwvio (2006-05-01). "Western science and traditionaw knowwedge". EMBO Reports. 7 (5): 463–466. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400693. ISSN 1469-221X. PMC 1479546. PMID 16670675.
- ^ Houde, N. (2007) Ecowogy & Society.
- ^ a b c Houde, Nicowas (2007-12-20). "The Six Faces of Traditionaw Ecowogicaw Knowwedge: Chawwenges and Opportunities for Canadian Co-Management Arrangements" (PDF). Ecowogy and Society. 12 (2). doi:10.5751/ES-02270-120234. ISSN 1708-3087.
- ^ Usher, P.J. 2000. Traditionaw Ecowogicaw Knowwedge in environmentaw assessment and management
- ^ Berkes 1988, Gunn et aww. 1988
- ^ Usher 2000
- ^ Houde 2007
- ^ Lewis and Sheppard 2005
- ^ EPA, OITA, AIEO, US (2015-04-28). "EPA Powicy for de Administration of Environmentaw Programs on Indian Reservations (1984 Indian Powicy)". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-12.CS1 maint: muwtipwe names: audors wist (wink)
- ^ Woowford, James (January 17, 2017). "Consideration of Tribaw Treaty Rights and Traditionaw Ecowogicaw Knowwedge" (PDF).
- ^ a b c "Integration of Traditionaw Ecowogicaw Knowwedge (TEK) in Environmentaw Science, Powicy and Decision-Making" (PDF). June 2011.
- ^ a b c d Sepez, Jennifer; Lazrus, Header (Winter 2005). "Traditionaw Environmentaw Knowwedge in Federaw Naturaw Resource Management Agencies" (PDF). U.S. Fish and Wiwdwife Service.
- ^ EPA, OA, OP, ORPM, RMD, US (2013-02-22). "Summary of Executive Order 13175 - Consuwtation and Coordination wif Indian Tribaw Governments". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2017-03-17.CS1 maint: muwtipwe names: audors wist (wink)
- ^ "Powicy on Environmentaw Justice for Working wif Federawwy Recognized Tribes and Indigenous Peopwes" (PDF). www.epa.gov/environmentawjustice/. Juwy 24, 2014.
- ^ a b "EPA Powicy on Environmentaw Justice for Working wif Federawwy Recognized Tribes and Indigenous Peopwes" (PDF). Juwy 24, 2014. This articwe incorporates text from dis source, which is in de pubwic domain.
- ^ McCardy, Gina. "EPA Powicy on Environmentaw Justice for Working wif Federawwy Recognized Tribes and Indigenous Peopwes" (PDF). This articwe incorporates text from dis source, which is in de pubwic domain.
- ^ a b Hoover, Ewizabef (2012). "Indigenous Peopwes of Norf America: Environmentaw Exposures and Reproductive Justice". Environmentaw Heawf Perspectives. 120 (12): 1645–1649. doi:10.1289/ehp.1205422. JSTOR 23323091. PMC 3548285. PMID 22899635.
- ^ a b Ignatowski, Jonadan Andrew; Rosawes, Jon (2013). "Identifying de exposure of two subsistence viwwages in Awaska to cwimate change using traditionaw ecowogicaw knowwedge". Cwimatic Change. 121 (2): 285–299. Bibcode:2013CwCh..121..285I. doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0883-4. S2CID 154338699.
- ^ a b Moffa, Andony. "Traditionaw Ecowogicaw Ruwemaking" (PDF). Retrieved 16 March 2017.
- ^ "Cwimate Change Threats and Sowutions". The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
- ^ a b c d e "Indigenous Peopwes, Lands, and Resources". Gwobaw Change. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
- ^ a b c d "Cwimate Change and de Heawf of Indigenous Popuwations" (PDF). EPA United States Environmentaw Protection Agency. May 2016. Retrieved 5 Apriw 2017.
- ^ Vinyeta, Kirsten; Lynn, Kady. "Expworing de rowe of traditionaw ecowogicaw knowwedge in cwimate change initiative" (PDF). Portwand, OR: U. S. Department of Agricuwture, Forest Service, Pacific Nordwest Research Station. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
- ^ Raygorodetsky, Gweb. "Why Traditionaw Ecowogicaw Knowwedge Howds de Key to Cwimate Change". United Nations University. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
Furder reading[edit]
- Hernández-Morciwwo, Mónica; et aw. (2014). "Traditionaw ecowogicaw knowwedge in Europe: Status qwo and insights for de environmentaw powicy agenda". Environment. 56 (1): 3–17. doi:10.1080/00139157.2014.861673. S2CID 153834585.
Externaw winks[edit]
- Traditionaw Ecowogicaw Knowwedge: Interdiscipwinary Stewardship of Moder Earf, Nationaw Park Service
- Center for Native Peopwes and de Environment, at State University of New York, Cowwege of Environmentaw Science and Forestry
- Indigenous Peopwes' Restoration Network (IPRN)
- Gwaii Haanas Nationaw Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site
- Tabwe of de Six Faces of TEK


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The range of Obama goods was already tremendous last year, but with his inauguration around the corner, hand-crafted Obama merchandise is more abundant than ever.
A quick search of Etsy.com, a website consisting of private 'stores' where people can sell their hand-made crafts—like an online art fair—offers a plethora of political memorabilia.
The gallery above offers a glimmer into the wealth of diverse creations inspired by the U.S. president-to-be, from Obama-shaped chocolate busts and presidential coffee cup sleeves, to Van Go-Bama paintings and Obama family plushies.
The prices vary greatly; the Obama newspaper clutch is listed for $200, while the Obama "Yes We Did" bracelet fetches a breezy $25.
Sources: pinkwhitebrown | orangyred | ArmandoJavierDesign | randyandclaudia | AutumnLeavesJewelry | blinkphoto | ElefantsDonkees
Inaugural Art Inspiration, From Accessories to Cute Edibles
Bianca — January 6, 2009 — Social Good
References: trendhunter

subset: commoncrawl


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Think: cocoa and praline
Food banks across the country provide a vital role in their communities — this is truer now more than ever. We wanted to do something to support our very own Bellingham Food Bank — so we're donating 100% of ALL profits from this new blend to BFB. This blend features two of our favorite Latin American coffees and is available in a 12oz bag.
To learn more about Bellingham Food Bank or to donate visit https://www.bellinghamfoodbank.org.


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Job Details
Fraud Prevention & Investigation Deputy Manager
One of Myanmar's renown network provider is on the hunt for a Fraud Prevention & Investigation Deputy Manager who oversees all transactions to prevent or investigate fraudulent activities if found.
Duties and responsibilities
- To conduct investigations, access the situation on discovered fraudulent activities and prepare countermeasures to prevent future Fraud of the same nature.
- Is responsible for detecting all fraudulent activities within the company's transaction to prevent losses.
- To manage the company's current ongoing cases of fraudulent activities, help resolve them and develop prevention methods.
- Is responsible for being updated with all known fraud and its prevention to develop better alternative prevention.
Skills and requirement
- Bachelor's Degree in Cybersecurity and Policy or related field of study.
- Over 4 years of experience with Fraud, Cyber Crime, Financial Crime and Financial Risk.
- Possess analytical skills, is detail-oriented, diligent, able to process judgement with facts, has proper/upright ethics and principles.
- Fluent in both English and Burmese, possess excellent communication skills.
- 09/12/2019
- Myanmar
- Permanent
- $Salary up to 1,000,000 MMK + Other Allowances


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Date 1 - 1 of 1
Hello Everyone!
I know it seems like it has been "forever" since we were able to meet for HAM is for Breakfast - but unfortunately we are going to have to wait a little while longer.
With the extended order from our Gov. Whitmer to July 16, our meet and eat will have to wait until the end of July. With seating at every other table and no more than 10 people at a table, it was decided to postpone our HAM is for Breakfast another month. Hopefully things will have improved and we can all get together before too long. I will send out another reminder on Thursday. But wanted to let you know as soon as I found out so you can make alternative plans.
Wishing you all a very Happy 4th of July, and keep smiling!
Megan & Jim
WO0MEG and N8QMD


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bridal shower cakes red thousand oaks The Clubhouse – Oakbrook – Our private dining rooms can accommodate groups of 10 to 100 or more. From a breakfast meeting, bridal shower, rehearsal dinner or any other celebration we are here to exceed your expectations..
We had quite a few people that came to taste test and you were happy to oblige to the group of us. We were that organized with our wedding we booked you then and there over a year out to our date. You did a fabulous job at creating our 6 tier cake and providing a gluten free cake too. The cake was an absolute hit!
summer wedding cake recipes thousand oaks Summer is full of color, so skip the white cake in favor of something more festive! This collection of summer wedding cakes is full of colorful confections bursting with bright hues, laid-back.
JaimeCakes – Wedding Cake – Thousand Oaks, CA – weddingwire.com – JaimeCakes is a professional wedding cake and pastry vendor based in Thousand Oaks, California. This wedding cake artist specializes in creating novelty cake art which acts as the centerpiece to your special day. jaimecakes delivers mouth watering desserts that looks just as good as they taste.
Learn more about wedding cake bakeries in Thousand Oaks on The Knot. Find, research and contact wedding professionals on The Knot, featuring reviews and info on the best wedding vendors.
36 Rustic Wedding Cakes We Love No country-chic wedding is complete without mason jars galore, beautiful burlap details, and of course, a wedding cake with a romantic rustic feel
At JaimeCakes, We Specialize in 3D Cake Art, Wedding Cakes, Birthday Cakes, and delicious mouth watering pastries 2019 by JaimeCakes. OUR LOCATION Village Plaza Shopping Center 1 625 E Thousand Oaks Blvd. Thousand Oaks, CA 91362.
And I am not revealing whether or not Della bakes the cake or even attends the wedding as the truth is revealed during the final moments of the play when THE CAKE proves that love is always the key.
OUR STORY. Frost It Cakery specializes in gourmet boutique style cupcakes, wedding cakes, custom cakes, desserts and more! We bake fresh onsite daily, from scratch using only the highest quality ingredients. All of our organic fruits are hand picked at the local farmers market to ensure that we bring the best quality possible to everything we bake!
Macy's not in Della's bakery (in Winston-Salem, North Carolina) on a fluke. Macy's there to arrange for a wedding cake. Enter Jen, the little girl Della helped her close friend raise. Now grown up,
Get ideas for serving a rustic wedding cake. These nature-inspired desserts are pretty and perfect for outdoor weddings, barn weddings, country weddings, casual weddings, and more.
square pink wedding cakes thousand oaks NEW RIDE COMING IN 2020. Our much loved Scream'n Eagle has retired to make way for an updated version of our most popular attraction! The new ride will offer both the classic pendulum swing you love plus has an over-the-top 360° loop!black cat wedding cake topper thousand oaks Pet Cake Toppers – Dog/Cat Toppers – The Knot Shop – Choose the cat cake topper or select the dog figurine that matches the breed of your sweet companion. You'll find miniature dog cake toppers for several breeds, including a Labrador retriever (black or chocolate brown), bichon frise, terrier, black and tan dachshund, shih tzu and pug.


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Korea is a dating nation and they have mastered holidays and quirky ways for young couples to enjoy dating. See some of the fun activities to enjoy while dating or … Read More
Sokcho's Teddy Bear Farm – The World's Cutest Farm.
There is not too much to say about the Teddy Bear Farm we visited in Sokcho other than it looks exactly how it sounds. There really isn't a farm, other … Read More


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Tour of National Park Service Historic Preservation Training Center
Join members of the Baltimore Workforce Funders Collaborative on a visit to the National Park Service Historic Preservation Training Center in Frederick, MD to learn about opportunities to help entry level construction workers build careers in the maintenance and preservation of historic properties.
Preservation Maryland is working to expand access to the Historic Preservation Apprenticeship conducted by the National Park Service. The program is designed to prepare Apprentices for employment in the National Park Service (which has responsibility for many historic buildings including the White House, historic tribal sites, and so much more!) or for employment by local historic preservation contractors. For front-line construction workers or jobseekers interested in the trades, this apprenticeship can be an opportunity to move up along a career pathway to higher paying, skilled jobs.
At the site visit, Maryland Philanthropy Network members will have the opportunity to speak with instructors and apprentices representing both veterans and youth corps participants who will share thoughts on their training experience and career plans. We will gather at the Training Center's workshop in downtown Frederick to talk about the program and how it works, meet members of the current apprentice teams. Lunch will be about 10 minutes away at the Training Center's headquarters building at 4801A Urbana Pike, Frederick, MD, 21704.
This site visit will be organized by Preservation Maryland with support from the Maryland Philanthropy Network Workforce Affinity group. Maryland Philanthropy Network will coordinate transportation/carpooling once registrations are received.
This program is for Maryland Philanthropy Network members and eligible grantmakers only. Lunch will be included in the day. Remote participation is not available.


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In a theater hall turned into a operation room enters a retired doctor to tell the audience his experience as a surgeon of the most fantastic deflection of the flesh, of an artist of muscle and the bone with a method capable of giving the smile back to the most twisted features. It is Malformados (Malformed in Spanish), which has performances Until January 26 at Taller Siglo XX.
"He says the face on his nape laughs when he cries"
"A Plastic Surgeon's Speech" is the other part of the title of this play that tells the last testimony of a retired doctor, at the dawn of death, who from the hospital remembers the cases that moved him during his trajectory in the operating room. Far from aesthetic surgeries that seek to increase beauty, he gave his life to operations that seek to reintegrate self-esteem into the bodies of those rejected by society, which were born with congenital malformations that made them objects of ridicule. Or worse, that made them feel like monsters.
But the doctor is not afraid of them. Does he love them? Does that trigger his fear of retirement? Or is it a deep vocation that calls him not to abandon the helpless, not to put down the scalpel? The lights change, the assistants and nurses move the slide projectors and the images of another patient are projected from two spotlights, another malformation whose projections are mounted and alternate in the same space, making the memory a collage. His body, which seems to be armed with pieces that do not fit, is reconstructed through photos rotating in pictures as psychedelic as they are suffocating. There's something else they're not saying, another side to it.
Dr. H. talks about the difference between superficial and thorough surgery. For him, to operate only on flesh and cartilage is not to have the true intention of reconstructing a face that is considered normal. He says, if it is necessary to operate on the bone to shape the face, it must be done. He is not afraid, he has a professional hunger that his colleagues might consider a malformation in itself. There are about 20 seats set up on the walls of the operating room, that is, the theatre. Dr. H. looks at the people in the audience as if he were looking for a partition to correct, a cut to make. His assistant manoeuvres the operating theatre lights that hang from the ceiling, points at the spectators, smiles as if keeping a secret.
The immersion in the medical office is complete when the man with dwarfism enters the room to be examined by Dr. H. He is Rodrigo Velasquez, who enters wearing a suit and tie, sober and formal. The crossing of what is real and what is theatre requires a playwright to intervene in the situation, and this is where the work of Alexis Moreno is needed to bring the parts together, while the direction is provided by Constanza Thúmler, who together with Doctor Hoppmann wrote the text of the paper. Dissertation, testimony, fantasy: mutant theatre.
At the end of the work, a case is commented on that is dismaying and causes shivers of fear even in those who are most unaware of the possibility that Malformados is not real. A man, says Dr. H., who was born with a face on the back of his neck. Like the villain in the first Harry Potter, two twin heads, joined but opposite. As the man's face looks forward, the little face seems to stare into the darkness. He says the face on the back of his neck laughs when he cries. A sinister laugh that he wants to remove even if it costs him his life. What does the doctor say? You have until January 26th to find out the answer.
Dramaturgy: Alexis Moreno
Speech Text: Constanza Thümler y Roberto Hoppmann
Director: Constanza Thümler
Staff: Roberto Hoppmann, Mario Olivares and Rodrigo Velásquez
Space Designer: Marcos Guzmán
Lighting Designer: Francisco Herrera Estay
Costume Designer: Daniel Bagnara
Sound Designer: Hugo Alfaro Parra
Producer: Romané Guzmán
Designer Advisor: Cristian Mayorga
Press: Claudia Palominos


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Dis·com·pose v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discomposed p. pr. & vb. n. Discomposing.]
1. To disarrange; to interfere with; to disturb; to disorder; to unsettle; to break up.
Or discomposed the headdress of a prude. --Pope.
2. To throw into disorder; to ruffle; to destroy the composure or equanimity; to agitate.
Opposition . . . discomposeth the mind's serenity. --Glanvill.
3. To put out of place or service; to discharge; to displace. [Obs.]
Syn: -- To disorder; derange; unsettle; disturb; disconcert; agitate; ruffle; fret; vex.
◄ ►
Dis·com·posed a. Disordered; disturbed; disquieted. -- Dis*com*pos*ed*ly adv. -- Dis*com*pos*ed*ness, n.
◄ ►
adj : having your composure disturbed; "looked about with a
wandering and discomposed air" [ant: composed]


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Newcastle fans in the Transfer Tavern are excited about the future under Rafael Benitez – our punters reckon they can challenge for Europe if the Spaniard stays.
The former Liverpool boss guided the Magpies to tenth in the Premier League despite minimal investment in the playing squad from owner Mike Ashley. With Benitez linked to other clubs, Ashley must back the Spaniard in the transfer market so he can push them towards European qualification.
Benitez will not be pleased with the rumours swirling around his captain Jamaal Lascelles who has been linked with Liverpool following an excellent season. He has maintained his commitment to the club for now, but a summer with no marquee signings could surely see him jump ship. To keep him happy, Benitez must strengthen significantly.
The Magpies need goals. Joselu has been dreadful, and Islam Slimani struggled for fitness after arriving on loan. Dwight Gayle and Ayoze Perez could leave the club. Someone who could provide them is Real Sociedad striker – Willian Jose.
The 26-year-old has been in fine form this season, bagging 20 goals in 40 appearances in all competitions on the back of a 14 goal season the year before. His goalscoring exploits earned him a call-up to the Brazil squad earlier in the year. Valued at £18m by Transfermarkt, the Brazilian is just what Newcastle need.
A strong, quick, powerful forward with an eye for goal – Willian Jose has all the attributes to be a success in the Premier League. He is a serious aerial threat and can lead the line, suiting Benitez's system to a tee.
The striker has been linked with Everton in the past, and the Toffees could rekindle their interest now the window is open. The Magpies must move quickly to bring him to St. James Park.
Newcastle fans, thoughts?
Click here to comment on this articleor
Give us feedback on your Football Transfer Tavern experience


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Black Slogan Foil Heart Print Sweatshirt
- Silver foil jigsaw heart print with slogan
- Cuffed hem and sleeves
- Scoop neckline
- Long sleeves
- Made from a jersey fabric
- 95% polyester, 5% elastane
- Length from (approx): 86cm/33.9"
- Machine washable
- Model is 5"9 and size 16
Fit & Fashion Notes:
Add a touch of glam to your sweatshirt collection this season. Made from a jersey fabric, it features a silver foil jigsaw heart print with a slogan, scoop neckline and long sleeves. Glam up your everyday outfit and partner with leather look trousers and lace-up boots.
Why We Love It:
A staple for your wardrobe that has a pop of glam.
Care Instructions
- Wash at 40°C
- Do not bleach
- Do not tumble dry
- Iron - low heat
- Do not dry clean
Untracked Standard Delivery
$10.00 (Delivered in 8-10 working days)
Tracked Express Delivery
$25.00 (Delivered in 1-2 working days)
Returns Policy
Explore more


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13 Entertaining French Door Panel Curtains 84 Inch Collection – Any kind of window dressing can do wonders to decorate up not only the window, however the entire room. And several types of curtains will create totally different appears to be like. For an interesting impact at the window, sheer curtains are among the many best. They're light and ethereal, look very engaging on the window, and can give the room privacy whereas nonetheless letting in ample illumination.
Every room of the home that includes a window will look extra aesthetically pleasing with a fastidiously chosen window dressing. french door panel curtains 84 inch might be very pretty at a bed room window. And an elegantly furnished residing or eating room will stand out much more if sheer draperies are hung the home windows, ideally reaching to the floor. The sheer panels can hang straight or be pulled back with ornamental tiebacks. And a swag valance on the top of the window will add extra appeal to the entire look. However with or with no valance, the total impact will nonetheless be charming and chic.
Waverly Clifton Hall Floral Window Curtain Free Shipping from french door panel curtains 84 inch, source:www.overstock.com
Sheer material in a very pale color, comparable to gentle green or blue has a delicate and delicate look. A toilet that includes a window will tackle new enchantment if a fragile window dressing is used. The curtains generally is a lighter shade of the identical colours used within the room, or they can be of a distinct hue that may complement the colour scheme of the room.
The Benefits of Utilizing french door panel curtains 84 inch
Providing a extremely elegant look, sheer curtains are quite enticing and very useful for people who choose privateness. Made from semi translucent and flimsy fabrics like cotton lace or loosely woven polyester voile, sheer curtains allow the maximum transmission of sunshine. The weaving of the sheer fabric allows a basic level of UV safety, whereas retaining maximum visibility by way of the curtain. These curtains permit the folks inside the home to see the skin view, whereas preventing folks outside the house to see instantly inside. These curtains are also known as privacy curtains because of their screening talents.
Sheer Curtains: Uses and Kinds
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Curtains comprised of sheer cloth can be used independently or behind heavier drapes to provide a gorgeous look. Obtainable in quite a lot of colours and designs, sheer curtains usually are not very pricey and a versatile residence décor choice. These curtains can be utilized in anywhere, be it your bedroom window or to create a partition within a room.
You need to use a single layer of these curtains or a number of layers to create a new and attractive window therapy. Layers of various coloured curtains can be used to match the color and designing on your walls or create a special look for your room.
Perfect french door panel curtains 84 inch
Curtains assist to intensify the decorative type of a home. These additionally present privateness throughout the rooms. One needs to select the curtains for finding a balance between the practical requirements of a room and its matching decor. The Civil Rights Icon, Rev. Willie Barrow has not too long ago celebrated her 86th birthday, at her South Shore (MA) bungalow. The huge bay windows in her living room have golden-colored draperies and french door panel curtains 84 inch.
Requirements differ from one room to a different on the subject of choosing curtains. A person might have a room that requires a specific amount of privacy from the surface world. But on the same time he may want the light to shine via through the day. Sheer curtains are excellent for this state of affairs as one can keep them closed and nonetheless at the identical time get light to the room. Depending on how much a person needs to see although his french door panel curtains 84 inch, he has a wide range to select from. For an instance, if a person requires more mild within the kitchen, sheer curtains are just the right answer. These can be used in other rooms that don't require the usage of curtains to dam out exterior mild. One may use these within the loos. Sheer curtains will allow the daylight via and at the similar time provide the privateness that a person wants.
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Although these are available in all kinds, satin and silk materials are the most well-liked decisions. An individual may go for voile (a lightweight weight oven fabric made out of cotton). These are also out there in many types, colours, designs, and patterns. Nevertheless, to allow as a lot mild as potential into the room, one ought to choose the bright and ethereal ones. One great benefit with sheer curtains is that an individual has the opportunity of layering the material. One should buy lighter shades of the material to hang together as per his temper. One also can mix these with common window remedies. These are also machine-washable and an individual simply wants to hold these up and depart for drying. These usually are not very a lot costly. One should buy these online also.


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Hush. Weighted Blankets as seen on DRAGON'S DEN
Therapeutic weighted blankets by Hush are an exciting alternative to quilts and duvets. Developing their own patented fiber, Hush blankets won't shift or clump, and are completely silent.
Studies have shown that the gentle "hug" of a weighted blanket can help reduce stress and cortisol levels, increase serotonin, and repress the "fight or flight" sympathetic nervous system.
A proudly Canadian company, Hush also runs a reciprocal program, meaning communities in need also receive the benefits of weighted blanket sleep, without concern for cost. The Give Back Program means that Hush donates one blanket for every 5 Kids weighted blankets sold to organizations that help children with special needs, terminal illnesses, or poverty and 1 blanket for every 10 Adult weighted blankets sold to organizations such as homeless shelters and adults with disabilities.
Donations are sent out at the end of each month, and Hush may have opportunities to send even more from certain return blankets that are in reusable conditions.
Weighted blankets help individuals with:
- Insomnia
- Anxiety
- Autism
- Loss or separation
In 2019, Hush pitched to the Dragon's on Dragon's Den and had every Dragon make an offer!


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20.96889333 77.78802164
Due to global pandemic Covid 19, the situation is dynamic and as per Govt. regulation and norms, the dealership operations might get hampered. Please refer to your local/district regulation/norms and also contact the dealership to confirm your appointment before making a visit to the dealership.
Girnar Honda
Total distance - Total duration
18/5, Rahatgaon, Nagpur Road, Next To Samarth Ramdas Swami Mandir, Amravati, Amravati, Maharashtra - 444602
Nearby Locality
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Our Faculty
MELISSA MAHADY WILTON, M.A. Executive and Co-Artistic Director; Instructor Ballet, Company, Pointe, Theatrical Jazz, Latin
Melissa Mahady Wilton is a former Senior Manager of Strategic Planning at Deloitte Consulting. She holds a Master's Degree in Clinical Psychology from Queen's University, where she was awarded the W.R. Thompson Prize; Medal In Psychology; Ontario Graduate Scholarship; Queen's University Graduate Award; A.Z. Arthur Prize; Queen's University Graduate Fellowship; R. Samuel McLaughlin Fellowship; and Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Doctoral Fellowship. Ms. Mahady Wilton has formally trained in classical ballet (Vaganova, Cecchetti), ballroom (international, social), Latin (international, social), wheelchair dance, flamenco, Spanish classical, tap, jazz, Afro Cuban and numerous cultural dances. Melissa applied to, was accepted and completed intensive teacher training in the Vaganova method with the Open World Dance Foundation, under the direction and mentorship of renowned master teachers and international coach Irina Kolpakova, Ekaterina Shchelkanova and Anton Boytsov. She has also studied with Inna Stabrova, Master's Choreography; Vaganova State Academy of Ballet and Choreography, St. Petersburg, Russia. Melissa holds a Certificate of Merit with Honours from master teacher Finis Jhung's ballet teacher intensive training. She also holds dance medicine certificates in foot and ankle function, injury prevention and assessment, pointe readiness and shoe fitting, and adolescent dancer health from the Harkness Centre for Dance Injuries, at NYU's School of Medicine. Melissa is certified in the Beginning, Intermediate and Advanced levels of the leading-edge dance conditioning program, Progressing Ballet Technique, and was recently selected as one of 100 international participants to take part in renowned dance physiotherapist Lisa Howell's on-line dance teacher training intensive. She is a Master Teacher of wheelchair ballroom dance; the only teacher in Canada certified by the American DanceWheels Foundation. She has coached numerous students who have gone on to successfully audition for both summer intensives (Ailey School, Gelsey Kirkland Academy, Nashville Ballet, Ballet Jörgen) and post-secondary performing arts programs (George Brown Dance, Sheridan College, Simon Fraser University, University of Alberta, Concordia University). She has a current CPIC.
Building upon her clinical and dance training and commitment to therapeutic arts, Melissa is the founder and director of ConCorpsDance Inclusive Dance Programs, a Kingston organization devoted to dance for people of all abilities. Her expertise in inclusive dance has been recognized by the Ontario Trillium Foundation, the Community Foundation of Greater Kingston, the Kingston Arts Council, the Ontario Communities in Action Fund, Exceptional Families Magazine and Queen's Alumni Review. She has presented master workshops to Variety Village, Bloorview Kids' Rehabilitation Centre, the Canadian Paraplegic Association, and Queen's University. She is the creator and head of the dance program at H'art Centre, and provides inclusive programming to school and community groups. She is the Choreographer for Peerless Productions, a production company she founded with Kathryn Mackay and David Archibald, dedicated to presenting professional theatre for all abilities, whose works have been supported by the Kingston Arts Council, Ontario Arts Council and Canada Council for the Arts.
As the City of Kingston's Dance Engagement Coordinator, Melissa liaises with professional dance artists to create residencies, master classes and educational events, under the Ontario Dances Program. She was appointed by Ontario Dances to lead an inaugural dance outreach project in four Northern Ontario communities, and has been asked to serve on Ontario Arts Council dance grant juries. She is the former Chairperson of Canada DanceSport, host of the 2009 World Senior Standard Ballroom Dance Championships. Under her leadership, Canada DanceSport became a leader in the management and organization of ballroom dance events, and her consultation was sought by international dance sport leaders in developing their own programming.
At The Conservatory, Melissa co-directs the Ballet Program, directs The Conservatory Ballet Company, and teaches First Steps, Young Dancers I and II, Ballet I/II/III/IV/V, Pre-Pointe, Pointe I/II and II/III, Conservatory Company Technique, Adult Ballet, Theatrical Jazz, and Latin Dance. It is her great privilege to share the joy and beauty of dance, and she hopes to offer integrity, inspiration and inclusion to the dance community.
ANTHEA MORGAN, B.A. (Honours), E.C.E. Co-Artistic Director; Instructor Ballet, Repertoire, Flamenco, Spanish Classical
As a former dancer with the National Ballet of Canada and flamenco teacher for Esmeralda Enrique's Academy of Spanish Dance, Anthea's aspiration is to foster classical dance and a UNESCO heritage culture, with respect for holistic, sustainable, inclusive, and diplomatic cultural practices within multicultural Canada.
Raised in Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, she was trained in classical and Iberian dance traditions. Professionally, she danced with the National Ballet of Canada for seven years with such luminaries as Karen Kain, Rudolf Nureyev, Natalia Makarova, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Ekaterina Maximova, Carla Fracci, Alessandra Ferri, David Nixon, Fernando Bujones, Susan Jaffe, Peter Schaufuss, Robert Tewsley, Aleksandar Antonijevic, Evelyn Hart, Chan Hon Goh and David MacAllister. She apprenticed with the Royal Ballet Covent Garden and did contract work for Ballet Jörgen and the Canadian Opera Company. In addition to touring throughout North America and Europe, Anthea has performed at the Metropolitan Opera House, Royal Opera House Covent Garden, Stuttgart Opera House, National Arts Centre, and Kennedy Centre. She has had the privilege to dance both classical and neo-classical repertoire featuring the works of Petipa, Ashton, Balanchine, Bournonville, Cranko, Tetley, Kudelka, MacMillan, and Fokine. Anthea trained in the Russian Classical method with Irine Fokine (Mikhail Fokine's niece and Anna Pavlova's goddaughter) and in the Vaganova method with Luba Gulyaeva (soloist with the Kirov/Mariinski Ballet).
After retiring from the National, Anthea taught flamenco for Esmeralda Enrique's Academy of Spanish Dance in Toronto. In 2001, she founded 1000 Islands Flamenco and Spanish Dances, the region's first Spanish dance school.
Anthea is currently finishing her Master's degree in Classics with a McLaughlin/Bracken Fellowship at Queen's University. Her primary research interest involves the study of ancient dance imagery featured in a UNESCO heritage site in Tuscany, Italy. Other research interests include study of classicism through foundational models. She is the recent recipient of a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Fellowship.
She has a diploma in Early Childhood Education which has facilitated better understanding of child development, learning environments, holistic practices and role of culture in the lives of children. In addition to being one of the first Emergency Caregivers hired for KFB Kingston Military Family Resource Centre, she has specialized in the provision of flexible and stable care for over twenty years for families working in the OPP, diplomatic service, Queen's University and United Nations. She has a current CPIC.
After a visit to the Vaganova Academy facilitated by Slava Fadeyev in 2018, she was invited to return to the Vaganova Academy to learn more about the Pavlova and Fokine legacy. The invitation was extended because her work with children for the past twenty years reflects the continuity of Anna Pavlova's and Irine Fokine's belief that kindness and humanity is the foundation of cultural experiences for children. In 2018, as an alumnus of Irine Fokine whose mother Alexandra Federova trained Alicia Alonso, she was also invited to observe class with the National Ballet of Cuba. This same year, she applied to and completed the Open World Dance Foundation's Vaganova teacher training intensive, under the direction of Irina Kolpakova, Ekaterina Shchelkanova, and Anton Boytsov. These experiences impressed upon her the merit of sharing universal cultural languages with children, particularly non-verbal languages such as dance, because these languages help people to find common ground and shared truth in a divisive world.
In sharing the purity, simplicity, and fluidity of movement that the Vaganova and Russian style encompass, as well as the diversity of styles she experienced as a professional dancer (Danish, English, Spanish, Balanchine), she hopes to inspire joy of dance, technical clarity and the profound experience of the beauty of classicism.
LISA SCHWARTZENTRUBER, BFA (Honours), BEd- Visual Arts and Dance Specialist, Instructor Modern and Contemporary
At the age of 3, Lisa discovered her love of dance and began training in classical ballet at the Janice Brode School of Dance. Lisa also pursued Cecchetti Ballet under the instruction of Florence King-Proulx and completed her ballet examinations. During this time, she auditioned and was chosen twice to dance in the first act (party scene and snowflake) of The Nutcracker with the Pennsylvania Ballet.
Throughout the years, Lisa became eager to explore new dance styles, and has trained in modern, belly dance and Latin. She has a current CPIC.
Lisa always knew she had a passion for teaching and the Arts. She studied Visual Arts at the University of Windsor, where she received her Bachelor of Fine Arts (Honours), followed by a Bachelor of Education. Shortly after, Lisa was hired as a secondary teacher for the Waterloo and Thames Valley District School Boards. Lisa earned her Dance Specialist accreditation, and garnered experience teaching the grade 9-12 Ontario Secondary School Dance Curriculum. Lisa directed several dance shows within the high school setting and involved students in outreach opportunities. These productions included her own choreography, as well as student-led choreography and performances. Her goal as an educator is to ensure an inclusive atmosphere, where students feel comfortable collaborating and sharing in the creative process of dance.
After several years of teaching in southern Ontario, Lisa moved to start a family in Kingston and now works as a teacher for the Upper Canada and Hastings District School Boards. Lisa is excited to embark on new ventures with The Conservatory and share her love of dance with others.
SAM CROSBY, B.A., C.D.T.A. Instructor Modern and Contemporary, Tap (on leave for the 2020-21 season)
Sam began dancing in Port Colborne, Ontario, under the tutelage of Ava (Balogh) Dalcourt of Ava Balogh's School of Classical Ballet, at the age of 4. Ballet and tap were her first passions, which would soon be followed by jazz and lyrical styles. Sam engaged in formal examination studies under Ava's instruction for Ballet (ISTD), and with Donna Moreau in Tap and Jazz (CDTA). As her levels advanced, she also embarked on Teacher Training through CDTA, garnering levels and certification in Ballet, Tap, Jazz and Modern Dance.
Sam has had a variety of experiential training, including classes at Toronto Dance Theatre (TDT), with the Niagara Civic Ballet Company and with Peggy Baker's Teacher Intensives. She has performed extensively. She has been trained/certified in CanFitPro, Pilates Mat, POUND, Zumba, NIA and Block-Flexibility. She has a current CPIC.
Sam completed her undergraduate degree at University of Guelph in Sociology and English. After touring with her band, Sam Crosby and the Cavalry, she re-entered the Dance Education world. Sam was the Interim Ballet Director at Port Colborne Dance Academy from 2000 – 2002, where she conducted classes in Cecchetti Technique, in Musical Theatre, Urban Funk, Percussive Dance and Contemporary/Modern. She was also responsible for yearly examinations with CDTA in Classical Ballet.
Sam attended Teachers College at Canisius in Buffalo, NY, where she specialized in Secondary Education with an emphasis in Special Education and Multicultural Studies. She acted in the capacity of TA in Multicultural Education, and graduated with a 4.0 average. After moving to the Eastern Ontario region, she taught at the junior high level for 4 years before transferring to the secondary level.
Sam founded Bread of Life Dance Theatre (BOLDT), acting as Artistic Director from 2006-2013. There, Sam partnered with a variety of local agencies to provide affordable and accessible dance training for young dancers, where she was actively involved in curriculum development and instruction, scheduling, community outreach and fund-raising for local agencies including Leeds Grenville Interval House and a variety of community housing organizations. Sam's students took part in yearly examinations and competitions.
Sam led York University's ABQ Part 1, Part 2 and Specialist programs from 2010-2013, certifying teachers in the art of dance instruction in the schools (elementary and secondary). Sam ran a very successful dance program for secondary students at Thousand Islands Secondary School from 2009-2015. Many of Sam's students have pursued professional dance careers, and have attended post-secondary dance programs both here in Canada and abroad. Sam has worked as a dance coach, choreographer and movement designer for many years. Her credits include Grease (BOS), Alice and Wonderland (BOS), The Boyfriend (TISS/BCI), Oklahome (TISS), Little Shop of Horrors (TISS/BCI) and Godspell (TISS/BCI). She has co-directed summer theatre experiences (with Todd Noel and Mary Wonnacott-Styles).
Sam is a treasured instructor at The Conservatory, and we look forward to collaborating with her on future dance journeys when she returns from leave.
SYLVIA BERMAN, B.F. A. (Dance) Guest Artist-in-Residence; Instructor Improvisation and Composition
Sylvia Berman graduated summa cum laude from the SUNY Purchase Conservatory of Dance in 2020. During her training at Purchase, Sylvia studied ballet, contemporary and modern techniques (Graham, Cunningham and Limón), as well as improvisation and choreographic composition. She has a current CPIC.
As a member of the Purchase Dance Company, Sylvia performed works by George Balanchine, Bettijane Sills, Eve Chan, and Norbert De La Cruiz. For her senior project, she performed a solo entitled "For Sylvia" by renowned Montreal choreographer, Helene Blackburn. Sylvia also danced in numerous student works, and participated in student run shows outside of the Conservatory, most recently being cast in a mixed bill performance at Triskellion Arts in Brooklyn, NY. She choreographed two pieces for the Dance Theater Lab stage entitled, "Taking On and Putting Off," and "CHAOTIC NEUTRAL." In addition to live performances, Sylvia has been both creator and collaborator in interdisciplinary dance art. She was MC and collaborator for "FaceTime to Mars" a student run show exploring digital and live performance. Sylvia recently created the dance film, "Hurry Up Kids, Before I Lose You Again" and is in the process of creating a film project featuring solo dances in various site specific locations in Kingston, Ontario.
Sylvia has performed works of master choreographers such as Paul Taylor, Crystal Pite, Nacho Duato, Jiri Kylian, Alonzo King, and Doug Varone. She's attended many workshops and international summer intensives, including The Paul Taylor Summer Intensive, The Arts Umbrella International Summer Intensive, Alonzo King's LINES Ballet Summer Intensive, and the Doug Varone Winter Intensive.
Sylvia began her training at the Peabody Preparatory school in Baltimore, Maryland, before moving to Kingston. In 2012, she was accepted into the professional training program at the Quinte Ballet School of Canada. At QBSC she performed lead roles in classical ballets such as Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker and Giselle. In her final year at QBSC, she choreographed a piece titled "Nara" for the Student Showcase. Sylvia has also taught improvisation at the Quinte Ballet School Summer Intensive.
We are thrilled to have Sylvia as a Guest Artist-in-Residence at The Conservatory, where she has led Improvisation and Composition workshops, as well as directed the creation of new works and special choreographic projects.


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2004-02-23 - Being Absent
Isaiah 53:5 But He was pierced through for our transgressions. He was crushed for our iniquities; the chastening for our well-being fell upon Him, and by His scourging we are healed.
You may have noticed that I have been absent for a while as a writer for CFDevotionals. The truth is that I have been in and out of the hospital for the last 10 months. The problem remained undiagnosed until January 14 of this year. I got in a car accident and when they drew blood from me at the hospital they found that there was an infection in my blood stream. On that day they told me there was a 60% chance that I would leave the hospital, and a 40% chance I would die there. Three days later my chances of survival were placed at less than 50-50. Preparations began among my family and pastor for my impending funeral. Needless to say I am still here, and by God's grace I hope to hang on for a while longer.
I spent 19 days in the ICU critical care unit and I now have to return several times a week for 5 hour follow-up treatments. The doctors have told me that there is always hope I will recover fully, but they have labeled me as permanently disabled and told me I will probably never be able to work again.
So I ask forgiveness for my being absent, but there was little I could do while I was sick and then even less while I was in the hospital. Even now I spend most of my time in bed because I am so weak. I have learned a lot from this experience and I would like to share a couple of the things I have learned with you.
1. The continuation of our lives is never certain. "Yet you do not know what your life will be like tomorrow. You are just a vapor that appears for a little while and then vanishes away," James 4:14. The truth is that for the three months prior to entering the hospital I did get really sick, but I just figured that I had the flu and could not shake it. It is rare that anyone is thankful for a car accident, but had I not had one and been taken to the hospital, the doctors say I probably would have died in 3 days to a week. We never know when the Lord will call us home to be with Him and for myself this was the most vivid reminder of that truth I have ever experienced.
2. Trials, and especially ultimate trials, can either lead to our resting fully in Christ and His will, or despair. When I was told there was a good chance I would die in the hospital, it didn't even phase me. I remember thinking, "I rest in Christ alone." My mindset was that I would fight to live as best I could, but if the Lord took me home, well, His will was much more trustworthy than mine. Looking back it seems strange and foreign to think that way, but I honestly felt at peace. This is the hardest thing I have ever dealt with and the battle is not over, but it gives me great peace that my first inclination was to rest in Christ and His sovereign will.
I hope that explains to some extent why I have not been writing and I look forward to trying to get back into the flow at CFDevotionals.
Soli Deo Gloria,


text: The Program in Museums and Society is hosting a community symposium, "Collections and Communities: Baltimore Today." A panel of distinguished local museum professionals will discuss the challenges and opportunities museums face as they seek to make their collections more accessible, engaging, and relevant to local audiences. The discussion will have ample time for questions from the audience, as well as more informal conversation and "meet and greet" over refreshments. The symposium will be held on Friday, April 16, 2:30-5:30 p.m., at the Peabody Library. All interested museum professionals are welcome to attend, as well as Johns Hopkins faculty, staff, and students. We look forward to seeing you on the 16th.


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BSER Class 12 (Photo Credit: File Photo)
New Delhi:
The candidates who are preparing for Rajasthan Board class 12 examination, we have some important news for you. The Board of Secondary Education, Rajasthan has released the BSER Admit Card 2020. According to the official update available on the website, the Rajasthan 12th Board Admit Card 2020 have been released only to the school administrators or principals, who will be required to download the same and provide it to the students who have to appear for the exams.
For the convenience of the students, we have mentioned the steps through which the candidates can download the admit card:
Step 1: Visit official exam portal i.e. rajeduboard.rajasthan.gov.in
Step 2: Find and Click on Link for "ADMIT CARD 12TH SR. SEC EXAM.2020"
Step 3: You will be redirected to bserexam.net website
Step 4: Input your School Login Credentials to log onto the portal
Step 5: Follow the instructions provided on the website to download admit cards
Step 6: Download and Print Admit Cards for students registered from your school
Step 7: Put school stamp and school principal's signature on it
Step 8: Handover the exam admit card to the students


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Recorded: 1982
Released: 21 January, 1983
Engineered by: Dave Stewart
Produced by: Dave Stewart
Sweet Dreams (are made of this), the fourth single take from the album of the same name, was the break through hit for the Eurythmics in the early part of 1983. It established the band as global mega stars, reaching the number 2 spot in the UK, and number 1 on the billboard Hot 100. Timing was clearly perfect, as it was the first single the duo released in the US.
The song was recorded in Dave Stewarts' project studio, and at Church Studios in North London. The featured reverb of Dave's studio was the Klark Teknik DN50, an old spring reverb purchased along with the rest of the studio gear with a bank loan of £5000.
It just goes to prove, the very best gear in the world is not needed to make hits. The limitations of their studio proved no barrier in 1983 in making a global hit record, it all comes down to talent!
The Klark Teknik DN50 was used all over the album and not just on this single, the second track, I've Got An Angel, featured "banging a huge plank of wood, and sending it to the DN50 with reverb on full, and removing the dry signal".


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