text:
[email protected]
Add new document
Sign In
Create An Account
Hydration and strength development in ternary portland cement blends containing limestone and fly ash or metakaolin
Hydration and strength development in ternary portland cement blends containing limestone and fly ash or metakaolin
Hydration and strength development in ternary portland cement blends containing limestone and fly ash or metakaolin
Cement & Concrete Composites 39 (2013) 93–103 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Cement & Concrete Composites journal homepage: www...
Download PDF
3MB Sizes
6 Downloads
505 Views
Recommend Documents
Analysis of hydration and strength optimization of cement-fly ash-limestone ternary blended concrete
Utilization of limestone powder and fly ash in blended cement: Rheology, strength and hydration characteristics
Investigation on early hydration of ternary Portland cement-blast-furnace slag–metakaolin blends
A study on hydration, compressive strength, and porosity of Portland-limestone cement mixes containing SCMs
Heat of hydration of Portland high-calcium fly ash cement incorporating limestone powder: Effect of limestone particle size
Effect of volcanic ash pozzolan or limestone replacement on hydration of Portland cement
Synergistic effect of metakaolin and limestone on the hydration properties of Portland cement
Hydration of fly ash cement
Compressive strength studies on portland cement mortars containing fly ash and superplasticizer
Hydration of ordinary Portland cement and calcium sulfoaluminate cement blends
Prediction of compressive strength of mortars made with portland cement - blast-furnace slag - fly ash blends
Strength, porosity and corrosion resistance of ternary blend Portland cement, rice husk ash and fly ash mortar
PDF Reader
Full Text
Cement & Concrete Composites 39 (2013) 93–103
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Cement & Concrete Composites journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cemconcomp
Hydration and strength development in ternary portland cement blends containing limestone and fly ash or metakaolin Kirk Vance a, Matthew Aguayo a, Tandre Oey b, Gaurav Sant b, Narayanan Neithalath a,⇑ a b
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States Laboratory for the Chemistry of Construction Materials, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 13 October 2012 Received in revised form 22 March 2013 Accepted 30 March 2013 Available online 8 April 2013 Keywords: Limestone Metakaolin Fly ash Isothermal calorimetry Carboaluminates
a b s t r a c t This paper reports the influence of limestone particle size and the type of (partial) cement replacement material on hydration and the mechanical properties of cement pastes. Limestone powders having median particle sizes of 0.7, 3, and 15 lm, at OPC replacement levels between 0% and 20% (volume basis), and two other replacement materials of differing reactivity (i.e., Class F fly ash or metakaolin) at replacement levels between 0% and 10% (volume basis), are used to proportion ternary binder formulations. Fine limestone accelerates early-age hydration, resulting in comparable or better 1-day compressive strengths, and increased calcium hydroxide (CH) contents as compared to pure cement pastes. The incorporation of metakaolin in conjunction with limestone powder alters the heat release (i.e., kinetic) response significantly. A ternary blend of this nature, with 20% total cement replacement demonstrates the highest 1day strength and lowest CH content. Thermal analysis reveals distinct peaks corresponding to the formation of the carboaluminate phases after 28 days in the limestone–metakaolin modified pastes, whereas the incorporation of similar levels of fly ash does not change the response markedly. It is shown that the synergistic effects of limestone and metakaolin incorporation results in improved properties at early ages, while maintaining later age properties similar to that of traditional OPC systems. Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction The rapid rate of infrastructure development in many parts of the world has resulted in an enormous demand for portland cement. In order to reduce its environmental impact, both in terms of CO2 emissions (5% of global output) [1,2] and energy consumption (4600 MJ/ton) [3] it is imperative that the clinker factor of cement be reduced. A number of strategies predominantly based on the use of high volumes of cement replacement materials such as fly ash and blast furnace slag have been practiced by the concrete industry to reduce cement use in concrete. In recent years there has been increased interest in the use of limestone powder as a partial cement replacement material. Limestone has the advantages of being abundant, inexpensive, and without the environmental costs associated with portland cement. Portland limestone cements have been in extensive use in Europe and Canada since the 1990s. ASTM standards historically allowed only up to 5% limestone (mass basis) in cement, and it has been shown that such low replacement levels can result in comparable or better properties as compared to plain cements [4,5]. Recently ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 480 965 6023; fax: +1 480 965 0557. E-mail addresses:
[email protected]
(K. Vance),
[email protected]
(M. Aguayo),
[email protected]
(T. Oey),
[email protected]
(G. Sant), Narayanan.
[email protected]
(N. Neithalath). 0958-9465/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.03.028
ASTM C 595-12 has defined a Type IL cement that can include up to 15% of limestone powder as a cement replacement material [6]. The incorporation of limestone powder modifies the hydration process in low water-to-cement ratio (w/c) cement systems where a substantial fraction of the cement remains unhydrated [7,8]. The use of appropriate size ranges of limestone powder as a filler material has been reported to result in similar/better fresh properties in self-consolidating concretes, inspite of reduced cement contents [9]. The use of fine limestone powder (finer than OPC) provides nucleation sites and thus accelerates C3S hydration [7,10,11], while participating to a limited extent in the cement hydration reactions [12]. For this reason, fine limestone powder has been used to limit delays in setting in high volume fly ash mixtures [13]. The use of limestone powder has been shown to slightly increase compressive strength [4], while contrary results have also been reported [5,14,15]. The likely cause of these discrepancies is the use of limestone powders of different fineness, the dosage of limestone powder, water-to-powder ratios, and the type/fineness of cement used. Fine fillers have been shown to decrease the capillary porosity of the paste, which may account for some of the strength gain reported [8]. It has been shown that by increasing the fineness of portland cement or decreasing the water-to-solids ratio (w/s), some of the strength loss associated with limestone additions can be mitigated [4,7,16].
K. Vance et al. / Cement & Concrete Composites 39 (2013) 93–103
Limestone powder has been shown to chemically interact with the aluminate phases in cement [17] to stabilize a carboaluminate phase at the expense of monosulfoaluminate [18]. This action can, within limits, increase the quantity of ettringite formed which leads to an increase in solid volume, and thus slightly improved mechanical properties. In pure C3A systems, it has been shown that a significant portion of the carbonate will be consumed after 24 h [19]. In the case of OPC pastes, limestone is expected to react with the aluminous clinker phases [20], ensuring that, at low replacement levels (<5%, mass basis) much if not all of the calcite will be consumed through the course of hydration [18]. The synergy between fly ash and limestone powder has recently been elucidated [21] to show that composite cements containing a low amount of limestone powder (5%) and high amounts of fly ash (30%) perform similarly to a cement containing no limestone powder. However, a common issue with high levels of fly ash incorporation is the delay in setting observed in these systems [22–24]. The use of small amounts of a more reactive cement replacement material with appropriate chemical characteristics could facilitate the use of higher levels of limestone powder without attendant property loss. However, a systematic investigation of the effects of limestone fineness on the behavior of binders containing supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) is missing. This study develops a more detailed understanding of the influence of limestone fineness and additions on the behavior of ternary binder systems (i.e., cement + limestone + SCM), containing SCMs of differing chemical reactivity. As such, these investigations are focused on clarifying the role of limestone fineness and the type of cement replacement material (i.e., metakaolin or a Class F fly ash) on earlyand later-age behavior to understand the possibility to proportion ternary binder formulations that display properties similar to traditional OPC systems.
2. Experimental program 2.1. Materials and mixture proportions The materials used in this study include: a commercially available Type I/II ordinary portland cement (OPC) conforming to ASTM C 150, a Class F fly ash and metakaolin conforming to ASTM C 618, and limestone powder conforming to ASTM C 568. Limestone powders with three different nominal median particle sizes – 0.7 lm, 3 lm, and 15 lm were used. The particle size distributions of the
cement, limestone, fly ash, and metakaolin are shown in Fig. 1 and their chemical composition in Table 1. Cement was replaced by volume percentages of limestone powder varying between 0% and 40% in increments of 10% (increments of 5%, up to a total replacement of 10% for the 0.7 lm limestone), and metakaolin and fly ash between 0% and 10% in increments of 5%. In the remainder of this paper, the percentages of limestone or other cement replacement materials reported are all on a volumetric basis, unless otherwise noted. The volumetric water-to-solids ratio (w/s)V used for the mixtures is 1.10; however since replacement was done by volume and all of the replacement materials are less dense than portland cement, the effective mass-based water to powder ratio of the blended mixtures varies between 0.35 and 0.38. Ternary blends comprising combinations of limestone and metakaolin or fly ash were also proportioned. Fly ash and metakaolin are used as OPC replacement materials because the aluminous nature of these materials favors the formation of the carboaluminate phases [18]. OPC replacement levels of up to 20% by limestone and up to 10% by fly ash or metakaolin were attempted. These selections were made to attain a 28-day compressive strength within 10% of the reference (i.e., plain cement) system. Overall, 42 different paste mixtures were proportioned and evaluated as part of this study.
2.2. Experimental methods Isothermal calorimetry was carried out as per ASTM C 1702. The pastes were mixed externally as described in ASTM C305 prior to being loaded into the calorimeter. The time elapsed between the instant water was added to the powder(s) and the paste loaded into the calorimeter was approximately 2 min. Isothermal calorimetry was performed over a period of 48–72 h. The powders were dry-blended using a hand mixer at low speed prior to adding water. Compressive strengths were determined in accordance with ASTM C109 on 50 mm cubes stored in saturated limewater until the age of testing. Simultaneous thermal analysis (thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA)) was carried out on selected pastes at ages of 1, 7, and 28 days to determine the calcium hydroxide (CH) and calcium carbonate (CC) contents. The tests were carried out in a pure nitrogen environment, at a flow rate of 20 ml/s. A heating rate of 10 °C/min was employed and the pastes were heated from ambient to 950 °C. The non-evaporable water content (wn) was calculated as
Fig. 1. Particle size distributions of: (a) limestone powders and (b) cement, fly ash, and metakaolin.
K. Vance et al. / Cement & Concrete Composites 39 (2013) 93–103
Table 1 Chemical composition of the component materials. Component (%)
Fly ash
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 Na2O K2O LOI
21.0 3.61 3.47 63.0 3.26 3.04 0.16 0.36 2.13
58.4 23.8 4.19 7.32 1.11 0.44 1.43 1.02 0.50
51.7 43.2 0.5 – – – – – 0.16
Limestone powder manufacturer.
the difference between the mass measurements at 950 °C and 105 °C, normalized by the mass at 950 °C, and corrected for the loss on ignition of the cement powder (based on its mass fraction in the paste) and the calcium carbonate content (650–800 °). This value was found to be very similar to the mass fraction of the paste remaining after heating to 600 °C. The CH contents were determined based on the mass change measured between temperatures in the DTA curve corresponding to the CH peak [25].
Fig. 2. Influence of limestone fineness on the heat release rate. Representative heat flow curves are shown. The uncertainty in the heat flow is less than 2% based on measurements on triplicate specimens.
3. Results and discussions 3.1. Early-age behavior of binary and ternary cementitious pastes Isothermal calorimetry was carried out on binary and ternary paste blends containing several dosages of limestone powder of different particle sizes. The following sections provide insights into the influence of limestone fineness, dosage, and the synergistic effects of limestone powder and metakaolin or fly ash on the calorimetric response. The timing of the primary and secondary hydration peaks, their amplitudes, and the slopes of the acceleration and deceleration regimes are used to describe the influence of blend composition on the calorimetric response. Since a large set of mixtures is evaluated, a computer program was developed to extract these parameters from the calorimetric curves to expedite analysis. To keep the discussions succinct, the data reported is limited to OPC replacements levels of 10% and 20% by limestone and 10% by fly ash or metakaolin.
Fig. 3. 1-Day compressive strengths of binary and ternary blends of limestone and fly ash/metakaolin.
3.1.1. Effect of limestone fineness and dosage on the progress of reactions Fig. 2 depicts the heat release curves of the plain cement paste as well as those modified using 10% limestone powder, for three different median particle sizes. It is immediately evident that finer limestone powders accelerate reactions; increasing the magnitude of the heat release peak and shifting the peaks to earlier times. For example, for the finest limestone powder, i.e., 0.7 lm, the main hydration peak is 15% higher than that of the OPC paste, it appears 25% sooner, and the slopes of the acceleration and deceleration regions are about 40% higher. The calorimetric response of the paste incorporating fine limestone also demonstrates a more pronounced shoulder on the main hydration peak. These effects are attributable to the limestone powder accelerating hydration [11,26] by enhancing the number of nucleation sites for the hydration products, as described in [27]. With increasing coarseness of limestone powder, the heat release curve begins to mimic that of the plain paste. The differences in surface areas of the particles has implications in their dissolution rates, which reflect in the changes in the heat release response as observed. The effects of limestone size-dependent acceleration are supported by 1-day compressive strength datasets (Fig. 3) which show that the mix-
ture containing finer limestone powder has a higher 1 day strength than the OPC paste. Previous studies have reported that up to 5% limestone powder (by mass) can be used without compromising early age strength [11,14]. However, with increasing limestone coarseness and dosage, the compressive strength is noted to reduce due to effects including increasing porosity and a progressively reducing mineral acceleration effect. The influence of limestone dosage for varying particle sizes on the calorimetric response is shown in Fig. 4a–c. For the 0.7 lm and 3 lm size powders, an increase in the limestone content is found to significantly influence early reactions, with a larger peak amplitude, earlier occurrence of the peak, and increase in the slope of the acceleration and deceleration regions being noted in comparison to the plain cement paste [28]. However, the calorimetric signatures are not substantially influenced by the presence of coarser limestone powders, irrespective of their contents in the paste. It is additionally noted that pastes proportioned at different water contents (dilution) to mimic water content increase with cement replacement show overlapping curves (Fig. 5). Notwithstanding the changes in w/c, the heat response curves are largely identical, suggesting that the reaction kinetics at early ages is largely a filler effect rather than an influence of a change in the effective w/c [10].
K. Vance et al. / Cement & Concrete Composites 39 (2013) 93–103
Power (W/g cement)
0 0
Time (h)
Fig. 4. Influence of limestone dosage on heat release rates for pastes containing: (a) 0.7 lm limestone powder, (b) 3 lm limestone powder, and (c) 15 lm limestone powder. Representative heat flow curves are shown. The uncertainty in the heat flow is less than 2% based on measurements on triplicate specimens.
Fig. 6 shows 1-day CH contents of selected pastes normalized by the mass fraction of OPC in the pastes. The normalized 1-day CH contents are higher for the 0.7 lm and 3 lm limestone containing pastes, consistent with the acceleration effects noted in Fig. 4a and b. For the paste containing 15 lm limestone powder, the normalized CH is similar to that of the plain paste (not shown in graph) indicating no acceleration effects as supported by Fig. 4c.
Power (W/g cement)
0.37 0.39 0.44 0.50
0 0
Time (h) Fig. 5. Influence of w/c ratio on the calorimetric response of OPC pastes. Representative heat flow curves are shown. The uncertainty in the heat flow is less than 2% based on measurements on triplicate specimens.
Fig. 6. 1 Day CH contents for selected binary and ternary pastes.
3.1.2. Influence of fly ash and metakaolin replacements on the progress of reactions It is instructive to examine the influence of aluminous cement replacement materials such as fly ash and metakaolin (bulk Al2O3 contents of 24% and 43% respectively, mass basis) on the earlyage heat release response of pastes containing limestone powder. Fig. 7a and b shows heat release for binary pastes containing 5% or 10% of fly ash or metakaolin as the only cement replacement materials. The calorimetric response of fly ash modified pastes is very similar to that of the OPC paste (total heat released after 48 h of 233 J/g cement compared to 236 J/g for OPC). In this regard, fly ash performs similarly to the coarser limestone powder (15 lm). This is unsurprising, as the fly ash is not expected to react substantially at early times. However, in the presence of metakaolin, the amplitude of the peak and the slope of the curve during the acceleration region increases with an increase in the metakaolin content, similar to results reported in [29]. In addition, increasing the metakaolin dosage is also found to result in a more pronounced shoulder in the heat release response. An analysis of the response of pastes containing fly ash or metakaolin requires considerations of their particle sizes and reactivity. Fly ash has a median particle size similar to the coarsest limestone powder whereas the median particle size of metakaolin is much smaller (5 lm). When the heat release parameters for the 10% metakaolin modified paste are compared to those of the OPC paste with 10% of 3 lm limestone powder, they are quite similar, demonstrating the influence of particle size. The peak amplitude is slightly higher for the metakaolin modified paste, but the peaks appear at virtually the same time. The normalized CH contents of the fly ash and metakaolin modified pastes are similar to that of the OPC paste at age of 1 day as observed from Fig. 6, suggesting that at early times, their hydration behavior is rather similar. For example, the 10% fly ash modified paste (7.5% by mass) produces a 7% reduction in the 1-day actual (unnormalized) CH content, whereas for the 10% metakaolin modified paste (7.9% by mass), the reduction in CH is about 11%. In other words, the reduction
K. Vance et al. / Cement & Concrete Composites 39 (2013) 93–103
Fig. 7. Calorimetric response of: (a) fly ash modified pastes, (b) metakaolin modified pastes, (c) ternary mixtures of 10% limestone and 10% fly ash, (d) ternary mixtures of 20% limestone and 10% fly ash, (e) ternary mixtures of 10% limestone and 10% metakaolin, and (f) ternary mixtures of 20% limestone and 10% metakaolin. Representative heat flow curves are shown. The uncertainty in the heat flow is less than 2% based on measurements on triplicate specimens.
roughly scales with the OPC replacement level even though metakaolin incorporation results in a slightly higher reduction of CH. Fig. 7a and b shows that, while the incorporation of fly ash does not change the reaction kinetics considerably, the use of metakao-
lin results in an acceleration of reactions. This is likely due to the early age pozzolanic reactions and CH consumption in metakaolin blended pastes, which are expected to be more reactive than fly ash or silica fume modified pastes [30].
K. Vance et al. / Cement & Concrete Composites 39 (2013) 93–103
Table 2 Parameters of the calorimetric response for binary and ternary cement pastes. OPC
LS particle size (lm)
Main hydration peak Peak 1
100 90
0 0
0 0
0 10
90 80
10 10
0 0
0 10
90 80
0 0
10 10
0 10
– 0.7 3 15 – 0.7 3 15 – 0.7 3 15
Slopes Peak 2
Accel. (W/g h)
Time (h)
P (W/g)
Time (h)
P (W/g)
7.5 5.7 6.4 7.4 7.6 5.6 6.3 7.6 6.4 4.9 5.5 6.5
0.0044 0.0051 0.0046 0.0044 0.0046 0.0053 0.0047 0.0044 0.0048 0.0057 0.0050 0.0049
– 7.6 8.2 9.1 – 7.4 8.1 9.4 8.2 6.7 7.4 8.0
– 0.0048 0.0043 0.0041 – 0.0050 0.0045 0.0042 0.0047 0.0057 0.0050 0.0049
3.1.3. Progress of reactions in fly ash/metakaolin containing limestone containing pastes The calorimetric response of ternary blends containing up to 10% of fly ash or metakaolin with different particle sizes/dosages of limestone powder are discussed in this section. Fig. 7c and d represents the effects of a combination of limestone powder and fly ash on the heat release response of cement pastes. Fig. 7c depicts the calorimetric response of systems containing 10% of limestone and fly ash whereas Fig. 7d shows the response of the systems containing 20% limestone powder augmented with 10% fly ash. From both the figures, it can be noticed that the behavior of the ternary systems are different from those containing fly ash as the sole cement replacement material. When the response of the systems containing 10% fly ash and 10% limestone powder of varying sizes shown in Fig. 7c is compared to those containing 10% limestone powder alone (Fig. 2), it is noticed that the early age behavior of limestone powder modified pastes is not significantly modified by the presence of fly ash. To better facilitate these comparisons, Table 2 shows the parameters of the heat release curves of the plain, binary, and ternary mixtures. Comparing the 10% limestone powder modified pastes with and without fly ash, the time of appearance of the main hydration peak and the shoulder, the peak amplitudes, and the slopes of the acceleration and deceleration regions are found to be very similar. While it has been reported that small amounts of limestone powder have an influence on the reaction products and properties of OPC-fly ash blended systems [21,31], these are predominant at later ages as driven by the somewhat slow, time dependent dissolution of fly ash which releases aluminate species into the pore solution [32]. Increasing the limestone content of the ternary blends to 20% as shown in Fig. 7d results in a behavior fairly similar to that of the 20% limestone powder pastes without fly ash; although a small enhancement in the peak amplitude and slightly earlier appearances of the main hydration peak and the shoulder peak are noted. For the pastes containing limestone powder along with 10% fly ash, Fig. 6 shows that increasing the limestone content increases the normalized CH content as expected. Expectedly, increasing coarseness of the limestone powder and increasing dosage reduces the normalized 1-day CH contents. However, it can be noticed that a further cement reduction of 10% through fly ash incorporation in limestone powder modified concretes does not result in a corresponding change in the normalized CH contents, suggesting that the addition of fly ash does not influence early age behavior. A comparison of the isothermal calorimetry results for limestone powder modified pastes with and without fly ash (Figs. 4 and 7c and d) also indicate that the benefits of low amounts of fly ash addition, in conjunction with limestone powder, up to 20% are not readily observed at early ages. This observation highlights
0.0009 0.0013 0.0010 0.0008 0.0009 0.0014 0.0010 0.0009 0.0011 0.0017 0.0012 0.0011
Decel. (W/g h)
0.0005 0.0007 0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0007 0.0005 0.0004 0.0006 0.0009 0.0005 0.0006
the need to select a more reactive aluminous cement replacement material, metakaolin, to be used in limestone powder modified systems so as to induce changes in early age behavior. Fig. 7e shows the heat release response of pastes containing 10% limestone and 10% metakaolin as (partial) cement replacement materials while Fig. 7f shows the response of pastes containing 20% limestone powder augmented with 10% metakaolin. The synergistic early age effects of small amounts of metakaolin in conjunction with 10% or 20% cement replacement by limestone powder are evident from these figures. For example: from Fig. 7e, it is noted that limestone powder in combination with metakaolin results in two distinct peaks (corresponding to C3S and C3A hydration) of similar magnitudes – indicating that aluminate hydration is potentially enhanced in the presence of metakaolin. These peak heights increase with decreasing median particle size of the limestone powder. The parameters of the heat release peaks of these ternary blends for a limestone replacement level of 10% are shown in Table 2. The acceleration in hydration reaction in the presence of finer limestone powder and metakaolin as compared to limestone alone can be quantified based on the time of appearance of the peaks and the peak amplitudes provided in Table 2. The fact that the secondary peak related to the aluminate reaction is equal in magnitude to the primary peak in the ternary metakaolin blends (note that when limestone or metakaolin alone is used as a cement replacement material – Figs. 4 and 7b – the primary and secondary peak amplitudes are different) suggests that the combination of finer limestone powder and metakaolin enhances the reaction kinetics at early ages in a more direct fashion than any other combination of binary or ternary blends evaluated here. The normalized 1-day CH contents of metakaolin modified pastes are found to be consistently lower than those of pastes containing only limestone or limestone/fly ash as OPC replacement materials. The reaction of carbonate from limestone with Al from the OPC and metakaolin results in the formation of the mono/ hemi-carboaluminate hydrates. Thermodynamic calculations suggest that the formation of the carboaluminates initiates as early as 1 day in limestone containing systems [11,31], a point confirmed by XRD [5,33]. The formation of carboaluminates (specifically, hemicarboaluminate) consumes CH [11,18,19]. While this action partly explains the reduced CH content observed in ternary blends containing metakaolin, an additional contribution of the pozzolanic action of metakaolin at ages as early as 1 day [30,34] may be another factor to consider. 3.2. Compressive strength development The compressive strengths of plain, binary, and ternary cement paste blends up to 28 days of hydration are shown in Fig. 8. The
K. Vance et al. / Cement & Concrete Composites 39 (2013) 93–103
Fig. 8. Compressive strength development of: (a) OPC- limestone pastes, (b) OPC-limestone-fly ash pastes, and (c) OPC-limestone–metakaolin pastes. The standard deviation in compressive strengths ranged from 0.5 MPa at early ages to 4.5 MPa at later ages, but are not shown in the graphs to avoid cluttering.
compressive strengths for the OPC-limestone powder pastes are shown in Fig. 8a. The paste containing 10% of 0.7 lm limestone powder shows the highest strengths until 14 days of age, after which it shows strengths similar to that of the plain paste. The enhancement in cement hydration facilitated by the fine particles of limestone powder is responsible for this effect. Similar results are reported for limestone powder modified cement pastes in [4,5,31]. With increasing limestone content and median particle size, the compressive strengths at all ages are found to reduce, as expected. The reduction is not very prominent at early ages except for the higher replacement levels with the coarser limestone powder, due in part to mineral acceleration effects being able to partially compensate for the effects of OPC replacement. However, for the 15 lm limestone powder modified paste, a 20% replacement of cement by limestone powder results in a 21% strength loss at 28 days, attesting to the effects of OPC by coarse limestone powder on mechanical properties. The compressive strength development of ternary blends containing fly ash or metakaolin along with limestone powder is provided in Fig. 8b and c respectively. The use of metakaolin with 10% of the finer limestone powder provides compressive strengths similar to or higher than that of 10% metakaolin modified cement pastes at the ages considered. Note that similar or higher strengths are achieved in this case even when the cement replacement level in the ternary blend is double that of the binary blend. However, for a similar paste in which fly ash is used, the compressive
strengths are generally substantially lower than the 10% metakaolin modified paste – demonstrating the synergistic effects of the use of fine limestone powder with metakaolin. A comparison of Fig. 8b and c shows that for the same level of cement replacement with limestone powder of a given particle size, mixtures containing metakaolin have marginally higher strengths (of the order of 5%) at all ages than the plain paste. For a given total cement replacement level, the ternary blends (containing fly ash/metakaolin with limestone powder) demonstrate higher 28 day strengths than the corresponding OPC-limestone blends. This can be attributed to the combined effects of: (1) carboaluminate formation and ettringite stabilization and (2) the pozzolanic reactions, which would increase the solid volume of the hydrates and reduce the porosity in the system [11,19,35]. 3.3. Thermal analysis of pastes: influence of limestone and fly ash/ metakaolin 3.3.1. Analysis of TG and DTG curves The discussions provided earlier suggest that fine limestone powder in combination with a small amount of metakaolin results in higher heat release and strength as compared to pastes composed with fine limestone and fly ash. Thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermogravimetric (DTG) curves for the 1 day hydrated systems are provided in Fig. 9a. It is noted that the residual mass fraction at 600 °C is similar for the OPC paste and the 10%
K. Vance et al. / Cement & Concrete Composites 39 (2013) 93–103
Fig. 9. TG and DTG curves of: (a) 1 day hydrated binary and ternary pastes containing limestone and fly ash/metakaolin, (b) 28 day hydrated pastes containing fly ash/ metakaolin, (c) 28 day hydrated ternary blends with 10% 0.7 lm limestone, and (d) 28 day hydrated ternary blends with 20% 3 lm limestone. Representative data is shown. The uncertainty in the mass loss was less than 5% for duplicate measurements made at the same age.
0.7 lm limestone powder modified paste with and without fly ash, indicating similarities in their wn contents. The wn is the highest for the ternary blend with metakaolin, indicating the enhanced reactivity of metakaolin + limestone blends at early ages- as also supported by the strength gain response and normalized CH contents. The peak at about 100 °C, linked to the decomposition of C–S–H and ettringite [21,31] is slightly higher for the ternary blend containing metakaolin, potentially suggesting increased amounts of C–S–H and/or the stabilization of ettringite in the presence of limestone. However, no monocarbonate is observed in the 1 day DTG curves, though slight (if any) formation is only expected at such early ages [5]. The TG and DTG curves of OPC, fly ash, and metakaolin modified pastes cured for 28 days are shown in Fig. 9b. The OPC and fly ash modified pastes show similar behavior at 28 days. The beneficial effects of metakaolin in terms of increasing the C–S–H content and decreasing the CH contents can be clearly seen in this figure. This figure provides context to the TG and DTG analysis of ternary blends shown in Fig. 9c and d. From the DTG curve of the ternary blend of 10% 0.7 lm limestone and metakaolin shown in Fig. 9c, a distinct peak around 180 °C corresponding to the carboaluminate phases [11,31] is observed. The formation of the carboaluminates, in conjunction with the pozzolanic reaction decreases the CH content even though the wn (and hence anticipated CH production) is
the highest among all the three pastes shown in this figure. The formation of carboaluminate phases can be quantified using the residual amounts of CaCO3 in the pastes. Fig. 10 shows the residual mass fraction of CaCO3 in the pastes hydrated for 1 and 28 days, obtained by dividing the mass fraction of CaCO3 from TG analysis by the initial mass fraction of CaCO3 in the paste. It can be readily noticed from this figure that the residual calcium carbonate content is lower for the limestone modified pastes containing metakaolin, confirming the increased consumption of limestone to form carboaluminate phases. For example, in the paste containing 10% 0.7 lm limestone by volume (8.7% by mass), 14% of all the limestone added (or 1.21% by mass of cement) reacts after 28 days. This value increases to 16% (1.4% by mass of cement) and 19% (1.65% by mass of cement) if the binder contains 10% of fly ash or metakaolin by volume respectively in addition to limestone. For the paste containing 20% 3 lm limestone by volume (17.4% by mass), 17% of all the limestone added (3% by mass of cement) is consumed after 28 days whereas this value increases to 17.2% (3.1% by mass of cement) and 18.2% (3.4% by mass of cement) in the presence of additional 10% fly ash or metakaolin by volume. The amounts of limestone reacted are in the general range reported in [20,36]. The TG and DTG results for a larger replacement level of cement with 3 lm limestone powder along with metakaolin or fly ash is shown in Fig. 9d, which also shows a DTG peak corresponding to
K. Vance et al. / Cement & Concrete Composites 39 (2013) 93–103
peak in the DTG curves at around 180 °C [21,31]. It was also shown that higher amounts of fly ash in conjunction with smaller amounts of limestone powder can result in later-age (beyond 28 days) properties, comparable to OPC mixtures. However the disadvantage of using such high volumes of fly ash is the lack of early-age property development. In this study, it is shown that the combination of a reactive aluminate source with fine limestone powder can provide 1- and 28-day properties comparable to OPC mixtures for cement replacement levels of 20% (by volume).
Fig. 10. Residual calcium carbonate contents in the limestone powder modified pastes after 1 and 28 days of hydration. The uncertainty in the residual CC fractions was in the range of 3–5% for duplicate samples tested at the same age.
the presence of carboaluminates. Note that even at higher limestone replacement levels, the intensity of the carboaluminate peak is relatively unchanged as compared to Fig. 9c. This qualitatively shows that a higher replacement level of the 3 lm size limestone powder is able to provide the same effect as a lower replacement level of the 0.7 lm limestone powder as far as carboaluminate formation is concerned. Fig. 10 confirms this observation where the residual carbonate contents in 10% 0.7 lm limestone powder and 20% 3 lm limestone powder are found to be similar. Such an effect was not noticed for the 15 lm size limestone powder as can be noted from Fig. 10. For the limestone-fly ash ternary blends shown in Fig. 9c and d, only a very small peak is seen in the DTG curve corresponding to carboaluminate phases. In order to clearly distinguish between the effects of fly ash and metakaolin in limestone powder modified pastes, the heat flow corresponding to the thermal decomposition of the pastes is shown in Fig. 11. The thermal signature corresponding to carboaluminates is clearly observed in this figure, with a noticeable minor peak at around 180 °C for the OPC–limestone– metakaolin blend. The minor peak is similar in size and much smaller for the limestone powder modified pastes with and without fly ash, and for the OPC paste. The fly ash content in these pastes is only 10%, which proves insufficient to form a significant volume of carboaluminates. It has been shown in previous publications that a much higher cement replacement level with fly ash (30–35%), which in turn means higher amount of aluminates, coupled with small amounts of limestone (5%) result in a detectable
Fig. 11. Heat flow curves for the limestone modified pastes at 28 days of hydration.
3.3.2. Bound water and CH contents If the total mass loss value at 600 °C (wn) is assumed indicative of a reasonable measure of the volume of reaction products, then the increased reaction product volume (even at 20% less cement in the paste, and a reduced CH content) can be considered to be contributed by (i) accelerations in hydration facilitated by the filler effect of limestone powder, (ii) higher reactivity of metakaolin to form pozzolanic C–S–H, and (iii) the formation of carboaluminates through the reaction between the aluminates from metakaolin and carbonates from limestone powder. These effects compensate for the reduced cement content in ternary blend with metakaolin (and limestone) to enable a compressive strength similar to that of the OPC paste (Fig. 8). The non-evaporable water contents (wn) and the CH contents after 1, 7, and 28 days of hydration, normalized by the mass fractions of cement in the pastes are shown in Fig. 12a and b for selected binary and ternary blend pastes. For all the pastes considered, a major fraction of the water is bound in the first 7 days of hydration. The OPC paste has the lowest normalized wn at all ages among all the binary pastes considered in Fig. 12a. The 10% 0.7 lm limestone powder and the 20% 3 lm limestone powder modified pastes show higher normalized wn and normalized CH contents at 1 and 28 days, attesting to the effect of fineness and amount of limestone powder on accelerating cement hydration (Figs. 4 and 8). The 10% fly ash modified paste shows a higher normalized wn than the OPC paste at 1 day, and similar wn at later ages. The enhancement in reactivity of cement provided by metakaolin and its own reaction at early ages result in the metakaolin modified paste showing a higher normalized wn than the OPC paste at all ages. It is also important to note from the lower panel of Fig. 12a that this paste has the lowest normalized CH content, with a significant lowering of CH contents at 28 days as compared to the other pastes. Higher wn and lower CH contents are indicators of the effective pozzolanic reaction of metakaolin starting at very early ages. For all the other pastes, the CH contents follow trends similar to that of wn. The normalized wn and CH contents of the ternary blend pastes are shown in Fig. 12b. Immediately evident from this figure are the higher normalized wn values for the ternary blends as compared to the binary blends shown in Fig. 12a. The paste with overall 30% cement replacement by volume (20% 3 lm limestone powder and 10% metakaolin or fly ash) show higher normalized wn at later ages, closely followed by the metakaolin modified 10% 0.7 lm limestone powder paste. The normalized CH content of the limestone–metakaolin blends shown here reduces or remain fairly constant with age while the normalized wn values for the corresponding pastes are seen to increase. For cement hydration, an increase in wn generally means an increase in CH. The reduction in CH can be construed as an indication of the change in reaction products, i.e., due to pozzolanic reactions and the formation of the carboaluminate hydrates as shown in Fig. 9 through the TG and DTG curves. Evidence of reaction product modification at 28 days of hydration can be seen in both 0.7 lm and 3 lm size limestone powder pastes containing metakaolin. A total cement replacement of 20% (10% 0.7 lm limestone and 10% metakaolin) results in a much higher 1 day compressive strength and comparable 28 day compressive strength as compared to the OPC paste.
K. Vance et al. / Cement & Concrete Composites 39 (2013) 93–103
Fig. 12. Non-evaporable water and CH contents of: (a) binary mixtures containing limestone or fly ash/metakaolin, and (b) ternary blends of limestone and fly ash/ metakaolin.
Such a beneficial effect is not observed for OPC–limestone–fly ash blends. Even cement replacement at 30% level (20% 3 lm limestone powder, 10% metakaolin), results in only a 15% strength reduction as compared to the plain OPC paste. Small amounts of monocarboaluminate, shown to have a high modulus [37], could also play a role in mitigating strength loss in these mixtures. The incorporation of small amounts of metakaolin is thus found to be beneficial in improving the properties of limestone powder modified systems at ages up to 28 days. 4. Conclusions This paper describes the influence of limestone fineness and the reactivity of the alumina source on the early-age heat release response, the compressive strength and hydration products formed for cement pastes containing limestone powder of three different median particle sizes or a combination of limestone powder and small amounts (10%) of fly ash or metakaolin. Fine limestone powders (0.7 and 3 lm) were found to accelerate the early-age cement hydration at all the dosages studied. The paste with 10% of 0.7 lm
limestone powder was found to have better 1 day strength and increased normalized non-evaporable water (wn) and CH contents than the OPC paste. Increasing limestone coarseness and dosage reduced the compressive strength as expected. Cement replacement by metakaolin in binary blends resulted in a higher heat release rate while replacement by fly ash did not produce large changes in the calorimetric response. The calorimetric response of the pastes containing limestone was not considerably modified by the presence of fly ash whereas significant changes in the calorimetric response was observed when metakaolin was used in conjunction with fine limestone powder (0.7 and 3 lm). The enhanced reaction kinetics in ternary blends containing 10% 0.7 lm limestone powder and 10% metakaolin resulted in the highest 1 day compressive strength and the 1-day normalized CH content was among the lowest of all the evaluated pastes. While CH reduction could also be partially attributed to carboaluminate formation, it was not detected in the thermal decomposition signatures of these pastes. It could also be that the enhanced aluminate phase reaction contributed to increased incorporation of Al3+ in the C–S–H at early ages rather than forming carboaluminates. The fine limestone powder (0.7 and 3 lm) modified pastes at 10% cement replacement level showed compressive strengths comparable to those of OPC pastes until 28 days. The ternary blend of metakaolin along with 10% 0.7 lm limestone powder resulted in compressive strengths that were higher than either of the corresponding binary blends, even at a higher overall cement replacement level. Such a response was not observed in the case of fly ash. The normalized wn at 28 days for the ternary blends of 0.7 and 3 lm limestone powder and metakaolin was higher than that of the OPC paste, the binary blends, and the ternary blends containing fly ash. While the normalized wn of these pastes increased with age, the normalized CH contents were found to reduce or remain unchanged with age, indicating changes in reaction products. The DTG curves for the 28 day cured ternary pastes with both 0.7 and 3 lm limestone powder confirmed this through the observation of the presence of carboaluminates. Thus, this paper brings out the role of the overall chemical compatibility of cement replacement materials, with a view towards selecting the replacement material (in terms of its physical and chemical characteristics) to produce synergistic effects and optimal OPC replacement efficiency. As such, this work advances approaches to utilize multiple material solutions based on limestone and metakaolin to proportion ternary binders, dedicated to reducing the use of OPC in concrete.
Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the National Science Foundation for the financial support for this research (CMMI 1068985). The materials were provided by U.S. Concrete, OMYA A.G, Headwaters Resources, and Burgess Pigments, and are acknowledged. The first author also acknowledges the Dean's Fellowship from the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering at Arizona State University (ASU). This research was conducted in the Laboratory for the Science of Sustainable Infrastructural Materials at Arizona State University (ASU) and the Laboratory for the Chemistry of Construction Materials and the Molecular Instrumentation Center at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). The authors gratefully acknowledge the support that has made these laboratories possible. The contents of this paper reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein, and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the funding agency, nor do the contents constitute a standard, specification, or a regulation.
K. Vance et al. / Cement & Concrete Composites 39 (2013) 93–103
References [1] Hendriks CA, Worrell E, De Jager D, Blok K, Riemer P. Emission reduction of greenhouse gases from the cement industry. International Energy Agency (IEA); 2002. [2] Worrell E, Price L, Martin N, Hendriks C, Meida LO. Carbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industry 1. Annu Rev Energy Environ 2001;26(1):303–29. [3] Government of Canada NRC. Energy consumption benchmark guide: cement clinker production office of energy efficiency. April 22; 2009. [4] Tsivilis S, Chaniotakis E, Badogiannis E, Pahoulas G, Ilias A. A study on the parameters affecting the properties of Portland limestone cements. Cem Concr Compos 1999;21(2):107–16. [5] Voglis N, Kakali G, Chaniotakis E, Tsivilis S. Portland-limestone cements. Their properties and hydration compared to those of other composite cements. Cem Concr Compos 2005;27(2):191–6. [6] Tennis P, Thomas MDA, Weiss WJ. State-of-the-art report on use of limestone in cements at levels of up to 15%, SN3148. Skokie, Illinois, USA: Portland Cement Association; 2011. [7] Bonavetti V, Donza H, Menéndez G, Cabrera O, Irassar EF. Limestone filler cement in low w/c concrete: a rational use of energy. Cem Concr Res 2003;33(6):865–71. [8] Bentz D, Irassar EF, Bucher B, Weiss WJ. Limestone fillers conserve cement Part 1: An analysis based on powers model. Concr Int 2009;31(11):41–6. [9] Felekog˘lu B, Tosun K, Baradan B, Altun A, Uyulgan B. The effect of fly ash and limestone fillers on the viscosity and compressive strength of self-compacting repair mortars. Cem Concr Res 2006;36(9):1719–26. [10] Oey T, Kumar A, Bullard JW, Neithalath N, Sant G. The filler effect: the influence of filler content and surface area on cementitious reaction rates. Sub J Am Ceram Soc 2012. [11] Lothenbach B, Le Saout G, Gallucci E, Scrivener K. Influence of limestone on the hydration of Portland cements. Cem Concr Res 2008;38(6):848–60. [12] Opoczky L. Progress of particle size distribution during the intergrinding of a clinker–limestone mixture. ZEMENT KALK GIPS; 1992. p. 45648–648. [13] Bentz DP, Ferraris CF. Rheology and setting of high volume fly ash mixtures. Cem Concr Compos 2010;32(4):265–70. [14] Bentz D, Irassar EF, Bucher B, Weiss WJ. Limestone fillers conserve cement; Part 2: Durability issues and the effects of limestone fineness on mixtures. Concr Int 2009;31(12):35–9. [15] Dhir RK, Limbachiya MC, McCarthy MJ, Chaipanich A. Evaluation of Portland limestone cements for use in concrete construction. Mater Struct 2007;40(5):459–73. [16] Cam HT, Neithalath N. Moisture and ionic transport in concretes containing coarse limestone powder. Cem Concr Compos 2010;32(7):486–96. [17] Ingram K, Poslusny M, Daugherty K, Rowe W, Klieger P, Hooton RD. Carboaluminate reactions as influenced by limestone additions. Proc Carbonate Additions Cem 1990:106414–23.
[18] Matschei T, Lothenbach B, Glasser FP. The role of calcium carbonate in cement hydration. Cem Concr Res 2007;37(4):551–8. [19] Bonavetti VL, Rahhal VF, Irassar EF. Studies on the carboaluminate formation in limestone filler-blended cements. Cem Concr Res 2001;31(6):853–9. [20] Kakali G, Tsivilis S, Aggeli E, Bati M. Hydration products of C3A, C3S and Portland cement in the presence of CaCO3. Cem Concr Res 2000;30(7): 1073–7. [21] De Weerdt K, Kjellsen KO, Sellevold E, Justnes H. Synergy between fly ash and limestone powder in ternary cements. Cem Concr Compos 2011;33(1):30–8. [22] Langan BW, Weng K, Ward MA. Effect of silica fume and fly ash on heat of hydration of Portland cement. Cem Concr Res 2002;32(7):1045–51. [23] Fajun W, Grutzeck MW, Roy DM. The retarding effects of fly ash upon the hydration of cement pastes: the first 24 h. Cem Concr Res 1985;15(1):174–84. [24] Sakai E, Miyahara S, Ohsawa S, Lee SH, Daimon M. Hydration of fly ash cement. Cem Concr Res 2005;35(6):1135–40. [25] Dweck J, Buchler PM, Coelho ACV, Cartledge FK. Hydration of a Portland cement blended with calcium carbonate. Thermochim Acta 2000;346(1– 2):105–13. [26] Ramachandran VS. Thermal analyses of cement components hydrated in the presence of calcium carbonate. Thermochim Acta 1988:127385–94. [27] Soroka I, Setter N. The effect of fillers on strength of cement mortars. Cem Concr Res 1977;7(4):449–56. [28] Pera J, Husson S, Guilhot B. Influence of finely ground limestone on cement hydration. Cem Concr Compos 1999;21(2):99–105. [29] Kadri EH, Kenai S, Ezziane K, Siddique R, De Schutter G. Influence of metakaolin and silica fume on the heat of hydration and compressive strength development of mortar. Appl Clay Sci 2011. [30] Poon CS, Lam L, Kou SC, Wong YL, Wong R. Rate of pozzolanic reaction of metakaolin in high-performance cement pastes. Cem Concr Res 2001;31(9):1301–6. [31] De Weerdt K, Haha MB, Le Saout G, Kjellsen KO, Justnes H, Lothenbach B. Hydration mechanisms of ternary Portland cements containing limestone powder and fly ash. Cem Concr Res 2011;41(3):279–91. [32] Deschner F, Winnefeld F, Lothenbach B, Seufert S, Schwesig P, Dittrich S, et al. Hydration of Portland cement with high replacement by siliceous fly ash. Cem Concr Res 2012. [33] Ipavec A, Gabrovšek R, Vuk T, Kaucˇicˇ V, Macˇek J, Meden A. Carboaluminate phases formation during the hydration of calcite-containing Portland cement. J Am Ceram Soc 2011;94(4):1238–42. [34] Lagier F, Kurtis KE. Influence of Portland cement composition on early age reactions with metakaolin. Cem Concr Res 2007;37(10):1411–7. [35] Marsh BK, Day RL. Pozzolanic and cementitious reactions of fly ash in blended cement pastes. Cem Concr Res 1988;18(2):301–10. [36] Taylor HFW. Cement chemistry. Thomas Telford; 1997. [37] Moon J, Oh JE, Balonis M, Glasser FP, Clark SM, Monteiro PJM. High pressure study of low compressibility tetracalcium aluminum carbonate hydrates 3CaOAl2O3CaCO311H2O. Cem Concr Res 2011.
Report "Hydration and strength development in ternary portland cement blends containing limestone and fly ash or metakaolin"
Your name
-Select Reason-
Other Terms Of Service Violation
File a copyright complaint
Our partners will collect data and use cookies for ad personalization and measurement.
Learn how we and our ad partner Google, collect and use data
Agree & close


text:
You have arrived in Key West. The sun shines down on you, and the smell of the ocean surrounds you. As you arrive at the NYAH on Margaret Street Key West, you are stunned by the beauty of the property. The lush palm trees and the gardens give you the privacy you want but the location you deserve. You push open the door and are greeted by the friendly staff. You and your friends are escorted to your room where you find everything set up the way you need. Six beds, so you and your friends can experience Key West together. You unpack your bag in your personal locker and charge your phone at the charging station by your bed, so you are ready for the perfect selfie moment tonight.
Then you all decide to explore the property. You take a dip in one of the three pools. Then you choose to lay out and soak in some rays as you sip on a cocktail from the bar. As the sun begins to set, you go to the two Jacuzzis to warm up. Then you head out on the town to grab food and head back to the hotel to get some rest before the next day's adventures.
You wake up feeling relaxed and well slept and head to the complimentary continental breakfast. You grab a cup of coffee from the complimentary Starbucks before you explore Key West. Then, you rent a bike from NYAH and hit the ground running. See the Southernmost Point, explore the charming town, buy some souvenirs, and head back to the NYAH for happy hour. Then you get ready for a night out on the town. You join in on the Duval Pub Crawl for a fun night and just a short block away you are back at the Hotel for a good night's sleep.
The NYAH gives you a place to explore and have fun. A place for you to set your own rules on how you travel. The spacious property, located on Margaret Street Key West, offers plenty of room for you and your friends to experience Key West and to hang out at NYAH. Spend your days filled with Florida sunshine, the NYAH amenities, and the Key West Charm.
We are open and looking forward to seeing you. Please check here for updates on COVID-19 and our commitment to our guests.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I created an account months ago. When I tried to login it asked me to enter the code from the auth email. I never got an email. I forgot about it until now. Even after the recent mirror it asks me to enter the code from the email but it never sends me one. I looked through junk, promotions, social, spam, etc etc.
Can I please get some help?
Thank you!
Edit, this is for sisi, TQ works fine.


text: B2B Tech Talk Episode 55 | WFH solutions from Brother May 08, 2020 Listen now Looking to update your home office to increase functionality and productivity? You're not alone! Fortunately, Sr. Manager at Brother, Jennifer Smith, offers several tips for upgrading your home office on this episode of B2B Tech Talk. She discusses: A 5-step approach for setting up the optimal home office Factors to consider when choosing home office solutions The convenience of having all your home office devices synced with the cloud For more working-from-home tips and solutions, visit any of these resources: Brother Home Office Brother Printers Brother for Business Brother YouTube Partners: Contact John Haberman for any further information on Brother home solutions. To join the discussion, follow us on Twitter @IngramTechSol #B2BTechTalk Sponsored by Ingram Micro Financial Solutions and Ingram Micro President's Club Listen to this episode and more like it by subscribing to B2B Tech Talk on Spotify, Apple Podcasts, or Stitcher. Or, tune in on our website. extended show notes


text:
Article content continued
"It's just starting to feel like everything we're doing is just going through the motions and nothing's really changing," Raptors guard VanVleet said. "And here we are again with another unfortunate incident."
VanVleet has lived this life. When he was five, he lost his father, whom he barely knew, shot in a drug deal. On Sunday, he was in his hotel room on what should have been Kobe Bryant's birthday, and was reading the online post by Vanessa Bryant and thinking and crying, they lost their dad: "I lost my dad."
And then came the online video we've all seen by now. The shooting of Blake in the back that apparently paralyzed him in Wisconsin.
"You can't make sense of it," VanVleet said. "You can't."
There is a game to play Thursday night when the Raptors and Celtics meet and, under closer to regular circumstances, this would


text:
Ausfuhrliches theoretisch-praktisches lehrbuch der englischen sprache, Volume 2
What people are saying - Write a review
We haven't found any reviews in the usual places.
Selected pages
Other editions - View all
Common terms and phrases
Adreſſe andere Anrede Aufſchrift beliebter berühmt berühmter beſonders beſte beſten bill Briefe cards dear dieſe dieſer Drug Drugget einen England engliſche engliſchen English erſte es iſt favour geben Gedichte geht Geld gentleman Geſchäft give gute guter Dichter habe hand Handel heart History honour horse iſt John kind king Knights Bachelors kommen Lady land laſſen Leben letter London look Lord lyriſcher machen Madam master mehrere morning nehmen never night oder one's play pleasure Poems pounds Preiſe Queen Rackett Rechnung recht Rule Britannia Schiff Schluß ſchrieb Schriftſteller ſehr ſein Seine ſeinen servant ship ſich ſie Sir Charles Sprache ſtehen ſteht thing Thomas thou Titel unſer viel Vierte Auflage Waaren Wechſel Werke ſind William wind Wolle wool Zeit
Popular passages
Page 303 - Where some, like magistrates correct at home, Others, like merchants, venture trade abroad, Others, like soldiers, armed in. their stings, Make boot upon the summer's velvet buds, Which pillage they with merry march bring home To the tent-royal of their emperor...
Page 295 - The rocks proclaim the approaching Deity. Lo, earth receives him from the bending skies ! Sink down, ye mountains ; and ye valleys, rise ! With heads declined, ye cedars, homage pay ; Be smooth, ye rocks ; ye rapid floods, give way. The Saviour comes ! by ancient bards foretold ! Hear Him, ye deaf; and all ye blind, behold ! He from thick films shall purge the visual ray, And on the sightless eyeball pour the day: 'Tis he the obstructed paths of sound shall clear, And bid new music charm th' unfolding...
Page 304 - And cited up a thousand heavy times, During the wars of York and Lancaster, That had befallen us. As we paced along Upon the giddy footing of the hatches, Methought, that Gloster stumbled; and, in falling, Struck me, that thought to stay him, overboard, Into the tumbling billows of the main.
Page 298 - If thou art rich, thou art poor ; For, like an ass whose back with ingots bows, Thou bear'st thy heavy riches but a journey, And death unloads thee.
Page 302 - And nothing can we call our own but death ; And that small model of the barren earth Which serves as paste and cover to our bones.
Page 299 - All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players. They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages. At first the infant, Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms.
Page 313 - tis nought to me; Since God is ever present, ever felt, In the void waste as in the city full ; And where He vital breathes, there must be joy. When even at last the solemn hour shall come, And wing my mystic flight to future worlds, I cheerful will obey; there, with new powers, Will rising wonders sing. I cannot go Where universal love not smiles around, Sustaining all yon orbs, and all their suns; From seeming evil still educing good, And better thence again, and better still, In infinite progression.
Page 302 - No matter where ; � of comfort no man speak : Let's talk of graves, of worms, and epitaphs ; Make dust our paper, and with rainy eyes Write sorrow on the bosom of the earth.
Page 301 - To gild refined gold, to paint the lily, To throw a perfume on the violet, To smooth the ice, or add another hue Unto the rainbow, or with taper-light To seek the beauteous eye of heaven to garnish, Is wasteful, and ridiculous excess.
Page 303 - Wilt thou upon the high and giddy mast Seal up the ship-boy's eyes, and rock his brains In cradle of the rude imperious surge; And in the visitation of the winds...


text:
VIOLENT SCOTLAND: WILD WEST; Glasgow is now the murder capital of Britain.
GLASGOW is the murder capital of Britain - with a staggering 55 slayings per million people.
The city's murder rate is more than DOUBLE that of London, which had 26 murders per million.
Latest crime figures show that 127 people were murdered in Scotland in 2002 - the highest figure since 1995.
Of the victims, 68 were stabbed to death - the highest rate for a decade according to homicide statistics published by the Scottish Executive.
And in the "Wild West", the country's largest region, Strathclyde, was again the most violent with 81 murders.
West Dunbartonshire, Inverclyde and Stirling all had 37 murders per million people.
Experts revealed that most murderers were high on booze and drugs.
And they say a frightening 80 per cent of victims knew their killers.
The 2002 murder toll was 11 higher than 2001 - and the largest total for seven years.
Justice Minister Cathy Jamieson said: "This was the highest annual total for fatal stabbings in the last ten years.
"Too many of these cases result when either the accused or the victim is drunk.
"Most occur at the weekend and involve young men.
"It doesn't take a huge leap of the imagination to connect many of these tragic incidents with binge-drinking and serious street disorder.
"This kind of behaviour - and its shocking consequences - can no longer be tolerated in a modern Scotland."
But raging opposition political bosses attacked the Labour administration for failing the Scottish people.
SNP leader John Swinney claimed that the murder rate had soared 37 per cent since Labour came to power in 1997, while murder convictions plummeted.
He said: "These figures are horrifying.
"Not only are more homicides being committed, but the conviction rate has dropped by almost 15 per cent and the number of cases without a conviction has doubled.
"Scotland as a whole has one of the highest homicide rates in the EU, and Glasgow has a rate double that of London and higher even than Belfast."
In marked contrast to the "Wild West", the east of Scotland continues to be the safest place to live.
The region with the lowest murder rate was Midlothian with only four murders per million.
While the Borders and the Western Isles also had only seven killings per million people. The safest Scottish city was Aberdeen, which had the lowest murder in the country of 17 victims per million people.
Ms Jamieson added that police chiefs, the Crown Office and licensing bosses were now working together to tackle the links between drunkenness and knife attacks.
She added: "Reforms to Scotland's drinking laws currently being considered will help reduce this potentially fatal connection."
The shameful report also reveals the murder rate for men is over FIVE times that of women, with 44 victims per million compared to eight per million for women.
And younger Scots men are more likely to be killed than older ones.
The highest murder rate occurred in the 21 to 29 age group with a staggering 94 victims per million people.
For women, the highest murder rate falls in the 16 to 20 age group with 26 killings per million.
Police found a murder suspect in all but two of the 2002 killings - and 71 people were convicted, 40 for murder and 31 for culpable homicide.
While 62 per cent of the murders took place in a home, 25 per cent of attacks occurred in the street.
But murders make up only a fraction of all recorded violent crime, equal to just 0.2 per cent over the last ten years.
Scotland's murder rate of 22 per million is higher than England and Wales at 16, but lower than Northern Ireland's 27 according to figures covering 1999-2001.
Voice of the Mirror: Page 8
VICTIM: Gerald Barnes was beaten to death
|Printer friendly Cite/link Email Feedback
|The Mirror (London, England)
|Nov 27, 2003
|Previous Article:
|Dad dies in house fire.
|Next Article:
|VIOLENT SCOTLAND: We suffer culture of knives.


text:
Amazing Age
Status: Completed
Author: Matthew David Smith
Artis: Jeremy Massie
Three teenagers spend their days creating comics until one day, the stories come to life! Stuck in a world of super-powered heroes and villains, they'll have to figure out how to save the day AND get back home in one piece!
Last updated


text:
The answer to this crossword puzzle is 5 letters long and begins with A.
Below you will find the correct answer to Like a poker player whos either very confident or really bluffing Crossword Clue, if you need more help finishing your crossword continue your navigation and try our search function.
Added on Friday, May 4, 2018
Search clues
Do you know the answer?
- Bluffing bar game
- Balderdash is a game of __ and bluffing
- It's on the cards that they're bluffing but elegant
- Bluffing it by passing out reports
- How owls know when mice are bluffing?
- It's on the cards they're bluffing
- Bluffing game
- Words after ''you think i'm bluffing?''
- Practise of bluffing or deception
- Popular gambling game with much bluffing
- Game of bluffing and trivia
- Bluffing; especially for children maybe
- Trivia game that involves bluffing
- 2015 beach house song named for the musical symbol for really really really softly
- Confident poker phrase
- Confident poker players declaration
- Really confident this is some sort of ruse
- Basketball player walton basketball player westbrook = basketball player ___
- Either way around either way
- Light controller—either of its first two words can precede either part of 17-, 25-, 51- and 61-across


text:
Luke 6:38 give, and gifts shall be bestowed on you. Full measure, pressed, shaken down, and running over, shall they pour into your laps; for with the same measure that you use they shall measure to you in return." (Root in WEY NAS RSV NIV)
Exodus 26:12 The overhanging part that remains of the curtains of the tent, the half curtain that remains, shall hang over the back of the tabernacle. (See NAS)
Exodus 26:13 The cubit on the one side, and the cubit on the other side, of that which remains in the length of the curtains of the tent, shall hang over the sides of the tabernacle on this side and on that side, to cover it. (See NAS)
Judges 7:5 So he brought down the people to the water; and Yahweh said to Gideon, "Everyone who laps of the water with his tongue, like a dog laps, you shall set him by himself; likewise everyone who bows down on his knees to drink." (Root in WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Judges 16:19 She made him sleep on her knees; and she called for a man, and shaved off the seven locks of his head; and she began to afflict him, and his strength went from him. (See NIV)
Ruth 4:16 Naomi took the child, and laid it in her bosom, and became nurse to it. (See NAS NIV)
2 Kings 4:20 When he had taken him, and brought him to his mother, he sat on her knees until noon, and then died. (See NAS RSV NIV)
2 Kings 4:39 One went out into the field to gather herbs, and found a wild vine, and gathered of it wild gourds his lap full, and came and shred them into the pot of stew; for they didn't recognize them. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS NAS RSV)
Nehemiah 5:13 Also I shook out my lap, and said, So God shake out every man from his house, and from his labor, that doesn't perform this promise; even thus be he shaken out, and emptied. All the assembly said, Amen, and praised Yahweh. The people did according to this promise. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT RSV)
Proverbs 6:27 Can a man scoop fire into his lap, and his clothes not be burned? (WEB NIV)
Proverbs 16:33 The lot is cast into the lap, but its every decision is from Yahweh. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS NAS RSV NIV)
Ecclesiastes 7:9 Be not quick to let your spirit be angry; because wrath is in the heart of the foolish. (See NIV)
Knee (12 Occurrences)... of leprosy. In Job 3:12 the "knees" seem to be used for the lap, as the place where a child receives its first care. Three times .../k/knee.htm - 12k
Kneel (10 Occurrences)... of leprosy. In Job 3:12 the "knees" seem to be used for the lap, as the place where a child receives its first care. Three times .../k/kneel.htm - 11k
Land (19790 Occurrences)... estate. 10. (n.) The lap of the strakes in a clinker-built boat; the lap of plates in an iron vessel; -- called also landing. 11. .../l/land.htm - 21k
La-odice'ans (1 Occurrence)La-odice'ans. << Laodiceans, La-odice'ans. Lap >>. Multi-Version Concordance ... (See RSV). << Laodiceans, La-odice'ans. Lap >>. Reference Bible. /l/la-odice'ans.htm - 6k
Lick (8 Occurrences)... 1. (vt) To draw or pass the tongue over; as, a dog licks his master's hand. 2. (vt) To lap; to take in with the tongue; as, a dog or cat licks milk. .../l/lick.htm - 10k
Lapidoth (1 Occurrence)/l/lapidoth.htm - 6k
Lapwing (2 Occurrences)... Int. Standard Bible Encyclopedia. LAPWING. lap'-wing (dukhiphath; epops): A translation used in early VSS, now universally admitted to be incorrect. .../l/lapwing.htm - 8k
Lappidoth (1 Occurrence)...lap'-i-doth, -doth (lappidhoth, "flames," "torches"; the King James Version, Lapidoth): Deborah's husband (Judges 4:4). The Hebrew name is a feminine plural .../l/lappidoth.htm - 7k
Gourds (4 Occurrences)... 2 Kings 4:39 One went out into the field to gather herbs, and found a wild vine, and gathered of it wild gourds his lap full, and came and shred them into the .../g/gourds.htm - 7k
2978. lailaps -- a hurricane ... intens. prefix lai- and a prim. root lap- Definition a hurricane NASB Word Usage fierce gale (1), gale (1), storm (1). storm, tempest. ... /greek/2978.htm - 6k
4179. pollaplasion -- many times more ... many times more. Part of Speech: Adjective Transliteration: pollaplasion Phonetic Spelling: (pol-lap-las-ee'-ohn) Short Definition: many times more, manifold ... /greek/4179.htm - 6k
The word is the translation of three different Hebrew expressions: cheq (Proverbs 16:33), beghedh (2 Kings 4:39), and chotsen (Nehemiah 5:13, besides chatsen, Psalm 129:7). In all these passages the meaning is that of a part of oriental clothing, probably the folds of the garment covering the bosom or lap of a person. The flowing garments of Orientals invite the use of the same, on the part of speakers, in driving home certain truths enunciated by impressive gesticulation. Every reader of Roman history recalls the impressive incident of Quintus Fabius Maximus (Cunctator), who, in 219 B.C., was ambassador of Rome to Carthage, and who, before the city council, holding the folds of his toga in the shape of a closed pouch, declared that he held enclosed in the same both peace and war, whichever the Carthaginians should desire to choose. When the Carthaginians clamored for war, he opened the folds of his garment and said: "Then you shall have war!" Very much like it, Nehemiah, when pleading for united efforts for the improvement of social order, addressed the priests of Jerusalem to get a pledge of their cooperation: "Also I shook out my lap (chotsen), and said, So God shake out every man from his house, and from his labor, that performeth not this promise; even thus be he shaken out, and emptied" (Nehemiah 5:13).In English Versions of the Bible the verb "to lap" is found, which has no etymological connection with the above-mentioned nouns. It is in Hebrew laqaq and refers to the loud licking up of water by dogs (1 Kings 21:19; 1 Kings 22:38 the King James Version), and in the story of Gideon's battle against the Midianites, of his 300 warriors (Judges 7:5).H. L. E. Luering
2. (n.) An edge; a border; a hem, as of cloth.
3. (n.) The part of the clothing that lies on the knees or thighs when one sits down; that part of the person thus covered; figuratively, a place of rearing and fostering; as, to be reared in the lap of luxury.
4. (n.) That part of any substance or fixture which extends over, or lies upon, or by the side of, a part of another; as, the lap of a board; also, the measure of such extension over or upon another thing.
5. (n.) The amount by which a slide valve at its half stroke overlaps a port in the seat, being equal to the distance the valve must move from its mid stroke position in order to begin to open the port. Used alone, lap refers to outside lap. See Outside lap (below).
6. (n.) The state or condition of being in part extended over or by the side of something else; or the extent of the overlapping; as, the second boat got a lap of half its length on the leader.
7. (n.) One circuit around a race track, esp. when the distance is a small fraction of a mile; as, to run twenty laps; to win by three laps. See Lap, to fold, 2.
8. (n.) In card playing and other games, the points won in excess of the number necessary to complete a game; -- so called when they are counted in the score of the following game.
9. (n.) A sheet, layer, or bat, of cotton fiber prepared for the carding machine.
10. (n.) A piece of brass, lead, or other soft metal, used to hold a cutting or polishing powder in cutting glass, gems, and the like, or in polishing cutlery, etc. It is usually in the form of wheel or disk, which revolves on a vertical axis.
11. (v. t.) To rest or recline in a lap, or as in a lap.
12. (v. t.) To cut or polish with a lap, as glass, gems, cutlery, etc. See 1st Lap, 10.
13. (n.) To fold; to bend and lay over or on something; as, to lap a piece of cloth.
14. (n.) To wrap or wind around something.
15. (n.) To enfold; to hold as in one's lap; to cherish.
16. (n.) To lay or place over anything so as to partly or wholly cover it; as, to lap one shingle over another; to lay together one partly over another; as, to lap weather-boards; also, to be partly over, or by the side of (something); as, the hinder boat lapped the foremost one.
17. (n.) To lay together one over another, as fleeces or slivers for further working.
18. (v. i.) To be turned or folded; to lie partly upon or by the side of something, or of one another; as, the cloth laps back; the boats lap; the edges lap.
19. (v. i.) To take up drink or food with the tongue; to drink or feed by licking up something.
20. (v. i.) To make a sound like that produced by taking up drink with the tongue.
21. (v. t.) To take into the mouth with the tongue; to lick up with a quick motion of the tongue.
22. (n.) The act of lapping with, or as with, the tongue; as, to take anything into the mouth with a lap.
23. (n.) The sound of lapping.
2436. cheq -- bosom... Origin from an unused word Definition bosom NASB Word Usage arms (1), base (3), bosom (26), bottom (1), care (1), cherish (1), cherishes (2), lap (2), within (1 ... /hebrew/2436.htm - 6k
899. beged -- treachery... Definition: apparel. apparel, clothes, garment, lap, rag, raiment, robe, very treacherously, From bagad; a covering, ie Clothing; also ... /hebrew/899.htm - 5k
2684. chotsen -- bosom... arm, lap. A collateral form of chetsen, and meaning the same -- arm, lap. see HEBREW chetsen. << 2683, 2684. chotsen. 2685 >>. Strong's Numbers. /hebrew/2684.htm - 6k
3940. lappid -- a torchlappid or lappid. << 3939, 3940. lappid or lappid. 3941 >>. a torch. Transliteration: lappid or lappid Phonetic Spelling: (lap-peed') Short Definition: torches. ... /hebrew/3940.htm - 6k
5628. sarach -- to go free, be unrestrained, overrun, exceed... sarach. 5629 >>. to go free, be unrestrained, overrun, exceed. Transliteration: sarach Phonetic Spelling: (saw-rakh') Short Definition: lap. Word Origin a prim. ... /hebrew/5628.htm - 6k
899b. beged -- a garment, covering... Word Origin from bagad Definition a garment, covering NASB Word Usage cloth (8), clothes (81), clothing (6), garment (39), garments (72), lap (1), robes (5 ... /hebrew/899b.htm - 5k
3941. Lappidoth -- husband of Deborah... << 3940, 3941. Lappidoth. 3942 >>. husband of Deborah. Transliteration: Lappidoth Phonetic Spelling: (lap-pee-doth') Short Definition: Lappidoth. ... /hebrew/3941.htm - 6k
1290. berek -- the knee... Word Origin from barak Definition the knee NASB Word Usage feeble* (1), knee (1), kneeled* (1), kneels* (1), knees (20), lap (1). knee. ... /hebrew/1290.htm - 6k
Knee (12 Occurrences)
Kneel (10 Occurrences)
Land (19790 Occurrences)
La-odice'ans (1 Occurrence)
Lick (8 Occurrences)
Lapidoth (1 Occurrence)
Lapwing (2 Occurrences)
Lappidoth (1 Occurrence)
Gourds (4 Occurrences)
Fold (23 Occurrences)
Flashing (12 Occurrences)
Triumph (52 Occurrences)
Earnings (6 Occurrences)
Emptied (20 Occurrences)
Disposing (2 Occurrences)
Pottage (7 Occurrences)
Performeth (6 Occurrences)
Bottom (33 Occurrences)
Bosom (47 Occurrences)
Cover (254 Occurrences)
Colocynths (3 Occurrences)
Chance (78 Occurrences)
Apparel (38 Occurrences)
Sliced (1 Occurrence)
Shake (68 Occurrences)
Stew (7 Occurrences)
Scoop (2 Occurrences)
Shred (1 Occurrence)
Shook (33 Occurrences)
Fly (33 Occurrences)
Shaken (62 Occurrences)
Pot (46 Occurrences)
Recognize (52 Occurrences)
Wholly (67 Occurrences)
Praised (101 Occurrences)
Lebanon (66 Occurrences)
Labour (119 Occurrences)
Empty (84 Occurrences)
Fulfill (80 Occurrences)
Possessions (84 Occurrences)
Cloak (73 Occurrences)
Amen (74 Occurrences)
Vine (76 Occurrences)
Herbs (24 Occurrences)
Providence (3 Occurrences)
Lapping (2 Occurrences)
Lapped (2 Occurrences)
Labor (181 Occurrences)
Garment (143 Occurrences)
Promise (112 Occurrences)
Wild (147 Occurrences)


text:
Sales Vs Service?Posted on
In the event you were to a search on "customer support" on the web, virtually all the info you'll find will discuss how customer service builds a enterprise. World-class organizations which can be capable of create and maintain a tradition of service excellence create and recurrently communicate the standards of excellence (key touch points) that are necessary in bringing their imaginative and prescient, mission, and business targets to life.
All methods you might have put in place to make sure you have nice advertising and gross sales will help in attracting new customers for your business but it's the glorious customer service that retains the enterprise going and makes prospects wanting to come back back.
This clearly indicates that poor buyer satisfaction has a lot impact on a enterprise. There is a continuing change in customer demands in recent years so it is your job as a provider to supply a satisfaction program in your clients. Along with objectives that focus on progress and profitability, world-class organizations even have service-oriented targets that focus on buyer loyalty, worker engagement, and a few form of high quality enchancment.
Insuring that staff is adequate for the very best volumes of customers may result in additional cost for times when those employees are idle, but a status for fast service and quick waits could increase revenues. There are such a lot of totally different choices and providers to choose from that it's simple so that you can profit from your non-physical workplace no matter what kind of enterprise you're doing.
Superior Buyer Service
Answering Companies For Small Companies
By utilizing the VoIP technology, they will directly communicate with the customers without any intervention from the corporate when it comes to directing the calls or approving the deal.
business services marketing deca, business services tcc northwest, business services online user id, business services online w2, tcc business services hours
Enterprise Consulting Providers
Customer Service is essential to any enterprise enterprise requiring a solid customer base. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to pursue online service offerings to clients. Listing the required equipment both computerized and other tools needed to supply the services. Billions of dollars are spent on consultants and buyer satisfaction surveys to constantly enhance customer service in addition to products.
The primary complaint of Dell customers is just not on the merchandise but on customer support. By utilizing the VoIP technology, they'll straight communicate with the customers without any intervention from the corporate when it comes to directing the calls or approving the deal.
Up A Limousine Rental Enterprise
The primary objective of a business is to create a buyer as a result of it is the buyer that may determine the expansion potential of a enterprise. If what you are promoting relies on IT division for offering companies or merchandise or your clients, Enterprise Service Administration can be extraordinarily helpful to you. This offers every business to offer consumers high quality service by which they are often recognized for.
World-class organizations which … Read More.


text:
We're pleased to announce the launch of THRIFTY THURSDAY, a double-triple coupon promotion that will run every Thursday starting now until further notice. Here's everything you need to know to enjoy savings on top of savings every week!
How does Thrifty Thursday work?
You can double coupons that are up to $0.99 off and you can triple coupons that are up to $0.49. For example, a coupon that's $0.25 off a box of Puffs tissues is tripled to be $0.75 off on Thrifty Thursday. Likewise, a coupon that's $0.75 off a bottle of Dawn dish soap will be doubled to be $1.50 off!
Need a place to start? Browse hundreds of digital coupons you can clip and redeem with Celebrate!
Once you've collected the coupons that you'd like to use or clipped the digital coupons you'd like to redeem, visit your local store to pick up your qualifying items. After you've done your shopping, simply present your coupons* to the cashier at checkout. Any qualifying discounts will automatically come off your purchase at the doubled or tripled rate.
*If you've clipped digital coupons on your Celebrate account, you will not need to present any physical coupons to the cashier. Once you enter in your Celebrate ID (the ten-digit phone number on your account), these coupons will automatically redeem at the double-triple rate—no printing necessary! Learn more about digital coupons today.
If there are any issues with your transaction, please feel free to speak with your local store director or contact us directly.
What stores participate in this promotion?
All of our stores participate in Thrifty Thursday, EXCEPT for some of our smaller, convenience style stores that do not receive the weekly ad including: Pollok (#3), Wells (#15), Lake Charles, LA (#60), Broaddus (#78), Zavalla (#81), Apple Springs (#83), Whitney (#102), Lufkin (#110), Nacogdoches (#111), Grapeland (#112), Wells (#113), and Hudson (#114).
Other policy guidelines:
- Limit 20 Coupons, per transaction, per day, per customer/household
- Transactions may NOT be separated that would allow the 20 coupon limit or other limits to be exceeded.
- Limit 3 coupons per any like items, including all flavors/varieties of a product line
- If the coupon states "Do not Double", the coupon will not be doubled.
For further guidelines, please view our complete Coupon Policy.
Fast Feast: Buy 2, GET 5 FREE
Oven-Baked Chili Cheese Dogs
- Preheat your oven to 350*F.
- Spread 2 tablespoons of mayonnaise and 1 tablespoon of relish into each hot dog bun (mustard optional)
- Add a hot dog (uncooked) to each bun, then place in a 9×13 baking dish.
- Evenly top each with chili, followed by shredded cheese and diced onion.
- Cover with foil, place in preheated oven, and bake for 45 minutes.
- Enjoy!
Visit your local Brookshire Brothers for all your chili dog bake needs!


text:
The brief required circa 300 student bed spaces on this tight Grade C Listed site. The development retains a number of historic industrial buildings. Through the demolition of more recent brewery fabric the project unlocks key routes and unseen vistas from The Royal Mile and Holyrood Road.
The architectural approach reflects the vertical split of the site. The Northern upper half appropriates an architectural language from the adjacent historic Bakehouse Close. The design of the southern, lower half, of the site reflects its more recent industrial heritage with use of light grey aluminium cladding. a contemporary, frameless glazed box retains visibility and views.
Sugarhouse Close
United Kingdom
University of Edinburgh
Click or tap an image to view full-screen.


text:
Friday, June 5, 2009
Jay Z- Death of AutoTune
So Check it out. Track produced by No I.D. and Kanye west. This is the street single apparently . The official single is slated to drop in July featuring Drake and the album is to come September 11th.
Posted by Isis at 8:59 PM
No comments:
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Virtual Tip Jar For Rumson and Highland Employees
As you all know I have set up a virtual tip jar for the restaurant employees of Rumson, NJ and the surrounding towns. That tip jar was so people can donate to individuals Venmo/PayPal account. I'm setting up this GoFundMe page because www.TipJarMasks.com is donating a proceed of their masks to a selected tip jar. This GoFundMe is so that all donations will be going to one area where i can disperse funds to everyone on the tip jar equally and fairly. I hope you all are safe and healthy and can not wait to see you all when this is over!
Brittany Santore
Brittany Santore
- Tip Jar Masks LLC
- Tip Jar Masks LLC
- Michael Nonnemacher
- Nick DiBari
Brittany Santore
Rumson, NJ
#1 fundraising platform
People have raised more money on GoFundMe than anywhere else. Learn more
GoFundMe Guarantee
In the rare case that something isn't right, we will refund your donation. Learn more
Expert advice, 24/7
Contact us with your questions and we'll answer, day or night. Learn more


text:
Coronavirus is properly scary, and we all need to do what we can to stay healthy. That means staying at home wherever possible, self-isolating, washing our hands and eating healthily.
We started Home Veg Box in order to get healthy food to people's homes, but that doesn't mean we won't take care ourselves - we've got a fully qualified nurse in our team and we're doing everything we can in terms of safety and personal hygiene.
We're all in this together.
We all need to practice safe shopping!
You can order online and pay online - no coins or notes to deal with, no crowds to navigate.
We're packing with gloves and masks.
We scrub down our work area regularly.
We'll deliver to your door, but we won't come in - that keeps everyone safe.
You should make sure to wash all your fruit and veg once you've got it unpacked, then wash your hands again afterwards.
We're following the guidelines on the Public Health England web site. You should too!


text:
MouthShut.com Would Like to Send You Push Notifications. Notification may includes alerts, activities & updates.
Feedback Form
Please enter your valid contact number to receive OTP.
Set Email Alert
Alert on more product reviews
Alert on new comments on this reviews
Home > Travel > Transport > Tour Operators > Shimla Tour Operators > Colors Of India Tours Private Limited - Shimla > Worst experience
Colors Of India Tours Private Limited - Shimla
Was the tour operator helpful:
Tour Guide Expertise:
Travel Convenience:
The ingenuineness of this review appears doubtful.
Justify your opinion.
I feel this review is:
Recently We booked 3 days pacakage for manali
In starting I already told that I have 15 month baby. Give us good package.
After many discussion with our tour agent . I opt this manali package. Royal park resort give me of my choice which I forced him to give me this hhotel. I booked it for super delux. But I got only standard room. Then I complained to the agent he changed our room.
Hotel was good.
But our driver is not good .
Driver is always late . Whenever he want to come ..he come. Using abuse language. Even travel agent have not good communication with them.
We booked innova car . When we reached bus stand after an hour one alto car come. And we r 5 members so teaming two members come in auto rickshaw.on second day we r ready give 10 am time to driver .. he reached 12.30 pm
When we talked with him on mobile ..he using ki udd kar aau Kya. Itna jaam hai manali mein.
On last day that is today our tours agent booked volvo 6 pm in evening.
And we check out hotel 12pm sharp.
From till to now we r sitting in reception.
I said to driver we have lot time. U come and get us in mall road I'll give u extra amt.but he said I'll come on 4pm. He come on 5 pm.
Wasting our time. My 15 month baby suffering a lot. We wait for 5 hrs in reception after that we have 15 hrs journey.
Worst worst experience.
Colors of india change ur travel agent ...Driver.
Upload photo files with .jpg, .png and .gif extensions. Image size per photo cannot exceed 10 MB
View more comments
Read All Reviews
Thank you for sharing the requirements with us. We'll contact you shortly.
Free MouthShut app saves money.
OTP Verification
An OTP has been send to your mobile. Please Enter OTP to verify your Mobile Number
Didn't receive? Resend OTP
An OTP has been sent to your email address. Please Enter OTP to verify your email address


text:
- This event has passed.
County Sheriffs of Colorado (CSOC) Winter Conference
January 7 - January 10
NIJO will be attending the County Sheriffs of Colorado conference this year! Tate McCotter, NIJO's executive director, will be attending the event taking place January 7-10. Please click here to register or find out more information about the conference.