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Quantum Geometry of 3-Dimensional Lattices and Tetrahedron Equation\FootnotePlenary talk at the XVI International Congress on Mathematical Physics, 3-8 August 2009, Prague, Czech Republic
We study geometric consistency relations between angles of 3-dimensional (3D) circular quadrilateral lattices — lattices whose faces are planar quadrilaterals inscribable into a circle. We show that these relations generate canonical transformations of a remarkable "ultra-local" Poisson bracket algebra defined on discrete 2D surfaces consisting of circular quadrilaterals. Quantization of this structure allowed us to obtain new solutions of the tetrahedron equation (the 3D analog of the Yang-Baxter equation) as well as reproduce all those that were previously known. These solutions generate an infinite number of non-trivial solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation and also define integrable 3D models of statistical mechanics and quantum field theory. The latter can be thought of as describing quantum fluctuations of lattice geometry.
Department of Theoretical Physics,
Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering,
Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
E-mail: Vladimir.B
Faculty of Information Sciences and Engineering,
University of Canberra, Bruce ACT 2601, Australia.
E-mail: Sergey.S
Keywords: Quantum geometry, discrete differential geometry, integrable quantum systems, Yang-Baxter equation, tetrahedron equation, quadrilateral and circular 3D lattices.
1 Introduction
Quantum integrability is traditionally understood as a purely algebraic phenomenon. It stems from the Yang-Baxter equation [1, 2] and other algebraic structures such as the affine quantum groups [3, 4] (also called the quantized Kac-Moody algebras), the Virasoro algebra [5] and their representation theory. It is, therefore, quite interesting to learn that these algebraic structures also have remarkable geometric origins [6], which will be reviewed here.
Our approach [6] is based on connections between integrable three-dimensional (3D) quantum systems and integrable models of 3D discrete differential geometry. The analog of the Yang-Baxter equation for integrable quantum systems in 3D is called the tetrahedron equation. It was introduced by Zamolodchikov in [7, 8] (see also [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16] for further important results in this field). Similarly to the Yang-Baxter equation the tetrahedron equation provides local integrability conditions which are not related to the size of the lattice. Therefore the same solution of the tetrahedron equation defines different integrable models on lattices of different size, e.g., for finite periodic cubic lattices. Obviously, any such three-dimensional model can be viewed as a two-dimensional integrable model on a square lattice, where the additional third dimension is treated as an internal degree of freedom. Therefore every solution of the tetrahedron equation provides an infinite sequence of integrable 2D models differing by the size of this "hidden third dimension"[9]. Then a natural question arises whether known 2D integrable models can be obtained in this way. Although a complete answer to this question is unknown, a few non-trivial examples of such correspondence have already been constructed. The first example [11] reveals the 3D structure of the generalized chiral Potts model [17, 18]. Another example [16] reveals 3D structure of all two-dimensional solvable models associated with finite-dimensional highest weight representations for quantized affine algebras , (where coincides with the size of the hidden dimension).
Here we unravel yet another remarkable property of the same solutions of the tetrahedron equation (in addition to the hidden 3D structure of the Yang-Baxter equation and quantum groups). We show that these solutions can be obtained from quantization of geometric integrability conditions for the 3D circular lattices — lattices whose faces are planar quadrilaterals inscribable into a circle.
The 3D circular lattices were introduced [19] as a discretization of orthogonal coordinate systems, originating from classical works of Lamé [20] and Darboux [21]. In the continuous case such coordinate systems are described by integrable partial differential equations (they are connected with the classical soliton theory [22, 23]). Likewise, the quadrilateral and circular lattices are described by integrable difference equations. The key idea of the geometric approach [24, 19, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31] to integrability of discrete classical systems is to utilize various consistency conditions [32] arising from geometric relations between elements of the lattice. It is quite remarkable that these conditions ultimately reduce to certain incidence theorems of elementary geometry. For instance, the integrability conditions for the quadrilateral lattices merely reflect the fact of existence of the 4D Euclidean cube [25]. In Sect.2 we present these conditions algebraically in a standard form of the functional tetrahedron equation [15]. The latter serves as the classical analog of the quantum tetrahedron equation, discussed above, and provides a connecting link to integrable quantum systems.
In Sect. 3.1 we study relations between edge angles on the 3D circular quadrilateral lattices and show that these relations describe symplectic transformations of a remarkable "ultra-local" Poisson algebra on quadrilateral surfaces (see Eq.(21)). Quantization of this structure allows one to obtain all currently known solutions of the tetrahedron equation. They are presented in Sect. 4, namely111 The other known solutions, previously found by Hietarinta [33] and Korepanov [14], were shown to be special cases of [34].,
including their interaction-round-a-cube and vertex forms. Additional details on the corresponding solvable 3D models, in particular, on their quasi-classical limit and connections with geometry, can be found in [6].
2 Discrete differential geometry: "Existence as integrability"
In this section we consider classical discrete integrable systems associated with the quadrilateral lattices. There are several ways to extract algebraic integrable systems from the geometry of these lattices. One approach, developed in [35, 36, 25, 37, 27], leads to discrete analogs of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili integrable hierarchy. Here we present a different approach exploiting the angle geometry of the 3D quadrilateral lattices.
2.1 Quadrilateral lattices
Consider three-dimensional lattices, obtained by embeddings of the integer cubic lattice into the -dimensional Euclidean space , with . Let , denote coordinates of the lattice vertices, labeled by the 3-dimensional integer vector , where and . Further, for any given lattice vertex , the symbols , , etc., will denote neighboring lattice vertices. The lattice is called quadrilateral if all its faces are planar quadrilaterals. The existence of these lattices is based on the following elementary geometry fact (see Fig. 1) [25],
Consider four points in general position in , . On each of the three planes , choose an extra point not lying on the lines , and . Then there exist a unique point which simultaneously belongs to the three planes , and .
The six planes, referred to above, obviously lie in the same 3D subspace of the target space. They define a hexahedron with quadrilateral faces, shown in Fig. 1. It has the topology of the cube, so we will call it "cube", for brevity. Let us study elementary geometry relations among the
angles of this cube. Denote the angles between the edges as in Fig. 2. Altogether we have angles, connected by six linear relations
which can be immediately solved for all "'s". This leaves 18 angles, but only nine of them are independent. Indeed, a mutual arrangement (up to an overall rotation) of unit normal vectors to six planes in the 3D-space is determined by nine angles only. Once this arrangement is fixed all other angles can be calculated. Thus the nine independent angles of the three "front" faces of the cube, shown in Fig.2a, completely determine the angles on the three "back" faces, shown in Fig.2b, and vice versa. So the geometry of our cube provides an invertible map for three triples of independent variables
Suppose now that all angles are known. To completely define the cube one also needs to specify lengths of its three edges. All the remaining edges can be then determined from simple linear relations. Indeed, the four sides of every quadrilateral are constrained by two relations, which can be conveniently presented in the matrix form
where denotes the set of angles and denote the edge lengths, arranged as in Fig.3. Note that due to (1) the entries of the two by two matrix in (3) satisfy the relation
Assume that the lengths , , on one side of the two pictures in Fig.4 are given. Let us find the other three lengths , on their opposite side, by iterating the relation (3). Obviously, this can be done in two different ways: either using the front three faces, or the back ones — the results must be the same. This is exactly where the geometry gets into play. The results must be consistent due to the very existence of the cube in Fig. 1 as a geometric body.
However, they will be consistent only if all geometric relations between the two sets of angles in the front and back faces of the cube are taken into account. To write these relations in a convenient form we need to introduce additional notations. Note, that Fig.3 shows two thin lines, labeled by the symbols "" and "". Each line crosses a pairs of opposite edges, which we call "corresponding" (in the sense that they correspond to the same thin line). Eq.(3) relates the lengths of two adjacent edges with the corresponding lengths on the opposite side of the quadrilateral.
Consider now Fig.4a which contains three directed thin lines connecting corresponding edges of the three quadrilateral faces. By the analogy with the 2D Yang-Baxter equation, where similar arrangements occur, we call them "rapidity" lines222However, at the moment we do not assume any further meaning for these lines apart from using them as a convenient way of labeling to the corresponding (opposite) edges of quadrilaterals.. We will now apply (3) three times starting from the top face and moving against the directions of the arrows. Introduce the following three by three matrices
where are defined in (3) and their dependence on the angles is implicitly understood. It follows that
the lengths are defined as in Fig.4, and the superscript "" denotes the matrix transposition. Performing similar calculations for the back faces in Fig.4b and equating the resulting three by three matrices, one obtains
This matrix relation contains exactly nine scalar equations where the LHS only depends on the front angles (7), while the RHS only depends on the back angles (9). Solving these equations one can obtain explicit form of the map (2). The resulting expressions are rather complicated and not particularly useful. However the mere fact that the map (2) satisfy a very special Eq.(8) is extremely important. Indeed, rewrite this equation as
where is an operator acting as the substitution (2) for any function of the angles,
Then, following the arguments of [14], one can show that the map (2) satisfies the functional tetrahedron equation [15]
where both sides are compositions of the maps (2), involving six different sets of angles. Algebraically, this equation arises as an associativity condition for the cubic algebra (10). To discuss its geometric meaning we need to introduce discrete evolution systems associated with the map (2).
2.2 Discrete evolution systems: "Existence as integrability"
Consider a sub-lattice of the 3D quadrilateral lattice, which only includes points with . The boundary of this sub-lattice is a 2D discrete surface formed by quadrilaterals with the vertices having at least one of their integer coordinates equal to zero and the other two non-negative. Assume that all quadrilateral angles on this surface are known, and consider them as initial data. Then repeatedly applying the map (2) one can calculate angles on all faces of the sub-lattice , defined above (one has to start from the corner ). The process can be visualized as an evolution of the initial data surface where every transformation (2) corresponds to a "flip" between the front and back faces (Fig. 2) of some cube adjacent to the surface. This makes the surface looking as a 3D "staircase" (or a pile of cubes) in the intersection corner of the three coordinate planes, see Fig. 5 showing two stages of this process.
Note, that the corresponding evolution equations can be written in a covariant form for an arbitrary lattice cube (see Eq.(23) below for an example). It is also useful to have in mind that the above evolution can be defined purely geometrically as a ruler-and-compass type construction. Indeed the construction of the point in Fig. 1 from the points (and that is what is necessary for flipping a cube) only requires a 2D-ruler which allows to draw planes through any three non-collinear points in the Euclidean space.
Similar evolution systems can be defined for other quadrilateral lattices instead of the 3D cubic lattice considered above. Since the evolution is local (only one cube is flipped at a time) one could consider finite lattices as well. For example, consider six adjacent quadrilateral faces covering the front surface of the rhombic dodecahedron333It is worth noting that the most general rhombic dodecahedron with quadrilateral faces can only be embedded into (at least) the 4D Euclidean space. shown in Fig. 6. Suppose that all angles on these faces are given and consider them as initial data. Now apply a sequence of four maps (2) and calculate angles on the back surface of the rhombic dodecahedron. This can be done in two alternative ways, corresponding to the two different dissection of the rhombic dodecahedron into four cubes shown in Fig.6.
The functional tetrahedron equation (12) states that the results will be the same. Thereby it gives an algebraic proof for the equivalence of two "ruler-and-compass" type constructions of the back surface of the dodecahedron in Fig. 6. Can we also prove this equivalence geometrically? Although from the first sight this does not look trivial, it could be easily done from the point of view of the 4D geometry. The required statement follows just from the fact of existence of the quadrilateral lattice with the topology of the 4D cube [25]. The latter is defined by eight intersecting 3-planes in a general position in the 4-space. The two rhombic dodecahedra shown in Fig. 6 are obtained by a dissection of the 3-surface of this 4-cube, along its 2-faces, so these dodecahedra must have exactly the same quadrilateral 2-surface. Thus the functional tetrahedron equation (12), which plays the role of integrability condition for the discrete evolution system associated with the map (2), simply follows from the mere fact of existence of the 4-cube, which is the simplest 4D quadrilateral lattice. For a further discussion of a relationship between the geometric consistency and integrability see [32].
3 Quantization of the 3D circular lattices
3.1 Poisson structure of circular lattices
The 3D circular lattice [19, 28, 29] is a special 3D quadrilateral lattice where all faces are circular quadrilaterals (i.e., quadrilaterals which can be inscribed into a circle). The existence of these lattices is established by the following beautiful geometry theorem due to Miquel [38] (see Fig. 7)
Miquel theorem. Consider four points in general position in , . On each of the three circles , choose an additional new point . Then there exist a unique point which simultaneously belongs to the three circles , and .
It is easy to see that the above six circles lie on the same sphere. It follows then that every elementary "cube" on a circular lattice (whose vertices are at the circle intersection points) is inscribable into a sphere, see Fig. 7. The general formulae of the previous subsection can be readily specialized for the circular lattices. A circular quadrilateral has only two independent angles. In the notation of Fig. 3 one has
Due to the Miquel theorem we can simply impose these restrictions on all faces of the lattice without running to any contradictions. The two by two matrix in (3) takes the form
where we have introduced new variables
instead of the two angles . Note that the new variables are constrained by the relation
Conversely, one has
Let the variables , , , correspond to the front and back faces of the cube. The map (2) then read explicitly
where and
At this point we note that exactly the same map together with the corresponding equations (8) and (12) were previously obtained in [16]. Moreover, it was discovered that this map is a canonical transformation preserving the Poisson algebra
where . Note that variables on different quadrilaterals are in involution. The same Poisson algebra in terms of angle variables reads
This "ultra-local" symplectic structure trivially extends to any circular quad-surface of initial data, discussed above. To resolve an apparent ambiguity in naming of the angles, this surface must be equipped with oriented rapidity lines, similar to those in Fig. 4444We refer the reader to our previous paper [39] where the relationship between the rapidity graphs and quadrilateral lattices is thoroughly discussed.. In addition, the angles for each quadrilateral should be arranged as in Fig. 3. Then one can assume that the indices in (21) refer to all quadrilaterals on this surface.
Thus, the evolution defined by the map (18) is a symplectic transformation. The corresponding equations of motion for the whole lattice (the analog of the Hamilton-Jacobi equations) can be written in a "covariant" form. For every cube define
where stands for , where is such that coincides with the coordinates of the top front corner of the cube (vertex in Fig.1). Let be the shift operator . Then
where is an arbitrary permutation of and
Note that Eq.(23) also imply
Remarks. The equations (23) have been previously obtained in [29], see Eq.(7.20) therein. The quantities in (23) should be identified with the rotation coefficients denoted as in [29]. The same equations (23) are discussed in §3.1 of [32], where one can also find a detailed bibliography on the circular lattices (we are indebted to A.I.Bobenko for these important remarks).
3.2 Quantization and the tetrahedron equation
In the next section we consider different quantizations of the map (18) and obtain several solutions of the full quantum tetrahedron equation (see Eq.(33) below). In all cases we start with the canonical quantization of the Poisson algebra (21),
where is the quantum parameter (the Planck constant) and is a numerical coefficient, introduced for a further convenience. The indices label the faces of the "surface of initial data" discussed above. Since the commutation relations (26) are ultra-local (in the sense that the angle variables on different faces commute with each other), let us concentrate on the local Heisenberg algebra,
for a single lattice face (remind that the angles shown in Fig. 3 are related by (13)). The map (18) contains the quantities , defined in (15), which now become operators. For definiteness, assume that the non-commuting factors in (15) are ordered exactly as written. Then the definitions (15) give
where the elements and generate the Weyl algebra,
The operators (28) obey the commutation relations of the -oscillator algebra,
where the element is assumed to be invertible. This algebra is, obviously, a quantum counterpart of the Poisson algebra (20). In the previous Section we have already mentioned the result of [16] that
In the same paper [16] it was also shown that
there exists a quantum version of the map (18), which acts as an automorphism of the tensor cube of the -oscillator algebra (30). The formulae (18) for the quantum map stay exactly the same, but the relation (16) should be replaced by either of the two relations on the second line of (30), for instance, . In particular, (19) should be replaced with
For any irreducible representations of the -oscillator algebra (30) the formulae (18) and (31) uniquely determine the as an internal automorphism,
It follows then from (12) that the linear operator satisfies the quantum tetrahedron equation
where each of the operators , , and act as (32) in the three factors (indicated by the subscripts) of a tensor product of six -oscillator algebras and act as the unit operator in the remaining three factors.
4 Solutions of the tetrahedron equation
Here we show that all known solutions of the tetrahedron equation can be obtained by solving (32) for the linear operator with different irreducible representations of the -oscillator algebra (30).
4.1 Fock representation solution
In this subsection we set in (26) and . Define the Fock representation of a single -oscillator algebra (30),
spanned by the vectors , . Then using (18), (30), (31) and (32) one can show that
is the -deformed Gauss hypergeometric series. This 3D -matrix satisfies the constant tetrahedron equation (33). In matrix form this equation reads
where the sum is taken over six indices and
Note that Eq.(38) does not contain any spectral parameters. Originally the -matrix (35) was obtained in [16] in terms of a solution of some recurrence relation, which was subsequently reduced to the -hypergemetric function in [6].
4.2 Modular double solution
In this subsection we set in (26)
where is a free parameter, . Here it will be more convenient to work with a slightly modified version555Note that Eq.(18) is a particular case a general map considered in [16]; see also Eq.(59) below. of the map (18), with the value .
Consider a non-compact representation [40] of the -oscillator algebra (30) in the space of functions on the real line admitting an analytical continuation into an appropriate horizontal strip, containing the real axis in the complex -plane (see [40] for further details). Such representation essentially reduces to that of the Weyl algebra
realized as multiplication and shift operators
The generators in (30) are expressed as
As explained in [41] the representation (42) is not, in general, irreducible. Therefore, the relation (32) alone does not unambiguously define the linear operator in this case. Following the idea of [41] consider the modular dual of the algebra (41),
acting in the same representation space
We found that if the relation (32) is complemented by its modular dual
then the pair of relations (32) and (46) determine the operator uniquely666It is worth mentioning similar phenomena in the construction of the -matrix [42] for the modular double of the quantum group and the representation theory of [43].. The dual -oscillator algebra is realized through the dual Weyl pair (44) and the relations
The dual version of the map is defined by the same formulae (18), where quantities , are replaced by their "tilded" counterparts . The value of does not, actually, enter the map (18), but needs to be taken into account in the relations between the generators of the -oscillator algebra. Thus, the linear operator in this case simultaneously provides the two maps and (given by (18) with ). The explicit form of this operator is given below.
and define a special function
where is the non-compact quantum dilogarithm [44]
The values of are assumed to be such that poles of numerator in the integrand of (49) lie above the real axis, while the zeroes of the denominator lie below the real axis. For other values of the integral (49) is defined by an analytic continuation. Note that for the integral can be evaluated by closing the integration contour in the upper half plane (see eq.(78) in [6]), which is very convenient for numerical calculations.
The matrix elements of -matrix solving the pair of the equations (32) and (46) are given by
This -matrix satisfies the constant tetrahedron equation (33). Its matrix form is given by (38) where is substituted by , , and the sums are replaced by the integrals over along the real lines . One can verify that these integrals converge. The solution (51) was obtained in [6].
4.2.1 The "interaction-round-a-cube" formulation of the modular double solution
Note that due to the presence of two delta-functions in (51) the edge spins are constrained by two relations and at each vertex of the lattice. Here we re-formulate this solution in terms of unconstrained corner spins, which also take continuous values on the real line. Figure 8 shows an elementary cube of the lattice with the corner spins "" arranged in the same way as in [10]. The corresponding Boltzmann weight reads [6]


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Christmas Comic
New holiday comic! … More Christmas Comic
New holiday comic! … More Christmas Comic
Thanksgiving book finally complete! I'm back-dating this post a bit because, apparently I forgot to update the website in November. Oops! Summary: Thanksgiving grows near, and Bob's fed up with previous failures. This year he's doing it right. This year, he's hunting the turkey before it reaches the oven. His human will never see him coming. Meanwhile, … More The Turkey Bandit
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This post is in honor of the stray fireworks still going off here and there in late July. My cat weathered the first three nights of the holiday fairly well, but it's the stray booms now that haunt her. Also, here, I wanted to try out a new format. This format is not very useful … More Fourth of July Fireworks PSA
Newsletter Subscribers now get the new short PDF story To Barf or Not To Barf! Summary: Scooter and Wylie both run Cat Heaven's housecat email support. However, they have very different approaches when it comes to helping out the troubled housecat! This story features characters from my upcoming comic How Cats Find Their Hoomans, and … More To Barf or Not to Barf – new newsletter gift
Farfel and Bob's universe now consists of 5 ebooks, a handful of short stories on the website, and a number of comics. Their art style has changed (and improved!) a lot since the beginning. And of course, there are many things I would have done differently. (Such as, don't name the kitten Rooster! Ahem, besides … More Reflecting on Farfel and Bob
Just in time for Valentine's Day, comes the latest installment in Farfel and Bob's epic love affair with their respective cat ladies! My Favorite Kitty is a short "graphic novel" type story interspersed with 27 color comics. While Bob waxes neurotic about something Marcia has said, Farfel goes all out on another self-imposed mission. Together … More New Release – My Favorite Kitty
Here's my three tips to have a great Valentine's Day. 1. Snuggles are Important What kind of snuggles? All kinds. Sleepy morning snuggles. Sneaky snuggles where you get pounced. Inadvertent snuggles where the bigger cat sleeps on you, is heavy, and forgets you're there—actually, I don't like that one. 2. Chocolate is Important But … More A Kitten's Valentine Advice
A classic cat argument.
Farfel has more tips. I hope to put some together soon!

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Dr. Jordan D. Metzl, a nationally renowned sports medicine physician for the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York City, had this to say, "It's actually potentially a very significant problem when parents put more pressure on kids and that pressure increases. That can cause sometimes very serious issues. " (Fernandez, B 2008) A survey by the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research conducted for the National Institute on Drug Abuse revealed that the total annual steroid usage in children in school was 1. 8 percent for 12th graders and 1. 2 percent for 10th graders.
In a comparison between steroid usage in boys and girls, it was found that girls did not show too much interest in trying steroids to augment their performance in sports, while 2. 7 percent of boys as young as those in the twelfth grade, who could be as young as a mere fourteen years old, used steroids. Research has even shown that in some cases, fathers who wish that their sons perform better in sports actually purchase these drugs for them, while being fully aware of the fact that this may be completely illegal. Metzl goes on to say, "I get a call or a comment about this usually about once a month.
I get a family or a doctor or sometimes even a kid approaching me on the issue of performance enhancing drugs. Sometimes that includes steroids. " (Fernandez 2008) This shows that the need of the hour is to find out exactly why these kids take steroids, and what has forced them into trying them, and whether they are continuing using steroids to improve their performance in sports and other similar activities. (Fernandez, B 2008) It is important to remember that illegal and uncontrolled and unmonitored usage of steroids for whatever purpose may have serious negative consequences on the health and well being of the child.
First and foremost, the child or adolescent must note that the effect of these steroids is temporary, but the long term impact may be quite severe. Take for example an anabolic steroid. This is basically testosterone, the male hormone, and when the adolescent consumes testosterone, he feels that he has become powerful and strong, and he will be able to train for longer periods of time, and also perform better. He may feel that the steroid would help him perform better continuously, and this is where he goes wrong.
Unless and until he takes the steroid again, and yet again, he will not gain the so called 'benefits' of the drug. This means that he has already entered a vicious cycle of dependency on the drug to perform better, and this could be an extremely dangerous trend indeed, both for the male and the female. Take for example the male who has taken steroids to enhance his capabilities. His sperm cells may start to die off gradually over a period of time, and this would mean that he has become sterile and will not be able to have his own children in the future.
In women too, the same problem may occur; the woman may find that she is unable to conceive a child. The presence of the strange male hormone testosterone within her body may cause her to develop facial hair, and also cause variations in her growth patter. Her sex life too may be affected. In severe cases, like for example in the case of Eddie Guerrero, the professional wrestler who took inadvertent amounts of steroids to enhance his wrestling capabilities, the blood cells shrink, thereby leading the heart to pump harder and faster than is normal, leading to the development of heart disease and other cardiac problems.
Eddie Guerrero passed away in 2005 from heart failure, caused by his usage of steroids. The British wrestler Bull Dog Davey Boy too died of heart failure related to his usage of steroids. Says Wilkins, J Wayne, "These are just two of the many professional wrestlers worldwide who have suffered the negative effects of steroids, and I am ashamed to say, they are not the first, and they will not be the last. " (Wilkins 2008) Apart from this problem, the usage of steroids could have other serious and severe long term consequences as well.
One such is the typical 'rage' associated with steroid usage. Known as the 'Roid Rage', this is a typical symptom of inadvertent steroid usage; the user may find that he has become susceptible to uncontrollable rage and anger, and although the rage in itself may last for just a few moments, he may become a danger to those around him at this time. (Wilkins, J W 2008) Although the use and abuse of steroids was once viewed as a problem associated with adult sportspersons, today this is no longer the case.
Today, even school age children have started using these dangerous drugs, and these children remain completely and blissfully unaware of the dangers that are associated with the usage and the abuse of such drugs. According to the NIDA, or the National Institute of Drug Abuse, more than a half million school age children, belonging to the eighth to the tenth grades take and abuse steroids, without being aware of the dangers associated with it. Take these statistics released by the NIDA on the physical and the psychological effects of steroid usage on children and adolescents.
For boys, the results can include baldness, sensitivity in the testicles, shrinking of the testicles, and perhaps even the loss of function in them. The boy could also start to suffer from severely painful erections, and he may also grow breasts. For girls too, the consequences are as painful and serious as that for boys. The girl may grow facial hair, including a beard and a moustache, and she may start to develop a deeper voice than usual for a girl.
She may also start to suffer from menstrual irregularities, and find that her breasts have become smaller in size. She may also suffer from a painful enlargement of her clitoris. Apart from these specific symptoms, both girls and boys may suffer from other symptoms related to illegal usage of steroids. Both may suffer from severe acne, and jaundice, also resulting in a yellowing of the skin. Fluid retention may become a distinct possibility, resulting in swelling.
The growth plates in the long bones of the body may become permanently sealed off, resulting in a stunting of growth, at the time when they need to grow. Aggression, mood swings, and uncontrollable anger and rages may become a part of their daily lives, and to add to the misery, cholesterol levels become unpredictable, with a decrease in good cholesterol and an increase in the bad, thus leading to more severe health complications.
Experts state that these are some of the steroids that adolescents and children take, as these are commercially available in the U. S. nclude fluxoymesterone or Halotestin, methyltestosterone, nandrolone or Deca-Durabolin, or Durabolin , oxandrolone or Oxandrin, oxymetholone or Anadrol, testosterone, and stanozolol or Winstrol. Some children do not hesitate to take veterinary steroids that are commercially available in the U. S. These include boldenone or Equipoise, mibolerone, and trenbolone or Revalor. Other steroids found on the illicit market but which have not been approved for use in the United states of America include ethylestrenol, methandriol, methenolone, and methandrostenolone.
Steroid abuse by school age children (n. d) It is a sad fact that children and young people, as well as adults who take steroids become addicted to the drugs, and they are forced to continue to take the drugs, even after they have become aware of the short term, long term, physical as well as the psychological consequences and effects of the usage and abuse of the drugs. It is a medical fact that steroid users often suffer from withdrawal symptoms when they do not take the drug, and the symptoms may continue even after the child has stopped taking the drug for a period of one year and more.
As experts and researchers state, it is vital that children be educated on the ill effects of steroid usage, and one of the ideas that were developed to fight this growing menace was that children be taught to look out for signs of steroid abuse, most importantly, short term physical symptoms in their friends and peers. Some of these symptoms are as follows: the user would exhibit unusually greasy hair and oily skin, at times with stretch marks on their inner joints. Their faces, necks and backs would most probably show signs of severe acne, including red and purple acne on their face.
Skin eruptions, lesions, and infected abscesses and cysts would become pronounced. Boys would display an exaggerated growth of breasts, in what is known as 'gynomastia', in addition to thinning hair, in the typically male pattern baldness. Both girls and boys would have severe bad breath, while girls would show thickened hair growth on parts of their body that normally would not grow hair. The onset of liver damage would be obvious in a yellowing of their skin, which is one of the primary symptoms of jaundice.
A change in appetite, at times great hunger, and at other times, a complete disinterest in food would be another short term symptom of steroid usage and abuse, in addition to changes in sleep patterns. The child would either sleep too much, or sleep too little, and either put on weight rapidly, or lose weight rapidly. He or she may also exhibit nausea, dizziness, trembling and vomiting, and become either too hyperactive, or too lethargic. In both boys and girls, the development of strong muscles would be obvious, but at what cost, state experts. The child may become moody, aggressive, and unable to make or face decision making.
He or she may become paranoid, and suspicious, and become secretive and spend hours behind a closed door, start lying, and withdraw from his immediate family and friends. The child may, in short, become affected for life if he used and abused steroids for whatever reason, and unless this menace is controlled immediately, the health of the future generations may be adversely affected. An adolescent steroid user can be spotted, and treatment given, so that he or she may be able to recover at the earliest from the dangers associated with such usage. How to spot a steroid user 2004)
One can analyze the various forms of treatment available for treating child abusers of steroids. One must remember that children and adolescents require individualized treatment that would take these several aspects into consideration: the manifestations of the disease that has been brought on by constant abuse of steroids, including the location of inflammation, if any, in the intestines or elsewhere, the duration of the abuse, and the child's prior response to therapy, if any.
The child's age, his physical size and his psychological status must also be taken into consideration when deciding upon the treatment for the steroid user. This is so that the dosages of the treatment drugs can be tailored to specifically suit the child under question. For physical ailments and manifestations of steroid usage such as itching and inflammation, corticosteroids are advised. Antibiotics may also be given to treat a child with steroid induced conditions, particularly distal or left-sided colitis or perianal disease.
At times, immunomodulators are given to children to control inflammations if any. Biologic drugs are also given to deal with the problems brought on by Crohn's Disease, a direct effect of steroid usage among children, in addition to the new nutrition therapy, as it is assumed that the first step towards the treatment of any disease is adequate nutrition, and in the case of children, this can become particularly relevant, because the child has not yet grown fully. CCFA 2008) There can be no doubt at all that steroids are turning out to be as dangerous as any drugs that can be bought off the streets today and our children are becoming increasingly susceptible to trying out these dangerous chemicals in order to perform better. It is of vital importance that one sit don, take stock of the situation, and think of the ways and means with which to effectively tackle this menace to the future generations of America, and to the world.
The New Jersey Acting Governor Richard Codey had this to say, "We've all seen the statistics and read the articles about the impact that steroids are having on kids. This is a growing public health threat, one we can't leave up to individual parents, coaches or schools. Kids don't think 10 years down the road, when that steroid use can lead to a heart attack, liver cancer, diabetes". Jeff 2005) The Acting Governor was in fact announcing a new scheme, the first-of-its-kind measure in the country, which involved making high school athletes in New Jersey submit themselves voluntarily for random testing for steroid usage, any time during the school year. Apparently, a majority of high school coaches in the state approved whole heartedly to such a plan, and perhaps this would help curtail this dangerous trend among the young people of the country, they feel.
The coaches also state that it was because of the bad example being set by famed athletes and other sports professionals, who publicly announce the fact that they have taken steroids to improve their performances cats a bad influence on these young impressionable minds. The general opinion among children is, "If he can do it, why not me? " Perhaps they even get the message that he or she cannot be a winner unless and until you take performance enhancing drugs, which the adult professionals do anyway, feel the coaches.
It is therefore imperative that one stresses the importance of playing a sport or of competing in an event, just for the sheer joy of it, rather than just for winning the event. Jeff Mackay goes on to say, "Extreme physical fitness problems, overweight issues is one extreme affecting our young people. The other is the blatant use of steroids. These days, it's all about winning… not about the enjoyment of the sport. Sportsmanship has taken a backseat. It would be great if one wins, but it won't happen all the time" (Jeff, M (2005)


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The Last Tower
Tuesday, 27 October 2015 (1–1–15 in A)
1280 Spliced Surprise Major (6m)
Cambridge, Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Superlative, Pudsey, Rutland.
1 June D Wells (C)
2 Ruth Hine
3 John P Loveless
4 Peter R Ellis
5 Beryl R Norris
6 Peter J R Bevis
7 Linda M Garton
8 E John Wells
This performance is linked to the event Reading ringers Tulloch week.
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|Copyright © 2012–20, The Ringing World.


text: Live albums among the ebm/industrial community aren't exactly plentiful which makes today's selection all the more special. The legendary Hocico return with a new live offering; Shalom From Hell Aviv: Blasphemies In The Holy Lane Pt. II. "Who ever thinks about "Blasphemies In The Holy Land" also remembers the amount of power this legendary live album... Continue Reading →


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Sneaky Pete season 2 release date - 2018, to be announced
Seasons: 1
Country: USA
TV channel: Amazon Video
Original release: August 7, 2015 – present
About TV show Sneaky Pete season 2
About TV show Sneaky Pete season 2
On January 19, 2017, Amazon announced that Sneaky Pete had been renewed for a second season. Sneaky Pete season 2 release date - 2018, to be announced.
Sneaky Pete Plot
In "Sneaky Pete" it is about a co-writer (Giovanni Ribisi), who has just been released from prison and takes the identity of a cell mate to hide from the mafia. He begins to work for the family's security office of his acquaintance, while he takes offenders at his feet while he gets up in a family life that has never been known before.
As such, he uses his charm and his criminal potential to get rid of the bad boys, who are much worse than himself. His workmate is his attractive "cousin" (Marin Ireland), who soon challenges his real motifs. Margo Martindale takes the role of Audrey, who, together with her husband, tries to keep the family's bail-bond company running as Pete appears on the scene. Peter Gerety mimts Otto, her husband.
Other main roles are Libe Barer and Shane McRae. Bryan Cranston, who does not only act as a producer, even plays a side role in the series.
Sneaky Pete season 2 release date
2018, to be announced


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Cricketer Harbhajan Singh Contact Details, Phone No, Academy/House Address, Email-including Management office address, Manager, personal secretary, academy phone number, Whatsapp and personal number is available here. If you are looking for the Cricketer Harbhajan Singh contact details and other information like Harbhajan Singh biography like family, career, marriage, education, height, etc. So, from here, you can get all that.
Harbhajan Singh Bio Data
Harbhajan Singh is an Indian cricketer. He was born on 3rd of July 1980 in Jalandhar, Punjab, India. His real name is Harbhajan Singh Plaha and nickname is Bhajji and Turbanator. He belongs to Indian nationality and Sikh religion. His father name is Sardar Sardev Singh Plaha, who is a businessman by profession, and mother is Avtar Kaur, who is a housewife. Harbhajan Singh gets married to Geeta Basra, and they have children as NA (Son), and Hinaya Heer Plaha (Daughter).
Rohit Sharma is in cricket career since 1997 (Domestic), and 1998 (International). He is right handed betsmen and right-arm off break bowler. Harbhajan Singh main role in cricket is as an All-rounder batsman. He did his test debut against Australia on 25th of March 1998. Rohit Sharma debut in ODI on 17th of April 1998 against New Zealand. He also plays T20 matches and did debut on 1st of December 2006 against South Africa.
Cricketer Harbhajan Singh Personal Information
- Full Name: Harbhajan Singh Plaha
- Date of Birth: 3 July 1980
- Birth Place: Jalandhar, Punjab, India
- Height: 5 feet 11 inches
- Weight: 71 Kilograms
- Religion: Sikh
- Education: Higher Seconary
- Star Sign/ Zodiac Sign: Cancer
- Professions/Occupation: Cricketer
Cricketer Harbhajan Singh Family
- Father Name: Sardar Sardev Singh Plaha (Businessman)
- Mother Name: Avtar Kaur (Housewife)
- Brother: NA
- Sister: 4 (Elder), 1 (Younger)
- Wife Name: Geeta Basra (Actress)
- Children: Hinaya Heer Plaha
How to get Cricketer Harbhajan Singh Contact Information
He has millions of fans and they always try to find out Cricketer Harbhajan Singh contact details including management, personal secretary, academy agents or social communities on the internet. Sometimes, the fans, promoters, organizers, and other common people want to organize an event and want to invite favorite celebrity there. But, they don't know how to invite Harbhajan Singh for marriage, event, and charity, how to contact Harbhajan Singh agents to join the academy, as well as how to contact Harbhajan Singh for donations.
Cricketer Harbhajan Singh Management Contact Details
- Office Address: NA
- Office Contact Number: (Phone), (Fax)
- Harbhajan Singh Manager Phone Number: NA
- Email: firstname.lastname@example.com for any official/sports/business
Cricketer Harbhajan Singh Contact Details of Academy
- Academy Address: Grand Trunk Road, Near Kapsons Industries, Suranussi, Jalandhar 144027, Punjab, India
- Academy Phone Number: +91-9501074777
- Harbhajan Singh Manager Phone Number: NA
- Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
- Website: www.hsic.in
Cricketer Harbhajan Singh Personal Contact Details
- Home Town: Jalandhar, Punjab, India
- Current Location: Mumbai
- Permanent House Address: Mumbai
- Fan Mail Address: NA
- Harbhajan Singh Personal Phone Number: (He has not shared his personal phone number with anyone because of privacy)
- Harbhajan Singh Whatsapp Number: (He has not shared his Whatsapp number with anyone because of privacy)
- Harbhajan Singh Email Id: NA
- Harbhajan Singh Website: NA
Check Also: For the contact details of Cricketer Yuvraj Singh, you can visit here
Social Accounts to Contact with Cricketer Harbhajan Singh
Don't worry if didn't find some contact information because of privacy. But, you still get in touch with him through Harbhajan Singh Instagram accounts, Harbhajan Singh facebook account, Harbhajan Singh twitter account, and his other social accounts. You can also comment or send a message there to reach if they allow you.
- Facebook: www.facebook.com/HarbhajanTurbanatorSingh/
- Twitter: https://twitter.com/harbhajan_singh
- Instagram: www.instagram.com/harbhajan3/
- Snapchat id: NA
- YouTube Channel: NA
As you checked above Cricketer Harbhajan Singh Contact Details, Phone No, Academy/House Address, Email, including Whatsapp number, personal phone, management, agent, as well as website and social profiles. If are facing any type of issue with above-given Cricketer Harbhajan Singh contact information, so you can tell us.


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Small, practical and on-trend, this faux leather cross-body bag with mirrored flap is decorated with eyelets and a gleaming round buckle that lend a glam rock vibe. It can be worn as a bum bag or shoulder bag as required, suiting any number of occasions. Dimensions 16 x 10 x 18cm
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PASCAGOULA — Ingalls Shipbuilding will hold a keel authentication Friday in Pascagoula for its fifth U.S. Coast Guard National Security Cutter James (WMSL 754).
Ingalls President Irwin F. Edenzon and David Blackburn, director of the USCG Project Resident Office Gulf Coast, are scheduled to speak at the 10 a.m. event at the shipyard.
The security cutter is named for Joshua James, who is credited with saving more than 600 lives along the New England coastline during a nearly 60-year career in the 1800s with the U.S. Life Saving Service.
Charlene Benoit, James' great-great-niece, is the ship's sponsor and will authenticate the keel has been "truly and fairly laid." Her name will be welded onto a steel plate that will be part of the ship.
… we'd like to ask for your support. More people are reading the Mississippi Business Journal than ever before, but advertising revenues for all conventional media are falling fast. Unlike many, we do not use a pay wall, because we want to continue providing Mississippi's most comprehensive business news each and every day. But that takes time, money and hard work. We do it because it is important to us … and equally important to you, if you value the flow of trustworthy news and information which have always kept America strong and free for more than 200 years.
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Since this was an early questing experience and not an endgame one, I didn't get much sense of how Covenants—Shadowlands' new Order Hall, Garrison, or War Campaign-like systems—work. Neither did I have much time to dive into the story, though I saw enough to know that, if you like the flavor of the recent WoW expansions, you'll probably like this one, too. (I, for one, am glad we're going to get a brief respite from the Alliance vs. Horde war storyline.)
Claim a covenant's power: players will be called upon to forge a bond with one of four covenants that rule Shadowlands' new zones, setting the tone for their journey through the expansion with a full covenant campaign. As they level up, they'll get new abilities based on their choice, including class-specific abilities for each Covenant—as well as developing soulbinds with specific covenant members, which grant them access to that character's specific traits and bonuses.


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Archbishop Charles Chaput visited Our Lady of the Assumption Parish in Strafford, Chester County, on Sunday May 5. After celebrating the 11:30 a.m. Mass in the church, the archbishop led the congregation outside to the new rosary garden and blessed it. Afterward Msgr. Joseph Marino, pastor, led the people in praying the rosary. Parishioners stood on stones representing each bead as they prayed along. (Photos by Sarah Webb)
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Claire Brown
Tech Expert in Australia
Hey there, I'm Claire. I'm a Tech Support Executive at Hp Support Australia living in Australia. I am a fan of photography, technology, and travel. I'm also interested in arts and movies. You can visit my website with a click on the button above.


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This arc table lamp has a traditional ash wood design complimented with a modern matt grey head base. The curved wooden stem pushes the lamp forward and allows the head to project the light. You can also adjust the head to suit your preference. This table lamp is the perfect additional source of light for a study or on a bedside table. Product Details Brand : Search Light Maximum Height (cm) : 63.5 Minimum Height (cm) : 63.5 Width (cm) : 16 Length (cm) : 41 Weight (kg) : 2 IP Rating : IP20 Max Wattage : 7 Range Name : Nanna Lamp Type : LED - GLS Lamp Included : No Energy Efficiency Index : A++ to E Socket : E27 Product Type : Table Lamp Type of Fitting : 2 (Double Insulated) Dimmable : Lamp dependant Switch : In-line Location of Switch : Cable
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Nanna Table Lamp, Ash Wood, Matt Grey - Search Light
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Not attending Coldplay's album release party in Los Angeles tonight? No worries, Yahoo!'s got ya covered!
This evening, Yahoo! will be streaming the band's album release party in partnership with iHeartMedia. The exclusive hour-long live event will celebrate their new album, A Head Full of Dreams, feature an intimate Q&A and live performance from the band.
The iHeartRadio Album Release Party with Coldplay will video stream exclusively on Yahoo! (http://www.yahoo.com/iheartcoldplay) and stream across all iHeartMedia station websites as well as iHeartRadio.com, with a 60-minute on-air special broadcast on iHeartMedia radio stations.
Make sure to tune in this evening, December 3rd @ 8PM ET / 5PM PT below for this special event — you do not want to miss this!


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Invisalign cost from £13 per week in our Central London Clinic. Invisalign straightens teeth using a series of nearly invisible, removable aligners that are custom-made specifically for your teeth. As you replace each aligner every week, your teeth will move – little by little, week by week, gradually moving towards the projected final position.
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Aligners and visits £3,445
Aligners and visits £2,640
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Aerohive has announced a security solution to protect networks from IoT attacks
Aerohive has detailed its Internet of Things (IoT) security solution for Wi-Fi and wired networks. Built on Aerohive's Software Defined LAN (SD-LAN), Aerohive's solution helps protect networks from attacks, such as the October 16th Mirai botnet DDoS attack, which recruited over a half-million devices in a coordinated strike that brought down a large swath of popular internet services, including Twitter, Spotify, Airbnb, Netflix and Reddit. Aerohive will be discussing Wi-Fi security on Facebook Live on November 3, 2016.
Aerohive's SD-LAN addresses recent IoT attack vulnerabilities by putting security protection right at the point where IoT traffic first touches the network. This provides a first line of defense for businesses against IoT malware. Key capabilities of the solution include protecting wireless access networks with next-generation Software Defined Private Pre-Shared Key (PPSK) that restrict network access to specific known and authenticated devices, application visibility and control to evaluate what is really happening on the network, firewall enforcement based on deep packet inspection to strictly enforce traffic policies, and cloud management to enable immediate identification and response to an issue anywhere in the network.
News facts
The growth of IoT and proliferation of connected "things" offers exciting new opportunities. By 2020 there will be over 25 billion IoT devices accessing networks, with the vast majority leveraging wireless connectivity. This creates a new set of security risks at unprecedented scale. IoT devices connected to the network originate from thousands of manufacturers, typically with limited sophistication and little-to-no UI, making them harder to trust and secure. Compromised IoT devices, as demonstrated by the Mirai attack, can cripple even giant enterprises if breached. As IoT devices proliferate on business networks, Wi-Fi networks that they access can offer a first line of defense. Often static, with nobody to watch over them, the network must protect the IoT assets, and be protected from them at the same time. Organizations can use an adaptable, flexible and secure SD-LAN for increased access layer network security.
Aerohive's Software Defined Security is part of the SD-LAN architecture, offering enhanced access network visibility and control, centralized policy management, and increased protection, while reducing operational complexity:
Secure IoT suthentication and encryption – Each IoT device can now effectively have a unique password, allowing it to be uniquely identified and secured on the network. Aerohive accomplishes this using Software Defined Private Pre-Shared Key that unlocks the benefits of 802.1X secured networks, without the drawbacks of certificate overhead or specialized client configuration. Software Defined Private Pre-Shared Keys can be used for IoT devices that typically don't even support 802.1X. Customers can create (and revoke) tens of thousands of unique keys for individual or groups of devices on the same SSID that can be managed and distributed via the cloud, mobile applications, or user self-registration.
Granular visibility and control – Our deep packet inspection firewall at the access layer enables the upstream and downstream prioritization and isolation of IoT devices and applications as required, ensuring that compromised devices divulge no exposure into the wider network. It can also throttle the bandwidth of IoT applications, detect and block DDoS floods, quarantine threatening activity, and limit IoT device access.
Context-based policies – Secure context-based access policies define which users, devices, and things can enter the network, then granularly controls what they can do once connected through role-based profiles and time-of-day and location-based access limits, VLAN containment, application rights, and bandwidth management.
Centrally managed policy enforcement – Create, deploy, and monitor secure access policies from any location with public and private cloud networking. SD-LAN's cloud architecture reduces the complexity of managing and operating secure wired and wireless access networks. Cloud networking sets the balance between secure and simplified network access.


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Asus launched its flagship Zenfone 5Z with a notch display earlier this year. The Taiwanese company could already be working on the Zenfone 6, as prototypes of the device have surfaced on the internet.
According to the leaked photographs, Asus is experimenting with different notches on the Zenfone 6. Beginning with the first leaked image, the Zenfone 6 prototype is placed alongside the Zenfone 5Z. Asus has placed the front camera in the top left corner of its display. The tiny cutout paves the way for a greater screen-to-body ratio. The device flaunts a notch-less design surrounded by slim bezels. There is a slightly thicker chin below the display, and the bottom edge features a 3.5mm headphone jack and a USB Type-C port.
The second image reveals the front camera fitted in a notch in the top right corner of the screen. The third image hints at a waterdrop notch at top centre as seen on the Oppo F9 & Vivo V11.
All the three leaked prototypes sport a glass back with fingerprint scanner located in the center. The prototypes are shown in two different variants for the rear camera setup. One of the prototypes features a triple rear camera setup while the other two come with a dual rear camera.
It's worth noting that these are just prototypes of the Zenfone 6. There is no guarantee on the design and the final product might not be similar. It will be interesting to see the new design and we hope that Asus brings out those changes in its next smartphone.


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How to Make Friends and Portray Cool Characters – Cosplay Interactions 101
ThunderStryke ♦ June 7, 2016 ♦ 1 Comment
I've been an amateur yet avid cosplayer for just over ten years now, and I've always found it a fun and potentially sociable hobby. Unfortunately, I don't think every cosplayer always sees the social side of the pastime 100% of the time. So today I'd like to lay out a few thoughts I've had of late about how to get the most out of cosplay as a medium for social interaction. And share a few of my cosplays as visual aids of course!
1) Make a little time for other people
Go to any convention you fancy and the first thing you'll notice is that there are a lot of people at these things. It's very likely that you'll be attending a con with a group of friends, and of course your priority is going to be hanging out with them. Totally understandable. But always remember when you're in cosplay that there are people outside your group who might appreciate your costume, and it's nice to just give them the time of day sometimes. I often attend cons with a friend who likes to say hello to people dressed as characters they like, but it's surprising how often people just walk by and ignore them when all they're doing is walking past and trying to pass out a quick compliment. Surprising, and a little rude. You don't have to stop and talk to every person who recognises your costume, but at least a smile or a wave would be nice. Getting attention while in costume should be a nice feeling; run with it!
2) Discuss other people's costumes with them
So you've made the decision to try and interact more with other convention attendees, but you're unsure what sort of things to start a conversation about. Well, if there's one thing cosplayers like to talk about apart from the franchises they're cosplaying, it's the costumes themselves, and this is a great place to start. Say you're queueing for a photoshoot and a really nice Toriel walks in the room and lines up behind you. That's a really nice goat head they've made, so say hi, compliment their work and ask how they made it. If you're lucky they may reciprocate and presto, you have yourself a pleasant conversation and that warm glow that comes from interaction with another human being! Also you've gained some insight into new craft methods, so win-win.
3) Appreciate differences in skill
Nobody likes a cosplay snob, and yet sadly it can't be denied that sometimes skilled cosplayers can get a little bit up themselves. It can be tempting to look down your nose at someone who looks like they slapped together their costume in a hurry or worse, horror of horrors, bought the whole thing on eBay! But everyone has to to start somewhere, and the fact that someone else isn't as "good" as you is no reason to ignore them or criticise their work out loud. Don't snub a less experienced cosplayer who wants to interact with you, it's incredibly rude and can be a slippery slope to getting a bad reputation. We want to make friends, not alienate people, and who knows, if their skills bother you that much you could end up becoming a supportive acquaintance who helps them improve! (Additionally, understand that not everyone cosplays for the joy or challenge of creating; perhaps that kid in the Bleach costume fresh out of a Chinese eBay store just wants to express their love of the series without all the stressful work.)
4) Be sure you're cosplaying for the right reasons
The last few years have seen a rise in national and global cosplay competitions as well as cosplayers becoming internet celebrities. While this is great for educating more people about how cool cosplay can be and pushing people to improve their craft I sometimes find it a worrying trend as I believe some people can get a little too wrapped up in the competition, glamour and popularity and lose sight of what cosplay should really be about. I've heard plenty of stories from friends about cosplayers bullying each other online or being obsessed with contests to the point of pushing friends and loved ones away. In my mind, first and foremost cosplay is about having fun while showing how much you like particular franchises or characters; not winning prizes or proving that you're "better" than other fans. I'm not saying that a little competition can't be fun, but you should never let obsession take hold and make you into a bad person who is only friends with their own clique of snobs.
Cosplay and convention-going are wonderful social hobbies and if approached well can help you gain a lot of new friends and connections. I hope that these few points can go a little way to improving your cosplay experience. Unless you already do these things, in which case I hope you agree. Now go forth wonderful cosplayers of the world, and always remember:
- Posted in: Cosplay ♦ Fandom ♦ Uncategorized
- Tagged: conventions, Cosplay, etiquette, social interaction
1 Comment
July 1, 2016 – 8:15 pm
Excellent guidelines, Stryke. I personally don't cosplay but I do admire looking at cosplayers. Many of them are very creative, and when they're very skilled, you can really see their attention to details. I agree with you when it comes to some "great" cosplayers who end up snobbing the less talented ones. It's sad, but very true. And you made a great point that sometimes cosplayers who wear less than stellar costumes are just expressing their passion for the character their cosplaying and that's that. Anyway, good post. Keep it up. Cheers!


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Työsuhteen kesto -
Työpaikan kuvaus
We are currently looking for a V&V Test I&C Commissioning Engineer for our client in Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant, Finland. Start of the project is as soon as possible.
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Boxes And Arrows
For people who are into that sort of thing, it's time to mosey on over to Boxes and Arrows and check out the crop of good stuff they've got going this week.
There are two book reviews — a review of Jesse James Garrett's "The Elements of User Experience", and a review of Christina Wodtke's "Information Architecture: Blueprints for the Web". Yummy stuff. I want both of those books.
There's also an interview with Jesse James Garrett about his new book and what he's been working on lately. All good reading — if you're into that kind of stuff.
Of course, if you're really into that kind of stuff, you've probably already read those articles. So what do you need me for?


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What We Can Learn From Heat Map Studies to Improve Our Calls-to-ActionBlog Post: July 12, 2016
Hey Ann, Thanks for mentioning Bannersnack. Truly it's a great tool for banner design and also for analyzing your embed visuals. I'm using it on my personal blog too and it helps me optimize my visual content whenever it needs. (disclosure: even if I work there I'm using the app every day, so if you need something, just let me know).


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by Richard Summerbell
- A tale of mice and civilization
I live in an apartment above the raccoons and I often hear them banging about below. They're citizens; it's their right to make a little clatter. If I hadn't been fired from my job, I would have had better digs – better than this converted attic above what used to be a garage. Sometimes I tell my friends I'm the token human of the building. But I can't complain too much. Downstairs can only have improved since the 2020's, when it still harboured the evil automobile. Now, it's a dusty, semi-indoor space inhabited by four friendly, masky omnivores who are tolerated by us all. Animals are so much better than cars, don't you think?
Love for animals has always enriched my life, spiritually if not economically. I was only a dozen years old when the famous Innocence First animal rights movement succeeded in convincing Parliament to add "species" to the anti-discrimination section of the Charter of Rights, but already I was involved, posing for campaign photographs and appearing at rallies. On weekends, I entertained myself by watching birds in the city parks, and spent so much time with the starlings that one old bird actually learned to imitate my boyish "hello." He didn't understand the word, but he inserted it into his spring mating song along with robin calls, cat meows, and lawnmower growls.
I started working in the muscularium in the evenings when I was in grade 11. It was probably my activist connections that got me this coveted but low-paying civic student job, but perhaps my incandescent love of animals made me stand out even among the many animal-loving applicants. It always seemed to me that the muscularium would be a sort of Eden where thousands of tiny heartbeats would resound like a heavenly chorus, and the air would be scented with the slight, mammalian musk of true innocence. Now, in case you don't have a muscularium in your area, I should explain that it's not a gymnasium – nothing to do with muscles – but instead is a civic shelter for Mus musculus, the civilized mouse, formerly known as the "house mouse."
Even in enlightened times, it is difficult for some people to share their dwellings with this inoffensive whiskerling, and their main legal recourse is to live-trap the animals and bring them in to the civic facility. Myself, I could never understand why people would go to the trouble of harassing such an amiable cohabitant, evicting it from the house. The amount of food mice eat is affordable in this society, and if the animals have any fleas or disease, heaven forbid, you can treat them by putting out medicated grain. To put out grain treated with birth-control steroids is more expensive, but in theory it ought to bring about a pleasant equilibrium. The once-dreaded "mouse pellets," if they need be mentioned at all (we must all digest!), are not difficult to sweep up – scarcely worse than bread crumbs. And the sound of contented munching and enthusiastic scurrying in the walls at night is heartwarming, well worth a little money and effort.
But the muscularium is a social necessity, and the militants who once criticized it as pandering to neurotics have mostly accepted it now. I went to work there without trepidation, glad to be part of something worthwhile. Certainly, there is little in any modern city more impressive than one of these vast arenas, stacked floor to ceiling with prefabricated miniature apartments, runways, stairways, pipes, and even a few toasters and refrigerators for the sake of a familiar ambience. The mice themselves play about exuberantly, digging in their wheat troughs (the lot of farmers has improved!), squeaking at each other, and endlessly exploring the vast hermetic cavern that they live in. They maintain their own nests, and rebuild them from shredded tissue every couple of weeks when a machine automatically sweeps away the old ones. The amount of birth control medicine they get is set low enough that some of them occasionally have litters. This is partly for the amusement of tourists and other human visitors, but it also keeps this immigrant society from losing all contact with its wild-animal roots. We cannot take the chance that strong parental urges are going unfulfilled because of our selfish human needs.
At first, I did manual labour, feeding the grain-dispensing machines and bagging offal, plus discreetly playing the role of undertaker for those clients who had reached the limit of their enjoyment. Later I went full-time and was promoted to jobs requiring more paperwork. I made visitor's passes, drew up fundraising "adoption certificates," and helped the purchasing clerks with their orders of medication and foodstuffs.
It was actually during the hours of paperwork that I first noticed a certain jitteriness among the mice. I watched them through my office window, and wondered about a quality of unease the arena had in the late hours, when I was struggling to finish up my forms, even in the dim twilit hours that should have been the most enjoyable of all. Was some old instinct coming back to haunt our clients, I wondered. Do these creatures of the peaceful hours dread the dark even as we sometimes do? Almost absent-mindedly, I began staying later to contemplate them.
One night I fell asleep, and when I awoke in the wee, empty hours, I was dripping sweat like a hot marshmallow. The heat controls must have gone crazy! I looked out over the cityscape below and saw rodents obviously in distress, running in a near panic. I rushed out, stumbling and clanging my way down to the basement control room.
"Is that you, Rachel?" It was a nervous question from down below. Now who on earth? The place ran automatically: it needed no night maintenance. Perhaps someone had been called in to fix the heat, maybe by means of an automatic alarm system. I tripped down the final ladder and jumped off the last few rungs. A bearded man turned abruptly, startled. "Who the devil are you?" he demanded breathily.
He was not a maintenance person – his clothing was all wrong. In fact, I recognized him: he was the Director, the person in charge, the bureaucrat responsible for seven muscularia and one rattery in our regional district.
"Ronald Ferenc, sir. I thought there might be an emergency here, with the heat."
"Oh-hoh, Ronald, well, we have it all under control, don't you worry. That's why I'm here. Got an alarm. Uh – aren't you a little late leaving?"
I explained my situation, stammering a little, and yet, even though I felt foolish, I also felt a scurry of suspicion in the back of my mind. Why would such a highly paid guy be called out in the middle of the night? Who was Rachel? Why did the man look as if he knew I was thinking all this? To tell the truth, he looked positively demonic, like a person who could sit there eating a chicken wing without even blinking. Maybe it was just the light.
The heat in the muscularium was falling even as I left to make my way home, but I had the feeling, soon to be confirmed, that for me the heat was now on. Two weeks after my unexpected meeting in the control room, a bureaucrat a couple of levels above me sent some forms back to me with a short memorandum criticising the way I'd filled them out. This, I knew, was the workplace equivalent of a witch's hex, and I wrote back the best memo of reply, the best counter-hex, that I possibly could.
That was a mistake. It called down new memoranda from higher levels of management, some with criticisms of other work I'd done. One outright fabrication appeared. I knew that someone up there in the management stratosphere was trying to get rid of me.
I am not a fighter by nature but from somewhere in my mind, a survival instinct began to take hold. I started staying late at night, keeping quiet and sleeping lightly in the gloom. Something was going on, and with persistence, I would find out what it was. Every day I worked in a state of near exhaustion, unintentionally providing mistakes that more memos could be written about. I began to sleep heavily, and feared missing whatever it was I was looking for.
One night I snapped awake like a searchlight coming on. It was too warm again. Raising my eyes to look over the sea of mice, I saw the animals were panicking, coursing over objects like a vertical flash flood. Then, on the far side of the hall, dim shapes – a man, bearded, a woman, dressed in strange, triangular-cut clothing, two or three other men in the shadows, and a thing, a lump on one man's arm, a lump that suddenly unfurled two enormous wings and expanded itself into the air above the surging city.
An owl.
Witnessing this corruption, this primaeval "sport," I could only tremble and seethe. The owl pounced on citizen after citizen, tearing them up with its beak. I could see the shadowed hands of its keepers clapping at times – how they were enjoying the decimation of this captive population! What fun it was perverting the natural instincts of the owl in a way that made this perfect bird into a perfect fiend. Finally, they turned down the heat, did a quick, furtive cleanup and left, with their duped avian accomplice on one arm.
I felt an attack of nausea. Such powerful people had the world at their command: they had bureaucratic owls that could take care of me just as sportingly as their bird took care of my mice! There was only one thing I could do. I immobilized the security system and spent the rest of the small hours opening up hatches and gates, even padlocked outer gates with warning signs saying DO NOT OPEN WITHOUT AUTHORIZATION CODE 41133.
Finally, I went to the basement and turned the heat back up to the discomfort level. "Flee," I told my grey, cowering charges, as I fled myself.
The next day, hours later, I showed up to work at the usual time and found many police, and perhaps a dozen mice. Special-edition newspapers told the rest of the story: "RODENT RAMPAGE." "MOUSE STAMPEDE FILLS STREETS, BEDROOMS." "METRO MOUSE MAELSTROM." Oh yes, the police asked me a lot of questions, even got a bit nasty, but in the end didn't get lucky. I was fired the next day strictly because of my lousy paperwork, or so the manager told me. Now I'm a free man, but with a curious bitterness about me that I've never had before.
Yes, bitterness, rage. And it's terrible. I don't understand it or know what to do about it. Every day my mind boils over with thoughts of those men, that woman – Rachel? – and their hearts are a blank to me. It's like looking over the side of a sailboat into a green-grey lake that seems to have no bottom. The sensation has transformed me into a stranger, someone I don't know myself.
Why, just two nights ago I found a mouse inside my bed covers, chewing away on my sheets in a place I'd shooed him away from only the night before. This time, I actually seized him with the covers and transferred him, struggling, into a casserole dish. I put the lid down over him, and as he ran from corner to corner, I stared at him. Waves of irritation surged through me. I wanted to…well, I had a fantasy that was as fiendish as anything I've seen in movies or on the internet. But why? I asked myself. Where's your conscience? The little mouse is innocent! I pleaded. Let it go! And then a mental voice I've never heard before rose out of the depths of my consciousness, furious, violent, screaming at me like a police siren: "BUT I'M INNOCENT TOO!!!
And, in that instant, I knew I wasn't. Still, I should add that the mouse was released a few minutes later in the alley – running at top speed to get away from an animal whose nature I will never understand.


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It's no secret that indoor air quality is critical for overall health and wellbeing. Indoor air pollutants can have adverse effects ranging from short-term eye and throat irritation to long-term effects like respiratory disease and even cancer. When it comes to diseases that can be transmitted through infectious aerosols passed through the air, such as SARS-CoV-2, ventilation, filtration, air distribution systems and disinfection technologies have the potential to limit airborne pathogen transmission through the air and thus break the chain of infection.
Decreasing exposure is an important step in diminishing the spread of infectious diseases like COVID-19. Designers of mechanical systems must be aware that ventilation is not capable of addressing all aspects of infection control. Small aerosols may persist in the space, available for inhalation directly or settling onto surfaces, where they can be indirectly transmitted by resuspension or contact with an object (such as a dish or a doorknob) that may be contaminated.
On April 14, 2020, ASHRAE issued recommendations for mitigating infectious aerosols. Some of those recommendations include:
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- Add portable room air cleaners with HEPA or high-MERV filters with due consideration to the clean air delivery rate (AHAM 2015)
- Bypass energy recovery ventilation (ERV) systems that leak potentially contaminated exhaust air back into the outdoor air supply
- Increase outdoor air ventilation (disable demand-controlled ventilation and open outdoor air dampers to 100% as indoor and outdoor conditions permit)
- Add duct- or air-handling-unit-mounted, upper room, and/or portable ultraviolet germicidal irradiation devices in connection to in-room fans in high-density spaces such as waiting rooms, prisons, and shelters
- Temperature and humidity control (between 40% and 60% Relative Humidity)
- Upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (with possible in-room fans) as a supplement to supply airflow
- Keep systems running longer hours (24/7 if possible).
- (For Healthcare buildings) Maintain negatively pressurized intensive care units (ICUs) where infectious aerosols may be present.
- (For Healthcare buildings) Maintain rooms with infectious aerosol concerns at negative pressure.
- (For Healthcare buildings) Capture expiratory aerosols with headwall exhaust, tent or snorkel with exhaust, floor-to-ceiling partitions with door supply and patient exhaust, local air HEPA-grade filtration
Design engineers can make an essential contribution to reducing infectious aerosol transmission through the application of these strategies. Managing indoor air to control distribution of infectious aerosols is an effective intervention which adds another strategy to medical treatments and behavioral interventions in disease prevention.


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A prominent Sydney Anglican school has apologised for signing a controversial letter calling on the Morrison government to maintain laws allowing schools to discriminate against gay teachers and pupils, and blamed church leaders for "unintended hurt and division" in the school community.
Faced with a backlash, the head of Barker College, Phillip Heath, pledged his support for removing exemptions to anti-discrimination laws that currently let religious schools discriminate against LGBTI staff and students.
Mr Heath earlier told the Fairfax Media he was "dismayed" by the response to the letter, which was signed by 34 Anglican principals and sent to all federal MPs including Prime Minister Scott Morrison.
More here-
and here-
and here-


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