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The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is a key U.S. partner in the Middle East. Although the United States and Jordan have never been linked by a formal treaty, the two countries have cooperated on a number of regional and international issues over the years. Jordan remains at peace with Israel and is a key interlocutor with the Palestinians. Jordan's strategic importance to the United States is evident given ongoing instability in neighboring Syria and Iraq. Jordan also is a longtime U.S. partner in global counterterrorism operations. U.S.-Jordanian military, intelligence, and diplomatic cooperation seeks to empower political moderates, reduce sectarian conflict, and eliminate terrorist threats.
U.S. officials frequently express their support for Jordan. U.S. support has helped Jordan address serious vulnerabilities, both internal and external. Jordan's small size and lack of major economic resources have made it dependent on aid from Western and various Arab sources. President Trump has acknowledged Jordan's role as a key U.S. partner in countering the Islamic State, as many U.S. policymakers advocate for continued robust U.S. assistance to the kingdom.
Annual U.S. aid to Jordan has nearly quadrupled in historical terms over the last 15 years. The United States has provided economic and military aid to Jordan since 1951 and 1957, respectively. Total bilateral U.S. aid (overseen by the Departments of State and Defense) to Jordan through FY2017 amounted to approximately $20.4 billion. Jordan also hosts nearly 3,000 U.S. troops.
Public dissatisfaction with the economy is a pressing concern for the monarchy. In 2018, widespread protests erupted throughout the kingdom in opposition to a draft tax bill and price hikes on fuel and electricity. Though peaceful, the protests drew immediate international attention because of their scale. Since then, the government has softened tax increases, but also has continued to work with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on fiscal reforms to address a public debt that has ballooned to 94% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
As the Trump Administration has enacted changes to long-standing U.S. policies on Israel and the Palestinians, which the Palestinians have criticized as unfairly punitive to them and biased toward Israel, Jordan has found itself in a difficult position. While King Abdullah II seeks to maintain strong relations with the United States, he rules over a country where the issue of Palestinian rights resonates with much of the population; more than half of all Jordanian citizens originate from either the West Bank or the area now comprising the state of Israel. In trying to balance U.S.-Jordanian relations with Palestinian concerns, King Abdullah II has refrained from directly criticizing the Trump Administration on its moves, while urging the international community to return to the goal of a two-state solution that would ultimately lead to an independent Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital.
Congress may consider legislation pertaining to U.S. relations with Jordan. On February 18, 2016, President Obama signed the United States-Jordan Defense Cooperation Act of 2015 (P.L. 114-123), which authorizes expedited review and an increased value threshold for proposed arms sales to Jordan for a period of three years. It amended the Arms Export Control Act to give Jordan temporarily the same preferential treatment U.S. law bestows upon NATO members and Australia, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, and South Korea. S. 28, the United States-Jordan Defense Cooperation Extension Act, would reauthorize the United States-Jordan Defense Cooperation Act (22 U.S.C. 275) through December 31, 2022. In the House, H.R. 4862 also would reauthorize the 2015 Act while also calling on the United States International Development Finance Corporation to issue a call for "proposals pursuing investment funds with a focus on Jordan."
Since assuming the throne from his late father on February 7, 1999, Jordan's 57-year-old monarch King Abdullah II bin Al Hussein (hereinafter King Abdullah II) has maintained Jordan's stability and strong ties to the United States. Although Jordan faces a number of socio-economic challenges, the monarchy has remained resilient owing to a number of factors. These include a strong sense of social cohesion, strong support for the government from both Western powers and the Gulf Arab monarchies, and an internal security apparatus that is highly capable and, according to human rights groups, uses vague and broad criminal provisions in the legal system to dissuade dissent by detaining protesters.1
Despite this resilience, Jordanians are becoming increasingly dissatisfied with economic conditions, corruption, and lack of political reform. According to the public opinion research firm Arab Barometer, "Trust in political institutions is in steep decline across the board - including government, parliament and even the judiciary…. Citizens are particularly frustrated with the government's efforts to create jobs and limit inflation. As a result, almost half of all Jordanians are considering emigrating."2
In fall 2019, 100,000 public school teachers organized a nationwide strike, demanding that the government raise teacher salaries. After the strike shut down schools for a month, the government partially acceded to their demands, despite budgetary strains as the government attempts to cut expenses to comply with the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) three-year, $723 million Extended Fund Facility reform program.3 The teachers' strike marked the second major instance of unrest in the last two years over economic conditions. In 2018, when the government tried to raise income taxes, mass protests ensued, forcing the government to revise its tax plan and turn to the Arab Gulf monarchies, who collectively pledged $2.5 billion to Jordan in grants and loans in order to stabilize the kingdom's fiscal position.
In 2019, as many Arab governments face youth-driven, popular dissatisfaction, it is becoming unclear how the government of Jordan will be able to appease its restive public given the limited policy tools and financial options at its disposal. In the past 18 months, the prime minister has reshuffled the cabinet four times. While this type of move may have once demonstrated government attentiveness to reform, the public may no longer perceive such action as sufficient if it is not accompanied by significant improvements to the economy.4
Public criticism is increasingly being directed toward the monarchy itself rather than the prime minister and cabinet. According to the Economist, "The people used to blame greedy ministers and corrupt officials for their misery—and looked to the king for remedies. Now when they protest, as they often do, they call out King Abdullah by name." 5 During the teacher strike, Queen Rania faced a barrage of criticism over social media for insufficiently supporting the teachers' cause. In an unprecedented royal response to public criticism, the Queen posted a letter on her Facebook account reiterating her support for education initiatives and directly addressing personal critiques against her.6
U.S.-Jordanian relations remain close overall, despite Jordanian concerns about Trump Administration changes to long-standing U.S. policies on Israel and the Palestinians.7 Palestinians have criticized these changes as unfairly punitive to them and biased toward Israel.8 While Jordanian leaders have felt compelled to acknowledge criticism of the U.S. policy changes among their people, they also have sought to maintain strong bilateral relations with the United States.9 In trying to balance U.S.-Jordanian relations with domestic concerns about Palestinian rights, King Abdullah II has refrained from directly criticizing the Trump Administration, while urging the international community to return to the goal of a two-state solution that would ultimately lead to an independent Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital.10
The United States has deployed nearly 3,000 U.S. troops to Jordan as part of its effort to combat the Islamic State and defend against possible threats from Syria. Congress appropriated an estimated $1.28 billion in total aid for Jordan in FY2019 and is considering another $1.27 billion for FY2020.
Jordan has been without a U.S. ambassador since the departure of Ambassador Alice Wells in January 2017. The Trump Administration in November 2019 nominated Henry Wooster, a Deputy Assistant Secretary in the Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs at the State Department, as the next U.S. ambassador to the kingdom.
Although the United States and Jordan have never been linked by a formal treaty, they have cooperated on a number of regional and international issues for decades. Jordan's small size and lack of major economic resources have made it dependent on aid from Western and various Arab sources. U.S. support, in particular, has helped Jordan deal with serious vulnerabilities, both internal and external. Jordan's geographic position, wedged between Israel, Syria, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia, has made it vulnerable to the strategic designs of its powerful neighbors, but has also given Jordan an important role as a buffer between these countries in their largely adversarial relations with one another.
Jordan, created by colonial powers after World War I, initially consisted of desert or semidesert territory east of the Jordan River, inhabited largely by people of Bedouin tribal background, the original "East Bank" Jordanians. The establishment of the state of Israel in 1948 brought large numbers of Palestinian refugees to Jordan, which subsequently unilaterally annexed a Palestinian enclave west of the Jordan River known as the West Bank.11 The "East Bank" Jordanians, though probably no longer a majority in Jordan, remain predominant in the country's political and military establishments and form the bedrock of support for the Jordanian monarchy. Jordanians of Palestinian origin comprise an estimated 55% to 70% of the population. They tend to gravitate toward employment in the private sector, most likely due to their alleged general exclusion from certain public-sector and military positions.12
Jordan is a hereditary constitutional monarchy under the prestigious Hashemite family, which claims descent from the Prophet Muhammad. King Abdullah II (age 57) has ruled the country since 1999, when he succeeded to the throne upon the death of his father, the late King Hussein, who had ruled for 47 years. Educated largely in Britain and the United States, King Abdullah II had earlier pursued a military career, ultimately serving as commander of Jordan's Special Operations Forces with the rank of major general. The king's son, Prince Hussein bin Abdullah (born in 1994), is the designated crown prince.13
The king appoints a prime minister to head the government and the Council of Ministers (cabinet). On average, Jordanian governments last no more than 15 months before they are dissolved by royal decree. The king also appoints all judges and is commander of the armed forces.
The Jordanian constitution, most recently amended in 2016, gives the king broad executive powers. The king appoints the prime minister and may dismiss him or accept his resignation. He also has the sole power to appoint the crown prince, senior military leaders, justices of the constitutional court, and all 75 members of the senate, as well as cabinet ministers. The constitution enables the king to dissolve both houses of parliament and postpone lower house elections for two years.14 The king can circumvent parliament through a constitutional mechanism that allows the cabinet to issue provisional legislation when parliament is not sitting or has been dissolved.15 The king also must approve laws before they can take effect, although a two-thirds majority of both houses of parliament can modify legislation. The king also can issue royal decrees, which are not subject to parliamentary scrutiny. The king commands the armed forces, declares war, and ratifies treaties. Finally, Article 195 of the Jordanian Penal Code prohibits insulting the dignity of the king (lèse-majesté), with criminal penalties of one to three years in prison.
Jordan's constitution provides for an independent judiciary. According to Article 97, "Judges are independent, and in the exercise of their judicial functions they are subject to no authority other than that of the law." Jordan has three main types of courts: civil courts, special courts (some of which are military/state security courts), and religious courts. State security courts administered by military (and civilian) judges handle criminal cases involving espionage, bribery of public officials, trafficking in narcotics or weapons, black marketeering, and "security offenses." The king may appoint and dismiss judges by decree, though in practice a palace-appointed Higher Judicial Council manages court appointments, promotions, transfers, and retirements.
Although King Abdullah II in 2013 laid out a vision of Jordan's gradual transition from a constitutional monarchy into a full-fledged parliamentary democracy,16 in reality, successive Jordanian parliaments have mostly complied with the policies laid out by the Royal Court. The legislative branch's independence has been curtailed not only by a legal system that rests authority largely in the hands of the monarch, but also by electoral laws designed to produce pro-palace majorities with each new election.17 Due to frequent gerrymandering in which electoral districts arguably are drawn to favor more rural pro-government constituencies over densely populated urban areas, parliamentary elections have produced large pro-government majorities dominated by representatives of prominent tribal families.18 In addition, voter turnout tends to be much higher in pro-government areas since many East Bank Jordanians depend on family/tribal connections as a means to access patronage jobs.19 The next parliamentary election for the 130-seat House of Deputies (lower chamber) is tentatively scheduled for September 2020.
Area: 89,342 sq. km. (34,495 sq. mi., slightly smaller than Indiana)
Population: 10,458,413 (July 2018); Amman (capital): 4.008 million (2015)
Ethnic Groups: Arabs 97%; other 2.6% (includes Armenians, Circassians) (2015)
Religion: Sunni Muslim 97.2%; Christian 2.2%; Buddhist 0.4%; Hindu 0.1%
Percent of Population Under Age 25: 54% (2018)
Literacy: 95.4% (2015)
Youth Unemployment (ages 15-24): 40.1% (2019)
Source: Graphic created by CRS; facts from CIA World Factbook and World Bank.
With few natural resources and a small industrial base, Jordan has an economy that depends heavily on external aid, tourism, expatriate worker remittances, and the service sector. Among the long-standing problems Jordan faces are poverty, corruption, slow economic growth, and high levels of unemployment. The government is by far the largest employer; between one-third and two-thirds of all workers are on the state's payroll. These public sector jobs, along with government-subsidized food and fuel, have long been part of the Jordanian government's "social contract" with its citizens.
Figure 2. GDP Growth in Jordan
Annual percent change in GDP growth (%) 2000-2019
Source: International Monetary Fund, 2019.
In the past decade, this arrangement between state and citizen has become more strained. When oil prices skyrocketed between 2007 and 2008, the government had to increase its borrowing in order to continue fuel subsidies. The 2008 global financial crisis was another shock to Jordan's economic system, as it depressed worker remittances from expatriates. The unrest that spread across the region in 2011 further exacerbated Jordan's economic woes, as the influx of hundreds of thousands of Syrian refugees increased demand for state services and resources. Tourist activity, trade, and foreign investment decreased in Jordan after 2011 due to regional instability.
Jordan, like many other countries, has experienced uneven economic growth, with higher growth in the urban core of the capital Amman and stagnation in the historically poorer and more rural areas of southern Jordan. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, Amman is the most expensive Arab city and the 25th-most expensive city to live in globally.20
Popular economic grievances have spurred the most vociferous protests in Jordan. Youth unemployment is high, as it is elsewhere in the Middle East, and providing better economic opportunities for young Jordanians outside of Amman is a major challenge. Large-scale agriculture is not sustainable because of water shortages, so government officials are generally left providing young workers with low-wage, relatively unproductive civil service jobs. How the Jordanian education system and economy can respond to the needs of its youth has been and will continue to be one of the defining domestic challenges for the kingdom in the years ahead.
Jordan's economy is projected to grow 2.2% during 2020, though public debt has swelled to 94% of GDP ($40 billion), undermining the government's ability to stimulate growth with additional spending. Unemployment remains at about 19%, posing a continual challenge for Jordan's youthful population; nearly two-thirds of all Jordanians are under the age of 30.21 According to the World Bank, youth unemployment (ages 15-24) is 40.1%.22
The Jordanian government has long described efforts to secure a lasting end to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as one of its highest priorities. In 1994, Jordan and Israel signed a peace treaty,23 and King Abdullah II has used his country's relationship with Israel to improve Jordan's standing in the international community. Nevertheless, the persistence of Israeli-Palestinian conflict continues to be a major challenge for Jordan, as the issue of Palestinian rights resonates with much of the population. Twenty-five years after the signing of the Jordanian-Israeli peace treaty, the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict has soured attempts to improve Jordanian-Israeli people-to-people relations. Various short-lived diplomatic disputes (see below) between Jordan and Israel also have led to tensions in government-to-government relations, despite ongoing security cooperation. Israeli control of Muslim holy sites in Jerusalem (see text box below) is a perpetual concern for the Jordanian monarchy and its domestic legitimacy.24
Holy Sites in Jerusalem25
Per arrangements with Israel dating back to 1967 (when the Israeli military seized East Jerusalem—including its Old City—from Jordan) and then subsequently confirmed in the 1994 Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty, Israel acknowledges a continuing role for Jordan vis-à-vis Jerusalem's historic Muslim shrines.26 A Jordanian waqf (or Islamic custodial trust) has long administered the Temple Mount (known by Muslims as the Haram al Sharif or Noble Sanctuary) and its holy sites, and this role is key to bolstering the religious legitimacy of the Jordanian royal family's rule. Jordanian monarchs trace their lineage to the Prophet Muhammad. Disputes over Jerusalem that appear to circumscribe King Abdullah II's role as guardian of the Islamic holy sites create a domestic political problem for the King. Jewish worship on the Mount/Haram is prohibited under a long-standing "status quo" arrangement that dates back to the era of Ottoman control before World War I.
Since December 2017, when the Palestinians broke off high-level political contacts with the United States after President Trump's decision to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital and relocate the U.S. embassy there, Jordan has been caught in the middle of acrimony between the Trump Administration and the Palestinian Authority. Jordan has expressed solidarity with the Palestinians while also trying to encourage the Administration to commit to the two-state solution. On several occasions in 2019, Jordanian Foreign Minister Ayman al Safadi reiterated that it is the kingdom's long-standing position that any final Israeli-Palestinian peace agreement should include a Palestinian state based on the 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital.27
When the Administration has taken action in relation to the peace process, Jordan has found it difficult to broadly support U.S. initiatives without the participation of the Palestinians. For example, in June 2019, Bahrain hosted the "Peace to Prosperity Workshop," a meeting of diplomats and private sector leaders to discuss ways of advancing peace through economic cooperation and foreign investment. Palestinian officials boycotted the workshop, and Jordan sent a deputy minister of finance.
Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu pledged—as part of his election campaign in April 2019—to begin annexing Israeli settlements in the West Bank. During his September 2019 campaign, Netanyahu announced his specific intention if reelected to annex the Jordan Valley—the lightly populated area along Jordan's western border that Israel has largely used as a defensive buffer area since it captured the West Bank in 1967. Jordan strongly objects to Israeli unilateral annexation of territory in the West Bank. When asked to respond to Netanyahu's annexation plans, King Abdullah stated in a September 2019 MSNBC interview:
Well again, I do take a pinch of salt in electioneering. But a statement like that does not help at all because what you do is then hand over the narrative to the worst people in our neighborhood. And we that want peace, want to be able to move forward, tend to be more isolated. If the policy is to annex the West Bank, then that is going to have a major impact on the Israeli-Jordanian relationship, and also on the Egyptian-Israeli relationship because we are the two only Arab countries that have peace with Israel.28
In November 2019, after Secretary of State Pompeo remarked that "the establishment of Israeli civilian settlements in the West Bank is not per se inconsistent with international law,"29 Jordanian Foreign Minister Ayman Safadi tweeted, "We warn of the danger of changing the US position towards the settlements and its impact on peace efforts at a time when the peace process faces unprecedented challenges as a result of Israeli policies and practices that kill all chances of resolving the conflict."30
In late 2018, the king announced (via Twitter) that his government would not renew a provision in its 1994 peace treaty with Israel that allowed Israel access to the Jordanian territories of Baqoura and Al Ghumar, which are agricultural areas in northern and southern Jordan, respectively.31 According to one Jordanian commentator, "Domestically, the King's decision is a much-needed shot in the arm for the government at a time when it is facing public pressure over its unpopular economic policies."32 After several failed Israeli attempts to negotiate with Jordan over the renewal of access to the territories, Jordan ended its lease to Israel on November 10, 2019. A day later, King Abdullah, the Crown Prince, and several high level military officials made an official visit to Baqoura to publicly demonstrate Jordanian sovereignty over the area.33
Figure 3. Jordanian Officials Pray at Recently Reclaimed Area from Israel
Source: Royal Hashemite Court.
During summer 2019, Israel detained two Jordanians who crossed into Israel. One of the detainees, 24-year-old Heba al Libadi, who crossed from Jordan to the West Bank to attend a wedding, was arrested for suspected ties to Hezbollah based on past travels to Lebanon. Libadi proclaimed her innocence and launched a hunger strike to draw attention to her arrest and reported ill-treatment. Her detention drew widespread media coverage in the kingdom, and the Jordanian government recalled its ambassador to Israel in order to pressure Israel for the release of its citizens.34 Israel released the detainees in early November 2019.
Jordan is among the most water-poor nations in the world and ranks among the 10 countries with the lowest rate of renewable fresh water per capita.35 According to the Jordan Water Project at Stanford University, Jordan's increase in water scarcity over the last 60 years is attributable to an approximate 5.5-fold population increase since 1962, a decrease in the flow of the Yarmouk River due to the building of dams upstream in Syria, gradual declines in rainfall by an average of 0.4 mm/year since 1995, and depleting groundwater resources due to overuse.36 The illegal construction of thousands of private wells also has led to unsustainable groundwater extraction. The large influx of Syrian refugees has heightened water demand in the north.
To secure new sources of fresh water, Jordan has pursued cooperative water projects with its neighbors. On December 9, 2013, Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority signed a regional water agreement (officially known as the Memorandum of Understanding on the Red-Dead Sea Conveyance Project) to pave the way for the Red-Dead Canal, a multibillion-dollar project to address declining water levels in the Dead Sea.37 The agreement was essentially a commitment to a water swap, whereby half of the water pumped from the Red Sea is to be desalinated in a plant to be constructed in Aqaba, Jordan. Some of this water is to then be used in southern Jordan. The rest is to be sold to Israel for use in the Negev Desert. In return, Israel is to sell fresh water from the Sea of Galilee to northern Jordan and sell the Palestinian Authority discounted fresh water produced by existing Israeli desalination plants on the Mediterranean. The other half of the water pumped from the Red Sea (or possibly the leftover brine from desalination) is to be channeled to the Dead Sea. Exact allocations of swapped water were not part of the 2013 MOU and were left subject to future negotiations.
Natural Gas Deal with Israel
In September 2016, Jordan's state-run National Electric Power Company (NEPCO) signed a 15-year, $10 billion natural gas import deal with a consortium of U.S. (Noble Energy Inc.) and Israeli (Delek Drilling-LP and others) companies. The contract calls for the companies to supply 1.6 trillion cubic feet of natural gas to Jordan, which would reportedly meet an estimated 40% of the country's electricity needs and save the Jordanian government hundreds of millions annually in energy costs.38 Shipments to Jordan from Israel's offshore Leviathan field are to begin in early 2020 through a pipeline currently under construction. Anti-normalization forces (Jordanians opposed to cooperation with Israel) within Jordan have used the gas deal as a rallying cry, calling on the government to cancel the deal. Jordan's Constitutional Court ruled that its parliament cannot legally nullify the gas contract39 and, barring a serious bilateral crisis, Jordan's extensive energy import needs make it unlikely that it would end energy cooperation with Israel.
Congress has supported the Red-Dead Sea Conveyance Project. P.L. 114-113, the FY2016 Omnibus Appropriations Act, specified that $100 million in Economic Support Funds (ESF) be set aside for water sector support for Jordan, to support the Red Sea-Dead Sea water project. In September 2016, USAID notified Congress that it intended to spend $100 million in FY2016 ESF-Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) assistance on Phase One of the project.40
In 2017, with Trump Administration officials expressing a commitment to reviving the moribund Israeli-Palestinian peace process, U.S. officials focused on finalizing the terms of the 2013 MOU. In July 2017, the White House announced that then-U.S. Special Representative for International Negotiations Jason Greenblatt had "successfully supported the Israeli and Palestinian efforts to bridge the gaps and reach an agreement," with the Israeli government agreeing to sell the Palestinian Authority (PA) 32 million cubic meters (MCM) of fresh water.41
Nearly six years after signing of the MOU on the Red-Dead Canal, the project remains stalled, arguably due to Israeli domestic politics, the overall cost of the project, and ongoing tensions in Jordanian-Israeli relations.42
Jordanian-Syrian relations have been strained since 2011. King Abdullah was the first Arab leader to openly call for Syrian President Bashar Al Asad's resignation in November 2011, and Jordan supported moderate Syrian rebel groups operating in southwestern Syria until these groups were largely defeated in 2018.43 Once the Asad regime reclaimed control of southern Syria (with the help of Russia, Iran, and Hezbollah), Jordan has sought to return to normal bilateral ties. Along the kingdom's northern border with Syria, many Jordanian residents share familial ties with Syrian families. Over the past year, several Jordanian delegations have visited Syria, and the two countries opened the Nasib/Jaber border crossing to facilitate greater bilateral trade, though economic relations have not returned to pre-2011 levels due to trade barriers, sanctions, and security impediments.44
Syria remains a primary problem for Jordan's security. The kingdom shares security concerns with Israel over the presence of Iranian and Hezbollah forces operating near Jordan's borders. According to one account, "Former Free Syrian Army rebels who have returned to their hometowns in southern Syria after an amnesty agreement with the regime say Hezbollah is effectively 'governing' several towns and villages. Hezbollah and Shiite militias patrol areas dressed as uniformed Syrian regime forces in order to avoid being hit by Israeli airstrikes, they say, or, more frequently, deploy former rebel fighters to patrol areas and provide intelligence directly to the Iran-backed paramilitary group."45
The kingdom also continues to host hundreds of thousands of Syrian refugees, many of whom are reluctant to return to their homes for fear of Syrian regime retribution against them. 46 Since 2011, the influx of Syrian refugees has placed tremendous strain on Jordan's government and local economies, especially in the northern governorates of Mafraq, Irbid, Ar Ramtha, and Zarqa. As of November 2019, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimates that there are 654,266 registered Syrian refugees in Jordan.
The United States has used Jordanian territory to monitor and implement U.S. assistance programs to opposition-held areas in Syria. While the Trump Administration ended U.S. funding for stabilization assistance to Syria in 2018, some programs have continued using non-U.S. funding, and the Southern Syria Assistance Platform (SSAP) based in Amman continues to monitor foreign assistance to opposition-held areas in Syria.47
U.S. officials frequently express their support for Jordan, citing its role in countering the Islamic State, support for U.S. policy toward Syria, and role as a force for moderation in the Arab world, both in its regional outlook and internal politics.48 At a time when traditional U.S. partnerships with key regional actors like Saudi Arabia and Turkey are fraught, U.S.-Jordanian relations remain solid. President Trump has acknowledged Jordan's role as a key U.S. partner in countering the Islamic State, as many U.S. policymakers advocate for continued robust U.S. assistance to the kingdom. Annual aid to Jordan has nearly quadrupled in historical terms over the last 15 years. Jordan also hosts U.S. troops. According to President Trump's June 2019 War Powers Resolution Report to Congress, "At the request of the Government of Jordan, approximately 2,910 United States military personnel are deployed to Jordan to support Defeat-ISIS operations, enhance Jordan's security, and promote regional stability."49
The United States has provided economic and military aid to Jordan since 1951 and 1957, respectively. Total bilateral U.S. aid (overseen by the Departments of State and Defense) to Jordan through FY2017 amounted to approximately $20.4 billion. Jordan also has received hundreds of millions in additional military aid since FY2014 channeled through the Defense Department's various security assistance accounts. Currently, Jordan is the third-largest recipient of annual U.S. foreign aid globally, after Afghanistan and Israel.
FY2019 est.
FY2020 Request
Source: U.S. State Department.
Notes: Funding levels in this table include both enduring (base) and Overseas Contingency Operation (OCO) funds. For FY2019, Congress made available $50 million for Jordan from the Relief and Recovery Fund (RRF).
On February 14, 2018, the United States and Jordan signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on U.S. foreign assistance to Jordan. The MOU, the third such agreement between the United and Jordan, commits the United States to provide $1.275 billion per year in bilateral foreign assistance over a five-year period for a total of $6.375 billion (FY2018-FY2022). This latest MOU represents a 27% increase in the U.S. commitment to Jordan above the previous iteration and is the first five-year MOU with the kingdom. The previous two MOU agreements had been in effect for three years.
The United States provides economic aid to Jordan for (1) budgetary support (cash transfer), (2) USAID programs in Jordan, and (3) loan guarantees. The cash transfer portion of U.S. economic assistance to Jordan is the largest amount of budget support given to any U.S. foreign aid recipient worldwide.50 U.S. cash assistance is provided to help the kingdom with foreign debt payments, Syrian refugee support, and fuel import costs (Jordan is almost entirely reliant on imports for its domestic energy needs). According to USAID, ESF cash transfer funds are deposited in a single tranche into a U.S.-domiciled interest-bearing account and are not commingled with other funds.51
USAID programs in Jordan focus on a variety of sectors including democracy assistance, water conservation, decentralization, and education (particularly building and renovating public schools). In the democracy sector, U.S. assistance has supported capacity-building programs for the parliament's support offices, the Jordanian Judicial Council, the Judicial Institute, and the Ministry of Justice. The International Republican Institute and the National Democratic Institute also have received U.S. grants to train, among other groups, the Jordanian Independent Election Commission (IEC), Jordanian political parties, and members of parliament. In the area of decentralization, Chemonics International is USAID's primary U.S. partner in implementing the Cities Implementing Transparent, Innovative, and Effective Solutions (CITIES) project, which aims to improve how Jordanian municipalities delivers core services.52 In the water sector, the bulk of U.S. economic assistance is devoted to optimizing the management of scarce water resources. As mentioned above, Jordan is one of the most water-deprived countries in the world.53 USAID subsidizes several waste treatment and water distribution projects in the Jordanian cities of Amman, Mafraq, Aqaba, and Irbid.54
U.S. Sovereign Loan Guarantees (or LGs) allow recipient governments (in this case Jordan) to issue debt securities that are fully guaranteed by the United States government in capital markets,55 effectively subsidizing the cost for governments of accessing financing. Since 2013, Congress has authorized56 LGs for Jordan and appropriated $413 million in ESF (the "subsidy cost") to support three separate tranches, enabling Jordan to borrow a total of $3.75 billion at concessional lending rates.57
The U.S. State Department estimates that, since large-scale U.S. aid to Syrian refugees began in FY2012, it has allocated more than $1.3 billion in humanitarian assistance from global accounts for programs in Jordan to meet the needs of Syrian refugees and, indirectly, to ease the burden on Jordan.58 U.S. humanitarian assistance is provided both as cash assistance to refugees and through programs to meet their basic needs, such as child health care, education, water, and sanitation.
U.S.-Jordanian military cooperation is a key component in bilateral relations. U.S. military assistance is primarily directed toward enabling the Jordanian military to procure and maintain U.S.-origin conventional weapons systems.59 According to the State Department, Jordan receives one of the largest allocations of International Military Education and Training (IMET) funding worldwide, and IMET graduates in Jordan include "King Abdullah II, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Vice Chairman, the Air Force commander, the Special Forces commander, and numerous other commanders."60
FMF overseen by the State Department is designed to support the Jordanian armed forces' multiyear (usually five-year) procurement plans, while DOD-administered security assistance supports ad hoc defense systems to respond to immediate threats and other contingencies. FMF may be used to purchase new equipment (e.g., precision-guided munitions, night vision) or to sustain previous acquisitions (e.g., Blackhawk helicopters, AT-802 fixed-wing aircraft). FMF grants have enabled the Royal Jordanian Air Force to procure munitions for its F-16 fighter aircraft and a fleet of 28 UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters.61
As a result of the Syrian civil war and U.S. Operation Inherent Resolve against the Islamic State, the United States has increased military aid to Jordan and channeled these increases through DOD-managed accounts. Although Jordan still receives the bulk of U.S. military aid through the FMF account, Congress has authorized defense appropriations to strengthen Jordan's border security. U.S. assistance has helped finance the creation of the Jordan Border Security System, an integrated network of guard towers, surveillance cameras, and radar to guard the kingdom's borders with Syria and Iraq.62 Since FY2015, total DOD security cooperation funding for Jordan has amounted to nearly 1 billion dollars.63
In 1996, the United States granted Jordan Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) status, a designation that, among other things, makes Jordan eligible to receive excess U.S. defense articles, training, and loans of equipment for cooperative research and development.64 In the last five years, excess U.S. defense articles provided to Jordan include three AH-1 Cobra Helicopters, 45 Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected vehicles (MRAPs), and M577A3 Tracked Command Post Carriers.65
Author Contact Information
Human Rights Watch, "Jordan: New Arrests of Activists," November 28, 2019.
Arab Barometer, Arab Barometer V, Jordan Country Report, 2019.
Reuters, "Jordan Raises Teachers' Pay in Bid to Defuse Nationwide Strike; Union Unmoved," September 28, 2019.
Osama al Sharif, "Fourth Cabinet Reshuffle Raises Questions about Economic Reforms in Jordan," Al Monitor, November 13, 2019.
"Fewer Friends, More Problems, King Abdullah of Jordan Fears that Old Allies are Ditching Him and It is not Just America," Economist, June 8, 2019.
Facebook; available online at: [https://perma.cc/6BQB-ZYLS]
See CRS Report RS22967, U.S. Foreign Aid to the Palestinians, by Jim Zanotti and CRS Report RL34074, The Palestinians: Background and U.S. Relations, by Jim Zanotti.
"For Palestinians, US Embassy move a Show of pro-Israel Bias," Associated Press, May 13, 2018.
Taylor Luck, "In Trump Peace Conference, a Perilous Balancing Act for Jordan," Christian Science Monitor, June 17, 2019.
For example, see Remarks by His Majesty King Abdullah II at the Plenary Session of the 73rd General Assembly of the United Nations, New York, New York, September 25, 2018.
Though there was little international recognition of Jordan's annexation of the West Bank, Jordan maintained control of it (including East Jerusalem) until Israel took military control of it during the June 1967 Arab-Israeli War, and maintained its claim to it until relinquishing the claim to the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1988.
Speculation over the ratio of East Bankers to Palestinians (those who arrived as refugees and immigrants since 1948) in Jordanian society is a sensitive domestic issue. Jordan last conducted a national census in 2015, and it is unclear whether or not the government maintains such national-origin statistics. Over time, intermarriage has made it more difficult to discern distinct differences between the two communities, though divisions do persist.
In July 2009, King Abdullah II named Prince Hussein (then 15 years old), as crown prince. The position had been vacant since 2004, when King Abdullah II removed the title from his half-brother, Prince Hamzah.
The king also may declare martial law. According to Article 125, "In the event of an emergency of such a serious nature that action under the preceding Article of the present Constitution will be considered insufficient for the defense of the Kingdom, the King may by a Royal Decree, based on a decision of the Council of Ministers, declare martial law in the whole or any part of the Kingdom."
New amendments to Article 94 in 2011 have put some restrictions on when the executive is allowed to issue temporary laws.
See "Making Our Democratic System Work for All Jordanians," Abdullah II ibn Al Hussein, January 16, 2013.
"How Jordan's Election Revealed Enduring Weaknesses in Its Political System," Washington Post, October 3, 2016.
Rachel Bessette, "Jordan's Parliamentary Elections: Why They Do (and Don't) Matter for the Kingdom's Future," Lawfare, September 29, 2016.
Sean L. Yom, "Tribal Politics in Contemporary Jordan: The Case of the Hirak Movement," Middle East Journal, Vol. 68, No. 2 (Spring 2014), pp. 229-247.
"The World's most Expensive Cities," Economist, March 19, 2019.
USAID, "Strengthening Youth Engagement Jordan," Last Updated November 12, 2019.
The World Bank, "Jordan's Economic Update," October 2019.
Jordan and Israel signed the peace treaty on October 26, 1994. Later, the two countries exchanged ambassadors, Israel returned approximately 131 square miles of territory near the Rift Valley to Jordan, the parliament repealed laws banning contacts with Israel, and the two countries signed a number of bilateral agreements between 1994 and 1996 to normalize economic and cultural links. Water sharing, a recurring problem, was partially resolved in May 1997 when the two countries reached an interim arrangement under which Israel began pumping 72,000 cubic meters of water from Lake Tiberias (the Sea of Galilee) to Jordan per day (equivalent to 26.3 million cubic meters per year—a little over half the target amount envisioned in an annex to the peace treaty).
Abdullah Sawalha, "Why Israel Should Listen to Jordan on the Temple Mount," Fikra Forum, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, August 11, 2017.
For more information on Jerusalem and its holy sites, see CRS Report RL33476, Israel: Background and U.S. Relations, by Jim Zanotti.
Article 9, Clause 2 of the peace treaty says that "Israel respects the present special role of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in Muslim Holy shrines in Jerusalem. When negotiations on the permanent status will take place, Israel will give high priority to the Jordanian historic role in these shrines." In 2013, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) reaffirmed in a bilateral agreement with Jordan that the King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan will continue to serve as the "Custodian of the Holy Sites in Jerusalem," a title that successive Jordanian monarchs have used since 1924.
Felicia Schwartz and Suha Ma'ayeh, "Trump Peace Effort Puts Jordan in a Bind," The Wall Street Journal, July 6, 2019.
The Embassy of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Washington, DC, "King in MSNBC Interview Says One-State Solution would be Catastrophe, Urges Diplomacy as 'Only Way to Go,'" September 24, 2019.
U.S. State Department, Secretary of State Michael R. Pompeo Remarks to the Press, November 18, 2019.
Twitter; https://twitter.com/AymanHsafadi, November 18, 2019.
These two Jordanian-leased agricultural territories to Israel are known in Hebrew as Naharayim and Tzofar, where Israeli farmers have tilled the land since 1949. In 1997, three years after the Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty, on the island of Naharayim, a Jordanian soldier killed seven Israeli schoolgirls who were visiting Naharayim on a field trip. The late King Hussein of Jordan visited Israel after the shooting, and Naharayim was renamed the "Isle of Peace" (it is a man-made island in the vicinity of the Jordan River) to commemorate those killed. See, "At Bloodied Isle of Peace, Some Israelis Still Hope to Bridge Divide with Jordan, Times of Israel, March 13, 2019.
"King's Termination of Peace Treaty Annexes unites Jordanians," Jordan Times, October 23, 2018.
Petra (Jordan News Agency), website of the official news agency of the Jordanian Government, November 12, 2019.
Herb Keinon, "Jordan's Envoy Warned Israel Weeks Ago Crisis Would Erupt Over Arrests," Jerusalem Post, October 30, 2019.
Dr. Steven Gorelick, Cyrus F. Tolman Professor and Senior Fellow, Woods Institute for the Environment - Stanford University, Jordan Water Project, https://pangea.stanford.edu/researchgroups/jordan/.
On February 26, 2015, Israel and Jordan signed a bilateral agreement ("Seas Canal" Agreement) on the implementation of the Red-Dead Sea Conveyance Project, specifically on the construction of a desalination plant north of Aqaba that would supply water to the Aravah region in Israel and to Aqaba in Jordan.
Mohammad Tayseer and Yaacov Benmeleh, "Jordan Pipeline for Israeli Gas Set for Completion by End of 2019," Bloomberg, July 4, 2018.
Ghaith al-Omari and Ben Fishman, "The Forgotten Peace at Twenty-Five: How to Protect and Strengthen Israel-Jordan Ties," PolicyWatch #3204, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, October 23, 2019.
According to USAID, "Phase 1 includes construction of a seawater desalination plant located in Aqaba, Jordan on the Red Sea, that will produce 65 MCM of water to be shared between Israel and Jordan, and a pipeline to convey approximately 100 MCM of brine mixed with 135 MCM of seawater, to the Dead Sea. Plans include 35 MCM of desalinated water from Aqaba to the Israeli Water Authority to serve populations in southern Israel, and the purchase up to 50 MCM of fresh water from the Sea of Galilee for use in northern Jordan. As part of the regional project, Israel will sell up to 30 MCM of fresh water to the Palestinian Authority for use in the West Bank and Gaza." See, USAID Congressional Notification # 146, Jordan Country Narrative, September 30, 2016.
The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, Donald J. Trump Administration Welcomes Israeli-Palestinian Deal to Implement the Red-Dead Water Agreement, July 13, 2017.
Sue Surkes, "Sinking Israel-Jordan Relations Leave Dead Sea, a Natural Wonder, Low and Dry," Times of Israel, November 7, 2019.
Steven Simon and James Fromson, "Jordan's Pragmatism in Syria, How It Became a Reliable Partner to Washington," Foreign Affairs, June 22, 2016.
Nabih Bulos, "Sanctions on Syria Also Felt By U.S. Allies," Los Angeles Times, September 13, 2019.
Taylor Luck, "What Russian Deal? Israel and Jordan Cast Wary Eye Toward Syria," Christian Science Monitor, August 12, 2019.
Associated Press, "Trapped in Jordan, Syrian Refugees See No Way Home," September 11, 2019.
Department of Defense, Operation Inherent Resolve, Lead Inspector General Report To The United States Congress, July 1, 2019‒October 25, 2019.
U.S. Embassy in Jordan, Secretary of State Michael R. Pompeo and Jordanian Foreign Minister Ayman Safadi At a Press Availability, January 9, 2019.
The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, Text of a Letter from the President to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate, June 11, 2019.
Other budget support aid recipients include: the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, and Palau.
Chemonics International, Strengthening Municipal Governance in Jordan, [https://chemonics.com/projects/strengthening-municipal-governance-jordan/]
"Five Countries with the Greatest Water Scarcity Issues," Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, March 31, 2016.
USAID, "USAID Improves Water Security in Jordan," Office of Press Relations, August 8, 2018.
"A Helping Hand," International Financial Law Review, April 2014.
Congress initially authorized additional economic assistance to Jordan in Section 7041 of P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012. P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 specified that such assistance should take the form of a loan guarantee. Section 1706 (j) of the same act also appropriated $30 million (from FY2011) for the initial cost of sovereign loan guarantees. Congress reauthorized loan guarantees for Jordan in Section 7034 in each of the last five consolidated appropriations acts (FY2015-FY2019).
For the latest Loan Guarantee Agreement between the United States and Jordan, see Treaties and other International Acts Series 15-624, Loan Guarantee Agreement between the United States of America and Jordan, Signed at Amman May 31, 2015.
U.S. Department of State, Fact Sheets: U.S. Humanitarian Assistance in Response to the Syria Crisis, March 14, 2019.
According to Jane's Defence Procurement Budgets, Jordan's 2019 defense budget is $2.012 billion. See Jane's Defence Budgets, Jordan, February 19, 2019.
U.S. Department of State, U.S. Security Cooperation with Jordan, Fact Sheet, Bureau Of Political-Military Affairs, October 26, 2018.
U.S. Department of State, U.S. Security Cooperation with Jordan, Fact Sheet, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, March 23, 2018.
Jeremy Binnie, "Jordan Planning Border Security Upgrade," Jane's Defence Weekly, April 17, 2019.
DOD congressional notifications to Congress.
See Designation of Jordan As Major Non-NATO Ally, Determination of President of the United States, No. 97-4, November 12, 1996, 61 F.R. 59809.
Defense Security Cooperation Agency, EDA DataBase Tool, Accessed November 2019.


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Field evidence for pervasive indirect effects of fishing on prey foraging behavior.
- Publication Type:
- Journal Article
- Citation:
- Ecology, 2010, 91 (12), pp. 3563 - 3571
- Issue Date:
- 2010-12
Closed Access
|307.32 kB
Copyright Clearance Process
- Recently Added
- In Progress
- Closed Access
This item is closed access and not available.
The indirect, ecosystem-level consequences of ocean fishing, and particularly the mechanisms driving them, are poorly understood. Most studies focus on density-mediated trophic cascades, where removal of predators alternately causes increases and decreases in abundances of lower trophic levels. However, cascades could also be driven by where and when prey forage rather than solely by prey abundance. Over a large gradient of fishing intensity in the central Pacific's remote northern Line Islands, including a nearly pristine, baseline coral reef system, we found that changes in predation risk elicit strong behavioral responses in foraging patterns across multiple prey fish species. These responses were observed as a function of both short-term ("acute") risk and longer-term ("chronic") risk, as well as when prey were exposed to model predators to isolate the effect of perceived predation risk from other potentially confounding factors. Compared to numerical prey responses, antipredator behavioral responses such as these can potentially have far greater net impacts (by occurring over entire assemblages) and operate over shorter temporal scales (with potentially instantaneous response times) in transmitting top-down effects. A rich body of literature exists on both the direct effects of human removal of predators from ecosystems and predators' effects on prey behavior. Our results draw together these lines of research and provide the first empirical evidence that large-scale human removal of predators from a natural ecosystem indirectly alters prey behavior. These behavioral changes may, in turn, drive previously unsuspected alterations in reef food webs.
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Australian Cyber Security Centre (ACSC) has released an advisory regarding an ongoing cyber campaign involving "copy-paste compromises" targeting Australian government and commercial networks. According to the advisory, a sophisticated malicious cyber actor is carrying out the campaign using open-source code that exploits known remote code execution vulnerabilities and spearphishing attacks.
The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) encourages users and administrators to review the tactics, techniques, and procedures and mitigations identified in ASCS Advisory 2020-008 as well as:
This product is provided subject to this Notification and this Privacy & Use policy.


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Hello everyone,
This is my last desperate attempt before factory reset.
Here's my problem My phone is Samsung galaxy M30s it had android 9 and 2 weeks ago i update it to android 10 not only the phone seems to get more stupid and the touch sensitivity is awful.
I Can't always listen to music through my Powerbeats3 without problems like i used to in the last Android 9, it's connected like in the attached photos (the dolby atmos screenshot is when the problem happens it's like the whole mobile system reads it's disconnected but the Bluetooth itself) but i hear nothing and it happens on it's own, i need to manually turn my head phones on and off!
This happens around 2, 3 times a day. AND it's driving me MAD cause i always use my phone with a the Bluetooth headset!
it's happening during the following:
if i stopped using the phone for a while say 15 min and listen to something meanwhile the headphone is on when i hit play on music or voice note i hear nothing or if i was listening to a whatsApp voice note then i paused it to record another VN when i play the 1st voice note i paused i hear nothing and it plays and it shown that the headphone is connected, if i was listening to music then i go to Instagram and i scroll down to a video and i turn on it's music when i go back to my original music i was playing it count down the seconds like it's playing normally but i still hear nothing! So it seems like it can't separate or tell when the over drawn sound has stopped and the original sound continues which again NEVER happened in the android 9
Troubleshooting steps i've tried the following:
Unpairing the device, deleting it and re adding it again
updating beats app
removing the beats app
Re installing the beats app
Turn on and off both Bluetooth and device
Mobile restart
Developer option and changed all Bluetooth options
Turned off adapted sound
Reset all apps permissions to check if it was a third party app causing the problem
NONE worked so far, so any last ideas?
Dolby Atmos
Thank you for replying
Customer support suggested that but my biggest fear that even after this drastically option it won't fix it and it will take me around 3 days to re make this phone my phone again, so that's why i posted here hoping for another solution
Hey @Humarred170 Just an update, i did the factory reset like you and the call center suggested, nothing changed it's worse even than trying the developer option and changing all Bluetooth options, called customer support again they didn't do a remote support as they promised they will if the problem wasn't solved with the factory reset and they suggested that i go in person to the customer service center close to me, i did that and first test of diagnostic showed the system fine, so i have to have a recent data back up and i should remove all my personal information and DO NOT do another factory reset but deliver the device with it's current settings and state as advised from the customer service representative and he said it will only take around 48 h to determine the issue and fix it


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Today, truer-than-steel metallers Seax premiere the new track "Bring Down the Beast" at Decibel magazine's website. The track hails from the band's highly anticipated fourth album, Fallout Rituals, set for international release on April 5th via Shadow Kingdom Records. Hear Seax's "Bring Down the Beast" in its entirety exclusively HERE.
A fixture on the true metal scene, Massachussetts' Seax are a staunchly DIY and hard-touring group. Founded in 2009 with the intent of playing classic heavy metal, it was 2012 when Seax's first album arrived with the aptly titled High on Metal. Completely DIY, it set the standard for which the band would follow. Two years later came To the Grave, further intensifying Seax's by-now-speeding sound and underlining their independent spirit. But it was 2016's lay-it-all-on-the-line Speed Metal Mania where the band really came into their own, seemingly perfecting their infectiously classic speed metal sound.
That is, until Fallout Rituals, where Seax have truly come into their own. Like some long-lost Cobra Records or Mausoleum release from '84, Seax come roaring outta the gates with gleaming chrome and billowing exhaust, heading down the highway literally high on heavy metal. Old Canadian and German gods are hailed, and they see that all is right and righteous with Seax; there's no faking this kind of authenticity, this timeless and unbending pursuit of total speed metal. Soaring vocals, exploding solos, locomotive drive, clear-yet-cutting production, absolute desire and desperation at every turn: Fallout Rituals is once again aptly titled, so focused is their pistons-pumping push. Naturally, elder British spirits likewise linger across this landscape, and they are suitably pleased with Seax's speed metal mania.
The more things change, the more they stay the same…we've heard it all before. But hearing Fallout Rituals is believing Seax, and they will convert you yet – or just plow through you like the evil invaders that they are!
Get the next plowing with the aptly titled "Bring Down the Beast" exclusively HERE, courtesy of Decibel, North America's only monthly metal magazine. And get the first plowing with the previously revealed (and equally aptly titled) "Killed by Speed" HERE at Shadow Kingdom's Bandcamp, where the album can be preordered. Cover and tracklisting are as follows:
Tracklisting for Seax's Fallout Rituals
1. Fallout
2. Rituals
3. Killed by Speed
4. Bring Down the Beast
5. Feed the Reaper
6. Interceptor
7. Winds of Atomic Death
8. Legions Arise
9. Riders of the Oldworld
10. Born to Live Fast


text:
Title and statement of responsibility area
Title proper
William E. John fonds
General material designation
Parallel title
Other title information
Title statements of responsibility
Title notes
Level of description
Reference code
Edition area
Edition statement
Edition statement of responsibility
Class of material specific details area
Statement of scale (cartographic)
Statement of projection (cartographic)
Statement of coordinates (cartographic)
Statement of scale (architectural)
Issuing jurisdiction and denomination (philatelic)
Dates of creation area
[ca. 1935-1987] (Creation)
- Creator
- John, William E.
Physical description area
Physical description
68 photographs
Publisher's series area
Title proper of publisher's series
Parallel titles of publisher's series
Other title information of publisher's series
Statement of responsibility relating to publisher's series
Numbering within publisher's series
Note on publisher's series
Archival description area
Name of creator
Biographical history
William Evan John entered the Royal Canadian Navy in 1943, and retired ca. 1964. He was a naval photographer and projectionist who operated out of the Naden Theatre at CFB Esquimalt.
Custodial history
Scope and content
The fonds consists of photographs of scenes and community events in Esquimalt, primarily in the 1960s and 1970s.
Notes area
Physical condition
Immediate source of acquisition
Language of material
Script of material
Location of originals
Availability of other formats
Restrictions on access
Terms governing use, reproduction, and publication
Finding aids
Item list available.
Associated materials
Alpha-numeric designations
BCAUL control number: EMA-2511


text:
Beauty is the topic of many quotes and maxims. Everyone has probably heard that beauty is skin deep. To be truly beautiful, someone needs to be not just physically attractive, but also have an attractive personality. At first glance, radiant beauty can attract someone, but it truly is personality that keeps them interested. The aim of this article is to help you appreciate the beauty you have within you already.
If you are going to use a self tanner always exfoliate. This process will smooth skin and remove layers of dead skin cells. It will also make your tan look even and smooth. This also enhances the lifespan of your tan and makes it look more like the real thing.
Allow your hair to dry naturally as much as you can to best protect it. Using heat from a hair dryer, straightening iron and curing iron can wreak havoc on your scalp and hair. Put your hairdryer on the lowest setting to avoid damage to your hair. This will preserve your hair, keeping it silky soft, and preventing it from becoming frizzy.
You must exfoliate your face often. If your skin is dry or highly sensitive, you can exfoliate your face anywhere from one to three times per week; any less and you are missing out on an opportunity to reveal healthy skin cells underneath the top layer. Do this and your face will look more glowing and dewy and will stop buildup of dirt and oil.
Give coconut oil a try, instead of spending a lot of money on a expensive moisturizer. Virgin coconut oil moisturizes skin just as well as the brand name stuff, and also slows down the appearance of lines and wrinkles. This also assists in treating certain skin conditions, including eczema, psoriasis and acne, because of the anti-bacterial and natural anti-fungal properties it possesses.
You can make your foundation last longer if you mix it with moisturizer. This will help your skin to glow and add some SPF as well.
Drink a glass of milk every day to add to your beauty routine. It has been proven that milk provides your bones, skin and body with benefits. Also, you can gain a lot of muscle if you drink milk. It can also help you maintain a lower weight. Milk can help with your beauty, inside and out!
Keep some of your beauty products in the fridge. This is necessary in the summer months. When it starts getting hot outside, put your liquid makeups in the fridge so that you can still put them on. You can even cool yourself off thanks to lotions.
An eye cream that is designed to moisturize the skin around the eye area should be applied each night. Taking good care of the tender skin around your eyes will help you avoid dark circles, lines and wrinkles.
As previously mentioned, beauty is only an outer skin perception. True beauty involves maximizing each and every personal quality, not just refining that which is visible. The information contained in this article will help you to recognize the variety of beauty within you.


text:
- EaseUS Freeware
- Free Data Recovery Software
- Free Backup Software
- Free Partition Manager
Thu, 30 Dec 2010 12:40:47 -0500 EST
NEW YORK, N.Y., Dec. 31 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- EaseUS Software, a leading provider of storage management and data backup & disaster recovery solutions for Windows-based environments, today announces the availability of EaseUS Todo Backup Home 2.0. With more powerful and advanced features added, EaseUS Todo Backup Home 2.0 is an all-in-one backup and recovery solution that makes it easy to protect your PCs from disasters.
EaseUS Todo Backup Home 2.0 is to backup all important data like operating system, photos, music, videos, documents, financial data and applications and full protect your PCs from computer failure or potential disasters.
" We aim to offer comprehensive backup & disaster recovery solutions and provide full protection for your laptops and desktops." said Mr.Liu, CEO of EaseUS Software.
Brought together basic functions in previous version, EaseUS Todo Backup Home 2.0 introduces a redesigned Graphical User Interface to meet the needs of both novices and advanced users and is developed with more advanced features to simplify backup & recovery process and assure that critical information is well protected.
The New Features in EaseUS Todo Backup Home 2.0:
* Fast backup and recovery of system and important files;
* Incremental backup to save space;
* Schedule backup to automate regular backups;
* Selective files backup and recovery;
* Email notification to monitor success or failure;
* Bootable media builder;
* Password protection for sensitive files security;
* New user-friendly interface;
* Multiple storage places to save PCs to external hard drive, CD/DVD and even FTP servers;
Learn more about this software…
" I downloaded your Beta 2 of Todo Backup to do an image restore and it worked flawlessly! I just want to say that I wish I had found your product first…would have saved me 12 hours of anguish." said a beta tester.
Pricing & Availability:
EaseUS Todo Backup Home 2.0 is totally free of charge for home users. It supports Windows 2000 professional/XP/Vista/Windows 7. For more information, please visit https://www.easeus.com/backup-software/.
About CHENGDU Yiwo® Tech Development Co., Ltd.
The company specializes in disk management and data recovery software for Windows OS. Its other major products are Data Recovery Wizard Professional, Data Recovery Wizard, and Partition Table Doctor. For more information, please visit: EaseUS.
Text provided by the news source.
NEWS SOURCE: EaseUS Software


text:
This site is entirely user-supported. See how you can help.
We don't have any photos of this monument yet. Why don't you be the first to send us one?
If Google Street View is available, the image is from the best available vantage point looking, if possible, towards the location of the monument. Where it is not available, the satellite view is shown instead.
Latitude: 57.8927 / 57°53'33"N
Longitude: -4.3223 / 4°19'20"W
OS Eastings: 262431
OS Northings: 891611
OS Grid: NH624916
Mapcode National: GBR H7PV.YPB
Mapcode Global: WH3C5.KWZ9
Entry Name: Loch Migdale, henge 160m ESE of Lochend
Scheduled Date: 2 February 2004
Source: Historic Environment Scotland
Source ID: SM10916
Schedule Class: Cultural
Category: Prehistoric ritual and funerary: henge
Location: Creich (Highland)
County: Highland
Electoral Ward: North, West and Central Sutherland
Traditional County: Sutherland
The monument comprises a henge, a ritual enclosure dating to the Neolithic period, probably between 3500 and 2500 BC in date.
The henge is situated on a low, relatively dry, rise in damp ground, near the W end of Loch Migdale. It is almost exactly circular on plan, and measures about 12m across. An inner platform 7.4m across is surrounded by a ditch 1.1m wide and up to 0.2m deep, outside which is a bank 1.2m wide and up to 0.2m high. The outer face of the bank appears to be revetted with small blocks of stone, laid horizontally. A gap about 0.6m wide in both the outer bank and the ditch on the ESE side of the circuit appears to be the sole original entrance. Conventionally, the single entrance would make this a "Class 1" henge.
Partial excavation in 1971 revealed dark, possibly burnt, earth forming a rim around the central area, and scattered chips of quartz. It is now hard to discern, on the ground, the exact area excavated in that year.
The area to be scheduled is a circle 40m across, concentric with the henge, to include the henge and an area around it in which evidence relating to its construction and use is likely to survive. The area is indicated in red on the accompanying map extract.
Source: Historic Environment Scotland
The monument is of national importance as a well-preserved example of a henge, a prehistoric ritual enclosure dating to the Neolithic period. Very small henges such as this are a characteristic of the eastern coastal zone of Caithness, Sutherland, Easter Ross and Inverness-shire. Despite limited archaeological work in 1971 (still not formally published) the site remains substantially undisturbed and has great potential, through properly conducted investigation, to provide important information about this obscure class of monument: function, mode of construction and contemporary land-use.
Source: Historic Environment Scotland
RCAHMS records the site as Loch Migdale, henge, NH69SW 36.
Excavation work was carried out by A. Woodham in 1971, but this work appears to be unpublished (details quoted in RCAHMS records).
Harding A F and Lee G E 1987, HENGE MONUMENTS AND RELATED SITES OF GREAT BRITAIN, Brit Archaeol Rep Brit Ser 175, 377, Item 218.
Source: Historic Environment Scotland
Other nearby scheduled monuments


text:
2019 / 2020 Winter Indoor League See Teams Listed Below
Youth League Plays on
Fridays 5pm or 6pm Game start times. (always check schedule and game times before leaving home each week).
Youth League Teams
Team Stars
Janelle Soukup
Mathew Birkhead
Yates Tabor
Jaron Joseph
Calvin Ericksen
Koa Best
Team Stripes
Milo Ericksen
Craig Birkhead
Caroline Smith
Izzy Donati
Jayna Tabeling
Evelyn Nimetz
Hunter Best
Team Eagles
Addie Chandler
Tyronne Tabor
Mei-Li Mikos
Keona Packer
Sydney Robbins
Anca Ionita
GK Youth League
*Asking for help from HS goal Keepers*
GK High School
Claire. Van Kempen Rotation Schedule
Reece Wagers Rotation Schedule
Haley Edge Rotation Schedule
Dori Peloso Rotation Schedule
Lauren Halenkamp. Rotation Schedule
Maddie Mautz. Rotation Schedule
*Note Goal Keepers are on a seperate rotation click on game schedule at top for times. Also we are asking for help on Fridays... Please let me know if you are available to help.
High School League Plays on
Saturdays 10am, 11am or 12pm (always check schedule and game times before leaving home each week).
High School League Teams
Team Stars
Hannah Hermann
Brynn Dzenglewski
Heather Young
Lillian Benson
Caitlyn Tabeling
Kathryn Hill
Team Stripes
Abby Babson
Olivia Ruth
Addie Kimball
Corbin Kimball
Morgan Gallegos
Molly Kaipus
Team Eagles
Janelle Soukup
Samm White
Kylan McCulloch
Jane Goldman
Alana Packer
Kiara Casmer
Team Patriots
Louisa Winkelman
Molly Matheson
Elena Statham
Zoe Martin
Lauren Coval
Addison Schneider
Team Justice
Lauren Dos Santos
Jenna Lakomy
Jennifer Snyder
Emma Steinbruner
Georgia Smith
Katie Miller
Team Freedom
Tullulah Fuhs
Julia Strickling
Mackenna West
Ashley Large
Emily Miller
Hannah Miller


text:
My (firstname.lastname@example.com) packages for Fedora ALL / SRPMS Some packages have dependencies from rpm-fusion!
Jump to letter: [ 24ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXY]
HAProxy is a TCP/HTTP reverse proxy which is particularly suited for high
availability environments. Indeed, it can:
- route HTTP requests depending on statically assigned cookies
- spread load among several servers while assuring server persistence
through the use of HTTP cookies
- switch to backup servers in the event a main one fails
- accept connections to special ports dedicated to service monitoring
- stop accepting connections without breaking existing ones
- add, modify, and delete HTTP headers in both directions
- block requests matching particular patterns
- report detailed status to authenticated users from a URI
intercepted from the application
Homepage: http://www.haproxy.org/
Group: System Environment/Daemons
License: GPLv2+
- bump version
- bump version
- rebase onto fedora-version
- bump version
- resync with 1.7
- correct init-script
- build for epel-6
Listing generated: 2020-09-17 by
RepoView with modifications by firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
National Mortgage Company National Mortgage Rates. Source: Freddie Mac Primary Mortgage Market Survey, SmartAsset Research.. It can help you get an idea of the company before you do business. Which Lenders Offer the Lowest Mortgage Rates? The truth is no mortgage lender has a clear edge when it comes to mortgage rates. Each has its own specific methods for.
· 4 things first-time homebuyers need to know. by Kathryn Vasel @KathrynVasel May 11, 2017: 3:27 PM ET . Money guide for Millennials. My wife and I are hoping to be first-time homebuyers this year.
Best Rates For Mortgage Loans Compare mortgage rates at LendingTree Lending Tree is a marketplace where you invite lenders to come to you. It is a great place to start your search for a mortgage, as it has a large collection of lenders that offer competitive rates and terms.
First-Time Homebuyer Tax Incentives. I want to make it abundantly clear; the following incentives are some of the options first-time homebuyers have at their disposal, and are not representative of incentives made available to everyone. Do not attempt to claim any of the following incentives without consulting a professional tax advisor.
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The Courtland & Co. Pomegranate Quilt, from Matouk Luxury Linens, is based on an 18th-century design from Schumacher's archive. This vibrant style is printed in Italy on 500 thread count Luca Percale and finished with the subtlest scalloped edge and white tape for the most beautiful bedding. Personalize it with one of our many beautiful monogram designs to turn this unique bedroom piece into something you'll truly treasure.
Product Details
Luca 500 thread count Egyptian cotton percale. Made in the USA.
Care Instructions
Machine wash warm. Do not use bleach or fabric softener. Tumble dry low heat. Iron as needed.
Size & Fit
Full/Queen: 96" L x 99" W
King: 112" L x 99" W
Shipping Details
All embroidered items are made-to-order and can take up to 2 weeks to complete. Please allow 5-7 days for standard delivery shipping.
Return Policy
This item is available for return within 10 days of receipt. Unfortunately, personalized items are not returnable.


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FREE Shipping EUROPE from 99 €
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FREE Shipping EUROPE from 99 €
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FREE Shipping EUROPE from 99 €
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Composite Shape: Extremely strong composite construction for outstanding back support with flexible sideparts
C_Bar: Fiber reinforced injection material with a modular exchangeable metal hook.The new tension lever tightens the harness without changing the buckle settings.
Inside EVA: Internal EVA construction for optimised comfort
The Composite Series. The name sayes it all. Highend material kombined with long time experience and perfect quality Wider support power where in need, flexy sideparts to perform for individual style. All you need for your individual riding.The Archbar
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The new and unique composite construction combines stiff and flexible materials in a new shape concept providing the perfect combination of support and freedom of movement. Click here for more technical details of our carbon series
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01 Oct 2018 09:11
When visiting a great destination, deciding where you must stay at is a difficult task. There are already several options to choose from. Would you stay in a hotel, a villa or in an apartment?
Experts say that staying in an apartment is a better option, most especially when you are staying for several days or weeks. You certainly can save a huge amount of money. Also, you will have more living space. Also, you get to cook your own food and wash your clothes.
Apartment Types
Convertible - This features a space large enough to be walled off. Such space can also be used as bedroom or a dining area. For instance, a convertible 2-bedroom is a place with a huge bedroom along with an area which can be walled off to create another bedroom.
Studio - This has a single room with a kitchen and full bathroom. It might have an alcove for dining or dressing.
Loft - This is a large room in a building that was converted from commercial to residential. It has very high ceiling and windows. It can present with anything from a studio to 3-bedrooms.
Alcove Studio - Alcove is defined as an area not more than a hundred square feet located off of the living space. This is otherwise known as a half room. It can actually be walled off to create a dining alcove or a sleeping alcove - this will greatly depend on its size and location.
Junior 1-Bedroom - This is a step up from a studio. It often features a separate area for sleeping or dining.
Junior 4 - This is a 1-bedroom apartment having a separate small room or a dining room. It got its name from featuring 4 rooms - a living room, a kitchen, a bedroom, and an extra small room.
3-Room - A rail road apartment is the best example of this wherein several rooms are connected by doors but no hallway. The apartment has 3 rooms; however, the layout does not lend itself to creating more than 1 or 2 bedrooms.
2-Bedroom - This has 2 bedrooms, a kitchen, and a common living space.
sprzedaż apartamentów nad morzem or Triplex - This is an apartment with 2 or 3 levels. The levels might be unique wherein the second or third level is for sleeping only. Others may have actual floors with bathrooms on every level.


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General Questions 2015
We always ask the same set of general questions each year so that the governing body can gauge how the school is performing in relation to previous years.
Here are some headlines for this year:
The school keeps my child safe - 97% agreed or strongly agreed
The teaching is good at this school - 98% agreed or strongly agreed
The school is led and managed effectively - 96% agreed or strongly agreed
The school helps my child to have a healthy lifestyle - 98% agreed or strongly agreed
There are a good range of out-of-school activities - 97% agreed or strongly agreed
Overall, I am happy with my child's experience at this school - 99% agreed or strongly agreed
General Comments
Areas for improvement
to Class 1 and 1.5 is a nightmare on a morning particularly Class 1 in the
little alley way. It doesn't give any chance to chat to the teacher if you need
to as you are blocking the whole entrance.
Thank you for bringing this to our attention, as we weren't aware that this was a problem. We will have a think about how we can address this issue without the large expense required of redesigning the area.
and road issues
This is an ongoing issue and one that we are very aware of! We are trying very hard to address it in different ways. Unfortunately, with the school located at the back of the estate and originally built for 90 children (now housing 214!) it is always going to be difficult.
suitable for the ks2 packed lunch children to eat. Some dry days are too cold
for eating outside with no tables
The children all eat their lunch inside as soon as we feel that the weather is too cold. However, we have recently opened the Spiritual Garden which has several additional seating areas and will be able to be used as additional space for children to eat their lunch in the summer months.
We have concerns about the phonic wings systems, as, for those children who struggle through no fault of their own it is a visible reminder that they are behind.
We have asked the children about their views about the phonic wings. They love them, are desperate to continue with them and are motivated by them. Teachers do not report any negative feelings or behaviour in class and as long as this continues, we will continue the scheme as it is.


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[ kil-ken-ee ]
/ kɪlˈkɛn i /
a county in Leinster, in the SE Republic of Ireland. 796 sq. mi. (2,060 sq. km).
its county seat.
Cactus aficionados, don't get left in the dust with this quiz on desert plants. Find out if you have the knowledge to survive this prickly foray into the desert!
Question 1 of 7
This tall, horizontally branched cactus is probably the most recognizable cactus in Arizona. What is it called?
Words nearby Kilkenny
kiley, Kilgore, kilij, kilim, Kilimanjaro, Kilkenny, Kilkenny cats, kill, Killarney, killdee, killdeer
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2020
Example sentences from the Web for Kilkenny
The couple were spotted walking around the city of Kilkenny yesterday.Kanye and Kim's Irish Honeymoon Hideaway|Tom Sykes|May 30, 2014|DAILY BEAST
He recalled the impact he felt as a child from rural Kilkenny when visiting Northern Ireland in 1980s during the Troubles.Seeing War Vividly: Richard Mosse Stars at the Venice Biennale|Amelia Martyn-Hemphill|June 3, 2013|DAILY BEAST
That was the question which troubled Fritz far more than the fate of the lean man from Kilkenny.Fritz to the Front|Edward L. Wheeler
Robert Walmsley's descent upon the city resulted in a Kilkenny struggle.The Voice of the City|O. Henry
And the ould lady that ye've pinched, sure I blave it's me ould mother from Kilkenny, Ireland.The White Christmas and other Merry Christmas Plays|Walter Ben Hare
He was forced to return in haste; but before he left Kilkenny, he made an effort to induce Ormond to join him.History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth. Vol. II.|James Anthony Froude
Clonmel and Kilkenny were abandoned by the Irish troops as soon as it was known that he was approaching.The History of England from the Accession of James II.|Thomas Babington Macaulay
British Dictionary definitions for Kilkenny
/ (kɪlˈkɛnɪ) /
a county of SE Republic of Ireland, in Leinster province: mostly agricultural. County town: Kilkenny. Pop: 80 339 (2002). Area: 2062 sq km (796 sq miles)
a market town in SE Republic of Ireland, county town of Co Kilkenny: capital of the ancient kingdom of Ossory. Pop: 9500 (latest est)
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012


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Daniel Buren
French Painter, Sculptor, Conceptual Artist
Boulogne-Billancourt, France
Summary of Daniel Buren
Daniel Buren has predominately been painting 8.7cm-wide vertical stripes for half a century. However, unlike those by many of his contemporaries, Buren's stripes are political. Pasted on top of adverts, plinths, and installed antagonistically in royal courtyards, his work remains critical of a world construed of images and hierarchies of power. He has taken abstract painting, Conceptualism and Minimalism out of the galleries that these movements are so dependent on, democratizing abstract modernist art practices, which, particularly in the 1960s, relied heavily on controlled, 'pure' museum encounters. He often works with other artists and architects in an unusual fashion - not collaborating with existing creative, but rather inserting his work into a relationship with established architectural spaces. In this way he asserts the idea that no artist works completely independently, but rather exists in defined geographies and histories.
- Daniel Buren valued repetition, abstraction, and even boredom and made work that was non-representational, and even anti-representational. He believes that viewers' encounters with forms, shapes, and color, could be more meaningful than encounters with naturalistic or semiotic images and aims to allow a freedom of interpretation and enjoyment in his works.
- In French theorist Guy Debord's Society of the Spectacle (1967) Debord writes that everyday social relations between people have been supplanted by relationships between images. This image-based life follows the regression of subjects under capitalism from being (humans) to having (commodities) to appearing (as representation). In his early work, Buren literally effaces images of commodities in advertising, by pasting over them with abstract (non-representational) stripes.
- The imperative of 'art for art's sake' is central to Buren's practice. This idea states that art exists in and for itself and its viewers, and doesn't need to be made in the service of emotional, moral or didactically politically ideals.
- Despite the above assertion, Buren's anti-establishment sensibilities found its way into his art, which often intentionally disrupts respected spaces, for example his gigantic hanging fabric in the middle of the Guggenheim's spiral, and his squat geometric striped columns in the courtyard of the Palais Royal in Paris.
Biography of Daniel Buren
Daniel Buren is an artist who likes to keep his personal life private and insists on the separation between his autobiography and his work. Consequently, he shares very little about his private life and we know almost nothing about his childhood, except that he was born in Boulogne-Billancourt in France in 1938.
Important Art by Daniel Buren
Affichages Sauvages (1968-69)
Daniel Buren's Affichages Sauvages (savage/wild posterings) is a series of temporary works created by the artist in Paris 1968 and 1969. Buren produced printed sheets of paper bearing his signature 8.7cm-wide stripes. He then posted them in public places, often over existing billboards or other fly-posted advertisements, or on public buildings.
Here Buren acted without the permission of the authorities, challenging the limits of creative freedom and freedom of expression. His techniques reformulated the city as an endless canvas and exhibition space, indicating his detachment from the traditional art system and market, and challenging the institutional conventions for the 'proper' viewing and appreciating of abstract art. Buren's minimalist vandalism of advertisements (pasting stripes over entire billboards) demonstrated a particular desire to shift the way that people engage with the city environment; making people aware of the bombardment of images in public in the service of consumerism, and literally disabling this capitalist relation. Buren himself was involved in the 1968 student protests at the time of making these 'wild posters' and the piece shares tactics of détournement commonly used by protestors -turning expressions of the capitalist system and its media culture against itself.
The image used to represent this work is what Buren called a "photo-souvenir", something that documented his work in situ, which is the only place in which he believes it has an existence. He insists that the photograph is not the work of art, but only a "souvenir" of the original work, now lost. Taking abstract and conceptual work into the public realm using the DIY technologies of fly posters and advertisements remains an important, original, and highly influential practice, which can be seen in artists such as Jenny Holzer's posters a decade later.
Peinture Acrylique Blanches sur Rissu Raye Blanc et Vert (1969)
To create this work, Buren took a found standard piece of striped awning canvas (that also features his 8.7cm-wide stripes), and painted the outermost white stripes with white paint. The work is an important example of Buren's conception of 'Zero Degree Painting', in which he fundamentally challenged the premises on which painting is traditionally based.
In some senses, the work has the feel of a readymade, since Buren is simply displaying a pre-produced piece of awning canvas, of the type that was used to shade Parisian cafes. Initially, the work defies a relationship with painting, for example in the way that it is hung limply from the wall and not stretched over a frame like a traditional canvas. However, by presenting the fabric on the wall out of its original context, Buren draws the viewer's attention to the graphic qualities of the stripes, and to the indeterminate relationship between 'ground' and 'foreground' (is it white on green, or green on white?).
As art historian Guy Lelong further argues, "as soon as its outer stripes are painted over, the striped fabric necessarily evokes painting since it is directly confronted with it. A subtle dialectic is therefore established, since on the one hand the striped fabric evokes the painting partially covering it and, on the other, the form of the painted areas is 'dictated' by the ground's design."
Peinture/Sculpture (1971)
In 1971, Buren was asked to take part in an exhibition at the Guggenheim, which invited artists to produce work in response to the building's unusual architecture, focusing on the central spiral designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. Buren felt that Lloyd Wright's ascending design promoted a hierarchical 'top down' approach to the art on view, and his proposal was intended to challenge this relationship.
He produced a 20 x 10 meter canvas printed with blue and white stripes, which was hung in the middle of the rotunda and divided the space into two equal parts. Being closely integrated into the Guggenheim's architecture, Buren's work redefined it by blocking out the visitor's view of artworks on the other side of the rotunda as they travelled round it while going up the rotunda's ramp. Thus, his work uses easily perceived vertical stripes to produce a more horizontal viewing experience, with viewers being forced to move around each level carefully in order to see the work on show. As well as intervening in the existing gallery space, Peinture/Sculpture also aimed to challenge the viewer's traditional relationship with a work of art, as its placement forced the viewer to see the piece from every angle, taking up most of the visual space before being reduced to a single line when viewed from the side.
Art historian Guy Lelong argues that this relationship with the viewer became a key aspect of Buren's practice: "This double integration of the role of the viewer, leading him [sic] on the one hand to move around within the work instead of adopting a fixed point of view and, on the other, to visually perceive and therefore understand with a minimum of outside information the work's mechanisms, has remained a constant feature of Daniel Buren's work."
However, the public never saw the work, as Donald Judd and Dan Flavin argued that it obscured their own contributions, and under pressure, the Guggenheim removed it before the opening demonstrating the controversial character of Buren's site-specific stripe works.
Influences and Connections
Useful Resources on Daniel Buren
- Daniel Buren: 1965-2015By Kamel Mennour
- Daniel Buren: UndergroundBy Tim Marlow
- Daniel BurenOur PickBy Guy Lelong
- Through the Square WindowsOur PickBy Adrian Searle / The Guardian / November 15, 2006
- In Conversation: Daniel Buren and Olafur EliassonBy Tim Griffin / Artforum / Mutual Art / May 2005
- Freedom to the Viewer! An Interview with Daniel BurenBy Karim Crippa / Art Basel
- The Guggenheim Outcast Who Laughed LastOur PickBy Linda Yablonsky / The New York Times / March 20, 2005
- Daniel Buren takes over the rooftop of Le Corbusier's Cité Radieuse with 'Défini, fini, infini'By Jonathan Bell / Wallpaper* / June 27, 2014
- Whatever you do, don't call Daniel Buren's artworks 'installations'By Vladimir Belogolovsky / Metropolis / June 20, 2017
- Stephen Melville - Lecture - Daniel Buren: Becoming Painting
- "The Observatory of Light": Inside Daniel Buren's Project for Fondation Louis Vuitton
- Artist Talk - Daniel Buren - Walker Art CentreOur Pick
- Daniel Buren at Lisson Gallery London
- When Frank Gehry Meets Daniel Buren - A Talk Moderated by Hans Ulrich-Obrist


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Launch of the TGE Transnational Giving Platform
TGE is proud to announce the launch of Europe's first online Transnational Giving Platform.
TGE is proud to announce the launch of Europe's first online Transnational Giving Platform.
TGE is at your side to help you support the COVID-19 initiatives of your choice.
Our Italian partner Fondazione Lang Italia interviewed Sotiris Petropoulos from HIGGS, our Greek partner.
Transnational Giving Europe is a network of prestigious philanthropic institutions collaborating internationally to foster charitable giving within Europe and covers 21 countries.+ more
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The Transnational Giving Europe network welcomes and supports this momentum and the progress that has already been made regarding changes to the national laws of Member States in two ways - By continuing to seek new partners to increase tax-effective giving in all Member States of the EU until all legal and practical barriers to cross-border giving within the EU are removed. - By providing concrete, valuable and free information to donors, intermediaries and beneficiaries that wish to give or receive a cross-border donation or legacy.+ more
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Invitations to important international seminars or conferences on this issue as well as reports on their outcome will also be communicated.


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- Measurement of the 3H activity concentration in room air and exhaust air
- Mixing and pumping system (internally installed)
- Flow meter tube (internally installed)
- Optimization for maximum 3H sensitivity or low spillover
- Low influence due to increased background radiation levels or other gaseous nuclides
- Detector with thermostatically controlled heater (optional)
- Compensation of the underground radiation level or other gaseous nuclides
- Direct and specific measurement
Product Overview
The accuracy of the measurement is dependent on the constancy of the mixing ratio of air and counting gas. Due to that the LB 110 ensures a good and reliable gas-air control. Measuring air and counting gas flow are measured separately and kept at a constant level via a control circuit. The current gas and air flow rate is measured using an electronically controlled flow-through meter which operates according to the principle of thermal mass measurement.
An essential benefit of this principle is that the measurement is largely independent of pressure and temperature. Compared to volumetric principles, neither pressure nor temperature has to be measured in addition. The electronics integrated into the air and gas module is used to control and evaluate the signals modified by the flow-through controller. Gas and air supply are measured separately and kept on a constant level by one control circuit each.
Technical Data
|Mechanical Data
|Dimensions (L x W x H)
|500 x 420 x 335 mm3
|Active volume
|1,3 l
|approx. 20 kg
|Technical Data
|Measuring range
|500 Bq/m 3 - 20 MBq/m3
|Background in 3H channel
|< 3 cps
|Ambient Conditions
|Operating temperature
|0°C to 50°C
|Relative humidity
|0 to 90%, no condensation
|Gas- and Air Connections
|Ø 7 mm
|Measuring air
|Ø 7 mm
|Outlet for gas-air mixture
|Ø 7 mm