text:
1 Introduction
Notation: The notation used in this paper is similar to Dai et al. work [9] unless otherwise stated.
. Our reconstruction results are nearly as good as the best performing algorithm without using very complex and involved mathematical optimization[19].
Non-rigid Structure from Motion (NRSfM) is a well-known problem in geometric computer vision. The goal of this problem is to reconstruct 3D structure of a deforming object using multiple frames. One of the most popular way to solve NRSfM is the matrix factorization approach. The matrix factorization approach to solve this problem dates back to 2000[5] with no satisfactory solution in place until 2012. In the year 2012, Dai [8] proposed a ground-breaking approach to solve NRSfM. This method for solving NRSfM is now considered as a classical work in NRSfM [9]. In that paper, the camera motion is estimated by imposing the null space constraint and the rank-3 positive semi-definite matrix cone constraint on the Gram matrix (). Further, nuclear norm minimization of the reshuffled shape matrix () was introduced to proffer stronger rank bound on the shape matrix for non-rigid shape estimation. The striking part of their work is that it not only challenged the myth of the inherent basis ambiguity in NRSfM [33] but also supplied a practical "prior-free" algorithm to solve NRSfM. Nonetheless, over years, it was observed that their remarkable theory performs poorly on benchmark datasets [22, 14]. In this paper, our goal is to make "prior-free idea" work well on real world scenario's.
Theoretically, the elementary idea of Dai [9] conveniently encapsulates all the basic intuitions which are required to solve a general NRSfM problem. One may immediately argue on its performance when the deforming shape is composed of a union of low-rank subspace [19, 36]. However, in this paper, we restrict our discussion to the classical representation of a NRSfM problem [5], without paying much attention to, how clustering benefits 3D reconstruction of the non-rigid object and other such notions of compact data representation. The reason for this choice is that the improvement in the performance of a classical baseline shall benefit the methods built on top of it [19, 36].
The main purpose of this work is to uncover some of the unexplored mathematical intricacies in the prior free factorization approach to NRSfM, and improve on the idea supplied by Dai [9]. Our exposition leads to the possible reasons for its inferior performance on the benchmark datasets [1, 14, 31]. It is shown in this paper that the rotation estimate using Dai work [9] is not unique under the same model complexity prior (/rank), and they overlooked to utilize full correction matrix space [4]. Our investigation unveil the possibility of procuring motion that satisfies the well-known assumption of smooth non-rigid deformation of the object [27]. A simple search for the proper column-triplet (triads [4]) for the correction matrix () based on the smoothness of camera motion can indeed help improve the accuracy of the algorithm. Further, we argue that the weighted nuclear norm minimization of the shape matrix () is a far better choice than its global trace norm minimization. Lastly, due to our extensive analysis, we are able to posit some unsolved issues in NRSfM under "prior-free" idea which needs attention for further progress in this field.
In this paper, it is not claimed that we achieve state-of-the-art results on the benchmark datasets using our new approach. However, we empirically show that we can get very close to the best performing approaches and the difference is not very great, without the employment of complex and involved mathematical optimization [19, 22]. In this paper, we also argue that the inferior performance of "prior-free" method may not be due the proposed theoretical idea but because they overlooked some of the mathematical construction in their own formulation, and missed on properly utilizing the well-known assumptions about non-rigidly moving object , smooth deformation [27] and low-rank shape [9]. Hence, the conclusion, understanding and use of simple "prior-free" algorithm to NRSfM is not complete and precise. Through this work, we try to amend and nullify the prevailing perception about the "prior-free" approach, and how it can be used to its maximum potential. We feel that our paper touches some critical points which are essential to establish a theoretical closure to some of the elementary problems within the factorization approach to NRSfM.
Contribution: Firstly, our work postulates some rectification to the usage of "Intersection Method" [9] to compute camera motion. With the suitable example, we establish that the generalization made on the rotation matrix estimation by Dai work [9] is not convincing and therefore, the knowledge about the strength of "Intersection theorem" is not completely exploited. Secondly, we provide an analytic solution to estimate suitable rotation using Intersection theorem and conjecture some challenges associated with it. Lastly, we propose a weighted nuclear norm minimization problem to estimate non-rigid 3D shape. Our approach shows a substantial improvement in the 3D reconstruction accuracy (as high as 18%). Moreover, we observed performance improvement in the case of noisy and missing trajectories §4.2 (with a minor adjustment) using our method.
In this work, our attempt is to make the baseline method111By baseline, we mean the methods that solve NRSfM using its classical representation that have withstood the test of time [30, 5]. more accurate, both in terms of understanding and performance, subject to the mathematical simplicity. To achieve this, we attempt to avoid the usage of complex mathematical notions such as union of independent subspace, dependent subspace representation [36, 19, 21]
, procrustean normal distribution[22], kernelization [10] . Hence, it is simple to understand the theoretical and practical justification of our method. We show that by applying simple but powerful logical and mathematical modifications to the prior free idea [9], we can get close to or even perform better at times than the best available algorithms on the benchmark datasets.
2 Representation and Motion Estimation
1. Classical Representation:
Tomasi and Kanade factorization method to structure-from-motion under orthographic camera projection appropriately summarizes the behavior of the 3D points over frames [30]. The relation between 3D shape, motion and its projection over frames was defined as
where, is the measurement matrix formed by stacking all the image coordinates () for '' points along '' rows , total number of frames. denotes the orthographic camera rotation matrix with each as per frame rotation. represent the shape matrix with each row triplet as a 3D shape. This representation was later extended by Bregler [5] to recover non-rigid 3D shapes. More concretely,
The matrix '' and '' are composed of shape bases and shape coefficients respectively, with '' as the number of shape bases. '' denotes the kronecker product and '' is a identity matrix. It is evident from the above formulation that the rank of and also . However, is not a general rank matrix but own a special structure due to factor [9].
2. Null Space Representation of the Orthonormality Constraint:
An initial step in the factorization approach to NRSfM is to perform a rank decomposition of the measurement matrix
via singular value decomposition (svd) . This is then followed by the estimation of Euclidean corrective matrix '' to solve rotation and 3D structure. The main reason for such a procedure is due to the fact that the singular value decomposition of '' matrix is not unique as any non-singular matrix in between the two matrices and can form a valid factorization. Mathematically,
Now, once we are able to solve correctly, then rotation and shape can be estimated using the above relations [5]. To solve , orthonormality constraints are imposed . Representing the double row of as and as the column triplet of , then using Eq:(2) and Eq:(3) we can write
Multiplying both sides by from right side gives
|This leads to two linear equation constraint
where, . Using the algebraic relation = , Dai transformed these constraints (Eq:5) to a null space representation as follows:
Using the above form and previous work in NRSfM [33], Dai proposed the intersection theorem and supplied a SDP solution to estimate the matrix and the Euclidean corrective matrix using svd().
Theorem 1
Intersection Theorem: Under non-generate and noise-free conditions, any correct solution of must lie in the intersection of the dimensional null-space of and a rank 3 positive semi-definite matrix cone must belong to
Dai solution to rotation: They proposed that once the is solved, rather than solving for full Euclidean corrective matrix , use svd() to extract rank 3 . The solved can then be use to find (Eq:4) up to sign (). The method quote "we adopt a simpler approach that directly computes the camera motion from single column-triplet without need to fill in a big and full matrix". Naturally, this single column-triplet is chosen to be the first column-triplet of the matrix (see Fig:2(a)). Now, such strategy give rise to few legitimate concerns
[nolistsep, itemindent=0em, label=()]
When each column triplet qualifies for a suitable correction matrix, then why has a high preference? Are we loosing useful information by such unwarranted preference?
Will each provide the same solution to the rotation matrix?
Generally, most real world deformations are smooth in nature [27]. Whether such solution to rotation is good enough for the smooth deformation assumption?
Dai overlooked all these intrinsic issues to solve rotation using their proposed intersection theorem.
Plausible Rectification: Our experiments show that Dai [9] solution to rotation estimation actually aborted the useful information present in the . Each of the '' column triplets in () gives a possible rotation matrix which is different from each other (see Fig:(3)). Our empirical evaluations on several datasets show that the first column triplet is not always the best choice to estimate rotation. Hence, the details provided by Dai work [9] is incomplete and there is a loss of generality with such procedure to estimate rotation under the well-known assumption of smooth deformation [27]. Fig:(4(a)) and Fig:(4(b)) provides few statistical results with comparison for both rotation and shape error estimate respectively. For clarity, we also provide the column triplet index that gives the better results for the corresponding data sequence and therefore, provides few counter-examples to such generalization.
Theoretically and practically, this result is of significant importance
as it helps in inferring that the solution provided by "Intersection Theorem" has a lot of useful information left to be exploited completely and Dai work ignored this. Also, it gives rise to some challenges that finding the best column triplet for is not an easy task. With these results, we conjecture few problems for further research in NRSfM that are: (a) Can we find a best possible column triplet for the corrective matrix with a given rank prior '', or (b) At least can we put an upper bound on the value such that there exists no such '' for which will provide better rotation and structure estimate. The problem seems hard keeping in view that the prior rank in NRSfM factorization methods is an assumed approximation and it changes for different datasets to achieve better results.
A solution: In 2005, Brand. M [4] argued to use full correction matrix to estimate motion which in a way utilizes all the multiple estimates of column-triads of . Recently, Lee [23] briefly mentions on the problems with motion estimates using [9]. In contrast, we use an analytical observation based on the smoothness and regularity222The term <<regularity>> is used in a loose sense (Mathematically). of the camera motion trajectory to filter to infer better ''. Let be a function that takes as input and gives '' as output using Intersection theorem. We estimate different for all the column triplets , then compute smoothness of the camera motion for each as:
By examining the smoothness of the camera motion for each , we select the suitable rotation matrix for structure estimation (see Fig. 3). Our strategy to select smooth camera motion over frames based on Eq:(8) consistently supplied us with better performance than the previously proposed approach. We acknowledge that this is not a profound way to infer the best rotation, however, it does provide a possibility to deduce better rotation using "prior-free" approach which respects the well-known assumption of smooth deformation in NRSfM. Further, it helps endorse our claim on the generalization of rotation estimate by [9]. You may use the variable '' Eq:(8) as a smoothness term in the final optimization (Eq:(11)) to further improve rotation, however, to show the competence within the "prior-free" idea [9], we stick to the classical two staged approach.
3 Structure Estimation
Once the rotation is estimated based on the smoothness of the camera motion [27], the next step is to solve for 3D structure. The block matrix method (BMM) by Dai [9] proposed the following optimization problem to estimate the non-rigid low-rank shape.
where, is a rearranged shape matrix with each row corresponds to the shape for that frame. The trace norm minimization on '' is enforced instead of '' to provide a stronger rank bound on the shape matrix [9]. The second term in Eq:(9) enforces the re-projection error constraint. The function maps to .
Dai solution to shape: Following the work of Ma [26] on rank minimization problems, Dai [9] proposed a solution to the optimization in Eq:(9). The method enforces low-rank constraint on '' matrix and provide the solution by solving Eq:(9) via ADMM[3] using matrix shrinkage operator = , where = with = and 0 otherwise }.
Plausible Rectification: Despite the trace norm minimization provides a satisfactory solution to non-rigid structure estimation, it has some serious issues. The proposed solution to nuclear norm minimization problem (Eq:(9)) gives equal priority to each singular values, as a result, the shrinkage operator penalizes each singular value with the same quantity (). To estimate 3D structure of a non-rigidly deforming object using matrix factorization approach, we use a prior assumption that the shape lies in a low-rank subspace. Therefore, it's not a better choice to penalize the major component of the shape data and its very minor component equally. Consequently, nuclear norm minimization of the shape matrix struggles to appropriately conserve the useful component of the non-rigidly deforming shape.
Truncated nuclear norm regularization can be a choice to handle such issues, however, it depends on the binary decision, hence not versatile in nature [35]. To really cater the behavior of the deformations based on its low-rank nature, we propose to use weighted nuclear norm minimization approach to solve for non-rigid structure [28, 12]. In contrast to the previous notation to the nuclear norm of the shape matrix , we introduce a different notation for its weighted nuclear norm
where denotes the singular value of . We assume that the weights 's are non-negative scalar . Using this representation, we redefine the optimization proposed in the Eq:(9) as follows:
The motivation for such formulation is quite clear, however, the proposed optimization (Eq:11) is generally non-convex, and is more difficult to solve than the nuclear norm minimization. Fortunately, recent results [34, 25, 12] in compressed sensing have shown that we can achieve a global optimal solution to Eq:(11) in the case when §3.1.
3.1 Optimization
This section provides the mathematical derivation to the optimization proposed in Eq:(11). Our solution use the following theorems and proofs as stated and used in [34, 12, 7].
Theorem 2
For all , denoted by , the SVD of it. The solution to , with non-negative weight vector
, with non-negative weight vector, its solution can be written as , where is the solution to the following optimization problem
Theorem 3
If the singular values and the weights satisfy then the weighted nuclear norm minimization problem has a globally optimal solution
where is the SVD of , and is the generalized soft-thresholding operator with weight vector
The readers are encouraged to refer to [34, 12] work for detailed derivations to the lemma's leading to the proof of the theorems. In conclusion, if the weights satisfies non-descending order, not necessarily with the same value, the weighted nuclear norm minimization problem is still convex and optimal solution can be obtained using a soft-thresholding operator with different weights [34, 12].
3.2 Solution
We propose our solution to the optimization problem defined in Eq:(11) using alternating direction method of multipliers [3] (ADMM), a simple, fast but powerful algorithm used to solve many convex and non-convex problems in computer vision and mathematical optimization. The ADMM algorithm decompose the original problem into several sub-problems, where each of them is solved separately by introducing Lagrange multipliers and penalty parameters to estimate convergence. Using the method of multipliers, the Augmented Lagrangian form for Eq:(11) is written as follows:
here is a Lagrange multiplier and is the penalty parameter. The solution to each variable is obtained by solving the following subproblems over iterations (indexed with the variable ):
The Lagrange multiplier and the penalty parameter are updated as follows:
refers to the maximum value of '' and is an empirical constant (). The mathematical derivations to each sub-problems are provided in the supplementary material for reference. The closed form solution to the Eq:(17) is obtained by taking the derivative of Eq:(15) w.r.t variable '' and equating it to zero ,
Similarly, rewriting the Eq:(15) treating as variable.
In contrast to the previous form, the solution to Eq:(20) is not straight forward. To obtain a closed form solution to this problem, lets define a soft-thresholding function . Also, let be the singular value decomposition of (), then the optimal solution to Eq:(20) is given by:
Here, is the weight assigned to the different singular values in the non-descending order based on its significance to the deformation data. For detail discussion on the initialization of weights kindly refer section §4.1.
4 Experiment and Discussion
To endorse our claim, we performed extensive experiments on both real and synthetic benchmark datasets [1, 14, 31]. We compared the performance of our algorithm against different state-of-the-art methods on these datasets [11, 22, 19]. Additionally, we unveil the substantial percentage boost in the reconstruction accuracy as high as 18% in comparison to the previous results reported for "simple prior-free" approach. For real-world applications to NRSfM, noisy data and missing feature tracks over frames are crucial, therefore, we also performed experiments to tackle such issues. To make the comparisons on noisy and missing data sequence, the experimental settings we used are same and consistent with Lee work [22]. Experimental results on dense datasets and more rigorous cases of missing trajectories are provided in the supplementary material. Before we provide details on our performance analysis, lets discuss the variable initialization.
4.1 Initialization
Our algorithm has few parameters and variables to initialize. For all our experiments on different datasets, we initialize , , , , and the '' values are kept same as Dai method [9]. Practically, we considered the convergence of our optimization, if the gap or over iteration.
1. Structure initialization:
Using the result of Liu [24] on the uniqueness of minimizer for the rank minimization problem, we initialize the the 3D shape '' as '' = and . The pseudo-inverse solution to shape matrix provides a good enough initialization to our algorithm. Reader may refer to Dai [9] and Valmadre [32] work for detailed discussion on pseudo inverse solution to '' in NRSfM.
2. Weight () initialization: It is well-known in NRSfM under factorization approach that the shape matrix lies in a low-rank space. Generally, the largest singular value of the shape matrix contains the most information about the non-rigid shape, therefore, while optimizing for the shape matrix, it's illogical to treat each singular value equally. The singular values with major component must be penalized less and vice-versa. Using this inverse relation between singular values and its significance to the shape deformation modeling, we assign the weight () to be inversely propositional to the singular values of the shape matrix.
where, is a positive number and , a very small positive number to avoid division by zero as some singular values are likely to be zero (low rank). We initialized the weights by substituting the pseudo-inverse initialization of '' using the relation = in the Eq:(22).
4.2 Performance Analysis
After a detailed discussion on the variable initialization and optimization, we present our experimental evaluation. We performed extensive experiments on both new and old benchmark datasets [1, 31, 14]. We report the quantitative result on the previous benchmark dataset using mean normalized 3D reconstruction error formulation
where, , are the estimated 3D shape and ground-truth 3D shape respectively. To keep our statistics consistent with the newly proposed NRSfM dataset, we used their error evaluation code to compute the robust root mean square error (RMSE) metric as proposed in Taylor work [29]
. For more details on NRSfM CVPR 2017 challenge dataset evaluation metric, kindly refer to Jensen work[14].
|0.0119 (1.47%)
|0.0198 (15.3%)
|0.0129 (10.2%)
|0.0144 (8.90%)
|0.1060 (8.04%)
|0.0882 (4.16%)
|0.0179 (1.24%)
|0.0551 (18.0%)
1. Benchmark datasets:
Most of the methods proposed in non-rigid structure from motion often use it to evaluate the performance of the algorithm. Loosely speaking, this dataset is composed of eight standard sequences namely Drink, Pickup, Yoga, Stretch, Dance, Walking, Face and Shark. The number of frames () to number of points () set for these datasets are (1102, 41), (357, 41), (307, 41), (370, 41), (264, 75), (316, 40) and (240, 91) respectively. Table (1) show the statistical comparison of our approach in comparison to the other competing approaches for single body NRSfM. Our evaluation results clearly show a significant improvement in the reconstruction accuracy in comparison to the previously reported results for "prior-free" approach. Figure (5) show the qualitative reconstruction results w.r.t ground-truth on all of these sequences.
2. NRSfM challenge datasets: Jensen recently released this dataset as a part of NRSfM competition held at CVPR 2017 [14]. This is a high quality challenging dataset divided into five categories based on the deformation type, namely, Articulated, Balloon, Paper, Stretch and Tearing. Each of these categories is again shot using six different camera paths namely circle, flyby, line, semi-circle, tricky and zig-zag. This dataset is significantly larger and diverse to really test the performance of a NRSfM algorithm's. However, the dataset provides only a single frame ground-truth 3D for each of the five categories to test the algorithm. To estimate the reliability of our approach, we compared our performance against the best performing algorithm on this dataset. Table (2) show the quantitative results of our method. The performance clearly demonstrates the significant improvement in the accuracy using "prior-free" idea under our modification. It also help infer that without using complex mathematical notions, we can reach performance accuracy close to the state-of-the-art. Figure (6) show some qualitative results using our method.
|Method / Data
|Multibody [19]
3. Noisy data:
The feature tracks captured from a real-world motion capture system is noisy most of the time. Therefore, to test the reliability and robustness of our new approach, we performed experiments by re-synthesizing the trajectories added with Gaussian noise. We introduced the Gaussian noise with standard deviation set as, where is varied from 0.05-0.25 [22]. Figure (7(a)) shows the variation in the normalized average 3D error for the stretch sequence using the performance of different algorithm recorded over 20 times. The plot clearly shows the robustness of our algorithm in comparison to other methods in the presence of large noise ratio's.
4. Missing Data: In addition to the noisy data, the other problem with 3D reconstruction from a real video sequence is the missing trajectories over frames. We handle the missing trajectory quite robustly by incorporating a simple modification to the optimization proposed in Eq:(11). Let's assume is the incomplete measurement matrix and is the mask matrix which indicates the presence or absence of the tracks over frames. Given , , we first find a complete matrix using the following optimization
The above optimization is a well studied optimization form. To keep things simple, we used Cabral work [6] to estimate . The motive is to first solve for complete '' to estimate camera motion using our rectified approach §2, and then solve for shape using the following cost function:
Clearly, it's just a minor adjustment to the proposed method based on the kind of data available in different situations. To evaluate our performance, we randomly set 30% of the data missing from the sequence same as Lee work [22] for comparison. Figure (7(b)) shows the performance of our algorithm with missing data. Supplementary video is provided to show results on real world missing data cases.
Discussion: Why not add the motion regularization in the final optimization and solve for both motion and shape? It's definitely a valid argument. Nevertheless, we wanted to show the competence in a "prior free" way [9] which is to "solve for motion first using Intersection theorem and then solve for low-rank shape", therefore, we avoided to add it in the final optimization. We showed that smooth solution [27] already exist within the solution to intersection theorem. Comprehensive analysis of our algorithm after adding motion regularization to solve the final optimization is left as an extension to the present idea.
5 Conclusion
With weighted nuclear norm minimization of the shape matrix and an analytic solution to the rotation matrix based on the smoothness of the camera motion [27], we witnessed that the prior-free idea performs almost as good as the best available algorithm's. Without exploiting the "prior-free" idea [9] fully based on the well-known assumptions of smooth deformation of the non-rigid object and its low-rank shape, it may perform badly, which might be the reason that researchers have had poor results using it, even for the non-rigid objects that span a single linear subspace. Our work revealed the possibility of making "prior-free" [9] practically more accurate under the different conditions of measurement matrix with elementary modifications, and also conjecture some open problems. The accuracy of our algorithm on the benchmark datasets empirically validates that the "prior-free" theory is still a very powerful way to solve NRSfM and therefore, the proposition before the NRSfM researchers to consider is, it's not the failure of the concept behind the prior-free idea for its inferior performance but, it's possibly due to our inability to correctly cater, and cleverly exploit the arc of information and perspectives provided by it to solve NRSfM.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Your partner's erection comes more slowly or he may not get an erection at all. You will be asked about current medications you are taking, about any surgery you may have had, and about other disorders (eg, history of trauma, prior prostate surgery, radiation therapy). 404 page not found, women and children should avoid touching unwashed or unclothed areas of skin where a man has applied testosterone gel. Low desire means you don't feel like having sex. "Like less of a 'man. The effect is often psychologically stimulating, since emotions and desires flow more freely. Limit alcohol intake to 1-2 drinks (or none at all) for optimal sexual function. Right, it's not a horny pill.
The loss of intimacy, even if it's temporary, can cause stress for many women in a relationship. Do men often blame their partners for their inadequacies? Like, say, when they're about to cheat on their wife in a really complicated way. One misconception that affects both men and women about ED is that it means you have no attraction to your partner. Extend physical foreplay to maximize his arousal, or try sharing a sexual fantasy, reading erotica, or watching a sexy movie together. These include medications taken by mouth, injected into the penis, or put into the urethra -- the tube that goes through the penis and carries urine and semen. The newest BPH treatment available is called UroLift, according to Daniel Kellner, MD, a Yale Medicine urologist who performs this procedure.
16% said seeking help empowered them to better support their partner, and 13% reported improvements in their relationship. It is more common than many people think and becomes increasingly prevalent with age: If you're in a relationship with a man who experiences ED, what can you do? You will gain a realistic expectation of what your body is capable of and learn to maximize your erotic potential. This might sound worrisome too, but it's news with a silver lining. The mind and the relationship often need attention, too, especially if erectile problems prove psychological in nature or if they've affected a couple's relationship, as they commonly do. Starve anxiety, feed a boner. Paying attention to the signs of erectile dysfunction and finding the causes of ED will help you focus on the right approach for ED solutions.
During this talk, Downey says make certain that your man is aware of the health problems that can be the cause of his ED, and gently suggest he talk to his doctor. This causes you to be in your head instead of enjoying the physical experience – and can in turn make it more difficult to actually get an erection. So can what's going on outside the bedroom, whether it be financial worries, a long day at work or simple exhaustion. It won't increase your sex drive. So are men who keep their alcohol consumption within the daily recommended limits (up to two drinks a day, according the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism).
- What explanation is there for a 30-year-old man in perfect health to experience erectile issues?
- I'm also guessing pornography and masturbation is a factor as well.
- So her question about what she can do, I think, belies a way of thinking that may be antithetical to her cause.
Change The Way You Think About Sex
Possible treatments include: You don't have to be drunk in order to be compromised by. Traditional chinese medical therapy for erectile dysfunction, but, he says, mild ED -- including the feeling that "you're not as hard as you could be" -- often responds to natural remedies. Be patient and try not to get discouraged.
42% of women feel their partner's ED is her fault, and 19% feel it's because their partners don't find them attractive any more. What does happen to your body when it becomes aroused? Early intervention is key! If the problem persists, the guilt becomes more than just a side effect – it can contribute to the ongoing cycle of ED as well. Psychological treatments are recommended when the cause of the dysfunction has emotional or psychological components. Symptoms of impotence, also called erectile dysfunction (ED), include: Another structure, the tunica albuginea, prevents blood from flowing out of the penis.
With the advice of his doctor your partner may progress from one option to the next until he finds the one that works best.
Myth No. 1: Erectile dysfunction is caused by aging
"If you really like that person, it allows the relationship to develop differently, in a good way," Luke says. The doctor may be able to recommend a reduced dosage or a different medication. Erectile problems that happen every now and then are not a problem, unless the couple considers it a problem.
Don't Give Up
While it is true that viagra is the most common and effective treatment for ED, it doesn't always work. Viagra is often thought of as the "one size fits all" ED cure. Erectile dysfunction ed, see how our scientists are evaluating the best — and safest — methods of treating erectile dysfunction. Many cases of it respond well to lifestyle changes, medications, surgery, or other treatments. "A lot" might be as little as a couple of drinks. This can only lead to greater misunderstanding of the issue. Deep down, in that moment, he's secretly worrying about upsetting you and negatively affecting what you think of him. Go over it as a couple and talk about what things look good to you and what you'd like to try. You are a team, and having a true partner at his side will increase the chance of success.
Is ED permanent?
As most cases of ED have physical causes, focus on this as a medical problem like any other. Erectile dysfunction events, urologists at Mayo Clinic are conducting ongoing research to find causes and solutions for this condition. Yes, in most cases you can take ED medications if you have a heart condition. ED medications are effective for about 70 percent of men overall, and for fewer men with certain medical conditions, such as diabetes.
I felt that I couldn't satisfy him. For another, it means that the lack of erection may be quite temporary—as soon as the right conditions are arranged (an hour later, a week later), an erection may be quite available. Losartan, possible preventive measures such as limited exposure to sunlight and UV rays and, in case of exposure, adequate protection should be advised to the patients in order to minimize the risk of skin cancer. It's safe to say she was referring to Erectile Dysfunction. Depending on your answers, and the results of your laboratory tests, your doctor may recommend a psychological evaluation to further explore the potential cause for your ED. While it is completely normal to have a difficult time getting or maintaining an erection once in a while, if it happens often or always, it can negatively impact a man's sex life.
How Do You Know if Your ED is Psychological?
But porn can affect your sexual appetite Experts do say, however, that watching pornography can influence a man's sexual appetite. Is he experiencing ED because of insufficient sleep or diabetes? Some of the medical causes which are often linked to ED include conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, coronary artery disease, obesity, hormonal disorders, alcoholism, and metabolic syndrome. Side effects of treatment can include urinary incontinence and impotence, which is why doctors often take a "wait and watch" approach when a man is diagnosed with prostate cancer and delay treatment until it's warranted. The intimate moments you share with the man in your life are important to your bond—and potentially his health. For men, certain medical problems, from heart issues to diabetes to obesity, may lead to erectile dysfunction. Often in long-term relationships, conflicts emerge.
Communication is key The most important tool for a satisfying sex life is communication with your partner, especially when you're coping with ED or other challenges. How to fix erectile dysfunction naturally, just remember that there is nothing like an instant male enhancement, these things take some time. Some of the most common are depression, relationship problems, stressful circumstances and a history of negative sexual experiences. Not being sexually attracted to your partner might make it more difficult to get and sustain an erection, but this doesn't typically cause ED. 10 supplements for treating erectile dysfunction: do they work and are they safe? But what you say makes total sense.
What Can Interfere With Erectile Function.
Most likely he'd just experience this as pressure—which is the exact opposite of what you want to convey," Dr. "Confusing, frustrating, emotional. This sets up an incredibly volatile situation where neither person is able to hold space for the other, or truly listen, usually resulting in mutually hurt feelings and disconnection. They train you to follow your desires and impulses, staying immersed in the erotic experience so your arousal does not plateau or dip down. A couple could also experience relationship difficulties that then lead directly to sexual difficulties, and so the man experiences erectile dysfunction. Antidepressant sexual side effects can persist after stopping, there is currently no viable treatment for PSSD. Originally published October 2020. Is it psychological or physical?
Can I take Viagra if I have a heart condition? What can be done: It depends what your definition of 'excessive' is. Does l-arginine work for erectile dysfunction, however, if supplements are more your thing, there are some vitamins for erectile dysfunction that you can try. Erectile dysfunction lyrics by lil float, natural herbal formula designed to enhance the size and/or appearance. Perennially funny.
- The prostate gland is another very sensitive and exciting zone for men that many of them haven't yet discovered!
- ED is associated with a number of health problems, and although it is less likely that the cause of your problem is only physical, medical issues may be making the problem worse.
- A sex coach can also help individuals and couples.
- To confirm this diagnosis, you may want to complete a full psychological evaluation.
- But only they can know and speak for themselves.
What causes ED?
There have been reports by the media and in the medical press that Viagra can cause sperm damage, but these are exceedingly rare. If there are no contraindications (for example, heart disease) the doctor will prescribe Viagra or a similar medication. A clear plastic rigid cylindrical tube is placed over the penis, and is sealed to the lower abdominal skin at the base of the penis with a gel. No man wants to feel like he's disappointing the partner he loves. To help bust myths regarding ED, our elite team at Corewave is here.
You still may need other ED treatments, which is why it's important to talk to your doctor about any erectile problems. Stress and anxiety can also contribute to an ongoing cycle of ED, as mentioned earlier. Diabetes, if left untreated, can cause nerve damage, making adequate physical stimulation of the penis more challenging.
These Are The Names Most Likely To Get Pregnant In 2020
If you're masturbating several times in an hour, then you may get some problems getting an erection due to exhaustion. Give your partner the opportunity to ask questions to help them understand – you may even be able to give them some tips on how to help you when you are experiencing difficulties. What vitamins are good for erectile dysfunction?, second line therapies for erectile dysfunction include alprostadil injections; two branded examples are Caverject and Viridal. One way to know if you are dealing with medical or psychological ED is to pay attention to the signs of erectile dysfunction. Encourage him to head to the doctor to figure out if there's a health issue behind his ED.
He says men with erectile dysfunction sometimes turn to casual encounters facilitated via apps as a way to circumvent performance anxiety. Natural remedies for treating erectile dysfunction, in one 2020 study, participants who received DHEA were more likely to achieve and maintain an erection than those on placebo. It can also be caused or exacerbated by many drugs, including antidepressants and antihistamines. Are you interested in trying a particular treatment first? He or she will order tests for diabetes, cholesterol levels and heart disease.
Connect with ASHA
It's now available over the counter, without a prescription (see box). And remember, sex doesn't have stay in your bed. For most people, no need for niacin, this ingredient is responsible for decreasing oxidative stress, boosting circulation and repairing healthy tissues in your body. First of all, I want you to know that this is a very common issue in relationship.
She'll also check whether any medications he's taking carry a risk of sexual side effects. Being able to achieve an erection alone but not with a partner can be frustrating, but help is available. What is the take-home message? What kind of impact does ED have on couples? Alternatively, you may know what turns you on – but your partner is not interested in the same kind of sex you are. How to help with erectile dysfunction, whether you currently suffer from ED or are hoping to sidestep this condition, try these tips to overcome ED for better health and a better sex life. I have literally no idea. Sildenafil dosage guide with precautions, patients and Methods:. Facilitated by a therapist, this type of treatment helps you to identify and change unhealthy patterns of thought and action which may be contributing to your erectile issues.
Though stress and anxiety are two different things, they are closely related when it comes to issues of erectile dysfunction. Does l-arginine work for erectile dysfunction, stanislavov, R. It's a myth than men are always able to have sex. One way to try to discern this is whether you get an erection during your sleep. If you have had a heart attack or stroke in the past six months, or are taking nitrates for a heart condition such as angina, you will not be prescribed most ED medications.


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Content Count373
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About Le Communard
Winner of H&H Afrika
- Birthday 07/09/1992
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Happy birthday!
Screenshot XCom Long War Ironman Impossible
Le Communard replied to Balcerzak's topic in Let's Play/StreamsMy first response on seeing this thread was "is that even possible?" so I wish you the damn best of luck. When I played EU vanilla Impossible/Ironman I basically had to give up in tears after god knows many tries, and this is after finally getting good enough to beat Classic/Ironman pretty handily. I never really got into Long War, through (I played a pirated copy the first time and I could never get the mod to work), so I don't know how much more (or less) difficult it is at the highest level. It seems like it gives you a lot more tools which is nice. Also, I'm just not sure it's possible to get harder than Thin Men already are <_<. Playing in panic mode was probably the single biggest reason for my XCOM playthroughs failing (well, after Thin Men) when I'd try and double down on a stupid decision by taking even more stupid risks, or even worse getting a little angry and doing something way to aggressive or careless. At least you made it.
To Be a pro Fire Emblem Player and Debater
Le Communard replied to Lofrof's topic in Far from the Forest...I knew this burn felt like it was from roughly 2007.
Happy birthday!
Soleil/M!Kamui's Supports are almost offensive
Le Communard replied to EJ107's topic in Fire Emblem FatesYo there's a whole world of difference between cultural specificity and straight up queer erasure. Just because something wasn't written as "gay" or whatever doesn't mean it's wrong to think about it that way or that there was *nothing* queer that went into the conception of a character. By foreclosing on queerness like that you're basically claiming there is no queerness in Japan, which is a kind of gross orientalisim. Queerness in Japanese media is something way more than "just a trope"--it has meaning and significance even if it isn't exactly the same and the recognition of difference is the beginning of a critique and not the foreclosure of it. People have plenty of right to find a problem with a character who expresses overwhelming attraction to women and only ends up with men, regardless of how she was "supposed" to be. A lot of you have empathy that's about three sizes too small.
Soleil/M!Kamui's Supports are almost offensive
Le Communard replied to EJ107's topic in Fire Emblem FatesI... I was linked to this thread from a "major" gaming news outlet. What? This was not the way I expected to end up posting on SF again. What started off as a small comment ended up as a long-winded meander through queer theory, oh my. [spoiler=Long Digression in Queer Theory Read at Your Own Peril]I guess the one thing I would add to this is beware the assumption that Soliel is *intended* to be lesbian/bi. Fantastical sexual deviance is very very different from real lived queerness, and a fictional character's over-the-top attraction to girls is not necessarily indication she was intended to be read as a queer person. It's much more likely that in the mind of the writers this trait was simply a set up for ad-nausea gender-bender jokes, and her essential "straightness" was never really in question (think of the way that women are free to admire each others physical beauty without being read as "gay"--I suspect this is more like than not an expression of a similar, though more pronounced idea, that it is possible to express same-sex desire without being a "homosexual subject"). Soliel never, to my knowledge, self identifies as queer or lesbian or bi or anything--in fact no such word ever seems to be used about her (could be wrong about this one, though). This points to me to the notion that her desire for women while real is intended as nothing more than a kind of surface performance--if anything it seems her desire is more towards the *feminine*, as seen in Foleo, rather than to women in particular, although she couches it in terms of women. Of course, in counterpoint to this we know she *does* expresses very real desire for women, which she is self-conscious of, so I can see where a reading of her as a queer subject might come from. This is less to suggest she be beyond critique and more to suggest that that critique probably shouldn't be rooted in the assumption that she was "supposed" to be queer. In fact, this almost suggest something worse, a world where queerness is a kind of disassociative heterosexuality, where genuine queer subjects are impossible since they simply become folded back into heterosexual ones--notice how in her interactions with women she overwhelmingly takes a "mans" aggressive role, even while she's very "feminine" in presentation. This also suggests new readings of that support where she argues with the fujoshi--both of them are shown to be engaging in this distancing strategy. She desires women in the same way the fujoshi is supposed to imagine a boy desiring boys, as something at arms length from the self. We can see her perhaps performing heterosexual desire from the "male" position, in a kind of flip dismissal of her own "femininity". Of course, were this desire actually enacted, it would be something like the butch (the "masculine" lesbian), but it isn't, and that's the very point, this contradiction in terms between performed "maleness" and embodied "femininity". ...maybe, but I'm getting into waters that are making me uncomfortable, hence the scare quotes. It needs to be reiterated--what we're looking at (perhaps) is not a queer subjectivity but a heterosexual fantasy that touches on queer things (of course, I wouldn't be a good queer scholar if I suggested those were actually entirely discreet). When Soliel aggressively flirts with women she is doing it in a kind of drag, but shes also enacting a kind of aggressive (but also sentimental) sexuality that "more ok" because shes a women. This makes sense if we read her as a fantasy site of the male player. Alternatively, this also suggests an entirely different reading in a Takarazuka context, where sex is downplayed in favor of a nebulous "beauty", and the question of gender is elided because were talking about relationships that happen on a totally non-physical level. In fact, looking back I'm more inclined towards this one since she doesn't engage in any illicit physical activity towards women--for example, groping excused by "but were both girls". This is also worth serious critique as a general rule, since it constitutes a shocking dismissal of queer persons (of course, queer person-hood is much less strong in Japan, where queerness has long been considered a safe domain of fantasy). This is of course all to say that when it turns out she desires men all along there should be nothing surprising about it--since what we're looking at is probably nothing more than a conduit of male heterosexual desire. This character isn't real, there is no "real" lesbian underneath her performance, only a male writer. Counterpoint--queerness has totally been gaining traction in Japan in recent years. What we might also be seeing is a "transitional" character--a character written in a culture with a kind of growing awareness that there is such a thing as "queer people" but one that doesn't quite know what to do with it yet and has one foot in two worlds (much like our own really). In which case what we might be seeing multiple strains of queer identity being worked out--the heterosexual fantasy coming into contact with the lived experience. Of course, the resulting hybrid is pretty awful, which is sadly par for the course. With this in mind I will also totally defend readings of Soliel as queer, especially because ambiguity is so essential to what constitutes queerness in the first place. There is plenty here in her narrative to look at it and see a queer person, and from that draw legitimately bad conclusions--I probably don't need to rehash those at this point. Simply because someone probably wasn't written as queer doesn't mean they can't be read as it. Also the original support conversation has serious consent issues and is gross, even if it isn't "date rape" per se (whatever still totally disrespectful and awful behavior close enough).
Both men and women must follow the will of the clan ring, yet no proud Orlanthi is required to remain. If a marriage match truly displeases you you may find another clan to adopt you into there fold. Actually, there is an event where you send your Lawspeaker to sue a ghost.
Your words mean little when you fail to act as Orlanthi! Were taking the clan magic until you shape up. To do such a thing to your own ancestors! Our clan will be known as stickpickers throughout the land!
So you're saying it was the Heortlings, with whom we have an ancient bloodfeud! Whose traders are a blight upon Issaries name and whose men lay with there sheep since there women be so grotesque! We should have known!
Ancestors Angered
Le Communard posted a topic in Far from the Forest...In the middle of Death Week, a gruesome delegation appears in your clan hall. These are the insubstantial spirits of your own dead warriors. "You have shamed the clan. You have turned from the old ways. You will face nothing but doom and disaster until you act in a manner worthy of our ancestors Promise them that you will do better in the future. Sacrifice to Humakt for protection from ghosts. Sacrifice to these spirits. Scold them for frightening their own people. Try to bind some of the spirits as magical servants.
GOG Autumn Sale
Le Communard replied to Ike-Mike's topic in General GamingDont get me wrong Master of Magic is the shit, but I'm more partial to Master of Orion, which you can also get right now, and you get both one and two, so you dont have to worry about the silly debate about which one is better. The answer is two, btw. Also, I always thought Dominions was a better successor to Master of Magic than Age of Wonders, but that isnt on GoG. Its just so much more more strategically interesting and satisfying to play. If your into tactical strategy games, the do have Silent Storm which is flawed but interesting. If you get it there is a mod the speeds up the ludicrously slow animations, as well as one that helps fix the broken level up system. On a larger scale they have Panzer General 2, which is just fucking awesome. Still definitely the best WWII strategy game ever made.
Civ thread
Le Communard replied to HF Makalov Fanboy Kai's topic in General GamingI think its telling that I've been using literally the same strats, and this is the first time I've read about what anybody else has been doing. The only difference is I havent really bothered with warmongering, its too chance dependent on getting early affinity quests and not having a huge swathe of aliens and rugged terrain between you and you enemies. Also, Ive been tending to go Harmony each time because Transcendence is so much simpler than Emancipation or promised land, which is just BAD. I haven't really tried Contact yet, mostly because I haven't bothered and Ive never gotten a piece of the signal from a ruin despite having played a good number of games at this point. I could never consistently beat Immortal on Civ 5 and I find even Apollo pretty easy, although honestly I would say it is a little closer to Emperor than to King.
It is becoming increasingly clear the only way to root out this continued heresy is with fire and sword. I now have no choice but to write to Rome so that His Eminence can send out the call for a holy Crusade through all Christendom.
Blasphemy. To believe that any mortal could approach the divine transcendence is an insult to the very idea of faith itself and the majesty of Gods infinite splendor. God who is the one and everything, the alpha and omega. I demand this topic be looked as it is a den of Sin and Lies that risks leading the flock of this good board astray into Devilry.
Serenesforest's member appreciation thread- Hattu
Le Communard replied to Magical Glace's topic in Far from the Forest...In my mind you've always been the guy who isn't FESS Nightmare.


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|3 x VM-7143
|Monarch Specialties
The perfect office needs the perfect desk to bring it all together and help you get your work done, which is where the Monarch Specialties 60-Inch Industrial Design Office Computer Desk comes in. (3 Pack)
Sleek and modern, this desk features an attractive sleek cappuccino finish that looks great with a variety of contemporary, modern, and art deco styles. It can be assembled in either a right or left side configuration and comes with 1 open cubby, 1 drawer, and 1 large file drawer to keep all your documents and supplies neat and organized. This industrial desk with storage is a must-have for any home office.
Get the most in both functionality and style in your study or office with the Monarch Specialties 60-Inch Industrial Design Office Computer Desk. (3 Pack)
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- Weight: 84 pounds?
- Manufacturer warranty: 1-year warranty
Quantity: 3


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The softball team played four games in the Alvy Early Memorial Classic but lost all four. Games one and two were on Saturday, Feb. 15 against Maryville (0-8) and Southern Arkansas (0-19). Games three and four were on Sunday, Feb. 16 against Missouri- St. Louis (3-6) and Southeastern Oklahoma (2-4). "It was a little bit of a …Read More »
Men's Basketball defeated by NWMSU
The men's basketball team played a home game against Northwest Missouri State University (NWMSU) on Saturday, Feb. 15 but the Gorillas lost the game (60-95). Head Coach Kim Anderson hopes the team is able to comeback from this loss. "So, I thought we really struggled," Anderson said. "I thought Northwest came out and played extremely well. They shot the …Read More »
Women's Basketball defeats NWMSU
The women's basketball team played a home game against Northwest Missouri State University (NWMSU) on Saturday, Feb. 15 and won (60-54). Head Coach Amanda Davied was proud of the team for defeating NWMSU. "I think we did really good," Davied said. "We protected our home court (and) got a big win against a team that we were chasing in the league standings. Now, we've …Read More »
Athlete of the Week: Annie Vaters
This week's athlete of the week is dance team member and junior in nursing, Annie Vaters. Vaters has been on the dance team at PSU for three years. Vaters is also the president of Tri Sigma and the secretary of Be the Match. Additionally, she is part of a few other honor societies. Like most children, Vaters began dancing as a young child, but her …Read More »
Baseball wins 2/3 games against Minnesota Crookston
The baseball team played a home series against Minnesota Crookston from Friday, Feb. 14 to Sunday, Feb. 16. The team won the first game on Friday, Feb. 14 (7-6) but dropped the second game on Saturday, Feb. 15 (0-8). The Gorillas closed the weekend with a victory on Sunday, Feb. 16 (4-3). Head coach Bob Fornelli thought the team …Read More »
Club Baseball preparing for 2020 season
The Pitt State Club Baseball is preparing for their upcoming spring semester. Since their last games in November, the Club Baseball team has been practicing and preparing for the spring semester. "Pretty much we've just been practicing, getting in the cage, haven't had much chance to get outside on the field yet," said Club President …Read More »
Men's Rugby named Mardi Gras Rugby Tournament Champions
The Men's Rugby team travelled to New Orleans to compete in the Mardi Gras on Saturday, Feb. 15. The Gorillahead Rugby team won the tournament and were named the Mardi Gras Rugby Tournament Champions. They played three games in the tournament and won all three. The first game was against Georgia Tech …Read More »
Track and Field athletes earn qualifying marks, break records at Gorilla Classic competition
The track and field teams competed in the Fifth Annual Gorilla Classic from Friday, Feb. 14 to Saturday, Feb. 15 and several athletes claimed NCAA automatic qualifying marks. Head Coach Russ Jewett was proud of the team for their individual efforts but also their team efforts. "I was really pleased with our team's performances in …Read More »
Women's Rugby places second in Mardi Gras Tournament
The women's rugby team traveled to New Orleans to compete in the Mardi Gras Rugby Tournament. The team played three games. They lost the first game against University of Central Florida (UCF) (0-22) but won against Southern Illinois University (SIU) (47-0) and Tulane University (22-0). Club President and sophomore physical education major Mauresa Caire thought the team played extremely well. "To begin, when we …Read More »
Women's Basketball defeated by Washburn, defeats Missouri Western
The women's basketball team travelled to Topeka to take on Washburn on Saturday, Feb. 8 but the Gorillas lost (75-82). Head coach Amanda Davied thought the team played well against Washburn but couldn't manage to pull away with the win in the end. "Well, we started off really well on both sides of the ball," Davied …Read More »


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[Thompson, Printer, No. 156, Dale-street]
Title: The spider & fly
First Line: Will you walk into my parlour, said a spider to a fly
Tune: Will you come to the bower
Authors: Howitt, Mary, 1799-1888
IconClass Codes:
45C15: Archer's weapons
84(COCK ROBIN): Tales and fairy tales (with TITLE)
29A: Animals acting as human beings
Shelfmark: 2806 c.17(403)
Notes: Slip. Originally a sheet with 2806 c.17(172)


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I don't have to tell you that there are many other 3MP cameras out there, so let's see how the compares to the competition! Well enough about that, let's do photo tests now. Click to play movie 2. We delete comments that violate our policy , which we encourage you to read. If it's on, it will be nearly seven seconds before the camera is back in picture-taking mode. The also uses the same playback mode that the LS has. A shiny silver eyelet is also on this side of the camera, for attaching the wrist strap.
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Kodak EasyShare DX MP Digital Camera – Silver | eBay
The last item up here is the shutter release button. Read a review of the DX at Steve's Digicams.
When you press the button, the camera enters playback mode and brings up this menu: The pictures are professional quality, always sharp and colorful. Here, the camera fixes focus at infinity for distant subjects and scenery. Easyshsre Alpha mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera almost has it all Sony Alpha mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera almost has it all by Lori Grunin.
Focal Length Equivalent to 35mm Camera.
The rest of the camera controls are on the back panel, along with the optical viewfinder and LCD monitor. Of all the features to leave out, this doesn't seem like the best one, as people don't always take pictures where auto white balance does a good job.
Here's a look at the available menu items: Overall, the DX is a perfect choice for novices who want to take great digital pictures without needing to understand photographic jargon and exposure settings.
A small eyelet just below the eaeyshare compartment provides an attachment point for the lens cap strap. Focus essyshare from two feet 0.
I'm sure the newer ones take good pics also, if easysyare want to fuss with all the settings The traditional flower macro symbol marks this mode on the Mode dial. Accesses longer exposure times, for darker shooting conditions. Recording stops and starts with a brief, full press of the Shutter button, but if you hold the button down for more than a second or two, the camera will automatically stop recording when you let it back up again.
Exposure Parameters Exposure Metering.
The DX who comes up with these names? See offer for details.
The lens is threaded, but you'll need the aforementioned converter if you want eaayshare actually use any lens accessories. A Mode dial lets you change camera modes quickly, and once again plain-English descriptions flashed on the LCD screen make operation straightforward for even rank beginners.
Copies files from the internal memory to the SD card, or the reverse.
Kodak EasyShare DX4330
Camera Modes and Menus Movie Mode: I had one before, got stolen Quickview automatically displays the most recently captured image, with options to delete or Share. Would you like to tell us about a lower price?
There are just a few items on the top of the camera. The final item on the back of the camera is the zoom controller. All you have to do to see this is the red bar over on the left part of a larger art piece. See details for description of any imperfections.
Kodak EasyShare DX4330 3.1MP Digital Camera – Silver
This too dd4330 be integrated with the OS X address book. Outdoors, I wear prescription sunglasses, which are polarized as are most, I think.
Feedback If you are a seller for this product, would you like to suggest updates through seller support? Write a customer review.


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SPECIAL NOTE: The story of Charles Ryu is harder to read than the tales told by Charles Dickens. I do not believe most of today's American millennials could survive and overcome the terrible hardships that almost impeded Charles from finally escaping to America, the land of the free! I hope Angelina Jolie is reading the story of Charles Rhu…if she could produce the movie FIRST THEY KILLED MY FATHER, about the inhumane Khmer Rouge Tragedy, she is more than qualified to bring Charles Ryu's incredible journey of sheer guts and determination to the big screen. I hope Charles Ryu's story will inspire all of us to do good to our fellow humanity on this planet earth. Steve December 2, 2017
How James Bond, Tom Cruise and Will Smith helped street child escape North Korea via China
Charles Ryu, now living in the United States, spent nine months in a labour camp in his teens after his first attempt to flee the reclusive state
Saturday, 02 December, 2017
Sylvia Yu SCMP
Charles Ryu became an 11-year-old street child in North Korea in 2005 after his mother died of starvation during a famine.
His Chinese father had moved back to China when he was five, abandoning the family, and after an aunt kicked him out when harsher food rations were imposed he was left to scrounge for food on the streets.
Life was especially hard during the winter months and Ryu and his young friends did whatever they could, even illegal trading, to survive. One of the few forms of entertainment was watching foreign movies and to make extra cash to buy food he sold foreign movies to his friends after copying them on to memory sticks.
Their exposure to foreign media opened their eyes to the outside world and inspired Ryu and some of his friends to escape North Korea.
Now living in the United States, he first made the dangerous border crossing into China in 2008, when he was 14. He credits James Bond movies, those starring Tom Cruise, and Will Smith in the Bad Boys films with inspiring his escape.
"They got me curious about freedom and life outside North Korea," he said, laughing at the memory. "We'd been brainwashed from a young age. Everything I was taught was a lie … the worst thing was being told North Korean people were richer than South Koreans. That's what I learned in school."
Ryu said movies and television shows from South Korea, the United States, China, Indonesia and Russia were popular.
"The younger generation has more access to foreign media through USB sticks and DVD players," he said. "Those my age know everything going on. If they don't watch, they have nothing to talk about and they're not in the cool crowd."
North Korea's urban millennials – born in the 1980s and 1990s and now aged between 18 and 35 – are changing its society through their frequent access to foreign media and their reliance on illegal trading and capitalism, rather than the government, for their livelihood. The international NGO Liberty in North Korea (LiNK) estimates they comprise around a quarter of North Korea's 26 million people.
"This illegal trade on the black market, foreign media exchange and the influence of foreign culture have made the younger generation think differently," Ryu said.
"We were influenced by the freedom and foreign culture (in TV shows and films) and imagined and wanted to experience that freedom. That led many of us to escape North Korea.
"They do reckless things. We're not afraid of the government or to do things under the table like illegal trade."
Sokeel Park from LiNK, which has helped more than 700 North Koreans, including children, defect to South Korea in the past few years, said North Korean refugees, especially millennials, were quietly contributing to seismic social changes within North Korea through word-of-mouth information exchange about the outside world that the government could not control.
"North Korean millennials grew up through North Korea's famine and marketisation period, meaning many of them have been engaging in survival entrepreneurialism and accessing foreign media from an early age," Park said.
"This marks a significant generational change, puts them at the forefront of social change in North Korea, and puts them more at odds with the government's traditional propaganda and ideologies."
LiNK says more than 30,000 North Korean refugees live in South Korea and about half of them smuggle around US$15 million in resources and money to their families in North Korea through brokers and illegal Chinese mobile phones each year.
Ryu's generation learned not to rely on the government because their parents struggled and starved through a famine in 1994.
"My parents' generation didn't trust the government any more," he said. "We saw our parents depend on the black market and not the government."
Millennials, more sceptical of the personality cult surrounding North Korea's ruling Kim dynasty, engaged more in illegal trade than older North Koreans. Their grandparents' generation was more loyal to the regime.
"When Kim Il-sung [the founder of North Korea] was alive, North Koreans didn't struggle as much as under [his son] Kim Jong-il," Ryu said. "North Korea was wealthier than China back then."
Professor Obi Ebbe, a sociologist at University of Tennessee at Chattanooga who is a leading international expert on illegal or immoral state activities, said: "In every totalitarian regime like that of North Korea 'black market business' is a truism. It is a method of economic survival, because scarcity of goods and services is a common feature of a totalitarian regime.
"Some Koreans inside North Korea had to resort to making secret business and hiding their small wealth by all means. This is because some of them do not trust their system of government. It could collapse any time, they think."
Ryu said private business was illegal in North Korea but a black market had been flourishing since the late 1990s, selling items such as flooring, motorcycles and mobile phones that government stores did not offer.
Jenny Town, assistant director of the US-Korea Institute at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies in Washington, said there were more than 400 formal, "government regulated" marketplaces in North Korea "where vendors pay fees to have space".
Such markets, known as sijang, were no longer regarded as black markets and sold items including smartphones and top fashion brands.
"Anecdotes note a number of consumer goods, some of which come from China, some locally produced," she said. "There are other street and country markets that pop up on the fly, but I wouldn't call them black markets."
Whether recent sanctions, including those imposed by China, had hit North Korea hard or at all was more difficult to quantify.
"Technically, the type of goods traded in the markets are not sanctioned goods," Town said. "North Korea will certainly be affected in the longer term, but it will take some time to see."
She said some goods and commodities North Korea could no longer export, such as coal, were finding their way to domestic markets.
North Korea analyst Brian Moore, formerly a Pacific Forum CSIS research fellow, said the new elite or "rising economic class" – known as the donju (owners of money) – were those benefiting from the liberalisation of a black market economy now operating out in the open.
"They often have relationships across the border with China that allow them to be effective traders, as well as decent relationships with, or family members in, the government in Pyongyang," he said.
Ryu worked with a friend's mother who had a black market business selling foreign movies that had been pirated in China. She used a computer bought on the black market to download movies onto empty CDs that Ryu provided. He sold each CD for 5,000 North Korean won (now worth about US$35), would keep 2,000 North Korean won, buy more CDs and then pay 3,000 North Korean won to buy more movies.
He said most North Koreans watched South Korean dramas and knew "everything" about the outside world.
"We're taught every other country is poor. Our leaders are the best in the world. We have to make weapons and bombs to defend ourselves from South Korea and the US," he said. "When I was in North Korea, they said we are poor but if we reach a certain amount of weapons we're going to be great. Everything was a lie."
Ryu said the younger generation was more willing to take risks because they had no choice but to fight to survive.
"[Millennials] don't really care about what the North Korean government is trying to do or trying to teach them," he said. "They go to work on a farm, they go fishing and do whatever to get money. I had the mindset I had to keep myself alive. We did whatever to stay alive, including illegal business."
In 2008, when Ryu was 14, his father sent his Chinese half-brother, a son from a second marriage, to find him and help him escape for the first time. But after nine months living with his father, Chinese police detained him for being an illegal economic migrant and deported him to North Korea.
The North Korean authorities sent Ryu to a labour camp for nine months, where he said the guards abused him and only gave him 50 kernels of corn to eat each day.
"I could count my rib cage and feel myself getting weaker," he said. "We worked 12 hours straight every day. I was so hungry I tried to pick the [undigested] corn from my poo."
One day he was so desperate he dived to the ground to try to eat dried rice in a pile of vomit baking in the sun. The guards beat him.
"They were punishing us and starving us to death to teach us a lesson," he said. "It's what happens when we betray the North Korean government. We were treated worse than animals."
Ryu then went to a coal mine, where he worked for almost a year. Many of his friends working there were killed or lost legs or arms. One, hit by a rock, died in front of him. "I realised if I stayed there, in the coal mine, it was a matter of time, I'd lose my life," he said.
Still only 16, he sneaked onto a train to get to a town on the Chinese border and then swam across the Yalu River, which separates the two countries. Once in China, he walked for three days on bleeding and bruised feet, with no food and water. After he collapsed in the middle of a road and cried for help, a man on a motorcycle stopped and helped him find his father's home.
His father, the son of a Chinese soldier who fought in the Korean war and stayed behind in North Korea, urged him to go to the South Korean embassy in Thailand to defect to Seoul. Ryu hired people smugglers to help him get to Thailand.
"I was so scared most of the time," he said. "If I got caught, I would have been publicly executed for escaping North Korea to go to South Korea.
"I didn't speak the language, I didn't have ID. I had to pretend I was sleeping all the time. When people asked me something. I was afraid of being reported on. We travelled by bus, smaller van, motorcycles, with two other North Koreans."
However, Ryu was not accepted as a North Korean by the South Korean government because of his Chinese father. He ended up in an international refugee detention centre in Southeast Asia before the United Nations helped him get to America, where he arrived on September 28, 2012, aged 17.
He lived with a Chinese foster family for several years and finished high school in 2015. With counselling, he has healed some of the trauma of his experiences. "I used to scream and wake up at night," he said. "My bed was wet with night sweats for a year in high school."
Ryu, now 23, has recently learned coding and wants to find a job as a software engineer.
"One day I want to make an awesome app to reach all of the North Korean people," he said. "It's a miracle I got out. Despite all the troubles and sadness I went through, now that I'm here, I want to return and do something good about it."
He now campaigns with LiNK in the US to raise awareness about the dangers facing North Korean refugees.
"I really wish the Chinese government would give North Korean refugees safe passage to South Korea or another third country," he said. "They should stop sending them back to North Korea. We don't want refugee status to live in China. Most are deported back … and face prison and execution."


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August 27, 2019 | From LifeSite News
[It's official. The U.S. is a pro-life nation, according to a joint letter from U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, and Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar. And this Administration is taking a stand for life at the UN global health summit. No longer will the U.S. be the biggest exporter of abortion to other countries!]
The U.S. Government has reached out to foreign capitals to request support for U.S. pro-life efforts at the United Nations. Such a high-level pro-life effort by a U.S. administration is unprecedented. [This is a huge praise–join us in thanking God for this recent development!]
A joint letter signed by U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and Secretary Alex Azar of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services was sent last month to ask governments to support U.S. pro-life efforts at the United Nations in the lead up to a global health summit this September.
UN delegates have been looking for such a letter for more than a year because it makes official the U.S. pro-life stance and will help them in standing up to abortion forces in the UN bureaucracy and the European governments.
The letter warns against "aggressive efforts to reinterpret international instruments to create a new international right to abortion and to promote international policies that weaken the family."
Pompeo and Azar said these efforts were "disturbing" and that they "take the focus off real health issues and import policy debates that should be handled at the national, sub-national, or community level."
Their letter also referred to the terms "sexual and reproductive health" and "comprehensive sexuality education" as "ambiguous terms and expressions that cause confusion and have become associated with anti-family and pro-abortion policies."
The European Union rejected the final draft of a UN agreement on global health earlier this month because it does not allow the UN to promote abortion as an international right.
The final draft agreement in question is for the upcoming global summit on "universal health coverage" of the General Assembly on September 23. The European Union could not accept a statement in the agreement that "sexual and reproductive health" policies must be in line with past UN agreements "as adopted by the General Assembly."
Past UN agreements exclude abortion as an international right or as a method of family planning and prevent the UN system from promoting abortion.
The Thai and Georgian facilitators of the negotiations added the language about past agreements "as adopted by the General Assembly" to placate insistent requests from the U.S. delegation since this Spring.
The modest compromise seeks to limit the ambiguity of the term "sexual and reproductive health," which is often used to promote abortion as a right or as part of global health policy by UN officials.
The European Union's rejection of this proposal throws a wrench in the preparations for the upcoming summit, which many countries see as a priority, casting the shadow of the possibility of a summit without an agreement.
Universal health coverage is an urgent priority for many poor countries who rely on international aid to run their health programs, as the Friday Fax reported earlier this year.
The Thai and Georgian facilitators told delegations that they will be communicating with countries individually to try and resolve the disagreement about the final draft and will convene more formal negotiations early in September if needed.
Given the positions staked out by the EU and U.S. governments, it is unlikely that an agreement can be reached. The U.S. government does not want any ambiguity on the topic of abortion, whereas the EU is adamant that the terminology on "sexual and reproductive health" must remain open-ended and ambiguous.
The only possibility of a change in EU position is for EU member countries force the EU delegation to back off its aggressive pro-abortion stance.
(Excerpted from LifeSite News, article by Stefano Generini.)


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