text:
Sweet Track
|Sweet Track
|Shapwick Heath, Somerset Levels, England
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|3807 or 3806 BC
|13 June 1996[1]
|Reference no.
|27978 (was Somerset 399)
|22 April 1996[1]
|Reference no.
|27979 (was Somerset 400)
The Sweet Track is an ancient causeway in the Somerset Levels, England. It was built in either 3807 or 3806 BC and was the oldest timber trackway discovered in Northern Europe until the 2009 discovery of a 6,000-year-old trackway in Plumstead, London. It is now known that the Sweet Track was predominantly built over the course of an earlier structure, the Post Track.
The track extended across the now largely drained marsh between what was then an island at Westhay and a ridge of high ground at Shapwick, a distance close to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). The track is one of a network that once crossed the Somerset Levels. Various artefacts, including a jadeitite ceremonial axe head, have been found along its length.
Construction was of crossed wooden poles, driven into the waterlogged soil to support a walkway that consisted mainly of planks of oak, laid end-to-end. The track was used for a period of only around 10 years and was then abandoned, probably due to rising water levels. Following its discovery in 1970, most of the track has been left in its original location, with active conservation measures taken, including a water pumping and distribution system to maintain the wood in its damp condition. Some of the track is stored at the British Museum and a reconstruction of a section was built at the Peat Moors Centre near Glastonbury.
In the early 4th millennium BC the track was built between an island at Westhay, and a ridge of high ground at Shapwick close to the River Brue. A group of mounds at Westhay mark the site of pre-historic lake dwellings, which were likely to have been similar to those found in the iron age Glastonbury Lake Village near Godney, itself built on a morass on an artificial foundation of timber filled with brushwood, bracken, rubble and clay.[2]
The remains of similar tracks have been uncovered nearby, connecting settlements on the peat bog; they include the Honeygore, Abbotts Way, Bells, Bakers, Westhay, and Nidons trackways.[3] Sites such as the nearby Meare Pool provide evidence that the purpose of these structures was to enable easier travel between the settlements. Investigation of the Meare Pool indicates that it was formed by the encroachment of raised peat bogs around it, particularly during the Subatlantic climatic period (1st millennium BC), and core sampling demonstrates that it is filled with at least 2 metres (6.6 ft) of detritus mud.[4][5]
The two Meare Lake Villages within Meare Pool appear to originate from a collection of structures erected on the surface of the dried peat, such as tents, windbreaks and animal folds. Clay was later spread over the peat, providing raised stands for occupation, industry and movement, and in some areas thicker clay spreads accommodated hearths built of clay or stone.[6]
Discovery and study
The track was discovered in 1970 during peat excavations, and is named after its finder, Ray Sweet.[7] The company he worked for, E. J. Godwin, sent part of a plank from the track to John Coles, an assistant lecturer in archaeology at Cambridge University, who had carried out some excavations on nearby trackways.[8] Coles' interest in the trackways led to the Somerset Levels Project, which ran from 1973 to 1989, funded by various donors including English Heritage. The project undertook a range of local archaeological activities, and established the economic and geographic significance of various trackways from the 3rd and 1st millennium BC.[9] The work of John Coles, Bryony Coles and the Somerset Levels Project was recognised in 1996 when they won the Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) Award for the best archaeological project offering a major contribution to knowledge,[10] and in 2006 with the European Archaeological Heritage Prize.[11]
Dendrochronology (tree-ring dating) of the timbers has enabled precise dating of the track, showing it was built in 3807 or 3806 BC.[12] This dating led to claims that the Sweet Track was the oldest roadway in the world,[13][14] until the discovery in 2009 of a 6,000 year-old trackway in Plumstead, near Belmarsh prison.[15] Analysis of the Sweet Track's timbers has aided research into Neolithic Era dendrochronology; comparisons with wood from the River Trent and a submerged forest at Stolford enabled a fuller mapping of the rings, and their relationship with the climate of the period.[16]
The wood used to build the track is now classed as bog-wood, the name given to wood (of any source) that for long periods (sometimes hundreds of thousands of years) has been buried in peat bogs, and kept from decaying by the acidic and anaerobic bog conditions. Bog-wood is usually stained brown by tannins dissolved in the acidic water, and represents an early stage of fossilisation. The age of the track prompted large-scale excavations in 1973, funded by the Department of the Environment.[8]
In 1973 a jadeitite axehead was found alongside the track; it is thought to have been placed there as an offering.[17] One of over 100 similar axe heads found in Britain and Ireland, its good condition and its precious material suggest that it was a symbolic axe, rather than one used to cut wood.[18] Because of the difficulty of working this material, which was derived from the Alpine area of Europe, all the axe heads of this type found in Great Britain are thought to have been non-utilitarian and to have represented some form of currency or be the products of gift exchange.[19] Radiocarbon dating of the peat in which the axe head was discovered suggests that it was deposited in about 3200 BC.[20] Wooden artefacts found at the site include paddles, a dish, arrow shafts, parts of four hazel bows, a throwing axe, yew pins, digging sticks, a mattock, a comb, toggles and a spoon fragment. Finds made from other materials, such as flint flakes, arrowheads and a chipped flint axe (in mint condition) have also been made.[21]
A geophysical survey of the area in 2008 showed unclear magnetometer data; the wood may be influencing the peat's hydrology, causing the loss or collection of minerals within the pore water and peat matrix.[22]
The community that constructed the trackway were Neolithic farmers who had colonised the area around 3900 BC and the evidence suggests that they were, by the time of construction, well organised and settled.[23] Before this human incursion the uplands surrounding the levels were heavily wooded, but local inhabitants began to clear these forests about this time to make way for an economy that was predominately pastoral with small amounts of cultivation.[24] During the winter the flooded areas of the levels would have provided this fishing, hunting, foraging and farming community with abundant fish and wildfowl; in the summer, the drier areas provided rich, open grassland for grazing cattle and sheep, reeds, wood and timber for construction, and abundant wild animals, birds, fruit and seeds.[25] The need to reach the islands in the bog was sufficiently pressing for them to mount the enormous communal activity required for the task of stockpiling the timber and building the trackway, presumably when the waters were at their lowest after a dry period.[23] The work required for the construction of the track demonstrates that they had advanced woodworking skills and suggests some differentiation of occupation among the workers.[23] They also appear to have been managing the surrounding woodland for at least 120 years.[23]
Built in 3807 or 3806 BC,[26] the track was a walkway consisting mainly of planks of oak laid end-to-end, supported by crossed pegs of ash, oak and lime, driven into the underlying peat.[27] The planks, which were up to 40 centimetres (16 in) wide, 3 metres (120 in) long and less than 5 centimetres (2.0 in) thick, were cut from trees up to 400 years old and 1 metre (39 in) in diameter, felled and split using only stone axes, wooden wedges and mallets.[28] The length, straightness, and lack of forks or branches in the pegs suggest that they were taken from coppiced woodland.[29] Longitudinal log rails up to 6.1 metres (20 ft) long and 7.6 centimetres (3.0 in) in diameter, made of mostly hazel and alder, were laid down and held in place with the pegs, which were driven at an angle across the rails and into the peat base of the bog.[27][30] Notches were then cut into the planks to fit the pegs, and the planks were laid along the X shapes to form the walkway.[31] In some places a second rail was placed on top of the first one to bring the plank above it level with the rest of the walkway.[32] Some of the planks were then stabilised with slender, vertical wooden pegs driven through holes cut near the end of the planks and into the peat, and sometimes the clay, beneath.[33] At the southern end of the construction smaller trees were used, and the planks split across the grain to utilise the full diameter of the trunk.[28] Fragments of other tree species including holly, willow, poplar, dogwood, ivy, birch, and apple have also been found.[1]
The wetland setting indicates that the track components must have arrived prefabricated, before being assembled on site,[27] although the presence of wood chips and chopped branches indicates that some trimming was performed locally.[1] The track was constructed from about 200,000 kilograms (440,000 lb) of timber, but Coles estimates that once the materials were transported to the site, ten men could have assembled it in one day.[34]
The Sweet Track was used only for about ten years;[35] rising water levels may have engulfed it, and therefore curtailed its use.[36] The variety of objects found alongside the track suggest that it was in daily use as part of the farming life of the community.[23] Since its discovery, it has been determined that parts of the Sweet Track were built along the route of an even earlier track, the Post Track, which was constructed thirty years earlier in 3838 BC.[37][38]
Most of the track remains in its original location, which is now within the Shapwick Heath biological Site of Special Scientific Interest and National Nature Reserve.[39] Following purchase of land by the National Heritage Memorial Fund, and installation of a water pumping and distribution system along a 500-metre (1,600 ft) section, several hundred metres of the track's length are now being actively conserved.[40] This method of preserving wetland archaeological remains (i.e. maintaining a high water table and saturating the site) is rare.[41] A 500-metre (1,600 ft) section, which lies within the land owned by the Nature Conservancy Council, has been surrounded by a clay bank to prevent drainage into surrounding lower peat fields, and water levels are regularly monitored.[42] The viability of this method is demonstrated by comparing it with the nearby Abbot's Way, which has not had similar treatment, and which in 1996 was found to have become dewatered and desiccated.[43] Evaluation and maintenance of water levels in the Shapwick Heath Nature Reserve involves the Nature Conservancy Council, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, and the Somerset Levels Project.[1]
Although the wood recovered from the Levels was visually intact, it was extremely degraded and very soft. Where possible, pieces of wood in good condition, or the worked ends of pegs, were taken away and conserved for later analysis.[44] The conservation process involved keeping the wood in heated tanks in a solution of polyethylene glycol and, by a process of evaporation, gradually replacing the water in the wood with the wax over a period of about nine months. After this treatment the wood was removed from the tank and wiped clean. As the wax cooled and hardened the artifact became firm and could be handled freely.[45]
A section of the track on land owned by Fisons (who extracted peat from the area) was donated to the British Museum in London.[27] Although this short section can be assembled for display purposes, it is currently kept in store, off site, and under controlled conditions. A reconstructed section was displayed at the Peat Moors Centre near Glastonbury. The centre was run by the Somerset Historic Environment Service, but was closed in October 2009 as a result of budget cuts imposed by Somerset County Council. The main exhibits are extant, but future public access is uncertain. Other samples of the track are held in the Museum of Somerset.[3]
Sections of the track have been designated as a Scheduled Monument,[1] meaning that it is a "nationally important" historic structure and archaeological site protected against unauthorised change.[46] These sections are also included in English Heritage's Heritage at Risk Register.[47]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Sweet Track, Shapwick Heath". Somerset Historic Environment Record. Somerset County Council. Retrieved 19 June 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Cunliffe, Barry (2005). Iron Age Communities in Britain (4th Ed). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 266. ISBN 0-415-34779-3.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Sweet Track – Somerset Levels". Digital Digging. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Rippon, Stephen (2004). "Making the Most of a Bad Situation? Glastonbury Abbey, Meare, and the Medieval Exploitation of Wetland Resources in the Somerset Levels" (PDF). Medieval Archaeology. Maney Publishing. 48: 119. doi:10.1179/007660904225022816.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Godwin, H.; Macfadyen, W. A. (1955). "Studies of the Post-Glacial History of British Vegetation. XIII. The Meare Pool Region of the Somerset Levels". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. Royal Society. 239 (662): 161–190. Bibcode:1955RSPTB.239..161G. doi:10.1098/rstb.1955.0008.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Chapmana, Henry P.; Van de Noort, Robert (2001). "High-Resolution Wetland Prospection, using GPS and GIS: Landscape Studies at Sutton Common (South Yorkshire), and Meare Village East (Somerset)". Journal of Archaeological Science. 28 (4): 365–375. doi:10.1006/jasc.2000.0581. Retrieved 11 July 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Williams, Robin; Williams, Romey (1992). The Somerset Levels. Bradford on Avon: Ex Libris Press. pp. 35–36. ISBN 0-948578-38-6.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Brunning, Richard (2000). "11. Neolithic and bronze-age Somerset: a wetland perspective". In CJ Webster (ed.). Somerset Archaeology: Papers to Mark 150 Years of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society (PDF). Somerset County Council.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Coles, J.M. (1978). "Man and landscape in the Somerset Levels". In Susan Limbrey (ed.). Effect of Man on the Landscape: The Lowland Zone (PDF). York: Council for British Archaeology. pp. 86–89. ISBN 978-0-900312-60-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "British Archaeological Awards". Council for British Archeology. Archived from the original on 3 June 2008. Retrieved 17 June 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "European Archaeological Heritage Prize 2006" (PDF). European Association of Archaeologists. Retrieved 17 June 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "The day the Sweet Track was built". New Scientist, 16 June 1990. Retrieved 26 October 2007.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Highlights". Current Archaeology. Current Archaeology. XV (4) (172 (Special issue on Wetlands)). February 2001.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Lay, M. G.; Vance, James E. (1999). Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles that Used Them. Rutgers University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-8135-2691-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Anon (12 August 2009). "London's earliest timber structure found during Belmarsh prison dig". physorg.com News. PhysOrg.com. Retrieved 10 July 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Hillam, J.; Groves, C. M.; Brown, D. M.; Baillie, M. G. L.; Coles, J. M.; Coles, B. J. (1990). "Dendrochronology of the English Neolithic" (PDF). Antiquity. 64 (243).CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Hunter, John; Rolston, Ian (1999). The Archaeology of Britain: An Introduction from Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century: An Introduction from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Industrial Revolution. London: Routledge. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-415-13588-7.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Jadeite axe-head". British Museum. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 21 November 2009.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Barker, Graeme (1999). Companion encyclopedia of archaeology. New York: Routledge. p. 378. ISBN 0-415-21329-0.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Smith, I.F. (1978). "The chronology of British stone implements". In T H McK Clough and W A Cummins (ed.). Stone axe studies: archaeological, petrological, experimental and ethnographic (PDF). York: Council for British Archaeology. pp. 13–22. ISBN 0-900312-63-7. Retrieved 14 July 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Neolithic finds, Shapwick Heath, Shapwick". Somerset Historic Environment Record. Somerset County Council. Retrieved 8 June 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Armstrong, K.; Cheetham, P (2008). "Archaeological geophysical prospection in peatland environments: Locating the Sweet Track at Canada Farm, Shapwick Heath (Somerset)" (PDF). EIGG 8th Meeting on Recent Work In Archaeological Geophysics, 16 Dec 2008, The Geological Society, Burlington House, London, UK. Bournemouth University. Retrieved 8 June 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Costen, M. D. (1992). The origins of Somerset. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 4, 5. ISBN 0-7190-3675-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Scarry, C. Margaret (1993). Foraging and farming in the eastern woodlands. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. pp. 118, 119. ISBN 0-8130-1235-X.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Aston, Michael (1997). Interpreting the landscape: landscape archaeology and local history. New York: Routledge. p. 26. ISBN 0-415-15140-6.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Brunning, Richard (February 2001). "The Somerset Levels". Current Archaeology. Current Archaeology. XV (4) (172 (Special issue on Wetlands)): 139–143.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 "1986,1201.1–27 Sweet Track exhibition highlight". British Museum. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Coles, Bryony (15 October 1987). "Archaeology follows a wet track". New Scientist. IPC magazines (1582): 46.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Coles & Coles 1986, p. 50
- ↑ Otter, R. A. (1994). Civil Engineering Heritage: Southern England. London: Thomas Telford ltd. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-7277-1971-3.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Fleming, Neil; Grant, Jim; Gorin, Sam (2008). The archaeology coursebook: an introduction to themes, sites, methods and skills. New York: Routledge. p. 277. ISBN 0-415-46286-X.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Coles & Coles 1986, p. 112
- ↑ Coles & Coles 1980, p. 25
- ↑ Daniel, Glyn (9 October 1986). "World's oldest road". New Scientist. IPC magazines Ltd. 261 (2529): 100. Bibcode:1989SciAm.261e.100C. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1189-100.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Rahtz, Phillip; Watts, Lorna (2003). Glastonbury Myth and archaelogy. Stroud: Tempus. p. 25. ISBN 978-0752425481.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Wood Culture: Programme7-08" (PDF). Centre for Contemporary Art and the Natural World. p. 2. Retrieved 8 June 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Hill-Cottingham, Pat; Briggs, D.; Brunning, R.; King, A.; Rix, G (2006). The Somerset Wetlands. Somerset Books. ISBN 0-86183-432-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Post Track, Shapwick Heath". Somerset Historic Environment Record. Somerset County Council. Retrieved 7 June 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Shapwick Heath NNR". Natural England. Retrieved 31 January 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "4.20.4 The Sweet Track, the Brue Valley, Somerset: assessment of in situ preservation". Archeology Review. 1996–1997. Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Van de Noort, Robert; Chapman, Henry; Cheetham, James. "Science-based conservation and management in wetland archaeology: the example of Sutton Common, UK". In B. Purdy (ed.). Enduring Records. The Environmental and Cultural Heritage of Wetlands. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 277–286. ISBN 1-84217-048-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Purdy, Barbara A. (1990). Wet site archaeology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-936923-08-6.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Cox, Margaret; Earwood, Caroline; Jones, E.B. Gareth; Jones, Julie; Straker, Vanessa; Robinson, Mark; Tibbett, Mark; West, Steven (October 2001). "An Assessment of the Impact of Trees upon Archaeology Within a Relict Wetland". Journal of Archaeological Science. 28 (10): 1069–1084. doi:10.1006/jasc.2000.0642. Retrieved 8 June 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Coles & Coles 1986, p. 107
- ↑ Coles & Coles 1986, p. 108
- ↑ "Scheduled monuments policy statement". Gov.uk. Retrieved 21 November 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "South West England" (PDF). Heritage at Risk. English Heritage. p. 183. Retrieved 30 June 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Coles, John; Coles, Bryony (1986). Sweet Track to Glastonbury: the Somerset Levels in prehistory. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-39022-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Coles, Bryony; Coles, John (1980). Prehistory of the Somerset levels. Cambridge: Somerset Levels Project. ISBN 0-9507122-0-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
External links
- CS1 maint: ref=harv
- CS1: long volume value
- CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list
- Articles with inconsistent citation formats
- 4th-millennium BC architecture
- Ancient trackways in England
- Archaeological sites in Somerset
- Causeways in Europe
- Civil engineering
- Footpaths
- History of Somerset
- Prehistoric objects in the British Museum
- Stone Age sites in England
- Footpaths in Somerset
- Structures on the Heritage at Risk register in Somerset


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About the Opportunity
The SecurityScorecard ratings platform helps enterprises across the globe manage the cyber security posture of their vendors. Our SaaS products have created a new category of enterprise software and our culture has helped us be recognized as one of the 10 hottest SaaS startups in NY for two years in a row. Our investors include both Sequoia and Google Ventures. We are scaling quickly but are ever mindful of our people and products as we grow.
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During their incredible 2018/19 campaign, Erik ten Hag's Ajax represented football at it's most intelligent. Of course, he hasn't reinvented the wheel; much of his philosophy has been inspired by the likes of Johan Cruyff and Pep Guardiola. However, he isn't a replica of his role models either and has been brave enough to apply his own ideas. Urby Emanuelson, who played under Ten Hag at Utrecht, made note of this in a 2017 interview with Dutch Soccer.
"In Holland, adapting the 4-3-3 system is almost blasphemy. But Erik ten Hag uses different systems as a weapon. He changes things, challenges beliefs, and wants players to be flexible."
This article will shine a light on one of Europe's most promising coaches, focusing on how his teams operate in the 'established possession' phase.
Dissecting a famous Cruyff quote
Despite their entire squad costing less than Cristiano Ronaldo, Ajax managed to overcome the likes of Real Madrid and Juventus on their run to the Champions League semi-finals last season. It wasn't a typical underdog story, however. They continually took the game to their opponents, stunning them with elegant, dynamic football.
Youngsters such as Frenkie de Jong and Matthijs de Ligt controlled more illustrious opponents with relative ease. But was it all just down to talent? Or did the underlying principles enforced by the coach make the team better than it's individual parts?
Cruyff once said that "playing football is simple, but playing simple football is the most difficult thing there is". While the Dutchman acknowledged the straightforward premise of the game, he also appreciated the complex challenge in creating a system of play that is both highly efficient and easy for players to collectively execute.
The job of the coach, therefore, is to study the game in as much detail as possible, before boiling the information down to a set of core principles that help to manage the complexity. As Juanma Lillo describes it "you have to be able to reduce without impoverishing". When carrying out this process, it's important to remain in touch with football's fundamentals.
Ultimately, the objective in possession is to create quality shooting opportunities by progressing the ball into the spaces near the opponent's goal. Meanwhile, the out of possession team's defensive unit is the obstacle. This obstacle can be overcome by creating and exploiting space, free players, and open passing lines and chains.
As we will see throughout this article, Ajax consistently manage to generate these conditions by enforcing intelligent structural, movement, and possession patterns. Furthermore, they enhance the process with individual receiving and passing habits.
Structural patterns
When it comes to understanding space and time, Ajax have provided us with a masterclass during the last year. Along with the movement and possession principles we will see in the next section of this piece, the use of different structures also plays an important role in creating space, free players and open passing lines and chains to facilitate progressions into the final third.
Ten Hag's players are free to change positions throughout the possession phase, and the numbers on each line differ depending on what the situation requires. With that said, their base formation most closely resembles a 4-2-3-1. The decision to reverse the midfield triangle was made with the intention of getting the best out of Frenkie de Jong and Donny van de Beek. Ten Hag explained his reasoning earlier this month.
"One system doesn't add up in football anymore. Take Frenkie, he's an adventurer, always en route with and without the ball. Can you put him at 6 just to switch the play? He's away too often for that. Eventually I decided to play with two number 6's on the pitch."
This slight tweak has freed up De Jong, allowing him to express his talents to the full. He can engage in the first phase of build-up with intelligent passing and positional play, while also having license to dribble into the attack from deep, knowing that a second pivot will be there to cover for him (usually Lasse Schone). Van de Beek, meanwhile, can make use of his clever movement to find space in the final third and act as the free man between the lines.
With the fundamental principle of his approach to the established attacking phase focused on the use of possession and positioning as a tool to open spaces for progression, their base structure aims for width and depth. This seeks to stretch the opponents, creating gaps between the lines both horizontally and vertically. The image below illustrates a typical structure, with one of the pivots positioned as a link player between the first and second attacking blocks.
Sometimes, this structure alone will be enough to facilitate penetrative passes through to the attack, where the forward block of players can make use of one and two touch combinations to break the last line and create goalscoring opportunities. The fullbacks are also on hand to arrive and support the attack from out wide.
More often than not, their opponents will focus on retaining a compact unit, shifting according to the position of the ball. In the Eredivisie, Ajax are constantly faced with the task of breaking down a deep defensive block. In Europe, on the other hand, they have been met with a wider variety of approaches.
On occasions where pressure is applied during the first phase of build-up, goalkeeper Andre Onana will regularly play long passes beyond the initial press. This isn't done without a clear idea of creating and exploiting space, however. The front four will push the opposition's defensive line back, opening up a gap in the middle of the field for one of them to drop off and receive directly from the keeper', as shown below.
Where the conditions allow, Ajax will also attempt to play through the press with short passing combinations, before taking advantage of the space left behind the pressure. The image also illustrates this, with two triangles in the first phase formed to create the option of playing out using the third man concept.
On their way to the league title last season, these types of layouts were rare. As mentioned, the general task at hand was to manipulate the opponent's deep defensive unit, exploiting their reactive stance. Through intelligent ball and player movements, they managed to achieve this with ease, frequently recording emphatic victories.
The key to increasing the spaces in the opposition's half is to exploit their tendency to react to both the position of the ball and the position of the attacking players. The basic structure, holding width and depth, should separate the defenders to some degree, while fluid movement within that structure will further enhance this process.
Occasionally, however, opponents will be diligent in their defensive organisation, leaving little space for Ajax to break through. In these scenarios, other structures are applied to ensure progress of the play can still occur. For example, when the opposition manage to effectively shut off the centre, as well as shifting to close off the wings, Ten Hag's side will form a staggered 'zig-zag' shape made up of four players, with the intention of combining past the defenders using one-touch passing.
In practice, this creates something of a 'pin-ball' effect. The video below provides an example of the strategy. With the direct passing options to the attack shut off by the opponent's cover shadows, De Jong and three teammates create a zig-zig shape next to the touchline.
This allows them to progress the play with one-touch diagonal passes, evading the defenders and allowing progress through to the advanced wing. With such limited space, Ajax will always look to make full use with quick combinations, allowing no time for the opponents to dispossess them.
On other occasions, Ajax will intentionally congest one side of the pitch with an overload, creating more space on the far side. In order to execute this strategy and retain possession in tight spaces, they will sometimes form a 'rondo' using five players. In the example below, they build the attack down the left, drawing their opponent's defensive block over in the process. They successfully retain possession with their rondo structure, further increasing the amount of pressure drawn to that zone.
Once sufficient space has been opened up on the far side, Ajax exit the pressure and shift the play to the free man arriving on the right. Winger David Neres engages the ball-far fullback before dragging him further infield. Van de Beek makes a late run into the space on the defender's blind-side, before being played through to score.
As mentioned, the number of players they use in each phase of the attack is determined by situational factors, as opposed to being pre-set by rigid instructions. This allows them to create the best conditions possible, with no players wasted unnecessarily.
In the first phase, the intention is typically to have one more outfield player than the opponents, ensuring that a free man always exists to progress the play. This is a simple idea, and one that is mirrored by the vast majority of possession based teams.
The numbers used in the first progression will directly influence the conditions for the next phase. With this in mind, the Ajax players are constantly calculating the appropriate layout for the scenario at hand. More than just understanding that the presence of a free man is important, they also appreciate the more subtle aspects of numerical superiority.
In the video below, Lasse Schone sits in front of the two centre-backs, creating a 3v2 against the opposing strikers. Instead of simply maintaining this structure, Schone realises the lack of value he is providing to the situation. One of the defending players is tasked with following him, meaning that he is unavailable to receive the ball.
To serve possession in a more productive manner, he moves off to influence the play further forward. His marker follows suit, leaving a 2v1 scenario for De Ligt and Blind to control. As the move progresses, Blind plays a lofted pass towards the strikers. Schone is in a position to recover the second ball, eventually facilitating the creation of a quality goalscoring opportunity.
Had he remained part of the 3v2 structure initially in place, he would have effectively brought no value to the team. His awareness of this fact is representative of the understanding that Ten Hag's players have when it comes to making the most of possession.
As we've seen, Ajax' structural principles allow them to create and exploit space, free players, and passing chains to progress the attack. When the opponents are well-viced in closing off spaces, Ten Hag's side have the ability to form structures that help them to retain and advance possession through congested areas.
Movement & Possession patterns
Within the structures we spoke about in the previous section, Ajax use intelligent possession and dynamic movements to generate and exploit space, free players and open passing lanes to progress the play. They achieve this by exploiting the fact that defenders are naturally drawn towards both the ball and the positioning of the attacking players, particularly the first and second man in any given moment. The first man is the ball-occupant, while the second man is the player who appears most likely to receive next.
Having a deep understanding of how to exploit defenders' natural tendencies in order to move them out of space is one of the most important elements of 'game intelligence'. Ten Hag's side display this in abundance, making them an ideal case study.
The strategies outlined in this section include rotations, bounce passes, fake switches, overloads, decoy movements, and many more. The first video below provides an example of how rotations in the 6 position can help to increase the space on the outside, allowing a centre-back to carry the play forward.
Midfielder Lasse Schone is surrounded by three opposing players, preventing him from receiving possession from De Jong. The positional defending put in place by the opponents also means they can retain access to De Ligt. With these two short passing options representing little value, something must change.
In order to facilitate a lay-off, and to draw more pressure centrally, Schone initiates a rotation with David Neres. The attacker drops in to receive from De Jong, with the defenders attracted to the arriving man and the ball. The increased pressure centrally opens up more space on the outside, allowing De Ligt to receive the lay-off and progress the play.
Notice also as the play progresses how a second lay-off pass is made to supply the winger. These types of 'chain' or 'link' passes are carried out for a number of reasons. They draw more pressure to the first and second man, leaving the third man with increased space and time. Meanwhile, the use of space and time is further improved because the third receiver can take possession facing forward.
We then see De Jong recover possession in transition before driving into the final third and combining quickly with a 3rd man sequence, all persistent features of Ajax' game.
The idea of engaging one of the opposing fullbacks with the intention of having a free man arrive unmarked on the outside is another consistent sign of the situational intelligence we see from these Ajax players. In the build-up to the goal shown below, Van de Beek moves between the opposing left-back and left centre-back. Striker Klaas Jan Huntelaar has occupied the latter, meaning that the former has no choice but to follow Van de Beek. This opens up space for the free man on the outside, allowing him to receive unmarked and with time to supply a cross to the box.
Had the fullback on the defending team stuck with the wide player, he would have left a clear gap for Van de Beek to receive in behind. It's a lose-lose scenario created by intelligent movement, and the presentation of these kinds of dilemmas is a crucial component of Ten Hag's possession model.
Another way in which Ajax look to create space to progress down the outside involves the use of 'bounce-passes'. An attacking player will sometimes drop off the front to provide a passing option for the players in build-up. His initial movement is likely to draw a defender out of the last line, but more importantly, his receiving of possession should invite increased pressure centrally. This opens up the wide channels to allow for the play to progress.
In the video below, the home team are struggling to create space. They initially attempt to shift their visitor's defensive block with a 'fake switch', but it ultimately proves fruitless. Their second attempt to open the flank sees Daley Blind play a bounce pass off the dropping Dusan Tadic. The defenders are drawn towards Tadic as he receives possession, before the Serbian returns the ball to Blind immediately. The former Manchester United centre-back can now feed the wide player, who has more space to receive and deliver a cross.
So far, we've seen how Ajax use intelligent possession and positional play to increase the amount of space on either side of the opponent's defensive unit. But these strategies are also applicable when trying to create central openings.
Frenkie de Jong is particularly important in this regard. His excellent close control in tight spaces, coupled with his ability to fool opposing players with disguised intentions, consistently leads to increased levels of separation within the opponent's structure.
In the first clip below, De Jong is penned in by three defending players, making him an unviable short passing option for Blind. The 22-year-old doesn't necessarily need to receive the ball to have a significant impact on the play, however.
On top of the fact that the pivot is closed off, the further passing option to Van de Beek is also prevented by the opponent's cover shadows. De Jong recognises this, moving off to one side while dragging his marker with him. The passing lane through to Van de Beek is now open, allowing Ajax to progress the play and exploit the space behind the first line.
These subtle 'decoy' movements are a common feature of the midfielder's game. He also uses them when in possession of the ball, dribbling away from the central space before passing to a teammate who can progress towards goal.
The second clip shows him doing exactly that. Having scanned the middle of the field, he moves off towards the wing to receive from left-back Nicolas Tagliafico. He then takes the ball further away from the centre, increasing the amount of space for a teammate to exploit. De Ligt arrives to carry the play through the gap, before firing home from long-range.
Creating these spaces isn't the only element required to execute Ten Hag's system, of course. As seen with De Ligt's goal, it is also important that players are constantly scanning the field, ready to take advantage of any spaces that open up.
Interestingly, It isn't important who takes up these spaces. Oftentimes, Van de Beek will recognise a gap in the opponent's last line before arriving into it. On other occasions, Tagliafico might be the man to exploit the opening. Centre-backs Blind and De Ligt equally have license to get forward should they spot an opportunity to do so.
The next video highlights this principle. On two occasions within the same sequence, Blind identifies space further forward, moving into it to receive and progress the attack. It's also likely that his teammates have left these spaces open, intentionally occupying defenders elsewhere. A typical attacking layout is arguably easier to defend against, and so Ajax will regularly create asymmetrical shapes and overloads in order to disjoint the opponent's block and leave spaces empty.
Notice how the eventual goalscorer receives free at the far post. Blind's free man run from deep causes chaos, forcing defenders to leave their original markers in order to deal with the immediate threat.
As we saw earlier, playing bounce passes can be a great way to draw more pressure in central areas, freeing up space on the outside. The strategy can also be used to create gaps and free men through the middle.
One of the front four will often drop off with their back to goal, intending to provide lay-offs for their teammates. If his marker doesn't follow him, he can simply receive between the lines and combine with the other attackers in the final third. If the defender does stick with his man, a gap should open up in the last line.
The defensive line's next response is often to move infield, returning to a compact unit, albeit with one less man. More space should now exist in the wide areas. Meanwhile, if they don't respond by narrowing their line, the attacking team can simply exploit the central gap with a through ball.
All these knock-on effects stem from one basic dropping movement, and the impact doesn't end there. Because of defender's ball-orientated nature, additional players will likely be drawn towards the receiver in the midfield zone, opening the spaces up between the central midfielders and wingers. This can allow for a central progression, as shown by the next video.
De Jong plays a bounce pass off the dropping Hakim Ziyech, with four opposing players drawn towards the ball. This creates a lane for Blind to progress through, before he eventually loses possession. Ajax recover the ball out wide, keeping the move alive. Schone recognises the value in playing another bounce pass, this time on the edge of the penalty area. The move again draws pressure towards the ball, freeing up space for Ziyech to receive and get a shot off.
Against more well-organised and defensively resilient teams, Ajax will sometimes have to pull out all their tricks in search of openings. But the same basic understanding remains; use the ball and dynamic movement to attract the opponents and create gaps within their structure.
Their composure in possession and technical proficiency clearly supports this approach, with Ten Hag's side capable of circulating the ball continuously for long spells. Each failed attempt at increasing the separations and progressing the play is also backed up with intense counter-pressure, allowing them to recover the ball quickly and maintain their control over the game.
As shown earlier, they will often look to create dribbling lanes for the many players that possess the qualities to exploit them. De Jong is undoubtedly the most talented in this regard, and so a big part of their build-up centres on facilitating him.
In the video below, Ajax keep possession and move the play from side to side. The opponents are adept at retaining compaction, preventing passes or dribbles through the centre, while also shifting across to close off the sides.
De Jong's initial effort at carrying the play through midfield is blocked off, forcing him to try and execute the 'pin-ball' effect down the left. The structure is created, but the space is slightly too congested for it to represent a quality option.
They move the play towards the right once more, further supported by the decoy movement of Schone. A combination of these factors opens up just enough separation between the opposing right central-midfielder and right winger, allowing De Jong to dribble through to the attack.
As we've seen throughout this piece, the Ajax players have a total understanding of how to create and exploit pressure, drawing opponents one way in order to free up space elsewhere. This not only helps them to create better conditions for progression against reactive low-blocks, but can also be used to good effect in the transition from defence to attack.
On the rare occasions where the opponents have progressed into their own established attack, Ajax can also generally be regarded as a proactive team without the ball. They direct the play down the sides before pressing in numbers. Once this has resulted in a turnover, they will often try to play through any counter-pressure that might follow.
Instead of clearing the danger, or even looking for an attacking outlet further forward, they regularly aim to keep possession in the congested space. This usually increases the amount of counter-pressure the opponents apply, opening up more space further forward.
In the example below, Ajax recover possession in their own half, before calmly retaining the ball in a tight space close to the touchline. Ziyech drops deeper to aid the retention, drawing out his opposing right-back in the process. The Moroccan combines quickly with Blind, before spinning off to exploit the space behind his marker.
Overall, Ajax show a deep appreciation for space and time. They use intelligent possession and positional play to manipulate their opponents with ease, opening up gaps through which they can progress the attack. The list below summarises the strategies used;
- Fluid positional structure with the basic intention of achieving width and depth, creating space between the lines.
- Vary the number of players in each phase in accordance with the situation at hand. Look to achieve numerical advantages throughout, creating a free man to progress the play.
- Players in all positions expected to identify spaces in the final third before arriving late as the free man. If the opportunity is there to do so, this means that even fullbacks and centre-backs can roam into the central attack to exploit gaps.
- Use ball and player movement to draw pressure to one zone of the attack, creating space elsewhere: rotations, decoy movements, bounce passes, dropping movements, engaging fullbacks to create free man outside, overloads to isolate, fake switches of play, horizontal shifting of possession. etc
- Further maximise the use of space and time with positional structures such as 'Rondos' and 'Zig-Zags'. In congested spaces; one and two-touch passing to allow opponents no time for dispossession.
Receiving & Passing principles
Throughout the previous sections, we saw how structural, movement, and possession principles can be used to create space-time, free players, and forward passing lines/chains. Ten Hag's side also display an excellent understanding of how intelligent receiving and passing principles can be used to further support progress towards the opponent's goal.
Ajax' players consistently scan the space around them before receiving. This often allows them to make decisions ahead of time, aiding the rhythm of the play. Furthermore, they always look to keep a number of players in the 'line of pass', giving the ball-occupant multiple options to advance the attack.
Thinking one step ahead by using the 3rd man concept is also an important principle of their game. As the player on the ball(1st man) is passing to a teammate(2nd man), a third player is expected to prepare himself positionally to receive from the second man. This further aids the flow of the play, and means the receiving player will typically have an immediate passing option ready.
They also look to receive on the 'half-turn', ensuring that they don't need to turn a full 360 degrees on the ball, which would give their opponents time to close in on the space. This, of course, only applies to scenarios where the receiving player intends to carry the play forward. As shown with the bounce passes earlier, receiving with your back to goal is beneficial when the intention is to act as a 'wall player', because it can provoke pressure from the nearest opponents.
Players are also asked to take the ball on the 'back-foot'. This simply means that, generally speaking, when receiving on the half-turn, the first touch should be made with the foot closer to the opponent's goal. Again, this is done in order to prevent any loss of space and time.
The passer is expected to facilitate this by aiming for his teammate's back-foot. Additionally, when shifting the ball horizontally, the idea is to play the pass in front of the receiver. This allows him to come on to the play, once again ensuring that the space can be exploited quickly before the opposition have the chance to halt progression.
Ten Hag spoke about the importance of these principles during his time at Utrecht, also providing us with an insight into how he influences the psychology of his teams.
"I think teambuilding is done on the pitch. We do a lot of positional games and I put the benchmark higher & higher. I want them to demand more from one another. I ask for focus, the right weight on the ball, playing into the right foot, the right movement. If they're not focused, these practices fail. So, you'll see that players start correcting, coaching, & motivating one another."
It's interesting to hear Ten Hag speak about the Ajax squad getting to a point where they begin 'coaching one another'. Rather than simply acting as physical vehicles for their coaches' knowledge, It's clear that his players have a deep understanding of the game.
He lays the foundations, allowing his teams to control and manipulate their opponents at will. Whatever situation they are presented with, they have the fundamental game intelligence to exploit it effectively.
Based on recent comments, it appears Erik ten Hag will remain at the Johan Cruyff Arena for at least another season. Unfortunately, he will be without Barcelona bound Frenkie de Jong, while the likes of Matthijs de Ligt and Hakim Ziyech are also expected to depart.
It will be interesting to see how the young manager copes with these losses, but you sense that his ability to adapt will serve him well. Should he pass this latest test, Europe's super clubs will no doubt be clamoring for his signature.
Whatever the future holds, Ten Hag has the potential to follow in the footsteps of his role models and become the next great reference point for coaches across the globe.
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Thus, escorts backpage Francis SK on yourself and don't find excuses to give up.
Online dating website software Blackie is your favourite comic? When they provide a joke can they look? How do they sound? Ifyou're made to read their joke without even visiting them most of all, how would their delivery be? Can the joke have the identical impact, or could it be confusing and potentially offensive? There are several distinct types of comedy, but they nearly all require body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice to be dragged off to some degree.
A sign that they tend over look is they are not likely to be moving on an trip with this individual they are currently trying to amazement; they will be existing what's left together with the person in their lives.
I discovered a demeanor and a smile are appealing to other people, and that I gained friends, and truly started to enjoy being at a world of possibilities than I could have ever imagined.
If you do have a muscular body and you do desire to showcase how amazing it is, make sure that you do it in a manner that doesn't scream" I am GAY. " You can incorporate action shots of yourself. By way of instance, you might be playing beach volleyball or basketball shirtless. That gives you a good excuse without blatantly looking like a douche, to take off your shirt and it allows you to show yourself doing something.
About the half- hour drive out to Yanchep the landscape was scenic if it was somewhat monotonous. The sand dunes are empty you can picture yourselves as the only two people on earth and so endless. Civilisation could end you think, and we would not even know. Everybody would be dead and it'd be only the two of uscharged with the duty of re- populating the Earth. This was the amorous future until we approached our first new backpage escorts billings Blackie development, I imagined.
That is how he handles things, and he does not have to send screen shots of your discussions to his BFFs to analyze ifyou're a fantastic match, or if he should proceed, or like, do the men really thinkyou're a sweet woman or maybe a bit much at times? Since he is really not so sure. And like, did they see you out his home with a cleaver also, or was that just one of his morning hallucinations. . . ? A man's love life is simply much less complicated than that. He keeps you if he likes you. He disturbs you, if he does not.
Screening Women Red Flags Learning to display women is one of the most essential skillsets you will ever learn. The reason being that, simply put, you do NOT want a woman in your sex dating gamae! I've seen a poisonous girl ruined many excellent guys, and as sad as it is to say this, many men never recover.
Give me a minute and we could take off. " Apparently, my humiliation was clear, because BBJ showed some heart, and apologized. He insisted on sitting down and ate half a bit of the lasagna and many pieces of this bread. I kept eyeing the amount of food on his plate and his enormous size and wondered how he can eat a small bit. As he ate, almost inhaling a large part of lasagna, I was half his size but happily chowed down on twice as much. ( I really like anything with melted cheese, on, or under it. ) But we ate so as to get to the fair, Blackie AB backpage for thai escorts though we had seven hours. Forty minutes later, we pulled into a parking lot. A minute BBJ got to watch his date having a collapse. I'd left the concert tickets in the home! Never have I been so thankful for the invention of the cell phone. After the sick feeling in my belly subsided, I understood that we could drive all of the way back into my place, retrieve the tickets, turn around, pay another ten dollars to get back into the parking lot and shed nearly two hours of the date; or I could predict my next- door backpage escorts sex videos Blackie, Joyce. Her husband not went to the fair, too, but I had gotten them tickets and they went to meet with us. I prayed that they had left.
One of the most famous footballers in the country is currently texting a girl he had a backpage bare escorts Blackie Alberta. There was. But after a few more days of these texting, the famous footballer asked out the girl for a date and. . .
There are conmen that inform them whatever they Blackie AB transx backpage escorts to hear. The conmen would be trusted by the man and could subsequently attempt to get something out of you. The conmen request their credit card number or perhaps may ask them to bank in some money to his /her account.
I have one very simple rule when it comes to getting physical. Start. Get bodily early on. The quicker you can get physical with a woman. You have to show her that it is normal for you and thatyou're comfortable being around women sexually.
In comparison, I had agreed to satisfy my new spouse around her house for a late night coffee after her kid had gone to bed. Not that this is any less important, but it was logical to suggest moving this on the day.
Another illustration is she can say for you" Wait, I'm just going to the backpage escorts" . Ifyou're both seated it would be logical to sit down would it be logical for you to simply stand there like an idiot if you are both standing and wait? I'd turn the situation around by stating something like: " I'll wait but I will be over by the bar, you'll get me a drink when you come back" I could go into a great deal of ways she can try you but it would take another book simply to set them out. " How can I put in my own phrases to this request? " As I said these silly tests typically take place in the early phases of a relationship and are utilized to check your confidence and resolve but what you need to remember( and this might seem self- centered) is that the woman isn't the decoration here- you are. Stop putting women. Stop kissing her buttocks. This is something which I needed you to know about in preparation for your meeting. This type of thing may never occur for you on a first assembly but if you eureka hotel dubai prostitutes Blackie AB to some date and the girl begins asking you sort of weird, illogical questions or creating strange requests you'll know what's going on and hopefully how to deal with it.
Men do not typically have these concerns. He cannot get pregnant! It's more possible for a mother to be the principal caretaker of the children instead of the dad. This is changing, but remains true for marriages.
When do I reserve the hotel? As the backpage escorts proceeds, plant the concept of viewing some terrific show thatyou're hooked on. I'll excuse myself to the restroom and also book a hotel on hotels tonight or expedia if she appears interested. I like to choose resorts that have a kiosk check in to stay clear of extended communications with the individuals at the workdesk. All the same you need to have this currently to go in the application or on a tab in your internet browser.


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Professional Community for Car Dealers, Marketing, Advertising and Sales Leaders
Added by Ralph Paglia on August 3, 2019 at 9:00am — No Comments
Added by Ralph Paglia on October 11, 2018 at 2:00pm — No Comments
Just recently, a friend of mine approached me about his dealership site and how they had a consultant (SEO guru), do an SEO analysis of his site.
He was concerned that he may be losing money on keyword selection based on the analysis. As I explained to him there is some confusion out…Continue
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(EDITOR'S NOTE: Ignore First 15 Seconds of Video!)
The Competitive Edge
PowerDealer*, a division of J.D. Power and…Continue
Added by Ralph Paglia on October 30, 2015 at 8:30am — No Comments
It's a confusing topic with the tangibility of a voodoo spell.
What does it take to really make it worth the effort?
We use search engines to find what we want on the Internet, so the common perception is that our product or service needs to be found on Google or we can't sell anything.
Well, maybe or maybe not. There are a few…Continue
Added by Steve Tamulewicz on August 24, 2015 at 8:30am — No Comments
Editor's Note: Repost from SEM professional Jon Miller, VP of Marketing at Marketo. Marketo is a…Continue
Added by Ralph Paglia on April 17, 2015 at 9:30pm — 3 Comments
Word on the street in the SEO world is that Google just had a big algorithm update that is finally starting to match what they've been saying for a while: mobile-friendliness is important for search rankings.
The move was first noted by Bronco's update watch on January 26th.…Continue
Added by J.D. Rucker on February 4, 2015 at 7:43pm — 5 Comments
"I have no idea what you are talking about." That was the response of the dealer who currently signs my paycheck. This was in a board meeting of approximately twenty people who were discussing a planned expansion of the dealership's operations. Of course this included a renewed push into our online marketing campaigns. My direct superior and I make up the online marketing…Continue
Added by Brian Riesbeck on December 17, 2013 at 11:20am — 4 Comments
There are always going to be those who are real experts offering real products or services with proven strategies and the ability to make changes to their techniques as the market and industries change. There are also always going to be those who put on the uniform, slide on the…Continue
Added by J.D. Rucker on June 8, 2013 at 6:00am — 42 Comments
The good folks at Brafton have created an Infographic that really steals the thunder from a post I have been working on. So I am sharing it on ADM along with some examples of how their YouTube channel optimization tips can be applied in the real world of automotive video…Continue
Added by Joe Schwartz on February 4, 2013 at 7:30am — 7 Comments
Steve Levy, author of "In The Plex" dissects Facebook's new Graph Search and the impact it can have on the Internet search market. Found at YouTube from Bloomberg.
Added by Joe Schwartz on January 16, 2013 at 10:25am — No Comments
One of the keys to being a true dealership partner amongst a sea of vendors is having the willingness to "share the playbook" with our clients and prospects. This is much more important today than ever before in the world of automotive internet marketing because the changes are happening too rapidly. Marketing professionals and companies must…Continue
Added by J.D. Rucker on December 31, 2012 at 6:00am — No Comments
It may be the biggest change in the Google algorithm that very few people noticed. The reason they didn't notice is that the change has been slowly happening since February, 2011. Between Panda, Penguin, and the rise of social signals, word count of content is not…Continue
Added by J.D. Rucker on December 6, 2012 at 2:00pm — No Comments
Every few months, marketers around the blogosphere start the next batch of chants that search engine optimization is dying or dead. It's like clockwork; Google makes a change, their pages rank poorly, they declare that the party's over. I think I've written about the topic at least once a year since 2008.
The chants…Continue
Added by J.D. Rucker on December 1, 2012 at 4:30pm — 12 Comments
It's pretty much a universally known fact in the industry that blogging is a vital part of any search engine optimization strategy. Everyone understands you need a blog, the trouble comes from figuring out just who exactly is going to write it. Should you handle…Continue
Added by Timothy Martell on November 8, 2012 at 10:00am — No Comments
No matter how hard you try you can't control who is going to link to your website. Every site out there is going to have a few unsavory links that they want to get rid of, it's a reality of building a website. Since Google came out with their Penguin update people have been scrambling to try to clean up their link profiles and many are resorting to some pretty desperate…Continue
Added by Timothy Martell on November 1, 2012 at 6:30am — 5 Comments
I'm often getting request from clients to take a look at specific area of their website, where for some reason they may not be getting as much traffic as they would like. There are many great search engine optimization strategies you can use for…Continue
Added by Timothy Martell on October 25, 2012 at 6:00am — No Comments
Most businesses understand the benefits of search engine optimization, but many miss out on easy opportunities. Building backlinks is common, but social link building is often overlooked. Social link building enables you to build links that will spread…Continue
Added by Timothy Martell on October 24, 2012 at 6:52am — 5 Comments
The basic Law of Reciprocity states: To give and take mutually.
I have thought about this a lot over the last few months. We use this concept very effectively in conversion optimization by giving white papers, special…Continue
Added by Larry Bruce on October 19, 2012 at 3:00pm — No Comments
We all want to manage our online presence, especially when it comes to search engine optimization. Unfortunately, due to the very nature of backlinks, it's often out of our control. Until now, there hasn't been an official solution for when you're…Continue
Added by Timothy Martell on October 17, 2012 at 7:00am — No Comments
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Bringing meaningful details to life with pen & paint.
Nora exceeded all of our expectations. She was referred to me by our wedding planner and from day one I was blown away by her. She was extremely professional, organized and a great communicator. She matched our style AND INK COLOR exactly to our printed invitations. Her work was truly incredible and beyond anything we could have ever wanted. Every envelope was perfect and I was speechless when I saw them. I would hire Nora again in a heartbeat and cannot sing her praises enough. I have complete trust in her work and ability to do anything artistic. Her watercolors are nothing short of perfection and filled with intricate details. I cannot wait to use Nora - The Chicago Calligrapher - again!!!
Nora did an AMAZING job doing all of the signage at my wedding (welcome sign, seating chart for 140, table numbers, bar menu on giant mirror, dessert sign, guest book sign, etc.). She was super professional and really easy to work with throughout the entire planning process. So many of my guests commented that the calligraphy was a nice touch and really stood out - gave it a romantic vibe too. Will definitely be referring her work to friends of mine, and commissioning her artwork in the future. She's so talented!


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IT TOOK SIX MONTHS from the General Election in April 1992 before the Major government imploded on Black Wednesday. Astonishingly, in just six short weeks since December's General Election, Scotland's SNP government looks beleaguered and bankrupt both politically and morally. Suddenly the failures in all our public services seem glaringly apparent while scandal engulfs Nicola Sturgeon's government with more to come.
In these final few days of voting in the Scottish Conservative leadership contest, members should keep to the forefront of their minds the potential prize. After 14 years of SNP failure, Scotland may finally be ready and be persuaded to vote for change. I am asking for the support of all those ready to rise to that challenge. I have led the party through a tough election campaign, faced off against Nicola Sturgeon at over 40 FMQs, more than got her measure, have toured every part of Scotland meeting not just members but businesses and voters too. I have the experience and I am ready to lead. It is why I have the backing of every conservative MSP and MP who has declared a preference, all of our council group leaders as well as key activists and members the length and breadth of Scotland. This is not the time for an extended internal debate about party structures and processes, the future of the country is at stake. Now is the time to fight for an alternative government for Scotland.
Our "Say No to Indyref2" strategy has been at the centre of the debate in this contest. I make no apology for placing the Union, once again, at the heart of last December's campaign. And I will not relent. If not us standing up for the Union and against a second independence referendum, then who? Labour no longer seem certain and other unionist parties lack the strength. Across Scotland, the majority of Scotland looks to us and we will not let them down.
However, we are also saying no to Indyref2 so that we can say yes to so much else. With every public service entering the 2020s in a worse state than even a year ago, a huge opportunity presents itself. It's time for us to articulate that alternative future for Scotland and to go out there and sell it with all the passion and commitment with which we have fought for Scotland's place in the United Kingdom.
That future must offer hope, encouragement, reward for success and be as compassionate as it is compelling. We will tackle as an immediate priority the SNP tax penalty hitting those who have worked hard in their careers, earning between 26k and 50k yet find themselves paying up to £1500 more in tax than they would be paying for the same job anywhere else in the UK. We will restore both the 2000 teachers lost under the SNP and the reputation of Scottish education. We will remove the cap on Scottish students applying to Scottish universities while also showing that we equally value those choosing apprenticeships by abolishing their Council Tax. We will ensure Scotland's police have the funding they need. And we will work with others, allied health care professionals, clinicians and anyone with its best interests at heart, to ensure a sustainable future of excellence in our NHS.
More than this though, Scottish Conservatives will be bold on housing. We are the party of home ownership and just as previous UK conservative governments led a revolution in housing in the 1950s and again in the 1980s, we need to lead another now. Whether to offer the hope of home ownership to a younger generation of Scots increasingly despondent at their chance or to provide a range of suitable housing options for those in later life, in their communities yet retaining their independence if that is their choice. In the 20 years of devolved government, housing has been ignored. Under a Scottish Conservative government it will become a national priority led from within the cabinet.
All this will require a dynamic and entrepreneurial economy, working with the rest of the UK, facing the challenges and more importantly seizing the opportunities outside of the EU. We can't afford to spend this next decade squabbling over outdated constitutional grievances, trying to turn the clock back, dividing amongst ourselves all over again. Our national focus must now be on renewal and on creating a successful future for all who live here. We say no to indyref2 so we can say yes to so much else.
Scotland does not need its alternative government to become a debating society, it needs the Scottish Conservatives to step forward, challenge this floundering and failing SNP, take on Nicola Sturgeon, offer an alternative and then lead. Lead with energy, passion and conviction. I am ready to lead a team who will do just that.


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The House released a historic bill today to address the climate emergency, called the 100% Clean Economy Act. It calls for sweeping, urgent action, starting immediately, to cut net US climate pollution to zero. 100% Clean.
Why It's So Hard to Talk About Climate Change
Moms Clean Air Force's national field director wrote about why she believes addressing our differences is the only way to create discourse—and solutions to fight climate change.
Report: 100 % Clean Future
Today, the Center for American Progress released a framework for how the United States can build a 100% clean future by 2050.
Moms Clean Air Force's Heather McTeer Toney in Parents Magazine
An article in Parents magazine highlights the work of Moms Clean Air Force's national field director Heather McTeer Toney, and how the things she does in her own home make a difference.
My Community Declared a Climate Crisis. Yours Can Too.
There are hundreds of cities and counties around the world declaring a "climate crisis" or "climate emergency" as a way to mobilize leadership and resources. Learn how to get to your community engaged.
Greta Thunberg and 15 Other Children File Lawsuit Against 5 Countries Claiming Their Rights As Children Are Violated
Sixteen children from around the world are petitioning the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child to hold five of the world's leading economic powers accountable for inaction on the climate crisis.
The Climate Strike in NYC Sent a Powerful Message Demanding Action
Tens of thousands of people took to the streets in New York City for the Global Climate Strike to rally for action to fight climate change.
Climate Change Strikes Out of the Classroom. Teachers Should Follow.
It's time for teachers to put their bodies where their hearts are and support this youth movement.
Teachers, let young climate activists know that we are listening to their call for action.
MSNBC: "Environmental Conditions Plaguing Communities of Color" with Heather McTeer Toney
Moms Clean Air Force's National Field Director, Heather McTeer Toney joined Reverend Al Sharpton and Dr. Ayana Elizabeth Johnson for MSNBC "Climate in Crisis" week.
10 Highlights From the Climate Town Hall
Moms Clean Air Force's Ronnie Citron-Fink and Trisha Dello Iacono were in attendance at the CNN Climate Town Hall with the Democratic candidates for the 7-hour long primetime forum.
Greta Thunberg Sails to America
We are tracking the progress of 16-year old Greta Thunberg's little sailing vessel, as she makes her way—without discharging climate pollution—from Sweden to New York City. There, she will be leading the Student Strikes on September 20th.
Native American Tribes Lead the Clean Energy Revolution
Native American tribes are leading the energy revolution with ambitious projects that help set the stage for the rest of America to move to 100% clean energy by 2050.


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Designer Meg Lonergan Shows Us How to Wow With Wallpaper
Because sometimes a paint job just doesn't quite cut it.
Here at Meg Lonergan Interiors, we love encouraging our clients to use bold, bright wallpapers. We find that they make such a big impact on any space, big or small. Particularly if the clients are on a budget, wallpaper is a great way to make a big statement without breaking the bank. Keep reading to find some examples and ideas about how wallpaper can make a room complete.
In this charming powder room, we used a Manuel Canovas modern toile on the walls, sconce shades and window shade. The color brightens the space and the repetition of the pattern makes the room truly feel pulled together.
Photography by Megan Lovoi
In this dining room, we used a scenic wall paper over the wainscot. With so much variation in pattern and color, artwork isn't even necessary. The dark background provided a great contrast to the light painted millwork.
Photography by Megan Lovoi
We wallpapered the living room of this bachelor pad with pages ripped out of old French textbooks. The books were found at an antique market, and make the story of the room so charming. We accentuated the graphic quality of the paper by painting the millwork and trim in a dark, rich charcoal gray.
Photography by Megan Lovoi
Sometimes small spaces just need texture, and this powder bathroom was no exception. To make this happen, we papered the walls in soft white grasscloth, simultaneously keeping the room cozy and calm with monochromatic hues.
Photography by Megan Lovoi
This powder room was originally painted gray, but we decided it needed to brightened up a bit! We selected a paper with these lively coral "climbing hydrangeas" and used a dark green paint on a custom vanity.
Photography by Megan Lovoi
In this second home in Austin, we wallpapered the ceiling of the dining room in a fun pop of magenta grasscloth. Remember - wallpaper doesn't have to be exclusive to the walls!
Photography by Stephen Hebert


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Measures receptive and expressive oral vocabulary. Used to identify individuals significantly behind peers in oral vocabulary proficiency. Norm referenced. Age equivalents. Standard scores. Composite scores. Percentile ranks. Testing time 20–30 minutes. Ages 5;0–89;11. (2013).
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Gigi Top
Regular price $38.00
We are low-key obsessed with this printed, slub knit, v-neck top and love pairing it with solid shorts and skorts!
- Straight fit, sleeveless, double v-neck tank with a curved hem.
- Palm Beach Slub (100% Cotton).
- Machine wash cold, delicate cycle.
- Imported.


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The F4J6JY1W freestanding washing machine is motorised by the highly reliable and low noise Direct Drive Motor. This appliance also supports impressive steam technology with 99.9% allergy care and has 14 programmes that make it easy to get the perfect wash every time.
It's an LG Smart ThinQ appliance with NFC that enables you to download extra wash programmes by using Cycle Download (Android devices only.) The programmes update annually and include programmes such as Baby Wear, School Uniform, Jeans or Gym Clothes. Smart Diagnosis helps you quickly troubleshoot almost any minor issue before it becomes a bigger problem.
The handy Pause and Add Items functions means you'll never leave a piece of clothing behind on the wash.
Motion Direct Drive is unique to LG and is able to perform various drum motions or a combination of different motions depending on the programme selected. Combined with a controlled spin speed and the ability of the drum to rotate both left and right, the wash performance is greatly improved, giving you perfect results every time.


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2014-09-22 - Polish death metal monsters DECAPITATED have just released the second preview on their upcoming new masterpiece »Blood Mantra«.
Check it out here the clip featuring 30sec. previews of four songs here:
The first part can be seen here: http://youtu.be/_vE50dPreQI
The first single 'The Blasphemous Psalm To The Dummy God Creation' you can check here: http://youtu.be/sbLSrdNd9oU
The title track here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=swweYENI5z8
And the first album trailer is available to watch here: http://youtu.be/AD8X1kx9PPM
Tracklist of »Blood Mantra«
01. Exiled In Flesh
02. The Blasphemous Psalm To The Dummy God Creation
03. Veins
04. Blood Mantra
05. Nest
06. Instinct
07. Blindness
08. Red Sun
Digipak Bonus-Track:
09. Moth Defect
»Blood Mantra«was recorded at Hertz Studio in Bialystok (Poland) under the direction of Wojtek and Slawek Wieslawscy.
Three years have passed since the highly praised album »Carnival Is Forever« was released.
Now DECAPITATED are back - stronger than ever!
»Blood Mantra« will be release September 26, 2014 via Nuclear Blast!
Pre-order it here: http://bit.ly/BloodMantraPreOrder
|Linked bands
DECAPITATED - re-sign with Nuclear Blast!
2020-09-28 15:00 - NUCLEAR BLAST is proud to announce that Polish Tech Death masters DECAPITATED have decided to refresh their bond and have re-signed their contract for the metal label. Details
DECAPITATED - about to kick off EU/UK tour!
2020-02-21 20:00 - "Faces Of Death". Featuring a stacked five-band line up delivering some of the finest death metal and deathcore around, the 23-show run will kick off on March 06th! Details
DECAPITATED - to headline EU/UK tour!
2019-11-29 11:00 - Today DECAPITATED are proud to announce that they'll be laying EU/UK stages to waste once again as headliners of Rising Merch's newly launched »Faces Of Death« tour in March. Details
DECAPITATED - announce European summer tour!
2019-04-05 13:00 - Featuring appearances at MetalDays (SLO), Alcatraz Metal Festival (B), and Summer Breeze (D) among others, the 21-date run will guide DECAPITATED through 11 countries. Details
DECAPITATED - unveil trailer for tour!
2018-12-10 15:00 - DECAPITATED will embark on their extensive »Killing The European Cult Tour« in early 2019. In support of this run, the band has launched a tour trailer. Details
DECAPITATED - announce more dates!
2018-10-25 17:00 - DECAPITATED is proud to reveal that shows in Holland, Belgium and Germany have been added to the »Killing The European Cult« tour routing. Details
DECAPITATED - announce French tour dates!
2018-10-17 10:00 - DECAPITATED are set to embark on their upcoming »Anticult Balkan Tour 2018« next month. The band is pleased to announce seven French shows for February! Details
DECAPITATED - music video 'Kill The Cult'!
2018-07-16 17:00 - Polish death metal masters DECAPITATED have released a music video for the song 'Kill The Cult'. Details
DECAPITATED - announce "Anticult" Balkan Tour
2018-04-30 10:00 - DECAPITATED are finally returning in the form of their upcoming »Anticult« Balkan Tour 2018! The band will be accompanied by HATESPHERE and THY DISEASE! Details
DECAPITATED - European headline tour!
2017-08-07 12:30 - DECAPITATED have announced a run of 29 dates across our shores, and the audacious Poles will be bringing ripping tracks from their new killer record »Anticult« to our stages. Details