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The genus Calotropis (Asclepiadaceae) is comprised of two species, C. gigantea and C. procera, which both show significant economic potential for use of their seed fibers in the textile industry, and of their bioactive compounds as new medicinal resources. The available wild-sourced germplasm contains limited genetic information that restricts further germplasm exploration for the purposes of domestication. We here developed twenty novel EST-SSR markers and applied them to assess genetic diversity, population structure and differentiation within Calotropis. The polymorphic information index of these markers ranged from 0.102 to 0.800; indicating that they are highly informative. Moderate genetic diversity was revealed in both species, with no difference between species in the amount of genetic diversity. Population structure analysis suggested five main genetic groups (K = 5) and relatively high genetic differentiation (FST = 0.528) between the two species. Mantel test analysis showed strong correlation between geographical and genetic distance in C. procera (r = 0.875, p = 0.020) while C. gigantea showed no such correlation (r = 0.390, p = 0.210). This study provides novel insights into the genetic diversity and population structure of Calotropis, which will promote further resource utilization and the development of genetic improvement strategies for Calotropis.
The genus Calotropis (Asclepiadaceae), which is native to the tropics and subtropics of Africa and Asia, has great potential for use as a fiber and medicinal plant1,2. Its long, fine seed hair (similar to that of cotton) is a high quality fiber, while the sap contains unique chemical compounds that have the diverse bioactive and pharmacological properties indicative of potential for new drug discovery3. In addition, Calotropis' growth properties include drought hardiness, fast growth after establishment, a short reproductive cycle and adaptation to salty soils. This suggests that it is an important shrub which could serve as a key plant for ecological restoration in arid and semiarid regions4,5.
There are two closely related species of the genus; Calotropis procera (mainly distributed in the tropic and subtropics of Africa) and Calotropis gigantea (mainly found in tropic and subtropics of Asia). Due to their morphological similarity, with major differences occurring only on the floral structures, distinguishing them during the non-flowering season is difficult4. Taxonomically, C. procera is distinguished from C. gigantea by its flower characteristics such as subglobose flower buds, corona as long as gynostegium and erect corolla with five petals with dark purple tips4. Development of a genetic marker to distinguish the two species would facilitate species identification outside the flowering season.
Utilization of Calotropis products have mostly been explored from wild populations, which raises concerns regarding their sustainability and low product yield. Currently, there is a Calotropis domestication trial as a fiber source underway in Kenya (personal communication). The available wild germplasm has limited genetic information, with few molecular markers pinpointed that separate the two species. This currently limits germplasm exploration and genetic improvement of Calotropis. To date, various marker systems have been used in population genetic analysis of Calotropis. In flower polymorphic (pink and white) C. gigantea, genetic analysis using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPDs) found rich genetic diversity and high genetic similarity6. In 18 accessions of C. procera studied in Egypt, RAPDs unveiled a high polymorphism level7. Moreover, RAPDs were also used to discriminate thirteen salt tolerant plant species including C. procera according to their genetic relationships8. Analysis of three populations of C. procera on the basis of their climo-geographic adaptations using zymograms of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase indicated high genetic variation9. Further, SDS-PAGE for protein and isozyme in genetic variation analysis successfully discriminated between the genotypes of the studied C. procera populations10. The analysis of C. procera from Benin using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) uncovered high genetic variation among the sampled populations11.
However, these previous studies were based on only a few samples within a limited sampling area and mainly focused on C. procera. In addition, AFLP and RAPDs are dominant markers which cannot distinguish between heterozygotes and homozygotes, thus their use may over-estimate genetic diversity, making them less robust for use in genetic analysis12. On the other hand, isozymes are phenotypic markers whose usefulness is limted by the requirement for fresh samples, the fact that they are influenced by environmental changes and that only a few loci are analysed13. Expressed sequence tags-simple sequence repeats (EST-SSR) are more robust and efficient in population genetic analysis based on their intrinsic characteristics such as codominance, multi-allelic, highly reproducible, transferability across taxon, hypervariable and ubiquitous distribution across the genome14. In particular, EST-SSRs target protein coded are conservative and their markers are usually transferable within species, thus they are often applied to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure across related species15,16,17,18.
In our previous study19, we generated transcriptome data for C. gigantea. Using that data, in the present study, we developed 20 polymorphic and efficient EST-SSR markers. These markers were used to investigate genetic diversity and differentiation and perform population structure analysis for ten populations collected from Asia and Africa (as shown in Fig. 1). These results provide novel insights into the genetic diversity and population differentiation in Calotropis. This study not only increases our understanding of the genetics of Calotropis, but also is useful to development of feasible strategies for Calotropis genetic resource management and conservation.
Polymorphism of EST-SSR Markers
In total, 170 primer pairs were randomly selected from those designed from the transcriptome of C. gigantea in our recent study19. To inspect polymorphism of primers the screening was initially carried out using eight samples (four from C. gigantea and four from C. procera), selected at random from the sampled populations. Among the 170 selected primer pairs, 151 amplified successfully across C. gigantea and C. procera while 19 pair primers did not yield any PCR products at diverse annealing temperatures. Out of the 151 successful primer pairs, 109 yielded amplification products of the expected size, and the other 42 primer pairs generated PCR products that were larger or smaller than expected or unspecific bands. Of those successfully amplified, 20 primers (13.2%) showed polymorphisms whereas 89 were identified as monomorphic. The 20 polymorphic EST-SSR primers (see Table S1) were used for further population analysis. In total, 97 alleles were identified from C. gigantea samples, ranging from two (CG71) to eight (CG 84), with an average of 4.85 alleles per locus, whereas in C. procera samples, 84 alleles were identified with an average of 4.2 alleles per locus (Table S2). Across the20 loci, observed heterozygosity (HO) had a mean of 0.223 in C. procera and 0.194 in C. gigantea while the mean genetic diversity (HS) was 0.487 and 0.379 for C. gigantea and C. procera respectively. PIC values ranged from 0.065 to 0.769, with the mean = 0.429 in C. gigantea and 0.045 to 0.670, with the mean = 0.338 in C. procera (Table S1). From the average number of alleles and PIC values, it is evident that both C. procera and C. gigantea accessions display similar amount of genetic diversity (Table S1). Combining all populations of both species; the PIC ranged from 0.102 (CG71) to 0.800 (CG28). Inbreeding coefficient (FIS) values ranged from −0.365 to 0.879 (mean = 0.167) in C. gigantea, and from −0.597 to 0.951 (mean = 0.177) in C. procera (Table S2).
Population Genetic Diversity Analysis
The genetic diversity (HS) of the ten populations ranged from 0.157 to 0.363 with an average of 0.245. In C. gigantea the average HS was 0.249. The Nepal population showed the highest (HS = 0.363), while the Dongchuan population had the lowest genetic diversity values (HS = 0.157). In C. procera the Mali S population had the highest genetic diversity (HS = 0.339) and the lowest was the Kibwezi population (HS = 0.195) with a mean of 0.248. The average levels of observed heterozygosity (HO) across all populations was HO = 0.214 while in C. procera and C. gigantea HO was 0.223 and 0.198 respectively, while within species the level of genetic diversity (HS) was 0.249 and 0.256 for C. gigantea and C. procera, respectively. Allelic richness (AR) ranged from 2.25 (Honghe) to 3.3 (Nepal) in C. gigantea and 2.05 (Kibwezi) to 2.85 (Mali S) in C. procera. The fixation index (F) for all the ten populations ranged from 0.048 (Kibwezi) to 0.320 (Honghe). Using various genetic diversity parameters there was no noticeable difference between the two species (Table 1).
Population Genetic Structure
PCoA is often used to show genetic similarity among populations, with populations clustered according to their geographical location and species identity. Our PCoA results showed that the two species were clearly clustered and that the first two axes explained 64.62% of the total observed variation, suggesting that a distinct genetic structure exist between C. gigantea and C. procera (Fig. 2). STRUCTURE analysis indicated the optimal cluster number as K = 5 based on delta K (Fig. S1). Due to their biological relevance, other genetic structure K = 2, K = 3 and K = 4 are also displayed in Fig. 3. At K = 2, strong genetic structure was found among our samples that corresponded to respective species. Further at K = 5, the results revealed that Nepal, Mali S and Tanzania populations each had a unique gene pool (see Fig. 3). In addition, we performed the genetic relationship analysis among populations with neighbor joining criteria. As shown in Fig. 4, the sampled individuals were clearly grouped into two clusters (C. gigantea and C. procera), in concordance with the results of PCoA and STRUCTURE analyses.
Intraspecies population structure analysis gave the optimum K value as K = 2 and K = 3 using Delta K and L (K) approaches respectively. Since delta K may erroneously result into K = 2 (Figs S2 and S3) both K Values were considered. In C. procera at K = 2, the populations grouped into West Africa (Mali K and Mali S) and East Africa populations (Baringo, Tharaka, Kibwezi, Tanzania). At K = 3 Baringo population separates from the rest of the East Africa populations, with Tanzania and Mali S populations showing admixtures (see Fig. 5). In C. gigantea populations at K = 2, the Dongchuan population clustered with the Honghe population while the Hainan population grouped with the Nepal population, however at K = 3 the Nepal population and the Hainan population each formed a separate group (Fig. 5). These results were consistent with the analyses from both PCoA and NJ (Fig. 6).
Genetic Differentiation
Patterns of genetic divergence by AMOVA analysis showed that 28.32% of total variation was accounted for by interspecific differences between C. procera and C. gigantea, with a FST value of 0.528. When AMOVA analysis was assessed within each species, C. procera had most genetic variation (55.35%) partitioned within individuals while in C. gigantea among-population divergence was highest (57.01%). The genetic differentiation (FST) for C. procera and C. gigantea were 0.366 and 0.57, respectively (Table 2). Among the sampled populations interspecies pairwise FST values were lowest between the Tharaka and Kibwezi populations both within C. procera (FST = 0.200) and the highest differentiation (FST = 0.491) was between the Baringo (C. procera) and Hainan (C. gigantea) populations (Table S3). Intraspecies pairwise FST values in C. procera showed that the most differentiated populations were between Baringo and Mali K (FST = 0.362), while in C. gigantea the Dongchuan and Hainan populations were the most differentiated (FST = 0.451) (Table S3). At the loci level the genetic differentiation (FST) ranged from 0.036 (CG71) to 0.707 (CG83) with a mean of 0.405 in C. gigantea whereas in C. procera the FST ranged from 0.024 (CG35) to 0.764 (CG83) with a mean of 0.291 (Table S2).
Mantel test analysis is often used to examine the correlation between geographic and genetic distance18. Our Mantel test analysis showed a significant correlation between geographic and genetic distance among C. procera populations (r = 0.875, p = 0.020) (Fig. 7a), whereas no such correlation was found within C. gigantea populations (r = 0.39, p = 0.21) (Fig. 7b).
Development of EST-SSR
This study represents the first attempt to develop and utilize EST-SSR markers to examine genetic diversity in the genus Calotropis. EST-SSRs have been found to be important molecular markers for detecting genetic diversity, structure, and demography as well for applied and experimental research on plant populations20. These markers show high transferability to closely related species of same genus or even family since they are associated with transcribed genes conserved among homologous genes21. Here, 151 primer pairs (88.8%) were successfully amplified PCR fragments from 170 pairs that had been designed from unigenes generated from transcriptome data. 19 primer pairs did not yield any PCR product. This could have been a result of insertions, lack of specificity, assembly errors, chimeric primers and the presence of large introns22. The polymorphism rate of Calotropis EST-SSR primers was 13.5%, which is comparable to that reported from other plants such as Neotropteri nidus (11%)22 and sesame 11.9%23.
The informativeness level of markers based on PIC is usually defined as low (PIC < 0.25), medium (0.5 > PIC > 0.25) or high (PIC > 0.5)24. Based on this criteria, the EST-SSR markers developed for Calotropis have a moderate level of polymorphism, with seven having high polymorphism, 12 having medium polymorphism and only one having a low PIC value (Table S1). The slight difference in PIC between C. procera and C. gigantea may have simple been due to bias introduce by deriving the markers from C. gigantea. This is congruent with what was observed in Tilia platyphyllos and Tilia cordata, in which the former (from which the markers were designed) had a slightly higher genetic diversity17. Overall, the developed EST-SSR markers showed sufficient polymorphism levels across the loci to perform further analyses of genetic diversity, differentiation and population genetic structure in Calotropis. This could contribute to future Calotropis genetics and breeding research, in areas such as identification of elite germplasm and marker-assisted selection.
Genetic diversity analysis
It is crucial to assess genetic diversity in order to ensure that the most diverse populations are selected to widen the genetic base of germplasm. Based on the developed EST-SSR markers the current study assessed genetic diversity in both C. procera and C. gigantea. Genetic variation was lower than in previous genetic studies of Calotropis populations9,10,11. However, these studies are not directly comparable since different marker systems could result in slight differences in the results obtained.
Generally, species with a wide distribution, wind dispersal and outcrossing show high genetic diversity25, however, based on EST-SSR markers, Calotropis displays a moderate genetic diversity (HS = 0.245). This level is comparable to the genetic diversity in Blighia sapida, a woody perennial species widespread in tropics and subtropics which had an average genetic diversity of HS = 0.2926. It seems that the genetic diversity of Calotropis plants is lower than that of most outcrossing species25. The population genetic diversity did not differ between C. procera (HS = 0.248) and C. gigantea (HS = 0.249), despite the fact that C. procera was distributed widely in Afica and C. gigantea was fragmentally distributed in Asia. Generally, in fragmented populations genetic variability is expected to be low27, however, this might not be universal, and in C. gigantea there was no evidence of low variability. The European Beech has fragmented populations that nonetheless show no evidence of loss of genetic variability28. Within C. procera, the Mali S populations had the highest genetic diversity while in Nepal, C. gigantea had the highest genetic diversity (Table 1). These two populations could be an important source of germplasm for incorporating in future breeding programs.
Population genetic structure
A plant population's genetic structure is determined by the interaction of processes such as geneflow, mutation, selection and mating strategy29. The PCoA, STRUCTURE and NJ results clearly demonstrated genetic differentiation between C. procera and C. gigantea. Intraspecies structure analysis within C. procera and C. gigantea suggested that the most likely number of populations was K = 3, which was clustered primarily according to geographical region. Within C. procera the Baringo population split from the rest of East Africa population; this could be explained by limited geneflow between the populations as a result of extensive distance between them. Within C. gigantea, distinct groups were present as shown by both PCoA and NJ. Overall, the Nepal, Mali S and Tanzania populations had unique populations with admixed genotypes likely to harbor novel and potentially beneficial alleles. Thus these populations should be prioritized as source of germplasm for breeding and planting during domestication. Both interspecies and intraspecies analysis showed that a strong genetic structure existed in Calotropis, thus efforts into collection of germplasm should focus on sampling the maximum number of populations, to maintain high levels of genetic diversity30.
Genetic differentiation
Although C. procera and C. gigantea are morphologically close, AMOVA revealed high between-species genetic differentiation (FST) 0.528 (Table 2). In C. gigantea, the highest partitioning of genetic variation was found among populations. Such partitioning is expected for species with mixed mating systems25 rather than for those with outcrossing systems such as is suggested to be the probable mating system in Calotropis. This could be as a result of the sampled populations of C. gigantea occurring within fragments due to natural barriers such as mountainous terrain. This restricts the movement of insect pollinators to far distances, resulting in pollination occurring only within clumps of close relatives. These results are comparable to those of Hippophae tibetana Schlect31, and Cycas simplicipinna32 populations, which were found to have high genetic differentiation as a result of barriers limiting gene flow. However, partitioning of genetic variance in C. procera found high within-population variation and lower FST than in C. gigantea. This is an indication of relatively unrestricted geneflow between most of the sampled populations, resulting in a low genetic differentiation because C. procera is continuously distributed in African regions. Mantel test analysis found a strong correlation between geographical and genetic distance in C. procera (r = 0.875, p = 0.020). Populations separated by greater distances were more genetically dissimilar than those populations that are geographically close - which led to stronger internal genetic differentiation. Therefore, it is likely that the genetic structure of this species is affected by geographical distance. This high isolation by distance implies that selection and use of genetically diverse genotypes are key factors in C. procera breeding program during domestication and development of varieties with a broad genetic base. However, genetic isolation by distance is not a static process and may change with time, resulting in changes in genetic composition of a given population. In C. gigantea, however, Mantel test showed no correlation between geographic distance and genetic distance pattern (r = 0.39, p = 0.21), which further supports our hypothesis that geographical isolation exists among studied populations of C. gigantea, which led to genetic high differentiation which is suggested to have resulted from population fragmentation, low gene flow and genetic drift, similar to that in white Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba)33.
We developed the first EST–SSR markers, thus providing a strong impetus for genetic analysis in Calotropis spp. Although the EST-SSR markers were of moderate polymorphism they showed power in discriminating between two closely related Calotropis species. These markers are also linked to functional genes due to their location in the coding regions of the genome; thus, may be useful for functional analysis of traits of interest. We found moderate genetic diversity between the two species of Calotropis with no difference within them. Information on genetic diversity will ensure that the maximum genetic diversity can be captured during the domestication process. We found strong interspecies and intraspecies genetic structure in this genus, thus collection of germplasm efforts should focus on sampling the maximum number of populations in order to preserve a high level of genetic diversity. These markers of genetic differentiation will give insights into incorporating the most diverse populations into breeding programs. Overall this study will be a useful resource for further genetic research in Calotropis.
Materials and Methods
Sample Collection and DNA Extraction
We sampled 286 individuals of Calotropis from 10 natural populations from Africa and Asia, at a minimum distance of 50 meters. From each sampling point individuals' GPS readings were taken which were then transformed into reference points and mapped (Table S4 and Fig. 1). Two young leaf samples were collected in replicates, then immediately put in silica gel to dry until DNA extraction. Total DNA was isolated following cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method34. The DNA integrity and quality was measured by Nanodrop 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermofischer scientific, wilmington, DE, USA) and also by running on 1.0% (w/v) agarose gel. The DNA for PCR amplification was then diluted to a final concentration of 50 ng/µL for each sample in TE buffer (10 mmol/L Tris-HCL, PH 8.0, 1 mmol/L EDTA).
SSR Marker Screening
We selected 170 primers pairs at random from those designed in our recent study16. The EST-SSR markers were screened for PCR amplification using eight individual samples selected at random, four samples from Asia (C. gigantea) and four from Africa (C. procera). Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were performed in 12.5 µL reaction volumes containing 6.25 µL 2X easytaqPCR PAGE MasterMix (TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China), 0.5 µL of forward and reverse primers, 0.5 µL of genomic DNA (50 ng/µL) and ddH2O 4.75 µL. Amplification of the PCR products was carried out using a BIO-RAD T100TM Thermal cycler (Singapore) with the following cycle: initial denaturation at 95 °C for 5 min; 35 cycles of 30 s at 94 °C, 45 s at a range of annealing temperatures to attain the optimum (Table S1); 30 s of elongation at 72 °C, and a final extension for 10 min at 72 °C. The PCR products were then separated by electrophoresis at 180 V and 50 W on 8% non-denaturing polyacryramide gel and visualized by silver nitrate staining35. The polymorphic primers were then selected and utilized in genotyping 286 samples.
EST-SSR Genotyping
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the 286 Calotropis samples using 20 developed loci was carried out in a 20 µL volume. The total volume contained 10X PCR buffer (2 µL), 25 mM MgCl2 (1.6 µL), 10 mM of dNTPs (0.4 µL), 5 unit/µL of Taq DNA polymerase (0.15 µL) TaKaRaTaqTM kit (TAKARA BIO INC., Dalian, China), 10 pmol each of forward and reverse primers (0.4 µL), 40–50 ng/µL of DNA template (1 µL) and 14 µL of sterile ddH2O. The forward primers of all the selected primers were fluorescent labeled with a 6-FAM, HEX and TAMRA (GENEray Biotech, Shanghai, China). PCR amplification conditions were as follows: 5 min at 95 °C, 35 cycles of 30 s at 94 °C, 45 s annealing temperatures 54 °C–62 °C (Table S1), 30 s at 72 °C and 10 min 72 °C final extension.
The success of amplification was determined by running the PCR products on 1% agarose in 1xTAE buffer. After successful selective amplification 1 µL of PCR product was mixed with 0.5 µL of size standard GeneScanTM 500 LIZ (Applied Biosystems) and 9 µL HI-DITM (Applied Biosystems), denatured and then separated on an ABI 3730xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, USA).
Data Analysis
The SSR allele sizes was estimated by Genemarker v4.0 (Softgenetics LLC, State College, PA, USA) for all populations, checked manually and entered in a spreadsheet. We used PowerMarker v3.2536 to calculate PIC, AR, number of alleles (NA), HO, HS. To determine average pair-wise between populations (FST) we used GenAlEx v. 6.537. Arlequin 3.1138 was used to determine FIS and FST per locus.
Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) to partition genetic variance was analysed in Arlequin 3.1138. Principal co-ordinate analysis (PCoA) to analyze genetic structure by covariance standardised approach of pairwise Nei's genetic distances was conducted in GenAlEx version 6.537. The genetic relationships using neighbour-joining (NJ) was determined in PHYLIP3.6939 based on Nei's genetic distance40. Nei's genetic distance was calculated in MICROSATELLITE ANALYSER (MSA) v4.0541.The reliability of each node was tested using 1000 resamplings. FigTree v1.3.142 was used to visualize and edit the tree.
In order to determine the genetic groups among populations we used Bayesian clustering method in STRUCTURE V2.3.443. This analysis was run at 35 independent runs per K Value (K1–10) with a burn-in period of 100,000 iterations and 100,000 Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). Structure Harvester44 was used to visualize the best K value based on delta K (ΔK)45 and maximum log likelihood L (K)46. We used Mantel tests18 to determine the pattern of isolation by distance at 1000 permutations using GenAlEx version 6.537. The comparison of the ten geographic populations distance matrix was calculated according to latitude and longitude from GPS coordinates using Vincenty's formula, http://www.movabletype.co.uk/scripts/latlong.html.
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Excoffier, L., Laval, G. & Schneider, S. Arlequin (version 3.0): an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evolutionary bioinformatics 1 (2005).
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We thank Catherine Dembele and Sailesh Ranjiktar for their help in sample collection, and Moses Wambulwa for advice on data analysis. The experiments were performed at the Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Molecular Breeding, in Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This work was jointly funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31661143002) and the local science and technology development program (sponsored by Chinese central government).
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Muriira, N.G., Muchugi, A., Yu, A. et al. Genetic Diversity Analysis Reveals Genetic Differentiation and Strong Population Structure in Calotropis Plants. Sci Rep 8, 7832 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26275-x
Further reading
Genetic diversity analysis of a flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) global collection
BMC Genomics (2020)
Elucidation of genetic diversity base in Calotropis procera – a potentially emerging new fibre resource
Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization (2020)
Identification and Sequence-Based Validation of the EST-SSR Markers from Calotropis procera
Plant Molecular Biology Reporter (2020)
Population Genetics of Calotropis gigantea, a Medicinal and Fiber Resource Plant, as Inferred from Microsatellite Marker Variation in two Native Countries
Biochemical Genetics (2019)
The Gambian epauletted fruit bat shows increased genetic divergence in the Ethiopian highlands and in an area of rapid urbanization
Ecology and Evolution (2018)
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The forests and surrounding scenery provide a peaceful ambience to your holiday home in Hermosa. Well known for its shopping, hiking and restaurants, this scenic city won't disappoint. Many rental homes come with outdoor spaces, separate dining areas and full kitchens, perfect if you want to enjoy some home-cooked meals.
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Interestingly they are a good indicator species despite being non native, first introduced to the delta in 1879.
East coasters call these "rockfish". I was under the impression they were kind of the poster child for successful fisheries management on the east coast at least
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Audiovox told Wall Street analysts Wednesday that it was disappointed that Qualcomm decided to suspend the FLO TV subscription TV service.
"We are firm believers in FLO TV and its market potential," said Audiovox president and CEO Pat Lavelle. "Long term, Audiovox believes the time is right in the aftermarket for a pay TV service." And he added that Mobile DTV (ATSC m/h) should replace these sales as it rolls out during Audiovox's fiscal 2012, which starts in March 2012.
In case you are worried about a big loss for Audiovox from FLO TV's exit, don't. Lavelle said, "We will work with Qualcomm to transition out of this business," with no financial impact to Audiovox.
In a conference call, Audiovox also reported strong sales in mobile electronics for the period ending August 31, with a gain of 56 percent in sales compared to the year earlier. The company's purchase of Invision plus increasing new car sales accounted for the boon. Lavelle also said the remote start season was off to a strong start.
At the Consumer Electronics Show in January, Audiovox will introduce 14 "OE look" factory replacement AV radios with HD Radio, satellite radio, iPod control and built in navigation.
Audiovox's OEM sales for its fiscal Q2 "were up over $20 million– a triple digit increase over last year," said Lavelle. "And while Invision was certainly a key contributor, we saw significant increases in all OE groups and categories made possible by the uptick in domestic car sales and new programs…"
Also there's renewed interest in SUV sales, which bodes well for Audiovox as these are prime vehicles for back seat entertainment products. U.S. light vehicle sales have reached a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 12.2 million units, Lavelle said.
For Audiovox's fiscal Q2, overall the company posted slightly higher sales but a lower net income of $0.6 million compared to $2.8 million for the quarter last year. The shortfall was attributed to lower consumer spending and slower sales of accessories as demand for HDTV antennae fell compared to last year (when the HDTV transition took place).
Source: Audiovox
Photo: Pat Lavelle via Newsday


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Restaurant Verde - Four Seasons Resort Dubai at Jumeirah Beach
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From Verde Paris, a festive restaurant on avenue George V near Champs Elysées, to dazzling success of Verde Beach on the beautiful Pampelonne beach in Saint-Tropez. For it's first Verde restaurant abroad, Yeeels group could not choose a city other than Dubai, Luxuriante, without limits and avant-garde.
Service level started very well but dropped significantly when the restaurant started to get more occupied.
We had reservation and we wait more than 15 minutes without any reason the guy in the reception was so rude with us.
Great food & service! Waiters were friendly and polite. We were taken extra care of during our dinner .
Very bad food and very very bad service
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Restaurant super beau , ambiance top, la nourriture est superbe , un des meilleurs restaurant que j ai fait à dubai ,
DJ au top
Juste l accueil à l arrivée est pas terrible heureusement que toute la soirée nous a fait oublié cet incident mais l accueil c est quand même la base
Great atmosphere! Loved the place highly recommended
Restaurant Verde - Four Seasons Resort Dubai at Jumeirah Beach is rated 4.5 stars by 8 OpenTable diners.
Yes, you can generally book this restaurant by choosing the date, time and party size on OpenTable. Due to local restrictions, this restaurant may not be accepting reservations at the moment.


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We would like to invite you to join us at our next meeting and come see where fellow 4 wheel drive enthusiast have fun doing what they love. Clovis Independent 4 Wheelers is a local non-profit club. We are a member of the California 4 wheel drive association. We are a year round active club with meetings typically on the first Sunday of every month.
Our monthly meetings are posted on our club calendar:
Our meeting location is at the El Pueblito Mexican Restaurant. 1437 Tollhouse Road, Clovis CA 93611. 298-2068.
The meetings start at 5:30 PM, but come at 5:00 PM if you would like to order dinner.
Feel free to send us an email if you have any questions.
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SGT. FURY AND HIS HOWLING COMMANDOS (1963) #48 - Descriptive Bibliography
At a forward base in Great Britain, the two forces clash once more as the Blitz Squad cuts a bloody swathe of sabotage across the Allied forces' front. But when Klaus captures Capt. Sam Sawyer, Fury must call on Bull McGiveney and his Maulers and Jim Morita and his Nisei Squadron for help. And with German defector Eric Koenig in the air raising the alarm, Klaus and his rats don't stand a chance! "If Britain Should Fall ..." is written by Gary Friedrich and drawn by Dick Ayers and John Severin! Wahoo!
Title: If Britain Should Fall
Featuring: Sgt. Fury
Credits: Gary Friedrich (Script), Dick Ayers (Pencils), John Severin (Inks), Gaspar Saladino (Letters).
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Very rare Bowen Incredible Hulk Bronze Smash statue. The statue is in excellent displayed condition. The original color box does show some normal wear with a corner buckled and a small section of the box pulling away. Please see the pictures to see how minor these issues are. Please see my other listings I will be listing some rare collectibles for sale.The item "Bowen Incredible Hulk Statue Bronze very rare only 350 made nt sideshow or xm" is in sale since Friday, May 22, 2020. This item is in the category "Collectibles\Comics\Figurines". The seller is "toddzilla55" and is located in Utica, Michigan.
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This was published 1 year ago
'We don't understand the impacts': Former Facebook exec calls for more government scrutiny
A former senior Facebook executive has called on governments and technology platforms to scrutinise the impact of social media on elections and opinions can be swayed after a surprise Coalition win in the weekend's federal election.
Facebook Australia and New Zealand's former managing director Stephen Scheeler has warned the rapid change of online communication has changed the way people form opinions, including about politics, in ways that have real-world consequences.
"I think to me the bigger issue is we have entered an era where technology in good and not so good ways is impacting how humans do lots of different things and one is how they form opinions," Mr Scheeler said.
"The evolution of technology over the past 150 years – television, radio, newspapers – has surely changed how people form opinions and how communities form opinions. However, we had time over decades as those technologies evolved to absorb and react to those evolutions.
"I think in the past few years we've had this accelerate very quickly and we don't understand well the impacts of this acceleration on analog systems or organic systems such as elections or democracies."
While he was not watching the Australian election closely, he said many social media and online platforms are driven by artificial intelligence and algorithms that are interacting with "analog" or offline systems, like elections.
"Even as someone who formerly worked for Facebook I don't fully understand the effects," he said.
"Whatever happened during the election I would say overall we are entering this era where opinion forming is happening differently," he said.
Until more research had taken place into the impacts of social media on the ways people form opinions, he said it would be decide if governments needed to take any action.
"We need to accelerate that research, it needs to be funded in a way supported by the tech industry and government and that cuts across different countries. There has to be a bigger effort there," he said.
"It would allow us to understand what's good and bad about how opinion-forming has changed and then come up with policies or points of view that can then be debated in public."
A recently example of global governments and technology companies coming together has been the Christchurch Call to Action in response to the New Zealand terrorist attack in February and the sharing of hateful and violent content online.
Mr Scheeler said the outcome aligned with what he and others in the tech industry had been calling for, with a multi-national effort, industry participation with governments and a commitment to technology sharing.
"I commend Australia and New Zealand for being catalysts for making this happen very quickly," he said.
Ariadne Vromen, a professor of political sociology at the University of Sydney who has researched digital campaigning during elections, said there had been a dramatic increase in the use of social media by the public and political campaigners between the 2016 and 2019 Federal Elections.
In 2016, only GetUp was using targeted Facebook advertising and campaigns while most other political groups had static pages on the platform, she said.
"Things have changed dramatically since, there's a lot more targeted advertising ... What we've seen is it's hard to tell what is [political advertising], what isn't and what is meme generated type of content," she said.
She said there was a growing concern about people being duped on social media or swayed by what they had seen, but said there wasn't "enough evidence" to say either way without additional research.
"When we're in this context with a high level of distrust of politicians, who do you trust for content? Your family and friends on social media," she said, pointing out that social media, and particularly Facebook, had been increasingly used by older people in the past few years.
"It can be used to shore up your base, delivering messages to them as you know other forms of traditional advertising aren't working. Whether it's changing votes ... that's what we don't know."
Jennifer Duke is an economics correspondent for The Sydney Morning Herald and The Age, based at Parliament House in Canberra.


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Gangster Doodles is a newly popular artist, with a passion for drawing caricaturized hip-hop icons on post-it notes. Under this mysterious pseudo name, Gangster Doodles released his (or her) favourite book in 2017, filled with colourful scenes featuring pop culture legends like Dave Chappelle, Shia Labeouf, and DJ Khaled.
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A visiting judge on Monday denied a motion from McLennan County District Attorney Abel Reyna's office to remove 19th State District Judge Ralph Strother from presiding over two Twin Peaks shootout cases.
Noting that Strother already has voluntarily recused himself in one Twin Peaks case when he thought it was the right thing to do but he declined to do so in these cases, Judge Phillip Vick, of Denton County, denied the state's motion.
The judge also denied defense motions seeking sanctions against Reyna's office on the grounds its recusal motions were filed in bad faith and only for the purpose of delaying a defense hearing to disqualify Reyna from prosecuting bikers Jorge Salinas and Billy McCree, both members of the Cossacks motorcycle group.
Prosecutors Michael Jarrett and Brody Burks, who filed the motions to remove the judge last week, declined comment after the hearing. They filed the recusal motions only after Strother denied a state motion to delay the hearing and with witnesses with adverse testimony against Reyna waiting in the hallway.
Fort Worth attorneys Brian Bouffard and David Conrad Beyer, who represent Salinas and McCree, respectively, said the motion from Reyna's office obviously was filed only to postpone a hearing on a motion to disqualify Reyna, a hearing at which Reyna and his assistants and former Reyna assistants were subpoenaed to testify.
That hearing has now been set for 1:30 p.m. Feb. 8 before Strother.
"While it was clear from the second it was filed that the district attorney's recusal motion was only for purposes of delay, we are, nevertheless, pleased that Judge Vick was able to see through Abelino Reyna's charade," the lawyers said in a statement. "Any fair-minded person must ask themselves why Mr. Reyna is so desperate to delay the truth about his actions from being brought to light.
"The victims of the Twin Peaks incident and their families deserve justice. Those falsely charged in the Twin Peaks incident by Mr. Reyna in order to advance his own career deserve their days in court. And, McLennan County citizens deserve answers from Mr. Reyna. Those answers should be under oath and penalty of perjury given that the brave whistle blowers who have come forward did so in sworn affidavits which would subject them to perjury prosecution for false statements," they said.
Burks and Jarrett argued that they filed the motion to recuse Strother because two other judges had recused Strother in four other Twin Peaks cases and Strother agreed to recuse himself in a fifth. That appearance alone, they argued, could cause the "man on the street" to question his impartiality.
In the past, both prosecutors have opposed recusal motions against Strother filed by the defense, arguing that Strother's fairness and character are beyond reproach.
Reyna did not attend Monday's hearing and was not present last week when the recusal motion was filed. The state called no witnesses at the hearing, relying on briefs and arguments.
Brouffard and Beyer not only opposed the recusal motions, they sought sanctions against the DA's office for $2,000 in lodging and subpoena service expenses they and others incurred when last week's hearing was canceled.
The attorneys asked why prosecutors waited last week until Strother denied their motion to postpone the Reyna disqualification hearing before filing the recusal motion if they truly thought Strother should be removed from the cases.
Vick asked why the motion only pertains to McCree and Salinas, prompting Burks to say that if he granted the state's motion to recuse Strother, the state would file similar motions to recuse him in the remaining 70 or so Twin Peaks cases remaining in 19th State District Court.
Burks argued the state needed the continuance because it was given insufficient notice for the disqualification hearing. But Brouffard and Beyer countered that it was clear they only asked to recuse Strother so the disqualification hearing might be postponed until after the March 6 Republican primary, in which Reyna is opposed by Barry Johnson.
Former Reyna first assistant Greg Davis, retired police detective Sherry Kingrey and Waco attorney Brittany Scaramucci were waiting to testify last week at the hearing.
All have submitted sworn statements that said Reyna operates a two-tiered justice system in his office that gives preferential treatment to his friends and donors, that Reyna's "close friends" were implicated in an illegal gambling operation Kingrey was investigating and that one of Scaramucci's clients delivered cocaine to Reyna.
Reyna has denied the accusations, calling them "fake news."
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Ches Revolution
Light Rum, Pineapple Juice, Maple Syrup, Mint Leaf
- 2 oz Light Rum
- ½ oz Maple Syrup
- 2 oz Pineapple Juice
- Mint Leaf
- Ice Cubes
How to mix
Fill a shaker with ice cubes. Add all ingredients. Shake and strain into a cocktail glass. Garnish with mint leaf.
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Vs - when the globulins of the serum were precipitated by dialysis and removed by filtration, it was seen that there was a slight diminution in protective power as compared with that afforded by serum dialyzed but not filtered.
In the yaws hospitals in Dominica iron in some form has been usually prescribed with a bitter vegetable tonic in the early stages of the disease, and such treatment has been followed by beneficial results (uk). Tn Levaditi preparations a moderate number of spirochaetes are The histological changes seen in the ruptured muscle "buy" differ in many respects from the classical picture of a gumma. We have had no success with hypnotics, baths or packs, and have allowed the patients to sleep during where the daytiane, receiving their food when awake. Quincke says the urine is pale, abundant, and sometimes contains albumin (can). He notes further the absence of myelocytes and eosinophiles and the relative and even absolute decrease in ingredients the number of polymorphonuclear neutrophiles." was an increase in the large mononuclear cells (hyaline(?) cells).
Doterra - an abandoned bore-hole containing inqjure sub-soil water and open to with a large amount of fluorescem and caustic soda and the water from the deep wells tested from time to time for a week, pumping being continuous for that time. These variations consist for the most part of changes in the amplitude and sometimes of the direction of the waves of the QRS complex: are. Boiling gives a; weight was greater in the coloured glasses coff- e rich in extract, but poor in aroma, i than in the uncoloured, green showing the water are to be retained; a tin measure' the cheap dark than when exposed to coloured containing half an ounce of green berries,;or white light. Surgeons or their orderlies, as they were capsules required, without any written requisition. An interesting property of motile organisms was discovered by Pfeffer and called by him chemotaxis (machine).
The disease is usually chronic in its sprouts course, with but little tendency to spontaneous recovery, except after long periods of time. Indeed, experience what shows that when a serum has been treated once with platelets, and has yielded thrombin, this serum is subsequently incapable of reacting with a new amount of platelets, its serozyme having been exhausted by the first reaction. These results do, however, indicate that polymorplionuclear phagocytes possess to an extraordinary degree the capacity for independent existence, and when kept under appropriate conditions, removal from the body does not entrain, for a time at least, "empty" any demonstrable impairment of normal function.
Hallier thus confirms the opinion for J of some writers that the fungi found upon: and in the human system belong to one genus.


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Mommy and Me bundle
$44 $88
Be the cutest mother and daughter this summer with the Mommy and Me towel bundle from SKOVA's Amalfi Coast Collection. These towels are perfect for any occasion, whether you are spending a day at the beach or taking a vacation with your little one!
The bundle includes:
ONE Capri Resort Towel (Mommy) 155x87 cm - 100% cotton ; under 1lbs
ONE Honey Lemonade Roundie Towel (Child) 120cm - 100% cotton ; under 1lbs
The bundle also includes two SKOVA lip balms!


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Everything you need to know to get started on social media
Jo Middleton aka Slummy Single Mummy aka @mummyblogger started blogging in 2009. She originally wanted to showcase her writing talent, which according to her wasn't that much at the time. She didn't have a degree in journalism, nor did she have much experience in writing. She had done couple of breast feeding articles for a small publication targeted to mothers. But she was enthusiastic and wanted to learn more, so she started a blog.
First lesson: you don't have to be a professional writer to start a blog. If there is something you'd like to write about, just start. Don't worry if it's not a global success right away - we promise it won't be. Just write for fun and for yourself, and if it turns into something more, then great. To become a good blogger takes time and there is only one way to do it - you have to write a lot.
18 months ago Jo had 7k followers on her Twitter account. She decided to push it to 10k by the end of 2012 and one hour before midnight on New Year Eve she achieved it. How? She found followers by following people who followed someone similar to her. To boost her efforts she used 'JustUnFollow' which lets you see who doesn't follow you back. The way to do it is to follow a bunch of people, then wait they follow you back. If they don't, you have to unfollow them. If you follow more people than you get followers you will get stuck at 2,000 and Twitter won't let you follow more people.
When she reached 10k followers on Twitter she decided* the sky is the limit. And now she's got over 43k followers. Why this is important? She gets 30% of her web traffic (and ultimately sales) from Twitter.
*) Like anything in life, all we need is a decision. The rest is work.
Lesson no 2: Anyone can build a huge following on Twitter. You don't have to be Aston Kutcher (though it helps). It takes constant effort and time, but it's not difficult.
Lesson no 3: If you are building a business, any business, it's important to grow your following as it is your own media channel. Only it's FREE. If you build a targeted and loyal audience and create high quality, interesting content for them, they will come look out for you and will become your advocates ultimately recommending you to people who might be interested in buying from you.
You have to be somewhat open on social media. It's like any interaction with people. If you go to a party and stand in the corner sulking it's unlikely you make lots of friends. But if you have something interesting to say, you expose your personality and you are professional, friendly and helpful the chances are you will make lots of contacts and friends on social media.
Lesson no 4: You gotta show your personality and expose something about yourself if you want people be interested in what you are saying. Don't take yourself too seriously, relax. You are not the centre of the universe (on-line or off-line) and showing a little bit of who you are will not hurt.
If you want to become a blogger, it can be daunting to create a presence when there are so many big bloggers and corporations with huge resources they can throw at the quality of their content. As a single person blogging after work it's simply impossible to compete with their technical quality, thus you should focus on the relationships you can build with your audience. To build a relationship, this goes back to the previous point, you have to show your audience who you are. Would you talk to a person who was wearing a mask?
Lesson no 5: To build an audience as an amateur blogger you should focus on building relationships with your audience.
Who is your audience? The exercise we did was to cut out a picture of the person you are talking to from a magazine. We gave her a name, an age, how many kids she has (or none), where she lives, what kind of husband she has and what is her favourite past time.
Lesson no 6: Knowing who you talk to is the most important thing before you can start building an audience. Have a picture of her next to your computer and talk to her. You want to help her solve her problems or get her excited and passionate about things.
Example: FINSK Shoes. Don't sell her shoes, solve her problems. Joanna from Finsk gave her target girl a name: 'Olivia'. She's 30 years old and has two kids aged 2 and 7. Her worry is that her friends who don't have kids are still having fun and appear far sexier and fashionable than her. FINSK shoes can solve that problem! This is the starting point for content creation.
Lesson no 7: What to tweet or blog?
- Help people, solve problems. Share resources and articles that are relevant to your target market.
- Show something behind the scenes. If you are making something, show people where you get the ingredients or tell an interesting story about people working with your product. Reveal the personalities, locations and details about the process how your product is being made.
- Make them excited and passionate about you and/or your product. Show your own excitement and passion.
- Use images, they get shared. Use pictures to lighten up your blog or stand alone in a tweet with a good caption.
- Links to good quality pages and content make it more likely people share your tweets.
As you build your following you should create lists. If you follow 1,000 people it's impossible to see what the people you really want to hear from are saying. You can create lists based on the type of content such as 'Startup info' or based on who's tweeting 'DrivenWoman members'.
To manage lists and to follow #hashtags (which are discussions on a particular topic such as #startups) you can use HootSuite where you can see many different streams in the same view. HootSuite is also great for scheduling content.
You don't have time to be posting high quality Tweets all the time. However, as it's your advertising media, it might make sense to have tweets spread out through out the day to remind people what you have to say. Buffer lets you create time slots in advance and then when you find or create content it will schedule that content for you so it gets spread out during the day.
Twitter vocabulary
Retweet (RT) = when someone 'retweets' ie shares your tweet on Twittter. You can retweet people by pressing the 'retweet' button below a tweet. If you retweet from a different program (such as HootSuite) letters RT may appear. RT is a shorthand for retweet. You don't have to add it manually, unless you have a specific message such as 'Please RT this article.' People are 18 times more likely to retweet you if you ask. However, don't use their goodwill to sell your product. Ask them to spread your passion or mission or if you genuinely need help.
Direct message (DM) = You can send Direct messages on Twitter to people who follow you. Those messages no one else can see. You still have to stick to 140 letters.
@someone = When you put someone's 'twittter handle' in the message you can make sure they will see your message. Everyone else can see it too. However, if you put their 'twitter handle' at the very beginning of the message then only people who follow you both will see it. It won't make it private as it will still be seen in your profile feed.
Manage Flitter
If you want to get even more sophisticated with your Twitter usage you can find out when your audience is online with Manage Flitter.
Twitter analytics
To see what is working and what your audience is responding to you have to set up an advertising account with Twitter. Just by buying £10 worth of advertising gives you an access to your Twitter analytics and shows you what people are clicking and retweeting.
Facebook Pages
Making content contagious on Facebook is getting more and more difficult. Not everyone who follows your Facebook Page gets to see your content. An algorithm called EdgeRank calculates how many people see it based on how your followers react onto your content (Likes and Shares). It can be an uphill struggle to build audience in Facebook and you may be better off focusing your limited resources (=time) to Twitter or Pinterest.
If what you do is very visual (yoga, shoes, cake pops) you may get very good results on Pinterest. Also there you have to build your audience but it's much easier than on Facebook. You can build 'boards' which will be there for everyone to see even after a while, unlike on Facebook where your content disappears into the livefeed.
Blogging/website platforms
Wordpress is possibly the most popular of the blogging platforms. You can create your first blog for free with a domain name containing 'wordpress' in it. To upgrade you need to buy your own domain name (you can do it via Wordpress). To go pro get hosting from companies such as GoDaddy or Uk2Net.
Also a popular blogging platform, though more visual, generally considered less 'credible' but more cool.
Platform for building communities around your topic. A good blogging platform that encourages commenting.
You can build your free website here. It's very easy to use and you can also add a blogging component to this. If you need a webshop WiX offers a plug in solution for that too.
And finally, the most important lesson of the who session: Just get started and experiment. That's the only way to learn social media - or anything in life!
~ Miisa
Ps. Before you go, I follow a great blog and podcast called The Fizzle Show. They help to get your head around blogging and other topics relating to getting turning the 'thing' you are passionate about into a real business.


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Have you not considered how Allah sends down water from the sky, then He makes it flow into underground wells, then He produces with it plants of various colors, then they wither and you see them yellowing, then He turns them into debris? Surely in this is a reminder for those with understanding.
az-Zumar 21
If only the scientific experts could come up with something to get it out of our minds. One cup of fixit fizzle that will lift the dirt from our lives, soften our hardness, protect our inner parts, improve our processing, reduce our yellowing and wrinkling, improve our natural color, and make us sweet and good.
Robert Fulghum
Know that the worldly life is only play, and distraction, and glitter, and boasting among you, and rivalry in wealth and children. It is like a rainfall that produces plants, and delights the disbelievers. But then it withers, and you see it yellowing, and then it becomes debris. While in the Hereafter there is severe agony, and forgiveness from Allah, and acceptance. The life of this world is nothing but enjoyment of vanity.
al-Hadid` 20
When the Universe was not so out of whack as it is today, and all the stars were lined up in their proper places, so you could easily count them from left to right, or top to bottom, and the larger and bluer ones were set apart, and the smaller, yellowing types pushed off to the corners as bodies of a lower grade, when there was not a speck of dust to be found in outer space, nor any nebular debris - in those good old days...
Stanislaw Lem
Opposite Pissec sits ghoulish Gottfried Baumauer, a tall, skinny workaholic with dark-ringed eye sockets and long, yellowing smoker's fingers. He's thirty-eight. He doesn't say much. He drinks a lot of tea - likes it strong as tar. He lines up the strained, dry bags on his desk like dead, tailless voles.
Carla H. Krueger
Or perhaps a widow found him and took him in: brought him an easy chair, changed his sweater every morning, shaved his face until the hair stopped growing, took him faithfully to bed with her every night, whispered sweet nothings into what was left of his ear, laughed with him over black coffee, cried with him over yellowing pictures, talked greenly about having kids of her own, began to miss him before she became sick, left him everything in her will, thought of only him as she died, always knew he was fiction but believed in him anyway.
Jonathan Safran Foer
Poem for Liu Ya-tzu I cannot forget how in Canton we drank tea and in Chungking went over our poems when leaves were yellowing. Thirty-one years ago and now we come back at last to the ancient capital Peking. In this season of falling flowers I read your beautiful poems. Be careful not to be torn inside. Open your vision to the world. Don't say that waters of Kumming Lake are too shallow. We can watch fish better here than in the Fuchun River in the south.
Mao Zedong
Write it down. Not just to remember it, but to forget it in the right way. My notebook are a kind of materialized subconscious, a hard-copy memory and its invisible substrata, following their own rules. More than once I have been surprised to discover that an idea I thought was new and original, something I set down in a notebook yesterday, is already contained in another note from years before. Sometimes the second version repeats the first, almost word for word, across the space of a decade. The earlier version, once brought with clarity to the surface, has been covered over again by layers of yellowing paper.
Ivan Vladislavić
The whole underneath of Paris was an ant nest, Metro tunnels, sewer shafts, catacombs, mines, cemeteries. She'd been down in the city of bones where skulls and femurs rose in yellowing walls. Right down there, win the square before them. through a dinky little entrance, were the Roman ruins like honeycomb. The trains went under the river. There were tunnels people had forgotten about. It was a wonder Paris stood up at all. The bit you saw was only half of it. Her skin burned, thinking of it. The Hunchback knew. Up here in the tower of Notre Dame he saw how it was. Now and then, with the bells rattling his bones, he saw it like God saw it - inside, outside, above and under - just for a moment. The rest of the time he went back to hurting and waiting like Scully out there crying in the wind.
Tim Winton
Yes, we were good at using the grapevine. But what we were best at, what we were really the kings of, that was buses and sitting around in bedrooms. No one could beat us at that. None of this led anywhere. Well, we probably weren't very good at doing things that led somewhere. We didn't have particularly good conversations, no one could say we did, the few topics we had developed so slowly we ourselves assumed they had nowhere to go; not one of us was a brilliant guitarist, although that is what we would have loved to be, more than anything else, and as far as girls were concerned, it was rare we came across one who wouldn't object if we pulled up her jumper so that we could lower our heads and kiss her nipples. These were great moments. They were luminous shafts of grace in our world of yellowing grass, grey muddy ditches and dusty country roads. Yes, that was how it was for me. I assumed it was the same for him. What was this all about? Why did we live like this? Were we waiting for something? In which case, how did we manage to be so patient? For nothing ever happened! Nothing happened! It was always the same. Day in, day out! Wind and rain, sleet and snow, sun and storm, we did the same. We heard something on the grapevine, went there, came back, sat in his bedroom, heard something else, went by bus, bike, on foot, sat in someone's bedroom. In the summer we went swimming. That was it. What was it all about? We were friends, there was no more than that. And the waiting, that was life.
Karl Ove Knausge¥rd
The lounge of the private terminal in Delhi. A place of beige leather sofas and cappuccinos, set deep in that world where a seeling modernity has yet to close over the land, and where in the empty spaces that lie between the elevated roads and the coloured glass buildings there are still, like insects taking shelter under the veined roof of a leaf, the encampments of families who built them. Black pigs still thread their way through the weeds, there are still patient lorry-loads of labourers, waiting among the dazzle of the new cars, for the lights to change. One India, dwarfed and stunted, adheres like a watchful undergrowth to another India which, in very physical ways, as with the roads that fly up out of the pale land, or the chunks of monorail that rise up from the ground like the remnants of an ancient wall, or the blank closed faces of the glass buildings, wishes to shrug off its poorer opposite: to leave it behind; to shut it out; to soar over it. One man, above all, captures the mood of this time: the security guard. In him, this man of expectation - a man not rich himself, but standing guard at the doorway to a world of riches - it is possible to feel the boredom and restlessness of a world that inspires ambition, but cannot answer it. Skanda watches him watching the lounge, with eyes glazed and yellowing from undernourishment. A favourite phrase from college returns: Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?
Aatish Taseer
The Mercy The ship that took my mother to Ellis Island eighty-three years ago was named "The Mercy." She remembers trying to eat a banana without first peeling it and seeing her first orange in the hands of a young Scot, a seaman who gave her a bite and wiped her mouth for her with a red bandana and taught her the word, "orange, " saying it patiently over and over. A long autumn voyage, the days darkening with the black waters calming as night came on, then nothing as far as her eyes could see and space without limit rushing off to the corners of creation. She prayed in Russian and Yiddish to find her family in New York, prayers unheard or misunderstood or perhaps ignored by all the powers that swept the waves of darkness before she woke, that kept "The Mercy" afloat while smallpox raged among the passengers and crew until the dead were buried at sea with strange prayers in a tongue she could not fathom. "The Mercy, " I read on the yellowing pages of a book I located in a windowless room of the library on 42nd Street, sat thirty-one days offshore in quarantine before the passengers disembarked. There a story ends. Other ships arrived, "Tancred" out of Glasgow, "The Neptune" registered as Danish, "Umberto IV, " the list goes on for pages, November gives way to winter, the sea pounds this alien shore. Italian miners from Piemonte dig under towns in western Pennsylvania only to rediscover the same nightmare they left at home. A nine-year-old girl travels all night by train with one suitcase and an orange. She learns that mercy is something you can eat again and again while the juice spills over your chin, you can wipe it away with the back of your hands and you can never get enough.
Philip Levine


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Imposta posizione attuale
Sergio Rossi is an Italian shoe brand that is on the wish list of fashionistas all over the world. The brand boasts of over 50 exclusive stores across the globe, with finely crafted shoes for men as well as women. The designs created by this legendary shoemaker are both contemporary and edgy, but fit the classic tag as well. Their store in Geneva displays some of the most popular and freshest collections of the brand.
Gorgeous wedding gowns for the beautiful bride, is what Wilton has on offer. Nestled in a historic building in Geneva's Old Town, this store is home to elegant gowns by renowned designers like Reem Acra, Oscar de la Renta, Vera Wang, Rosa Clara and Maria Elena. The professional and amicable staff will assist you in choosing the perfect outfit for your special day. Scheduling an appointment before dropping by at the store is highly recommended.
CÉLINE is a luxury woman-wear brand, with outlets all over the world. The brand is well known for its edgy and contemporary designs that have won accolades in several fashion weeks around the globe. Fashionistas in Geneva now have the chance to flaunt these designer creations with its flagship store in Switzerland. You can get your hands on their latest apparel collection, as well as handbags, shoes and accessories.
Apollinaire is a luxury boutique that stocks some of the most exclusive brands sourced from all over the globe. Philip Treacy, Antonio Marras, Georgina Goodman; you'll find it all here. The store itself looks no less than an art gallery with some artworks on display, and tastefully picked garments and accessories on the racks. It is time to put Geneva on the global fashion radar.


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