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Threat Analysis of the Reaver-WPS Attack, Thompson-Gorelik, 2012
Threat Analysis of the
Reaver-WPS Attack
By: Andrew Thompson and Uri Gorelik
Professor: Dr. Christine Laurendeau
Course: COMP 4203
Date: April 17, 2012
This page has been intentionally left blank to make our report look larger.
Figure 220.127.116.11: Example of Kismet running
Figure 18.104.22.168: Example of Wash
Figure 22.214.171.124 Downtown Ottawa
Figure 126.96.36.199 Merivale Suburbs
Figure 22.214.171.124 Meadowlands Suburb
Figure 126.96.36.199 Kanata Tech Sector
Figure 22.214.171.124: The total number of manufactuerers found in a suburban area
Figure 184.108.40.206: Vulnerability of WPS attack vs. Manufacturer in a suburban area
Figure 18.104.22.168: The total number of manufactuerers found in a urban area
Figure 184.108.40.206: Vulnerability of WPS attack vs. Manufacturer in an urban area
Figure 126.96.36.199: Percentage of vulnerable networks in an urban area
Figure 184.108.40.206 Router Saturation
Figure 188.8.131.52: Vulnerability of WPS attack vs. Manufacturer in an urban area
Figure 126.96.36.199: Percentage of vulnerable networks in a commercial area
Table 2.4.1 Most Common Manufacturers
Table 2.4.2 Less Common Manufacturers
Figure 3.1.1 Reaver attack in Progress
Figure 126.96.36.199 Successful Reaver Attack
Table 220.127.116.11: Common Pin Table
Reaver is an attack designed to break into wireless networks by exploiting a security hole created by the Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) protocol. While it is still very much an attack in its infancy and has yet to realize its full potential, it is still dangerous to those who have no knowledge of it. The purpose of this document is to shed light on the attack, and analyze the effectiveness and impact that it could have.
WPS is a protocol that was established by the Wi-Fi Alliance in 2007, it was designed to assist homeowners in establishing a secure wireless network. While WPS is an optional protocol that is not required to be implemented in any device, it has none-the-less become exceedingly popular and any new router purchased on today's market will most likely support it. WPS bypasses the need for knowledge about the various forms of security available to homeowners, and allows them to connect a wireless device to their network using one of 4 different methods, PIN, Push Button Connect, Near Field Communication, and USB.
PIN connection involves activating the router by providing a secret 8-digit pin which is usually located on the router itself. This is generally done through a web, or an operating system based interface (similar to entering a Wifi password), or the same way you would normally change settings and interact with the default gateway. Once the pin has been verified, any device or wireless card that supports WPS simply needs to be activated as well and the router will share the password with the device, allowing the device to connect at will. This connection type is mandatory if a product chooses to support WPS at all.
Push Button Connect is very similar except instead of feeding the router a PIN, a physical button generally on the side of the router needs to be pressed. This once again activates the router and allows any other device to connect to it. NFC and USB connections also exist, but are not relevant to the attack in question.
Reaver works by exploiting the PIN-Connection method of WPS, as a number of flaws in the protocol have been revealed. Since the PIN-Connection method is mandatory in WPS devices, it stands to reason that any WPS device can be brute forced in 108 attempts. If a WPS device can stand being queried once every 2 seconds, as an example, this would take roughly 2315 days to brute force which doesn't pose a reasonable threat. This can be reduced to 107 attempts as the last digit is a checksum of the previous seven digits, resulting in 231 days instead.
However the WPS protocol has a serious flaw: it provides feedback on the correctness of the pin, allowing an attack like Reaver to reduce the crack time significantly. The access point (router) reveals when the device performing the attack has guessed the first 4 digits of the pin by replying with a different message. This effectively reduces the attack from 107 to 104 + 103 ,or 11000, attempts. This makes the running time of this attack (given a single query is processed every 2 seconds) in the range of 6 hours, worst case, and 3 hours on average.
This is all based on a 2 seconds/pin ratio, however, in reality it will vary vastly from router to router. Some routers have a built in lock out period where after a set number of attempts the router locks down WPS completely (in some cases up to an hour).
We will determine the extent to which this threat is prevalent. This includes the number of actual networks that are vulnerable to this attack, including both homeowners and businesses, as well as the vulnerability of various manufacturers of routers.
We found that around 17% were vulnerable to a Reaver attack, and around 18% of those were proven to be vulnerable. We were able to discover 4 of 90 routers that use a default pin. It was found that almost all routers available to consumers have WPS enabled by default. Routers from manufacturer Cisco-Valet could not disable WPS.
In this section we focus on the broad range of the threat and the amount of networks that can be affected. We will analyze the amount of networks available, the amount vulnerable to a Reaver attack, and their corresponding manufacturers (i.e. D-Link, Cisco, TP-Link, Netgear, etc.).
To determine the saturation of networks that are vulnerable to Reaver attack, we use wardriving[1] in combination with Kismet and a utility called Wash to determine the number of available networks and their respective manufacturers.
Kismet is a tool used to track wireless networks and to sniff packets, it reveals information such as the type of clients connected to that network, the manufacturer of the access point. It can be configured to work with GPS to track the location of the target signal.
Wash is a tool used hand in hand with the Reaver attack, it sends a probe out to all nearby networks requesting a WPS connection. Any network that responds is therefore vulnerable to the attack, though the exact extent of that vulnerability will not yet be known.
To analyze hardware we browsed every single wireless router sold at big box stores such as Future Shop, Best Buy, and Staples. We then compared each of the routers to their product specification document (provided by the manufacturer) to find out whether or not the router does indeed support WPS.
This section contains the routes corresponding to the presented data.
During our suburban wardriving, we were able to find 2629 networks ranging from different manufacturers. Figure 18.104.22.168 shows the density of particular manufactuerers in the area (manufacturers with less than ten sightings have been omitted). Of those 2629 networks it was found that 470 (17.9%) had some kind of verifiable vulnerability via the WPS exploit (Figure 220.127.116.11).
Figure 188.8.131.52 depicts which manufacturers have some kind of WPS protocol in place. As is shown, manufacturers Cisco and D-Link, are the most susceptible to the Reaver attack. It is also interesting to note that SmcNetwo and 2wire (which are Rogers' and Bell Canada's respective modem-router combo) show no initial signs of WPS vulnerability. However a modem-router combo is usually coupled with a dedicated router.
Figure 184.108.40.206: Percentage of vulnerable networks in a suburban area.
During our urban wardriving, we were able to find 300 networks ranging from different manufacturers. Figure 188.8.131.52 shows the density of particular manufactuerers in the area (manufacturers with less than ten sightings have been omitted). Of those 300 networks it was found that 50 (16.7%) had some kind of verifiable vulnerability via the WPS exploit (Figure 220.127.116.11).
Figure 188.8.131.52 depicts which manufacturers have some kind of WPS protocol in place. Similar to an suburban area, manufacturers Cisco and D-Link, are the most susceptible to the Reaver attack.
During our commercial area wardriving, we were able to find 1528 networks ranging from different manufacturers. Figure 22.214.171.124 shows the density of particular manufactuerers in the area (manufacturers with less than ten sightings have been omitted). Of those 1528 networks it was found that 128 (8.4%) had some kind of verifiable vulnerability via the WPS exploit (Figure 18.104.22.168).
Figure 184.108.40.206 depicts which manufacturers have some kind of WPS protocol in place. Note the the amount of WPS vulnerable routers is significantly less than in the suburban and urban areas. This implies that most businesses should not have to worry about a Reaver threat.
The number of routers that were determined to have WPS enabled was exceedingly high. Essentially every single home router offered today, regardless of price, was determined to have WPS enabled by default. The only routers that were determined to not have WPS enabled were specifically business class routers, of which there are few available at these kinds of stores. The other notable find in terms of hardware was that every older modem/router combo from 2Wire, which is provided by Bell Canada, does not support WPS. As there are a number of networks located in Ottawa that are established by Bell Canada, this accounts for a large number of networks that are not even remotely vulnerable.
In the following tables we have categorized the routers sold from Best Buy and Futureshop. Routers highlighted in light green are guaranteed to be secure against WPS exploit with no additional configuration.
D-Link DIR-835
Netgear N450/450 Wireless N Router WNDR4500
Linksys Wireless N Router (E1200-CA)
TP-Link Wireless N 300 Router
D-Link Amplifi Dual Band Wireless N900 HD Media Router 3000 (DIR-857)
Netgear N750 Wireless Dual Band Gigabit Router
Linksys Wireless N Dual-Band N900 Router
TP Link Wireless N Router (TL-WR841ND)
D-Link 3G Mobile Wireless Router
Netgear N600 Wireless Dual Band Gigabit Router
Linksys Wireless N Router (E1500-CA)
TP Link Wireless N Router (TD-W8960N)
D-Link Wireless N Pocket Router
Netgear Rangemax Wireless Router WNR1000
Linksys Wireless 802.11n Router (E2500-CA)
TP Link Wireless N Router (TL-WR741ND)
D-Link Amplifi Dual Band Wireless N600
Netgear Wireless Router (WNDR3700-100NAS)
Cisco Valet Plus Wireless N Router (M20-CA)
TP Link Wireless N Router (TL-WR1043ND)
D-Link Amplifi Wireless N300 Whole Home Router 1000 (DIR-645)
Netgear Wireless-N Router (WNR2000-100NAS)
Linksys Dual-Band Wireless N Router (EA3500-CA)
TP Link Wireless N Router (TL-WR941ND)
D-Link Dual Band Wireless N600 Router (DIR-815)
Netgear N600 Wireless Gigabit Router (WNDR3800-100NAS)
Linksys Wireless N Dual-Band N900 Router (E4200V2-CA)
TP-Link Wireless N 300 Router (TL-WR841N)
D-Link Wireless 802.11n 8-Port Router (DIR-632)
NETGEAR RangeMax Dual Band Wireless N Router (WNDR3700-100PAS)\
Linksys Wireless 802.11n Router (E2500-CA)
TP Link Wireless N Router (TL-WR740N)
D-Link Xtreme Dual Band Wireless N600 Gigabit Router (DIR-825)
Netgear Wireless-N Gigabit Router (WNR3500L-100PAS)
D-Link Xtreme Wireless N300 Gigabit Router (DIR-655)
Netgear Wireless N Router (WNR2000-200PAS)
D-Link Wireless N300 Router (DIR-615)
D-Link Wireless N150 Router (DIR-601)
D-Link Amplifi Dual Band Wireless N600 HD Media Router 2000 (DIR-827)
Retail Plus
Asus Dual-Band Wireless-N Router (RT-N56U)
TRENDnet Wireless N 300 Router Travel Kit
Retail Plus Wireless N Router (RP-NPWL-NRTR)
Belkin Basic Wireless N Router (F7D1301TT)
Apple AirPort Extreme Base Station
Buffalo Wireless Router (WZR-HP-AG300H)
Asus Wireless-N Router / All-in-1 Print Server (RT-N13U/B1)
Belkin N300 Wireless N Router (F9K1002TT)
Apple AirPort Express (MB321AM-A)
Belkin Dual Band Wireless N Router (N750)
It is interesting to note that the NETGEAR WNDAP350 router is secure because it is listed as a business class router, where WPS was determined to be unnecessary. Also, the Apple AirPort Express uses a different, Apple proprietary version of WPS on that specific router. It is also worth noting that, recently, Netgear has developed a firmware patch that allows users to disable the WPS PIN method specifically, and leaves the WPS Push-Button-Connect method intact. Since the only vulnerability to WPS has been found in the pin method, this currently leaves the router secure against the Reaver attack.
This section focuses on an attack made on an individual network as opposed to sweeping an area to scan for vulnerabilities. We will look at the kinds of pins that are most common and go into the specifics behind the attack and how it works.
Tests were run using a 32-bit distribution of Backtrack 5 R2. Tests were run directly off of the disc. The hardware we employed was an Asus G73Jh with an Atheros AR9285 802.11n wireless card and a MacBook Pro from mid 2010 with an Airport Extreme 802.11n wireless card. We ran various tests on nearby networks using our modified version of Reaver. The tests were run from inside of a car, inside of the house which the network is broadcast from, or inside of a nearby home.
Beacon broadcasted by access point (AP)
Request message sent from a new client to the access point to initiate communication.
Recognition message sent from AP to client.
The WPS pin, most importantly the first half of the pin
Recognition of First half of PIN
Entire WPS pin
Acknowledgement of PIN and full password in clear text.
To understand how Reaver works at a low level, first you must understand how a client and router communicate with and see each other. Before any communication is established, the router is broadcasting M1 which contains a description of the network and the networks public key. A client that wishes to communicate with the router can then send M2 which contains various information about the client as well as their own public key. This results in a diffie-hellman key exchange and the router replies with M3 to say that the client is recognized.
The client may then submit M4, which will contain the first 4 digits of the pin. If the first 4 digits are incorrect then the access point will reply with a NACK message or No Acknowledgement. This results in the client incrementing the first half of the pin and repeating the process from the beginning. If the first 4 digits are correct however, then the access point replies with M5 clearing the client to continue. The client then sends M6 which contains the first and second half of the pin.
If the pin is incorrect then the AP replies with another NACK and the client repeats the process, using the first half of the pin over again. If the pin is correct however, the access point replies with the password itself. For the purpose of this report, we have modified the original Reaver code to not display the password but to simply tell us that it did indeed find it after it receives an M7 message.
After sampling 494 networks in a suburban area, we created a pool of approximately 90 networks that were flagged by Wash as having a vulnerability. Of those 90 networks we found that 17 of them were actually vulnerable and should our goal have been to break into their networks, we would have been able to.
This was surprising compared to our initial predictions, where any network that is flagged by Wash to be vulnerable should be prone to an attack. Also, of the networks highlighted by Wash, no business networks that we found were vulnerable to the attack. We are unsure to the specific cause of why these networks were not vulnerable in practice, though it could be attributed to the hardware we were using or the effectiveness of the attack. Based on the theory behind the attack, these networks should be vulnerable, and given time and the right hardware it is likely this attack will become more efficient and some of these networks will become vulnerable in practice as well.
Cracking a network using the Reaver attack takes a much longer than one would imagine. Distance plays a huge part, and if the client and router are not relatively close, at least in our hardware attempts, it can take upwards of 60 seconds per pin. During our best attempts, we reached a pin-check-time of 1.3 seconds, and the network was cracked in close to 4 hours. Figure 184.108.40.206 depicts a successful Reaver attack, using the basic Reaver code-base with no modifications (this network was a network we created for purposes of this report).
It is also worth noting that many routers use a lockout period after a certain amount of failed attempts. In some cases we found this lockout period could last up to an hour, making any attempt to brute force the network via the Reaver practically impossible. In a specific case we found that the network locked down for up to an hour after making ten pin attempts.
Of the 17 networks we were able to narrow down, four networks were using common pins and the network was broken in under ten seconds. Another seven had no lockout period and would have broken within a day. Three other networks had a short lockout period of approximately 2-5 minutes and three more had a longer lock out period of over 30 minutes which would have taken upwards of a year to complete.
In our sample size, 12345670 was the most common pin, and as this is the pin that is tried first it only takes approximately five seconds to break into the network. Iterating through the list of default pins would take around three minutes, given that the router had no lockout period. If a router uses a default pin its crack time is reduced from O(n) to O(1).
Table 184.108.40.206 is an example of some of the common pins that Reaver attempts before resorting to brute-force. (X is the calculated checksum).
The best solution would be to disable WPS when it is not needed, and only activate it when it is required to connect a WPS device to your network. A less effective but still viable solution would be to change the router's default PIN and repeat this process on a regular basis. Changing the access-point's password will not deter penetration due to the WPS protocol revealing the network's PSK in plain text. Once the PSK is known the PIN can be reused to attain the password repeatedly and instantly.
On Cisco-Valet routers it is impossible to disable WPS and in these situations the latter solution of regularly changing pins is recommended. If a user finds themselves in possession of one of these routers, it is recommended to regularly check with Cisco for status updates on a potential firmware update.
In addition to disabling WPS, or if one is unable to, then it is recommended to check for a firmware update from manufacturer. In the case of netgear routers, they have provided a firmware update that allows users to disable the WPS Pin portion of the WPS protocol, while keeping the PBC method active.
It is also possible to know when you are being attacked by someone using the Reaver attack as the network will begin to slow down fairly significantly. Users on said network will most likely experience drops, and poor latency. It is very similar to a minor denial of service attack. While there are many problems that cause these symptoms, this is one thing to look out for.
Given the amount of routers that are supposedly sold with WPS enabled, the approximately 18% saturation rate of vulnerable networks was surprising. What was more surprising is the lower still percentage of networks that were vulnerable in practice. While this may be attributable to other causes such as poor hardware choices and an infantile attack, the results we can take away from this is strictly a lower bound. It may be possible that given time, 100% of networks registered by Wash will be vulnerable to the attack. If this became true, then 18% of all networks based on our sample size would essentially be unsecure.
The Reaver attack is currently an attack in its infancy and has not realized its full potential yet. Currently there are routers with WPS enabled that are also uncrackable with current technology. The Reaver code-base is being spearheaded by Tactical Network Solutions who were kind enough to release their source code, is still hard at work correcting issues and bugs that their community is reporting to them. It is therefore reasonable to believe that this attack will atleast be able to affect more people given time. As such, this issue should be watched and re-evaluated as trends change and technology behind the attack improves.
Except in rare occurrences, this attack is easily preventable by simply changing a single setting located in any router supporting WPS. If WPS is disabled on the router / access point, the attack is not possible. With this in mind, the best defense against this attack is knowledge, and the attack's greatest asset is ignorance. The more individuals that are informed about this attack, the weaker it becomes. The more publicity it receives, the less prevalent it will be.
While the attack in its current state isn't as effective as it could be, the more people that become aware of it, the weaker it will be when it reaches maturity. And even without knowledge of the attack, as time goes on and manufacturers correct the issue by omitting the WPS Pin method or having WPS disabled by default when the router is shipped. It is likely a WPS "version 2.0" could also be released which would correct for the flaws in the current design. If knowledge of this attack spreads, this exploit will should eventually cease to exist. However, if this attack goes unnoticed and manufacturers pay no attention to it, then this attack could become a dangerous threat. How people end up treating this attack will ultimately determine how much of an impact it will eventually have.
Osborne, Nicholas, and Michael Nemat. Real-World WiFi Security Inadequacies. Dr. Michel Barbeau, 6 Apr. 2010. Web. 16 Apr. 2012. http://people.scs.carleton.ca/~barbeau/Honours/Nemat_Osborne.pdf
Viehböck, Stefan. "Brute Forcing Wi-Fi Protected Setup." 26 Dec. 2011. Web. 16 Apr. 2012. http://sviehb.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/viehboeck_wps.pdf
Gallagher, Sean. "Hands-on: Hacking WiFi Protected Setup with Reaver." Ars Technica. 13 Jan. 2012. Web. 16 Apr. 2012. http://arstechnica.com/business/news/2012/01/hands-on-hacking-wifi-protected-setup-with-Reaver.ars
Intel. "Understanding IEEE* 802.11 Authentication and Association." Intel® Centrino® Wi-Fi Products. 27 Dec. 2006. Web. 16 Apr. 2012. http://www.intel.com/support/wireless/wlan/sb/CS-025325.htm
Netgear. "How Do NETGEAR Home Routers Defend WPS PIN against Brute Force Vulnerability?" Netgear Support. 3 Jan. 2012. Web. 16 Apr. 2012. http://support.netgear.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/19824
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[1] A technique used to collect information on wireless access points. An antenna is usually kept in some kind of vehicle and nearby access points are monitored or logged.


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Product Description
- 14K gold budded cross charm.
- 14K gold 16" chain with 18" option.
A cross with three circles or discs on each end in a Christian context represents the Holy Trinity but was probably also copied from earlier Celtic Druidry, where the circles or rings represent the three dominions of earth, sky and sea.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Maiden Druther has had the opportunity to work with a number of various artists over the years in an effort to engineer and produce projects we believe have artistic integrity.
Below are some of these projects. Some artists are Maiden Druther artists, some are not.
To inquire about production services, fill out the form on the "Contact" page.
The Brighter Still
Triple Play
Ryan David Orr
MargaretRyan David Orr
3 Minds Man
Crystal Towers - 3 Minds Man
00:00 / 00:00


text:
I have been trying to deploy my Rails application using Passenger on
my local machine that runs Mac OS X Tiger. I saw the screencast by
Ryan Bates and also referred to benr75[http://benr75.com/articles/
2008/04/12/setup-mod_rails-phusion-mac-os-x-leopard] for specific
instructions for Mac (but they are for leopard).
Right now if I go to http://localhost all I get is "It Works!". My
configuration files are as follows - http://pastie.org/286516 .
I think the problem is because I have multiple Apache servers running
(I had installed MAMP a few months ago). The two installations are in /
usr/local/apache2 and /Applications/MAMP/Library. How do I choose the
correct one? Which one is the correct one?
Can I somehow remove both of them and get a clean slate and get
instructions on how to do that. Any help would be appreciated.


text:
Google has recently announced a significant change to its AdWords ads, with the soon-to-be introduced Expanded Text Ads. In this article, we discuss what you need to know about the new ad format.
Expanded Text Ads are, as the name suggests, bigger than the current text ads. 2x bigger in fact. There will be a total of 140 characters to use within your ad copy space, with a new bigger headline and longer description. The updates are outlined below:
The new Expanded Text Ads will appear across all devices, whether using mobile or desktop, and automatically wrap based on the device size.
With over half of Google searches taking place on mobile, Google have adopted a mobile-first approach over the last few months. This change is designed to help marketers achieve success in this mobile landscape.
Extended Text Ads provide a larger ad space in which to showcase information on your products and services and attract attention of users across all devices. In particular mobile users on the go, who want to know exactly what you offer before clicking through to your website.
Expanded ads offer more words and characters to play with in your ads. This presents greater ad visibility and opportunity to attract a user's attention and provide them with more information on your products and services. This in turn, could potentially lead to a greater click through rate on your ads. Reports from Google's Expanded Text Ads tests show an increase in CTR by as much as 20% in some instances.
Ads at the top of the SERP will take up a large majority of valuable space available. Anything below position 2 or 3 on a mobile device could become irrelevant. It is vital then, to ensure that your ad copy is rewritten to take advantage of the new format, and to keep working on improving you Quality Score to aim for those top spots where possible.
Google has not yet confirmed a release date for the new Expanded Text Ads. However, we can expect to see these roll out in the not so distant future.
Google have officially announced that as of 26th July, Expanded Text Ads have begun rolling out in AdWords to advertisers worldwide.
With what Google are coining as the biggest change in AdWords since its inception, it is imperative that ads are revisited and rewritten in order to make the most of the new formatting, ensuring the best chance of success from your paid ads.


text:
- Robbie Hannon
Building muscle for beginners: How to maximize results without overtraining.
Starting out
For a lot of people who are starting out with resistance training, using a typical bodybuilder split program is often not the best way to achieve optimum results. In my experience, my clients have found that using a full-body routine works better for hypertrophy training for beginners.
So, first I'll start with my definition of a full-body training session, how I implement it and the standard definition of a typical bodybuilder split program.
A method I would usually use with my clients is one lower-body compound exercise, one upper-body compound exercise, and an accessory exercise for each of these, which I will explain in this article. I would typically program these exercises for three days per week, with a rest day in between.
A typical and common bodybuilder split program would generally focus on one muscle group at a time. For example, leg day, chest day, arm day etc., for usually five days a week. However, this is not ideal for a lot of people.
So, I think people who would benefit from full-body workouts are those who are new to resistance training, anyone who has had a long layoff from resistance training, and those who play a sport or engage in some other activity outside of the gym.
Muscle Damage
The reason I think a full-body workout would benefit these individuals is because of the level of muscle damage, also known as metabolic stress, that can occur. When it comes to muscular hypertrophy, a muscle needs to be stimulated then rested and fueled before it can grow to its full potential. That potential is different for each individual, and there is the law of diminishing returns that needs to be considered. More muscle damage does not always equal more muscle growth.
What we need to aim for is the minimum effective dose. This means we need to stimulate the muscle enough so that it will grow to its full potential – and no more.
At this point you might be thinking, "What's the harm in creating more muscle damage? Surely it's better to do more than not enough." Well that can make sense on the surface, but taking this approach could do more harm than good.
The reason is that, the more stress that occurs, the longer it will take to recover. Remember, I said the muscle needs to rest before it can grow.
Protein Synthesis
After muscle breakdown occurs the body then tries to rebuild the muscle, this is called protein synthesis. In order for the muscles to get bigger, the synthesis must exceed the breakdown. So if you have a limited potential of protein synthesis then you must ration your metabolic breakdown. Failing to do this could mean that you're causing more damage than you are repairing.
An analogy that can help you understand this is getting a suntan. If I were, hypothetically speaking, to go out into the sun and tan my legs for only an hour, they would probably get burned (Irish skin). If I hadn't been out in the sun in a long time it would be a pretty severe burn.
My recovery will take some time, and I would be in discomfort the whole time. If I did this repeatedly for a year, the chances are I would end up with skin damage rather than a nice tan. Conversely, if I were to, hypothetically, expose my legs for 20 minutes, my chest for 20 minutes and my arms for 20 minutes, I wouldn't get burnt, but there would still be enough stress applied for a change to occur without requiring a long recovery period.
Doing this on a more consistent basis would help my body get used to the stimulation without causing any unnecessary damage, resulting in a nice tan.
For inexperienced lifters, another advantage for doing a full-body routine in this manner is that they have more time for their central nervous system to recover between sessions.
The Plan
So, one way you could plan these workouts is to use compound and isolation exercises, with the isolation acting as accessory exercises to the compound.
An example of this type of program could be: on day one you do squats and pull-ups, with accessory exercises being leg extensions and lying pullovers.
Then on the next training day you can do deadlifts and bench presses, with a cable fly and hamstring curl as accessory exercises.
The third training day can be lunges and heavy carries. Accessory exercises can be leg presses and lateral raises.
After a few months
Depending on your ultimate goals and how big you want to get, you will probably need to adjust this after a few months. Over time you could start to work more towards the bodybuilder split, but if you are one of the people mentioned above, this could be the ideal way for you to start, especially if you're feeling constantly battered and worn out from your training, and you don't seem to be getting results for your hard work.


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We also stock U-Pins in packs of twenty, which you need for tacking the artificial grass to the earth, Weedstop (which speaks for itself!), trimming knives and heavy duty garden sacks – we've all had that risky moment when you're trying to gauge if what you've put in that black bin liner is going to actually rip it to shreds – which are reusable so you really get value for money. These accessories range in price from £3.99 to £11.95, so again the prices are really competitive and won't break the bank.
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text:
India is celebrating 66 years of independence with a flurry of negative coverage in the international media. The Economist leads with Made outside India ("As growth slows and reforms falter, economic activity is shifting out of India"). Fareed Zakaria's GPS blog on CNN has an interview with Ravi Venkatesan, a former Chairman of Microsoft India: "India remains a ferociously tough place to do business, ranked #132 out of 200 countries in terms of ease of doing business by the World Bank.
Link: Future of Indian Entrepreneurship in Light of Current Worries
via economictimes.indiatimes.com


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Pay as Led is now a reality for New York Yearly Meeting's 2019 Summer Sessions!
In 2019, we are making our Summer Sessions more affordable to those who need it. In the past, many have had to stretch mightily in order to be able to attend, and some have stayed away because of the cost. Pay as Led is a daring experiment that counts on many people being led to pay more in order to make our summer gathering accessible to a wider range of f/Friends.
We hope Pay as Led will open up the NYYM Summer Sessions experience so we may become a more Blessed Community that is whole, wide-ranging, and all-embracing.
All the 2019 Summer Sessions information will be online at nyym.org and will be in Spark starting in January 2019. Look for the details & join us!
To be successful.... Pay as Led will require new thinking!
Pay as Led will require close attention to new information!
Pay as Led will require us to all to be both conscientious and generous!
New Thinking!
2019 is our first year experimenting with a Pay as Led process for lodging and meals at Silver Bay YMCA. Pay as Led invites people with limited financial means to pay less than the standard rate and for those with greater financial resources to pay more than the standard. We are specifying a minimum charge of 25% of the standard Silver Bay rates for the simplest accommodations. If this is still out of reach, we encourage folks to contact the YM office to see what other assistance may be available.
New Information!
Registration will begin in January of 2019.
The reason is two-fold. First, we have a new contract with Silver Bay YMCA that requires us to process registrations and gather payments ourselves. This is so new to us, we will need lots of time to work out the kinks. Second, we want to accommodate and honor those who need time to consider the amount they can afford to pay and, if necessary, set up payment arrangements. The Pay as Led Registration & Payment Deadline is May 15th.
New Discernment!
For Pay as Led to be successful for each person and for NYYM as a whole, we all need to carefully discern what we can afford — and consider how we can help others attend if we are able. This is our opportunity to listen to Spirit and to reflect on the meaning of community, integrity, right sharing, and just simply wanting to be in the company of our faith community, for worship, work, play, new connections, and lots of hugs!
Friends Come in All Ages, Sizes and Colors: Our Path Toward Being Inclusive
New York Yearly Meeting's Summer Sessions Theme for 2019
It was in 1652 that George Fox climbed Pendle Hill and envisioned a "great people waiting to be gathered." We are the heirs to that vision and continue to look for that gathering. How do we bring that vision forward into the 21st century? How do we support the growth of our Religious Society so that it includes Friends of all ages, sizes, colors, and life styles? How do we live into the Quaker life?
It is a challenge to adapt to changing times and ways, but our belief in continuing revelation must be our guide, even when that requires us to be flexible and allow changes that may not be comfortable or easy. This belief and practice will be the way for us to move gracefully into this digital age and into a future that we cannot even imagine from here.
We are looking for ways to make the New York Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends exciting and challenging for all who gather. How can we deepen our spiritual practice for all ages, and include more than the usual participants in our Meetings for Business? We will seek discernment on the way forward. You are invited to join in this seeking and add your voice and your Light.
—Jeffrey Aaron, NYYM Clerk
Junior Yearly Meeting
Junior Yearly Meeting (JYM) is the gathering of young people from NYYM. Young friends, from three years old through high school, come together at Summer Sessions for worship, learning, and fun. Many have found this group to be a strong foundation for their growing Quaker faith. It is a highlight of the summer gathering. For those who give their time to working with the YM youth, our goal for Junior Yearly Meeting is to give the participants a real experience of living in a blessed community with age-appropriate worship, play, and the exploration of Quaker testimonies and NYYM themes. Join us!


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Banca dati musicale
Antonio Meneses
nato 1957 a Recife, Pernabuco, Brasile
Links www.antoniomeneses.com (Francese, Inglese, Tedesco)
Antonio Meneses
Antônio Meneses Neto (born in Recife, 1957) is a Brazilian cellist. Antonio Meneses was born in a family of musicians. His father was first horn player at the Opera of Rio de Janeiro. He began to study the cello when he was ten. During a tour in South America, the famous cellist Antonio Janigro met him and asked him to join his classes in Düsseldorf and then in Stuttgart. In 1977, he won the first Prize at the International Competition in Munich and in 1982 he was awarded first Prize and gold Medal at the Tchaikowsky Competition in Moscow.
Orchestra performances
He regularly performs with orchestras such as the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra (Riccardo Muti, Mariss Jansons), London Symphony Orchestra (Claudio Abbado, André Previn), BBC Symphony Orchestra (Andrew Davis), Amsterdam Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra (Semyon Bychkov, Herbert Blomstedt), Vienna Symphony Orchestra, in Warsaw, the Czech Philharmonic (Gerd Albrecht), the Moscow and the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra (Yuri Temirkanov), the Israel Philharmonic, Orchestre de la Suisse Romande (Neeme Järvi), the Bayerische Rundfunk Orchestra, New York Philharmonic Orchestra (Kurt Sanderling), in Washington with the National Symphony Orchestra and Mstislav Rostropovitch, in Buenos Aires, with the NHK Symphony Orchestra in Tokyo.
Music festivals
He is also the guest at many important music festivals, including Puerto Rico (Festival Pablo Casals), Salzbourg, Lucerne, the Vienna Festwochen, the Berlin Festwochen, the Prague Spring Festival, New York (Mostly Mozart Festival), Seattle, la Grange de Meslay (the festival of Svjatoslav Richter in France) or the Festival de Colmar, the festival of Vladimir Spivakov in France, the Jerusalem Chamber Music Festival.
He regularly gives chamber music concerts with the Vermer Quartet on tour in Europe and in Japan, the Amati Quartet or the Quartetto David. Antonio Meneses was the cellist of the Beaux Arts Trio from October 1998 until its end in 2008.
In recital, Antonio Meneses is playing either with Nelson Freire or Gérard Wyss. Antonio Meneses has made two records for D.G.G. with Herbert von Karajan and the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra : Brahms' Double Concerto for violin and cello with Anne-Sophie Mutter and then Richard Strauss' "Don Quixote". Antonio Meneses has also recorded the D'Albert Concerto and works of David Popper both with the Basel Symphony Orchestra. He has also recorded the six suites of Bach for Nippon Phonogram and Tchaïkovsky' Trio for EMI/Angel. In July 1997 Antonio Meneses has recorded the three concertos by Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach with the Munich Chamber Orchestra (without conductor). He has recently recorded the concertos and the fantasy for cello and orchestra by Heitor Villa-Lobos. Antonio Meneses gives also masterclasses in Europe, North America and in Japan. March 2001
International Tchaikovsky Competition
He won the VI Tchaikovsky competition. Meneses combines an intense soloist concert career with chamber music performances. He is a teacher at Bern's Hochschule der Künste.[1]
- HKB Bern: Personen. Hochschule der Künste Bern.
Questo articolo si basa sull'articolo Antonio Meneses dell'enciclopedia liber Wikipedia ed è sottoposto a LICENZA GNU per documentazione libera.
In Wikipedia è disponibile una lista degli autori.


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Harkness, Joe. Bird Therapy. Unbound, 2019.
"Stripping back my senses to engage with the simplistic beauty of nature has fostered an intrisically mindful approach to every moment spent outdoors. These times of connection and reflection have given me opportunities to understand myself and my thoughts in non-judgemental and restorative environments" – Joe Harkness.
Bird Therapy is a book about birdwatching. It is a book about mental health. It is so much more than either of those things.
The book opens on a sobering note, and we meet Joe Harkness in the depths of his depression. It's a scene that I recognise from my own experiences. But this is not a sombre book, far from it. Bird Therapy is a joyous book to read, and one which demonstrates the profound healing qualities of time spent in nature.
Through an exploration of the "Five ways to well-birding", Joe reveals how fostering an appreciation of the wonder of nature can help to create a mindful state of awareness and calm the constant upheavals of depression and anxiety.
It isn't just a book for, or about, birdwatchers. Joe's approach to birdwatching is refreshingly not that of the competitive "lister" or "twitcher" – find bird, tick bird off on list, go look for next bird – but one of using birdwatching as a way in to a greater engagement with and connection to nature and the outdoors, as well as connection to other people.
You don't need to know your blue tit from your citril finch or your warbler from your woodcock to read and enjoy this book, though it may make you want to don binoculars and go for a long walk in your nearest RSPB reserve!
Those who regularly read this blog will know that I have lived with depression my whole life. There are definite moments in Joe's story where I recognise myself. And there are moments where he describes the peace, serenity, connection and love of nature that I also recognise and remind me to spend more time outdoors, watching birds and other widlife, and simply being in the presence of nature, whether that be a city park, a stony Norfolk beach or a nature reserve.
I would honestly recommend this book to anyone. One in four people declare that they have suffered poor mental health, and there must be even more who go silently un-noticed and undiagnosed. We need to have better conversations about mental health and wellbeing. Bird Therapy points to one way to do this.


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2007 Arctic Cat Prowler/Prowler XT ATVs Service Manual, Page 5Get this manual
Since gasoline expands as its temperature rises, the gas tank must be filled to its rated capacity onlyExpansion room must
to ensure high quality and correct fitRefer to the Illustrated Parts Manual for the correct part number, quantity, and description
! CAUTION Any lubricant used in place of the recommended lubricant could cause serious front differentialrear drive damage
FILLING GAS TANK ! WARNING Always fill the gas tank in well-ventilated areaNever add fuel to the gas tank near any open flames
or with the engine runningDO NOT SMOKE while filling the gas tank Preparation For Storage ! CAUTION Prior to storing the
vehicle, it must be properly serviced to prevent rusting and component deterioration Arctic Cat recommends the following
procedure to prepare the vehicle for storage1Clean the seat cushion (cover and base) with damp cloth and allow it to dry2Clean
the vehicle thoroughly by washing dirt, oil, grass, and other foreign matter from the entire vehicleAllow it to dry thoroughlyDO


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|FDA-approved medications for alcohol use disorder
|Daily total dose
|Pharmacological mechanism(s) and additional
|Acamprosate (PO)
|1998 mg per day
|Unclear—it has been suggested that acamprosate is
a modulator of hyperactive glutamatergic states,
possibly as an NMDA receptor agonist
|Disulfiram (PO)
|250–500 mg per day
|Inhibition of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
|Naltrexone (PO)
|50 mg per day
|m-opioid receptor antagonist
|Naltrexone (IM)
|380 mg once a month
|m-opioid receptor antagonist
|Not FDA-approved medications tested for alcohol use disorder
|Baclofen (PO)
|30–80 mg per day
|GABAB receptor agonist
|Approved in France by the National Agency for the
Safety of Medicines and Healthcare Products
|Gabapentin (PO)
|900–1800 mg per day
|Unclear—the most likely mechanism is blockade of
voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Although it is a
GABA analog, gabapentin does not seem to act on
the GABA receptors
|Nalmefene (PO)
|18 mg per day
|m- and d-opioid receptor antagonist and k-opioid
receptor partial agonist
|Approved in Europe by the European Medicines
|Ondansetron (PO)
|0.5 mg per day (fixed dose) or up to
36 mcg/kg per day
|5HT3 antagonist
|Prazosin/doxazosin (PO)
|Up to 16 mg per day
|a-1 receptor antagonists
|Topiramate (PO)
|Up to 300 mg per day
|Topiramate is an anticonvulsant with multiple
targets. It increases GABAA-facilitated neuronal
activity and simultaneously antagonizes AMPA
and kainate glutamate receptors. It also inhibits
l-type calcium channels, limits the activity of
voltage-dependent sodium channels and
facilitates potassium conductance. Furthermore, it
is a weak inhibition of the carbonic anhydrase
isoenzymes, CA-II and CA-IV
|Varenicline (PO)
|2 mg per day
|Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist


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Thinking Space Launch New Plug & Play Desks at IFSEC 2012
This year at the Ifsec show Thinking Space will be showcasing their new Plug & Play desk solution.
The Plug & Play desk has been devised to provide a turnkey solution allowing easy installation and minimal electrical work on site. The desks are fitted with all the electrical and data services required to supply the hardware to be fitted on and in the furniture. The electrical and data points are installed within compartment trunking within the void at the rear of the desks. As part of the design process, the power and communications requirements are agreed and detailed upon the technical drawings. All the wiring is fitted within the trunking during the manufacturing process ready to be certified once installed on site. An isolator switch is fitted within the console as a point to disconnect the desk from the clients main circuit when required.
The power and data trunking is easily accessible in the rear of the desk. As all Thinking Space consoles are built without bulkheads, the cable management void runs throughtout the length of all builds allowing easy maintenance and good airflow throughout.
For a full demonstration come and see us at the Ifsec show Hall4 Stand G30.
Above: plug & play desk details


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The marching band won't start performing until next year, but UNC Charlotte has already selected both a uniform and a name: The UNC Charlotte "Pride of Niner Nation" Marching Band.
Earlier in the fall, the Department of Music solicited suggestions for the new band's name and received 366 entries. A selection committee that included Director of Athletic Bands Jeff Miller, Director of Bands Shawn Smith, Department of Music Chair Jay Grymes, and Chancellor Phil Dubois chose five names from among the entries. Those names were submitted to the students of the UNC Charlotte 49ers Basketball Band and the 49er Drumline for two rounds of voting. The students overwhelming chose "Pride of Niner Nation."
Stephen Bendl, a sophomore at UNC Charlotte and a member of the Basketball Band, submitted the winning name.
"Selecting a name for the band has been both challenging and rewarding," said Dr. Miller. "Our initial challenge was to filter through the names submitted by alums, students, and members of the community and identify those we felt best described our band and its role at the university. We are forever thankful to everyone for showing their support and are especially pleased that the name we selected was submitted by one of our very own students. From the first day I met the students, I told them this band would be theirs. Investing in the members and allowing them meaningful opportunities to create traditions are guiding principles of my philosophy. Selecting a name so widely preferred by the students only seemed appropriate!"
The new band uniform was unveiled at Homecoming on Saturday, October 25, during halftime. The front of the uniform features a distinctive pickaxe that is inspired by the "C-pick" logo of Charlotte 49ers athletics. The 49ers logo is also embroidered over the uniform's right breast. The uniform jacket features the school colors of green and white, with metallic gold in the pickaxe. The uniform hat is based on the traditional military shako, with a green and white design that plays off of the curved lines of the uniform jacket. The hat is topped with a white plume that will include gold Mylar accents.
"We are really excited about this uniform," says Dr. Miller. "The design is bold and contemporary, while still honoring the great collegiate tradition that our marching band will soon join."
Dr. Miller designed the uniform in collaboration with Director of Bands Dr. Shawn Smith during a trip to the factory of the Fruhauf Uniform Company in Wichita, KS. Founded in 1910, Fruhauf is now in its fourth generation as a family-owned business. Fruhauf will manufacture UNC Charlotte's marching band uniform in America, using fabrics woven locally from Millikan & Company in South Carolina and Raeford Industries in North Carolina.


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Janet Webb, a well-known industry leader, brings perspective gained as a senior growth and operations executive for several of the leading technology and consulting companies serving the Federal Healthcare market, to her new role leading Federal Civilian Healthcare efforts at Unisys.
Prior roles include:
- Vice President, Federal Civilian Healthcare – AbleVets LLC
- Director, Business Development, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services – SAIC
- Vice President Operations – AECOM
Related Items
Science Applications International Corp. (SAIC) announced early this month that they have entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Unisys Federal. Read more here.


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Acta Cytologica Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection and Associated Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Males Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Mary Gomousa-Michael, M.D., Efthimia Gialama, M.D., Nikos Gomousas, M.D., and Georgia Gialama, C.T. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between (50%) than among their HIV-seronegative counterparts human papillomavirus (30%). There was immuno(HPV) infections and penile cytochemical evidence of intraepithelial neoplasia HPV in HIV-infected men in Infection with HIV enhances (PIN) in genital lesions from a greater proportion (50%) human immunodeficiency the expression of HPV, especially than in HIV noninfected virus (HIV)+ men. For commen (37.5%). By in situ hyhigh-risk HPV related to parison, we also investigated bridization it was found that immunosuppression. the same association using there was a higher prevalence specimens from HIV− men. of potentially oncogenic STUDY DESIGN: Imprint HPV (16/18, 31/33/35): smears from penile lesions were obtained from 70 men 75% in moderate or severe dysplasia (PIN 2 and 3) and (mean age, 30 years) who visited a dermatologist. Thirty 66.6% in HIV+ men as compared with HIV− men of them were known to be HIV seropositive. Two study (10–16.6%). groups were formed: one of 40 HIV− and another of 30 CONCLUSION: HIV-seropositive males showed an HIV+ males. The smears were examined cytologically for unbalanced distribution of HPV, with a predominance HPV identification or PIN, immunocytochemically for of "high-risk" HPV types. This suggests that imHPV detection and by in situ hybridization for HPV munodepression encourages infection by this oncogenic typing. virus, thereby contributing to the frequency of precanRESULTS: The rates of detecting HPV infection cytocerous lesions in HIV+ men. (Acta Cytol 2000;44: logically were higher among men with HIV infection 305–309) From the Department of Cytology, Thriassio General Hospital, Elefsina, Athens, Greece. Dr. Gomousa-Michael is Director. Dr. Gialama is Cytologist. Dr. Gomousas is Dermatologist. Ms. Gialama is Cytotechnologist. Financial Disclosure: The authors have no connection to any companies or products mentioned in this article. Received for publication December 2, 1998. Accepted for publication September 14, 1999. 0001-5547/00/4403-0305/$19.00/0 © The International Academy of Cytology Acta Cytologica 305 Downloaded by: Kings's College London 188.8.131.52 - 10/25/2017 5:58:55 PM Address reprint requests to: Mary Gomousa-Michael, M.D., 29 Zossimadon Street, Piraeus 185 31, Greece. 306 Gomousa-Michael et al Acta Cytologica Keywords: papillomavirus, human; human immunodeficiency virus; penile neoplasms; immunocytochemistry; hybridization, in situ. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) have been reported to be one of the major causes of verrucae, condylomata acuminata and other epithelial proliferative It is likely that immunosuppressed men with a high prevalence of HPV and genital intraepithelial neoplasia are at greater risk of developing cancer than are nonimmunosuppressed men. lesions. Several studies indicated that precancerous and invasive neoplastic lesions of the female genital tract contain HPV DNA at high rates.8,17 In men some types of HPV have been implicated as possible causative agents in the induction of anal dysplasia and carcinoma.26 The penile area is also a site of dysplasia. Most of the benign condylomata acuminata of the male anogenital tract have been proven to contain HPV 6–11, whereas higher grade precancers and invasive tumors frequently contain HPV 16–18.17 Penile precancerous lesions, classified as Bowenoid papulosis, invariably yield HPV type 16.20 A relationship has also been shown between the presence of anal HPV infection, anal intraepithelial neoplasia and immune abnormalities.3 As reported, penile and anal warts are twice as common in HIVseropositive men as in seronegative men.22 The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of HPV penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) in genital lesions from HIV+ men by means of cytology, immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. Materials and Methods The study included 70 men (mean age, 30 years) who visited the dermatologist because of penile lesions. Thirty of them were known to be HIV seropositive. Two study groups were formed: one of 40 HIV-seronegative and another of 30 HIVseropositive males. Six imprint smears from penile lesions in each man were taken. Two of them were processed as for routine Papanicolaou smears. One specimen was stained immunocytochemically by the polyclonal antibody method (Immune Omnitags, alkaline phosphatase, Shandon, Lipshaw Immunon, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.), and the other three smears were processed for in situ hybridization using the Pathogene DNA Probe Assay (Enzo Diagnostics, Farmingdale, New York, U.S.A.) with 3-amino-9-ethyl-carbazole as the colored substrate and Mayer's hematoxylin as the counterstain. Results Criteria for HPV identification were koilocytosis and dyskeratosis and for PIN were those established for cervical cells. Immunocytochemically, the presence of HPV was indicated by red staining of the nucleus of affected cells, whereas by in situ hybridization HPV typing was made by the presence of brown-red grains in the nucleus, also. Table I shows the findings in the HIV-seronegative group (40 men). In 12 subjects (30%), HPV and PIN were diagnosed morphologically (cytologically). Ten (83.3%), had low grade lesions (HPV-PIN 1), and two (16.6%), high grade lesions (PIN 2). Immunocytochemically, HPV was present in 15 of 40 males (37.5%). By in situ hybridization, HPV subtypes were detected in 20 smears (50%). HPV lowrisk types (6/11) were found in 18 of 20 samples (90%), whereas high-risk types (16/18, 31/33/35) were found in 2 cases (10%). Table II shows the findings in the HIV-seropositive group (30 men). Cytologic findings of HPV-PIN Table I HIV-Negative Group Result n N=40. Cytologic diagnosis (HPV-PIN): 12 (30%) Low grade (HPV-PIN 1) 10 (83.3%) High grade (PIN 2–3) 2 (16.6%) Immunocytochemical diagnosis: 15 (37.5%) — — In situ hybridization diagnosis: 20 (50%) Low-risk types, 6/11 18 (90%) High-risk types, 16/18, 31/33/35 2 (10%) Downloaded by: Kings's College London 220.127.116.11 - 10/25/2017 5:58:55 PM Parameter Genital HPV and PIN Volume 44, Number 3/May–June 2000 307 Table II HIV-Positive Group Parameter Result n Cytologic diagnosis (HPV-PIN): 15 (50%) Low grade (HPV-PIN 1) 5 (33.3%) High grade (PIN 2–3) 10 (66.6%) Immunocytochemical diagnosis: 15 (50%) — — In situ hybridization diagnosis: 20 (66.6%) Low-risk types, 6/11 5 (25%) High-risk types, 16/18, 31/33/35 15 (75%) were present in 15 cases (50%). Ten of them (66.6%) presented high grade lesions (PIN 2–3), whereas 5 (33.3%) had low grade lesions (HPV-PIN 1). The immunocytochemical method detected HPV in 15 cases (50%). In situ hybridization detected HPV DNA in 20 samples (66.6%). In 15 of them (75%), high-risk types (16/18, 31/33/35) were identified, and 5 cases (25%) were positive for low-risk types (6/11). Discussion That infection with HPV is associated with cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, anus and penis is now well established.10,13 Numerous studies have shown that cervical cancer is preceded by increasing degrees of intraepithelial neoplasia and that both these disorders are associated with HPV infection.14,31 Exogenous immunosuppression is known to influence the acceleration of the development of squamous neoplasia of the female genital tract,21,31,32 and some reports14,23,24,29 clearly document a significant association between HPV infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia with HIV seropositivity. The findings of several studies indicate that homosexual men with HIV have a high prevalence of anal HPV infection and anal intraepithelial neoplasia, and that immunosuppression may play an important role in the pathogenesis of disease in association with HPV infection.4,6,7,12,15,16,18,19 In this study the findings from penile lesions indicate that rates of detecting HPV infection cytologically are higher among men with HIV infection (50%) than among their HIV-seronegative counterparts (30%), as also reported by Vernon.31 Also, immunocytochemically there was evidence of HPV in HIV-infected men in a greater proportion (50%) than in HIV-noninfected men (37.5%). We have observed a higher prevalence of potentially oncogenic HPV (75%) and moderate or severe dysplasia (66.6%) in HIV-seropositive men as com- pared with HIV-seronegative men (10–16.6%), as found in other studies.1,28 This finding is not in agreement with reports demonstrating that the potentially oncogenic HPV types were no more common in men with antibodies to HIV than in those who were HIV seronegative.26 High-risk HPV types were detected in both groups, mainly in smears with high grade lesions (PIN 2–3), and low-risk types (6/11) were associated essentially with HPV-PIN 1, as found by previous studies.2,26 However, Bernard et al1 observed that lesions showing no or minor signs of HPV infection were positive for HPV 16/18 or 31/33/35. HIV infection might promote the persistence or reactivation of HPV in the genital tract and the progression of neoplasia,1,28,31 as previously reported by dot-blot and polymerase chain reaction in anal swabs from HIV-seropositive homosexual men,3 and it might facilitate the primary HPV infection.24 Iatrogenic immunosuppression in renal transplant recipients,9 in patients with chemotherapy for malignancy and in pregnant women2 has been associated with more-severe dysplasia due to HPV infection. The mechanism through which immunosuppression may activate and accelerate the pathogenic course of HPV infection is not clear. It has been suggested that immunosuppression allows the establishment of chronic, active HPV infection, favoring the likelihood of oncogenic progression3 or allows HPV to replicate to higher levels with more clinically aggressive lesions. Disruption of cellular and/or humoral immunity, however, could be a causative factor in infection with highrisk HPV.1 As seen in women, HIV disease may affect local epithelial immunity by decreasing the quantity or function of Langerhans' cells.5 Some reports also noted the presence of natural killer cells in cervical warts, showing the major role of cell-mediated immunity in such lesions.1 The strong association between HIV and HPV without measurable immunosuppression may be Downloaded by: Kings's College London 126.96.36.199 - 10/25/2017 5:58:55 PM N=30. Gomousa-Michael et al explained by direct interactions between the two viruses.27,30 Such interactions may also contribute to the pathogenesis of neoplasia. However, the association between HIV and HPV can be accounted for in part simply by common behavior risk factors. The opposite mechanism has been ascribed to cervical lesions; HPV infection may disrupt the normal mucosal integrity or alter the immune status of patients, representing the first step in HIV contamination.25,29 Analysis of the association between HIV, HPV and HPV-related disease is complicated by the similarity in risk factors for the acquisition and transmission of the two viruses. Both HPV and HIV are sexually transmitted, and both are associated with such risk factors as sexual behavior, infection with other sexually transmitted pathogens and socialcontext variables (e.g., poverty). Any of these factors may contribute to the development of HPVassociated genital dysplasia.31 In conclusion, our results clearly show that infection with HIV enhances the expression of HPV, especially high-risk HPV related to immunosuppression. It is likely that immunosuppressed men with a high prevalence of HPV and genital intraepithelial neoplasia are at greater risk of developing cancer than are nonimmunosuppressed men. In addition, HIV-seropositive, sexually active men could act as foci for spreading HPV (and its associated diseases) in the general population. Since the mechanisms of HPV transmission are poorly understood,11 we cannot assume that practices that control HIV transmission will also control HPV. References 1. Bernard C, Mougin C, Madoz L, Drobacheff C, Van Landuyt H, Laurent R, Lab M: Viral coinfections in human papillomavirus-associated anogenital lesions according to the serostatus for the human immunodeficiency virus. Int J Cancer 1992;52:731–737 Acta Cytologica warts. Br J Dermatol 1986;115:669–675 6. Critchlow CW, Holmes KK, Wood R, Krueger L, Dunphy C, Vernon DA, Daling JR, Kiviat NB: Association of human immunodeficiency virus and anal human papillomavirus infection among homosexual men. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152:1673–1676 7. Frazer IH, Medley G, Crapper RM, Brown TC, Mackay IR: Association between anorectal dysplasia, human papillomavirus, and human immunodeficiency virus infection in homosexual men. Lancet 1986;2:657–660 8. Gomousa-Michael M, Deligeorgi Politi H, Condi-Paphiti A, Rammou-Kinia R, Ghionis J, Belcha-Hari K: Human papillomavirus identification and typing of both sexual partners. Acta Cytol 1997;41:244–250 9. Halpert R, Fruchter RG, Sedlis A, Butt K, Boyce JG, Sillman FH: Human papillomavirus and lower genital neoplasia in renal transplant patients. Obstet Gynecol 1986;68:251–257 10. Hippelainen M, Syrjanen S, Hippelainen M, Koskela H, Pulkkinen J, Saarikoski S, Syrjanen K: Prevalence and risk factors of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in healthy males: A study of Finnish conscripts. Sex Transm Dis 1993;20:321–328 11. Jenison SA, Yu X, Valentine JM, Koutsky LA, Christianson AE, Beckman AM, Galloway DA: Evidence of prevalent genital-type human papillomavirus infections in adults and children. J Infect Dis 1990;162:60–69 12. Kiviat NB, Critchlow CW, Holmes KK, Kuypers J, Sayer J, Dunphy C, Surawicz C, Kirby P, Wood R, Daling JR: Association of anal dysplasia and human papillomavirus with immunosuppression and HIV infection among homosexual men. AIDS 1993;7:43–49 13. Koutsky LA, Holmes KK, Critchlow CW, Stevens CE, Paavonen J, Beckmann AM, DeRouen TA, Galloway DA, Vernon D, Kiviat NB: A cohort study of the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 in relation to papillomavirus infection. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1272–1278 14. Laga M, Icenogle JP, Marsella R, Manoka AT, Nzila N, Ryder RW, Vermund SH, Heyward WL, Nelson A, Reeves WC: Genital papillomavirus infection and cervical dysplasia: Opportunistic complications of HIV infection. Int J Cancer 1992;50:45–48 15. Melbye M, Cote TR, Kessler L, Gail M, Biggar RJ: High incidence of anal cancer among AIDS patients. Lancet 1994;343: 636–639 2. Carson LF, Twiggs LB, Fukushima M, Ostrow RS, Faras AJ, Okagaki T: Human genital papilloma infections: An evaluation of immunologic competence in genital neoplasia papilloma syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986;155:784–789 16. Northfelt DW, Palefsky JM: Human papillomavirus– associated anogenital neoplasia in persons with HIV infection. In AIDS Clinical Review 1992. Edited by P Volberding, MA Jacobson. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1992, pp 241–259 3. Caussy D, Goedert JJ, Palefsky J, Rabkin CS, Digioia RA, Sanchez WC, Grossman RJ, Coclough G, Wiktor SZ: Interaction of human immunodeficiency and papillomaviruses: Association with anal intra-epithelial abnormality in homosexual men. Int J Cancer 1990;46:214–219 17. Nuovo GJ, Darfler MM, Imprain CC, Bromley SE: Occurrence of multiple types of human papillomavirus in genital tract lesions: Analysis by in situ hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Pathol 1991;138:53–58 4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1993 Revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR 1992;17:1–19 5. Chardonnet Y, Viac J, Thivolet J: Langerhans cells in human 18. Palefsky JM, Gonzales J, Greenblatt RM, Ahn DK, Hollander H: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia and anal papillomavirus infection among homosexual males with group IV HIV disease JAMA 1990;263:2911–2916 19. Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Gonzales J, Lamborn K, Hollander H: Natural history of anal cytologic abnormalities and papillo- Downloaded by: Kings's College London 184.108.40.206 - 10/25/2017 5:58:55 PM 308 mavirus infection among homosexual men with group IV HIV disease. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992;5:1258–1265 20. Patterson JW, Kao GF, Graham JH, Helwig EB: Bowenoid papulosis. Cancer 1986;57:823–836 21. Penn I: Cancers of the anogenital region in renal transplant recipients: Analysis of 65 cases. Cancer 1986;58:611–616 22. Rudlinger R, Grob R, Buchmann P, Christen D, Steiner R: Anogenital warts of the condylomata acuminata type in HIV-positive patients. Dermatologica 1988;176:277–281 23. Schafer A, Friedmann W, Mielke M, Schwartlander B, Koch MA: The increased frequency of cervical dysplasia-neoplasia in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus is related to the degree of immunosuppression. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;164:593–599 24. Schrager LK, Friedland GH, Maude D, Schreiber K, Adachi A, Pizzuti DJ, Koss LG, Klein RS: Cervical and vaginal squamous abnormalities in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1989;2: 570–575 25. Spitzer M, Brennessel D, Seltzer VL, Silver L, Lox MS: Is human papillomavirus-related disease an independent risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus infection? Gynecol Oncol 1993;49:243–246 26. Syrjanen SM, Von Krogh G, Syrjanen K: Anal condylomas in men: I. Histopathological and virological assessment. Genitourin Med 1989;65:216–224 Genital HPV and PIN 309 27. Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM, Beth-Giraldo E, Giraldo G: Human immunodeficiency virus type I tat gene enhances human papillomavirus early gene expression. Intervirology 1993;36:57–64 28. Van Landuyt H, Mougin C, Drobacheff C, Bernard C, Merle C, Lab M, Laurent R: Anogenital papillomavirus lesions in humans with or without HIV infection: Comparison of colposcopic, histopathological and virological results. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1993;120:281–286 29. Vermund SH, Kelley KF, Klein RS, Feingold AR, Schreiber K, Mung G, Burk RD: High risk of human papillomavirus infection and cervical squamous intra-epithelial lesions among women with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165:392–400 30. Vernon SD, Hart CE, Reeves WC, Icenogle JP: The HIV-1 tat enhances E2-dependent human papillomavirus 16 transcription. Virus Res 1993;27:133–145 31. Vernon SD, Holmes KK, Reeves WC: Human papillomavirus infection and associated disease in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis (suppl 21) 1995;1:121–124 32. Vernon SD, Reeves WC, Clancy KA, Laga M, St Louis M, Gary HE Jr, Ryder RW, Manoka AT, Icenogle JP: A longitudinal study of human papillomavirus DNA detection in human immunodeficiency virus type I–seropositive and –seronegative women. J Infect Dis 1994;169:1108– 1112 Downloaded by: Kings's College London 18.104.22.168 - 10/25/2017 5:58:55 PM Volume 44, Number 3/May–June 2000


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Browsing Import fra CRIStin by Journals "Materials Science for Energy Technologies"
Now showing items 1-1 of 1
Effect of doped TiO2 film as electron transport layer for inverted organic solar cell (Journal article, 2019)Nanocrystalline TiO2 and Sn-doped TiO2 thin films were prepared by sol–gel spin coating method. The crystallinity and anatase phase of TiO2 and Sn-doped TiO2 were confirmed from X-ray diffraction analysis. The EDAX analysis ...


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Cat and mouse. Jonathan McQuarry is an auditor in Manhattan, moving from office to office checking their books. While working late, a smooth and well-dressed man named Wyatt Bose chats Jonathan up, offers him a joint, and soon they're pals. When their cell phones are accidentally swapped, Jonathan answers Wyatt's phone to a series of women asking if he's free tonight. Jonathan discovers it's a sex club: busy powerful people meet each other anonymously in hotels. Jonathan falls for one of the club members, whom he knows only as "S," whom he's also seen on a subway. When she goes missing, patterns emerge and Jonathan faces demands involving violence and lots of money.
|Crime | Drama | Mystery | Thriller
|April 25, 2008
|Marcel Langenegger
|Ewan McGregor, Hugh Jackman, Michelle Williams, Bruce Altman, Andrew Ginsburg, Stephanie Roth Haberle, Christine Kan, Dante Spinotti, Karolina Muller, Agnete Oernsholt, Melissa Rae Mahon, Rachel Montez Minor, Holly Cruikshank, Deborah Yates, Bill Camp
|Ratings: 3.98 votes: 43


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Forum > General C:F Forum > Challenge:Future Discussions
Balding happens to all men sooner or later of life and treatment are coming much costly and intrusive in nature. So as indicated by perusing Dermatologist, Follicle RX is great to follow the motivations to keep away from costly transplants at the lead position. There are a few reasons why men experience the ill effects of balding beside hereditary qualities, way of life, age and eating routine there are many variables which effectively influence our scalp wellbeing. The most essential here is the ecological poisons and broad care units which incorporate shampoos, conditioners, and topical arrangements. For the best we ought to order each and every known motivation to comprehend the reasons of genuine Problems: Male Hormones– With developing age limits keeping body hormones at normal rate could be a main problem in light of the fact that as we realize that low testosterone prompts a sexual and physical misfortune in build. It's likewise in charge of the diminishing of bone thickness and sexual wants.Read More http://healthcares.com.au/foll icle-rx/
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A group of about 20 giving support to individuals who have a brain tumour or are recovering from a brain tumour as well as to their carers and relatives. The Support Group has strong links with the Walton Centre for Neurology who run regular courses on "Coping better together".
TEL: Maureen Kelly: 0151 298 3280
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Clinical assessment of the musculoskeletal system
a guide for medical students and healthcare professionals
Clinical assessment of the musculoskeletal system: a guide for medical students and healthcare professionals
Contents Foreword 3 Acknowledgements 3 List of abbreviations used 4
Introduction to musculoskeletal assessment 5
The musculoskeletal history 5 – Current symptoms 7 – Evolution of the problem: is it acute or chronic? 9 – Involvement of other systems 9 – Impact of the condition on the patient 9 – Screening questions for musculoskeletal disorders 10
The musculoskeletal examination 11 – Screening examination for musculoskeletal disorders ('GALS') 11
– Gait 11 – Arms 11 – Legs 13 – Spine 13 – Recording the findings from the screening examination 13
– Performing a regional examination of the musculoskeletal system ('REMS') 14 – Examination of the hand and wrist 16 – Examination of the elbow 18 – Examination of the shoulder 18 – Examination of the hip 19 – Examination of the knee 20 – Examination of the foot and ankle 22 – Examination of the spine 23 – Recording the findings from the regional examination 24
Investigations 25 – Imaging of bones and joints 25 – Blood tests 26 – Synovial fluid analysis 26
Conclusion 26 – Appendix 1: Revision checklists 27
– Appendix 2: The core set of regional musculoskeletal examination skills 31 appropriate for a medical student at the point of qualification
– Bibliography 32
Arthritis Research UK Copeman House, St Mary's Court St Mary's Gate, Chesterfield Derbyshire S41 7TD
Registered Charity England and Wales No. 207711, Scotland No. SC041156
© Arthritis Research UK 2011 All rights reserved This edition published April 2011 ISBN 978 1 901815 17 7
Arthritis Research UK is delighted to offer this updated version of the guide to clinical assessment of patients with musculoskeletal disorders. The guide should prove an invaluable aid to medical, nursing and allied healthcare professional students.
The guide has evolved from an idea developed by Professor Paul Dieppe while a hostage in Kuwait in 1990. From its inception, the guide included the 'GALS' musculoskeletal screening examination, developed by Professor Dieppe and Professor Mike Doherty in the early 1990s. The GALS, firstly, has proved an excellent method of identifying patients with potential neuromuscular disorders, and secondly, has been an invaluable vehicle in drawing to the attention of healthcare students the importance of identifying patients with musculoskeletal problems. It is now included in many OSCE examinations.
The next iteration of the guide included the innovative work of Dr David Coady and colleagues, highlighting, in the regional examination of the musculoskeletal system ('REMS'), core techniques of musculoskeletal assessment, as identified in a robust study of a wide spectrum of clinicians across the UK. This guide also included a DVD demonstrating the examination techniques.
In the latest version, Drs Coady and Mark Lillicrap have made refinements to the previous guide in the light of feedback and experience, but have also included a re-structuring to reflect more closely the sequence of events in clinical practice.
We hope the guide will facilitate confidence and competence in assessing people with musculoskeletal problems – a key activity in ensuring effective care of this very large group of patients.
Professor Andrew Hassell Chairman Education Strategy Committee 2005–2011
We remain indebted, in particular, to Professor Paul Dieppe – his earlier version of this handbook has been widely referred to by medical students in the UK since 1991 and his text remains influential in this new edition.
Caution regarding infection control The photographs and videos used in this handbook were produced before the introduction of current UK guidelines on infection control ('bare below the elbows' guidelines). Before examining a patient, and in any clinical situation, wrist watches and wrist jewellery should be removed, sleeves should be rolled up above the elbow, ties should be tucked in or removed, and appropriate hand hygiene should be undertaken.
List of abbreviations used
MRI magnetic resonance imaging MTP(J) metatarsophalangeal (joint) NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug OA osteoarthritis PIP(J) proximal interphalangeal (joint) RA rheumatoid arthritis REMS regional examination of the musculoskeletal system
CMC(J) carpometacarpal (joint) CT computerized tomography DEXA dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry DIP(J) distal interphalangeal (joint) ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate GALS gait, arms, legs and spine MCP(J) metacarpophalangeal (joint)
Paediatric screening examination for musculoskeletal disorders (pGALS) and regional examination (pREMS)
pGALS is a simple, quick and effective way to screen the musculoskeletal system in school-aged children. Developed from the adult GALS screening examination, pGALS takes just a few minutes to perform. The amendments to the adult GALS are all simple manoeuvres that are commonly used in clinical practice by doctors and therapists experienced in the assessment of children.
Further details, including a video of the pGALS examination can be found at the Arthritis Research UK website: http://www.arthritisresearchuk.org/health- professionals-and-students/video-resources/pgals.aspx
A paediatric version of adult REMS, called pREMS has also been developed* and educational resources are in production.
* Foster HE, Kay LJ, May CR, Rapley TR. Pediatric regional examination of the musculoskeletal system: a practice- and consensus-based approach. Arthritis Care & Research 2011;63(11):1503-1510
Introduction to musculoskeletal assessment
Musculoskeletal disorders are the com- monest cause of disability in the UK. Each year 15 per cent of patients on a general practitioner's list will consult their doctor with a locomotor problem, and such conditions form 20–25 per cent of a GP's workload. About 30 per cent of those with any physical disability, and 60 per cent of those with a severe disability, have a musculoskeletal disorder as the primary cause of their problems.
Clinical skills – i.e. competent history taking and examination – are the key to making an accurate diagnosis and assessment of a patient complaining of joint problems. This booklet aims to outline the methods you might use. It is not intended to replace clinical teaching and experience but to be used as an aid to learning.
'Arthritis' is a term that is frequently used to describe any joint disorder (and not infrequently any musculoskeletal prob- lem). It could be argued that the term 'arthritis' should be used to describe inflammatory disorders of the joint whilst 'arthropathy' should be used to describe non-inflammatory disorders. Other mus- culoskeletal problems should similarly be described according to their anatomical site (e.g. muscle or tendon) and whether they are of inflammatory or non- inflammatory aetiology. However, the term 'arthritis' is in such widespread general use to describe any disorder of the joint that, for the purpose of this guide, it will be used in that sense.
There are over 200 different types of 'arthritis' (both inflammatory and
non-inflammatory) and, in general, it is not necessary for a practising clinician to know about all of these. A more realistic approach is to adopt a classification scheme, and to learn how to place patients' problems within this classifi- cation, using information gained through a full history and examination (as described in detail in the sections which follow).
The five key questions which need to be answered are:
Does the problem arise from the joint, tendon or muscle? Is the condition acute or chronic? Is the condition inflammatory or non-inflammatory? What is the pattern of affected areas/ joints? What is the impact of the condition on the patient's life?
The answers to these questions should enable you to produce a succinct summary of the patient's condition. An example of a patient summary produced using this method might be:
'This patient has a chronic symmetrical inflammatory polyarthritis, mainly affecting the small joints of the hands and feet, which is causing pain, difficulty with dressing and hygiene, and is limiting her mobility.'
This would result in the patient being placed as indicated on the classification tree (see Figure 1).
The musculoskeletal history
History taking is one of the most import- ant skills for any doctor or practitioner to
acquire and this can only be achieved through regular practice.
This handbook is primarily concerned with problems arising from the joints – that is from the articular and periarticular structures. (These structures are shown in Figure 2, while Figure 3 represents diagrammatically the changes which occur in the two main types of arthritis.) However, it is clearly important to
identify those cases where pain may appear to arise fr


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Huk-Huk Dance Rattle by Sarah Robertson
- Nation: Kwakwaka'wakw (Kwakiutl) First Nations
- Artist: Robertson, Sarah
- Type: Rattles
Note: Prices are CAD
Very nice piece of Art by female First Nations Artist Sarah Robertson from the Kwagiulth First Nation
HUK-HUK Dance RATTLE on wooden stand
Beautifully hand carved, adorned with the traditional cedar bark and beautifully painted in vibrant colors, still showing the beautiful grain of the wood. The base is pine, painted and signed underneath. The sound is very powerful - just a fabulous piece of Indigenous Art.
Measurements: 14" x 2" x 5", total height incl. cedar bark 10" (36 x 5 x 13/26 cm)
Meaning: The Huk-Huk is one of the mythological Hamatsa (Cannibal dance) bird masks. There are three of them: One is the Crooked Beak (Galokwudzuwis), a monsterous human eating bird that produces great fear. Then there is the Man-eating RAVEN (Baxbaxwalanuksiwe) who eats his victim's eyes - followed by The HUK-HUK (Huxwhukw) who uses it's long beak to open and eat it's victim.


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A five minute wake up call for your core! Perfect for when you need a quick boost or an add-on to your longer workout.
Props Needed: Yoga Mat
Teacher: Bobby Candelas
Calling all runners! Take five minutes to warm up and protect your body before you hit your stride.
Props Needed: Yoga Mat
Teacher: Bergen Wheeler
Release your muscles as you quiet your mind during this incredibly relaxing stretching session.
Props Needed: Yoga Blocks, Stretch Belt
Teacher: Fred DeVito
This 15-minute stretch is great to do in the morning to get your juices flowing and help you feel great at the start of your day!
Props Needed: None
Teacher: Julie Wiesman


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SPIRA - Jeanette Emily (nee Seyden) of Cliffside Park & Palm Beach Gardens, born in Gdansk, known as Danzig, Poland, passed away peacefully on March 2nd. She came to this country in 1938 as a young girl with her parents Louise and Marc Seyden shortly before the invasion of Poland. Beloved and devoted wife of Seymour L. Spira for 65 years, loving mother to David (Shan), Leslie (Mark), and Ellie (Fred); fabulous grandmother to Heather (Greg), Daniel, Jeremy (Sessy), Zachary, Ethan and Kayla and loving great-grandmother to Arden. Jeanette was a longtime resident of Ridgewood, NJ where she raised her family and co-owned the Focus Art gallery, which led her to a lifetime of art collecting. Seymour and Jeanette were avid travelers who shared their adventures with their family and many friends. They enjoyed many happy years as members of Edgewood Country Club as well as Frenchman's Creek Country Club (Palm Beach Gardens, FL).
Services will be held at Robert Schoem's Menorah Chapel (W-150 Route 4, Paramus, NJ) on Monday, March 5th at 10:00 AM, followed by burial at King Solomon Cemetery (Clifton, NJ). In lieu of flowers, memorial donations can be made to either the Jewish Home at Rockleigh or Morse Life Health System: Morselife.org


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Text: Harald Röker
In the bouldering sector of the gym there are more than 100 pre-defined boulder problems to be found. The different problems are defined by the colour of the holds..
The existing difficulties range from Fb 2a to Fb 8a+.
To give an idea which difficulty you can expect for a certain problem, all problems are graded in 7 categories and marked with respective coloured labels on the start hold:
Category 1 (Yellow): F (facile = easy) - up to Fb 3c
Category 2 (Green): PD (peu difficile = few difficult) - Fb 4a to Fb 4c
Category 3 (Orange): AD (assez difficile = fairly difficult) - Fb 5a to Fb 5c+
Category 4 (Blue): D (difficile = difficult) - Fb 6a to 6b
Category 5 (Red): TD (très difficile = very difficult) - Fb 6b+ to 6c+
Category 6 (Grey): ED (extrêmement difficile = extremely difficult) - Fb 7a to 7b
Category 7 (White): ED+ (extrêmement difficile plus = extremely difficult plus) - Fb 7b+ and harder
The problems of each category have numbers which are written on the coloured label on the start holds. The top-hold has also a coloured label with this number.
With a few exceptions all problems are sit starts. The definition of a sit start says that the back is the last part of the body to leave the pad. The problems end at the hold marked with the coloured label and the category number of the problem (almost always a jug). In a few cases there are also 2 finishing holds which will be noted on the label of the start. For a correct ascent hold on firm to the finishing hold(s) for about 2 seconds with both hands.
If you should not be familiar with the FB-bouldergrades here is a link to our comparing UIAA-FB-grade-table.
Category F - 15 problems
Category PD - 17 problems
Category AD - 25 problems
Category D - 22 problems
Category TD - 12 problems
Category ED - 8 problems
Category ED+ - 7 problems
Total: 106 problems
The suggestion of the grades which is written on the starting label should give an idea on which problems you can warm up and which problems are good to work on. These suggestions are (hopefully) coherent for a person which is equally good in all climbing styles and techniques and with a height of about 165 to 175 cm.
We tried to be close to the original Fontainebleau grades, so do not expect "soft" grades which can be found in some of the newer alpine boulderareas.
I think the absolute grade is completely irrelevant, only the grades of the problems compared to each other should be coherent. Just check out what is still "easy" for you and where it starts to be rally demanding. Many problems are a bit more technical than usual and will probably not be done the most easy way on the first go. So the given grade is also a little hint if you worked out the "trick" of the problem or if you should eventually try out what could be done easier....
Here the detailed listing of the current amount of problems in the different grades:
Fb 2a - 1
Fb 2c - 1
Fb 3a - 3
Fb 3b - 4
Fb 3c - 6
Fb 4a - 6
Fb 4b - 5
Fb 4c - 6
Fb 5a - 4
Fb 5b - 6
Fb 5b+ - 1
Fb 5c - 11
Fb 5c+ - 3
Fb 6a - 9
Fb 6a+ - 8
Fb 6b - 4
Jump (Fb 5..6) - 1
Fb 6b+ - 4
Fb 6c - 4
Fb 6c+ - 4
Fb 7a - 3
Fb 7a+ - 3
Fb 7b - 2
Fb 7b+ - 2
Fb 7c - 1
Fb 7c+ - 1
Fb 8a - 1
Fb 8a+ - 1
morpho = common abbreviation in bouldering for the French expression "morphologique", which means that the grade of the problem is very height dependent. Such problems are marked with a "from...to-grade", for example Fb 5..6


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Alexandra Turner
Alex qualified in 2012 and joined us in early 2015 after moving to Essex to find her first small animal practice job. Alex leads the practices journal clubs and takes a real interest in research and CPD within her role. Alex is currently enjoying some time off for maternity to spend with her husband, newborn son and various pets. Alex will return to us next year to work on a part time basis.


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We are here to help you with your floor covering needs and we want to give you a nice Christmas gift for considering us. Send us an email to firstname.lastname@example.com and we will send you 100 pictures from which to choose. They are in sizes from 20 inches by 20 up to 40 by 40 and will whipped rolled in a sturdy tube at no cost to you.
Here is an example of the oils we have.


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Weekley Glebe Road Kettering, NN16 9NS
A spacious two double bedroomed apartment with great living spaces and enclosed garden, located to the east end of Kettering. The property is entered via its own entrance hall with a staircase rising to the first floor apartment, which is in need of some modernisation.
Entry to the property is gained via a private entrance hall with a staircase rising up to the apartment. The inner hallway gives access to the kitchen and living room. The kitchen boasts views over the garden and is fitted with a range of eye and base level units with work surfaces over and provides space for a cooker and additional appliances. The living room is generous in size and features a large inbuilt cupboard, gas fire and access to the external balcony. Accessed via an inner hallway, the two double bedrooms both benefit from inbuilt cupboards and the master also has access to the external balcony. The bathroom is fitted with a three piece suite comprising bath, low level w/c and a pedestal wash hand basin.
Externally, the property boasts a generous and private rear garden featuring a large tool shed / workshop, laid to lawn area, timber summerhouse, greenhouse and rockery borders.
- Satellite
Every property on our books is truly unique… and so is the service we offer.
Take the first step. Get in touch for a free valuation.
Book a Valuation


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Coronavirus (COVID-19)
NODA Insurance – Abandonment due to Coronavirus - 18th March 2020
Please see the following clarification from Lloyd & Whyte on this topic.
Effectively, what the Chancellor said last night, about "paving the way for businesses to be insured" is extremely misleading. Barely any businesses will have cover for Coronavirus and even then they must demonstrate that the outbreak locally, emanated from their business.
HOWEVER, we are in the fortunate position where NODA Insurance is different, and better than the general market. What we set out in respect of NODA Insurance below, for societies, still stands. …. And its good news…… The words below haven't changed and insurers would see an event being cancelled due to Coronavirus as being outside the control of the society……
NODA Insurance provides cover for "Abandonment" of an event, up to the selected sum insured, for unrecoverable expenses, if the society needs to cancel an event for reasons "beyond their control".
If an event had to be abandoned due to Coronavirus, then there is no specific exclusion relating to this. However, please note :
· As with all abandonment claims, it wouldn't cover lost projected income – just unrecoverable expenses
· It must be the third party venue (or authorities) which make the decision that the event can't happen (i.e. its "beyond the control of the society")
· However, if the society itself decides not to hold the event due to potential spread of infection (rather than a decision of third party venue or authorities), then it wouldn't be covered.
· Also note that the whole insurance industry is keeping a close eye on this topic. It could be the case that an insurer makes a decision to stop covering this at some point (as happened with foot and mouth disease, which is excluded in the policy). However, if this ever did become the case, any new exclusion would only kick in after renewal of societies policies, and they would have plenty of notice.
If you have any queries, please contact NODA Insurance on 01823 250736
Information and guidance will be added when available
Following the latest government recommendations, the NODA Head Office staff will, with immediate effect, now be working from their homes. We have, for some time, used a VOIP based phone system which means our phones can be taken home with us, connected to our home broadband and function exactly the same as if we were in the office. So numbers remain unchanged and we will of course have full access to our email addresses.
Any orders that are submitted to us, for example, award or scripts etc will be despatched once a week. We anticipate the demand to be low in the current climate so hopefully any disruption will be minimal.
Working hours will remain the same - Monday - Thursday 9am - 5pm and Friday 9am - 4pm with lunch being taken each day between 1 - 1-45.
For INSURANCE QUERIES please contact NODA Insurance on 01823 250736 or email - email@example.com
All of us in NODA are committed to support each other and our members assiduously, to ensure we act and respond correctly and responsibly to the challenges posed by Coronavirus.
We have an obligation to follow the guidelines from both H.M. Government and Public Health England. This communication pins a focus on Theatre.
Societies, groups and individuals will vary in their approach and consider the wishes of their members. The current situation, albeit an evolving one, does not include any specific direction for closing or suspending events, or specific guidelines regarding travel.
Theatre, by definition, for both performers and audiences is a close contact environment. The awareness of the risk of cross contamination is a real one; particularly for those in the higher age group and anyone with underlying health conditions. We do not of course seek to deter audiences from visiting venues and having the opportunity to enjoy the wide range of productions, but the impact of Coronavirus is an ongoing and changing situation.
Therefore, the choice for volunteers on whether they attend shows and events must be a personal one which will often be determined by personal circumstances and those of close family and friends. NODA will give full support in whatever decision is taken including choosing to make last minute cancellations. Of course, should this be the case, it may not be possible for your representative, in the foreseeable future, to attend your shows or events. They will be in contact with you directly.
As a board of trustees, we are minimising non-essential travel as much as possible. One decision is to postpone our planned quarterly Trustee meeting in Peterborough at the end of March. This will now be via video conferencing.
Please rest assured that the safety of our volunteers and all NODA members is paramount, and all necessary steps will continue to be taken to ensure that any risk is reduced to an absolute minimum.
The following web sites provide a wealth of information and are subject to continued up-dates:
SUMMARY of KEY POINTS
Wash your hands frequently with warm, soapy water for at least 20 seconds and where possible use a hand sanitiser.
Cover your mouth with tissues whenever you sneeze, and discard used tissues in the bin.
Avoid people who are sick with respiratory symptoms.
Clean frequently touched surfaces.
Some rights holders will offer options on shows subject to postponement and /or cancellations. This would include waiving additional rental time and/or cancellation fees.
Concord Theatricals (Samuel French, R&H, Tams Witmark)
The standards policy for Business Interruption may contain an extension clause covering communicable or infectious diseases, but these tend to only be effective if the disease is found at the premises. A government-imposed closure would not normally be covered, even if beyond the control of the venue.
Where meetings are to continue, we recommend that you take a responsible view of your interactions with other individuals e.g. Suspend handshaking, hugging or other direct physical contact.
The Government advise that the best way to protect ourselves from the spread of the virus is for everyone to use universal good hygiene; this means everyone, all the time, which will effectively disrupt the spread of the virus.
We are all in this together and we all must be alert to the challenges and the demands that we might face. We are checking national advice daily and will implement further measures if advised to do so. Clearly, none of us knows precisely how the current situation will develop so we need to work to be prepared for all reasonable eventualities.
Where we are presenting awards and certificates put in place a practical way of presenting them with the minimum of personal contact. It is not implausible for the organiser to be wearing protective gloves and to hand the award to the recipient with the Chairman/President merely offering verbal congratulations.
Thank you for your continued support and understanding.
13th March 2020