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Coming into the final week of the 2020 SHL season, three of the four playoff spots were spoken for. The Portland Bluebacks, Anchorage Igloos, and Hamilton Pistols had all secured their tickets. But the Hershey Bliss and Quebec Tigres were locked in a battle for the final berth in the East. In the end, it was the Bliss, powered by a red-hot offensive attack, who earned the spot and a rematch with the defending champion Pistols.
"When this team needed to come up big, they did it," said Hershey coach Chip Barber. "They have the heart of a champion, and they played like champions this week."
The Bliss opened the week one point up on the Tigres. Facing a home-and-home with last-place Washington, Hershey rolled to a pair of routs, outscoring the hapless Galaxy by a combined score of 13-5.
"That was a pair of trap games right there, but we didn't get caught in the trap," said C Justin Valentine, who scored four goals in the Bliss' 8-3 Sunday win at Constellation Center in DC. "We didn't let ourselves take those games for granted; we kept our foot on the gas and kept piling it on."
Meanwhile, Quebec faced a home-and-home against the Pistols. They won the front half at Centre Citadelle 5-4, but in the return engagement, Lasse Koskinen stopped all 38 Tigres shots en route to a 2-0 shutout. The loss pushed Quebec to the brink of elimination.
On Thursday, the Bliss went to Boston seeking a closeout win against the scrappy Badgers. Boston took an early lead, holding a 2-1 edge after the first period. But Hershey hung tough, essentially grinding the home team's offense to a halt for much of the rest of the game. D Reese Milton tied it up on a shot from the faceoff circle in the first minute of the second. In the third, Hershey broke the game open by scoring four times on their way to a 6-3 win.
As the Bliss celebrated their third postseason trip in the last four years, team captain Valentine paused the thumping music and celebrated his teammates' resilience. "Everybody outside this room was ready to write us off," he shouted as he wiped the champagne from his eyes. "Everybody thought Quebec was going to chase us down, but we held on and sent them packing. Now everybody's expecting Hamilton to wipe us out. Let's go shock the world one more time… wait, make that two more times!"
Meanwhile, Quebec sat in silence and pondered their near miss. "It is a great disappointment, yes," said RW Stephane Mirac. "To come this close and not succeed, it is an arrow to the heart. But we cannot feel ashamed; we gave a great effort. Still, I wish we had won."
Tigres coach Martin Delorme praised his team's competitiveness. "Although we fell short of our goal," Delorme said, "we can hold our head high. We gave every ounce of our devotion and our effort. We have the components of greatness here. And next season, I believe we will achieve it."
The Bliss open their series in Hamilton on Friday.


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- Prior art keywords
- yarn
- self
- crimping
- yarns
- range
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substances Substances 0.000 description 1
- D02G3/00—Yarns or threads, e.g. fancy yarns; Processes or apparatus for the production thereof, not otherwise provided for
- D02G3/02—Yarns or threads characterised by the material or by the materials from which they are made
- D02G3/04—Blended or other yarns or threads containing components made from different materials
- D02G3/045—Blended or other yarns or threads containing components made from different materials all components being made from artificial or synthetic material
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
- Y10T428/2922—Nonlinear [e.g., crimped, coiled, etc.]
- Y10T428/2924—Composite
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
- Y10T428/2929—Bicomponent, conjugate, composite or collateral fibers or filaments [i.e., coextruded sheath-core or side-by-side type]
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
- Y10T428/2929—Bicomponent, conjugate, composite or collateral fibers or filaments [i.e., coextruded sheath-core or side-by-side type]
- Y10T428/2931—Fibers or filaments nonconcentric [e.g., side-by-side or eccentric, etc.]
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
- Y10T442/3146—Strand material is composed of two or more polymeric materials in physically distinct relationship [e.g., sheath-core, side-by-side, islands-in-sea, fibrils-in-matrix, etc.] or composed of physical blend of chemically different polymeric materials or a physical blend of a polymeric material and a filler material
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
- Y10T442/3146—Strand material is composed of two or more polymeric materials in physically distinct relationship [e.g., sheath-core, side-by-side, islands-in-sea, fibrils-in-matrix, etc.] or composed of physical blend of chemically different polymeric materials or a physical blend of a polymeric material and a filler material
- Y10T442/3154—Sheath-core multicomponent strand material
Self-crimping fully drawn high bulk yarns and method of producing thereof
Related Application :
The present invention claims priority from its earlier Indian application no. 766/MUM/2004 dated 16th July 2004.
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to self-crimping fully drawn high bulk yarns comprising bicomponent filaments, which manifest self-crimping characteristics in as-drawn yarns.
The present invention also related to a method of producing the self-crimping fully drawn high bulk yarns.
Background of the Invention
Development of self-crimping yarns for generating high bulk has been one of the active areas for producing differentiated products. The self-crimping yarns can be used directly in stretch fabrics where the high crimp level of the yarns allows higher stretch in the fabrics. The filaments thus produced would have longer lasting crimp as it is developed in-situ since the two polymeric components are integrally bonded in each individual filament.
Various approaches have been explored to get the self-crimping characteristics. These include different cross-sections and various bicomponent geometries, namely, side-by- side, eccentric sheath-core etc. By and large, putting the two polymeric components in a side-by-side combination is the most widely used method to produce high bulk filaments. A prior art survey indicates use of different polyamides in pairs or also polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with chemically different polyesters, such as, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) or cross-linked polyesters. In some studies both the components are chemically modified and then spun into bicomponent yarns thus rendering self-crimping effect on to the yarns. Others have used elastomers as one of the components to get the desired effect. More recently, polymers like poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) have been used with PET or PBT, etc. for achieving the bulk characteristics. Another approach is to use differential cooling of filaments in the spin line for producing high bulk filaments using a single polymer. Moreover, most of the methods employed in the prior art involve a two-step process, which comprises LOY spinning followed by drawing/draw-texturing. The present invention is a one step process for producing high bulk fully drawn yarns (FDY) or a two step process for getting textured yarns.
Some researchers have also tried Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) wherein the Poly(butylene terephthalate) was cross-linked, hi one of the inventions in the past, the PET and PBT are spun on bicomponent machine but the process of manufacture involved online cold drawing of the filaments. Polyester essentially requires hot drawing so as to have long term dimensional stability, m another recent process, PET and PBT are spun in bicomponent fashion but again the method employed was a two-stage process.
French patent 1,486,035 discloses a composite polyester made up of polyethylene terephthalate) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) cross linked with trimethylol propane.
A side-by-side or eccentric sheath-core bicomponent fiber wherein each component comprises poly(trimethylene terephthalate) differing in intrinsic viscosity (IV) and wherein at least one of the components comprises styrene polymer dispersed throughout the poly(trimethylene terephthalate) by partially oriented yarn (POY) or fully drawn yarn FDY route is disclosed in US patent 6,641,916. Polyamide conjugate filaments are prepared by a spinstretch process wherein two polyamides (e.g. two nylon 66 polymers) having different terminal velocity distances are melt spun to form filaments in which the polymers are arranged in an eccentric / side-by- side configuration along the length of the filaments. The filaments are then stretched in¬ line at a stretch ratio greater than 1.0 prior to their being collected with the processing conditions and polyamides being selected to provide filaments having a high level of high-load crimp and a low level of boiling water shrinkage which is disclosed in US patent 4,601,949 and 4,740,339.
While, the present invention is primarily based on two homopolymers and a reference of faster crystallizing copolymer is given.
US patent 6,548,429 discloses a polymer yarn comprising a bicomponent yarn and a second yarn combined to form a single yarn. The bicomponent yarn comprises two components, each comprising a fiber-forming polymer and each preferably having different shrinkages, which effectuate a bulking effect. This may be obtained either by using different polymers or using polymers having different relative viscosities.
The conjugate fibres based on PET, PBT and PTT are disclosed in US patent 6,306,499. This essentially is a process in which spinning is carried out at 1200 mpm and drawn in a separate process. Spinning polyesters at 1200 meters per minute gives a yarn that is termed as a LOY, which will have less orientation and lower shelf life. However, the subject of present invention is either a one step process with PET and PBT or PET with PTT etc. wherein winding is carried out at significantly higher speeds i.e. 3500 to 4500 mpm. Alternatively the process can be a two-stage POY and textured process.
US 6,153,138 and US 4,740,339 patents disclose the use of different Nylon polymer having differential relative viscosity to get the self-crimping effect. But the present invention is primarily based on polymers having different levels of crystallizability.
A melt-spinning process for producing self-crimping, nylon 66 carpet yarn at spinning speeds of, for example 4000 meters per minute is disclosed in US 4975325. The process utilizes polymer having a relative viscosity (RV) of at least 50 and containing a sufficient amount of a chain branching agent.
US 4661404 discloses the polyester filaments having a generally oblong, qudrolobal cross section are produced with periodic variations in thickness along the length of yarn and the yarn being capable of developing crimp when thermally treated in a relaxed state and having a crimp-to-shrinkage ratio of at least 0.25.
The combination of elastic component and an inelastic component is disclosed in US patent 4,554,121 to produce latent self-crimping yarns. While in the present invention elastic component in the stretch fabrics have been replaced by bicomponent polyester filaments, which will have easy care and easy processing characteristics.
US patent 4,405,686 discloses a stretchable crimped elastic yarn, which is prepared from composite components respectively comprising thermoplastic elastomer and non- elastomeric polyamide or polyester, and each of the individual constituents has a cross section of a compressed flat shape like a cocoon or oval.
Polyolefins and polyester combination has been disclosed in US patent 4,424,258 for getting self-crimping yarns. The degree of adhesion between polyolefin and polyester is low thus the chances of boundary separation are good. Moreover polyolefins will give rise to dyeing problems. While the present invention basically makes use of two kinds of polyesters and hence the degree of adhesion will be high and dyeing is not an issue. JP 2004277930 discloses process of producing self-crimping yarns by use of PET and PTT as two polymer components in Bicomponent yarn produced by way of spinneret modification. While the desired product attributes in the present invention is achieved without any spinneret modification.
WO2001053573 discloses making of PTT/PET bicomponent yarns by way of quench modification and drawing at high speeds of the order of 5500 m/min. While the present invention focuses use of standard commonly used hardware for producing the high bulk yarns.
USP 6,811,873 discloses the art of producing self-crimping fibres by bicomponent spinning technology. The self-crimping fibres reported here comprise poly(ethylene terephthalate) based fibres of differing molecular weight.
The use of PET and PBT bicomponent yarns are disclosed in US patent 4,217,321 wherein PET and PBT were extruded in a side-by-side cross section and are cold drawn in an isolated zone. The yarn prepared by this reported process may not be thermally stable. While the present invention intends to provide thermally stable yarn by using a simple process which doesn't involve cold drawing or isolated zone.
A prior art survey indicates use of different polyamides in pairs or also PET with chemically different polyesters, such as, PBT or cross-linked polyesters (US patent 4,186,168, 4,117,194).
As per prior art survey majority of the work is focused on polyamides and their copolymers. The approaches employed include polyamides with different melt viscosity levels, and use of thermoplastic elastomer as one of the components, besides polyamide or polyester (US patent 6,015,618, 6,153,138, 5,972,502, 5,948,528 4,975,325, 4,740,339, 4,405,686, 4,271,233, etc). In prior art, majority numbers of disclosures indicate use of thermal treatment for getting fully crimped yarns. In the prior art, polymers used to prepare fully crimped yarns are either poly(ethylene terephthalate) with or without chemical modification or along with different combination of polymers.
Thus the processes reported in the prior art to produce the high bulk yarn are a two stage process which is time consuming and uneconomical.
hi prior art the focus was on modification of the standard bicomponent spinning hardware such as quench modification or draw zone modification which incurs additional capital cost.
The polymer combination used in the prior art for preparing high bulk yarns, polyester and polypropylene or polyester and nylon, have very little adhesion power and tend to split during spinning/drawing process or during subsequent cloth washings. Thus the stretch attributes may not be durable.
The polymer combination used in the prior art to prepare high bulk yarn comprises polypropylene, which may have dyeing problems.
The stretch attributes are required in fabrics for various end uses such as sportswear, suitings, swimwear, ladies blouses, shirtings etc. The stretch gets developed after heat treatment like boiling water shrinkage or it is latent in the yarn. The end use segments are divided into 'comfort stretch' wear and 'power stretch wear' fabrics. But the scope of manufacturing fabrics with desired stretch attributes is limited due to the cumbersome manufacturing process. There is need to develop a simple and industrially viable process to manufacture the self-crimping high bulk yarn which have durable stretch attributes. The present invention discloses use of two viscoelastic fiber forming polymer components with different rates of crystallization, or differential orientation or combination thereof which leads to differential morphological characteristics when spun and drawn online in a side-by-side bicomponent geometry causing stretch attributes. By varying process conditions in spinning/drawing process one can generate controlled differential in crystallinity or orientation to achieve desired yarn characteristics so that the required attributes like stretch and bulk can be developed in the fabric form. The self- crimping high bulk yarns of the present invention have stretch attributes which are- durable.
Summary of the invention
The present invention discloses self-crimping fully drawn high bulk yarns comprising fibre forming bicomponent filaments comprising two polymers having different crystallizability or differential orientation or combination thereof.
The two polymer components are selected from polyester or polyester based or any other fibre forming polymers. At least one of the components may be chemically modified to get differential performance attributes. One polymer component is poly (ethylene terephthalate) and the second polymer is selected from the group comprising faster crystallizing polyesters, such as, poly(butylene terephthalate) or poly(trimethylene terephthalate) or any other polyester or non-polyester fibre forming polymer.
The self-crimping high bulk yarns comprise one slow crystallizing component and second higher crystallizing component.
The intrinsic viscosity of slower crystallizing component is less than the intrinsic viscosity of faster crystallizing component, the intrinsic viscosity of faster crystallizing component being in the range of 0.55 to 1.15 and intrinsic viscosity of slower crystallizing component being in the range of 0.45 to 0.74.
The two polymer components are used in the ratio of 30:70 to 70:30. More specifically the ratio is in the range of 60:40 to 40:60 and preferably 50:50.
A cross section of the yarn is solid circular, solid trilobal, hollow circular, hollow trilobal, solid any other non- circular cross section or hollow any other non-circular cross section. The hollow circular cross section of the yarn enhances stretch and bulk attributes.
The method of producing the self-crimping fully drawn high bulk yarns of the invention is single stage process (FDY) or a two-stage process such as POY and texturing.
The present invention further discloses a method of producing the self-crimping fully drawn high bulk yarns comprising a single stage process consisting of extruding the two viscoelastic fiber forming polymer components in separate extruders through the pack towards the capillary to obtain circular or non-circular cross-section yarn; quenching the yarn, spinning the yarn at speed in the range of 1000 to 2500 meters per minute, passing the yarn over a pair of draw rollers heated between 600C to 18O0C, drawing the yarn at speed in the range of 3300 to 5000 meters per minute and winding the yarn on bobbins.
The single stage process (FDY) comprises quenching the filaments as they leave out the capillary, drawing the filaments and heat setting simultaneously on hot draw rollers in the temperature range of 70 to 180° C followed by winding on the bobbins at a speed of 3300 mpm to 5000 mpm to rpoduce high bulk yarn.
The present invention further discloses a method of producing the self-crimping fully drawn high bulk yarns comprising a two stage process consisting of extruding the two viscoelastic fiber forming polymer components in separate extruders through the pack towards the capillary to obtain circular or non-circular cross-section yarn; quenching the yarn, passing the yarn over cold godets after suitable spin finish application, and are wound on the bobbins in the speed range of 2200 to 3500 mpm to produce a partially oriented yarn. (POY).
In the present method, the polymers may be directly fed from the outlet of the finisher vessel from the continuous polymerizer to the extruder.
In the present method, the partially oriented yarn is processed through false-twist texturing process in the range of 300 to 800 mpm take-up speeds.
hi the present method, the yarn is processed by air texturing route by single end texturing or co-texturing methods.
hi the present method, the yarn is twisted in 'S' or 'Z' direction in the range of 200 to 2700 turns per meter and heat set in the temperature range of 8O0C to 95°C with or without use of vacuum in single or multiple cycles before further processing.
Li the present method, the self-crimping yarn subjecting to wet or dry thermal treatment in the temperature range of 9O0C to 190°Cto enhance the crimp/stretch level in the yarn/fabric.
The self-crimping high bulk yarn is produced by the above mentioned method.
The self crimping high bulk yarns having characteristics crimp contraction levels are in the range of 5 % to 52%.
The fabrics comprising the self-crimping high bulk yarn in the proportion range of 30% to 100%. Detailed Description
According to the present invention there are provided self-crimping MIy drawn high bulk yarns comprising fibre forming bicomponent filaments comprising two polymers having different crystallizability or differential orientation or combination thereof.
The two polymers are selected from melt spinnable viscoelastic fiber forming polymers which are arranged in side-by-side relationship i.e. the two polymers are adhered in parallel to each other along the length of the filament.
The key concept of the invention is to exploit the difference in the crystallizability, and differential orientation due to viscosity difference of the two components for developing differential morphology leading to differential draw and shrinkage. The proportion of the two polymers (may not be equal) is constant along the length of the yarn. The two polymer components are selected from polyester or polyester based or any other fibre forming polymers. The primary viscoelastic fiber forming polymer component is selected from slow crystallizing polymer group such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) and the second component is selected from the family of fast-crystallizing polymers, for example, poly(butylene terephthalate), poly(trimethylene terephthalate) or any other fiber forming yet faster crystallizing polyester (based on chemical modification) or non-polyester viscoelastic polymeric component. The second fibre forming polymer component may be modified by using different chemistry, different additives, blends and alloys.
According to the present invention, the self-crimping effect can be accentuated by expanding the IV difference between the two polymers. The IV of the second component can be increased by carrying out a solid state polymerization to a level, which further widens the gap of crystallizability of the two components. Li the present work, the IV of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) is increased from 0.92 to 1.15 in a batch solid state polymerizer. Alternatively the IV of the first component i.e. poly(ethylene terephthalate) can be reduced to a level wherein spinning can be possible yet giving increased difference melt viscosities enough to generate fine crimps in the yarn.
The intrinsic viscosity of slower crystallizing component is less than the intrinsic viscosity of faster crystallizing component, the intrinsic viscosity of faster crystallizing component being in the range of 0.55 to 1.15 and intrinsic viscosity of slower crystallizing component being in the range of 0.45 to 0.74.
According to the present invention, the proportion of the two polymer components is in the range of 30:70 to 70:30. More specifically the ratio is in the range of 60:40 to 40:60 and preferably 50:50.
A cross section of the yarn is solid circular, solid trilobal, hollow circular, hollow trilobal, solid any other non- circular cross section or hollow any other non-circular cross section. The hollow circular cross section of the yarn enhances stretch and bulk attributes.
According to present invention, the method of producing the self-crimping fully drawn high bulk yarns comprises extrusion of the two viscoelastic fiber forming polymer components in separate extruders or alternatively the polymers can be directly fed from the outlet of the finisher vessel from the continuous polymerizer, which travel independently from extruder through the pack towards the capillary. Here the two components meet each other as they enter the capillary, and are adhered in parallel with each other in side-by-side polymer arrangement in circular or non circular cross-section of the yarn; quenching the filaments as they leave the capillary and get on to the draw rollers.
The process consists of extruding the two polymers well above their melting temperatures wherein the two polymers are at different temperatures until they meet in the capillary. The two polymers although in contact as they pass through the capillary, maintain their identity as two individual polymers.
In the present invention, the filaments are cooled by the cooling air as they leave the spinneret and are immediately drawn by the draw rollers. The spinning speed may be between 1000 to 2500 meters per minute. As the filaments are spun they are passed over a pair of draw rollers heated between 60° C to 180° C. The level of the draw is between 1.5 to 3.5 depending on the speed and the polymer combination and their mass contribution in the filament cross section along the length of the yarn. The drawing speed may be between 3300 to 5000 meters per minute. As they are pulled, the filaments get v drawn and heat-set on one set of rollers, followed by controlled relaxation prior to winding the yarns on bobbins.
According to the present invention, the level of crimp in the as-drawn yarn can also be manipulated by varying heat setting temperature. Increased heat set temperature gives both the polymers chance to crystallize and thus the delta crystallinity gets reduced. This will have negative impact on the crimps in the yarn. On the other hand, reduced heat set temperature will favor one polymer over other in terms of development of crystallinity, which will result into high crimps in the yarn and improved stretch in the fabric. The lower limit is defined by the processability of the yarn in subsequent processing sequences. The heat set temperature should be carefully selected after giving due importance to the variables such as IV of polymers, melt viscosity, spin temperatures etc. An optimum processing window for all the various polymer combination and titre of the resulting filaments can be defined.
In the present invention, the self-crimping effect achieved depends upon the differential rate of crystallization between the two polymeric components. The two polymers give different responses to the online heat treatment to which the filaments of the polymer are exposed while spinning and drawing at any particular speed, as they have different crystallization half times. When the yarn is drawn over the heated godets, oriented crystallization takes place. As the response of the two polymers (in combination) is different to the thermo-mechanical treatment posed by the orientation and heat of the draw rollers, both the fiber forming polymers will crystallize to different extent, thereby giving different morphological characteristics leading to differential shrinkage. The spinning and drawing processes are coupled and the fully drawn self-crimping yarns are produced in a single stage, which are ready yarns for getting into the fabric.
According to the invention, the extruded filaments were passed over cold godets instead of hot godets, and at lower speeds compared to the speeds at which fully drawn yarns are produced, but the speeds are significantly higher than spinning speeds of rollers employed in a single stage process. The POY spinning speeds are typically in between 2100 mpm to 3300 mpm.
Li the invention it is disclosed that the two-stage process can also result into the comparable stretch when converted into the fabric form. The POY and texturing route will give additional feel and bulk into the yarn. POY is textured on a draw-texturing machine to impart additional bulk and feel effects. In this process the drawing and texturing takes place in a continuous mode. The texturing can be done on a false twist texturing machine where the POY is drawn between the two sets of rollers which are essentially cold and the yarn is heated as it passes over the heater located in between the two sets of rollers. The thermal response of two polymers in bicomponent yarn will be different because of their inherent differences in crystallizability. Between the two sets of rollers is also located set of friction discs and the yarn is passed in a zig-zag form around the texturing discs made up of ceramic or polyurethane materials. Drawing is carried out as the twist is imparted in the filaments, but the twist is taken out as the yarn leaves the discs. The yarn thus resulting will have a softer feel and improved bulk. Alternatively texturing can be accomplished by air texturing method to get feel and look of natural fibres. Other commonly known texturing methods (like gear crimping, belt texturing) can also be employed to get the desired effect.
In particular, the method of producing the self-crimping fully drawn high bulk yarns comprising extruding the two viscoelastic fiber forming polymer components in separate extruders through the pack towards the capillary to obtain circular or non-circular cross- section yarn; quenching the yarn, spinning the yarn at speed in the range of 1000 to 2500 meters per minute, passing the yarn over a pair of draw rollers heated between 6O0C to 18O0C, drawing the yarn at speed in the range of 3300 to 5000 meters per minute and winding the yarn on bobbins.
The fibre forming polymeric components may be fed directly from finisher of the polymerization vessel or it may be fed to the extruder in the form of pellets.
The method of producing the self-crimping fully drawn yarns is a single stage process (FDY) or a two stage (POY and texturing).
The single stage process (FDY) comprises quenching the filaments as they leave out the capillary, drawing the filaments and heat setting simultaneously on hot draw rollers in the temperature range of 70 to 180° C followed by winding on the bobbins at a speed of 3300 mpm to 5000 mpm to produce high bulk yarn.
The two stage process comprises passing the yarn over cold godets after suitable spin finish application, and are wound on the bobbins in the speed range of 2200 to 3500 mpm to produce a partially oriented yarn. (POY).
hi the present method, the partially oriented yarn is processed through false-twist texturing process in the range of 300 to 800 mpm take-up speeds. In the present method, the yarn is processed by air texturing route by single end texturing r or co-texturing methods.
In the present method, the yarn is twisted in 'S' or 'Z' direction in the range of 200 to 2700 turns per meter and heat set in the temperature range of 8O0C to 950C with or without use of vacuum in single or multiple cycles before further processing.
hi the present method, the self-crimping yarn subjecting to wet or dry thermal treatment in the temperature range of 9O0C to 19O0CtO enhance the crimp/stretch level in the yarn/fabric.
The yarns are fully drawn yarns or textured yarns and may have circular or non-circular cross-section, such as trilobal. The fully drawn yarns have boil-off shrinkage levels in the range of 5% to 52%. The self-crimping yarns should have the crimp contraction levels of at atleast 12% to get good levels of stretch in fabric. These yarns have an Uster unevenness less than 2.0%. The unevenness may increase if the process conditions especially quench parameters are not set right, particularly in hollow cross section. The self-crimping characteristics may be further enhanced by subjecting the yarns to boiling water treatment.
The present invention also discloses the effect of twisting on stretch behaviour of the fabrics. The yarns produced either by single stage process or through two-stage process are twisted in the range of 200 turns per meter to 2700 turns per meter. They are then heat-set in a vacuum furnace in the temperature range of 800C to 950C for a period of 30 to 45 minutes. The stresses generated in the filaments due to twisting get relaxed during heat treatment. This avoids the snarling effect in the twisted yarns. The filaments with such mechanical and thermal history manifest into different kind of stretch in the fabric form. Moreover the effect can also be manipulated by varying the twist levels in the yarn. It is seen that higher twist levels give comparatively more stretch in the fabric form. The crimps, which get developed in the spinning stage, are further enhanced by the heat treatment in boiling water. Thus the final crimp levels attained due to the differential draw in the spinning and then due to differential shrinkage in the boiling water (the same will also get further developed in the dyeing, processing stage etc.) can be manipulated by differential degree of crystallinity of the two polymers in the fully drawn state. For example, a yarn which has a shrinkage level of about 15% in the drawn yarn (FDY) will have crimps in the range of 238 crimps per meter, but when subjected to boiling water shrinkage treatment the crimp level gets enhanced to 1651 crimps per meter. This gives another tool to control crimp through differential shrinkage of the two polymers in consideration.
In one of the embodiment of the invention, out of the two polymers in consideration the primary polymer component is poly(ethylene terephthalate) and the second one is from the family of fast-crystallizing polymers, for example, poly(butylene terephthalate), poly(trimethylene terephthalate) or any other fiber forming yet faster crystallizing polyester or non-polyester polymeric component.
In another embodiment, the polymer components are poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(butylene terephthalate) components with no other chemical modifier employed, which are spun on a bicomponent spinning machine.
According to the present invention, the stretch or crimp level in the yarn gets accentuated when the fabric composed of such bicomponent yarns or the yarns themselves are exposed to thermal treatment. The thermal treatment can be a dry treatment such as processing on a 'stenter' or wet treatment such as scouring, dyeing etc. The bulk is evident in the drawn yarns, which further enhances after processing treatments due to differential shrinkage. Further, the bulk and shrinkage properties of the material can be manipulated independently to get the desired effect. The other physical properties of the yarns are similar to the other commercially available yarns thus posing no hindrance in making the yarns commercially acceptable.
The yarns thus produced can be processed through normal fabric forming machines like loom (weaving), circular knitting, warp knitting etc.
The fabrics produced containing the self-crimping produced according to the invention comprising the bicomponent yarns in the proportion range of 30% to 100%.
The samples were tested as per the procedures listed herewith.
A. Crimp contraction:
1. Make the 1500 denier hanks of yarn on reeling machine with pre-tention device having number of wraps as per following formula. No. of wraps calculated is to be converted in round figure for making hanks.
300 No. of wraps =
Denier x 0.1 x 2
2. Put the hanks on the hanger and keep it in oven for approx. 20 min. at 1200C
3. Take out hanks from the oven and keep at room temp, for conditioning for 30 minutes.
4. After conditioning, take Ll with tension weight (300 gm) alongwith pre-tension weight 3 gm. 5. Remove the tension weight 300 g. from the hanks and take L2 with pre-tension weight 3 gm.
6. The crimp contraction can be calculated from the following formula
Crimp contraction (%) = x 100
The crimp contraction will give a quantitative idea about the level of stretch in the fabric form if processed correctly and in particular weave combination. Meaningful comparison of the results can be made if the competitive products have similar count and number of filaments.
B. Boiling water shrinkage: A 2500 denier hank is prepared on a wrap reel of 100cm circumference and its initial length (Ll) is measured at a load of 50 g. After measuring the length 50 g load is removed at a pretension of 2.2 X 10"3 g / denier is applied. AU such hanks were arranged in series around the magazine. The magazine is dipped in boiling water and is kept for 20 minutes under wet heat treatment. After the treatment, the magazine is taken out and the filaments are allowed to cool. Then the hanks are measured for length with a pretension of 50 g after heat treatment (L2). The change in length, expressed in percentage gives the shrinkage.
C. Crimps per unit length: The test is carried out on a single filament in which a continuous filament is cut into a small segment of about 50-mm length. The filament is held in two jaws while the distance between the jaws is 30 mm. The numbers of nodes are counted, as the filament is slack between the jaws. After counting the same the right jaw is moved till the crimps straightened out. Exact final length is measured and normalized for unit cm and results are expressed in crimps/cm.
Thus the self-crimping fully drawn high bulk yarns comprising bicomponent filaments, which manifest self-crimping characteristics in as-drawn yarns. These yarns can be directly sent on the machines producing fabrics optionally after converting the bobbins into beam form. The yarns can also be twisted and heat set before converting into beam form as a separate unit operation in fabric-forming process. This stage is routinely followed for normal polyester or blend yarns. There are two advantages of this product, namely, the expensive intermediate draw-texturing step is eliminated, and secondly latent crimp is produced in the filaments, which can be exploited to get the stretch effect. The shrinkage and the bulk can be independently controlled, so that the product specifications can be tailored to get the desired effect.
The present invention is further exemplified by the following non-limiting examples of the self-crimping fully drawn high bulk yarns and their physical properties.
Example 1
Self-crimping bicomponent yarns of 75 denier, 36 filaments are produced on a M/s. Hills bicomponent extrusion system. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(butylene terephthalate) of IV 0.62 and 1.15 were melted separately in separate extruders and were extruded through a spin pack designed by M/s. Hills. Poly(butylene terephthalate) was supplied by DuPont.
The plates in the pack are arranged so as to configure the polymer flow into a side-by- side fashion. The spin block is heated to 2850C. The polymers meet only in the capillary in a side-by-side fashion and are extruded together. The bundles of filaments get cooled down as they come in contact with quenching media i.e. air. The yarns were passed over heated godets after a suitable spin finish is applied onto it. The filaments first come into contact with a heated godet roll which is heated at a temperature of 8O0C, taking certain number of wraps onto it and then passing over second godet roller, which is also heated at a temperature of 1200C. The filaments are drawn at a speed differential ratio of 2.80. The yarns are drawn at a speed of at least 3800 meters/min. at a draw of at least 2.50. The yarns are heat set on the draw rollers and are wound on bobbins at a speed of 3800 meters per minute. This process has resulted into 13% shrinkage, 12% crimp contraction, 3.99 gpd tenacity and 30% elongation.
Examples 2-4
The yarns are produced as per the set up described in Example 1 for getting 150 denier 36 filament bundles which are drawn at 4200 meters/min. at a draw of at 2.50. The yarns are heat set on the draw rollers at a temperature of 15O0C and are wound on the bobbins.
Example 2: Heat set at 15O0C
Example 3: Heat set at 14O0C; other conditions remaining the same.
Example 4: Heat set at 13O0C; other conditions remaining the same.
The shrinkage values are the following:
Table 1 : Shrinkage Vs. Heat set temperature
The crimp contraction is in the range of 20% to 26%, when processed in this set temperature range.
Example 5
Poly(butylene terephthalate) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) were extruded through a spinpack composed of plates that will configure the two polymer streams into a side-by- side bicomponent geometry. The spinneret used was a hollow one. This combination will give side-by-side bicomponent filaments with a hollow cross section. A 150 denier 72 filament fully drawn yarn is produced at a spinning speed of 2288 mpm and a draw of 1.7 is maintained between the draw rollers. The set temperature was maintained at 1250C.
This set of process conditions resulted in a shrinkage level of 24% and a crimp contraction of 23%. Hollow fibres will have more contracting force between the polymer components thus resulting into higher shrinkage values, which in turn will manifest into higher stretch levels in the fabric.
Example 6
Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) were melted in separate extruders and passed through pack assembly at sufficient pressure so as to configure into a side-by-side bicomponent filaments when extruded. The IV of the polymers were 0.92 and 0.62 respectively. The filaments were threaded over draw roll system to produce a fully drawn yarn. The draw roll was heated to 8O0C and drawn at 2.83 times the original length so as to result into self-crimping high bulk yarns. The bicomponent yarn thus produced will have 17% shrinkage and 16% crimp contraction.
Example 7
Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) and polyethylene terephthalate) of intrinsic viscosity 0.45 and 0.92 respectively melted and extruded together through the system described in the preceding examples. The filaments were threaded over draw roll system to produce a fully drawn yarn. The filaments were heat-set at 12O0C and drawn at 3.2 times the original length so as to result into self-crimping high bulk yarns. The bicomponent yarn thus produced will have 40% shrinkage and 39% crimp contraction and will result into proportional stretch levels in the processed fabric. Example 8
The set up according to example 7 but the IV of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) is increased by carrying out solid state polymerization of 0.92 IV pallets. The IV of poly(ethylene terephthalate) was 0.45.
The PTT pallets with increased viscosity are again dried to reduce the moisture level and then extruded on one of the two extruders and then spun on Hills bicomponent spinning system to produce high bulk self-crimping yarns.
The shrinkage level with this set up is 46% at a crimp contraction of 51%, which is comparable to those produced by post extrusion coalescence system.
Example 9
The bicomponent melt spinning system as described in above examples is used to produce a POY made up of poly(ethylene terephthaalte) and poly(butylene terephthalate) arranged in the side-by-side geometry. The filaments are passed over cold godets and wound over the bobbins. The bicomponent filaments were spun at 2400 meters per minute to get an elongation level of 125% in POY. The POY is draw textured on a SDS- 700 false twist texturing machine to produce 80 den/36 fil set yarn. The textured yarn thus produced had 23% shrinkage and 22% crimp contraction.
Example 10
The POY produced according to example 9 is processed on a DIGITONE precifex RM3T air texturing machine. The type of air texturing was of a parallel type. Two strands of 130/36 POY were taken together on air texturing machine and were processed at 300 meters per minute. The resultant yarn is a stretch yarn with look and feel of natural fibres.
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Dungarees | BooHoo (similar)
Top | Gap
Boots | Urban Outfitters
Cap | eBay
Sorry for the lack of colors in my outfits lately. I don't know why but I've been rocking black and white for the past few weeks. I know my wardrobe choices have not always been the most colorful but this time it is going pretty strong.
Also, I know I've probably missed jumping on the wagon but boy do I love dungarees. When I saw this pair on Boohoo, I just had to have it. Of course it being black and distressed just stole my heart.
Hope you've enjoyed my post so far. I'll see you guys next time.
tumblr instagram lookbook


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Blue's Egg [edit]
317 N. 76th St.
Milwaukee, WI 53213
(414) 299-3182
317 N. 76th St.
Milwaukee, WI 53213
(414) 299-3182
Description [edit]
Taking traditional cuisine and morphing it into modern day delicacy, Blue's Egg brings a cultural experience to the Milwaukee community.
Interactive map
Recent articles about Blue's Egg
Blue's Egg Milwaukee reopens for curbside brunch service & moreBy Lori Fredrich - April 30, 2020
If you've been missing your Blue's Egg fix, we have good news to share … Read more...
On the Burger Trail: The "Filthy" Five Cheese at Blue's EggBy Lori Fredrich - Feb. 03, 2020
Blue's Egg has become so synonymous with breakfast and brunch that you might not … Read more...
Milwaukee's best brunch, 2018By OnMilwaukee Staff Writers - Oct. 07, 2018
It's the best part of the weekend - and accordingly to OnMilwaukee readers, the … Read more...
Milwaukee's best breakfast, 2017By OnMilwaukee Staff Writers - Oct. 14, 2017
Blue's Egg is one of Milwaukee's most beloved restaurants, period. So it's no … Read more...
A second location for Blue's Egg is in the worksBy Lori Fredrich - Sept. 10, 2017
Plans aren't yet finalized. But, it's likely that Shorewood could get its very … Read more...


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Congratulations to the 2020-2021 Spartan Sound section leaders & captains!
Saraland High School
SHS Parents & Students: Each year, our schools collect survey data from various stakeholders (including teachers, parents, and students) in order to gather vital information to help us make informed decisions for the upcoming school year. If you have multiple school-age children, you may have completed the same survey for a child at another Saraland campus; however, each school is required to gather their own data from parents.
Please take a few minutes to complete the surveys linked below.
Parent Survey - can be completed by each parent in the household
Student Survey - each 9th-12th grade student should complete the survey once
Thank you in advance for your continued support of the Saraland City School System and SHS!!
Course Selection for 2020-2021 is available online!
Click HERE for instructions
Coastal Alabama Community College is offering an INDUSTRIAL MAINTENANCE APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM. Any student interested in the AM/NS Calvert Industrial Maintenance Apprenticeship program should review the document with details by clicking below.
NHS Scholarships for the Class of 2020Leadership Scholarship--$300.00
Topic: Why Student Leadership is Important for Today's World
- Write an essay (typed 300-500 words)
Service Scholarship--$300.00
- Also submit a resume with all leadership positions help during your high school career
Please submit materials by email to Mrs. Edwards at email@example.com by May 1st. No late submissions will be accepted.
- Write an essay (typed 300-500 words)
Topic: Why community service is important for today's world
- Also submit a resume with all community service including number of hours for each (student must have at least 30 hours to be eligible)
UPDATE from Dr. Milner, Superintendent of SCSS, regarding school closure to April 13, 2020 — a proactive response to the threat of Coronavirus (COVID-19). Please read the pictured letter in its entirety by clicking the link below.
Thank you for your continued cooperation and understanding as together, we work through this unprecedented event.
Digital Study Resources
These online resources provide students with interactive content designed to enrich their understanding of various subject areas. All 4th Quarter study guides may be found on individual teacher webpages found under Faculty & Staff.
Test Prep Resources CLICK HERE
English Online Resources CLICK HERE
Math Online Resources CLICK HERE
History Online Resources CLICK HERE
Science Online Resources CLICK HERE
CIP Surveys
PreK-12 Title I Parent Survey - Click Here
MS/HS Student Survey (Gr 6-12) - Click Here
The HNH Immunization program will be providing a school-based clinic at Saraland High School Wednesday - March 18, 2020. Please click the link below to access a letter from SBOE, the consent forms, and several flyers about the vaccinations being offered.


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Last week I attended ICASSP virtually. It's a pity we couldn't welcome so many of you here at Barcelona. What comes next is a personal selection of some papers that called my attention related to environmental sound recognition/processing.
Jansen et al., Coincidence, Categorization, and Consolidation: Learning to Recognize Sounds with Minimal Supervision.
Since children, human learning relies on unsupervised learning and active learning. Why not our deep nets? They present a framework for sound representation and recognition that combines (i) a self-supervised objective based on a notion of coincidence (temporal proximity), (ii) a clustering objective to impose categorical structure, and (iii) an active learning method that queries weak supervision to consolidate categories into semantic classes. By training a combined sound embedding/clustering/classification net according to these criteria, impressive classification results are obtained with minimal supervision. Another amazing work by Aren & folks from Sound Understanding.
A few papers include taxonomic information into networks, pretty interesting IMO:
Cramer et al., Chirping up the Right Tree: Incorporating Biological Taxonomies into Deep Bioacoustic Classifiers.
Authors propose to include taxonomic information into a deep net, TaxoNet, for structured classification of biacoustic signals. TaxoNet is trained as a multitask and multilabel model, following the principle of hierarchical composition, where shallow layers extract a shared representation to predict higher nodes, while deeper layers specialize to lower-rank nodes. They provide interesting discussion and results. Plus they introduce two new datasets for bird audio recognition. Code available.
Shrivastava et al., Mt-Gcn For Multi-Label Audio Tagging With Noisy Labels.
It deals with sound event tagging under noisy labels incorporating label relationships from the AudioSet ontology into the learning pipeline. The pipeline is based on two modules: i) a multitask learning module to learn from clean and noisy data from the FSDKaggle2019 dataset, and ii) a Graph Convolution module that utilizes the graphical structure among labels. They show how using label co-occurring relationships to regularize the network adds value. This work is based on this recent paper for image recognition. If you are interested in Graph Convolutional Nets for audio, this other paper is also interesting!
Some works also related to label noise:
Iqbal et al., Learning with Out-of-Distribution Data for Audio Classification.
Another work focused on learning from noisy labels, in this case approached from the perspective of out of distribution (or out-of-vocabulary) data. The approach consists of first detecting these instances using an auxiliary classifier trained on clean data, and then relabelling some of them (rather than discarding) as they can help learning. This may happen due to the fact that some OOD samples are actually quite close to the training distribution in the FSDnoisy18k dataset. Code available.
Kumar and Ithapu, SeCoST: Sequential Co-Supervision for Weakly Labeled Audio Event Detection. This is one of the few works dealing with AudioSet classification from the perspective of label noise. They bring together ideas from sequential learning and knowledge distillation. The system is based on a cascade of learners where the training label set at every stage is a combination of the original label set and the combined supervision from the previous classifiers. Plus, the title is pronounced Sequest - awesome :)
And a variety of works:
Ebrahimpour et al., End-to-end Auditory Object Recognition Via Inception Nucleus.
This work proposes a fully convolutional net for sound event classification using a combination of 1D conv modules inspired by those in the Inception architecture, and subsequent 2D convs. A comprehensive discussion of design choices and analysis of results is provided. The system attains SoTA on Urbansound8K with faaaar fewer weights than other systems.
Kong et al., Source separation with weakly labelled data: An approach to computational auditory scene analysis.
This work deals with source separation of environmental sounds a.k.a. universal sound separation - a topic that is becoming rather popular. Authors propose a source separation framework trained only with weak labels (AudioSet) as opposed to using mixture-clean paired data. The framework is based on regressing from a mixture of two random segments to a target segment suitably conditioned. For those interested, there is a DCASE Task covering the applicability of separation to improve sound event recognition systems!
Turpault et al., Limitations of weak labels for embedding and tagging.
Authors study the impact of the weakness of labels on performance for embedding learning and tagging tasks. They create synthetic datasets to conduct the study in a controlled scenario isolated from other factors, and provide insights into which applications are most sensitive to weakly labeled data. Insight on weak labels that many of us use is always appreciated. Dataset and code available.
Bilen et al., A Framework for the Robust Evaluation of Sound Event Detection.
They introduce a new evaluation metric for polyphonic SED. Based on more robust ways of defining TPs and FPs, they utilize the concepts of ROC curves to then reduce into a single polyphonic sound detection score (PSDS). This framework has some nice features, like decoupling the evaluation of model's goodness from the tuning of the detection operating point. I do mostly classification rather than detection, but I think that coming up with new metrics to improve systems' benchmarking is fundamental, in all research fields.
And finally, this year I was not presenting anything at ICASSP because I spent last fall interning at Google Research. Have a look at the preprint covering part of our work or check this blog post. The work is titled "Addressing Missing Labels in Large-scale Sound Event Recognition using a Teacher-student Framework with Loss Masking". We identify missing labels as one of the most frequent labeling errors in AudioSet. And we propose a skeptical teacher-student with loss masking to identify the most critical missing labels, and ignore them during learning. Spoiler: missing labels do matter.
Thanks for reading!!


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Just one of the things I love about this meal is that it is super practical for packed lunches. You can make a big batch, have half for dinner and the leftovers for lunch the next day!
- 1 Large Chicken Breast
- 100g Brown Rice
- 20g Garlic (chopped)
- 8g Ginger (chopped)
- 100g Onion (chopped)
- 2 tbsp Honey
- 6 tbsp Soy Sauce
- 2 Eggs
- 50g Sweetcorn
- 100g Mixed Vegetables
- Dice the chicken.
- Boil the rice and set aside.
- In a large wok, fry the chicken until golden brown.
- Add the onion, garlic and ginger.
- Bit by bit add the soy sauce and honey to create a teriyaki glaze – you can add more of each if need be. Add the sweetcorn and other mixed veg to the chicken and sauce.
- Crack and whisk the eggs together in a bowl.
- In a small pan start to scramble the eggs, once scrambled mix in with the eggs and add to the rest of the mix.
- Make sure the teriyaki chicken and rice is fully combined and serve.
Also See: Chicken Steeps & Homemade Pizza


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Double Helix of Learning and Work
2.4. The Computer as Consultant and Provider
A project that pursues goals of the magnitude of the Learning and Work project could not be imagined or accomplished before the ICT revolution. Without the computer, the mapping of knowledge in the form of learning modules could not be undertaken. The computer provides the necessary programmes for the listing, positioning, and stockpiling of the modules in a huge database. The retrieval and combinatorial techniques are already familiar to most users. But here comes the big surprise! The map of knowledge cannot be represented as a linear text. Commonly used texts and graphics cannot accommodate its complexity. Computer screens can reveal only partially the multitude of the links, and, at best, three-dimensionally. The structuring technique has to be that of hypertext, already used in the building of a homepage.
The map of knowledge has nothing to do with a geographical map one can hang on a wall. Neither is it a projection of some physical area. It is a list of links among entities represented by terms pertaining to each of those entities. The programme provides access to those entities and the possibility to select one and to establish further possible links. The entire process is subordinated to a goal that only the user can determine. The final result of the selection procedure can be represented as a linear or bi-dimensional sequence of modules connected in series or in parallel. This itinerary is the final one that resulted from a succession of numerous selections. Several possible itineraries can be provided as the menus for an ultimate choice. However, even a deliberately final choice is still, in essence, tentative. After going part of the way (one or several modules), the user may revise his or her itinerary and choose new paths.
The technique of the hypertext goes beyond the familiar techniques used in advanced libraries for the indexing of an enormous number of books or scientific periodicals that contemporary readers must consult. If one needs to know which modules refer to a particular issue or use a certain method or even connect to other issues and methods, one will receive one's answer after performing a series of clicks.
What follows is the first sample of a computer at work in the Learning and Work scheme. It draws up a map of knowledge in its own style and then administers it. Since one of the main goals of the system is to create a personal learning itinerary (i.e., the string of modules to be covered), the computer becomes the personal consultant and the monitoring tool of the covering process. The modular path is a twisted one, with many crossroads and turnings. It is not like the disciplinary road, with no turns or side streets, which once embarked upon cannot be abandoned before the final destination is reached. For all the paths that open at the end of a module, the computer is both a guide and an adviser for decision-making.
Meanwhile, the computer demonstrates its effectiveness by searching for, and finding, the basic sources of learning. It opens unimagined possibilities to consult library catalogues and great collections, even to identify the necessary chapter or passage in a book or an article. It is now possible for a student to browse through the rare manuscripts of the Vatican, to search the Library of Congress of the United States, to visit the exhibition halls of the Louvre or the Hermitage, to wander through the Forbidden City of the Chinese emperors, or to climb the heights of Machu Picchu – all from the solitude of a campus room. A laptop is the student's link to global science and to the infinite variety of cultures. The offer is so massive, so prompt, and so varied on the computer screen that the student has to master the art of orientation and selection.
For centuries, students and researchers alike had to work hard to gain access to the sources of learning and to pin down the current state of knowledge so that they could move on. It was common in the old days for students to walk for months before they reached a university in Bologna or Paris in order to pick the brains of a distinguished scholar. Nowadays, updated information is readily available. All one has to do is to obtain the professor's e-mail address. The time-consuming and labour-intensive effort to search for sources has been replaced by the ability to discern the right ones – a superior intellectual quality. The measure of history is given by the progress from the ox-driven plough to the tractor, from the sweatshop to the automated production line, from the horse to the car or the airplane, from sail to steam to diesel. It is also illustrated by the monk writing on parchment versus a student reading and writing with his laptop.
When Marshall McLuhan wrote The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (1962), he was correct in noting the watershed between a phase of civilization based on the linear and analytical writing of books and the other phase that is submerged in the synthetic and global television image. The immediate inference is that a culture that can use such devices has to be of a different kind, just as the human mind has to function differently in a changed environment. Several decades later, one observes that the written text has not gone out of use; the computer has not caused the total abandonment of paper; and books are still being published. It is only that children now can go to a médiathèque (which in France has almost replaced the bibliothèque) in the neighbourhood, where they can read onscreen, listen to recordings, and watch videotapes. We have entered the era of multimedia, a splendid mixture of text, sound, and image.
The written text seems to have won the battle after all. The computer has reduced it to a two-symbol succession. The digital revolution has made it possible to mesh sound and image in the same procedure, thus going beyond the analogue techniques. Images have become digital, and so has music reproduction: multimedia is multi- only in terms of expression, but it is uni- in terms of digital support. Digitalization has made it possible for the main general-use devices to converge: the computer, the telephone, the television set. The miniaturization of information technologies has made all of them portable. It is reasonable to assume that, when competition eventually prevails over the narrow specialization of major companies in the field, a single device will substitute for all of them. When that happens, it will introduce new elements of enhancement into the practice of computer-based learning. The reverse influence is also possible. The new market catering to the Learning and Work system might very well call for new technological and service requirements.
Orbital links via satellite and the hugely efficient optic fibers have caused the information technologies to also become communication technologies. Hence ICT. The past decades have focused on communication, and the improvement process has been subordinated to that particular function.
An immediate consequence has been the emergence of distance education, a new chapter in modem education. It questions the spatial identity of the university. Originally, it was developed to serve the needs of non-formal education that offered adults a form of distance learning using the available media (correspondence, radio, television). In time, distance education gained in efficiency and attendance due to the introduction of new technologies.
Large universities, which had opened far-off branches in the meantime, started to use distance learning as a means of making one and the same course available on several campuses. In Vancouver, Washington (USA), a complete set of distance learning equipment, donated by the Ford Foundation, allows Washington State University to provide courses for a campus in Seattle, almost 500 kilometers away. The 150-university network around the Baltic Sea broadcasts two-hour lectures by satellite, according to an established schedule, to the member universities registered at Uppsala, the headquarters of the Baltic University. In Madrid, a distance university functions according to a regular university scheme of faculties and disciplines.
However, distance education does not go beyond the "school-based teacher learning" formula in the current experimental phase. Even so, it has been welcomed with interest as a variant of the regular university, one in which physical attendance is not required. Universities that have created special distance-learning sections to replace or supplement evening, part- time, or low-attendance courses suddenly find themselves overbooked.
An attempt to define distance learning led to the following list of characteristics: (i) modular courses; (ii) courses privately funded by students or sponsored by an employer; (iii) part-time and flexible study; (iv) flexibility of entry requirements and levels of entry; (v) diversity of subject range inside degree courses (student-choice); (vi) independent but not necessarily student-centered courses; (vii) resource-based; (viii) limited face-to-face contact with the tutor.
The fact that modularization sits at the core of that list is not accidental. The inadequacy of block-courses in distance communication is avoided by means of the reduced volume and enhanced flexibility of the modules. Example: four major pharmaceutical companies initiated a modularly designed course that can be completed in one to two years on "Structure-Based Drug Design". The complete course runs on the Internet with the aim of creating an "interactive learning community". The students are all enrolled at post-graduate level and are gainfully employed. In Scotland, four universities launched a project on the reciprocal and collaborative authority of tutorial units exchanged via the Internet (MANTCHI – Metropolitan Area Network Tutoring in Computer Human Interaction). Each tutorial had a typical load of one week of work for the student, which corresponds to our definition.
How do students, who have been questioned about the use of ICT in the teaching and learning process, respond? They say they enjoy it. It enhances their responsibility for self-help. It opens new avenues to specialist subjects, to the use of experts, and to the latest scientific data. It broadens collaborative opportunities, and it provides a chance to enable others.
Once the "friendly" machine was created, its performances registered spectacular improvements. Consequently, it is possible to assume that, in the Twenty-First century, artificial intelligence will spread over the vital areas of reasoning, choice, analogy, and metaphor, thus becoming what it is meant to be: a thinking tool that produces reflection, creation, and knowledge. The Twenty-First Century is also expected to witness significant advances in understanding the mechanism of the human brain. What hidden operations of the "black box" lie behind learning processes? Centuries of educational theory and practice as well as long series of learning concepts have failed to greatly enrich knowledge of the mental operations that produce learning. The progress of the machines that assist human learning and a better understanding of the mental processes involved in it will reveal the specificity, potential, and limits of these processes and will facilitate man-machine and man-man interaction.
The resulting learning and work environment will be different from the one in which people operate today.
The University could also develop models which show the universities solving global issues and problems, not only models which transmit the skills and knowledge necessary to be a global citizen. For example, an interesting model would offer a true vision of what the university can contribute to globalization and the language necessary to make this vision understood and accepted even by those whose major interest is not the breakfast, but the dinner menu preferred by Francis Bacon. In the eighteenth century, an age of exploration and discovery, Buffon, in his Histoire naturelle, wrote that the human mind has no limits and that it expands as the universe unfolds before it. Today our minds and our institutions remain strong, in part because of the stimulation of the global inquiry. The Bible reminds us that without vision, the people perish (Proverbs, 29:18). The responsibility for a vision for universities in the next century belongs not only to the students, the alumni, the teachers, researchers, and administrators, but to each one of us. The future is ours to share and to improve by our combined efforts (Roseann Runte, "Globalization and the University", 1999-2000).


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Belbin Team Report for the dynamics of a team of 3 - 15 people (over 15 this becomes a Group report). NOTE: All people to be featured in this report need to have completed an individual Belbin profile (sold separately) first to provide the data for the Team Report.
Compiled for you and emailed as a PDF upon notification that your team has completed their individual profiles (sold separately) to your satisfaction.
Team Report
- Team Reports offer amazing insight into the relationships and dynamics at work within any team of 3 - 15 people (over 15 people you can still produce a report but it has less detail and is known as a "Group Report").
On the "Free Resources" section of our website we also have free "How To" Guides to help you interpret and make best possible sue of your Team Reports.


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Canadian Solar achieves commercial operation on 53.4 MW PV project in Japan
Post date: 21/11/2019 - 12:30
Canadian Solar Inc. has reached commercial operation on the 53.4 MW »Oita Hiji Machi« solar power plant in Japan. It is powered by 160,308 Canadian Solar MaxPower modules and is expected to generate approximately 61,587 MWh of clean, solar electricity per year, which will be purchased by Kyushu Electric Power Company, Inc. (Kepco) under a 20-year feed-in-tariff contract at the rate of ¥40.0 ($0.37) per kWh. According to Shawn Qu, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Canadian Solar Inc., the Company now owns and operates a 143 MW fleet of solar power assets in Japan.


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Mlm Professionals : Many Online marketing Strategies Are Deadwant To Know Why?
For Right Tools and Tricks: kurumsal sosyal medya y?netimi is not only about creating contents and posting or sharing it in addition to your fans or followers. Every post goes live positions your brand in the internet marketplace; and also the content, right tools and tricks are found it necessary to beat the competition in market place.
Linked In is even more professional in comparison to above two. Its more business oriented. You begin a page for you, the owner, may connect compared to other business webmasters. It's a great way to make connections within the business neighborhood.
I prefer to think that blogging will be the contemporary term for creative and commercial writing. So go ahead and say hello to the new age world of blogging. You will probably find that you need like the game.
Provide Appeal. Give value absolutely free – of course / information must be at least 1 of the 3 E's; Entertaining, Educational or Enlightening, even when it comes from another source (just prefer that source). GIVE, GIVE, GIVE — give value and don't "peddle" your own situation.
Using the social media route is among the most best starting point for when commencing marketing on the internet. Even large companies are to do so. There are many social media education online community sites one can go to be.
Do not let your mistakes social media agency keep you down, learn from them and leave. It is crucial to admit to your failures and understand the right way to correct consumers. When you study what doesn't work, you exactly what to eliminate and can place more emphasis on things which do work.
TIP! In there is that never fails to get people in, it is the best deal! When deciding which network marketing company to function with, pick one up that offers coupons used as part of your strategy. There are several marketing strategies you make use of that involve coupons.
For Right Tools and Tricks: antalya sosyal medya is not just about creating contents and posting or sharing it as part of your fans or followers. Every post goes live positions your brand in the internet marketplace; and moreover the content, right set of tools and tricks are was needed to beat rivalry in the marketplace.
Sometimes, serious no obvious message in campaigns. And I know many people shrug shoulders while I say all of this. A message? Exactly what is the point? Well, the can be that whether you deliberately put it in or not, every social media campaign possesses a message with itself. Sometimes, these are cleverly fabricated ones, as well as all the other times, they may be out that makes sense.
Outline your marketing requirements. You can't create an overall strategy anyone don't know what you would like marketing efforts to conduct! You want compose down specific goals, such as: Secure 2 paid speaking engagements per month; land 4 new clients per month; get 75 new subscribers each month for my e-newsletter; or attract more targeted fans on my Fan Page and get 100 new "likes" every. These epidermis targeted goals will a person to to start thinking about "how" attain them.and blocked determining the strategies, messaging offers, and marketing mix you'll use.
Lastly when it comes to emails, can be important to achieve a captivating headline. This improves search engine results on Twitter as great. The headlines who had the highest open rates in 2010 included next words: Black; Now; Sale; Save; New; Holiday; Free; Coupon; Exclusive; Gift; Only; Deal; Today; and Offer Respectively.
There's a lot of money in developing trust and bonds of friendship with prospects and social media education jv partners using social music. That's all there is. There's no direct marketing element like running a commercial.
Be online. When you're in business, you can lose sight of the "social" regarding social advertising and marketing. Some people underestimate the fact that socializing because for many, it's a little frivolous, as well as considered of poor quality. But you can actually be productively internet. Make it easy for website visitors comment and talk a person. Make sure you have lots of "conversation hooks"- pieces of that give insight to you or create a picture of the you do or have an interest in to incite your friends and followers to check out your interests if subjected to testing curious.
The factor to think of to take it slow. If you are new to the internet, don't dive into the site. Take things slow because it is a really bit overwhelming sometimes. Instead of pushing a involving promotional information, start weblog to have the consumers be aware of products an individual selling and what your clients are all associated with. This way, they can become interested on extremely. Some consumers will feel you are pressuring these look to your products. Yet eventually turn them released.
Try engaging the customer using the subject line with the email. Your email must grab your reader's attention the minute it lands inside health of their inbox, otherwise it may go into their trash. If you have a weak or uninteresting subject line, is actually exactly what will happen. Would certainly spicing your subject line with some creativity.
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Hello all! We are open to film buff's and casual film watchers alike. We aim to create a space for people to engage with film in a more critical capacity and expand our knowledge of film to be more inclusive of various types of cinema.
We will be showcasing a variety of :
Come have fun with us...we will likely have snacks!
PRESIDENT: Emily Chambers
VICE PRESIDENT: Elena Yianni
SECRETARY: Charlotte Lilley
TREASURER: Khea Edgar
PARTICIPATION AND INCLUSION OFFICER: Danny Ryan
City Centre Campus - check back here and on our social media pages for more info on where and when we will be hosting our events.
You can join the society at any time in the academic year, and all annual memberships will expire on 31st August.
If you join our Interest List, you will receive the same email updates that our members do until mid-February. After this time you will need to pay for your membership to continue hearing about our events and being able to take part in our activities.
Report any issues with the website via our Feedback Form - click here.


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Local mum shares a moment of solitude with 30,000 people
WHILE her daily sunrise walks are usually a moment of solitude, yesterday Lee Fountain shared the view with more than 30,000 people when her photo was used on the front page of The Morning Bulletin.
The Tanby Heights mum said she took the photo for her own enjoyment, but was very excited to see it had been shared.
"I walk most days at sunrise, the best time of the day," Lee said.
"I always take sunrise pictures on my morning walk and post to Facebook."
The artistic shot captures a delicate balance of light and shadows that could be mistaken for a professional shot, but the photos were taken on a Samsung Galaxy phone.
"They are not as good as a professional photographer's photo, but also they're not photo-shopped as (they were) just taken with my phone," she said.