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A gorgeous silver bracelet featuring a St Christopher pendant makes a beautiful and meaningful present for a new baby or as a Christening gift. A St Christopher pendant is said to protect the wearer.
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Learning from User Interactions in Personal Search via Attribute Parameterization Michael Bendersky, Xuanhui Wang, Donald Metzler, Marc Najork Google Inc., Mountain View, CA
{bemike, xuanhui, metzler, firstname.lastname@example.com
ABSTRACT User interaction data (e.g., click data) has proven to be a powerful signal for learning-to-rank models in web search. However, such models require observing multiple interactions across many users for the same query-document pair to achieve statistically meaningful gains. Therefore, utilizing user interaction data for improving search over personal, rather than public, content is a challenging problem. First, the documents (e.g., emails or private files) are not shared across users. Second, user search queries are of personal nature (e.g., "alice's address") and may not generalize well across users. In this paper, we propose a solution to these challenges, by projecting user queries and documents into a multi-dimensional space of fine-grained and semantically coherent attributes. We then introduce a novel parameterization technique to overcome sparsity in the multi-dimensional attribute space. Attribute parameterization enables effective usage of cross-user interactions for improving personal search quality – which is a first such published result, to the best of our knowledge. Experiments with a dataset derived from interactions of users of one of the world's largest personal search engines demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed attribute parameterization technique.
Categories and Subject Descriptors H.3.3 [Information Storage and Retrieval]: Information Search and Retrieval
Keywords User interactions, personal search, attribute parameterization
Researchers have been exploring how to successfully leverage user interaction data to improve search quality for over a decade [22, 23]. User interactions most often come in the form of clicks on links to search results, but may be derived Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s).
WSDM 2017 February 06-10, 2017, Cambridge, United Kingdom c 2017 Copyright held by the owner/author(s).
ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-4675-7/17/02. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3018661.3018712
Figure 1: Illustrative example of email search results for query [book order number]. The first two results are skipped, and the last one is clicked.
from other sources, including page visits [27], cursor tracking [18], or touch gestures [19]. Such user interaction data has been shown to be particularly useful for training learningto-rank models [2, 6, 27] and click-through rate prediction [26]. However, even though the use of interactions for improving search over public search corpora (e.g., the web) is commonplace, there is little to no research regarding its use for search over personal corpora, a.k.a personal search. Personal search has many real-life applications including (but not limited to) email search [11, 28], desktop search [15], and, most recently, on-device search [24] and personal media search [4]. In all of these personal search applications, the use of user interaction data for improving search quality has been limited by several factors. First, in the personal search scenario each user has access only to their own private corpus (e.g., emails, documents or multimedia files). This means that cross-user interactions with the same item, which are common in web search (i.e., millions of users visiting the same web page) are non-existent in personal search. Second, user queries in personal search may not generalize as well as in web search due to the private nature of the underlying corpora. For instance, one common use case in email search is retrieving some personal information of a correspondent, e.g. [marta schedule], or [from:john highest-priority] [11]. This is very different from web search, where the most common queries are navigational [10] and are issued by multiple users with the same underlying target page in mind (e.g., [facebook] → facebook.com, [youtube] → youtube.com).
To address these factors, we propose a simple yet effective technique that projects both documents and queries into an attribute space. Our general approach is independent of the particular attribute choices, but in general these attributes have to be semantically coherent and fine-grained enough to aggregate user interactions with semantically closely related items. For instance, consider the email search example in Figure 1. In this case the user skipped the first two results (even though they might have more terms in common with the query book order number ) and clicked on the last result. It would be impossible to directly leverage this specific interaction to learn a model for other users given the private nature of the interaction (since no other user received an email with the exact same order number). In addition, doing so could leak potentially sensitive information. To preserve privacy, terms, n-grams and queries should be frequent, that is, they should be contained in the private corpora or query logs of sufficiently many users. However, by aggregating non-private query and document attributes (i.e., those that exclude any personal information such as order number) across a large number of user interactions, it is possible to identify privacy-preserving querydocument associations that can be leveraged to improve search quality across all users. Some examples of privacy-preserving query-document associations that could potentially be learned by aggregating across a large number of private user interactions include: • Term-to-term associations. We can learn that emails with the frequent term receipt in the subject are likely to be relevant to queries containing the frequent n-gram order number. • Category-to-term associations. We can learn that emails that are purchase-related are likely to be relevant to queries containing the frequent n-gram order number. • Category-to-category associations. We can learn that finance-related emails are likely to be relevant to queries classified as investment-related. • Structure-to-term associations. Using structural templatization approaches recently proposed by Ailon et al. [3], we can learn that emails from sender usps.com that correspond to a subject template Your package number * are more likely to be relevant to a frequent query [usps] than a subject template USPS package discount for *! from the same sender. Hence, instead of looking at specific and potentially private user interactions, we instead propose aggregating nonprivate query and document attributes across a large number of user interactions. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first published work on leveraging user interaction data in a privacy-preserving manner for personal search. To summarize, our contributions in this paper are as follows. First, we introduce a general formal model of user interactions in personal search, which utilizes a novel attribute parameterization technique. Then, we provide a concrete instantiation of this technique that focuses on email search, a personal search scenario that received some attention from the research community in the recent years [11, 28]. Finally, using a series of experiments conducted on a dataset derived from search interactions of users of one of the world's largest
email services, we demonstrate that the attribute parameterization technique can lead to substantial search quality improvements.
Query-independent static document quality priors have a long history in web search, including link-based priors [9], content-based priors [7] and user interaction-based priors [13, 27]. Interaction priors (e.g., search result clicks or page visits) are especially relevant to this work, since they allow to directly incorporate user behavior into the ranking model. In this work, we extend the notion of document interactions to attribute interactions, which makes interaction-based priors feasible in the context of personal search, where documents are not shared across users. In this work, we also propose the use of query-dependent interactions for personal search. Prior work explored the use of such interactions as features [2] or noisy labels [23] in learning-to-rank models for web search or as a source for recommendations of authoritative pages on the query topic [30]. We expand this prior work by learning attribute-level interactions, which enables their use in situations where click data for each hquery, doci pair is inherently sparse. Most recently, researchers have started using interactions such as clicks for deep architectures for learning semantic matches between queries and documents in web search (see, e.g., [16, 21]). While some of these deep learning models can be in principle adapted to personal search, they have several shortcomings compared to the approach proposed in this work. First, these models generally take a "bag-of-words" assumption and are not able to leverage semantic information about the document like its category, structure or type. This is detrimental in the personal search settings where the retrieved document types may be heterogeneous (e.g., documents, slides, spreadsheets or photos in the context of cloud storage search). Second, due to their complexity, the amount of data used to train these models is inherently limited, while the proposed attribute parameterization model is compact, and can handle a virtually unlimited amount of data through aggregation. Finally, as some recent work suggests, attribute parameterization can serve as a potentially useful feature for the wide and deep architectures that were shown to be useful in large scale retrieval and recommendation systems [12]. While the findings of this paper are applicable to any personal search scenario, our experimentation is focused on a large email corpus. Prior work in email search [11, 15, 28] recognized the importance of relevance ranking and applying learning-to-rank for this task. However, to the best of our knowledge, this work is the first attempt to adapt aggregate user interactions for improving email search quality.
Historical user interaction data, as observed in the search logs, can provide a powerful signal for click-through rate prediction and learning-to-rank models, since it directly reflects user behavior. Most often, user interaction data is used in search in its most direct form. For instance, if we observe previous interactions for a given hquery, doci pair, we may use it as a query-dependent matching feature in a learning-to-rank model (e.g., aggregate number of clicks [2]).
Figure 2: System diagram of attribute aggregation and matching process. Entity notation d q adij aqkl
Entity Set Notation D Q AD AQ
Description Private documents (e.g., emails) in the indexed corpus. User queries observed in a search log (e.g., [bob's address] ). Document attributes (e.g., document category). Query attributes (e.g., query terms).
Table 1: Summary of the entity definitions. Similarly, if we observe that some doc is often clicked across searches, we may use it as a static a-priori feature of the document's overall quality [6, 27]. The case in private search is different. Users usually do not share documents (e.g., emails or personal files), and therefore directly aggregating interaction history across users becomes infeasible. To address this problem, instead of directly learning from user behavior for a given hquery, doci pair like in web search, we instead choose to represent documents and queries using semantically coherent attributes that are in some way indicative of their content. This approach is schematically described in Figure 2. Both documents and queries are projected into an aggregated attribute space, and the matching is done through that intermediate representation, rather than directly. Since we assume that the attributes are semantically meaningful, we expect that similar personal documents and queries will share many of the same aggregate attributes, making the attribute level matches a useful feature in a learning-to-rank model. In the remainder of this section, we provide a more formal model of this intuitive relationship between private documents, queries and aggregates. First, in Section 3.1, we formally define a quadrilateral structure of bipartite graphs which is used for feature derivation. Then, we explain how both query-independent (Section 3.2) and query-dependent (Section 3.2) features can be derived from this structure, and used in a learning-to-rank model (Section 3.4). Finally, we conclude in Section 3.5 by providing some practical attribute instantiations for an email corpus.
Attribute graphs
We start the discussion by formally defining in Table 1 four entities that will be used throughout the discussion that follows: documents, queries and their corresponding attributes. Most generally, we assume that each document can be represented using a (potentially sparse) attribute matrix Ad , where i-th row corresponds to an attribute type and j-th column corresponds to an attribute value. Similarly, each query can be represented by an attribute matrix Aq , indexed by (k, l). In the remainder of this section, we shall assume that the number of attribute types (matrix rows) is m and n, for
Figure 3: Quadrilateral structure modeling crossentity associations discussed in Section 3.1. Observed or pre-constructed associations are marked by solid lines, inferred associations are marked by dashed lines. document and query attributes, respectively. The attribute types may be either dense (e.g., distribution over tens of topical categories) or very sparse (e.g., millions of unique terms or bigrams). We defer the exact instantiation of these types to Section 3.5, in order to keep the discussion in this section as general as possible. We will denote v the maximum number of allowed attribute values per type (number of columns in the attribute matrix). With these definitions in mind, we can define a quadrilateral structure that models the association between the different entities via four bipartite graphs (see Figure 3), which we formally define next.
Query-document graph
The query-document graph models the interactions between queries and documents, as observed in some historical search log. The bipartite graph is represented by a triple G QD = (Q, D, E QD ), such that the nodes are queries and documents and the edges in the edge set E QD are parameterized by tuples of the form e(q, d) = hγo (q, d), γc (q, d)i.
Parameterization functions γo (a, b) and γc (a, b) indicate that entities a and b were observed or clicked in the same search session, respectively. As we show next, these functions can be expanded beyond queries and documents.
Document-attribute graph
The document-attribute graph models the relationship between documents and some attribute set (e.g., categories or terms). In this paper, we assume that this relationship is pre-constructed and fixed, as described in more detail in Section 3.5. Formally, the bipartite graph is represented by a triple G D = (D, AD , E D ), and the edges are indicator functions of the form1 ( 1 d is associated with attribute adij d e(d, aij ) = (2) 0 else.
Query-attribute graph
Similarly to the document-attribute graph presented above, the query-attribute graph models a fixed relationship between a query and some attribute set (e.g., query terms or annotations). Formally, the bipartite graph is represented by a triple G Q = (Q, AQ , E Q ), and the edges are indicator functions of the form ( 1 q is associated with attribute aqkl (3) e(q, aqkl ) = 0 else.
Attribute-attribute graph
This graph models cross-attribute interactions between the document and the query attributes. While these interactions are never directly observed in the historical search logs, they can be inferred using a combination of the three bipartite graphs discussed above. Formally, the attribute graph is represented by a triple G A = (AQ , AD , E A ), and edges are parameterized as X X e(q, d) e(aqkl , adij ) = q
q:e(q,akl )=1 d:e(d,ad ij )=1
= hγo (aqkl , adij ), γc (aqkl , adij )i,
where edge functions e(·) are as defined in Equations 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Intuitively, Equation 4 models querydocument attribute observed and co-click associations via summation over all the queries and documents that can be associated with their respective attributes.
Query-Independent Attribute Parameterization
Given the bipartite association graphs discussed in the previous section, in this section we attempt to derive a document feature representation based on these associations. Using the edge set of the document-attribute graph G D (see Equation 2), it is easy to see that document d can be represented using a binary feature vector Id = [e(∗, d) ∈ E D ].
In other words, we can use a set of edges in the documentattribute bipartite graph, where document d is a target, to derive a set of binary query-independent (a.k.a. static) features. Assuming m document attribute types, and maximum attribute dimensionality v, this will create a document feature 1 We use binary associations as edges for the purposes of presentation clarity, and since they empirically proved to be effective. However, the presented approach is applicable to the case of weighted edges without loss of generality.
representation with O(mv) dimensions. If attribute matrix Ad is sparse, such representation is limiting for many machine learning tasks, both computationally and in terms of model effectiveness. Instead, we can use historical user interactions to parameterize this feature representation. In this work we use a simple parameterization function based on the attribute clickthrough ratio (CTR), which is defined as a clicked to observed fraction. CTR is a well-understood user interaction found to be useful in search [2] and sponsored search [26] settings. However, it is possible to extend our parameterization approach to other user interactions like document access counts [27], cursor tracking [18], or touch gestures [19]. Parameterized document feature representation can be derived from the attribute graph by marginalizing out the query attributes from the edges in Equation 4. Formally, P P q d q d X X q γc (a , a1j ) aq γc (a , amj ) Pa P Pd = [ , . . . , ]. (6) d d q q aq γo (a , a1j ) aq γo (a , amj ) j j It is easy to see that the size of the Pd vector does not depend on the dimensionality of the individual attribute types. Therefore, Equation 6 always generates an m-dimensional document feature representation – one feature per attribute type – regardless of the attribute sparsity.
Query-Dependent Attribute Parameterization
Thus far we have only discussed query-independent document feature representations, not related to a particular search query. In this section, we shall show how this discussion can be further extended to query-dependent feature representations. Similarly to a query-independent document representation, we can define query-document feature representation using the intersection among the edge sets of the documentattribute and query attribute graphs as Iq,d = [e(q, ∗) · e(∗, d) : e(q, ∗) ∈ E Q , e(∗, d) ∈ E D ].
This is an even sparser representation than the one in Equation 5, since involves a cross-product between the edges of both the query-attribute and document-attribute bipartite graphs. Assuming m document attribute types, n query attribute types, and maximum attribute dimensionality of v, this will create an O(mnv 2 )-dimensional feature representation. For large values of v, such representation is clearly too expensive, or even infeasible. As in the query-independent case, this feature vector dimensionality can be reduced using attribute parameterization Pq,d = [
X X γc (aq , admj ) X X γc (aq , ad1j ) nl 1l ,..., ]. (8) q d γo (a1l , a1j ) γo (aqnl , admj ) j j l l
Note that, as in the query-independent case, the number of terms in vector Pq,d does not depend on the dimensionality of the attribute types, since they are marginalized out in the sums in Equation 8. Therefore, the vector Pq,d generates an mn-dimensional query-dependent document feature representation – one feature per query-document attribute type pair – regardless of the attribute sparsity.
Categories Structure
Document Small set of commonly used email labels, e.g., Purchases, Promos, Forums, etc. (see, e.g., [1] for label examples). Frequent machine-generated subject templates, e.g., Your package number 123 → Your package number * (see, e.g., Ailon et al. [3] for more details on subject template generation). Set of frequent n-grams appearing in the email subject, e.g., Friday lunch invitation for Alice → ['friday lunch',
'lunch invitation']
Longest frequent n-gram appearing in the query, e.g., bob weekly schedule → ['weekly
Table 2: Summary of the query and document attribute types. Only attribute values that appear across more than u users in our dataset are considered to be frequent. The infrequent attribute values are discarded.
Ranking with Attribute Parameterization
In general, we are going to assume that we have a base score scb (q, d) for every query-document pair. This score can be based on keyword matching or some other ranking features used in private corpora (see, e.g., Carmel et al. [11] for an overview). In addition, if our goal is to incorporate attribute parameterization in ranking, the final score in its most generic form can be expressed as sc(Q, D) = f (scb (q, d), Pd , Pq,d ).
f (·) can be a hand-tuned score combination or an arbitrary machine learned ranking function [25]. In this paper we use an adaptive approach, which keeps the base score fixed, and incrementally adds the attribute parameterization features to the model. This is different from the standard approach, which learns a scoring function using the entire set of features (including base features) simultaneously. Instead, in the adaptive approach, we aim to train the adjustment δ(Pd , Pq,d ) over the base score scb (q, d). The scoring function f (·) thus becomes: f (scb (q, d), Pd , Pq,d ) = scb (q, d) + δ(Pd , Pq,d ).
Attribute Instantiations
Attribute types
In general, attributes can be considered a special case of multi-view clustering [8], where documents and queries are represented via several orthogonal views or aspects. While there are multiple ways to define such attributes, in this work we use a simple approach that we found to be very effective. We define three attribute types that provide independent orthogonal views of the personal content. • Categories – This attribute type models the content using a fixed small set of topics or categories. It might be, for instance, an output of some textual classifier or clustering algorithm that runs over the private content [5, 17, 29]. • Structure – This attribute type models the content using its inherent structure, regardless of the content topic. For instance, for email corpora, a structure can be represented via structural templates [3, 29]. For personal files, it can be represented, among other options, as a file type.
This adaptive formulation is convenient for our productionenvironment system, where the base score is already highly optimized, and is disjoint with the newly introduced attribute parameterization features. The additive nature in this adaptive formulation naturally fits the Multiple Additive Regression Trees (MART) learning algorithm [20]. In every iteration, MART trains a new tree to be added to the existing list of trees. In our setting, we start with our base score scb (q, d) and then train additive trees over this score.
these results using attribute parameterization features Pd and Pq,d can improve standard click-based search quality metrics. For more details on the dataset see Section 4.1.1.
• Content – This attribute type models the content using some summary of its actual contents, e.g., by extracting representative terms or n-grams, or using other extractive summarization methods. With these broad definitions in mind, Table 2 summarizes the instantiation of these attribute types. Note that while it is theoretically possible to define Categories and Structure query attributes, we found that in practice simple n-gram content representation is quite effective on its own. We leave further exploration of query attribute types to future work.
Email Corpus
While the attribute parameterization model described in the previous section can be applicable in many personal search scenarios, in this paper we focus on email search, which received some attention from the research community in recent years [11, 15, 28]. Email search is an attractive candidate for attribute parameterization since emails are private by nature, and query-email interactions do not generalize beyond a single user. We conduct our experiments using an offline dataset derived from several months of user interaction data from one of the world's largest email search engines. We rely on a base ranking system to provide the top-N results (as ranked by the base score scb (q, d)), and evaluate whether re-ranking
In this section, we conduct a suite of experiments to evaluate the impact of the proposed attribute parameterization technique on personal search quality. For experimentation, we use a search engine of a large commercial email provider. In Section 4.1 we describe our experimental setup, data sets, and metrics design. In Section 4.2 we compare an overall performance of the query dependent and query independent attribute parameterization approaches, and a combination of these in terms of standard information retrieval metrics. We also provide a detailed analysis of the performance of the various approaches, including coverage analysis and query analysis.
Experimental Setup
We set up our evaluation using a standard supervised learning-to-rank framework [25]. In this section, we describe the data sets used, the supervision approach, and the evaluation metrics we used in our experiments.
Data Sets
The data sets we used in this paper are derived from the search click logs of a commercial email service. There are two data sets we used in our evaluation: a learning-to-rank data set and an attribute parameterization data set. • Learning-to-Rank. This data set is used to train and evaluate the ranking functions. It is a sample from the search logs from July 2016, resulting in about 4 million queries, and an average of 4 documents per query. We use a 50/50 random split on this data to form our training and test data sets. • Attribute Parameterization. This data is used for attribute parameterization. It is from the logs of the same search engine as the learning-to-rank data set. The difference is: (1) This data is "older" than the learning-to-rank data set, and does not overlap with it; (2) This data is much larger than the learning-torank data set. In fact, we used 3 months of un-sampled search logs from April 2016 to June 2016. As our parametrization techniques only involve simple data aggregation (see, e.g., Equations 6 and 8), it easily scales to such a large data set. The output from the attribute parameterization data set is stored in a lookup table keyed by the attributes. We enrich the learning-to-rank data set using the parameterized attribute features by joining and aggregating them over the corresponding document and query attributes.
Click Bias Correction
We use click data as a source of ground truth labels for the supervision of the learning-to-rank algorithm. This is a standard practice in personal search applications, and in particular for email search (see, e.g., [11, 28]). This is due to the fact that the editorial judgments may not be feasible to obtain due to the private nature of the corpora. In addition, the distribution and the content of emails may vary significantly across users, and using a small set of paid raters may present a very skewed picture of the algorithm performance, biased by the population of the raters. On the other hand, click data collected from the search logs does not suffer from this population bias. However, the click data is likely to be noisy and suffer from position and presentation biases, as observed in [28]. Therefore we apply the position bias correction in our training process, as suggested by some prior work [14, 28]. In order to quantify the click position bias, which will be used for weighting queries during training and evaluation, we perform a uniform randomization of the top results presented to a small fraction of users, and collect user click data on this randomized result set. We denote bk the bias at k-th rank (probability that the user will click on rank k in the randomized experiment). As Wang et al. show [28], weighting the i-th query by wi = b 1 corrects for the position k(i)
bias across queries where k(i) is the clicked rank in the logs of the i-th query.
Attribute Type Categories Structure Content All Full Model
∆MRR Query-Independent Query-Dependent +0.48* +0.80** +1.56** +1.22** +1.27** +2.11** +2.10** +2.60** +3.24**
Table 3: Overall comparison of different variants. * and ** mean the improvement is significant at 0.05 and 0.01 levels respectively.
Evaluation Metric
The main evaluation metric used in this paper is a variant of Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR). Given a test data set with N queries, the standard MRR is defined as follows: MRR =
N 1 X 1 N i=1 ranki
where ranki is the rank of the first clicked document of the i-th query. Let wi be the position bias correction described in Section 4.1.2 above for the i-th query, then the weighted MRR is defined as 1 MRR = PN
i=1 wi
N X i=1
1 , ranki
which is the MRR definition that we will use in the remainder of this paper. In our experiments, we use the metric ∆MRR that is the relative improvement of a ranking function compared to the base ranking function scb (q, d), in terms of percentage. For example, +3.5 means 3.5% MRR improvement.
Experimental Results
We report our experimental results in this section. We first give the overall comparison and then analyze the feature coverage. Finally, we show some insights on what types of queries benefit the most from the attribute parameterization based features.
Overall Comparison
The overall comparison is listed in Table 3. In this table, we compare both query-dependent and query-independent features. For each of them, we train our ranking function by adding each attribute type individually as a feature (the first 3 rows in the table). We then combine all the querydependent and query-independent parameterized attribute types respectively to form the "all" in the two columns of the table. The "Full Model" uses both the query-dependent and query-independent parameterized attribute types as features in a single ranking function. • For individual attribute types, query-dependent features result, in general, in a higher overall improvement that the query-independent ones. • A combination of all the attribute types outperforms each individual attribute type, resulting in overall improvements of +2.10 for query-independent and +2.60 for query-dependent features. This highlights the fact
99.08% 66.50%
Table 4: Coverage comparison for query-dependent and query-independent features. Column 2 shows the query coverage sliced by query independent (QI) and query dependent (QD) attributes. Columns 35 show Covered ∆MRR for the Query Independent (QIM), Query Dependent (QDM), and Full (FM) models, respectively.
Full Model Query-Dependent Query-Independent
Q-I query cvg. Q-D query cvg.
that the selected attribute types are indeed complimentary to each other, and can provide incremental improvements. • As a stand-alone feature, the Categories attribute type performs the worst for both query-dependent and queryindependent features. This is in line with the fact that our categories are rather coarse grained. Both Structure and Content are much more fine grained, and achieve good results. • Combining all the features and attribute types in the full model results in the best performance, and outperforms the baseline by +3.24. This shows the usefulness of the combination of both the query-dependent and the query-independent features.
Coverage Analysis
In the above, we report the overall performance improvement. However, due to the different degrees of sparsity for different attribute types, the overall improvement is impacted by the feature coverage (fraction of the corpus covered by the attribute types defined in Table 2). In this section, we analyze the results in term of the coverage. In particular, we are interested in the query coverage. A query is deemed covered by a feature if there is at least one document in the query result list that has that feature populated. The query coverage for a feature is the percentage of the queries that is covered by the feature. Note that following this definition, the results of non-covered queries will be unaffected by the attribute parameterization features, compared to the base score. Therefore, it makes sense to focus on the covered queries, and ∆MRR for these queries in particular. We compute the query coverage for each of the ranking functions and we also report the Covered ∆MRR metric on this subset of covered queries. In Table 4, we show the coverage and the Covered ∆MRR for query-dependent, query-independent and the full models. Naturally, compared with the query-dependent ones, we see that the queryindependent features have a much higher coverage2 . However, the improvement on the covered queries is smaller for the query-dependent model compared to the query-dependent model (Covered ∆MRR of +2.10 vs +3.74, respectively). The full model can leverage both of them to achieve a good tradeoff between coverage and improvement on the covered queries (+3.24). 2
A small minority of the documents may not have any associated attributes, therefore the query-independent coverage is not exactly 100%.
0 1
5 6 7 Bucketed query length
Figure 4: Query length impact.
Percentage ∆MRR
Queries w/ n-gram 67.4% +4.25
Queries w/o n-gram 32.6% +1.08
Table 5: Queries with n-gram and without matching frequent n-grams.
One interesting question is whether the query-independent features contribute to the model when the query-dependent features are already present. To understand this, we compare the full model vs the query-dependent one on the queries that have query-dependent feature coverage. The Covered ∆MRR is +4.31, which is significantly larger than +3.74. This shows that the query-independent features provide substantial benefits, even if the query-dependent ones are present.
Query Analysis
In this section, we partition the queries into different subsets based on their properties, and then study the impact of different models to gain more insights on how our proposed methods work along different query properties. In Figure 4, we show the results on different query lengths. We partition the queries based on their length into 10 equalsized buckets – meaning each bucket has an equal number of queries (with lower numbered bucket containing shorter head queries). In Figure 4, we see that all the methods perform the best for short head queries in the lower numbered buckets. This indicates that the attribute parameterization features are more reliable for these head queries, likely due to the larger amount of aggregated data available for these queries. Interestingly the query-dependent model is slightly worse that the query-independent one for longer tail queries. This is probably due to our n-gram query matching technique discussed in Table 2. When the query is longer, the meaning of the longest matching frequent n-gram may drift away from the meaning of the original query, thus making the attribute parameterization features less relevant. Longest matching frequent n-gram is the attribute type that we used for the query-dependent features. For rare queries, we may not have matched n-grams. In Table 5, we show the percentage of queries with and without frequent n-gram matches. For these subsets of queries, we show the
Full Model Query-Dependent Query-Independent
Matching ratio
1 1
4 5 6 7 Bucketed ngram frequency
Figure 5: Impact of the n-gram frequency. ∆MRR metric. It can be seen that frequent n-grams have a reasonable coverage of 67.4%. Also, the improvement of queries with matching n-gram is much larger than the ones which do not have matching n-grams (and therefore we can only utilize the query-independent attribute aggregates for these queries). This suggests that there is a large room for improvement for these long-tail queries, if we can leverage other query attributes types (like category or structure) for better coverage. In Figure 5, we study the impact of the matched n-gram frequency. Recall, that for each query, we use the longest ngram match. This is an approximate match between queries and n-grams. We partition the queries into 10 equal-sized buckets, such that a lower numbered buckets have queries that match lower-frequency n-grams. For the query-independent model, we see a larger improvement on the subset of queries that match the most frequent n-grams. This indicates that the query-independent features are dominated by the most frequent queries, as a result of the aggregation process in Equation 6. On the other hand, for both the full model and the querydependent model, we observe a U -shaped curve. On the right-hand side, we have the high-frequency n-grams for which we are likely to have enough aggregate data to estimate a reliable attribute parameterization in Equation 8. On the left-hand side, we conjecture that the matched ngrams are more faithful to the original query intent. To verify this, we estimate the strength of the match as the ratio of the length of matched n-gram and query length. This number is plotted in Figure 6. This figure confirms our conjecture – as the matched n-gram has a lower frequency, the matched ratio is larger. This makes the query-dependent features more relevant.
0.4 1
In this paper we presented a novel attribute parameterization approach for modeling user interactions in personal search. In this approach, both documents and queries are projected into a multi-dimensional space of fine-grained and semantically coherent attributes based on content categories, structure and terms. These attributes address the problem of the sparsity of user interactions, which arises from the private nature of documents and queries in personal search.
4 5 6 7 Bucketed ngram frequency
Figure 6: N-gram frequency vs matching ratio between frequent n-gram and query. We then use both query-independent and query-dependent attribute parameterization for feature derivation in a learningto-rank model. We apply the resulting model to a large sample of query logs of an email search engine. Experimental results demonstrate that attribute parameterization is indeed an effective way of leveraging user interactions for improving personal search quality. Combining all the query-dependent and query-independent features results in an overall search quality gain of over 3% (as measured by the MRR metric), a highly significant increase for a test sample of this size. We also provide a detailed analysis of our technique, demonstrating high attribute coverage, and consistent improvements across different query types. There are multiple promising venues for future work on modeling user interactions via attribute parameterization. First, we only used rudimentary n-gram based attributes for modeling user queries. As our experiments demonstrate, further gains can be achieved by more sophisticated ways of modeling query structure, including entity extraction, intent detection, synonym expansion, etc. Second, it would be interesting to further explore whether attribute parameterization can contribute to existing work on modeling semantic similarity with deep neural networks, which are currently mostly based on bag-of-words content representations. Finally, while in this work we focused on the personal search task, the proposed attribute parameterization techniques are general enough to be applied in other ad hoc retrieval scenarios, including web search.
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text:
Country Style
Heated s.f.
3 - 4
Buy This Plan
About This Plan
- With its central gable flanked by dormers and its projecting wings, this country design communicates balance and symmetry. The front porch with columns and rails opens to the entry from which you see the open dining room on one side.
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- Occupying one of the wings, the master suite offers privacy and quiet. Note the his and her walk-in closets in the master bath, which also contains dual lavatories, a garden tub and a toilet-shower compartment.
- The other wing contains a utility room, the second full bath, the second bedroom and the front-facing third bedroom, which with the addition of optional doors from the entry could easily serve as a study instead.
- IMPORTANT NOTE: Due to state regulations, the CAD version may not be sold to residents of Alabama, Louisiana, New Mexico, Tennessee and Texas. If residing in any of the aforementioned states, the PDF version does not come with a release to make plan modifications. Please contact us for more information.
Floor Plans
Main Level
Plan Details
Square Footage Breakdown
- Total Heated Area: 1,742 sq. ft.
- 1st Floor: 1,742 sq. ft.
- Porch, Combined: 636 sq. ft.
- Basement Unfinished: 1,742 sq. ft.
- Bedrooms: 3 or 4
- Full bathrooms: 2
Foundation Type
- Standard Foundations: Slab
- Optional Foundations: Basement, Crawl
Exterior Walls
- Standard Type(s): 2x4
- Width: 56' 0"
- Depth: 42' 2"
- Max ridge height: 23' 0"
Ceiling Heights
- Floor / Height: First Floor / 9' 0"
- Primary Pitch: 9 on 12
- Secondary Pitch: 6 on 12
- Framing Type: Stick


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***Due to COVID 19 restrictions, viewing is by appointment only. Please contact our office directly to book a viewing slot for the time advertised. Access will only be given to those who have booked in advance.***
KELLY BRADSHAW DALTON are delighted to announce 24 Portland Lock, Portland Place, Dublin 1 to the market.
Set in an idyllic location, perched on the edge of the Royal Canal, sits this first floor one bedroom apartment. This is a fantastic opportunity for first time buyers looking for a superb central location or for investors seeking an unrivalled opportunity. Just off Dorset Street and only minute's walk from all the amenities of the City Centre, really gives this fantastic apartment the edge above the rest.
On entering through the gated complex foyer, there is a real sense of security and privacy. Through the door and into the entrance hall, with laminate wood flooring and painted white, is the tiled bathroom. The bathroom has been fitted with a white bathroom suite, including bath and overhead shower. There are also two storage units, a must in any apartment.
Further down the hall is the large open plan living/dining/kitchen areas. A fantastic space drenched in natural light that floods the room through the floor to ceiling window, with unrivalled and unobstructed views, an ideal space to dine, entertain guests or simply enjoy. There is a fully fitted shaker style kitchen, with tiled flooring and ample kitchen unit space.
Completing the living accommodation is the large double bedroom with built in wardrobes, and laminate wood flooring.
No.24 is conveniently located just off the North Circular Road and within a short stroll of the city centre, makes this apartment an ideal and very conveniently located residence. Portland Lock, although modern sits at the end of a mature residential location. There is a host of local amenities on your doorstep including schools, churches, shops, pubs, restaurants, leisure and sporting facilities. This property is conveniently located within walking distance of Dublin city centre, the Mater Hospital and the IFSC. The area is well serviced by numerous bus routes and Drumcondra Train station is a short stroll away. Dublin Airport and the M1 & M50 motorways are easily accessed.
Early viewing comes highly recommended.
Central Location
Private Underground Parking
Storage Heating
Bright & Spacious Accommodation
Heading south on Drumcondra Rd Lower turn left onto Belvidere Rd and then take a sharp left onto Sherrard Street Lower. From here turn left onto Portland Place and Portland Lock will be on your right hand side.
Viewings for this property are by appointment and/or as outlined in the On View section of Myhome.ie.
You may also phone Kelly Bradshaw Dalton on 01 8040 500 to arrange a viewing.


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Tribute Wall
Provide comfort for the family by sending flowers or planting a tree in memory of Robert Reid, Sr..
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Esa Sawyer posted a condolence
Thursday, June 20, 2019
My deepest sympathy to you all. May GOD give you the comfort and strength that is needed at this difficult time. I LOVE YOU Robert Jr. Your sister, Esa Sawyer - Rodriguez
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755 White Horse Pike
Atco, New Jersey 08004
Phone:(856) 336-2078
Fax: (856) 336-2098
Orlando G. Covington, Jr., Executive Director, N.J. Lic. No. 4377


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E-Learning on GC21 – General Characteristics
E-learning is the kind of application where Global Campus 21 has its greatest potential.
Typical online learning on Global Campus 21 follows a design which combines the advantages of new learning technology, well-proven didactic principles, and practice-oriented content.
Its characteristic features are
continuously available, up-to-date content resources,
a learner-centered, individually paced, interactive learning process,
a group environment providing peer feedback and social experience,
constant guidance by qualified online tutors.
Online learning is often combined ("blended") with other activities: face-to-face workshops, field studies, project work, and presentation meetings.
Most online courses are produced on behalf of our programme divisions, partly in cooperation with universities, which offer them as parts of their regular curricula. The production is done by skilful e-learning development partners, applying an economic yet powerful authoring technology, with effective involvement of subject matter experts.
SCORM standard compliance assures the re-usability of the courses in other learning environments similar to GC21.
Likewise, third-party online courses can be adopted for GC21 as well, by importing them via the SCORM import interface, or by simple file upload.
GC21 E-Academy for Sustainable Development
The GC21 E-Academy for Sustainable Development is an emerging system of courses and smaller course units developed and maintained by GIZ. They cover a growing range of subjects of broad interest to professionals engaged in sustainable development. Courses are regularly offered by E-Academy staff as stand-alone courses for individual enrolment, and they can be integrated into target-group specific training programmes by our programme divisions and other interested parties.
Browse the E-Academy webpage for a thorougher description of the concept and curriculum:
GC21 E-Academy Start Page
Find more information
For a more systematic overview we recommend the following sources:
The Course Overview page of the GC21 E-Academy website lists those courses which GIZ is currently offering for individual enrolment, both within and outside the E-Academy curriculum.
The Course list of the "e-pol Portal" contains a series of short courses in Development Politics which are permamently accessible via self-registration.
The most recent issue of our comprehensive brochure "Online courses on Global Campus 21″ gives you a systematic overview of courses which have been developed by GIZ in the past few years, until the date of issue of the brochure.


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Radio [itvt]: Seth Shapiro and Marc Johnson of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Interactive Media Peer Group (IMPG) Discuss this Year's Interactive Media Emmys
September 10, 2013
Check Out News Podcasts at Blog Talk Radio with Tracy Swedlow on BlogTalkRadio
In this recorded interview with [itvt] editor-in-chief Tracy Swedlow, Seth Shapiro, co-governor of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Interactive Media Peer Group (IMPG), and Marc Johnson, co-chair of the IMPG's Awards Working Group, discuss the two categories of interactive media Emmys--for "Creative Achievement in Interactive Media" and for "Outstanding Interactive Program"--that will be awarded this year; identify trends the IMPG saw in this year's nominated projects; and explain what made this year's crop of entries particularly unique and interesting. (Note: The awards will be presented at the Creative Arts Emmy Awards ceremony, September 15th at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles.)
North America


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Don't want to really say on here atm or anything but I may not be for a while but I'll keep you updated.
(not health reasons that's something at least)
Hopefully it'll be fine, appreciate the good work you do here noods.
Sorry for beating a dead horse, but are we all still against using a dedicated platform for this?
It saves a lot of work for the organiser and is, imo, easier to use.
Etiamsi omnes, ego non
Well done Noods. My only consultation is I'm the Jurgen Klopp of the predictions.


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Monday, July 08, 2013
7 comments:
- Anthony Duce said...
I see this as wonderful story, so excellently told. Knowing it's so much more just adds to the enjoyment.
- 12:28 pm
- Jim Murdoch said...
I suppose it's to your credit that you gave up religion for something. I didn't. When I told them I was leaving they assumed it was probably one of the usual suspects, sex being the top of the list, but when I said I was leaving on point of principle they were confused. Why did I have to leave? Why formalise it? Why not just stop attending? I could have. It would've been easier on them, less of a slap in the face, but also less honest and for a man who's preoccupied with lies I'm ridiculously honest. The thing is I've never had any issues with the scriptures. I can and do quote chapter and verse in fact my novella has dozens of footnotes all pointing to the scriptures I'm quoting or alluding to. I left because none of it mattered to me. Some people are tone deaf. I'm spiritually numb. I have no concept of spirituality and it took a long time for me to give into that. For all the years I spent surrounded by the faithful, for all the stories I heard, none of it mattered to me. I knew the truth but it didn't set me free. It did the very opposite in fact. It's like those left-handed kids who were forced to write with their right hands. That's what walking in Jesus's footsteps felt like. It was unnatural and uncomfortable. I was told things were wrong but I couldn't see why they were wrong other than God said they were which I get—my dad acted as arbiter when I was young and rightly so—but there comes a point when you have to decide for yourself. And some do decide to allow God to take over that role. My brother was like that. He's liked things to be black or white. He hated grey areas. I see everything as grey. If I met anyone from my past they'd shun me; I'm a bad man. The thing is I don't feel like a bad man. In my novella I wrote: "I don't think we're fundamentally bad. I don't think the distinction should be between goodness and badness. I think it's between selfishness and selflessness" but the thing about selflessness is that people are usually selfless because it makes them feel good, i.e. for selfish reasons. If being selfless made you feel bad how many people would do it?
- 7:03 pm
- PhilipH said...
This is truly hypnotic writing: spellbinding.
How the fecking hell could you write about being shagged by a chubby-faced bloke who 'pauses' to listen to the result of the third race! Another example of coitus interruptus perhaps? Double the excitement for him no doubt.
God, of any kind, is just a man-made fiction which most kids soon realise for no other reason than pure logic. Complete bollocks and that's all. Believe it if it is a comfort to you; millions do of course. Stay happy with the promise of 'jam tomorrow' if that's your bag. It's not mine!
- 8:47 pm
- David-Glen Smith said...
I am going to state something which will run counter to most of the comments you will get for this post.
Within the last two years my partner and I joined a church. There is a comfort in ritual and meditative prayer which everyday existence does not supply. We did not go back looking for the big G-O-D, we went back to explore the metaphor of God.
Morality is a concept which needs to be taught and interpreted on an individual basis. And that is what I sought in a church. Non-judging. Open to diversity. For the most part, this idea works and allows me to partake in customs of liberation, not restriction.
- 6:15 am
- R.H. said...
Everyone is free to believe in
God. No one has a right to insult them.
I agree with David.
- 9:59 pm
This is the best bit of writing i read for a while. Doris Lessing couldn't have done this.
- 11:34 pm
- Unknown said...
Found you by lucky accident and read this piece with great interest. I love your writing. I've bookmarked it so I can find you again, and I look forward to more. with warm wishes, Marta
- 10:44 am


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As is known, we have an admiration for past experiences, memorable and natural things. For this reason, we have been working on the preparation phase of the 2016/17 Pegia campaign, to raise a memoir that reflects the modernity of Pegia's dynamic structure as well as the memory of the past. Our goal was to reveal the dignity of sheepskin jackets, sheepskin boots and furry bags that are very popular these days.
On a cold January day, the whole team met in the historic Beykoz Shoe factory in Istanbul, whose current name is "Beykoz Kundura", to begin the shoots. Beykoz Kundura witnessed the move towards real industry in the leather business during the 19th century Ottoman era when personal workshops turned to small centers for leather crafting. With the construction of the leather facility, the factory began production in a bid to satisfy the army's need for sandals; the production capacity was then increased in 1845 with the introduction of new technologies, steam machines and leather wells. The quality of the products drew attention to Beykoz Kundura during the 1856 Paris International Exhibition, and in time the factory began producing for civilians as well. This even further increased production capacity and the factory won gold medal in the 1877 Vienna International Exhibition. Production halted during the First World War and the Turkish Independence War, but with the coming of the Republican era, the factory continued to produce under its brand new identity, "Sümerbank Leather and Shoe Industry Enterprise." From 1933 to its eventual shut down in 1999, the factory produced its trademark, water-proof Sümerbank shoes, widely imprinted in memories around Turkey with their creaking sound that's ceremonial to the ear and their ever-strong substance.
We could not find a better place to reflect the Pegia spirit. Pegia will continue to carry out projects that reveal the nobility of shearling products. Stay tuned. Below are some photos from the shooting that our beloved team made with great sacrifice in cold January.
You can visit our lookbook page to reach the photos from the shooting.


text: I Paid A Bribe 5 years ago 2288 views I Paid Rs. 600 to Police in Bhopal. Police Police Verification for Passport Paid INR 600 Reported on September 19, 2015 from Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh ι Report #68321 I Paid Rs. 600 to Police in Bhopal. The Bribe Fighter has asked for this report to be shared with: Media State Vigilance Commissioner Share it on Facebook What is your reaction after reading this report?


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- WiFi
- Car park
- Transfer service
Choose your room
With a stay at Dolce Far Niente in Brasov, you'll be convenient to Piata Sfatului and Black Church. This pension is within close proximity of Mount Tampa and First Romanian School Museum. Take in the views from a rooftop terrace and a garden and make use of amenities such as complimentary wireless Internet access. Featured amenities include express check-in, express check-out, and luggage storage. A roundtrip airport shuttle is available for a surcharge. Make yourself at home in one of the 7 guestrooms. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and cable programming is available for your entertainment. Bathrooms have showers and complimentary toiletries.
Reviews: Pension Dolce Far Niente
Useful information:Other names for Pension Dolce Far Niente:
Pension Dolce


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David Hemmingsen
David Hemmingsen
Baskerville CC
4150 Hayes Mill Road
Baskerville, VA 23915
EMAIL: Jpay.com (link provided)
Gender: Male
Sexual Orientation: Straight
Race: White
Release Date: 2036
5'10", blue eyes, brown hair
Wants To Connect With: Women (anyone though for friendship connections)
Hey, my name is David,
What sets me apart from most guys in prison? Well, for one thing, before I got locked up, I led a great life. My house was two blocks from the oceanfront, and I spent most of my time outdoors. I loved to travel, and it was nothing to take a road trip down to Nags Head or Florida with my friends. The few legal jobs I had were cooking in nightclubs and managing bands. I was in my freshmen year of college when I caught this charge. So, you won't hear me crying about my parents or my environment being the reason I'm locked up. I'm locked up because I'm the king of bad decisions. My life could've gone two ways...finish school, start a business, and get married, OR, party, sell drugs, and chase women. Since you're reading this on Prison Social Network, you can probably guess which way things went;)
Which brings us to the other thing that sets me apart. Prison hasn't broken me at all. I'm still the same confident and ambitious man I've always been. I'm constantly trying to learn new things and surround myself with people who want the most out of life. I refuse to leave here worse off than when I came in. And it's taken some time, but I'm finally beginning to focus my energy in positive ways. I published my first book last year. It's about drug addiction, and if you want to check it out, click on the link. I'm also a mentor in a Re-Entry pod. I teach creative writing classes and help guys who are about to go home. In my spare time I do Cross-fit and play softball.
I have an amazing family. My parents have stood beside me through everything. My little sister is my best friend. Luckily, I don't have any kids. I say "luckily" because I always wanted to be a dad but would hate to miss out on raising my kid.
So now you know something about me. I want to hear about you. I'm looking to connect with people from all walks of life. I'm not into guys, but you can never have too many friends. Send me an email and let's get to know each other.
The New Light
A Heathen's Guide to Addiction and Recovery
For far too long, drug recovery has been a matter of shame, submission, and serenity prayers. Well no more! In The New Light, author and prison goði Hrafn Rekkr presents an empowering program based on the warrior virtues of Ásatrú. The recovering addict will search for the strength within to battle the curse of addiction.
* Check out David's book! A great read ! Go to Amazon today!


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This conversation has been merged. Please reference the main conversation: my new tracker is cluttered & cumbersome
On my Tracker, I don't like that all the shows I track are there, whether there's a new episode or not. I don't like having to scroll through everything just to find out if there are new episodes of something. I'd rather only shows with unwatched episodes were listed


text: Sharing some of my favorite mommy & me outfits from PatPat for spring/summer. I bought so many cute outfits for Alayna from here when she was born and now that she's growing up I plan on buying lots and lots of matching outfits. PatPat's quality and price is so good! Who knows when she'll say "Alright! … Continue reading Mommy & Me Outfits by PatPat