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494 F.3d 1106 (D.C. Cir. 2007), 06-5085, Sussman v. United States Marshals Service
|Docket Nº:
|494 F.3d 1106
|Party Name:
|Michael SUSSMAN, Appellant v. UNITED STATES MARSHALS SERVICE, Appellee.
|Case Date:
|July 31, 2007
|United States Courts of Appeals, Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
Page 1106
Argued April 5, 2007
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Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia (No. 03cv00610)
Sean J. Hartigan, pro hac vice, argued the cause for appellant. On the briefs was Michael Sussman, pro se.
Alan Burch, Assistant U.S. Attorney, argued the cause for appellee. With him on the brief were Jeffrey A. Taylor, U.S. Attorney, and R. Craig Lawrence, Assistant U.S. Attorney. Laurie Weinstein and Michael J. Ryan, Assistant U.S. Attorneys, entered appearances.
Before: Sentelle, Tatel and Brown, Circuit Judges.
Brown, Circuit Judge:
Citing the Freedom of Information Act ("FOIA"), 5 U.S.C. § 552, and the Privacy Act of 1974, id.§ 552a, Michael Sussman sought the release of various documents maintained by the United States Marshals Service ("Marshals Service" or "USMS"). Sussman also asserted fourteen claims for damages against the Marshals Service predicated on alleged violations of the Privacy Act. The district court granted summary judgment to the Marshals Service on all these claims, and Sussman appealed. For reasons detailed below, we now affirm in part, reverse in part, vacate in part, and remand for further proceedings.
On July 19, 2002, Michael Sussman wrote to the Department of Justice ("DOJ") requesting disclosure, pursuant to FOIA and the Privacy Act, of " any and all records relating to me, mention[ing] me, or otherwise pertaining to me" that were held by any of nine listed agencies, including the Marshals Service. In response to Sussman's letter, the Marshals Service began an investigation. Eventually it announced it had found only one document, a four-page "Notice of Invocation of Rights" Sussman had sent to a judge's home. The Marshals Service disclosed this Notice to Sussman with one redaction, which Sussman has not challenged.
In an administrative appeal, Sussman argued the Marshals Service had performed an inadequate search. As evidence, he cited a "Wanted Poster" it had issued for Keith Maydak, which listed "Michael Sussman" as an alias for Maydak. Sussman further claimed the Marshals Service had investigated him, his businesses, and his associates, so that the Notice could not be the only material it maintained regarding him.
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In March 2003 Sussman changed tactics and filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. Sussman's amended complaint asserted sixteen causes of action. In Counts I and II, Sussman sought disclosure of additional USMS materials pursuant to FOIA, 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3), and the Privacy Act, id. § 552a(d)(1), (g)(1)(B), (g)(3)(A). In Count III, Sussman sought damages under the Privacy Act for the Marshals Service's alleged failure to keep an accurate accounting of disclosures it had made during its investigation of him. See id. § 552a(c)(1), (g)(1)(D), (g)(4). In Counts IV through XVI, Sussman sought damages under the Privacy Act for unlawful disclosures the Marshals Service allegedly made regarding him. See id. § 552a(b), (g)(1)(D), (g)(4).
In August 2003, Sussman moved for summary judgment as to Counts I and II. The Marshals Service in turn moved for summary judgment on all sixteen claims ("Def.'s 1st S.J. Memo") but only provided arguments for Counts I and IV through XVI.
On August 3, 2004, the district court granted summary judgment to the Marshals Service on Counts IV through XVI. But the court deemed the Marshals Service's search inadequate and granted summary judgment to Sussman on Count I, ordering the Marshals Service to "file a status report regarding the results of a further search to comply with plaintiff's FOIA request." The court's order left unclear the status of Counts II and III, the merits of which it did not discuss.
In response to the court's order, the Marshals Service renewed its search efforts, now taking into account Sussman's connections to Maydak, as revealed during his administrative appeal. This second search yielded 813 additional pages of documents relating to Sussman. The Marshals Service released 156 pages in full and 477 pages with redactions, and withheld 47 pages in their entirety. Other documents were referred to the agencies that had originally produced them. The Commodity Futures Trading Commission, the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation ("FBI") all released in full the documents referred to them. The Executive Office for United States Attorneys ("EOUSA") released 110 pages in full and ten further pages with redactions. The United States Postal Service ("Postal Service") withheld in their entirety the seven pages referred to it.
Upon completing its disclosures, the Marshals Service again moved for summary judgment on all outstanding claims [1] ("Def.'s 2nd S.J. Mot."), asking the court to "dismiss this case with prejudice with regard to everything but the documents referred to other agencies." It argued its search was now adequate under FOIA and all its decisions to withhold or redact materials were proper under the exemptions to FOIA set forth at 5 U.S.C. § 552(b). In support of this contention, the Marshals Service supplied a declaration from Shaaron L. Keys ("Keys Declaration"), including a table listing twenty-five categories of documents released with redactions ("Redacted Categories 1-25") and four categories of documents withheld in their entirety ("Withheld Categories 1-4"). The Marshals Service again presented no arguments concerning Counts II and III.
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Sussman opposed this motion and filed a cross-motion for summary judgment as to Counts I and II ("Pl.'s 2nd S.J. Br."). In support of his cross-motion, Sussman presented a signed declaration from Maydak, who announced, "I do not object to the disclosure of information about me to Sussman." Supple-mental Declaration of Keith Maydak ¶ 7 ("Supp. Maydak Decl.").
In a memorandum opinion issued October 31, 2005, the court refused to address Sussman's Count II arguments, stating it had "granted summary judgment on the Privacy Act claim in its August 3, 2004 order." As neither motion addressed Count III, and Counts IV through XVI were dismissed by the August 3, 2004 opinion, the court focused exclusively on Count I.
The court first held the Marshals Service's second search was adequate under FOIA and found all the claimed FOIA exemptions properly invoked. Going beyond the Marshals Service's motion for summary judgment, the court also reviewed the actions of the EOUSA and the Postal Service in withholding materials from Sussman. The court held that the EOUSA had properly redacted ten pages. The court likewise upheld the Postal Service's decision to withhold seven pages, on the ground Sussman had failed to raise any arguments against that decision.
The accompanying order stated that " judgment is entered in favor of defendant, " and " this is a final appealable order." We read this language as granting summary judgment to the Marshals Service on Counts II and III.
Sussman filed a timely motion for reconsideration, contesting the court's handling of several FOIA exemptions and arguing he had not forfeited his challenge to the withholding of the Postal Service materials. In its ruling on this motion, the court rejected Sussman's exemption arguments and addressed the Postal Service materials on the merits for the first time.
The Postal Service had first informed Sussman of its decision to withhold the seven pages in a letter dated March 17, 2005, in which it asserted FOIA Exemptions 6 and 7(C) as grounds. Sussman filed an administrative appeal of that decision on March 28, and the Postal Service affirmed its initial decision in a letter sent May 3, 2005, now citing Exemption 7(A), as well. The Marshals Service never officially invoked FOIA exemptions to explain its own failure to release the materials, instead relying on its referral of the materials to the Postal Service as effectively shifting the final responsibility to the latter agency.
The district court reviewed the Postal Service's arguments and found them all valid. On this basis, it "conclude[d] that defendant [i.e., the Marshals Service] has withheld records exempt under FOIA's provisions, " and it denied Sussman's motion for reconsideration.
Sussman appealed the district court's rulings as to all sixteen of his claims.2 We granted the Marshals Service's motion for summary affirmance in part and therefore now need decide only the following: (1) whether the Marshals Service's invocation of FOIA Exemptions 2, 3, 5, 7(A), 7(C), and 7(E) as grounds for withholding and redacting documents was proper; (2) whether the Marshals Service could properly withhold the documents referred to the Postal Service; and (3) whether the district court was right to grant summary judgment to the Marshals Service as to Counts II through XVI. We review the district court's decisions on summary judgment
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motions in FOIA and Privacy Act cases de novo. Sample v. Bureau of Prisons, 466 F.3d 1086, 1087 (D.C. Cir. 2006); McCready v. Nicholson, 465 F.3d 1, 7 (D.C. Cir. 2006). Summary judgment is proper only where "there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c).
We first address Count I as it relates to the Marshals Service's treatment of Redacted Categories 1-25 and Withheld Categories 1-4.
According to 5 U.S.C. § 552(b), FOIA's...
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How to get White Hair: The Process From Start to Finish
Unless you're some sort of miraculous superhuman, you probably don't have white hair naturally.
White no longer symbolizes age. It no longer symbolizes purity – it turns heads, prompting you to tilt your head and wonder – how does it look that good? It's along the same lines as metallic hair - on paper, it sounds absurd; but on people, it looks stunning. And while it looks the perfect combination of elegant and fierce, the process of getting it that way is another story.
Are you ready for it?
Step 1: Prep
• Shampoo and condition with Pantene Pro-V
"If you're planning to go white, it is a really good idea to start prepping your hair beforehand so that the whole process is a lot less damaging," said John Hathaway, hairstylist from Salon Republic, Beverly Hills Wilshire. "If I can work with a client who gives me a heads up that they're planning on going icy platinum, with a good amount of time for them to start prepping hair before the treatment process, it's a really good idea. I tell everyone to use Pantene Pro-V 3 Minute Miracle before their appointment – it works really well for bleached hair."
Step 2: The Process
• Lighten hair with bleach treatment (include bond builder)
• Tone to remove brassiness
• Repeat (up to 2-3 times)
To achieve the bold white look, you'll have to foil a full head with bleach, including the roots. When it comes to going this light, we like to say that miracles don't happen overnight – it's a transition. Going white, or icy platinum looks a lot different than simply coloring your hair a more natural shade. Through this transitional period, you may have to foil the entire head two or three times to get the color as white as you want. Once the bleaching process is complete, the hair is toned to remove any brassy hues and brighten it to the desired white color.
Typically, you can foil hair that many times over the course of a week, with at least a day in between each treatment, but sometimes it can go for a couple of weeks, depending on your sensitivity. (Your tolerance depends on how often you bleach your hair and if you have color-treated hair already).
To protect hair, stylists recommend a bond protecting product (Brazilian Bond Builder is amazing) to help with chemical damage. The bond builder is very easy to administer into the hair color and works great.
A common obstacle that stylists run into is when hair starts yellowing or appearing orange. From start to finish, you have to lift out all of the hairs' pigment with however many steps it takes. So, if the color is not lifted light enough, the stylists can't tone it to the proper whiteness.
"You can also get to a level where you're almost to the proper color, but you don't feel like you should bleach it anymore to avoid excessive damage," John said. "In that case, I would use hi-lift hair color to equalize that yellow and to make it a clearer, brighter white."
• Condition
• Touch up roots
• Use purple shampoo
• Re-tone every two to eight weeks
When you put your hair through such a strong treatment, maintenance is everything, especially for ultra-light blondes. If you're willing to invest in the hair color, you have to be willing to invest in the upkeep that follows, like proper protecting, shampooing, and conditioning products.
"Olaplex is something you can use at home to continue the process of rebuilding the bonds," John said. "Again, I tell most of my clients to use Pantene Pro-V. That is my number one recommendation."
Stylists also recommend a purple shampoo to avoid brassiness.
On top of investing in products, it's just as important to invest in frequent touch-ups. If you want to keep the super-white look, roots will need to be touched up every four weeks. Since the 90s root look is back in, you can totally get away with letting them grow out for a little longer – but, the longer you wait, the greater chance you have of yellowing. You'll also need to re-tone your hair every two to eight weeks depending on how your color fades.
"I do a lot of bleaching, and I have a lot of clients with white, white, white hair -- so no matter how careful we are, and whatever we do, it's still damaging," John said. "To get that color and stay that color, you have to get your roots done all the time because the look is so bright."
Going Back To Natural After White
Whether you're over getting your roots touched up, or you just want something new, you'll probably end up wanting to try out a different color at some point after playing around with white. And just as going white is quite the process, going more natural won't happen overnight, either.
"Going back to your natural color is a multi-step process, as well," John said. "When hair is bleached out that light, there is absolutely no color left, so you have to rebuild the hair color like you're building a house from the foundation up. It's a lot of toning, and it can be weekly appointments to keep the color from fading, as well as careful maintenance at home. Some people choose to use color enhancing shampoo if they're trying to achieve a darker color. It really is just as arduous a process as removing the color; it just doesn't hurt the scalp as much."
If you're certain about going white, you should definitely consult a professional, rather than doing it yourself. There are too many challenges and safety hazards to risk damaging your hair beyond repair. However, there is a way to try white out on your hair – temporarily, that is. With hair chalk, you get a bold look without having to go through the same arduous, expensive process as you do with bleaching.
Follow our quick guide below to try out white hair:
• White hair chalk
• Jar of water
• Hairspray
• Blow-dryer
• Wet hair on the areas that you want to apply the hair chalk.
• Rub the tip of the chalk all over your hair. You may mix water and chalk together before applying.
• Comb through the wet area, and blow dry
• Spray with hairspray to seal the product, and style as usual.
This temporary solution lasts a few days and can be washed out with shampoo.
To learn more about dying your hair unique, trendy shades, check out our thoughts on other dye-worthy colors.

subset: commoncrawl


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Thought it was time to give Brandt a thread due to the recent ad on astromart for a 6" folded F15 Brandt refactor.
This ad on Astromart gives a good history on Brandt.
I will look for more history.
Maybe others who met Brandt can give some more insight to this mans accomplishments.
Brandt made refactors and Maks. I had one of his 8" Maks. Great scope. Guy I sold it to was very happy.
Edited by starman876, 21 June 2020 - 11:53 AM.


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Universal Hint System hints for Arcania: Gothic 4. The UHS shows you just the hints you need, unlike a traditional walkthrough. Arcania Gothic 4 at IGN: walkthroughs, items, maps, video tips, and strategies. Arcania: Gothic 4 is the fourth entry in the Gothic series and was developed by Spellbound Entertainment. This is the second game in the series (after Gothic 3.
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Talk with Halvel who will be working on the molding weapons by a fire in the southwest part of the town. Gothic 4 – Official Website. He will direct you to the alley.
Take out 3 deers you will unlock the Hunter Achievement and collect the antlers. Not your ordinary walkthrough. Head down the shore side and through with some undead enemies. Go back to the forest where you hunted the deer and go down the hole until you see the gate. Go back to Orc cave you can also you the teleporting device which will take you directly to the cave.
When you reach the fork head down the path that is gated off. Head the walkway to the library and talk to Calamus. Help expand it This page is a stub. Once you pass it,you will see a sign pointing you towards the Setarrif. Gothic 4 for free from our website, or for more convenient and ad-free access, use our UHS Reader for Windows software.
Table of Contents
He will open a door for you. Final Boss Fight Xesha will attack you at close range and also shoot magic at you. After Ivy opens the gate for you,go down the path and on your right equip the bow.
Proceed to the town and speak with Glithor in front of the first house. Stay to the east on the path and you will see a gate wlkthrough an orc guarding it. Forsaken Gods to not be developed by series creators Piranha Bytes. Take the mead back to Mudra to get the Greenhorn Achievement. Head to the coliseum to engage a arcanai battle with Drurhang. Take down the rebel and go inside.
Walkthdough will trigger a boss battle with 2 Holy Guardians. Head to the easternmost part of Silverlake and you will find a cave. Main Quests Last update: Saints Row The Third Walkthrough. Get ready for a quick fight. A Gothic Tale Video Game wwlkthrough We give you as much detail as any walkthrough, to help you finish. Go to the waterfall cavern and you will meet with Knut. Cross the long bridge and you will know that you are going in the right direction if you see the sign directing you to the monastery.
Head down the bridge and into the cave. You are going to the Defiled temple now. Temple Tantrum Head back to the entrance of the city and follow in the direction with the sign saying Caution: You will here a very detailed description of all quests main and some less important, side quests.
Then talk to Orruk who will ask you to gather some toadtools in exchange for the amber. Gothic 4 Table of Contents Walkthrough. May 11,visit Main Quests. Now head to the Orc cave. How would you rate our hints for Arcania: The Elder Scrolls V: You will have to follow the targets on your map. Speak with Irrigh and he will give you his soul. Go around the door that was locked previously and open it. From here head northwest and you will reach Doran. Irrigh soul will be there.
Talk to Baron and he will give you the permit to proceed onwards. In all chapters you will find some useful maps – they will help you in finding some places mentioned in the text. You will reach a cave with a rebel infront of it.
Arcania Gothic IV Walkthrough Guide
This is the second game in the series after Gothic 3: Defeat him and free the Lord Gawaan. When you reach the gate open it. May 11,visit Side Quests.


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Bofors case: CBI moves SC against Delhi HC order quashing charges against accused
CBI's appeal assumes significance because recently the attorney general had advised against it after 12 years of delay.india Updated: Feb 02, 2018 23:12 IST
Twelve years after Delhi high court discharged the UK-based Hinduja brothers and a Swedish firm in the Bofors case, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), the prosecuting agency in the case, has challenged the order in the Supreme Court citing new evidence.
In its appeal, CBI has informed the top court that it has decided to pursue the case and conduct further investigation in the wake of fresh evidence — the television interview of Michael Hershman, the president of the US-based private detective firm Fairfax.
Michael Hershman, in a TV interview in October last year, claimed that during his probe into violation of currency control laws by some wealthy Indians, he received leads indicating that Bofors had paid bribes through banks.
Hershman also offered to testify and help the Indian agencies in the Bofors case.
The appeal comes days after Attorney General KK Venugopal advised the government against approaching the top court in the matter. The law officer had said the petition was likely to get dismissed on account of the long delay in the case. The appeal has been filed much after the 90-day time limit fixed under the Supreme Court Rules. The CBI will have to give a "plausible explanation" for the delay. SC will proceed with the matter if only it is satisfied there was a genuine reason for the delay.
In its appeal CBI has heavily relied on the Hershman interview . " To permit the proceedings to remain quashed in the light of this fresh development would be a travesty of justice," reads the CBI appeal. The appeal says that unless the HC order is set aside, further investigations will be hampered.
The agency has also differed from the HC's view that the Swedish documents CBI relied on were inadmissible under the Indian Evidence Act because they were neither original nor authenticated copies. It has been stated that the documents were public in nature and, therefore, should be construed as evidence under the law.
Venugopal had earlier advised the agency to remain represented before the top court as a respondent in the case filed by Ajay Kumar Agrawal, a BJP member and advocate, who had in 2005 itself challenged the judgment in the Rs 64-crore Bofors scandal
Read more | Fresh CBI appeal in Bofors case likely to be dismissed: AG tells govt


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» Philippines » Staff Blog » what's new »
National-level forum (JICA project) 【Philippines】
On November 10, a national-level forum was held by SEEDS Asia, Philippine Department of Education (DepEd), JICA, and their partners. The purpose of this forum was to share Japan's experiences of DRR Education and report existing sound practices that are implemented in the Philippines. Secretary and Under Secretary of DepEd attended and gave a speech and lecture. Two experts represented SEEDS Asia and shared their initiatives both in Hyogo Prefecture and Kesennuma City.
Tags: Conference


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The One E-Liquid
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WARNING: This product contains nicotine. Nicotine is an addictive chemical.


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The College of New Caledonia's board of governors approved a two per cent domestic tuition and mandatory fees increase for the 2019/2020 academic year on Friday.
A report released by the provincial government shows a two per cent annual increase for domestic tuition is standard for colleges in British Columbia.
"CNC remains the second lowest tuition at a BC college for a full-time academic arts program student," said CNC president Henry Reiser.


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Quote of the Day...
0 comments,
411 views,
posted 2:13 pm 08/10/2019 in
by REALITY
REALITY has 24591 posts, 9466 threads, 198 points, location: Don't believe what I post - Research what I post.
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Angela Merkel:
" A deal is essentially impossible, not just now but ever."
Finally, some honesty from the EU.


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3M honored for promoting women to leadership
Feb 01, 2017 - Star Tribune (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
Maplewood-based 3M Co. is one of three companies chosen to receive the 2017 Catalyst Award for its "I'm in. Accelerating Women's Leadership" program.
The program is part of 3M's overall diversity and inclusion strategy and measures 3M's progress in how well it helps women advance through the ranks of 3M worldwide.
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My first day back at work has not been too bad. Nothing unpleasant has gone on (other than my nose being stuffy). Rudi didn't go to work today. He injured his back last week Thursday and was booked off till this week Thursday. This means I had to drop Babyice off at his day mother
Going back to work
I was dreading going back to work before…now I am dreading it even more. My boss has always been a problem. We've been working with him for about 3 years and it has barely been bearable. He is rude, critisizes and is an outright bully. We are always being told how worthless we are, how


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A shark with a blunt head and a shark with a crooked smile are two predators in this shark-infested book. They congregate...read more
Ten mystery insects get to have close-ups in this book. This is new for them because they usually just blend in with...read more
A fish named for a heavenly being, a fish named for a magical horse, and eight other mystery fishies swim around in this...read more
Ten mystery birds not of the same feather flock together in this book. They are gathered to test the bird-watching skills...read more
Ten mystery wild cats come together and make this book their habitat. They wonder if young readers can tell them apart....read more
A cat with a bad hair day, a cat without much hair, and eight other mystery furballs slowly come into view in this book....read more
Ten mystery dinosaurs from different prehistoric time periods and with different appetites coexist in this book. They may...read more
Mystery dogs representing ten popular breeds show off in this book. They hope young readers might recognize them by their...read more
Kathy, an extremely tiny girl, is always being confused for being much younger than she is. Unable to "ride" most of the...read more
Imagine if dinosaurs were just like us, always looking for fun and inventing new games! What if they were Daring...read more


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Difference between revisions of "Summoners War Hack Tool"
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Alex Platts – Pupil Barrister
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 0161 214 1500
Year of call: 2019Book BarristerDownload Details
Alex joined St John's Buildings as a pupil in October 2019 under the supervision of Alastair Wright and Daniel Metcalfe.
He is a civil pupil, with focus on personal injury, clinical negligence and commercial law.
Alex left Christ's College, Cambridge in 2014 with a BA (1st class honours) and M.Phil in Music. He achieved a Distinction (first in year) in his Graduate Diploma in Law from the University of Sussex (2018).
With a Denning Scholarship from Lincoln's Inn, Alex achieved an Outstanding grade in his BPTC from City Law School (2019), earning him a Buchanan Prize from Lincoln's Inn.
Aside from working in schools for three years, Alex is a qualified Assessor with Citizens Advice, and has volunteered with FRU and the National Centre for Domestic Violence.


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Stellas Mom·
6 Posts
Discussion Starter • #1 •
Hi I'm new here. We just adopted a boxer mix from the humane society. Her name is Stella Mae and she is 2 months old. She weighs roughly 10 to 12 pounds. She is doing so good with potty training, only two accidents. She loves to play, sleep, and eat.


text: My daughter's chocolate phone (chocolate #2), won't memorize the texting. She has been at the Verizon store twice. First time, they gave her a new battery. Still had the same problem. Second time at Verizon, they again, tried a new battery, same result. Tried her old battery on a new phone, same result. Then did some software on her phone. Still the same. Anyone else have this problem?


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Let's drink this: the daily drink helps you reach 90 as scientists discover that the drinkers who took part in a study were 40% more likely to become nonagenarians than abstainers
- The effects of age were limited to those who limited themselves to one drink per day
- The study found that spree drinkers died before those who abstained
- A spirit a day has been found to help men and women benefit from wine
Enjoying your favorite drink every day could increase your chances of living at 90, scientists found.
They found that men and women enjoying a daily drink were up to 40% more likely to reach their 90th birthday than those who abstained or seldom touched alcohol.
The effects of age extension were limited to those who limited themselves to one drink a day – binge drinkers died earlier.
According to experts, a glass of night wine offers a number of health benefits, including increasing the number of antioxidants and helping to prevent stroke (stock image)
And while women seem to live longer when they drink wine, the biggest benefit for men is from spirits like whiskey, brandy or gin.
The study, conducted by a team of researchers from the Medical Center of the University of Maastricht in the Netherlands, suggests that drinking alcohol in moderation may be better for a longer life than not drinking at all.
Some previous studies have found similar benefits but others have ruled out any impact on longevity.
The Dutch team tracked down more than 5,000 men and women, most of whom were born during the First World War of 1914-18.
When they were sixty and seventy, volunteers were questioned about their drinking habits before researchers tracked them to see how many had reached 90.
The results, published in the journal Age and Aging, showed that 34% of women and 16% of men survived that age.
But when they compared daily drinkers to teetotalers, they found that men and women who consumed 5 to 10 g of alcohol per day were 40% more likely to become nonagenarians.
Ten grams of alcohol roughly equals a small glass of wine, a pub measure of a spirit or half a pint of beer.
Drinking up to 15 g per day has improved the chances of volunteers reaching 90 for a slightly lower amount.
No more than 15 grams and the benefits disappeared when the higher daily alcohol intake led to premature death.
UK government guidelines recommend men and women to drink no more than 14 units of alcohol per week, equivalent to a daily serving of two small brandies, a pint of medium light beer or a 175ml glass of wine per medium intensity of about 12%.
In a report on the results, researcher Dr Piet A. van den Brandt said: "We found that alcohol intake was positively associated with the probability of reaching 90 years of age in both men and women.
'Wine was associated with women who turned 90, but not with men. Instead, the intake of gin, brandy and whiskey increased their longevity. "
The researchers said it is unclear why small daily amounts of alcohol add years to our lives.
But one possible explanation is a scientific phenomenon called oresis – in which something is potentially beneficial in small doses but highly toxic and dangerous in large doses.
However, they warned that alcohol can interfere with the medications prescribed by most older people and although their results have shown that drinkers live longer, there is no need to be healthier.
Dr Van den Brandt said: "This should not be used by anyone who currently does not drink alcohol as a motivation to start drinking."
In 2018, there were 584,024 people aged 90 and over in the United Kingdom, compared with 579,776 in 2017.
Lucy Holmes, director of research and policies of Alcohol Change UK, said: "This study shows once again that all the evidence indicates and what the best doctors in the United Kingdom tell us: the healthiest choice is to drink 14 units. per week or less.
'That is a bottle and a half of wine, or six pints of normal light beer, spread over three or more days. But if you don't drink right now, this isn't a reason to start. "


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" In other words, it is far too early to see the rescue of Caitlan Coleman and family as a game changer.
Despite Trump's swift self-congratulations, the White House should resist being fooled.
"But why is Pakistan not able to act on its own," asked Haqqani (who is not related to the militant network family).
President Barack Obama also read Islamabad the riot act about support for terrorists.
In 2016, the Pentagon withheld 0 million in military assistance to Pakistan for not acting against militants who fueled violence in Afghanistan. And rightly so, since Pakistani havens for the Haqqanis and other Taliban make it impossible to stabilize Afghanistan.
Another American, Paul Overby, disappeared in May 2014 while trying to interview a Haqqani leader.
"The Haqqanis are under the control of the ISI," says Van Dyk.
She was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in commentary in 20, and in 2008 she was awarded the Edward Weintal prize for international reporting. The couple was grabbed in 2012 while traveling through Central Asia as tourists and held in Afghanistan in an underground prison, where Coleman gave birth to three children.
In 2010 she won the Arthur Ross award for international commentary from the Academy of American Diplomacy. They were freed as they were being driven through a Pakistani tribal area, stuffed into the trunk of a car.He believes the group may seek more hostages to bargain for Anas.Moreover, the militants still hold two faculty members of the American University of Kabul, including American Kevin King, who were abducted in August 2016.Many terrorism experts do not believe that the global jihadist movement is driven at every level by al-Qaeda's leadership.Although bin Laden still held considerable ideological sway over some Muslim extremists before his death, experts argue that al-Qaeda has fragmented over the years into a variety of regional movements that have little connection with one another. We are the children of an Islamic Nation, with Prophet Muhammad as its leader, our Lord is one... created a military base to train the young men to fight against the vicious, arrogant, brutal, terrorizing Soviet empire... Atiyah Abd al-Rahman was alleged to be second in command prior to his death on August 22, 2011.Certainly, Pakistanis took note of President Trump's tough language in August when he announced a new strategy for Afghanistan.


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Course: ACL Repair in Children
Don't worry, your email address will be safe.
- Free Audio/Video-Centric Course -
Participation is possible even if you are unable to use audio or video on your device (computer/tablet/smartphone)...
The material is aimed at a medical audience, but you do not need to be medically qualified to sign up.
Currently if someone tears their ACL the vast majority of patients don't cope particularly well. To allow them to get back to good levels of activity an ACL reconstruction is usually recommended. This is also advised to minimise the risk of secondary damage when giving way occurs in an ACL deficient knee.
It's that instability and "pivoting" of the bones that causes the secondary damage. Currently we would advocate, in symptomatic patients, surgical reconstruction of the ACL to minimise this instability. This would therefore allow patients to return to sporting activity and reduce meniscal and joint surface damage.
Reconstruction involves removing the existing tissue - or most of it - so that the surgeons can see what they're doing. Then they take tissue either from the patient – called an autograft (most commonly hamstrings or patellar tendon taken from the patients own knee) or donated human tendon tissue from another individual - called an allograft, and they use this graft to make a new ACL.
That graft is placed via tunnels which are made in the tibia (or shin bone) and femur (or thigh bone). Traditionally surgeons make a complete tunnel in the tibia. In the femur it is more often a socket with a pilot hole above it so that the graft can be pulled from below into the socket, locked in place and fixed with some form of fixation. This could be either a screw or a suspensory fixation on the femur, and - most commonly in the UK - a screw on the tibia. Alternatively, if one is a believer in all-inside ACL surgery, a suspensory fixation will also be employed on the tibia.
So the current treatment is to cut away all the ACL tissue or most of it, so you can see what you're doing, and put a new ACL in place - and that's what an ACL reconstruction is. This is a good operation, and it's stood the test of time, but sadly it's not giving the results that surgeons would like. The literature and previous experience tells us that sadly only 61% of patients will get back to the same level of activity afterwards. Often the knee doesn't feel quite right following an ACL reconstruction; it's much better and it feels stable but it often just doesn't feel normal.
Another problem is that a reconstruction like this takes a long time to heal. We always assume that by a year patients can get back to twisting sports, but often it can take a lot longer than that for the graft to fully heal. If the patient is unlucky and has a further twisting injury, the new ACL may become re-torn and the patient then has to undergo a revision procedure.
The overall failure rate for ACL reconstruction is quoted at being approximately 5%. That's all-comers – but if you take the young active patients - the paediatric group and those under the age of 25 who are engaging in pivoting sports - the failure rate is as high as 30% in some series that have been quoted. Certainly it is much higher than 5% and probably on average 15%, but rising to 30% in the very young group.
So, one of the problems that we have with ACL reconstruction is that the initial tunnels that we've drilled often have to be revisited for an ACL revision procedure. If these are well positioned they need to be expanded and enlarged. If not, new tunnels may need to be made such that a new ACL can be re-implanted.
So what about ACL repair - the topic of this course? Repair was attempted many times in the late '70s and early '80s. John Feigan - one of the fathers of sports medicine and arthroscopic surgery - attempted it on a big number of military recruits in the United States. He did a large study and showed in the late '70s that one third healed very well but two thirds did not. So the procedure was abandoned. However when you look again at the ones that did well generally speaking, it was those ACLs that had torn from the attachment on the side of the femur. Certainly that was one of the predictors of a good outcome. He was at that time doing the surgery through an open technique with relatively poor visualisation, using primitive tools and fairly weak suture material, and we've moved on a lot since then.
Repair was attempted again by Werner Müller, another father of arthroscopic and sports knee surgery, in the '80s. He had a similar experience - some did well but some did badly. As ACL reconstruction techniques and instruments improved, it was felt that the way forward was not via repair of the native ligament but by its replacement with a new one.
Arthroscopic surgery has developed enormously in the last 10 years. Telescopes and cameras are all significantly advanced, and we have an array of new instruments that better allow us to manipulate tissue. These have come a lot from our shoulder colleagues passing sutures and passing material through ligaments and tendons. Very strong suture material and tapes are now available that have only been on the market for the last 5-10 years. So as a result of better visualisation, better equipment and new fixation devices and sutures, orthopaedic surgeons are revisiting the possibility of carrying out ACL repair - and with considerable success.
Professor Gordon Mackay from Glasgow came up with the concept of an internal brace which, like an external brace, holds a joint in the correct position allowing mobilisation in a controlled fashion. The internal brace employed is a loop of FibreTape, which is a 2mm polyethylene tape. Over a million of these have been used in the last 10-12 years very safely, and we know this mainly from shoulder surgery. So using it in the knee was an easy jump for both Gordon Mackay and the convenor of this course and fellow innovator, Professor Adrian Wilson.
They moved over to using FibreTape for augmenting or reinforcing, for making small grafts stronger, or in a revision situation using this tape to carry out a direct repair, as well as using the tape as an internal brace.
In 5 years of co-operation the ideas from these two teams have really gathered a lot of momentum. They are very excited about how well it seems to be doing in their own hands, and also in the hands of many other surgeons around the globe. What's interesting is that when they run cadaveric courses this procedure is very high on the desire list of surgeons coming through to learn new techniques. Surgeons want to be shown this procedure - they believe in it and they want to attempt to carry it out for their own patients because they feel that it makes a lot of sense.
Mackay and Wilson have only had a 5% failure rate. Mackay has essentially only done these repairs in adults, while Wilson has done them them in adults and children. They are very pleased with the fact that their revision rate (or failure rate) is the same as it is for the primary ACL reconstructions and that's got to be a good thing.
But in addition the repair offers the advantages of retaining some of the nerve tissue inside the ACL remnant, which helps retain proprioception (or position sense). Also there is less of a problem with any donor site if there is no need to harvest hamstrings.
They have assessed their patients with the objective and subjective scoring tests that we have available, and found that they are doing as well as - and often better than - the standard reconstructions.
The focus of this course is ACL injuries in children. In the course, we will discuss the problem of ACL injury in this group. We will talk about the issues of neglecting a child's knee, or of choosing to not operate on a symptomatic ACL-deficient knee in a child - and the secondary damage that can occur. We will discuss the options that are available - from doing nothing, through to repair or reconstruction, and we will explain why repair and internal bracing offer particular advantages in this group.
We will also discuss the possibility of using live parental hamstring tissue to carry out the reconstruction, using a hamstrings tendon from one of the parents. This is something that was pioneered by Leo Pinczewski in Sydney, and it is very useful in small children where tissue is often very inadequate and puny.
Enjoy the course, and remember that we welcome feedback!
Professor Adrian Wilson and his surgical and research team at Basingstoke are rapidly becoming a tertiary referral centre for Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injuries in children
The unit at Basingstoke has recently been made an authorised ESSKA teaching centre.
This course will give a quick overview, but references will lead to further information for the reader who needs it.
The individual sections each have a Comments area. Comments are moderated and genuine questions will be responded to.
Share with a friend - FREE 4-Part Mini-Course on ACL repair in Children #ACL
There is an introductory audio with full transcript and six Parts of Course content.
The Course offers additional references and additional videos and interviews with parents of patients.
By signing up to the course, we will endeavour to mail you when we have associated courses to offer.
Don't worry, your email address will be safe.


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The Questing Creatures of Fillory are seven unique and powerful creatures created by Ember and Umber.
Questing Creatures are 7 magical creatures created by Ember and Umber. They grant any wish to whoever is able to capture/corner them, though they cannot cross the boundary between life and death. Questing Creatures are required to grant the one who caught them a wish, otherwise they cannot rest.
Characteristic Traits
TV show Beast
Book Beast
- In The Magicians, the Unique Beasts were seven magical creatures in Fillory who each possessed a different ability. The Seeing Hare could predict the future, the Bird of Peace could stop any conflict, etc.
- The Winter's Doe was called the Questing Creature, and granted anyone three wishes if they caught her. Quentin Coldwater first saw her during his recovery at the Retreat.


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A new study has shown how campaigning has led to a real reduction in the average levels of discrimination received by people living with mental health issues.
Research by the British Journal of Psychiatry of England's Time to Change anti-stigma programme has revealed an 11.5% reduction in average levels of discrimination.
The findings provide the first evidence that it is possible to change the way the public treat people with mental health problems but that a long term focus is needed to ensure that discrimination is removed from all areas of people's lives.
There has been a significant reduction in discrimination from friends (14% reduction), family (9%), and in social life (11%) while the campaign target audience has also seen a significant increase in willingness to live with someone with a mental health problem in the future (15%).
This suggests that change is happening within personal relationships, and these are all areas which the programme has specifically targeted.
The evaluation covered the first phase of Time to Change, which ran between 2007 and 2011and was funded by the Big Lottery Fund and Comic Relief.
For further information please read the Landmark study shows drop in discrimination against people with mental health problems on the Time to Change website.


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Live Foods Live Bodies is honored and excited to announce that Jay Kordich will be receiving the prestigious Lifetime Achievement Award at "ALIVE New York 2012", The Largest Celebrity Health & Eco Benefit Awards Show In The World.
Join Jay and a dozen celebrities along with world leaders in health and wellness for this 2 day event. The ALIVE conference brings together the leading Doctors, Experts and Inspirational leaders of today to educate the world on natural health and wellness and how to lead a balanced lifestyle free from sickness and disease.


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Variety is reporting that Dark Phoenix had the worst opening in X-Men Box Office history.
According to the media house, the Disney-Fox's latest offering in the X-Men franchise is on pace for a $34 million opening after collecting just $14 million on Friday, which would make it the worst debut ever for an X-Men movie ("The Wolverine" debuted to $53 million in 2013).
However, the Simon Kinberg-directed pic has yet to bow internationally, where the franchise has excelled in the past, but with a $200 million price tag and mostly poor reviews (20% fresh on Rotten Tomatoes), it will need some kind of box office mutation overseas.
Dark Phoenix reportedly is the seventh and final project in the main "X-Men" series, starring Sophie Turner, Jessica Chastain, Michael Fassbender, and James McAvoy.


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Angkas teaches PH to ride a bike
While it has been an on-again, off-again relationship between the Philippines' streets and motorbike ride-hailing service Angkas, the company is now back serving everyday commuters—at least for a few months, as recently ordered by the Department of Transportation (DOTr)—and is also more determined to educate riders
on proper road safety precautions, awareness of which is still lacking in many parts of the country, says Angkas CEO Angeline Tham.
"People in the provinces [still think] it's baduy to wear a helmet, it's not cool," Tham says. "Which is crazy, since it's the single most important piece of safety equipment when riding a motorbike."
She adds that this mentality is mostly because of lack of safety education, which many motorcycle drivers don't have access to.
Citing survey data from Social Weather Stations, Tham says one out of three Filipino families owns a motorcycle, and that 50 percent depend on it for their livelihood. Most of them come from low-income households.
"This means they have no formal training [on how to use a motorbike]," Tham adds.
She further laments the lack of institutions that provide such formal training, saying she knows of only one in Metro Manila.
The three basic rules of motorcycle-riding—to always wear a helmet; don't modify your bike; and take only one passenger with you—are also still not commonly known among Filipinos, she adds.
Angkas began operations in 2017, but voluntarily suspended service in the same year as the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board said it violated Republic Act No. 4136, or the Land Transportation and Traffic Code, which banned two-wheeled vehicles from being used as public transport.
In September 2018, Angkas returned to the streets after the Mandaluyong City Regional Trial Court issued a preliminary injunction preventing the government from interfering with the company's operations.
However, in December that same year, the Supreme Court issued a temporary restraining order on the lower court's ruling, thus forcing Angkas to, once again, suspend operations—an order that Angkas riders defied.
Due to public demand, the DOTr recently allowed a six-month test run of motorcycle taxis, which includes Angkas, to prove that it is, indeed, a safe mode of public transportation. Tham has expressed her gratitude for the ruling, and assures the public that Angkas has been doing its part in making sure that safety is top priority among their drivers.
In fact, she says the company has even extended its training to riders who aren't on their platform by conducting workshops in coordination with certain local government units, all in the name of education on motorcycle riding safety.
Tham says the company's focus is to continue empowering motorcycle drivers in the country by giving them a voice through their platform.
"If you look at Metro Manila, you would think that the Philippines is a car country. But if you look at research, there are only 1.5 million registered cars in the Philippines, 50 percent of which are in Metro Manila; the other half are spread out across provinces. Compare that to LTO's (Land Transportation Office) data—there are five million registered bikes here in the Philippines. There is around an equal amount of motorbikes in Metro Manila, and the rest are spread out. But unofficial reports say there are around 14 million bikes, and LTO tells us there are around 800,000 to one million bikes added every year," she says.
"But we're not minding them as much—why? There are statistics from government that say 50 percent of all accidents involve a motorcycle—I'm not surprised, given the way we use them. And this is what we want to change in Angkas. We give them insurance, helmets; we make sure they follow the rules. That's what we're changing, one biker at a time," Tham adds.
It all sounds ironic once we learn that Tham hasn't learned yet how to ride a motorbike herself.
A former banker, Tham, who hails from Singapore, says she started Angkas mainly as an entrepreneurial pursuit after her experience setting up Grab Bike and Grab Express here in the Philippines.
Now, however, Angkas is both business and advocacy to this mother of one.
"Joining Angkas can be very powerful for a biker and his/her family. They can supplement a full-time job, or plan their day around their work. I know of people taking up higher education courses who have put themselves through school thanks to Angkas, whereas normally they would have to stop working to do so," she says.
A driver can make up to P1,500 a day—which requires more than 10 trips—if they are on Angkas full time, P800 a day, if part time. The platform now has 20,000 drivers in its network, and operates in Metro Manila, Cebu, Cagayan de Oro and General Santos.
And it wants to do more.
"We're open to working with all government agencies that are aligned with us in [achieving] this common goal of making roads safer in the Philippines, and giving pride and dignity to those with two-wheeled vehicles," she says.
Subscribe to INQUIRER PLUS to get access to The Philippine Daily Inquirer & other 70+ titles, share up to 5 gadgets, listen to the news, download as early as 4am & share articles on social media. Call 896 6000.


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|"Furball," (a story variant of "Donkeysin,") by Margaret Evans Price
Editor's note: I am excited to see what Christina Ruth Johnson is going to do with her excursions into the fabulous lore of fairy tales. I think her first trip is a big success. Read on into the past!
I want to extend a hearty thank you to Kate Wolford for bringing me on board as the new "Fairy Tale Vintage Sleuth." I am so thrilled to be a part of this wonderful blogazine, and I hope everyone will enjoy reading these posts as much as I enjoy writing them.
For my first post, I would like to stretch the "vintage" concept and travel back in time to the Middle Ages. This period gave birth to a bevy of fantastic tales full of adventure and chivalry, betrayal and love, good and evil. These stories came not only from oral folklore but also from literature written for the upper classes. We can see remnants of this literature in many of the fairy tales that we know and love today.
Two tales of particular interest are "Donkeyskin" by Charles Perrault (and its variants) and "Girl Without Hands" by the Brothers Grimm (and its variants). Each tale owes integral elements of its plot to what medievalists refer to as the "Constance-cycle"—a set of narratives with similar plots, themes, etc., including, most famously, Chaucer's The Man of Law's Tale from his late-fourteenth century Canterbury Tales. The name Constance comes from Nicholas Trevet's Anglo-Norman prose chronicle from the early-fourteenth century, which includes one of the earliest versions of the narrative. The oldest known narrative in the cycle is the Vitae duorum Offarum, a literary history written as early as the late-twelfth century. Another prominent permutation is the anonymous romance poem Emaré from the late-fourteenth century. The narrative also appears in John Gower's Confessio Amantis, again from the late-fourteenth century—both Gower's and Chaucer's versions were based on Trevet's. Many other versions and variations survive in multiple languages.
The main plot element inherited by Perrault's "Donkeyskin" from the Constance-cycle is the desire of the father (a king) to marry his daughter. She rejects him, which results in her exile from her homeland. Although incest does not play a part in all the medieval narratives within the cycle, it plays an integral role in the beginnings of both Vitae duorum Offarum and Emaré. Despite their trials, the heroines of both of these stories and of "Donkeyskin" eventually find suitable royal husbands. The impossible dresses in "Donkeykin" made out of sky, moonbeams, and sunshine do not appear in the Constance-cycle as such, but Emaré does posses a beautiful if somewhat enigmatic robe that seems to have supernatural qualities pertaining to love and desire.
Unlike the heroine of "Donkeyskin," the heroine of the medieval narratives (let's call her Constance, though she takes on a variety of names) must face further trials after her marriage: she gives birth to a son, but due to the falsification of letters sent to her husband, the king, who is abroad when she gives birth, Constance and her son are exiled. This same series of events occurs in "Girl Without Hands." The traitor who substitutes the false letters in both The Man of Law's Tale and Emaré is the king's mother, while in "Girl Without Hands" it is the very devil himself. Although Constance is never disfigured like the title character in "Girl Without Hands," scholars interpret the father cutting off his daughter's hands in the Grimms' tale as symbolic of incest. This interpretation more closely aligns "Girl Without Hands" with the two Constance-cycle narratives mentioned above, Vitae duorum Offarum and Emaré, as well as with "Donkeyskin," each of which figures incest more explicitly. (It also brings to mind an earlier version of the Grimms' tale found in Giambattista Basile's seventeenth-century compendium Il Pentamerone. In this version, "Penta the Handless," Penta's trials begin when she refuses to marry her brother.)
While both "Donkeyskin" and "Girl Without Hands" can clearly be seen as descendents of the medieval Constance-cycle, "Girl Without Hands" certainly has the most elements in common. Like Emaré and the princess of York from Vitae duorum Offarum, the heroine is molested by her father; then, like the "Constances" from all the narratives listed above, the heroine leaves her home, marries a king, gives birth, is betrayed through false letters, and is exiled with her child(ren), before she is finally found once again by her loving husband.
|Christina Ruth Johnson, Vintage Fairy Tale Sleuth
Christina Ruth Johnson just received her Masters in Art History with a focus on the ancient Mediterranean and a side interest in the 18th and 19th centuries. Her other great love is fantasy literature from ancient times to present day.
SurLaLune Fairy Tales: "Donkeyskin," "Girl Without Hands"
eChaucer: "The Man of Law's Tale"
TEAMS online Middle English Texts series: Emaré
Wikipedia: Vitaeduorum Offarum
Geraldine Heng, Empire of Magic [chapter 4], 2003
Further reading:
Margaret Schlauch, Chaucer's Constance and Accused Queens, 1969Christine Li-ju Tsai, "Emaré's Fabulous Robe," 2003: http://www.sfsu.edu/~medieval/


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FORT MYERS, FL. (CBS) – As Spring Training gets underway down in Fenway South let's take a look at each roster spot and the one question that goes with it as we get ready for the 2016 Red Sox season.
Read: Fan Guide To Red Sox Spring Training
We'll start with the pitching rotation and bullpen:
Starting Rotation
1. David Price – Can the 5-time All-Star and 2012 Cy Young award winner live up to his – year, $217-million contract? The 30-year-old has made 30-plus starts in 5 of the last 6 years and his numbers last year: 32 GS 18-5, 2.45 ERA, 220.1 IP 225 K show no signs of him slowing down.
2. Clay Buchholz – This question has been asked over and over again: can Clay Buchholz reach 200 innings as a starter? Clay has "ace" stuff and showed he has toughness by gutting through a must-win start in the 2013 World Series. However, 189 innings is the most he's registered (2012) in his 9-year big league career. He's thrown 170-plus twice. At 31, it seems unlikely he'll be able to do it again. The solution? Plan accordingly. When he's on, he can be lights out. Hard to find these guys. So, if you're Dave Dombrowski and Mike Hazen you simply get ready for 2016 knowing you'll need to fill the number two spot with 180 innings from Clay and someone else. Also, realize that this won't be a Pedro-Schilling-Lowe-Wakefield-Arroyo 2004 year. You'll need at least six starters.
3. Rick Porcello – Can the number three starter make 25-to-30 starts and win 10-to-15 games? After being handed a monster extension, the 27-year-old Porcello made 28 starts and was a disappointing 9-15 with a 4.92 ERA. He had a first half of 5-9 with a 5.90 ERA and was better in the second half at 4-6 with a 3.53 ERA. However, he has to be better.
4. Eduardo Rodriguez – Can E-Rod repeat or better his 2015 rookie season? He turns 23 the first week of April and his head seems to be in the right place. His 2015 was solid: 21 games started, 10-6 with a 3.85 ERA. 121.2 innings pitched while allowing 120 his with 37 walks, 98 strikeouts and a 2.5 WAR. Solid numbers, but year two will be harder as teams will have a beat on him.
5. Joe Kelly – Will he remain a starter or will he eventually become a part of the bullpen? Has he figured things out? Kelly started the season 2-6, but finished 8-0 over his final 9 starts in August and September. He's got the stuff, but hasn't shown the consistency to be a reliable starter. If he can't, he may be on his way to the bullpen.
6. Craig Kimbrel – Over his first 5 full seasons in the bigs, Kimbrel has averaged 45 saves and has been an All-Star 4 times. Can he come to a major market and continue that success? The Sox gave up a bundle of very good prospects to get the 27-year-old from San Diego which gives you an indication that they feel nothing but confidence that he will be great here too.
7. Koji Uehara – Can Uehara handle the set-up role in his age 41 season while coming off a major injury? He's notched 72 saves, great numbers, and a World Series title in his three years in a Boston uniform. He didn't pitch after August 7th due to a broken right wrist last season, so you have to be concerned. However, on paper, he should slide into that set-up role behind Kimbrel quite nicely, unless age catches up to him.
8. Carson Smith – Can Smith grab the 7th-8th inning role and put up the type of numbers he did last year in Seattle? The Texan was mighty impressive in 2015 with the Mariners as he notched 92 strikeouts in 70 innings of work. The Sox gave up Wade Mikey to get him, but they obviously like him a lot. Could be an under-the-radar pick up.
9. Junichi Tazawa – Will the innings he's logged catch up to him this year? He's averaged nearly 70 appearances in each of the past 3 seasons. Eventually it catches up to any reliever. If he can maintain what he's done then he's another valuable weapon in the 6th-7th-8th inning role.
10. Robbie Ross, Jr. – Can he duplicate his 2015? Ross ended up having a good first season in Boston. Had some rough patches, but settled down to finish with a 3.86 ERA. Will be the top lefty out of the pen.
11. Tommy Layne – Can he be consistent enough to remain up in Boston all season? Was inconsistent last season, having a real good May and July, but struggling in other months, particularly in the second half. John Farrell must find the right spots for him.
12. Steven Wright – Can he be the jack-of-all-trades type of pitcher the Sox would love to have? Wright was 5-4 with a 4.09 ERA in 2015. He started 9 games and will take the all any time any place. He's thrilled to be in Boston and the Sox love having him. If he can sustain some consistency, he would be a huge help.


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Members of the Multistate Evaluation of Surveil- lance for HIV Study Group are Andrew B. Bindman, MD, Frederick M. Hecht, MD, Dennis Osmond, PhD, Karen Vranizan, MA, Dennis Keane, MPH (University of California San Francisco); John Ward, MD, MPH, Patricia L. Fleming, PhD (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga); Denise K. Boyd, MS, MPH, Vjollca Berisha, MD, MPH (Arizona Public Health Department); Kenneth Gershman, MD, MPH, Melanie Mattson (Colorado Public Health Depart- ment); John Newman, Craig Thompson (Mississippi Public Health Department); Robert Hamm, MD, MPH, Kristen Wendt, MPH, Linda Bell (Missouri Pub- lic Health Department); Michael Samuel, DrPH, Mark Stenger, MS (New Mexico Public Health Depart- ment); Delbert E. Williams, PhD, Evelyn Foust, MPH, Judy Owen-O'Dowd (North Carolina Public Health Department); Steven Modesitt, RN, MPH, Roger Wirt, PhD, David Fleming, MD (Oregon Public Health De- partment); Ann S. Robbins, PhD, Sharon A. King, MA, Douglas Hamaker (Texas Public Health Department).
Human Participation Protection
This study was approved by the University of Califor- nia institutional review board and state and local re- view boards as required.
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Guidelines for national human immunodeficiency virus case surveillance, including monitoring for human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep. 1999;48(RR13):1–31.
2. Klevens RM, Fleming PL, Li J, et al. The com-
pleteness, validity, and timeliness of AIDS surveil- lance data. Ann Epidemiol. 2001;11:443–449.
3. Jara MM, Gallagher KM, Schieman S. Estimation
of completeness of AIDS case reporting in Massachu- setts. Epidemiology. 2000;11:209–213.
4. Klevens RM, Fleming PL, Neal JJ, Li J, the Mode
of Transmission Validation Study Group. Is there really a heterosexual AIDS epidemic in the United
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a population-based study in The Netherlands: agree- ment between questionnaire information and medical records. Netherlands J Med. 1999;55:177–183.
7. Bindman AB, Osmond D, Hecht FM, et al. Mul-
tistate evaluation of anonymous HIV testing and ac-
cess to medical care. JAMA. 1998;280:1416–1420.
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fication demystify the race construct in public health statistics [editorial]. Epidemiology. 1999;10:101–103.
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HIV- and AIDS-Related Knowledge, Awareness, and Practices in Madagascar
| Nicole M. Lanouette, BA, Rivo Noelson, DU, Andriamahenina Ramamonjisoa, DEM, Sheldon Jacobson, MD, and Jeffrey M. Jacobson, MD
The prevalence of HIV in Madagascar has been slowly rising in the past decade but in 1999 was still less than 0.5%. 1 Although this rate is low compared with the rates in many other countries, including the United States (0.61%) and especially sub-Saharan African nations such as Zimbabwe (25%) and South Africa (20%), 1 the risk factors for an epi- demic are present. High rates of syphilis, 2 hepatitis B virus, 3 and other sexually trans- mitted diseases, as well as extreme poverty, 4 suggest that many of Madagascar's 14 million people are at risk for acquiring HIV. The AIDS Impact Model projected that HIV sero- prevalence could reach 15% by 2015 if Madagascar follows the epidemic trend of countries like Kenya. 5 We sought to determine directly whether high-risk behaviors that might lead to rising infection rates were present in this popula- tion. The aims of this study were to (1) deter- mine a baseline level of public awareness and knowledge about HIV and AIDS and (2) as- certain the HIV and AIDS risk–related be- haviors of a segment of the general popula- tion in the capital city, Antananarivo.
During July and August 2000, we con- ducted 134 interviews with patients and visi- tors in the 2 teaching hospitals of the Univer- sity of Antananarivo School of Medicine. All interviews used a 3-part, 41-item question- naire eliciting information about demograph- ics and previous sources of HIV and AIDS knowledge, an assessment of this knowledge, and a detailed personal history of HIV and AIDS risk–related behaviors.
The questionnaire, written in French, was translated for patients who spoke only Mala- gasy. The same American medical student and at least 1 Malagasy medical student or resident conducted each interview. Patients and visitors were eligible for participation if they were 18 years of age or older and could ambulate to a private room. We performed frequency calculations, t tests, analysis of vari- ance tests, and Spearman rank correlation tests with SPSS, Version 10.0 (SPSS Inc, Chi- cago, Ill).
One hundred thirty-six people participated
in the informed consent process, after which
2 people declined to participate and 2 other
participants completed only the demographics and HIV and AIDS knowledge sections. Of the 134 participants, 71 (53%) were women.
The participants' median age was 33.5 years;
90 (67%) had completed high school. Ninety
(67%) were married, and 32 (24%) lived in
rural areas. Every participant had previously received HIV and AIDS information, most commonly from radio (118, 88%), but only
23 (17%) had received it from a health care
HIV and AIDS Knowledge
One hundred twenty-four (93%) partici- pants correctly identified having unprotected vaginal sex with a person who has HIV or AIDS and receiving an unscreened transfu- sion from someone with HIV or AIDS as high risk (Table 1). However, 91 (68%) did not know that vaginal sex with a properly used condom is low risk. Forty-one (31%) identi- fied kissing someone on the cheek, a common greeting in Madagascar's central highlands, as carrying some risk. Most participants believed that intimate kisses, mosquitoes, and sneezes could transmit HIV and AIDS.
Personal History
One hundred thirty-two participants com- pleted the personal history section (Table 2). Of the 21 (16%) who had had more than
sexual partner in the last 6 months, only
(14%) had had more than 2 partners. How-
ever, only 2 (10%) reported the consistent
June 2003, Vol 93, No. 6 | American Journal of Public Health
Lanouette et al. |
Peer Reviewed | Research and Practice | 917
TABLE 1—Responses to HIV and AIDS Risk Assessment Test (N=134)
Answers, % of Participants
No Risk
Low Risk
Medium Risk
High Risk
Don't Know
Working every day Sharing a drinking glass Having vaginal sexual intercourse without a condom Having vaginal sexual intercourse with a properly used condom Kissing on the cheek Kissing intimately Receiving an (unscreened) transfusion Being bitten by a mosquito Being sneezed on
Note. Participants were asked to rate each of the hypothetical situations between a person without HIV or AIDS and a person with HIV or AIDS as carrying no risk, low risk, medium risk, or high risk of contracting HIV for the person without HIV or AIDS. (Correct answers are in boldface type.)
TABLE 2—Personal Behavior Survey Results (N=132)
No. Reporting Behavior
% Reporting Behavior
Sexual activity > 1 sexual partner in last 6 mo Of above, used condoms with every partner Ever had sexual intercourse with someone of same sex Ever received money for sexual activity Ever paid for sexual activity Ever had sexual relations with someone non-Malagasy Blood transfusion or injection drugs Ever received a blood transfusion Ever used injection drugs Travel Ever traveled within Madagascar Ever traveled out of Madagascar Ever traveled to mainland Africa
21 (19 men, 2 women)
15.9 (30.2% of men, 2.8% of women)
23 (all men)
17.4 (36.5% of men)
use of condoms. Twenty-three participants, all men (37% of the men), reported having pre- viously paid for sex.
HIV Knowledge and Demographic Correlations
Education level was not associated with the number of questions answered correctly on the risk assessment test (P = .350), but age correlated significantly with test scores, with younger participants performing better (r = −0.264, P = .002). No significant differ- ence was found in the mean test scores of men and women (P = .350) or of partici- pants from rural or urban areas (P = .723). There was a trend toward better scores in
participants who had previously spoken with health care workers about HIV or AIDS (P = .071).
The data from the HIV knowledge assess- ment suggest that HIV and AIDS awareness is high in Antananarivo, but knowledge of how HIV and AIDS cannot be transmitted and the use of condoms in prevention are limited. Understanding how HIV is not trans- mitted is important for preventing stigma against individuals with HIV and AIDS. 6 Fear of stigma is known to deter citizens from being tested for HIV, 7,8 an important
opportunity for HIV and AIDS prevention counseling. 9 The rate of multiple partnering among Malagasy men in this study was similar to World Health Organization reported rates in Uganda, Kenya, and Zimbabwe, whereas re- ported condom use rates in this study were much lower than the rates in these sub- Saharan African nations. 1 The 2 potential protective factors found in this study were minimal travel to mainland Africa and the lower reported number of sex- ual partners for persons with multiple partners.
In this hospital-based survey, sexual activity could have been less than participants would normally report because of personal or family illness. Although every effort was made to make participants feel comfortable, rates of same-sex sexual relations and multiple part- nering could have been underreported be- cause of sensitivity and social stigma. Antananarivo is not representative of all of Madagascar, as indicated by higher education levels—67% of the study participants had completed high school in a country where 12% start high school 6 —and by higher rural hepatitis B virus prevalence. 3
In this initial survey of the HIV and AIDS awareness, knowledge, and related behavior
918 | Research and Practice | Peer Reviewed
| Lanouette et al.
American Journal of Public Health | June 2003, Vol 93, No. 6
in Antananarivo, Madagascar, we observed that HIV and AIDS awareness is high, but knowledge about transmission is incomplete. High rates of multiple partnering and low condom use rates among people with multi- ple partners suggest that Madagascar is at risk for an epidemic. Intervention by health care workers, the Malagasy government, and non- governmental organizations is warranted to prevent the disastrously high AIDS rates seen in Madagascar's neighbors. A larger study that pairs HIV- and AIDS-related knowledge and behavior surveying with HIV testing and includes participants from other parts of the country is needed to confirm these findings and to develop specific and effective surveil-
lance and prevention programs.
About the Authors
Nicole M. Lanouette is with Mount Sinai School of Medi- cine, New York, NY. Rivo Noelson is with the University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar. Andriamahen- ina Ramamonjisoa is with the HIV/AIDS National Refer- ence Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Antananarivo, Madagascar. Jeffrey M. Jacobson is with the Division of In- fectious Diseases of the Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY. Sheldon Jacobson is with the Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY. Requests for reprints should be sent to Nicole M. Lanouette, BA, 50 E 98th St, No. 14-I, New York, NY 1002 9 (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com). This brief was accepted March 6, 2002.
N.M. Lanouette designed the study, conducted the in- terviews, analyzed the data, and wrote the brief. R. Noelson assisted with design of the questionnaire, coconducted many of the interviews, and contributed to the writing of the brief. A. Ramamonjisoa assisted with study design, particularly the questionnaire, and with the writing of the brief. J.M. Jacobson and S. Ja- cobson contributed to and supervised the study design, data analysis, and writing of the brief.
This project was solely funded by a Patricia S. Levinson Fellowship through the Mount Sinai School of Medicine. These data were previously presented in a poster presentation at the International Health Medical Educa- tion Consortium's February 2001 conference in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. The authors would like to thank the Malagasy med- ical student association REMEDE for its essential trans- lating aid and Karen Hamilton and Ilene Wilets for their academic support. We also thank the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Antananarivo and Patricia S. Levinson for their support of this project.
Human Participant Protection
This study, questionnaire, and consent forms were ap- proved by the Mount Sinai Hospital Institutional Re-
view Board and by the president of CHUA Hopital Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona and the Labora- toire National de Reference VIH/SIDA prior to the start of the study.
1. UNAIDS. Report on the global HIV/AIDS
epidemic. Available at: http://www.unaids.org/
epidemic_update/report/index.html. Accessed June
2. Behets FM, Andriamahenina R, Andriamiadana J,
May JF, Rasamindrakotroka A. High syphilis and low but rising HIV seroprevalence rates in Madagascar. Lancet. 1996;347(9004):831.
3. Boisier P, Rabarijaona L, Piollet M, Roux JF,
Zeller HG. Hepatitis B virus infection in general popu- lation in Madagascar: evidence for different epidemio- logical patterns in urban and in rural areas. Epidemiol Infect. 1996;117:133–137.
4. USAID Congressional Presentation, Fiscal Year
1999. USAID; 1999. Available at: http://www.usaid.
gov/pubs/cp99. Accessed June 2000.
5. Andriamahenina R, Ravelojaona B, Rarivoharilala
E, et al. AIDS in Madagascar, I: epidemiology, projec- tions, socioeconomic impact, interventions. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 1998;91:68–70.
6. Lentine DA, Hersey JC, Iannacchione VG, Laird
GH, McClamroch K, Thalji L. HIV-related knowledge and stigma. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2000;
7. Chesney M, Smith A. Critical delays in HIV test-
ing and care: the potential role of stigma. Am Behav Sci. 1999;42:1162–1174.
8. Herek G. AIDS and stigma. Am Behav Sci. 1999;
9. Weinhardt LS, Carey MP, Johnson BT, Bickham
NL. Effects of HIV counseling and testing on sexual risk behavior: a meta-analytic review of published re- search, 1985–1997. Am J Public Health. 1999;89:
Hepatitis B Virus Immunization Among Young Injection Drug Users in San Francisco, Calif: The UFO Study
| Paula J. Lum, MD, MPH, Kristen C. Ochoa, BA, Judith A. Hahn, PhD, Kimberly Page Shafer, PhD, MPH, Jennifer L. Evans, MS, and Andrew R. Moss, PhD
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is common (44%–80%) in injection drug users (IDUs), 1–8 and younger IDUs are at high
risk. 9–11 Although a safe and effective vaccine is available, high vaccine completion rates in IDUs (70%–86%) have been achieved pri- marily in drug treatment settings. 12–15 Among street-recruited young injectors in San Fran- cisco, Calif, only 13% had serological evi- dence of prior immunization, and 28% had been infected with HBV. 16 We combined cash incentives and street outreach with flexible immunization sched- ules to improve HBV vaccine completion in young injectors in San Francisco. We exam- ined factors associated with vaccine comple- tion and observed postvaccination antibody responses in completers.
Subjects were recruited in a San Francisco study of HIV and viral hepatitis (the UFO Study) described elsewhere. 17 Four hundred four IDUs younger than 30 years were inter- viewed and underwent counseling and sero- logical testing for HIV, HBV, and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Persons without evidence of acute infection, a chronic carrier state, or im- munity conferred by antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) were recruited. Those declining participation in the study were offered free immunizations. A 20-µg intramuscular dose of recombi- nant DNA hepatitis B vaccine was adminis- tered at enrollment. Participants were in- structed to return in 1 to 2 months for the second dose and then at 4 to 6 months for the third dose; they received $10 cash each time. Street-based outreach workers began delivering follow-up reminders 3 weeks after the first vaccine dose and again 11 weeks after the second dose. We measured postvaccination anti-HBs se- roconversion at 4 weeks after the third dose. We measured vaccine series completion and conducted bivariate analyses of variables as- sociated with vaccine completion. We con- ducted a multiple logistic regression analysis of significant variables (P < .10) and other variables of interest or potential confounders.
Of the 404 persons screened, 265 (66%) were eligible for immunization. Of the
Lum et al. | Peer Reviewed | Research and Practice | 919


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