text:
New tribalists
From Academic Kids
New tribalists are proponents of the New Tribal Revolution outlined in the Ishmael series by Daniel Quinn. New tribalists believe that the tribe fulfills an important role in human life, and that the dissolution of tribalism with the spread of civilization has come to threaten the very survival of the species. New tribalists seek to mimic indigenous peoples by organizing their own "tribes" based on underlying principles gleaned from ethnology and anthropological fieldwork.
Quinn argues that civilization is not working, and if we are to find a way of life that does work, we should draw our basic principles from human societies that are working. Quinn points to indigenous peoples and tribal societies as such examples, and advocates a social revolution--the New Tribal Revolution--to reform society using principles gleaned from the operation of such cultures.
3.1 From Indigenous Groups
"Takers" & "Leavers"
Quinn's work is specifically amoral, eschewing concepts of "right" or "wrong," and instead dealing only with whether or not a given culture is sustainable. Quinn divides cultures into one of two camps, based on a proposed challenge from our civilization to "take it or leave it." Thus, "Takers" are civilized peoples, while "Leavers" are uncivilized. Quinn chose these terms specifically to speak of the differences without language loaded with moral judgment. "Taker" should not be used as a synonym for "bad," nor "Leaver" for "good." However, many naive new tribalists have done precisely this. More sophisticated new tribalists have also cautioned strongly against the self-appelation of the term, "Leaver," as acculturation makes any complete transition nearly impossible. Instead, they advocate the creation of a third category entirely. However, many naive new tribalists have ignored this, as well, and persist in referring to themselves as "Leavers."
"Mother Culture"
Quinn proposes an emergent, self-preserving mechanism of human cultures which he anthropomorphizes as "Mother Culture," in contrast to "Mother Nature." According to Quinn, every culture has a "Mother Culture," which can be thought of as the whole of internalized acculturation and "conscience," which pressures people to conform to the norms of their culture. As a consequence of the concerns raised in Quinn's work, the term is used almost exclusively to refer to the "Mother Culture" of "Taker" societies. This has led many naive new tribalists to conflate the term "Mother Culture" with "Taker" culture itself. In fact, Quinn supposes every culture to have a "Mother Culture," serving much the same evolutionary role as tribalism in the usual, perjorative sense.
From Indigenous Groups
Critics of this movement, including some indigenous peoples, may regard new tribalists as interlopers or pirates of native culture, or seeking to dilute native sovereignty or threaten regard for native culture in general. Quinn condemned just such piracy in his online parable, "The Crystals of Rapanah (http://ishmael.org/Education/Parables/Rapanah.shtml)," but the ambiguity of this relationship cannot be so easily dismissed. In one sense, the conscious syncretism of new tribalists is an outright piracy of native culture. In another sense, the new tribalist emphasis on learning not from specific cultures but from cross-cultural principles suggests that this is not the case.
Malthusianism & Misanthropy
Many point to Quinn's critique of civilization as being essentially Malthusian. Critics also point to Quinn's criticism of civilization and advocacy of small populations as being misanthropic, particularly in that Quinn's solution may require a drastically smaller population than currently exists. While Quinn advocates a gradual decrease in human population rather than the massive die-off predicted by other primitivist writers, Quinn's willingness to accept wide-spread starvation to end the "Food Race" is seen as diametrically opposed to humanity's interests.
The critique of new tribalists as being essentially Malthusian is not entirely inaccurate, but requires a significant amendment to Malthus' theories. Malthus, like most demographers, held human population growth as an independent variable. Quinn proposes that humans, like all other animals, are in fact bound by their food supply; that is, that human population is a function of human food supply. Thus, new tribalists do not expect a Malthusian catastrophe in the usual sense, since in their model it is impossible for a population to grow larger than its food supply. Instead, new tribalists foresee the ever-increasing dynamic of food supply and population--Quinn's "Food Race"--leading eventually to an ecological catastrophe which may result in human extinction. Because of this, the charge of misanthropy can only be upheld outside of the new tribalists' own mindset. If Quinn's arguments are accepted, then such wide-spread starvation is, in fact, the most humanitarian alternative. Quinn compared sending food to a starving population to throwing gas to put out a fire. However, Quinn's understanding of the relationship between food supply and human evolution is not accepted by all biologists or demographers.
Reviving the "Noble Savage"
Other critics believe that new tribalists are not mimicking indigenous peoples but rather mimicking their own fantasies or modern memories of them. In this, new tribalists are charged with reviving the myth of the "Noble Savage." Critics say that new tribalists' views of tribalism are naive. The ultimate origins of new tribalist thought in Romanticism is undeniable, but many new tribalists are very vocal in their condemnation of the "Noble Savage" myth. Like Rousseau, new tribalists do not see the benefits of tribalism as an inherent racial characteristic of indigenous peoples, but as a systemic result of their way of life. This is, in fact, the basis of new tribalism; if the "Noble Savage" myth is true, then new tribalism is futile, as the benefits of tribalism are inherent racial qualities unattainable except by birth. Only if these benefits are the systemic result of a particular way of life can they be enjoyed by non-indigenous peoples.
However, the influence of Romanticism remains strong and undeniable among new tribalists, despite their heavy grounding in anthropology and ethnography, and despite their protests otherwise.
Some criticize the degree to which new tribalists exploit modern technologies. Much of the current activity in the New Tribal Revolution takes the form of online discussion, and most new tribalists live in the First World and benefit greatly from modern technology and civilization. This is seen as hypocritical by many critics.
New tribalists often point out that their essential problem is with an unsustainable vision of constant growth underlying civilization, rather than technology per se. Thus, new tribalists seek to differentiate themselves from Luddism. For these new tribalists, such a hypocrisy is impossible, as they have never taken a position against technology. This can be difficult to disentangle, as new tribalists agree on many issues with many other groups who are Luddite to one degree or another.
Among Historians and Anthropologists
Historians and anthropologists who study Nearctic and Neotropic peoples are divided. Almost all are very sympathetic to the situation of indigenous peoples, and admire their cultures to varying degrees. Many of these scholars, in the Rousseauian tradition, prefer these societies to European societies of the same period. Some speculate this may be due to the self-selection of these same historians, New tribalists contend that this is because of a deep need for social support beyond the family, and that experts' respect for native cultures reinforces their convictions.
An important expression of this movement is the trend towards modern eco-villages. Ecoregional Democracy and peace movement advocates are also often new tribalists as well, as the groups share common ideals.
See also
External links
- Eco-village network of the Americas (http://www.ecovillage.org/)
- The Ishmael Community (http://www.ishmael.com/)


text:
The Community and Behavioral Health Student Association was established to provide opportunities for professional development, service oriented outreach and social events for students. CBHSA aims to create unity among all students in the Department of Community and Behavioral Health by serving as a means of communication between students, faculty, the College of Public Health, and the community.
Aims and Functions
- Develop a sense of community among all students and staff in the Department of Community and Behavioral Health
- Expand opportunities for student professional development
- Facilitate student dialogue with local, state, and national organizations
All CBHSA sponsored events are open to students studying Community and Behavioral Health. Elections for officer positions are held twice a year. Contact an officer for more information.
2018-2019 Officers
Abigail Lee – President
Abigail Lee (she/her/hers) is a second year MPH student from Iowa City. She earned her BAs in Biology Research, Spanish, and Music from the University of Northern Iowa in 2015. Before attending the College of Public Health Abigail worked as a research assistant in a diabetes and obesity lab within the Carver College of Medicine. She also interned at United Action for Youth where she focused on youth wellbeing and comprehensive sexual health education. She was certified as an Adolescent Sexual Health Educator through EyesOpenIowa in 2018. Abigail is involved in the CPH Graduate Ambassador program and was named an ASPPH "This is Public Health" Ambassador for 2019-2020. During her time in the program Abigail has worked as a graduate research assistant on a variety projects, though her main focus is sexual and reproductive health, social interactions, and stigma. During Summer 2019 she collaborated with Dr. Story, Tangaza University College, and Gynocare Women's and Fistula Hospital to conduct an exploratory research project in western Kenya.
McKyla Carson – Vice President
McKyla Carson is a second year MPH student from Iowa City. She graduated from Drake University in 2016 with a BA in Biology and a concentration in Global and Comparative Public Health. Before starting her masters, she worked 2 years at a Medicaid MCO in Iowa. She currently serves as a Graduate Student Ambassador for the college and works with Dr. Ashida and Dr. Casteel on research to prevent injury and falls in older adults throughout eastern Iowa.
Eliza Daly – Social Chair
Eliza Daly is a second year MPH student from Johnston, Iowa. She graduated from the University of Iowa in May 2019 with degrees in Health Promotion and Psychology and a minor in Global Health Studies while participating in the undergrad to grad MPH program at the College of Public Health. She is interested in health communication, food security, and the connection between nutrition and chronic disease.
Jessica Ralfs – Service Chair
Jessica Ralfs is a second-year MPH student from Davenport, Iowa. She graduated from the University of Iowa in May 2018 with a BS in Human Physiology. Her interest include mental health, global health, and working with underserved populations.
Tom Romano – Professional Development
Thomas Romano is a second-year MPH student from Bettendorf, Iowa. He graduated from the University of Iowa in May 2015 with a BSE in Chemical Engineering and worked as an emergency medical technician for two years. He is interested in mental health and its relation to physical health, as well as the social and environmental determinants of mental health. He has been accepted to the MD program at the Carver College of Medicine and plans to matriculate in August 2020.
Lena Thompson – Public Relations
Lena Thompson is a third year PhD student from Sigourney, Iowa. Her BA is in International Relations from Drake University and her MPH is from the Community and Behavioral Health Department at the University of Iowa College of Public Health. Before starting her doctorate training, Lena worked as the Curriculum Coordinator for the National American Indian and Alaska Native Addiction Technology Transfer Center at the University of Iowa. Lena is an executive committee member of the LGBT+ Advocates for Public Health Equity (LGBT+ Advocates) and a member of the Health Equity and Advancement Lab (HEAL). Her interests are in substance use among Native American and aging populations.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Book Apartments Shamrock Apart
Mahmutlar Mah. barış sokak shrock 15 Apartment kat 4, Konakli 2.3 km from city center
Set in Kargicak, this air-conditioned apartment is 17 km from Sapadere Canyon. Guests benefit from balcony. Free WiFi is featured . The kitchen is equipped with an oven. Towels and bed linen are offered at Shamrock Apart.
Photos Of
Room facilities
- Bathrobes
- Air conditioning
- Shower
- Hairdryer


text:
A global citizen science platform
to discover, share and identify wildlife
Diaphania indica (Saunders, 1851)
Nice spot, please consider to add to Butterflies and Moths of Indonesia mission: http://www.projectnoah.org/missions/2158...
Nice spot!
Great close up!
Severally, I see smaller versions of this in my backyard. They hardly grow up to this size as they're often a victim of a nocturnal white crab spider in the flower they go to nectar. They're always twirling their tail end to dazzle predators.
you're welcome!
NuwanChathuranga, thank you for the ID.
Spotted on Sep 27, 2012
Submitted on Sep 27, 2012


text:
Maité Thijssen
Maité is an Antwerp-based photographer with a passion for film, travelling and animals.
After studying documentary film at the Sint Lukas School of Arts in Brussels, she worked on film- and tv-sets as location assistant, assistant director and production assistant. All the while studying photography, where she graduated in 2006. Shortly afterwards, Maité co-founded Tails Animal Photography with Greetje Van Buggenhout.
A year later they started a casting agency for animals, CastingTails.
Maité is also photographer and editor for the two-monthly magazine of Zinkinfo Benelux, a specialised magazine about galvanised steel; as well as photographer for Miss Bachelorette and other freelance work.
Besides freelancing, she worked for magazines as Goedele Magazine, Zone03 (DM.city), Feeling Magazine and Libelle.
Please don't hestitate to ask for a customised portfolio or more information!


text:
Most of us have a favourite animal. Humans are naturally inclined towards that sort of thing. We slaughter and devour them, and wear their skin, but we also love them. (I say this as a highly enthusiastic meat-eater. I have my qualms about it but my diet is such that if I didn't eat meat, I'd literally just live off peas, rice, potatoes and carrots. Don't worry, my body has adapted to survive off a sedentary lifestyle and poor food intake. Well, I say that. It'll catch up with me one day but never mind all that, we're straying from the point).
Category: Nature
An Arachnid Alternative
I consider myself a nature-lover, for the most part. An appreciation for wildlife, birds in particular, is something I was raised with and, all in all, I'm fond of animals. I fall short of vegan- or vegetarianism, largely because I lack the self-discipline, but nevertheless nature and I rub along quite well together.


text:
We all know someone who drinks WAY too much coffee. In my friend group, that person is me. Around junior or senior year of high school, coffee consumption became a daily occurrence. Now, it's rare that a day goes by where I don't have any coffee. When you're as addicted to the stuff as I am, you start to notice a pattern.
The Keurig Machine
As a college student, my Keurig is a life saver. While most college dorms only allow Keurigs or similar machines as opposed to drip machines, to begin with, they are by far the more convenient option. I can have my coffee in under two minutes and be out the door on time for class. I can stop back at my dorm in the middle of the day if I want a refresher cup.
Moreover, Keurig pods are a common gift. For my birthday in April, my parents sent a care package that included new Dark Magic coffee pods. Thanks, guys.
Cafeteria Coffee
Among the many offerings in the campus dining halls, you can always find giant containers of hot coffee for the students. If I choose to eat breakfast in the dining hall, I will always make a pit stop at the coffee station. While the coffee is nothing special, you eventually get used to the taste. Besides, if it's your only option, what are you gonna do?
Coffee Shops
Whether you're a Dunkin person or a Starbucks person, having a chain coffee shop is a blessing. People who are loyal to each chain will agree on this. At my school, there are three Dunkins on campus. When I walk into the Dunkin in the union, I always know what I'm gonna order. I'm pretty sure some baristas have started to recognize me. While having the coffee shops around is certainly a convenience, the major downside is that you can spend so much money. See the next section for more.
There are many reasons that I would prefer to go to Dunkin to get my coffee. It tastes great, it's the most convenient option, or I'm running late and don't have time for a proper breakfast. The common theme here is that I'll end up spending unnecessary money on something I can get for free OR make for myself. However, I stand by my ideology that it's 127% worth it to treat myself.
Judgement From Others
In my freshman year, I usually had two coffees a day:
1. In the morning when I wake up
2. In the afternoon as a pick-me-up
More often than not, my friends saw me with coffee. They would give me looks of disapproval, and if I went to Dunkin, there was always the comment of, "You're spending too much money." While that is true, Dunkin iced coffee was the one treat I allowed myself at school. I fully intend on having a job next semester (likely at Dunkin) to make up for the money I spend.
As I stated before, my parents kindly sent me Keurig pods in my birthday care package. This wasn't the only time where they did that. There were multiple instances where I received replacement K cups. On birthday and Christmas wish lists, Keurig pods are often a requested item. The same is true for Dunkin gift cards. These are great for Dunkin Perks. That way, you can order on the go when you're running late for your 8:00 and 9:00 am classes.
You'll Never Give It Up
As much as you say that "you're trying" to cut back on your coffee intake, you'll never actually do it. You know you won't, your family knows you won't, and you're friends most certainly know you won't. Right before finals, I had a friend call me out on this. I'd told him I was trying to cut back for the 100th time, and he said, "You're not trying."
You know what? He's not wrong.
At the end of the day, you love your coffee, and you wouldn't want to give it up for the world.


text:
Riley and Elsa having an orgasm together. Olivia was the extraordinary comfort of feeling so seen, and so loved, by a group of strangers who, by the time we docked in gray, rainy New Jersey, felt more like my family. You will attempt to get all of your mutual friends royally pissed off at the girl who has the audacity to date your ex, too. This old classic needn't be yawn-inducing.
Manuela Schieber. Age: 24. Escort Manuela Schieber is a young German Girlfriend of high class.An erotic lady with a fascinating face. She is very interested in fashion and lifestyle. The favorite perfume of Dior is Manuela and with red roses can be your deep joy.
Most Relevant Video Results: "slow lesbian sex"
Search Results for "slow lesbian sex" – Naked Girls
Missionary still works. Type keyword s to search. The entertainment options are nice to be honest, most of them are just Related searches ffm lesbian seduction slow forced lesbian amateur lesbians make out lesbian slow lesbian forced mindi mink slow seduction lesbian seduction teen asian lesbian forced young teen lesbians shy lesbian seduction lesbian ebony rubbing lesbian milf and teen beutyful lesbian massage first time lesbian seduction lesbian massage seduction young teen forced lesbian seduce teen lesbian sleepover lesbian trbbing squirt older women younger girl eye cum young lesbian forced poppers slow lesbian massage lesbian babysitter reluctant lesbian seduction young teen and mature lesbian gondel czech taxi More Bdsm Blackandwhite Hot. The woman who bought me a drink after I sang Kelly Clarkson at karaoke — a petite therapist from California with a prim gray bob — ended up being one of them. Those dirty words and her orgasm are meant specifically for her!
Milady Goddess of Gratification. Age: 30. I am a Goddess and true Femme Fatal who enjoys to dress up in many costumes like everything unusual, kinky extraordinary and i am strictly sexual. I am passionate and pervert.
He was boning his stepdaughter while her girlfriend rode her face, grinding her pussy against her tongue, mashing her cunt hard against her open mouth. The lesbians get into a 69 so they can lick and finger bang each other. Sister gets so turned on she grabs her hair and rubs herself on face very roughly.
The girls started slow, with redhead having her pink, young pussy gently licked by her lesbian girlfriend. Cumshot slow motion 71 sec Hardqwerty - k Views -. Olivia is one of the last dedicated venues for lesbian debauchery still standing. She was going rougher and deeper with every move, insatiable, wanting to feel him fill every inch of her tight cunt.


text: "Laughing Gas" is a mild sedative that is delivered through a nose hood and administered throughout the entire procedure. Laughing gas promotes a general sense of well-being, relieves anxiety, and reduces discomfort during the procedure. The effects last only as long as the gas is being delivered, leaving you free to resume your regular routines after treatment.


text:
More DOJ questions fuel AOL TW stox dip
Related Articles
- AOL TW IN PROBE PIT. Goldsmith, Jill // Daily Variety;7/26/2002, Vol. 276 Issue 38, p5
Reports on the decline in AOL Time Warner shares as investors fled after news of a U.S. Security and Exchange Commission investigation. Percentage decline; Concern of analysts about the uncertainty the investigation creates; Bargain seen by some fund managers.
- What place IPC in AOL Time Warner? Singh, Sonoo // Marketing Week;8/1/2002, Vol. 25 Issue 31, p14
Discusses the factors contributing to the decline in the share price of AOL Time Warner Inc. in the U.S. Investigation on the accounting practice of AOL by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission; Speculation of a demerger between America Online and Time Warner; Implications of the...
- AOL Invests in Test University. Angelo, Jean Marie // District Administration;Jul2002, Vol. 38 Issue 7, p10
Reports on AOL Time Warner Inc.'s acquisition of stake in Test University.
- TIME TAKES A TUMBLE. Goldsmith, Jill // Daily Variety;7/19/2001, Vol. 272 Issue 33, p1
Reports on the performance of the stocks of AOL Time Warner Inc. as of July 19, 2001. Effects of the decline of the stock price of the company on the stocks of other companies in the industry; Economic outlook offered by U.S. Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan.
- SNARED IN WEB FEARS. Oppelaar, Justin // Daily Variety;4/11/2002, Vol. 275 Issue 30, p4
Reports on the decline of AOL Time Warner shares in Wall Street. Percentage of stock value decrease; Revision of company forecast revenues; Increase of Walt Disney Co. stocks.
- AOL TV stock socked again. Goldsmith, Jill // Daily Variety;6/5/2002, Vol. 276 Issue 3, p1
Reports the decline of the stocks of AOL Time Warner Inc. in the U.S. Reduction in the projected revenue of the company; Factors contributing to the decline; Appointment of Chief Operating Officer Robert Pittman to turn the ailing business.
- MEDIA SUCKED INTO SELLOFF. Goldsmith, Jill // Daily Variety;7/22/2002, Vol. 276 Issue 34, p21
Reports on the decline in the stock of AOL Time Warner as the conglomerate's retopped management was unable to fend off a broader market swoon. Percentage of the decline; Factor making difficult to gauge the reaction of Wall Street to the revamp; Lawsuit filed by law firm Berger & Montague...
- Sagging ads sap AOL revs. Goldsmith, Jill // Daily Variety;12/4/2002, Vol. 277 Issue 42, p1
Focuses on the factors contributing to the sagging stock of AOL Time Warner in the U.S. Addition of cheap online services; Emphasis on increasing advertising and commerce revenue; Changes in the company's top executives.
- STREET HEATS AOL TW. Goldsmith, Jill // Daily Variety;6/26/2003, Vol. 279 Issue 57, p5
Discusses the upgrade of the stocks of AOL Time Warner Inc. in the U.S. Increase of revenues; Sale of a stake in Comedy Central to Viacom; Settlement of a lawsuit with Microsoft Corp.


text:
September 3, 2001, 11:55 AM
Hello, my son has an old weopon that appears to be some sort of blunderbuss or shot firing gun. It is a percussion type, with a eight sided at the base barrel that becomes cylinderical as it approches the end of the barrel.The stock locks like beechwood and is full length and is easily removed. The gun has three distinc parts; barrel, hammer ignition area and the stock. There are two proof marks on the unexposed side of the barrel. The trigger guard is one piece and covered in the same ornate scroll as the butt plateand side plates. The name"FENTON" appears on the right side plate. The gun came with a loading rod and aiming device, both missing, however the retaining devices are still present. The barrel is attached by two slide pins and the trigger guard is slid forward into the stock and then retained by a screw at the rear. Any assistance would be greatly appreciated. Thank You, Greg Balbier


text:
the law goes to school
You too can have a real live lawyer come visit your classroom if you're in Delaware. Details to that and more are on the pages of the Delaware Law Related Educational Center, Inc. (DELREC) Note to people from outside of Delaware -- we have a thing for strange acronyms in the first state. They also have information about the 2003 Delaware High School mock trial competition, including some specifics about the case in question. This is a great program, and the winners have the opportunity to compete in a National Mock Trial Competition.
Streetlaw.org also has some very good pages on law and education. They also recently set up a site for teachers interested in presenting material about the US Supreme Court called Landmarkcases.org. There are some interesting activities on those pages, like this one which has participants consider whether the Miranda case should be overturned.


text: Grid View List View Latest Most Viewed Most Commented QRPGuys Digital Field Strength Meter 0 July 6, 2019 Building the QRPGuys Digital Field Strength Meter! N2PK Vector Network Analyzer Part I 0 May 4, 2019 SMD Challenge Misery Edition Part 2 0 March 2, 2019 Your First Kit! 410 December 16, 2018 Video Categories Antenna Analyzers AQRP Antenna Analyzer Antennas Desktop Kilowatt Amplifier Project G3SEK Tetrode Board IC-7000 ID-5100A Kits Latest Mobile Radio RFI Resolution Rigs Surface Mount Soldering Vector Network Analyzers N2PK Vector Network Analyzer Connect To BT


text:
Acer palmatum 'Wildfire' Coral bark Winter Interest Japanese Maple #japanesemaple
Acer palmatum 'Wildfire' Coral bark Winter Interest Japanese MapleYou can buy Acer palmatum 'Wildfire' winter interest Japanese maple online mail-order. Wildfire is a beautiful coral bark interest Japanese maple. A purchase of a Wildfire coral bark Japanese maple is a true investment in your yard! Acer palmatum Wildfire is the coral barked Japanese maple for you. Buy this Wild fire coral bark Japanese maple tree online with confidence at our online Japanese maple store.


text:
You should sell this and you'll probably get alot of money ;D
8 Comments
from hell to eternity
Amazing draw. 10
looks really good 10
Hmm signatures are always hard to think of, but if you find one that suits you then show it off!! (well for a note I also suck at writing them so don't blame me!!)
"I'm trying hard not to be a plague"
this is amazing, love it! goes to my favs!!
El arte es el reflejo del mundo, si el mundo es horrible, el reflejo también lo es. PAUL VERHOEVEN
Art is the reflection of the world, if the world is horrible, the reflection is too. PAUL VERHOEVEN


text:
Revealed: Reason behind Kamal Haasan's next cameo appearance
A couple of days ago Indiaglitz had reported that Ulaganayagan Kamal Haasan will be making a cameo appearance in 'Meenkuzhambbum Manpaanayum'. Dushyanth Ramkumar the grandson of Nadigar Thilagam Sivaji Ganesan and the son of the veteran's elder son Ramkumar.
READ ALSO: Kamal Haasan's favour for Sivaji Ganesan family
Now the makers have officially confirmed Kamal Haasan's participation in the project.
The official statement released by the makers today says "Ulaga Nayagan Dr.Kamal Hassan has agreed to do a special appearance in the Film "Meen Kuzhambbum Manpaanayum. The film is being produced by Nadigar Thilagam Sivaji Ganesan`s Grandson Dusshyanth Ramkumar and his wife Abirami Dusshyanth under their banner Eshan Productions. The producers believe it could not have been possible but for the Respect, Love and Affection Dr.Kamal Hassan has for Nadigar Thilagam."
The film stars Ashna Zaveri as the female lead opposite Kalidas the son of actor Jayaram. Veteran actor Prabhu plays an important supporting role in the flic while Pooja Kumar of Viswaroopam` fame is acting in an important character of a female don based in Malaysia. The supporting cast also includes veterans, Oorvasi, M.S.Baskar, Santhana Bharathi , R.S.Shivaji and other in its cast.
The Movie is directed by debutant Amudeshvar and the principal crew comprises of Music director D. Imman , Lyrist Madhan Karky, Cinematographer Laxman Kumar, Editor Richard Kevin and Art Director: M.Prabaharan , Production Controller: S.Anand and Line
Dushyanth has launched a new production banner Eshan Production and this is the first film he is producing a film on his own. He has been taking care of the production ventures of Sivaji Productions owned by the veteran`s family.


text:
Add to Calendar
July 20, 2019 all-day
We are adding an event to our lineup this year! Our school system needs our support, and we want the community to come together and help out. We will be hosting another Movie in the park on July 20. ALL proceeds from this event will be used to purchase school supplies to be donated to Nettleton Schools. (concession stand proceeds included) We would love to also have carnival games, face painting, etc at this event, but we will need volunteers to help in order to pull that off. We will have a meeting on July 8, 6:00 PM, at Mockingbird Monograms. Let's make this a great way to get the students excited for the new school year!


text:
White pages willoughby Shepparton
Wilooughby see the event's own news page for more details. Note that some events choose to operate New Year events at a different times from usual. A red Tamworth mail online means that the team has declared that an event will not take place. A blank box means that the team has not yet decided whether an event will take place.
|Relationship Status:
|I Am Search Sexy Chat
|Relation Type:
|Hot Horny Ladies Want Uk Dating Site
Views: 6548
Viewing of 58 results. Any property type. Price: Any. Save search. List Map Inspections.
Sort by:. Most relevant. We couldn't find anything that quite matches your search. We've found 58 matches in the surrounding suburbs. Adam Rizk. Added 12 hours ago.
Rebecca Dykman. Lina Lee. Kenny Leung. Tameka Kitchener. Tamara Le Boursicot.
Christmas & New Year Compendium – 2019/20
Robyn Mannix. Jeremy Hong. Lesley Knight.
Franca Petrucci. Agent: Madelin Allen. Added 9 hours ago. Agent: Rodney Fraser. Agent: Lisa Lightfoot. Agent: Tanya Lal. Deposit Received - Open Home Cancelled. Rent NSW House. Escort service in south Palmerston in.
Katie Spackman. Yellow Pages Yellow Pages. Rage yoga has started to stretch across the Pags. There are a further 19 beds for patients requiring overnight. Yahoo News Australia.
Agent: Peter Samii-Rashti. Agent: Christine Tedja. Find the latest golf news White pages willoughby Shepparton all the major tours and updates from around the world.
Moss U. Wollongong wikloughby Greater Region houses for rent. The San Pedro Sun. The callsign stood for Brisbane Television Queensland. Our team of over 18, Lily massage spa Ballarat understands that healthcare is a special business. Meeting of the Parliament 09 October [Draft] : 09 October Episode guide, trailer, review, preview, cast list and where to stream it on demand, on catch up and download.
Naremburn rental properties. Dubbo and Orana houses wil,oughby rent. ❶Robyn Mannix. Best lesbian dating app.
Want Cock White pages willoughby Shepparton
Numeris Spring Beds: Any. Forbes - Greater Region houses for rent. Channel Islands or Isle of Man. Tweed Shire houses for rent. Microsoft does not willloughby using IE as your default browser. Naremburn rental properties. You are about to report this weather station for bad data.
A new study suggests roadway congestion could get worse in the coming years.|The following services are provided at this site: Shepparyon Medical - requires referral - Further Description - Specialist White pages willoughby Shepparton - Reservoir Private Hospital is a specialist consulting and Date Mildura guys surgery centre.
Attract more customers by Men of Endeavour Hills beach more content such as opening hours, logo. Dr Tim Rutherford is Sheppaton Melbourne dermatologist with a sub-specialisation in the field of detection White pages willoughby Shepparton management White pages willoughby Shepparton skin cancer and sun damage.
View contact details, open hours, phone number and address. Reservoir Private Hospital October — Present 4 years 11 months. Get Willoughbu Phone Number 03 Our aim is to provide you with exceptional personalised health care so that your stay with us is as pleasant as possible.
Please take time to read the information provided and, if necessary, seek clarification from Nursing Staff. Contact info Consulting Specialist Suites.
White pages willoughby Shepparton Amature Women Wants Sex Partner Sexy Black Woman Seeking The Same
Office Hours 8.]Find Real Estate & Property For Rent with 4 bedrooms in St Leonards, NSW. Search for real estate and view the latest listings of St Leonards, NSW View contact details, open hours, phone number and address. Private On behalf of Management and Staff, we welcome you to Shepparton Private Hospital. Reservoir Reservoir Radiology, Reservoir Private Hospital, 24 Willoughby Street. 3. CONTENTS.
Page. Abbreviations. 8. Addresses—Postal and Telegraphic.
4 White, 4 J. White E (Act Lt. (W)). White, G D. White, M W D. White, N H S. White, R A C. White, R B, Scwell Willoughby Sidney, M B, B S Shepparton.


text:
There are no reviews yet.
Only logged in customers who have purchased this product may leave a review.
At the touch of a button, enjoy great tasting, healthy foods or make natural skin care products!
Magical Butter uses exculsive technology to extract botanical nutrients directly into butter, cooking oil, alcohol and lotions. Works with a variety of oils, butter, alcohol & glycerin.
Fully automatic, microprocesor-controlled program sequences, 2 button simpilcity for effortless ease of use, pitcher constructed of stainless steel, integrated digital thermostat & sensors, makes 2.5 cups/475mL per cycle, Self Cleaning


text:
Cops identify owners of 2 vehicles used in ambush of ex-Pangasinan gov
MANILA, Philippines — Police on Friday said it has already identified the owners of two vehicles used by the assailants in the Sept. 11 ambush of former Pangasinan governor and congressman Amado Espino Jr. in San Carlos City.
Lt. Col Mary Crystal Peralta, spokesperson of the Police Regional Office 1 (Ilocos Region), said the PNP already established the identities of the owners of the Ford Everest and Hyundai Elantra used by the gunmen. The INQUIRER.net, however, is not releasing these names pending the result of the police investigation.
In a press briefing, Peralta said that the blue Ford Everest was abandoned by the assailants in Barangay Pasima, Malasiqui town in Pangasinan, while the red Hyundai Elantra was also abandoned in Barangay Cobol in San Carlos City.
A third vehicle, a black Toyota Wigo, has yet to be recovered by the police.
Peralta told INQUIRER.net in a text message that the police are still investigating if the two recovered vehicles were carnapped.
Espino's two-car convoy was waylaid on Wednesday afternoon in Barangay Magtaking before gunmen opened fire. Espino survived the ambush, but his driver and one of his police escorts died.
READ: Ex-Pangasinan Gov. Amado Espino Jr. hurt in ambush; 1 aide killed
She said that the police will also invite in their office the owners of the two vehicles, where high-powered firearms and ammunition were found, to possibly help in the investigation.
"Wala po silang dapat ipagtago kung alam po nila sa kanilang sarili na malinis ang kanilang konsiyensiya, at may due process naman [They do not have to hide anything if they know that their conscience is clear, and there is due process anyway]," she said.
Peralta said the assailants might have left the vehicles since they feared to be subjected to checkpoint operations and that their long firearms would easily be noticed by the police.
She said the police have already secured several witnesses and are checking footages from nearby closed-circuit television cameras to establish the case and determine the motive behind the crime. /jpv
Subscribe to INQUIRER PLUS to get access to The Philippine Daily Inquirer & other 70+ titles, share up to 5 gadgets, listen to the news, download as early as 4am & share articles on social media. Call 896 6000.


text:
Manitoba Brandon Winnipeg. How backpage providence State College Classified keeps my information safe? Exit I Accept the terms, continue. Listing from adult industries to State College dating; State College, Pennsylvania local places to gigs, real-estate to the State College community, musicians to automotive; everything is being advertised here on the State College backpage replacement site, backpage providence State College.
Read more Lucy lawless boobpedia.
Many alternative to backpage State College sites popped up overnight, but most of them didn't deliver any success to the State College backpage users because of having little to no traffic at all! CHF Swiss Franc. VEF Venezuelan Bolivar. Delaware Dover Wilmington. TWD Taiwan Dollar. UYU Uruguayan Peso. BRL Brazilian Real.
State College Female Escorts
showing media posts for before and after xxx
Trans escorts sunshine coast
: secretaries pantyhose peeing tube sex archive
Escort service stockholm svenks porr
State College, PA
august ames free videos
Monica chow nude
Jurnee smollett bell nude - Sissy Training
Adult rimbledon model smart anal friend sex pics
Agniya. Age: 25. Hi! Check my vids here..


text:
Tag Archives: party food
Pretzel Shamrocks: A Chocolate St. Patrick's Day Treat
Indoor S'mores Treat: Double Chocolate S'mores Bark
Big Game Day Party Dip Recipes
Simple Cream Cheese, Bacon & Jalapeño Dip
Simple and delicious. This dip is the perfect combination of a few of my favorite ingredients and it tastes great with chips, crackers, or on a tortilla. Who am I kidding? It tastes good on a spoon too!! My Simple Cream Cheese, Bacon & Jalapeño Dip recipe is too easy not to add to your list… Read More


text:
B-604 Glory, Vasant Marvel, Near Magathane Telephone Exchange, Western Express Highway, Borivali East, Mumbai, MH 400066 Directions
Since 1998
Personal Difficulties, Marital and Couple Therapy, Relationship, Personal Life and Emotional Issues, Repeating Patterns of Distress, Challenging Situations, Depression, Extra-Marital Affair, Anxiety, Stage Fear, Divorce, Individual, Pre-Marital and Marriage Counselling, Anger, Writing and Public Speaking Problem & Stress
'Dr. Sanjoy Mukerji' is a gold medalist plus national and international award-winning psychologist with over 20 years of vast experience and practice. He has been helpful in healing and helping thousands of people across the world through his Counselling, therapy, talks, lectures, seminars, and workshops. 'Sanjoy' offers counselling service in a dependable, supportive, safe, secure, and comfortable environment. He also provides online Counselling. He has researched and specialised in mind-body medicine/therapy in the field of alternative medicines. 'Sanjoy' invited as a Keynote Speaker in various countries; such as Japan, Dubai, Italy, Thailand, Mauritius, and Germany.
India's Best Psychologist in 2016 - International Excellence Award in 2018 - Global Achievers Award in 2011 - Shining Image of India, Rank-1 Marriage Counsellor in 2011 - Excellence in Spiritual Psychotherapy in 2013
Price: Starts from ₹2500 (for a slot of one hour)
TBR® Inspection Report
Sab TV-Kalinga Lane, Shastri Nagar, New Link Road, Andheri West, C-002, Nyayadeep Co-op Housing Society, Mumbai, MH 400053 Directions
Since 2016
Group, Relationship, Individual, Career and Child Counselling, Low Self Confidence, Depression, Mood Swings, Training Program, Learning Disability Assessment, Self-Esteem, ADHD/ADD, Personal Effectiveness for a Balanced Living, Workshops/Soft Skills, Guilt Anxiety, Coping and Managing Stress, Dealing with Fear, Play Therapy & Adult Assessment
'iThrive Counselling' is a blend of a clinical and counselling psychologists. The clinic works towards achieving and maintaining a balanced emotional, physical, mental, and spiritual health which will ultimately lead to a joyful and meaningful existence. Their goal is to assist you in healing that aspect and enabling you to take charge of your life. The centre focuses on offering a non-judgmental environment to help individuals work on blind spots and free yourself from emotional baggage. The counselling centre provides standard and customised behavioural training depending upon an organisation's need. They value your personal space and your privacy that completely guarded at all times.
TBR® Inspection Report
Rizvi Park, E28 Grounf Floor, S.V.Road, Opposite Syndicate Bank ATM, Santacruz West, Mumbai, MH 400054 Directions
Since 2001
Depression and Anxiety Disorder, Stress Management, Sleep Disorders, Feeling of Fear, Insecure Feeling, Disappointment, Feeling of Being Ill Treated, Panic Attacks, Family Conflicts, Lack of Caring, Problems in Relationships, Mental Agony, Grief, Sorrow and Loss, Crying Tendency, Suicidal Thoughts, Bitter Feelings, Angry & Substance Abuse
Dr. Pradnya Jayant Ajinkya is an occupational and psychological counsellor, specialised in forensic psychology and criminal profiling. She is expertise in individual, family, marriage, child and adolescent counselling, rehabilitation, and psycho-educational assessments. Ajinkya is knowledgeable, compassionate, helpful, loving, and evaluates where problems exist, or where changes are likely to improve your life satisfaction and overall psychological adjustment. She patiently listens to each person and offers effective counselling sessions.


text:
Our very silly panel show podcast is available from iTunes, Pocket Casts, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Contains rude words and themes of an adult nature.
Note: pre-show nonsense included, show starts a few minutes in.
If you enjoy the show, please consider supporting it by chucking us a couple of quid
We'll be live-streaming shows during the apocolypse, you can find those on our Facebook page - they will also be released as audio podcasts.


text:
Alderamin on the Sky – Preview
Alderamin on the Sky:
Original Air Dates: July 8, 2016 to ???
Synopsis: The Katjvarna Empire is at war with its neighbor: The Kioka Republic. As tensions are mounting one womanizing, self-obsessed, arrogant young man, Ikta travels across the sea alongside Yatrisino, a level-headed heir to her noble family, Matthew, a wanna-be of royal blood whose family is hardly remembered and others. But when their ship is hit by a nasty storm, it forces their party to abandon ship.
As they attempt to disembark safely, Ikta is forced to save a young girl who, as it turns out, is the princess of their kingdom. When the group reaches a nearby shoreline, they discover they've drifted into enemy territory. Now can Ikta and the rest get the princess back across the border safely?
1st Episode Review (Warning: Some Spoilers to Follow):
Tom: Alderamin on the Sky looks decent much of the time, although near the beginning there's a few places where the characters move about with stilted animation or their faces are slightly off model, but the anime picks up with its marvelous depictions of the ocean and later jungle segments where the landscape is rendered incredibly well. Alderamin's big bonus is how well it weaves its fantasy tale, hurling terminology, bizarre names, and foreign words at the audience yet still manages to make sure none of it feels like an overburden. I walked away having a pretty simplistic, yet solid understanding of the world in which Alderamin takes place and that's always a good first impression.
Linny: I on the other hand, felt a little disengaged as we are thrown into the lives of this group of people on the verge of taking a huge exam. The way the information is doled out, the character introductions, the events, all felt like I had missed an important flashback. Thankfully, the episode didn't throw in so much as to be completely overwhelming and lose me completely and it does make up for it as the episode progressed, giving us more and more information as and when we need it.
Tom: Our lead, Ikta is perhaps a bit too much of an ass for my liking. He's definitely bound to rub more liberal viewers the wrong way, particularly thanks to some controversial dialogue he has concerning his thoughts on a young girl where he alludes that he only sees her as a potential sex object once she ages up. In fact, a good chunk of his dialogue is dedicated to showing what a randy individual he is, and how seriously he takes pursuing women as he gets very mouthy towards a good looking guy he considers a threat. I think the sequence is meant to be humorous, but Alderamin's deadpan approach makes the scene feel serious, bordering on offensive for less broadminded/forgiving viewers. Ikta is clearly meant to be a prickly individual, a character who'll become endearing as he both impresses us and, hopefully, matures. The rest of the cast is introduced in a bare bones manner. We know the redhead, Yatrisino is level-headed, the token fat guy, Matthew is obsessed with becoming famous and well-known, etc. They've each got their shticks down, but we aren't given much more. Considering we've got an ensemble cast it's understandable and I imagine Alderamin's characters will grow and be introduced further over the course of its run. However, it currently is listed as a thirteen episode series, meaning if we keep too focused on plot, these characters may never become as fleshed out as I'd prefer.
Linny: As a female viewer, it was hard not to immediately sneer in disgust at Ikta once he began spouting and acting out his sexist attitude towards women. I can only pray that he matures and redeems himself as the story goes on because otherwise, he just reminds me of some very unpleasant people from my past.
Tom: While Alderamin plays itself serious, there's a couple smaller concepts that come off as unintentionally hilarious. Each character carries around with themselves a tiny sprite who holds magical powers. It's their partner. However, one character apparently utilizes his sprite's powers by loading him like ammo into his gun. It's entirely absurd and broke the tension Alderamin had otherwise been building. I'm sure with some getting used to it'll be fine, but it's definitely an aspect that's initially more funny than intended.
Linny: The story definitely has potential as despite my dislike of Ikta, he and everyone else seem like they are setting out on a classic adventure with lots of action and hopefully lots of character development as well. And like Tom points out, if worst comes to worst, the sight of a cute little sprite being loaded into a gun with a straight face is a source of morbid and tension breaking humour. Based on this first episode, I would say prepare for a weird juxtaposition of cute sprite weapons and political action and adventure.
Tom: Alderamin isn't perfect, and I think it's only off to an okay start, but it does appear to be one of the stronger Light Novel adaptations for the season. It's less focused on fan service than it is on building its interesting and complex fantasy world. I'll be interested to see how the series evolves over the season and with luck it'll become a strong fantasy action/adventure before too long.
Linny: Alderamin has a flawed male lead but sometimes flawed characters make for good redemption stories. Here's to hoping that Alderamin turns out to be such a tale as it has the potential to be a show that delivers political intrigue and adventures galore.
Alderamin on the Sky is available for streaming via Crunchyroll.com.


text:
Rural Development Income Eligibility The USDA rural housing guaranteed loan program requires that you meet certain eligibility requirements related mostly to income and the property you want to buy. A great aspect of USDA loans is that the way you qualify is actually very different than it is with other home loans, such as conventional and FHA mortgages.
For Businesses. Rural Economic Area Partnership Program (REAP Zones) Rural Energy for America Program
USDA-RD/FSA Properties Site The USDA-RD/FSA Resales web site provides current information about single- and multi-family homes and farms and ranches for sale by the U.S. Federal Government. These previously owned properties are for sale by public auction or other method depending on the property.
How To Apply For A Hud Home Loan Usda Austin Tx Texas interactive 1990 usda hardiness zone map. based on the 1990 USDA Hardiness Zone Map, this interactive version covers the state of Texas which ranges from USDA Zone 6a to USDA Zone 9b.Get the Scoop on Benefits.gov. From home buying help to rental assistance and enforcing equal opportunity housing initiatives, the site makes it easy to click on the HUD programs that meet your interest. For example, to inquire about section 8 vouchers, click on the Housing Choice Voucher Program to access a page that explains what the program does,
The property you select will need to be located in a usda eligible area to be able to obtain a USDA home loan. Property must be in an eligible rural area or community. Generally, these are communities of fewer than 10,000 persons except that certain communities between 10,000 and 25,000 population are considered rural based .
USDA Property Eligibility – USDA Home Loan – The property you select will need to be located in a USDA eligible area to be able to obtain a USDA home loan. Property must be in.
Fha Loan Eligibility Map Home Purchase Loans Mortgage Center – Calculators, Mortgage & Interest Rates. – Find financial calculators, mortgage rates, mortgage lenders, insurance quotes, refinance information, home equity loans, credit reports and home finance advice.Family Home Providers, a non-profit housing company, offers down payment assistance for families with steady employment. This opens up the opportunity of homeownership to many families that could otherwise never purchase a home.
1 and remain eligible for their full 2019 prevented planting indemnity. A bipartisan group of U.S. senators urged the change in a letter to USDA Under Secretary Bill Northey, noting the increased.
USDA Eligibility Map helps determine if a property is eligible for a USDA home loan USDA Home loans from Primary Residential Mortgage is perfect for purchasing a new home or refinancing your existing home.
The loophole is known as "broad-based categorical eligibility." The policy, among other things, allows applicants to bypass an assets test, so someone could qualify for food stamps even if he or she.
Carson First Time Home Buyers Program Carson City (775) 687-2036 Toll Free: 1-800-227-4960. No first-time homebuyer requirement Financing available for manufactured homes. homebuyer programs. "We met with our lender who introduced us to the Home Is Possible program. We were pre-approved
A USDA home loan is a 100% financing (zero down payment) mortgage offered by the U.S Department of Agriculture to home buyers in less densely populated areas of the country. Eligibility is.
USDA's Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) will administer the ATP under authorities of the CCC. The ATP will provide cost-share assistance to eligible U.S. organizations for activities such as.
Other USDA Eligibility Requirements; USDA Loan Property Eligibility Map You can use this interactive map to help determine if a home currently meets the USDA's property eligibility requirements. Areas in red are not currently eligible for a USDA-backed loan. property eligibility areas can change annually and are based on population size and.


text:
Hi I play Sinchume on the Highkeep server. I play an alchemist, jeweler, provisioner, and an armorer. I have been assembling a lot notes on chemistry and would love to help with this project. My user page is at w:user:Maetrics. I've added a bunch of stuff today, I hope it is all helpful. Started the chapter on Mob drops and Recipes. Please take a look at EverQuest II/Crafting/Recipes/unknown and my update to EverQuest II/Crafting/Recipes/Tin_Bar. Let me know how you guys like the format of both. Also, I'm not sure how were are naming the pages for the recipe books. So I just listed a bunch of books I have and will add content to them later. One thing that bothers me is that we name the pages on raw ingredients with lower case, yet all the other pages have upper case letters. Makes it difficult for linking without double checking everything first.
- PS: I've also added a template for recipes template: EQ2 Recipe. We might possibly think about templating common pages such as recipe books, ingrediants, and recipes
Useful Templates[edit]
To Do List[edit]
Raw Materials[edit]
To fill in the blanks, and complete 'Where used' pages.
Isle of Refugedone 2005-11-11 Tier 1done 2005-11-23 Tier 2done 2006-06-23 Tier 3done 2006-06-23 Tier 4done 2006-06-23 Tier 5done 2006-06-23 Tier 6done 2006-06-23 Tier 7done 2006-06-23
To complete all the books with recipes within each section.
- Artisan
- Craftsman
- Outfitter
- Scholar
- Cross Class
Food and Drink[edit]
To add all the food & drink links and attributes.


text:
Relaxing At The Beach - Cross Stitch Pattern
Click Picture to Zoom
In Stock. Usually ships in 1-2 business days.
Item: 18-1770
Type: Cross Stitch Patterns
Designer: Blackberry Lane Designs
Model stitched over 2 threads on 32 Ct. Haven Belfast linen with DMC floss, Weeks Dye Works floss and shown with buttons from Just Another Button Company (4498S, 4574S, 4466S). Stitch Count: 83W x 42H. Design Size: 6" x 3"
|More Items Like Relaxing At The Beach - Cross Stitch Pattern


text:
Cub in Training
This is my last back blip, as I've finally caught up from my trip. Not caught up with processing photos, but at least I've gotten them all downloaded. This was taken early morning, when the lighting was perfect for viewing, but not quite ideal for my camera/lens. Still, I captured the moment and it makes me feel happy to revisit the moment. Two lionesses (with five cubs) had taken down an impala. The cubs got the general idea, but one time we watched them eating less than desirable sections of the animal. They might have learned with a tummy ache. I've also included a photo of a kingfisher, a Brown-hooded version to be exact.


text:
Nestled in the sand dunes across the street from Sunset Park at the entrance to the beach is our community Little Free Library. It has been well received by residents and tourists alike, and as the Little Free Library grows in popularity, exchanges and donations from the community become more and more necessary to promote reading for children and adults alike.
To spice up our Little Free Library for the summer, a handful of Coronado Coloring Books have been added to the exchange. What a better way to share in the joy of our town than to color it together! Come to the beach and color. Make a swap, or donate your latest and greatest read.


text:
Pro rider Leander Vyvey has been recovering for almost 5 months now and will be pushing himself, to compete again with the top of the game!
"What an amazing feeling to be riding again!", he says,
"Since my shoulder surgery last December, I have been (successfully) recovering for almost 5 months now."
"Slowly picking up the routine again and in a few weeks from now I should also be able to restart my unhooked tricks!Great to know that I will no longer be sitting on the side and watch how all of you rip these great conditions!I will continue my cardio and physical training to get 100% in shape as soon and as healthy as possible and I keep my eye on some of the more important competitions this late summer!"
Here you go Leander!Wish you a great come back and see you on the water!
Follow Leander on Facebook here


text:
Discipline: Education
This paper addresses the challenges and imperatives of the Philippine's higher education institutions (HEIs) in the era of knowledge economy. It asserts, among others, that there is no dichotomy between knowledge economy and academic excellence or intellectual pursuits, the classical raison d'etre of universities since time immemorial. Republic Act 7722 enacted in 1994 by the Philippine Congress creating the Commission on Higher Education, is supportive of the said concept. However, the paper underscores that academic excellence and intellectual pursuits must not be detached from the larger society. It must have a societal conscience, a socially relevant purpose that can be felt by the multitude of poor at the base of the global economic pyramid. Academic excellence is not excellent if it cannot provide food to the hungry. Intellectual pursuit is not intelligent if it cannot provide clothes and shelter to the many poor, who like Lazarus are waiting for crumbs at the gate. The world is not wanting of scholarly dissertations on poverty alleviation. The magnum opus of Adam Smith (1776), An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations (for brevity, The Wealth of Nations), is about wealth and poverty. The Asian Drama of Gunnar Myrdal (1971) is not a Broadway play but a scholarly inquiry into thepoverty of Asia. The End of Poverty, a book of Jeffrey Sachs (2005), one of the framers of the Millennium Development Goals, is an ambitious thesis, also about poverty alleviation. All three celebrated books that span more than a total of 200 years are supposed to be beacon lights that should guide us to the road of our emancipation from poverty. In the same breadth, this paper also asserts that intellectual pursuits can no longer remain within the geographic boundaries of one particular nation or culture. Such pursuits must be framed within a broader, and wider macro-environmental context. Besides educating the total person, HEIs engaging the knowledge economy must develop their students not only as knowledge workers and leaders, but also as socially responsible global citizens, critical thinkers, who are able to effectively use/apply knowledge to produce economic benefits for mankind. As Joseph Stiglitz, the Nobel Prize laureate in economics has pointed out, we can no longer ignore the protest of the multitude of poor at the base of the global economic pyramid. Jeffrey Sachs of the Millennium Development Goals was passionate to see the end of poverty in his lifetime. Contextual factors and issues such as globalization, multi-cultural diversity, information/knowledge intensity, networking and connectivity, were presented in the paper within the ambit of the knowledge economy, vis a vis the imperatives of promoting international understanding, cooperation, and world peace. Challenges and imperatives that must be addressed by HEIs were brought about by the world-flatteners (Friedman, 2005). Dramatic changes in the macro-environment, were identified and discussed, from which conclusions and recommendations were drawn, carefully avoiding over-analysis that usually leads to paralysis. Two crucial issues stand out in this paper that must be addressed with urgency by HEIs engaging the knowledge economy: poverty alleviation and climate change. Finally, the general frame of this paper supports the view that knowledge economy is the road to better quality of life and prosperity. It supports our collective dream of a world free of poverty, aligned with the Millennium Development Goals; a world that: 1) promotes socialequity, better quality of life in all nooks and crannies of this one and onlyplanet that God has given us; 2) fights poverty with passion andcommitment; and 3) helps people help themselves and their environmentby sharing and applying knowledge to build capacity and produceeconomic benefits for sustainable development.


text:
5 Simple Statements About small fishing boats Explained
The 1622 Flyfisher, the smallest member of Motion Craft's inshore boat fleet, characteristics the builder's renowned QuiDry hull, for just a dry, relaxed ride and silent poling with no hull slap to warn fish in the boat's presence. The Flyfisher's unobstructed, practical layout and the big snag-totally free deck make it a light-weight-tackle and fly caster's aspiration.
A precursor to your dory variety was the early French bateau form, a flat bottom boat with straight sides utilised as early as 1671 within the Saint Lawrence River.[9] The common coastal boat of the time was the wherry as well as merging with the wherry style and design Using the simplified flat bottom of the bateau resulted inside the birth of the dory.
I asked 5 builders to share info on a single of their runabout fishing skiffs, demonstrate the charm, and describe the customer. Their summaries are down below, in alphabetical buy by builder.
Without the hassles and added prices associated with rigid hulls. A top-quality inflatable craft that needs no trailer and might be fished almost everywhere from skinny to deep drinking water and every little thing in between.
End pursuing Chris P. 5/27/2013 I were hunting for a new fishing boat and was told about A Small Fishing Boat. Soon after investigating their Web-site I found two boats I was incredibly interested in. Soon after exchanging several e-mail and phone calls I went for the shop totally prepared to invest in among the two boats. Well, although taking a look at this I noticed a third just one.
Beavertail considers this the Swiss Military Knife of its boat lineup. The builder promises it usually takes the rough oceanside circumstances often encountered when targeting tarpon in Florida during the annual migration, and in addition operate and pole conveniently on shallow, backcountry flats to stalk tailing redfish and bonefish. Stealth is An important virtue from the Strike, which Beavertail created to permit anglers to pole silently into placement and Forged to cautious game fish with two to three anglers aboard.
Bay boats are equivalent in thought, just with deeper bottoms, or "hulls", and a bit higher sides to deliver a smoother, safer trip in rougher coastal waters. Both of those varieties of boats ordinarily aspect one or more livewells, made use of principally to keep Reside bait. Both of those also could attribute a "jack plate," a movable motor mount that will increase the motor vertically to enable the boat to carry on running in shallow h2o.
Also, the current skiff has a new fall-nose sharp-V hull that offers an extra-clean experience even in chop. Sharper base chines and stern edges are two far more enhancements Ankona built to the Copperhead to improve the performance of the skiff. These modifications Improve velocity and help the boat aircraft speedier, and also make tighter turns.
No Compromises. Should you're searching for a functional deep V-hull, below's your boat. Superfisherman has the seating and characteristics that every loved ones desires, without compromising the storage and specs essential for major fishing. It's all the things for everyone – Superfisherman by Starcraft.
We acquired the most beneficial support I could possibly think about. I'd lots of thoughts & the employees place my mind at simplicity & went out in their way to get anything we needed. I extremely endorse A Small Fishing Boat.
Some concentrate on shallow fishing and backcountry recreation; others offer you households an array of possible takes advantage of, from enjoyment boating to watersports. For insufficient a greater identify, we're calling them runabout fishing skiffs.
Although Montauks have sixteen degrees of deadrise angle for the transom, this read more traditional skiff with its squared-off bow typifies utilitarian layout.
There's without a doubt this is a premier flats boat. The builder's good quality construction, fantastic in good shape and finish and excellent awareness to detail are apparent. The hull style and design provides a gentle, dry journey, and surprisingly shallow draft. It's also capable of significant speeds and Safe and sound, comfy runs in massive, open up h2o. Dry storage fore and aft is in depth and simply accessible. Rod lockers alongside both equally gunwales are spectacular, created to protect against tangles though safely cradling rods pointing in each Instructions.
INSHORE ATTRIBUTES: In many ways, This is actually the quintessential inshore Heart console which has a pedigree that harkens again to Boston Whaler's traditional 17 Montauk. The 210 Montauk will take this System to new amounts of angling performance. A shallow draft enables you to stalk sport in skinny water.


text:
Take a trip with Dag Savage (Exile and Johaz) as they shoot a video for "The Beginning" with tour mates Blu, Denmark Vessey and Quelle Chris before sound ...On June 25, 2014 / By ManOnWire
Lots of Pragmatic Theory artists on this dumb long (69 track) release from Italdred. Italdred Links : Website / Facebook / Twitter CLICK HERE FOR FREE DOWNLOAD Italdred ...On January 4, 2014 / By ManOnWire
True School Collective or TSC our a group of artists that have a passion & belief in making conscious Hip Hop much like Native Tongues of the late ...On February 1, 2012 / By ManOnWire
B.Lewis is a producer from California who creates not just beats, but all different genres of music. DOWNLOAD B.Lewis – Talking Chairs FREE ...On February 28, 2010 / By ManOnWire
© Rhythm22 - Underground Music & Culture Magazine


text:
Team Building in Garner
At Amaze Room Escapes, we work with our Garner clients towards a mutual goal. That mutual goal is to provide the best team building services that they can possibly experience. Clients all throughout the location area come to us when they need quality team building services.
What makes this all possible is the passion for team building industry that we at Amaze Room Escapes maintain. This passion for our work and the services we offer is what helps us meet any challenges we face every day serving the Garner area.
Trust us with your team building needs in the Garner area. We have a plethora of experience bringing our expertise to the table and making it convenient and easy for customers to work with Amaze Room Escapes. Your experience with us is very crucial and will be made a top priority.
For professional team building services that focus on serving the customers needs, contact Amaze Room Escapes. We have the experience and skill needed to provide you with top of the line services in the Garner area. Call us today to see how we can help.
Amaze Room Escapes
3209 Gresham Lake Rd
Raleigh, NC 27615
(984) 200-3402


text:
Microbial communities that deconstruct plant biomass have broad relevance in biofuel production and global carbon cycling. Biomass pretreatments reduce plant biomass recalcitrance for increased efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis. We exploited these chemical pretreatments to study how thermophilic bacterial consortia adapt to deconstruct switchgrass (SG) biomass of various compositions. Microbial communities were adapted to untreated, ammonium fiber expansion (AFEX)-pretreated, and ionic-liquid (IL)-pretreated SG under aerobic, thermophilic conditions using green waste compost as the inoculum to study biomass deconstruction by microbial consortia. After microbial cultivation, gravimetric analysis of the residual biomass demonstrated that both AFEX and IL pretreatment enhanced the deconstruction of the SG biomass approximately 2-fold. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) experiments and acetyl bromide-reactive-lignin analysis indicated that polysaccharide hydrolysis was the dominant process occurring during microbial biomass deconstruction, and lignin remaining in the residual biomass was largely unmodified. Small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene amplicon libraries revealed that although the dominant taxa across these chemical pretreatments were consistently represented by members of the Firmicutes, the Bacteroidetes, and Deinococcus-Thermus, the abundance of selected operational taxonomic units (OTUs) varied, suggesting adaptations to the different substrates. Combining the observations of differences in the community structure and the chemical and physical structure of the biomass, we hypothesize specific roles for individual community members in biomass deconstruction.
Complex microbial communities, typically consisting of bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists, depolymerize plant biomass across natural environments (1). These communities have important roles in the cycling of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems and as sources of enzymes to hydrolyze plant polysaccharides to sugars for conversion to biofuels (2). It has been reported that the microbial community structure corresponds with the complexity of the cell wall structures in plants (3), making it challenging to understand the structure and dynamics of natural biomass-deconstructing microbial communities. Investigations of simplified communities that deconstruct biomass with predictable plant cell wall structures are vital, as they can provide insights into how microbes deconstruct plant biomass that can be translated to more complex systems (4–8).
Chemical pretreatment of plant biomass provides a well-established method to generate differential biomass substrates that have predictable physiochemical properties (9). Pretreatment reorients the physical structure of the plant cell wall and reduces the recalcitrance of the polysaccharides, cellulose, and hemicellulose (10). Depending on the pretreatment, some plant polymers, primarily hemicellulose and lignin, are depolymerized, and the resulting substrate is enriched in cellulose (11). Two prominent chemical pretreatments of biomass are ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) pretreatment, in which gaseous ammonia disrupts the plant cell wall while maintaining the composition of the biomass (10, 12, 13), and ionic-liquid (IL) pretreatment, in which molten organic salts are used to achieve partial dissolution of biomass, yielding a cellulose-enriched substrate in which the polysaccharides are much more accessible than in the native biomass. Both pretreatments substantially increase the rate and extent of enzymatic polysaccharide hydrolysis compared to untreated biomass. AFEX- and IL-pretreated samples are useful in comparative studies because the native biomass structure is extensively disrupted in IL pretreatment but is less perturbed during AFEX pretreatment.
Here, we describe parallel enrichments of compost-derived consortia grown under aerobic conditions on untreated and pretreated (AFEX-pretreated and IL-pretreated) switchgrass. These parallel enrichments demonstrated that community structure was influenced by the physiochemical properties of the biomass substrate and that polysaccharides in the pretreated substrates were preferably depolymerized over lignin.
Sample collection and enrichment of thermophilic consortia.Compost samples were purchased from a municipal green waste compositing facility, the Newby Island Sanitary Landfill (NIC) in Milpitas, CA, USA (37°27′15.52″N, 121°55′17.35″W). The green waste consisted of yard trimmings and discarded food waste from an end-stage compost pile. Samples were transported to the lab at room temperature and inoculated within 24 h. The ionic-liquid (IL)-pretreated switchgrass was prepared by heating switchgrass with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate as previously described and washed with water to remove the ionic liquid (11). Ammonium fiber expansion (AFEX)-pretreated switchgrass was prepared as previously described and washed with water after pretreatment to remove readily solubilized compounds (14). Untreated switchgrass was extracted with water and ethanol to remove soluble compounds (6). The adaptation of thermophilic consortia to purified biomass substrates was described previously (5). Briefly, biomass substrates (0.5%, wt/vol) were the sole supplemented carbon and energy source in 50 ml of M9 medium augmented with vitamins and buffered with 10 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) at a final pH of 6.5 (6). Approximately 0.5 g of the NIC compost material was inoculated into the initial enrichments. Three biological replicates for each carbon source were incubated in parallel at 60°C under aerobic conditions at 200 rpm. The enrichments were serially passed through five sets of liquid cultures (10% [vol/vol] inoculum). Total DNA recovered from the cultures after 2 weeks of growth ranged from ca. 100 to 300 μg of DNA per 50 ml culture. DNA was not recovered from the control samples without substrate after the first passage, as previously reported (5). Additional control experiments were performed in duplicate with each biomass substrate in the absence of inoculation. No microbial growth was evident in these uninoculated controls.
Measurement of glycoside hydrolase activity.At the end of each serial passage, glycoside hydrolase (GH) activity was measured using the 3,5-dinitrosalicyclic acid assay with 50 mM MES at a pH 6.0 as described previously (5). Standard curves ranging from a 0 to 5 mM concentration of either xylose (xylanase assay) or glucose (cellulase assay) were run with every assay to ensure that the insoluble substrates did not interfere with the accuracy of the assay. The R2 value for the standard curves ranged from 0.955 to 0.997.
Small-subunit (SSU) rRNA amplicon pyrosequencing.Total DNA was extracted from 0.5-ml aliquots from each replicate across the treatments using a MoBio PowerSoil DNA extraction kit (MoBio, Carlsbad, CA). SSU rRNA amplicon pyrosequencing of each DNA sample targeting the 16S rRNA gene using 926F (5′-AAACTYAAAKGAATTGACGG-3′) and 1392R (5′-ACGGGCGGTGTGTRC-3′) primers from the enrichments were performed at the Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (Walnut Creek, CA) following a previously established protocol (15). Sequence tags were trimmed and analyzed using the pyroclust method at a sequence similarity of 97% (OTU97) in the PyroTagger Program (http://pyrotagger.jgi-psf.org) with a 200-bp sequence length and accuracy of 10% for low-quality bases (7). Singletons and low-quality reads along with putative chimeras were removed from the final data set. Taxonomic identification of the PyroTagger-defined OTUs was determined with the RDP classifier (http://rdp.cme.msu.edu/), and the closest validated isolate to each sequence was determined by a BLAST search against the collection of 16S rRNA genes for bacteria and archaea found in GenBank.
Diversity statistics were generated using the mothur software package, normalized to the smallest pyrosequencing library (n = 1,934) (16). The PyroTagger cluster classification output file was modified to a shared file, which was used as the input for mothur. Bacterial richness, which is a measure of the number of different species, was estimated using Chao and the abundance coverage estimator (ACE) at the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) of 0.03, which correlates to a sequence similarity of 97% (here referred to as OTU97). Bacterial diversity, which is a combined measure of the number of different species along with the relative abundance of those species, was estimated using the Shannon and Simpson indices of diversity (transformed using the equation −lnD) at OTU97. Beta diversity (as measured using the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index), analysis of variance, and indicator species analysis were performed with the R program (http://www.r-project.org/).
Biomass analysis.The biomass content of each switchgrass substrate before cultivation was determined using a modification of a published protocol (12) (see Table 4). Approximately 200 mg of pretreated (IL and AFEX) and unpretreated switchgrass samples were treated with 2 ml of 72% H2SO4 in duplicate (with stir bars) and incubated at 30°C (120 to 200 rpm) for 60 min. Following the incubation, 56 ml of distilled water was added to each sample after incubation and autoclaved at 121°C for 60 min. Subsequent filtration through porcelain crucibles yielded filtrates for quantitative analysis. Each filtrate was analyzed for glucose, xylose, and cellobiose using the Agilent high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (1100 series) system equipped with a 1200 series refractive index (RI) detector as previously described (17). The retained acid-insoluble fractions were dried at 105°C and burnt to ash in a muffled furnace at 575°C for 6 h to determine the acid-insoluble lignin content. The ash content was determined by burning approximately 50 mg of each biomass in duplicate in a muffled furnace at 575°C for 6 h.
Residual biomass after microbial cultivation was insufficient to perform complete compositional analysis, so the samples were compared using gravimetric acetyl bromide-reactive lignin (ABL) and acid-precipitable polymeric lignin (APPL) analyses. Residual biomass analysis was performed on duplicates in passage 4 (replicate 1 and replicate 3) and reported as the average for two biological replicates. The residual biomass was collected by centrifugation at 10,000 × g for 10 min and filtered through Miracloth (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). The retained biomass samples were washed several times with distilled water to remove microbial cells, then lyophilized, and weighed. The amount of APPL released into the medium during enrichment was determined by sequentially filtering 22 ml of each culture supernatant through 0.45- and 0.22-μm filters (18). The filtered supernatants were acidified to pH 1.0 to 2.0 with ca. 150 μl of 10 N HCl and kept at 4°C to precipitate APPL. The APPL samples were precipitated, washed, lyophilized, and weighed. Gravimetric analysis and APPL release were also measured in the uninoculated control experiments. The ABL content of each residual biomass was determined as previously described and is reported as a relative increase in the residual biomass compared to the substrate before cultivation (19).
Two-dimensional (2D) 13C-1H heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.Plant cell wall samples from passage 4 replicates were extracted with water-ethanol and ball milled as previously described (20, 21). Gels were formed using dimethyl sulfoxide d6 (DMSO-d6) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate as a cosolvent (22, 23) and homogenized by sonication in a Branson 2510 tabletop cleaner (Branson Ultrasonic Corporation, Danbury, CT). The temperature of the bath was closely monitored and maintained below 55°C. The homogeneous solutions were transferred to NMR tubes. HSQC spectra were acquired at 25°C using a Bruker Avance-600 MHz instrument equipped with a 5-mm inverse-gradient 1H/13C cryoprobe using a q_hsqcetgp pulse program (ns = 200, ds = 16, number of increments = 256, d1 = 1.0 s) (24). Chemical shifts were referenced normalized to the central DMSO peak (δC/δH, 39.5/2.5 ppm). Assignment of the HSQC spectra has been described elsewhere (20, 25). A semiquantitative analysis of the volume integrals of the HSQC correlation peaks was performed using Bruker's Topspin 3.1 (Windows) processing software. A Gaussian apodization in F2 (LB = −0.50; GB = 0.001) and squared cosine bell in F1 (line broadening [LB] = −0.10; Gaussian line broadening [GB] = 0.001) were applied prior to 2D Fourier transformation.
Data access.Amplicon pyrosequencing data are available on MG-RAST under the project Newby Island Enrichments (http://metagenomics.anl.gov/linkin.cgi?project=7437).
Community structure of thermophilic switchgrass-deconstructing consortia.Triplicate thermophilic consortia adapted to grow on untreated, AFEX-pretreated, and IL-pretreated switchgrass were enriched in parallel through multiple passages at 60°C using green-waste compost. Small subunit rRNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing was used to characterize the bacterial diversity, richness, composition, and development of these consortia (Table 1; Fig. 1). The starting microbial community in the Newby Island Compost (NIC) was a diverse microbial community (Shannon = 3.69; Simpson = 2.95), composed primarily of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria with a fungal component (Fig. 1) (5). Microbial communities distinct from the starting inoculum were reproducibly (n = 3) enriched on AFEX-treated, IL-treated, and untreated switchgrass that were dominated by bacteria. The relative proportion of the bacterial phyla differed across these carbon sources based on the SSU amplicon libraries. For example, Bacteroidetes OTUs were typically more prevalent in IL-pretreated switchgrass (ca. 40 to 75%), than untreated switchgrass and AFEX-pretreated switchgrass (typically less than 40%). AFEX-treated and untreated switchgrass had a higher proportion of Firmicutes (Fig. 1).
Compared to those in the starting community, the richness and diversity decreased in the initial enrichment (IE) and subsequent passages (P1 to P4) for untreated SG, AFEX-pretreated switchgrass, and IL-pretreated switchgrass (Table 1). Statistically significant differences were noted primarily in untreated SG, based on the Shannon diversity index (IE ≠ P4, P < 0.02; IE ≠ P2, P < 0.04), the abundance coverage estimator (ACE) (IE ≠ P1, P < 0.04; IE ≠ P4, P < 0.03), and the Chao richness estimate (IE ≠ P1, P < 0.03; IE ≠ P4, P < 0.009). The Shannon diversity was also different for IL-pretreated switchgrass (IE ≠ P1, P < 0.03; IE ≠ P4, P < 0.03) (Table 1).
The similarity of the SSU amplicon libraries generated across the passages for the adapted thermophilic consortia was assessed using the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index and visualized using agglomerative hierarchical clustering (Fig. 2) (26). All adapted thermophilic consortia were distinct from the starting community (Fig. 2). Even though the triplicates did not always cluster together, the IL-pretreated switchgrass-adapted communities across the passages (IE and P1 to P4) tended to cluster together and were distinct from the AFEX-treated- and untreated-switchgrass communities, whereas the AFEX-treated- and untreated-switchgrass-adapted communities tended to cluster across two groups. IL-pretreated-switchgrass-adapted consortia appear to be more evenly distributed than untreated-switchgrass- and AFEX-pretreated-switchgrass-adapted consortia.
OTU analysis.OTUs associated with the phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Deinococcus-Thermus primarily populated the SSU amplicon libraries (Table 2). Indicator species analysis identified OTUs that were significantly associated with AFEX-pretreated switchgrass (12 species)- and untreated switchgrass (2 species)-adapted consortia, respectively, at passage 4. The indicator species of the AFEX-pretreated switchgrass treatment were members of the phyla Firmicutes (OTU97_24, OTU97_25, and OTU97_33, OTU97_47 and OTU97_84), Actinobacteria (OTU97_49), Gemmatimonadetes (OTU97_15 and OTU97_30), Bacteroidetes (OTU97_194), Chloroflexi (OTU97_74), and Gammaproteobacteria (OTU97_43 and OTU97_16). The indicator species of the untreated switchgrass treatment were members of the phyla Chloroflexi (OTU97_78) and Bacteroidetes (OTU97_854).
There were also shifts in the relative abundances of more prevalent OTUs across these treatments. OTU97_1, representing a novel Bacteroidetes strain previously isolated from this compost material by enrichment on microcrystalline cellulose (strain NYFB), primarily dominated the untreated switchgrass and IL-pretreated switchgrass thermophilic consortia but not the AFEX-pretreated switchgrass thermophilic consortia. The other abundant Bacteriodetes OTU was 100% identical to Rhodothermus marinus, a population previously observed in switchgrass enrichments (6). OTU97_3, a member of the Firmicutes most closely related to clone JP2339, a sequence from previous compost enrichments on switchgrass, was prevalent across all treatments (6). OTU97_2, a novel phylotype that was affiliated with the Trueperaceae, a family in the Deinococcus-Thermus phylum, was primarily prevalent in the AFEX-pretreated switchgrass thermophilic consortia, whereas another phylotype affiliated with the Deinococcus-Thermus phylum, OTU97_7, was primarily present in untreated switchgrass and was 100% identical to Thermus thermophilus.
Glycoside hydrolase activities of the AFEX-treated-, IL-treated-, and untreated-switchgrass-adapted consortia.The adapted consortia were assayed for cellulase and xylanase activities. Across all the AFEX-treated-, IL-treated-, and untreated-switchgrass-adapted passages, cellulase activity was low (0.003 to 0.03 U/min/ml). In contrast, the AFEX-treated-, IL-treated-, and untreated-switchgrass-adapted passages had high levels of xylanase activity (0.32 to 5.11 U/ml) (Table 3). Statistically significant differences were noted in passages 1, 2, and 4 for endoglucanase (P1, SG ≠ AFEX, P < 0.03; P1 SG ≠ IL, P < 0.01; P2 SG ≠ AFEX, P < 0.002; P2 SG ≠ IL, P < 0.002; P4 SG ≠ IL, P < 0.04) and passage 1 for xylanase (P1 IL ≠ AFEX, P < 0.0001; P1 SG ≠ IL, P < 0.0001).
Biomass composition and soluble lignin content after enrichment on switchgrass substrates.The starting biomass composition of ionic-liquid-pretreated switchgrass had higher glucan content (1.3-fold higher than in untreated SG and 1.6-fold higher than in AFEX-pretreated SG) and a reduced lignin content (ca. 1.7-fold less for untreated and AFEX-pretreated SG) (Table 4). The residual biomass after microbial deconstruction was analyzed to determine the effect of microbial metabolism on these biomass substrates. Gravimetric analysis of residual biomass demonstrated that ca. 80% of the biomass was liberated from the pretreated switchgrass (IL- and AFEX-pretreated switchgrass), while only ca. 40% of the biomass was liberated from untreated switchgrass (Table 5). Two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy (2D-NMR) documented changes of aliphatic (lignin side chain units) (Fig. 3A), aromatic (Fig. 3B), and polysaccharide anomeric (Fig. 3C) regions before and after microbial deconstruction of the supplemented substrates. Aliphatic regions of untreated switchgrass and IL-pretreated switchgrass prior to microbial deconstruction (Fig. 3A) exhibited two distinct peaks of 2-O-Ac-β-d-Xylp(R) (X′2) and 3-O-Ac-β-d-Xylp(R) (X′3). However, X′2 and X′3 were not observed in AFEX-pretreated switchgrass, suggesting deacetylation of hemicelluloses upon AFEX pretreatment. The aromatic region (Fig. 3B) of IL-pretreated switchgrass before microbial deconstruction showed weaker aromatic signals than those of untreated switchgrass and AFEX-pretreated switchgrass, corroborating the lower lignin content in IL-pretreated switchgrass (Table 4). The NMR resonances present in the aromatic regions of the spectra of the residual biomass of the untreated switchgrass, AFEX-pretreated switchgrass, and IL-pretreated switchgrass enrichments were slightly more distinct, but virtually no changes in the bond linkages were observed. The 2D-NMR results demonstrating that lignin was largely unmodified were complemented by relative measurements of residual lignin in biomass, which showed substantial increases in the pretreated biomass samples (50% for AFEX-pretreated switchgrass; 131% for IL-pretreated switchgrass) but only a small increase in the untreated switchgrass (Table 5). Evidence for lignin solubilization, especially in the untreated switchgrass and AFEX-pretreated switchgrass cultivations, was obtained by the observation of acid-precipitable polymeric lignin (APPL), a solubilized form of lignin that precipitates from the enrichment supernatant upon acidification (18, 27). Examination of the anomeric region (Fig. 3C) demonstrated that while the untreated switchgrass did not show any alteration in the signals for major polysaccharides linkages (β-1,4 glucan and β-1,4 xylan), the AFEX-pretreated switchgrass showed complete disappearance of the β-1,4 glucan linkages while β-1,4 xylan linkages remained after the 2-week incubation. Hemicellulose side chains, including acetyl esters and α-l-arabinofuranosides, were hydrolyzed in the AFEX-pretreated-switchgrass and IL-pretreated-switchgrass samples.
Our triplicate enrichments on untreated and pretreated switchgrass demonstrated substrate-specific development of these consortia. Despite the observed differences of these microbial communities as measured by diversity indices, common OTUs were observed as the most abundant populations in the consortia. These abundant OTUs are very similar to those in previous studies of aerobic thermophilic consortia adapted to grow on biomass, confirming that community adaptation is a reproducible process (6, 28).
The AFEX-pretreated switchgrass has increased physiochemical complexity compared to IL-pretreated switchgrass (13). Furthermore, the isolation of APPL from the AFEX-pretreated switchgrass culture supernatant indicates that some lignin deconstruction is required to access the polysaccharides, which is consistent with structural studies of AFEX-pretreated switchgrass (10). The microbial community adapted to grow on AFEX-pretreated switchgrass was more diverse and rich than the IL-pretreated switchgrass, consisting of members of the Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Deinococcus-Thermus in similar proportions (Fig. 1).
The 2D-NMR for both IL-pretreated switchgrass and AFEX-pretreated switchgrass suggested complete digestion of cellulose in both substrates and the presence of residual xylan. These results were surprising, since enzymatic assays of the supernatant recovered much higher levels of xylanase activity than cellulase activity. Therefore, it is possible that cellulase activity is underestimated based on measurement of the supernatants using model cellulase substrates and that such estimates do not necessarily reflect the cellulose hydrolysis activity in the consortia (29).
The untreated switchgrass exhibited a markedly different pattern of deconstruction, yet the community structure was similar to the AFEX-pretreated-switchgrass communities (Fig. 1). Except for minor alterations, the residual biomass had NMR resonances identical to those of the starting material, and the relative ratio of lignin as assayed by the acetyl bromide method was virtually unchanged. These observations are reminiscent of the anaerobic growth of hyperthermophile Caldicellulosiruptor bescii on untreated switchgrass, in which no change was observed in the ratio of polysaccharides to lignin between the starting material and the residual biomass after cultivation (30). The comparison of residual biomass after microbial growth between pretreated and untreated switchgrass suggests that the consortia may have fundamentally different mechanisms of growth on untreated switchgrass, despite the similarity in community composition.
Across all treatments, the lignin in the residual biomass was largely unaltered based on 2D-NMR studies. This suggests that lignin remodeling is not an important component of biomass deconstruction by these microbial communities. This observation is in contrast to 2D-NMR studies of the brown rot fungus Postia placenta, which showed extensive remodeling of the lignin component of aspen wood during biomass deconstruction (31).
Residual biomass analyzed upon microbial deconstruction demonstrated a number of remarkable features. Ionic-liquid pretreatment provided a substrate enriched in cellulose, providing polysaccharides with more accessibility for deconstruction (12), compared to untreated switchgrass. The simplicity of this substrate is reflected in the distinct adapted microbial community, which was primarily composed of members of the Bacteroidetes (Fig. 1). Taking these data together, we hypothesize that given the minimal solubilization of the lignin during growth on IL-pretreated switchgrass, the microbial communities along with their associated glycoside hydrolases had direct access to polysaccharides and therefore did not need to break bonds in the lignin to access the polysaccharides.
The patterns of abundant OTUs in the enrichments on switchgrass substrates provide further insights into the roles of these populations in biomass deconstruction. The dominant OTU in many of the enrichments, which is represented by the Bacteriodetes strain NYFB, was identical to the dominant OTU observed in cultures adapted from the same compost inoculum to grow on purified fractions of cellulose and hemicellulose (5). Strain NYFB can degrade mono-, di- and polysaccharides but was unable to grow on insoluble polysaccharides. This observation, along with the predominance of members of the Firmicutes at early time points during the 2-week cultivations on cellulose, led to the proposal of a successional structure for these biomass-deconstructing microbial communities. This structure appears to be conserved in the communities growing on the untreated and pretreated switchgrass substrates. In the adapted enrichments that were not dominated by strain NYFB (e.g., AFEX-pretreated switchgrass passage 4), an OTU representing Rhodothermus marinus (OTU97_9) (Table 2) was abundant. In previous enrichments from compost with switchgrass and cellulose as the sole carbon source, R. marinus was observed as the dominant Bacteriodetes population (6, 7). R. marinus is a thermophilic Bacteriodetes species that produces high levels of cellulases and hemicellulases when grown on biomass substrates and may occupy a functional niche in the adapted cultures similar to that of strain NYFB (32).
In the enrichments across all three switchgrass substrates, a single Firmicutes OTU predominated (OTU97_3) (Table 2), which was previously identified in compost-derived enrichments on switchgrass, indicating that this OTU may represent a population specifically adapted to deconstruct complex plant biomass substrates (6). Interestingly, this Firmicutes OTU is not abundant (<0.5% of SSU amplicon reads) in enrichments with microcrystalline cellulose and wheat arabinoxylan (hemicellulose) (5). A population closely related to Thermus thermophilus, which is consistently observed in these thermophilic enrichment on biomass substrates, is present in the untreated switchgrass and IL-pretreated switchgrass cultures but is noticeably absent in the AFEX-pretreated switchgrass cultures.
In contrast, a population affiliated with the Trueperaceae, in the Deinococcus-Thermus phylum, was observed at high relative abundance in the AFEX-pretreated switchgrass cultivations (OTU97_2, average of 16.73% for three AFEX-pretreated switchgrass passage 4 replicates). This population was also observed at high abundance in compost-derived enrichments on a purified hemicellulose fraction, wheat arabinoxylan, while T. thermophilus was absent (5). These results imply that the presence of hemicellulose, which is intact and readily accessible in AFEX-pretreated switchgrass, may select for this Trueperaceae population. There is currently only one described species in this family, Truepera radiovictrix, which is thermophilic and tolerant to very high levels of radiation (33, 34). Therefore, natural samples where thermophilic biomass deconstruction occurs may be fruitful sources for new isolates related to Truepera radiovictrix.
Our study revealed that the thermophilic consortia adapted to grow on switchgrass, a complex lignocellulosic substrate, preferentially hydrolyzed polysaccharides compared to lignin deconstruction. This preference is evident in the similarity of the microbial community composition to that of adapted communities grown on purified fractions of cellulose and hemicellulose (5) and in the increase in lignin content in the residual biomass of the pretreated switchgrass substrates. To identify thermophilic bacterial populations and pathways that primarily deconstruct and metabolize lignin, adaptions need to be performed on lignin-enriched biomass substrates that have minimal polysaccharide content.
This work was performed as part of the DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute (http://www.jbei.org) supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, through contract DE-AC02-05CH11231 between Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the U.S. Department of Energy. Pyrotag sequencing was conducted by the Joint Genome Institute, which is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-05CH11231.
We thank Susannah Tringe, Tijana Glavina Del Rio, and Stephanie Malfatti of the Joint Genome Institute for their assistance in obtaining and processing pyrotag sequencing data. Bruce Dale (Michigan State University; Great Lakes Bioenergy Center) is acknowledged for providing AFEX-pretreated switchgrass. John Gladden (Sandia National Laboratories) is acknowledged for assistance in preparing ionic-liquid-pretreated switchgrass. We thank Ken Vogel at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, NE, for supplying the switchgrass cultivars.
- Received 26 August 2014.
- Accepted 19 September 2014.
- Accepted manuscript posted online 26 September 2014.
- Copyright © 2014, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.