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Manchester Evening News
March 22, 2014
Greater Manchester Police have received more than 2,000 tip-offs about child grooming in under a year, new figures reveal – a third of them in Rochdale.
A new system set up a year ago – in the wake of the town's sexual exploitation scandal – has kept track of every single piece of intelligence passed to officers relating to the crime.
It means police can form a better picture of potential victims and offenders, while helping to protect children and spot trends.
The figures, which have been analysed for Stockport MP Ann Coffey, who is investigating how agencies have responded to the scandal, show 2,286 pieces of intelligence have been received in the 10 months to January from worried members of the public, teachers, social workers and officers. And 693 of those were in Rochdale.
Ms Coffey said it showed the public now has its 'eyes and ears open' to child sexual exploitation.
"It shows that the level of concern amongst people in Greater Manchester is high," she said.
"However there is still a long way to go and many incidences will still be unreported.
"It is so important that all the community is involved in sharing information to try to prevent children from being groomed and coming to harm.
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The police introduced its new 'flagging' system in the wake of Rochdale's grooming scandal, which saw nine men jailed in May 2012 for abusing a string of young girls.
After the case – which saw agencies slammed for failing to take grooming seriously – a GMP internal review decided to set up a flagging system.
The move brings GMP up to speed with many other forces, whose computer systems already automatically flag up grooming concerns.
The figures also reveal 105 reported crimes with some link to child sexual exploitation in that period, roughly a third – 37 – of them in Rochdale.


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|This content is the same for both the web and mobile versions of Dawn of the Dragons
|Reanimator's Hat
|Raid damage: 135
Duel power: 18
|I. As a student mage, Hubert Westmoreland was drawn to the study of necromancy. But that shadowy art was carefully restricted by his tutors, and only permitted to be practiced under stringently controlled conditions. This displeased Hubert.
|Obtained By:
Available in the bazaar after Vornstaag is unlocked, also quests and help requests
Reference to H. P. Lovecraft's Herbert West--Reanimator
|Part of Reanimator's Set
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.


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Fast times in West Texas
Washington Times:
One of the fleetest critters in western Texas, so they say, is the kooky-looking bird called the chaparral, or "roadrunner." The main tourist attraction in Fort Stockton is a huge statue of an 11-by-22-foot roadrunner called Paisano Pete, who greets visitors from atop the town's "Welcome" sign.The speed nannies give their objections later in the story. It appears to be a measure to match the limit to the speed people are going anyway.
But on parts of Interstate Highways 10 and 20 around Fort Stockton -- heading west toward El Paso and east toward San Antonio and Dallas -- the gawky bird no longer will be the fastest thing going.
Last week, state highway officials in Fort Stockton unveiled the first 80-mph speed limit sign -- reportedly the fastest posted speed limit in the nation.
Rep. Pete Gallego, who represents a district bigger than Connecticut, New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Rhode Island combined and sponsored the bill, said it will only add to the comfort of drivers who travel the desolate highway.
"Probably the only difference might be that police write fewer speeding tickets," he said.


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When it comes down to it, we have a fundamental misunderstanding of the true purpose of hope. Hope isn't just the means to an end – it's the formational spiritual discipline of holding longing in the midst of the unknown. It is also the vulnerable discipline of allowing others to "hold us" as we wait in hope.
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Cochise County Planning & Zoning Commission meeting, February 13, 2013, work session discussion of Planning Department proposed changes to County Zoning Ordinance. Animal husbandry, kennel, and/or, farmers market, specific statute numbers, writing style, commas, building code violation of state law, warehousing, purpose, Section 307, use not permitted is prohibited, anemometers, fences at corner.
The Commissioners present were Jim Lynch (Chairman), Jim Martzke, Pat Edie, Tim Cervantes, Carmen Miller, and Liza Weissler (I may be wrong about one of the last two; I haven't got their faces down yet). They were outnumbered by Planning Department employees and other County employees, including deputy county attorney Adam Ambrose, Supervisor Pat Call, and Deputy County Administrator James Vlahovich (on good authority, pronounced VLAH-h'-vitch.) No comments by the public were allowed.
The Commissioners did not have definitive discussions; those will come, eventually, at a public hearing, when citizens will be allowed to speak. At the recent meeting, a Department spokesperson read aloud from the proposed changes, up through Article 11 (of 24). Following are a few noteworthy concerns, some raised by Commissioners, some by this writer. Other citizens will have concerns of their own. Now's a good time to contact your Commissioners about them. For links to much contact information, see
1. In the definition of Animal Husbandry (page 2-2), the old Planning Department game of changing "and" to "and/or" is back. Animal Husbandry, now defined as "Facilities, including kennels, related to the care, raising, and breeding of animals," would become "... and/or breeding of animals." The change would make animal husbandry consist of caring for animals, OR raising them, OR breeding them -- so by feeding a stray cat, you could end up spending over $300 for a hearing and permit (more if you appeal) and committing a Class 2 misdemeanor by not having a permit. Chairman Lynch asked about this change, but the Department spokesperson couldn't give much of an answer; she wasn't in charge the last time the Department tried this, so she may not have known the history.
The history is interesting. Switching "and" to "and/or" was first tried years ago, when the Department tried to penalize some families who were providing "hospice" care to homeless animals. The Department charged the citizens with violating a Department "policy" that required a permit for keeping 7 dogs on under 2 acres, or 10 dogs on over 2 acres. This was not a regulation passed by the Supervisors. The citizens appealed, and the Department lost. In 2008 the Department tried changing the regulations. Under public pressure, the Department met with citizens, then told the Commission that some citizens wanted to limit the number of dogs -- but didn't say that MORE citizens did NOT want to set a number, felt that this was an animal welfare issue, and thought that animal rescuers should not be punished by an expensive permit process. After citizens exposed the deception in the Department's report, the Commission didn't approve the "and/or" change. Since then the Supervisors have even done away with dog licenses. But now the Department is again trying to slip through the "and/or" language again. Lynch said he'd return to this matter at the next work session, but he's apparently delayed the matter again.
In a related matter, the definition of "Kennel" has been dropped, but the definition of Animal Husbandry includes kennels. Why?
2. "And/or" popped up in the definitions of grocery stores and convenience stores. Here are three items which don't appear to work well together.
-- Definition on p. 2-3: "Convenience Store - A retail establishment offering a variety of food, beverage, household items, and/or gasoline sales." The "and/or" is pointless; "or" would do just fine. I don't know of any gas stations that don't carry a miscellany of small items; under this definition, are they all convenience stores?
-- Definition on p. 2-5: "Grocery Store - A retail establishment primarily selling food, beverages, and household maintenance supplies. Grocery stores may contain incidental accessory uses such as bakeries, delicatessens, pharmacies, movie rentals, postal services, and/or banking services." That's another pointless "and/or." Also, what does "primarily" mean -- is it by the dollar amount of sales? And how do you tell a grocery store from a convenience store?
-- Section 603.11 allows "Grocery stores (not including gasoline sales) and agriculture-related retail sales where the sales area does not exceed 2,500 square feet of total area, including any outdoor storage." Why confuse sales area with storage area, and why allow small grocery stores but not small convenience stores?
A similar problem exists with words like "primarily," "including," and "including but not limited to." See Section 401.03, with an "including" and an "including but not limited to". Also, Section 404.02. Chairman Lynch commented that this vagueness was bad practice. He's right. If the Department can't think of the principle behind a list, the Department should think harder; words like "such as" or "including but not limited to" invite discretion by Department employees, but America is, famously, "a government of laws, not of men," and that principle should not be subverted by encouraging discretion in the guise of law. As to so many big questions, guidance is found in Winnie the Pooh: "Haven't thought of anything, have you? No, neither have I. Think, think, think."
3. "Farmers Market" is a new definition, on p. 2-5: "An indoor or outdoor area where daytime sales of locally grown or produced food, fiber, and/or products take place, and where sufficient parking, sanitary facilities, and waste disposal facilities are provided." This definition raises several issues.
-- As defined, farmers markets include everything produced locally -- even photographs, paintings and sculpture. The Department can't mean that; can the Department say what it does mean? "Think, think, think."
-- Is it necessary to regulate farmers markets? Someone at the Department must think it's a good idea, but must every good idea be made into a law? Has there been a rash of problems with farmers markets? (Looking ahead, a Commissioner noted that Section 707, a list of Special Use Authorizations for Residential Zoning Districts, does not provide for farmers markets. The Department said that the omission would be corrected.)
-- The definition says a farmers market is a place where X happens, and where "sufficient parking, sanitary facilities, and waste disposal facilities are provided." What if a "farmers market" doesn't have enough parking, restrooms, and trashbins? Is it no longer a farmers market, or is it a farmers market that is violating the regulation? The first choice doesn't make much sense, but this question needs to be clarified, perhaps by making the language about parking, restrooms, and trashbins into a separate sentence: "Sufficient parking, sanitary facilities, and waste disposal facilities shall be provided." Then, if those three items were not provided, it would be clear that a farmers market was violating regulations.
-- Under the definition of "farmers market," even one farmer, selling an occasional bag of pecans to somebody who drives up to a farmhouse, counts as a farmers market. (Similarly, the definition of "Community Garden," on p. 2-3, does not say how many participants it takes to make a community garden.) In the Zoning Ordinance, Section 301.01 includes "When not inconsistent with the context ... the singular number includes the plural number, and the plural number includes the singular number." Under state law, singular includes plural, and plural includes singular; see ARS 1-214(B), at
Can the Department say clearly how many people are required for a "farmers market"?
4. The paragraph just above describes what Arizona laws say, and supports that statement by giving a link to a specific statute. How would you like it if, instead of naming ARS 1-214(B) and giving a link to it, the paragraph just said "see ARS Title 1"? A reader would have to search a lot to find the language. Why create extra work for readers?
At present, when the Ordinance refers to the Arizona Revised Statutes, it gives a specific statute number. Merely referring to the ARS Title containing a statute is a bad idea, for several reasons.
-- The reason the Department gave for the change was that state statute numbers change sometimes, and then the Ordinance points to the wrong statute. Actually, it's rare for the state to change a statute's number. For instance, a statute is unlikely to have its number changed from ARS 123.4 to 567.8.
Most statutory changes are of paragraphs inside a statute; for instance, ARS 123.4(B) may become 123.4(C). So almost every renumbering of statutes could be covered by simply giving a statute's number, without naming subparagraphs inside the statute, yet people could still find specific statutory language pretty quickly.
-- The burden of extra work will be one-sided; a table of the statutes actually involved with an Ordinance is bound to be created for use by the County Attorney Office's staff. Only citizens will have to work harder to find the actual law.
-- The absence of statute numbers will let County employees make deceptive arguments. For instance, it's the laws in Title 11, Chapter 6, Article 5 that allow creation of a county building code, so an employee might be tempted to say generally that the Cochise County building code was created pursuant to Title 11, which would be true -- but would ignore the Supervisors' specific violation of ARS 11.862 in passing the code without creating an Advisory Board. The County already has a record of deceptive statements and conduct about certain items. Some of the history is written up in various articles on littlebigdog.net.
-- The Commission should do what it can to avoid placing more burdens on citizens, and to prevent future Department deception.
5. At the beginning of the work session, Chairman Lynch said he hoped that Commissioners would not get bogged down in matters of writing style. This writer agrees, but notes that language must still be accurate. Let's not say "that's just a matter of style" to gloss over problems of substance. There have been a few examples of this glossing over during the worksessions.
Even commas can affect substance. A famous example: a merchant, instructing his overseas agent not to buy a certain item, telegraphed "No, price too high." But the agent received read "No price too high." Punctuation is not trivial.
There's a problem in the definition of Group Quarters on p. 2-5. One sentence says Group Quarters "does not include halfway houses, offender re-entry residential facilities or homeless shelters which are included in the definitions of Offender Rehabilitation Facility" (which is defined on p. 2-9 in a way that doesn't seem to cover homeless shelters). Does Group Quarters include all halfway houses, or only halfway houses which meet the definition of Offender Rehabilitation Facility? If you went shopping with instructions to buy "A, B, or C if less than $1," you'd phone for clarification. The Department should clarify the definition of Group Quarters.
6. The linkage of the Zoning Ordinance with the Building Code, a linkage which the County Attorney's office has denied exists, is shown by a new definition on p. 2-7: "Lot Development Administrative Modification -- A site development standard modification approved according to the procedures and criteria set forth in Article 17 herein." It's Article 17 that, under state law, administers the building code which the County Supervisors passed in violation of law. It's Article 17 which makes the Commission complicit in the violation of law. There are many more examples in the Ordinance.
For instance, Section 508 refers to "the ordinance establishing building codes."
7. P. 2-14 includes "Wholesaling, Warehousing, Distribution or Storage -- The sale or storage of manufactured products." Chairman Lynch noted that grain is commonly "warehoused" but is not manufactured, and the Department responded that "manufactured" will probably be stricken from the definition. The definition will then become "The sale or storage of products," presumably as opposed to "raw materials."
8. P. 2-14 defines use as "The purpose for which land or a building is occupied, maintained, arranged or intended." You mean, just because I intend to use land for some purpose, I'll be treated as using it for that purpose now? Does that make sense?
9. There are no changes in Article 3, "General Provisions," of the draft, so no particular notice was taken of them. However, Section 307, "Uses Prohibited," contains the infamous language "Any use not permitted in a district ... is specifically prohibited ...." Imagine that, in America: if we don't permit it, you're prohibited from doing it. Years ago, we tried to get the County to explain that language. All we got was "some other counties have that language," an answer which invokes the mothers' question, "If all the other children jumped off a cliff, would you do it too?" Why should the County prohibit any use it hasn't already thought of and permitted? Since when did thinking faster than government become a problem to be outlawed?
10. In Article 6, about property uses in Rural Zoning Districts, Section 603.14 says anemometers are permitted as a temporary use for up to three years. Some Commissioners wondered what kind of anemometers are meant -- for instance, anemometers that are a student project? The Department says it will clarify the matter.
11. Section 606.01, about rural property uses "allowed without the establishment of a permitted principal use," allows "Fences six feet in height or less. Setbacks do not apply; no permit required unless on a corner lot." Commissioner Martzke mentioned a difficulty in applying that language to a corner lot which he owns. Part of the problem seems to be the broad reference to "corner lots" instead of "fences within X feet of a corner." The Department said it will look at the problem.


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Making God Smile, by Kim Taylor Henry, is a one-year devotional aimed at helping the reader live the fruit of the spirit, one day at a time. It's not dated so the reader can begin at anytime during the year. Filled with personal and relate-able stories, this is easy to read and easy to learn from. It's separated into about 40-page sections, each dedicated to one of the fruit of the spirit. If you need to learn more about kindness, simply jump to that section. This is a great tool to make sure your life is exhibiting the kinds of things it should be. Perfect bedside reading material.
For more about the author and her book, visit KimHenryTaylor.com


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Who's doing the killing in Basra?
While members of the political class in Iraq are fighting each other for positions, the number of poisoning cases from polluted waters in Basra governorate reached 95,000 and is still rising, said Mahdi al-Tamimi, head of the Basra office of Iraq's High Commission for Human Rights.
The water situation is extremely bad in Basra. In some areas, such as Abul Khasib, the sewer system is polluting drinking water. Basra is not alone in this disaster. Residents of Wasit governorate and Diwaniyah in Al-Qadisiyyah governorate have protested loudly about polluted water.
The head of the advisory council in the cabinet admitted that the water crisis in Basra is so enormous that it is difficult to solve. He said that "funds earmarked for Basra are sizeable but the problem lies in bad planning and mismanagement in addition to spending the funds on temporary repairs rather than on tackling the problem."
In exchange for the public funds spent on solving the water crisis in Basra, political blocs loyal to Iran have increased the supply of bullets to their sectarian militias in preparation for a wide assassination campaign against protesters. The latest victim in their campaign of terror was well-known activist Suad al-Ali, who was shot in the head by unknown gunmen near a restaurant in Basra. Her husband was wounded in the attack.
The most violent assassination in Basra was that of Jabbar Karam al-Bahadli, defence attorney of the Basra protesters. He was shot 15 times while in front of al-Hadi police station. Many activists in Basra and Dhi Qar in southern Iraq have been gunned down. Some activists in Baghdad have narrowly escaped assassination attempts by gunmen using silencers.
The common denominator among these assassins and kidnappers is that they are "unknown." Their victims were all human rights activists who had the courage to stand by the demonstrators in Basra against the central government. All the protesters wanted was clean drinking water, electricity and jobs for the inhabitants of the oil-rich Iraqi governorate. That was their crime.
Along with the terror of the assassinations, an additional psychological war was begun by the pro-Iranian Dawa Party. Rumours have spread threatening anyone who dares oppose the religious parties or their militias with certain and swift death or with "disappearing" him or members of his family.
The threats were followed by such acts and the terror campaign produced results. Many protesters and poets backed down and expressed regrets, begging forgiveness from the religious parties and their militias.
Persistent rumours in Basra claim that militias loyal to Iran, particularly Asaib al-Haq and Hezbollah al-Nujaba, were given hit lists of names of activists from the Iranian consulate in Basra. Rumours are that 14 of those named have been kidnapped.
On examining these reports, it isn't easy to miss the connecting thread to Iran. In Basra and elsewhere, there are people gathering information on the leaders of the protests. They are looking for the protesters who set fire to the Iranian consulate.
Perhaps the most obvious sign of Iran's domination of Iraq was the 30 Iranian police vehicles freely roaming the streets of Karbala. Iran's excuse for the presence of Iranian police in Karbala was flimsy: They were there to protect Iranian visitors in the city.
The cabinet's chief adviser was right when he said the situation in Basra was disastrous. The chief medical officer in Basra reported that the number of victims in Basra suffering from poisoning, intestinal pains, rashes and diarrhoea was steadily rising, especially in Abul Khasib. He said the government's solutions have "done nothing" for Basra's neighbourhoods and that most cases of poisoning were among women and children and Basra's Medical District lacks medicines.
To make matters worse in Iraq, figures released by the Iraqi Ministry of Planning and Development Cooperation indicate that this year's strategic grains harvests were disastrously small because of water shortages. The ministry said there was a 45.3% drop in the overall grain crops. The wheat crop dropped 26.8% from last year.
The ministry blamed "poor rainfall and shortage of water" but the real cause is the stark failure of the government because the entire political class was busy fighting for positions.
Many have thought that the threats and assassinations have silenced citizen protests in Basra. They are wrong. Basra will not cower. Basra will spark popular protests all over Iraq. Hundreds of Basra inhabitants marched in the city centre in recent days, demanding basic services and calling on the United Nations to intervene in the water crisis.
In response, the new speaker of the Iraqi parliament, Mohammed al-Halbousi said he will form a committee of members of the parliament and local officials from Basra to discuss the situation at a parliament session soon. Halbousi promised that "in case there was evidence of mismanagement of the water mains feeding Basra, whoever is responsible will be relieved of his duties."


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Water conservation is a good practice to get into, not only for the environment, but also for your wallet! There are many things that can be done to help save water around your home, and most of them are super cheap, quick, and simple to implement. We've included 10 tips below to help you save on your water bill.
1. Turn off the tap!
One of the easiest ways to save on water is to simply turn off the tap when you're not using it. This applies to brushing your teeth, shaving, or washing the dishes. A running tap can use up to 25 litres per minute, so turning it off when you're not directly using it can do a lot to save on water usage.
2. Buy a smaller dishwasher
If you find yourself struggling to fill up a full dishwasher load before switching it on, it might be worth considering a smaller machine. These machines often use less energy and water, and can fit in a smaller spot if you're looking to conserve space. Scraping dishes before loading, instead of rinsing can also help you save water.
3. Install a trigger nozzle for your hose
With more than a third of the average Australian home's water consumption happening outdoors, a trigger nozzle can be a great addition to give more control of the garden hose water flow. Trigger nozzles allow you to stop and start the water flow easily. On the topic of the garden hose, consider using it sparingly. Using a broom instead of a hose to clear an area could save you and your family up to 13,500L annually.
4. Get a rainwater tank installed
A rainwater tank can be a great way to collect water for use in the garden. These tanks can also be plumbed into your washing machine and toilet, if you choose, which can save your household even more on the water bill!
5. Use a water-efficient showerhead
Changing to a water-efficient showerhead could save your household as much as 20,000 litres of water every year. A showerhead with a high star-rating could also save you big bucks on your water bill. It's also worth looking at the flow rate of potential showerheads, to find one with the fewest litres per minute.
6. Use a pool cover
The Australian sun can be ruthless on pools, and often causes water evaporation. By placing a cover over your pool when it's not in use, you could save time and money filling up your pool after evaporation occurs.
7. Put a bucket in your shower for grey water
Placing a bucket in your shower while you wash can collect a heap of greywater that can then be used for watering the garden.
8. Fix leaking toilets
A leaking toilet can use up a staggering amount of water. According to Water Corporation, a constant trickle can waste around 9,000 litres per year! There are several ways to check for a leak in your toilet. One option is to place a piece of toilet paper at the back of the bowl under the rim 30 minutes after the last flush when the rim is dry. If the paper becomes wet you may have a leaking cistern. Another way to check for leaks in a toilet is to put food dye in the reservoir tank. This way, if you see any colour in the toilet bowl, you'll know you have a leak.
9. Take shorter showers
According to EnergyAustralia, a shower can use between six and 45 litres of water every minute! Cutting back to shorter showers (under four minutes) is a great way to save on water costs, and if everyone in your household does this, it could reduce your water use by as much as 20 per cent. Set an alarm for four minutes, or choose a song to play while showering to keep track of the amount of time you spend under the stream.
10. Choose plants that don't require a lot of water
Plants that naturally grow in dryer climates can be great to put in the garden if you're looking to conserve water. Succulents (including cactuses) are a good choice if you're looking for resilient plants, as are many Australian natives.
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I remember Bob Eubanks for the game show Card Sharks that from memory Channel 4 used to show early morning back in the late 80's/early 90's. The picture is from the 1960s on one of those 0.5MP cameras. Anyway here he is bringing his most popular gameshow he hosted back to the stage.
Story via the spiffing journalgazette.net
Eubanks keeps game show alive onstage
Keiara Carr | The Journal Gazette
Plenty of game show hosts are memorable, but only one made audiences say "whoopee."
Bob Eubanks, longtime host of "The Newlywed Game," first used the word to get cheeky marital questions approved by the censors in the 1960s, but the by-product became America's buzzword for sex. Even though TV Guide initially summed up the happenings on the then-new game show as "the worst piece of sleaze in television today," the show and Eubanks eclipsed the criticism and had America turning to their partner asking: "Well, what would you say?"
"Everybody relates to it. That's what made the 'Newlywed Game' so popular," Eubanks says during a phone interview from Texas. "There are two kinds of game shows. There's the question-and-answer kind of a show and then there's the relationship kind of a show, and that's what we were. We were a comedy show that just happens to have a game with it."
Eubanks will provide a night full of laughs and prizes with an interactive live staging of "The Not-So-Newlywed Game" on Saturday at Niswonger Performing Arts Center in Van Wert, Ohio. The game will be played with eight couples competing for a grand prize. Every guest has an equal chance to be selected, and even those not selected will have a chance to win $100,000 by answering interactive questions posed to members of the audience.
Eubanks was born in Flint, Mich., and his family moved to California when he was 2. By the 1960s, Eubanks was one of Los Angeles' top radio DJs and concert promoters; he was instrumental in booking the Beatles to play the Hollywood Bowl in 1964.
Two years later, Chuck Barris, "The Newlywed Game" creator who later became the host of the 1970s "Gong Show," hired Eubanks. The premise was to put newly married couples to the test with Eubanks asking one partner to guess the response their wife or husband would give regarding topics as varied as the color scheme of their house or their love life.
Eubanks quickly learned how to milk a couple's mishaps and create a witty rapport. He says that for Saturday's show, the questions and couples will be slightly different than what people know from the TV show.
" 'Not-So-Newlywed' means that you could have been married 50 years, I don't care. In fact, that's fun," Eubanks says. "People are people wherever you go. It really doesn't matter what kind of contestant I have. All kinds of people are funny." Eubanks says the new contestants show how social rules have changed with more education and technology.
"I think society has become a little looser. If I ask a question and there's an elderly couple on, their answer is going to be different than someone who is much younger because our society has changed over the years," he says. "If you look at the show, it's almost a microcosm of society today. You can tell how our education has failed or succeeded.
"Because of television, we know exactly where some places are in America and even in the world. We certainly wouldn't know where Iraq or Afghanistan was 40 years ago unless you got the globe out." The "Newlywed Game" first aired in 1966, and Eubanks went on to host multiple incarnations of the show until 1996 and host celebrity episodes in the 2000s.
The episodes made him the only game show personality to host the same format with original programming in six decades. As one of the hosts of the Tournament of Roses Parade since 1979, Eubanks has earned several Emmy awards and has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He continues to host the parade for Hallmark and the Travel Channel.
With no plans to return to television full time, Eubanks, who turned 76 last month, now travels across the country for corporate speaking engagements and "Not-So-Newlywed" performances. "If I were producing television right now, I probably wouldn't hire me because everybody has a turn in this world. I have certainly had a long turn," he says. "I do the Rose Parade, and that's fine. I have too much to do, and I'm having too much fun."
And TV Guide, which once dismissed Eubanks, named him one of the "Top Five Game Show Hosts of All Time."
"I mean in the department store of life, you have to know I live in the toy department," he says. "You don't really take away anything from what I do. You just enjoy it and have a relaxing, wonderful time. That's all I ask."
A selection of quizzes that I have found online that are hopefully of use to you.
Zacks Pop Quiz which isn't a Pop Quiz in the style of Mike Read
Buffalo News - Trivia Quiz
Sausage Quiz - it might me smile from TCDailyPlanet website!!
The Beatles Quiz - from the Pine and Lakes Echo
And finally, an article on Paul Sinha (my favourite Chaser) who is touring at the moment.
An unusual headline from the Westmorland Gazette - I didn't follow this court case, but most certainly one of the stranger rulings especially as he is now 51 years old.
Oh no, I've read it wrong - it's all about him not being allowed to attend the birth of his child. I guess his wife is looking for perfection.
Eine Kleine Millionaire Winner
Can't fault this guy for his honesty - via The Local (German News In English) website.
Punk's €64,000 TV quiz prize will go to tax man
A punk rocker who won tens of thousands of euros on a German television quiz show won't be spending it on new boots and shiny nose pins - he says most of the money will have to go to the tax man.
Robert Korn, who sports a multi-coloured Mohican hair cut and wore a black punk T-shirt when he appeared on the "Who wants to be a Millionaire" show on Monday, won €64,000 before backing out when he was unsure of a final answer.
"I've never in my life had as much money as I won yesterday," he told the Tagesspiegel newspaper. And he said he had listened to the advice of his girlfriend when deciding not to risk it on an answer of which he was not sure.
"I promised my girlfriend not to gamble everything," said the Berlin-based singer in amateur punk band No Exit.
And even though Korn walked away from the show with bags of money, he said he would probably only be left with a few euros to buy a couple of presents for his kids - most of the money will be eaten up by debts.
"I opened a punk shop five or six years ago... but three quarters of a year ago I had to close. I'm a good salesman but not a good businessman," he said.
"My tax adviser went bust and I failed to keep an overview of it all... now the lion's share of the money will have to go the tax office and the employment office."
He said the shop had sold punk supplies such as home-printed T-shirts, music CDs, badges, boots and 49 different colours of hair dye.
For more stories about Germany, join us on Facebook and Twitter
The Local (firstname.lastname@example.com)
via the sternly named New Zealand Herald website. My Kitchen Rules is in the UK via Sky Living but seems to have reached Australia and now New Zealand. Interesting stuff.
TV2 have announced plans for a local version of hit Australian cooking competitionMy Kitchen Rules.
It will be the third local cooking-based reality show on screens this year, following the fifth season of MasterChef, currently screening on TV One, and the debut of TV3's The Great Food Race earlier this year.
In My Kitchen Rules, currently up to its fourth season in Australia, teams of two face home-kitchen challenges in which they have to cook three course dinners for fellow contestants and judges.
If they progress to the next round, teams head to the restaurant and couples are eliminated each week. The drama comes from the chemistry of the couples under pressure to perform in unusual challenges.
TV2 Programmer John Kelly says the decision to make a local version of the show came from the popularity of Australia's version.
"New Zealanders just couldn't get enough of My Kitchen Rules, with 2013 being the highest-rating season yet," Kelly said.
Entrants need to be over 18 and duos must have a pre-existing relationship with each other.
You can register your interest here.
- nzherald.co.nz
from the non Sussex based - New Haven Register website. Article written by Ken Jennings - the Jeopardy legend so he must know what he's talking about. Basically Arthur Chu is picking random "boxes" instead of going down the column which so many people do. What is all the fuss about?
By Ken Jennings, Slate
It didn't take long for Arthur Chu to become Public Game Show Enemy No. 1. Within days of his Jan. 28 debut on "Jeopardy!," the 30-year-old Cleveland-area insurance analyst was making America very, very angry. "Arthur Chu is the worst jeopardy contestant of all time," one viewer tweeted. "I can't wait until someone beats his joyless, smug [expletive]," seethed another. Even the JBoard, normally a collegial hangout for the top-rated quiz show's most dedicated ex-contestants and fans, got ugly. "There is no need to disrespect the game," one poster scolded Chu.
This all took me back to the heady days of summer 2004, when I began my own run as a "Jeopardy!" contestant and fans soon tired of my presence behind the leftmost podium. In ESPN the Magazine, Bill Simmons called me "a smarmy know-it-all with the personality of a hall monitor." (My company is, to this day, called Hall Monitor LLC.) On "Jeopardy!," a rigidly formatted show in its 30th year, the only real breath of fresh air is the endless parade of new contestants. Familiarity, on the other hand, quickly breeds contempt.
There's an obvious racial angle to all the Chu-hate.
It's true that Arthur Chu is a buzzer-waver, a button-masher, a Trebek-interrupter. But between rounds of gameplay and in the many subsequent interviews he's done — Chu is clearly enjoying his 15 minutes — he comes across as perfectly pleasant, chatty and self-aware. Given the low bar of "Jeopardy!"-contestant charisma, he is a normal, likable guy. The sudden wave of Chu-mosity is largely just a symptom of our modern news cycle, where one spate of hostile tweets can spawn a million repetitive reaction pieces before the feedback loop dies.
There's an obvious racial angle as well. Chu, a bespectacled man with rumpled shirts and a bowl cut, plays into every terrible Asian-nerd stereotype you've ever seen in an '80s teen movie. Charmingly, he seems to enjoy the role of the scheming outsider. In a recent Wall Street Journal interview, he pitted his own eccentric genius against me, "the angelic blond boy next door, the central casting 'nice boy.' "
But in fact, plenty of nice white boys on "Jeopardy!" have been pilloried by viewers for using Arthur Chu's signature technique: bopping around the game board seemingly at whim, rather than choosing the clues from top to bottom, as most contestants do. This is Chu's great crime, the kind of anarchy that hard-core "Jeopardy!" fans will not countenance. The technique was pioneered in 1985 by a five-time champ named Chuck Forrest, whose law school roommate suggested it. The "Forrest bounce," as fans still call it, kept opponents off balance. He would know ahead of time where the next clue would pop up; they'd be a second slow.
More recently, skipping around the board has evolved into an art form. "Jeopardy!" luminaries like David Madden (19-game winning streak, 2005) and Roger Craig (Tournament of Champions winner and single-day winnings record holder, 2010-11) have used "the bounce" as a strategic way to hack an underappreciated key to Jeopardy! success: the Daily Double.
In any game of "Jeopardy!," three clues have been secretly earmarked as Daily Doubles. The player who finds each one can bet any or all of her winnings on responding to it correctly. By and large, "Jeopardy!" players are a risk-averse bunch. Unless a player is in need of a big comeback, the Daily Double wager is usually a smallish one.
Strategically, this is crazy. Like a poker player trying to increase the size of the pot when he has a good hand, "Jeopardy!" contestants should maximize their upside when the odds are in their favor. Historically, the odds of getting a Daily Double correct are very good: Between 65 and 70 percent. Too many players instead let games come down to Final Jeopardy, where conversion is much less predictable. (Fewer than half of all Final Jeopardy responses are correct.) Finding the Daily Doubles becomes more important the stronger a player you are, since it lowers the influence of chance on the outcome. Crunching some numbers, I see that my own Daily Double conversion during my "Jeopardy!" run was about 83 percent. In hindsight, my wagers were almost always too small.
So when Arthur Chu bobs and weaves around the board, he's chasing those game-changing Daily Doubles. Arthur Chu has been lauded in headlines as the pioneer of "Jeopardy!" "game theory," but Craig is the one who designed his own computer software from scratch to allow him to game "Jeopardy!" "moneyball"-style. Chu, by his own admission, just Googled "jeopardy strategy." If he has seen more Daily Doubles than other men, it is because he stood on the shoulders of giants.
Arthur Chu is on the Jeopardy! bench for a couple of weeks while a college tournament airs, but he'll back on Feb. 24, and the Daily Double hunt will begin anew. In sports, players and fans love it when teams shake up the game with new techniques: the basketball jump shot in the 1950s, the split-finger fastball in the 1980s, four-down football today. Why should "Jeopardy!" be any different? Strategic play makes for a more complex, exciting show. Don't listen to the Internet kibitzers. Arthur Chu is playing the game right.
Jennings is a 74-time "Jeopardy!" winner and is the author of six books, most recently the"Junior Genius Guides."
The show that I want to go on most in the whole world after Jeopardy and The Amazing Race (which let's face isn't going to happen) has announced that there will be a further 204 episodes across series 11, 12 and 13 - also giving Challenge some extra episodes for 2018 through to 2023 (I'm just guessing that bit).
Anyway, great to see it continuing from strength to strength and reinventing itself in the final round to keep it fresh. Take note other shows!!
Didn't want to put a spoiler in the header of the blog so you'll just have to read the article from London's favourite free newspaper (possibly with the Metro and City AM featuring not too far away) - the Evening Standard.
Viewers saw Channel 4 gameshow Deal Or No Deal crown a rare £250,000 winner today - and he could have doubled his prize.
Roop Singh from Leeds became only the second male contestant to take such a large sum on the programme hosted by Noel Edmonds, and the seventh overall since it was first broadcast eight years ago.
In the final stages he had a choice between a box with £250,000 and £500 in the other, but he came up trumps by choosing the top prize. He was also the first person who could have made it half a million with the recently added twist of "box 23" which has five possible outcomes including a chance to increase the cash or lose it.
He opted to take his winnings rather than open the box, but missed out on the "double your money" option inside.
Singh, 54, a sikh storyteller, bought presents for his family and friends with the winnings and has bought a bike for himself in order to cycle the coast of Britain. He will also donate money to charities he supports.
via the Entertainment.ie website - this is for an Irish audience but if memory serves a British/Scottish version has been made, I think contestants had to pay their own way to Dublin for filming but I could be wrong. It's like Perfection but without the True and False bit (I might be making that bit up).
We may get all kinds of documentaries about criminal underbelly's and what not from the crowd over at TV3, but this is their first endeavour with a game show. 'The Lie' will be hosted by Jonathan McCrea and will begin next Monday on the station.
It's pretty odd as game show formats go, in that there are no questions - just lies! Contestants will be divided into two teams where they will be given statements based around pop culture and current affairs, and must decide which is the lie.
We can all play at home too if we download the app, and play against fellow users. As game shows goes, it sounds pretty up to the mark and as we said, it is a first for TV3. The show is co-produced by 3Studios and STV Productions in Scotland, so a Scottish version of the show will be aired over there.
Don't know if it will be the next 'Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?' now, but it sounds promising, and it's been given a prime time slot of 8pm every Monday and Friday for the next five weeks.
You can watch the first episode on February 17th at 8pm on TV3.
Oh, another WWTBAM view
via the intriguing The Independent website.
In 1998, Capital FM breakfast programme presenter Chris Tarrant was asked to host a new game show on ITV. "Cash Mountain" had the largest cash prize in British television history, but might never have also become the world's most successful quiz, if it hadn't been retitled. Who wants to be a Millionaire? Pretty much everyone.
At its peak, the Saturday night stalwart was watched by one in three of the British population, but Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? has gradually wound down operations to the occasional celebrity specials, and last year ITV announced that it would end for good following Tarrant's retirement. Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Chris's Final Answer, was the last one and a chance to reflect on the phenomenon it once was.
You can keep your million quid, I'd rather get my hands on Tarrant's magical elixir of youth. The man hasn't aged a day in 15 years. Then again, the dim lighting in the Millionaire studio is rather flattering. This clip show saw Tarrant sat in his usual seat, introducing extracts with his usual delivery style, and so, sadly, it was too stiffly showbiz to offer any candid behind-the-scenes insight. Maybe in another 15 years?
It would have been fascinating, for instance, to hear what our host really made of Major Charles Ingram, the eccentric 2001 contestant whose cough-cough conspiracy led the way to a million pound win – swiftly followed by a conviction for deception. Or whether he personally found it less satisfying to watch the already-loaded banker Robert Brydges walk away with the jackpot. We did get to see some entertaining footage of Tarrant's equivalents in WWTBAM's various international versions. The Japanese host, Chris's favourite, speaks entirely in Japanese, save for barking a sharp "final ansah!" at apparently random intervals.
So that's it, then. No more chances for ordinary Britons to escape everyday drudgery by becoming instant millionaires.
Mr Quiz Worthing
Paul Preston
October 2017


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First, there was Suburban House. Then, there was Gourmet Again. (And let's not even get started about the old Fields Cafe.)
Now, you can add another Pikesville landmark to the dustbin of local culinary and noshing history. Edmart Deli closed its doors Dec. 31 after more than 61 years in business.
Edmart's closing comes in the wake of the high-profile demises of the Suburban House restaurant in late 2017 and the Gourmet Again market last May, as well as other local Jewish-owned businesses in recent years such as Greetings & Readings, Tuxedo Pharmacy, Cohen's Clothiers, Diversions and Trillium.
The 900-square-foot deli and gourmet and specialty foods store, at 1427 Reisterstown Rd., was featured on the Food Network and known for its corned beef and pastrami, as well as the folksy friendliness of owner Shelley Kelly.
Kelly, 68, said she was closing the deli to spend more time with her grandchildren in New Jersey, and because her rent was increased significantly.
"Business has been OK lately, but my rent was raised," she said. "It's frightening. They're making such high prices. I can't understand why."
Kelly said she is currently negotiating with a prospective buyer to take over the deli operation. Still, she said leaving the business created by her parents was quite bittersweet for her.
"I've been struggling with this for a while, but I know it's the right thing to do," she said. "I really hope this person buys the business. It would be such a wonderful thing for the whole community. We're playing it down to the wire here."
Popular Edmart items included salami, brisket, white fish salad, halvah, lox, chopped liver, chopped herring and different varieties of cream cheese. A"kosher-style" establishment with a small dining area, the store sold kosher meats, bagels from Goldberg's New York Bagels and challah from Rosendorff's Bakery.
Edmart's brisket sandwiches were lavishly praised in the media by no less than Duff Goldman, proprietor of Charm City Cakes and a Food Network star.
Kelly grew up working at Edmart alongside her parents, the late Martin F. Lev and Ruth Adler Lev.
Located on "downtown" Pikesville's main street, Edmart was founded in 1958 by Martin Lev and his partner, Eddie Stern. They named it Edmart, a portmanteau of Eddie and Martin, and Stern eventually sold his share of the business to Lev.
Lev passed away in January of 2008, while his wife died five years later.
Lev's father, Carl, co-founded the popular and well-remembered Sussman and Lev's delicatessen, which operated in East Baltimore from 1926 to 1956.
Edmart has long been a favorite among local delicatessen lovers, especially for its unique edible offerings, holiday meals and shiva trays.
In the 1998 documentary "Divine Food: 100 Years in the Kosher Delicatessen Trade," L. John Harris, a California cookbook author and food writer, said, "In my mind, the style, feel and appearance of Martin Lev's deli harks back to a time in the 1920s, '30s and '40s. There's a trend for delicatessens these days to be more like restaurants. Edmart, on the other hand, is a neighborhood store that is not so much a place to sit and eat but to go and get."
Since taking over the business, Kelly frequently attended food shows and conventions around the country, bringing back samples of new products to share with staff and customers.
"Days go by quickly, the work is exciting, and I never know who will be coming into the store," Kelly said in a 2017 Jmore profile of Edmart.
A mother of two and grandmother of three, Kelly — who frequently jokingly referred to herself as "Shelley Kelly in the Deli" — said she considers her Edmart employees and customers to be part of her family.
In the 2017 Jmore article, Sheldon Gimbel, who worked at Edmart since 1996, said he thoroughly enjoyed the store's camaraderie and atmosphere. "Edmart is the 'Cheers' of Pikesville, where everyone knows your name," he said.
Christina Barbour, site supervisor for the St. Clement's Island Museum in St. Mary's County, ate at Edmart two years ago after visiting the Fire Museum of Maryland in Lutherville. She said she was saddened to hear of the deli's closing.
"We really enjoyed it. I'm sure it will be sorely missed," said Barbour. "It was really nice to go to a local business instead of a corporate place. But after 61 years, you might want a break. It certainly was a good place while it lasted."
Alan Smith, owner of Lenny's Deli in Owings Mills, said he was sorry to hear the news about Edmart.
"It's just another mom-and-pop going by the wayside. Very sad," he said. "I don't know the details, but I know [Edmart has] been there for years. It seems like everything these days is run by big conglomerate companies. I'm proud that we've been around for so long. It's not easy these days, it's a lot of hard work. It's getting harder and harder, but we're not planning to go anywhere. We're happy to be here and feel very lucky.
"I guess all good things come to an end," Smith said. "But it's very sad to see them go."
Baltimore resident Jack Zager agreed. He said he had not stopped by Edmart in a while, but "I"m sorry to see them go. They had delicious deli, and I really liked the personal service/attention by Shelley. She was always so sweet and could never do enough for her customers. She also often threw in a little treat with your order, which was a nice touch and something you just don't see much anymore."
Ted Merwin, author of "Pastrami on Rye: An Overstuffed History of the Jewish Deli" (NYU Press), said he felt Edmart's demise was "emblematic of the mom-and-pop businesses that were such a fixture of the urban and suburban streetscape. The rise of chain stores and franchises have almost completely obliterated these [businesses].
"It's ironic that, to the modern ear, Edmart brings to mind Walmart and Kmart," said Merwin, who lives in Pikesville. "As an eatery that serves a wide variety of kosher meat but not under rabbinical supervision (which is common these days in Israel but quite rare in America), Edmart was a throwback to an earlier era in which more non-Orthodox Jews were willing to pay a premium for kosher beef and poultry."
Beth Rheingold, president of the Pikesvillle-Owings Mills Regional Chamber of Commerce, said Edmart's closing was a big loss for the community.
"We are deeply saddened to see Edmart close its doors after serving Pikesville loyally for over six decades," Rheingold said. "The POM Chamber wishes Shelley the very best in her retirement. "


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[Tomorrow we celebrate Independence Day here in the States, and I am running a post today from my archives. I also recommend you read Laura Droege's excellent post on her experience at church last Sunday; she describes vividly what can happen when a church loses its way in unbridled patriotism.]
Years ago, soon after I became a Christian, I had a conversation with a youth pastor. The 4th of July was coming up and he said that he thought patriotism was very Godly. I asked, "What about citizens in Nazi Germany?"
"Ummm … so maybe not always," he said.
I said, "Maybe not even here in the United States."
Dual Citizenship
Don't get me wrong. I know I am blessed to live here, and that there are a lot of worse places to live in this world. I'm glad to be here. On top of that, it's biblical to be under the authority of earthly rulers and act accordingly. (See, for example, Mark 12:13-17, Romans 13:1-7 and Titus 3:1.)
But we should not think that this is the ultimate good. As Jesus told Pilate when facing earthly judgment:
My kingdom is not of this world. If it were, my servants would fight to prevent my arrest by the Jewish leaders. But now my kingdom is from another place. (John 18:36.)
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Because did you notice that word "now" in Jesus' statement to Pilate? "But now," he said, "my kingdom is from another place." Jesus qualified his statement because in the future he's going to bring heaven and earth together into a single kingdom:
The kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord and of his Messiah, and he will reign for ever and ever. (Revelation 11:15.)
So it turns out we can love our earthly home eternally and above all others, because that's the home Jesus is preparing for us.


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For years, researchers thought of cancer as a genetic disease, caused by mutations or alterations to the order of the genetic code. While this isn't incorrect, it's becoming clear that this is only part of the story.
"The last few years have increased the awareness that it's not just genetic mutations that lead to cancer," says Dr Cynthia Hawkins, a pathologist and researcher at Toronto's Hospital for Sick Children. "There are a lot of things in cells that can lead to cancer."
Changes to genes that do not alter the underlying DNA sequence can have a profound effect on how genes are read and interpreted to perform their activities, which in turn can lead to a number of diseases, including cancer.
DNA is packaged in a specific way
Most cells in our bodies carry a complete set of DNA, containing all of the genes that carry instructions for our growth, development and features. If stretched out, the DNA in each cell would measure about 2 metres long, yet it fits inside a compartment in the cell called the nucleus, which is about 1/10 as wide as an average human hair.
To fit in the nucleus, DNA is tightly wound and packaged around proteins called histones. These DNA-histone structures are called chromatin and condense further to form chromosomes.
When they are tightly coiled, most of the genes in the DNA are not able to be turned on. When a specific gene needs to be switched on, the part of the chromosome where it resides unwinds and opens up so that the gene can be accessed, while genes that aren't needed remain tucked away. This process is highly regulated to ensure that the right genes are read at the right time, but this is precisely where things can go wrong. A gene that should be read may be silenced, or a gene that should be silenced is read. The biological processes behind these errors are called epigenetics.
Epigenetics plays a role in cancer development
Epigenetics refers to changes to the genetic material or its organization that are not changes to the order of the letters in DNA, known as the DNA sequence. Instead, epigenetic processes affect how genes interact with the environment around them and how they are read and interpreted. Small chemical structures become attached to chromatin and affect which genes are "expressed" or turned on, ultimately affecting cell processes like growth, development and DNA repair.
Epigenetic processes play important roles in ensuring that the right genes are accessed and read at the right time, and they are critical for proper cell growth and development. However, if an epigenetic change occurs when or where it shouldn't, problems can arise.
Epigenetic changes can accumulate over time and are caused by a number of different factors including environmental or lifestyle-based exposures such as smoking, an unhealthy diet or exposure to toxins. Age and chronic inflammation are also known contributors.
Left unchecked, these epigenetic changes can lead to cancer and affect how the disease spreads and responds to drugs. At the same time, these changes are also reversible – which makes them ideal targets for cancer treatment.
Most common types of epigenetic changes
There are several different kinds of epigenetic changes, all of which can influence which genes are switched on.
DNA methylation silences critical genes
Researchers have long known that DNA methylation plays a role in cancer. In this process, a chemical structure called a methyl group attaches to various locations on a DNA strand. These chemicals get in the way of the machinery that reads the gene, effectively silencing it.
Not every gene needs to be expressed in every cell all the time. Methylation is actually an important part of development, but researchers have found that cancer cells and healthy cells have very different methylation patterns.
Cancer cells often have more methylation than healthy cells, which silences genes that normally block tumour growth. Less commonly, cancer cells may have lower DNA methylation than healthy cells, which can activate a gene that promotes cancer growth.
Histone changes affect DNA structure
Histone proteins help give structure to DNA. A strand of DNA winds around histones and forms chromatin that condenses to fit into the nucleus of a cell. This packaging needs to happen in a particular way in order for cells to access the proper genes needed to run the cell.
If a chemical group attaches to the histone at an incorrect location, the chromatin structure can change in such a way that a gene that needs to be turned on may be inaccessible while a gene that should be tucked away may be activated.
"The location of the histone modification really matters," says Dr Bernhard Lehnertz, a researcher at the University of Montreal. "The precise location will determine the structure of the chromatin and whether genes are activated or suppressed."
Non-coding RNA interferes with interpreting the genetic code
The genetic code provides the instructions needed for the body to make proteins, but a molecule called RNA is needed to act as the interpreter of the genetic code and make the proteins. RNA is a molecule made of genetic material, similar to DNA, and it helps to put the genetic code into action.
Non-coding RNA, which are usually very small pieces of RNA, can interfere with the genetic code. It can attach to an RNA molecule, or sometimes DNA, and stop a particular gene from being expressed.
In a healthy cell, non-coding RNAs, like DNA methylation and histone changes, are highly regulated and play an important role in a variety of cell processes, including cell growth and death. But if they attach at the wrong place or time, a variety of different issues can result, including cancer development and spread.
Using epigenetic changes for cancer diagnosis and treatment
For cancer to develop, a healthy cell undergoes several biological changes to start growing uncontrollably and avoid the body's defenses. Both genetic mutations and epigenetic processes may be involved in this transformation.
While researchers have studied genetic mutations in cancer for many years, the role of epigenetics in cancer development is not as well understood, though it is improving thanks to technology. "The tools to study epigenetics are getting much better," says Dr Hawkins. "Even in the last five years, more tools to study epigenetic changes across the whole set of genes are available, it is more accessible and more researchers can do this type of research."
This means that there is more research into how epigenetic changes could be used for diagnosing cancer and learning about prognosis, as well as how they could be targets for new treatments.
Patterns of changes may point to diagnosis
Each single epigenetic change on its own may be small, but as they accumulate, patterns – and disease – can emerge. Using genetic technology, researchers can scan genes in cancer cells and look for areas with concentrations of epigenetic changes and compare these areas with healthy cells to find distinct patterns that could be used to help diagnose cancer.
In some cancers, specific forms of non-coding RNA are more common than in healthy cells, whereas in other cancers, histone changes (both the type and the specific location of the change) or DNA methylation are different. By comparing cancer cells with healthy cells or with cancers with known outcomes, researchers can identify patterns that may be useful for diagnosis or prognosis.
Colorectal cancer is one cancer known to be highly influenced by epigenetic changes, and many researchers are looking for ways to use epigenetics for diagnosis. For example, researchers have found that levels of specific non-coding RNAs are higher in colon cancer cells than healthy cells. They are now testing whether simple blood tests to measure these RNAs can reliably detect colorectal cancer. Other blood tests are being developed that use DNA methylation on a specific gene as a way to diagnose colorectal cancer. While these tests show promise, they are not as sensitive as current screening or diagnostic tools, such as stool tests or colonoscopies.
Epigenetic changes are also often found in brain cancers. Dr Hawkins, who specializes in pediatric brain cancers, is currently leading a CCS Impact Grant studying epigenetic changes in a childhood brain stem tumour called diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) and whether these changes could be used for diagnosis.
Using their large database of tumour samples and patient outcomes, her team was able to identify a histone change in certain brain cells that is critically important to this cancer, along with the genetic mutation that leads to this change. While DIPG cells have a large number of epigenetic changes, many of them can be traced back to this one mutation. The team also found that children who had the mutation fared much worse in the long-term compared to those who didn't have it.
"We still have a lot to learn about the biology of this mutation and the resulting histone change," says Dr Hawkins. "But learning its importance to this cancer is a big step forward."
Her team also developed a clinical test that can look for this mutation, which could be used to diagnose patients using small amounts of tumour tissue.
Treatments could reverse epigenetic changes
Epigenetic changes add an extra layer of complexity to our understanding of cancer, but they also offer the potential to be targeted with treatments that may stop cancer at its roots.
Epigenetic changes often affect genes that drive cancer growth, but unlike mutations in the DNA sequence that are hardwired into the cell and are difficult to change, epigenetic processes can be reversed by interfering with the biochemical reactions that cause them to attach to genetic material in the first place.
"There's no known drug that can selectively target the genetic machinery involved in cancer cell replication," says Dr Lehnertz. "But we might be able to use drugs to target the processes behind epigenetic changes in cancer."
Both DNA methylation and histone modifications need specialized proteins called enzymes to attach or remove the chemical groups. Researchers have found that it is feasible to use drugs to interfere with these enzymes. In fact, drugs targeting both DNA methylation and histone modifications have already been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the US and by Health Canada, mostly to treat different kinds of blood cancers. "DNA and histone-modifying enzymes are critical for ensuring that genes are expressed at the right time and place, and researchers have been able to develop compounds that interfere with these types of activities," says Dr Lehnertz. "It's exciting that we might be able to target these enzymes and reverse some of the epigenetic misregulation that occurs in cancer."
Using epigenetic drugs in combination with other therapies has the potential to be particularly effective at stopping cancer growth at the genetic level and eliminate existing cancer cells at the same time.
The challenge with current versions of these drugs is that they can impact methylation or histone changes across all genes, including where they are necessary and not just at the locations that are problematic. "Right now, epigenetic targets are pretty broad-reaching," says Dr Hawkins. "We're going to need to improve drug development in order to target these changes more specifically."
Dr Lehnertz is part of a CCS-funded team led by Dr Guy Sauvageau studying epigenetic changes that take place in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). With their CCS research grant, they are studying a type of histone modification that is frequently altered in AML as a result of recurring genetic mutations. The team previously learned that a small group of people with leukemia carry mutations at the exact site where this epigenetic modification occurs. Interestingly, these patients do not seem to respond as well to standard chemotherapy as those without the mutation.
Now, the team will be studying how changes in histone modifications and accompanying gene mutations are connected and whether drugs that can reverse these changes could be an effective treatment for AML.
"This represents a new approach in leukemia, trying to make sense of both the genetic mutations and epigenetic patterns we see," says Dr Lehnertz. "Through our work, we hope to first classify leukemias based on their specific epigenetic changes to get a more specific diagnosis, and then try to develop targeted and specialized treatments for the disease."
Our view of cancer is constantly changing, and while research reveals new information about how cancer develops, it also raises more questions. Epigenetics adds a layer of complexity to our understanding of cancer – it's not simply about genetic mutations as we once thought. And this additional layer of change can affect not just how cancer develops, but also how it responds to treatment and whether it is likely to relapse.
Recent studies show that targeting epigenetic changes has the potential to be a very successful strategy to diagnose, classify and treat some forms of cancer. But there are still many questions to be answered. Chief among them is the specificity of epigenetic-targeting treatments. Because these epigenetic changes can happen anywhere on DNA and are necessary for proper cell functioning, it's important to target only the epigenetic changes that produce harmful consequences.
Epigenetic changes do not happen in isolation, and it's likely that they are also having an impact on how the immune system responds to cancer and even how cancer cells become resistant to drugs. With more research, it may be possible to develop combination treatments that can tackle these multiple challenges together.
As we make a shift to more precise cancer therapies, doctors may have to consider epigenetic changes when they are making decisions about treatment. While it adds more complexity, there's also potential for even greater personalization and a whole new field of exciting possibilities for treatment.
Eileen Hoftyzer, B.Sc.