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Comparing the Performance of Official and Unofficial Genetically Modified Cotton in India
- Roderick Farmer
- 2 years ago
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1 AgBioForum, 8(1): AgBioForum. Comparing the Performance of Official and Unofficial Genetically Modified Cotton in India Stephen Morse, Richard Bennett, and Yousouf Ismael The University of Reading, UK Genetically modified (GM) cotton was approved for commercial cultivation in Hybrids to date have carried the Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) gene, which confers resistance to Lepidoptera and certain Coleoptera. As well as official Bt hybrids (i.e., those that have gone through a formal approval process), there are unofficial Bt hybrids produced without such approval. The owners of the official hybrids, Monsanto-Mahyco, claim that the unofficial hybrids are not as good and could even damage the perception of Bt cotton amongst farmers. Anti-GM groups claim that neither type of Bt hybrid provides either yield or economic advantages over non-bt hybrids. This paper reports the first study of official versus unofficial versus non-bt hybrids in India (622 farmers in Gujarat State) with the specific aim of comparing one hypothesized ranking in terms of gross margin of (a) official Bt hybrids, (b) unofficial Bt hybrids, and (c) non-bt hybrids. Results suggest that the official Bt varieties (MECH 12 and MECH 162) significantly outperform the unofficial varieties in terms of gross margin. However, unofficial, locally produced Bt hybrids can also perform significantly better than non-bt hybrids, although second-generation (F2) Bt seed appears to have no yield advantage compared to non-bt hybrids but can save on insecticide use. The paper explores some of the implications of this ranking. Key words: Bt cotton, GM crops, Gujarat, India Introduction The Indian Government permitted commercial cultivation of genetically modified Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton in March 2002 (Raghuram, 2002). Bt cotton is genetically engineered for resistance to Coleoptera and certain Lepidoptera, such as the old world bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), spotted bollworm (Earias vittella), and spiny bollworm (Earias insulana), and therefore should reduce the use of toxic, environmentally damaging, and expensive insecticide. Although this may sound like a laudable objective, there has in fact been considerable debate and conflicting views regarding the release of Bt cotton. Criticism has centered largely on whether the Bt hybrids confer any significant yield or economic advantage, let alone whether the pesticide load into the environment is reduced (Friends of the Earth International, 2004). Indeed, it has been argued that Bt cotton adopters are actually worse off relative to non-bt cotton growers (Shiva & Jafri, 2003). Despite this debate over performance (economic, environmental, agronomic, or otherwise), there is no doubt that the hybrids with the Bt-based resistance have proved to be popular. The true extent of the popularity of Bt cotton has yet to be determined and could be patchy, but estimates suggest that in the 2002/03 and 2003/04 seasons there were 29,415 and 86,240 ha of Bt cotton, respectively, and in 2004/05, this is likely to rise to as much as 530,800 ha. One interesting indicator with regard to popularity is the rise of unofficial Bt cotton varieties produced by local Indian companies: Indian agricultural minister Sharad Pawar admitted in parliament on August 16 that there is a flourishing illegal market in genetically modified (GM) cotton seeds, strengthening allegations by the industry that more than half of all the GM cotton now growing in the country is from unapproved varieties. (Jayaraman, 2004, p. 1333) The official varieties (i.e., those with government sanction) are owned by Monsanto and its Indian partner, Mahyco, based in Mumbai (Bombay). These companies have invested heavily in field trials and are understandably concerned about the release of unofficial hybrids, partly because of the obvious loss in profit but also because they fear that the unofficial hybrids will perform relatively badly and thereby give GM cotton a bad name. On the other hand, the unofficial varieties would seem to be advantageous, in that they provide the technology at a cheaper price to small-scale farmers. Given
2 AgBioForum, 8(1), Table 1. Possible gross-margin rankings of Bt types. Monsanto- Rank Mahyco Alternative Anti-GM 1 Official Bt Unofficial Bt Non-Bt 2 Unofficial Bt Official Bt Unofficial/official Bt 3 Non-Bt Non-Bt the substantial premium on official GM seed, the cheaper unofficial hybrids could help with profitability. However, anti-gm groups are concerned about the potential for cross-contamination of crops that could be exacerbated by the widespread growing of unofficial varieties (Greenpeace, 2004). Given these divergent views, there are a number of possible rankings in terms of gross margin that could be postulated. Three examples are shown in Table 1. The first model corresponds to the Monsanto-Mahyco vision, where both types of Bt confer resistance and hence save on insecticide costs. The difference is that the official hybrids perform better than the unofficial ones because of better breeding and more extensive testing. Hence, the companies would argue, yield and revenue should be higher. The second, alternative model assumes that the unofficial hybrids are cheaper for farmers to purchase than the official types and hence have better gross margins (assuming that all other costs and revenue are about the same). The third model is an anti- GM position, where Bt does not reduce insecticide costs in any significant way, but seed costs are higher. Hence, the non-bt hybrids should have the best gross margin. Which of these three scenarios is correct? This question forms the basis of the research reported here. The data are from a survey of 622 cotton growers residing in Gujarat State, which produces some 32% of India s cotton output (Singh, 2004). The value of this research is that it records economic performance of the official and unofficial Bt cotton varieties under real commercial field conditions rather than trial plot data (Naik, 2001; Qaim & Zilberman, 2001) and as such is the first such study of its kind in India. The study focused on two official Bt hybrids MECH 12 and MECH 162, released by Mahyco-Monsanto and an unofficial Bt hybrid referred to here as F1 (first-generation seed after crossing two inbred lines). During the survey, a second form of unofficial hybrid was encountered: saved seed from F1. This second type, referred to as F2, should have reduced hybrid vigor due to inbreeding amongst F1 plants. The final type is referred to here as non-bt but in fact covers a number of different hybrids. There are two species of cotton grown in Gujarat, G. hirsutum and G. arboretum; most of the non-bt types are an intra-hirsutum hybrid, with the remainder being planted to improved (nonhybrid) hirsutum and arboreum cultivars. Popular non-bt varieties include Bunny, Tulsi, NHH-44, and JK-666. Methodology A questionnaire-based survey of cotton farmers in Gujarat was undertaken during December 2003 and January Respondents were randomly sampled from a list (provided by seed suppliers) of farmers growing cotton across six districts of Gujarat. The questionnaire was designed to collect information on cotton cultivation practices (e.g., cotton varieties planted, cotton yields, output prices, and use of inputs such as seed, fertilizer, sprays, and labor). The survey also included questions regarding the education level of the farmer and the number of household members engaged in cotton production. These questions were included to test the possibility that more experienced and knowledgeable farmers, or those with more available labor, would adopt Bt first. Hence, a difference in yield between Bt and non-bt cotton could be attributed to better management rather than genotype. After rejecting incomplete forms, a total of 622 farmers were included in the analysis. Of these, 618 grew only one plot (field) of cotton planted to a single variety; the remaining four respondents had separate plots of both Bt (official or unofficial) and non-bt cotton. Therefore, the total number of cotton plots included in the analysis was 626, and given the random nature of the sampling process, this broke down as follows: 306 plots were planted to official hybrids (MECH 12 and MECH 162); 169 plots were planted to unofficial hybrids (F1 and F2); and 151 plots were planted to non-bt cotton. Data were coded where necessary before analysis. For example, education level was coded from 1 (no education) to 7 (tertiary-level education). The use of cotton inputs by farmers was expressed in terms of expenditures on the main input categories seed, manure, inorganic fertilizer, insecticide (for bollworm, sucking pests, and others), irrigation, and labor (for spraying and harvest). Using expenditure rather than quantities does have advantages, given that there are many different types of inorganic fertilizer and pesticide. The seed category is a function of differential cost of the varieties (e.g., it is well known that Bt hybrids cost more than non-bt) and seed rate (quantity of seed used per area).
3 AgBioForum, 8(1), Figure 1. Characteristics of the farmers growing the five cotton hybrids. deviation. Analysis was done with SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Systems) using the General Linear Model approach to analysis of variance; mean separation was determined via Duncan s Multiple Range test (DMR; significance tested at the 5% level of probability). Results Figure 2. Yields of the five cotton hybrids. The averages, standard deviations, and results of the DMR test (using letters to denote significant differences) are shown in Figures 1 to 6. With regard to the socioeconomic indicators of farmers and households (age of respondent, education level, household size, number of household members involved in farming, and cotton plot area) there were no significant differences between plots of the five hybrids (Figure 1). From these data, there is no evidence that older (more experienced) farmers, more educated farmers, or farmers with larger plots of cotton or with more labor available for farming, were overrepresented in the Bt categories. However, the evidence cannot be said to be conclusive, and the possibility that the Bt plots were associated with farmers having more skill should be borne in mind when interpreting the results. Cotton yield was highly variable, represented by the large standard deviation bars in Figure 2. The highest yields were recorded for the MECH varieties, followed by the F1 of the unofficial Bt. Increases in yield relative to non-bt varied from zero (F2), 14% (F1), 20% (MECH 162), and 37% (MECH 12). This would appear to be broadly in line with the Monsanto-Mahyco model. The costs incurred in production are shown in Figures 3 (nonpesticide inputs), 4 (pesticide inputs), and 5 (labor). Unsurprisingly, per-acre seed costs are highest for the MECH Bt varieties, due to the relatively high cost of the seed, whereas non-bt is the cheapest (Figure 3). Seed costs for the F2 seed are relatively high even when compared to the F1 hybrids. With irrigation and fertilizer the picture is more complex, with no clear pattern between Bt and non-bt emerging (Figure 3). Inorganic fertilizer costs are highest for farmers growing the MECH 162 seed and lowest for the conventional varieties, while irrigation costs are highest for the F1 hybrids,
4 AgBioForum, 8(1), Figure 3. Costs of some inputs (excluding insecticide and labor) for the five cotton hybrids. lowest for MECH 12, and at a similar level for the remainder. With regard to insecticides (Figure 4), the use and costs of bollworm spray is highest for the conventional varieties and much lower for all the Bt varieties, particularly the official MECH 162 variety (followed by the unofficial F1 hybrids). This is in line with the hypothesis that the Bt gene confers resistance and therefore less bollworm insecticide should be required. The cost of sucking pest sprays is highest for the F1 hybrids and lowest for the F2 seed. The third category of insecticide in Figure 4 is referred to as others and largely comprises seed dressings and leaf-eating pests (grasshoppers, etc.). These costs are the lowest for each of the five hybrids; it is difficult to extract a pattern. The labor costs for applying fertilizer and harvesting are shown in Figure 5. Again, there is much variation in the data. Higher yields of the Bt varieties unsurprisingly results in higher harvesting costs for those varieties. Figure 4. Costs of insecticide for the five cotton hybrids. Costs of fertilizer application are broadly the same across all five hybrids. Total costs (sum of costs in Figures 3, 4, and 5), revenue (yield price), and gross margin (revenue costs) are shown in Figure 6. Note that in this study, a record was kept of price obtained by each farmer, and the price of cotton is higher for the Bt varieties compared with the non-bt, perhaps reflecting a better quality of cotton and less staining caused by bollworm. Therefore, a higher yield combined with a higher price generates significantly higher revenue for the Bt varieties (especially MECH) compared to non-bt. Indeed, the ranking of revenue is that predicted in the hypothesis: MECH 12 MECH 162 F1 F2 non-bt. Balanced against this is the fact that the MECH varieties have the highest peracre costs, followed by F1 hybrid, non-bt, and F2. Reduced expenditure on insecticide is more than offset by the greater cost of seed for the official Bt hybrids. This evidence suggests that the Bt technology is not cost reducing. However, in terms of gross margin, it is clear
5 AgBioForum, 8(1), Figure 5. Labor costs for the five cotton hybrids. that this variable is considerably greater for MECH 12 followed by MECH 162. Indeed, the gross margin of MECH 12 was 132% that of the non-bt varieties. This sizable difference is largely a function of increased revenue for the MECH hybrids. The F1 hybrids are the nextbest performers in terms of gross margin, followed by F2 seed. All of the Bt varieties appear to outperform the conventional varieties even the F2 seed, where peracre yields are no better than conventional. Discussion The results would appear to support the Monsanto- Mahyco ranking of hybrids rather than the alternative ranking or that of the anti-gm lobby. Although the unofficial Bt varieties generally outperform the non-bt hybrids, they do not do as well as the official Bt cotton crops. The advantage of, and indeed main incentive to use, the unofficial Bt varieties for farmers is that the cost of seed for these varieties is lower than that for the seed of the official Bt varieties. The poor performance of the F2 compared to F1 was expected, but it is interesting to note that F2 has a higher gross margin than the non-bt Figure 6. Total costs, revenue and gross margin for the five cotton hybrids. varieties. Therefore, the evidence suggests that the extra investment in the MECH hybrids relative to the unofficial types does provide additional benefits for the farmer. However, some issues need to be considered. First, it is important to remember that the research reported here relates to just one state (Gujarat is the main state to date that has seen substantial documented plantings of unofficial Bt cotton varieties) and one growing season in India. Regional variation would be expected. Care also needs to be taken in terms of the farmer characteristics. Although some farmer/household characteristics are presented in Figure 1, it is well established that better farmers or those with access to better resources (soil, labor, etc.) tend to be more willing to try new technologies. Hence, some of the differences in Tables 2 to 6 could be the result of better management, rather than just different genotype. Because most of the farmers in the survey had a single plot of cotton planted
6 AgBioForum, 8(1), Table 2. Average cost of seed and total costs as a percentage of per-acre gross margin. Seed as % of gross margin Total costs as % of gross margin to a single hybrid, it was not possible to adjust for this management effect. Therefore, although the rank order of the hybrids in terms of gross margin is certainly suggestive of the Monsanto-Mahyco model, it cannot be said to be conclusive proof. Thirdly, although the results provide little indication as to how stable this ranking would be in the future, it is possible to identify the factors that could have the greatest impact. The Indian government has claimed it is concerned about the use of unauthorized Bt cotton varieties, although at the same time little effort seems to have been made to close down production (AgraFood Biotech, 2004; Jayaraman, 2001, 2004). The issue is likely to intensify in the coming years, as up to 12 more official Bt cotton hybrids are set for release by Raasi Seeds, Ankur Seeds, and Mahyco (Jayaraman, 2004). If unofficial Bt cotton planting continues despite pressure from official seed suppliers, could these companies reduce the cost of their seed to make them more attractive to farmers? Ironically, even if seed costs of the unofficial hybrids are reduced to the same level of the non-bt (~500 rupees/acre), or even handed out free of charge, the producers gross margin would still not be as high as that obtainable from the official hybrids, simply because the advantage of the latter arises through the yield gain. Only if the unofficial Bt seed begins to match the official hybrids in terms of yield would farmers see an equal benefit from either type; however, this requires expensive investment. What about the economic sustainability of production? It is, of course, impossible to draw many hard conclusions from just one year of data. However, one very simple way of exploring this issue is to present the production costs for the following season as a percentage of the gross margin for the current season and assume that any shortfall has to be covered by savings or credit. Table 2 shows the average costs of seed and all inputs per acre as a percentage of gross margin per acre. Farmers adopting the Bt hybrids would have to spend a higher proportion of their gross margin to purchase seed (assumed to be the first input to be purchased) for the following season than nonadopters. However, total costs (as a percentage of gross margin) are much higher for the non-bt hybrids (266%) compared to MECH 12 (126%), suggesting that farmers may not have to take so much cash from other sources to sustain production of the latter than the former. Of course, this says nothing about the biological sustainability of the single-gene-based Bt resistance or even the impact of official/unofficial Bt cotton hybrids on the sustainability of peoples livelihoods in such complex socioeconomic contexts as those of India. These issues require further research. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank ACNielsen ORG- MARG for data collection. Data analysis was funded by the United Kingdom s Department for International Development (DFID; Monitoring the impact of GM cotton in India, project MC/GEA/004). The views expressed are not necessarily those of the DFID. References MECH 12 MECH 162 F1 F2 Non-Bt AgraFood Biotech. (2004). India targeting illegal GM cotton plots. AgraFood Biotech, 134, 10. Tunbridge Wells, UK: Agra Informa Ltd. Friends of the Earth International. (2004). Genetically modified crops. A decade of failure ( ). Amsterdam: Friends of the Earth International. Greenpeace. (2004). GE contamination: the ticking time-bomb. Greenpeace Briefing, October Jayaraman, K.S. (2001). Illegal Bt cotton in India haunts regulators. Nature Biotechnology, 19, Jayaraman, K.S. (2004). Illegal seeds overtake India's cotton fields. Nature Biotechnology, 22(11), Naik, G. (2001) An analysis of socio-economic impact of Bt technology on Indian cotton farmers. Ahmedabad, India: Indian Institute of Management Centre for Management in Agriculture. Qaim, M., & Zilberman, D. (2003). Yield effects of genetically modified crops in developing countries. Science, 299, Raghuram, N. (2002). India joins the GM club. Trends in Plant Science, 7(7), Shiva, V., & Jafri, A. (2003). Failure of GMOs in India. New Delhi, India: Research Foundations for Science, Technology and Ecology. Singh, P. (2004). To Bt or not to Bt. New Agriculturist. Available on the World Wide Web: develop/dev04.html.
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Vehicle Maintenance Technicians (18299/18)
Vehicle Maintenance Technicians Read more
Vehicle Maintenance Technicians Read more
Whether the police service/force 'the service' pays any external organisations to advertise vacant police officer and police staff roles on their website. Read more
1/ What was the number of Special Constables in office in 1st June this year to the End of November this year.
Read more
What was the total number of police officers (all grades) in your police force on 1st April 1999? Read more
With regards to your Operations department please provide the following information, how many of your operational officers in the Firearms Unit / The Operational Support Unit and The Dog Unit are:
1) Female
3) Transgender (at any stage)
4) Disabled (registered or otherwise) Read more
Can you supply a year by year breakdown (between 2010 – 2018) of the numbers of staff per year that have been recruited, Vs the number of staff that have left for any reason, including retirement etc? Read more
1. How many specialist fraud and cyber-crime investigators does the force have?
2. Has the number investigators increased or decreased over the past two years?
3. If so, how has the number changed in each of the past two years?
Read more
The total number of police officers who have experienced a lower limb injury either on or off duty for the period 1st April 2015 to 31st March 2018, with a breakdown of the following:
The area of lower limb affected
The type of accident
Read more
The total number of police officers in your force as of now. Read more
The total number of restricted officers by restriction type
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Xavier Thomas is one-half of a pair of top-3 recruits Clemson pulled in during this recruiting cycle, joining the No. 1 player in the country, quarterback Trevor Lawrence.
Thomas is now officially committed and signed his letter of intent on Wednesday.
Xavier Thomas is officially a @ClemsonFB Tiger pic.twitter.com/XFdXpe9lEP
— Mark Haggard (@allzoner) December 20, 2017
Thomas originally played at Wilson High School in Florence, S.C., before transferring to the prep powerhouse IMG Academy in Bradenton, Fla., after his junior season. He committed to Clemson in April over South Carolina, a school he liked a lot and very well could have ended up going to had Steve Spurrier still been the coach in Columbia. Clemson has done a spectacular job of recruiting and developing defensive linemen, and that record appears primed to keep chugging along with the addition of Thomas.
How Xavier Thomas fits at Clemson
As I mentioned, Clemson's success with defensive linemen isn't exactly a secret. Dexter Lawrence, Christian Wilkins and Clelin Ferrell are poised to have terrific careers in the NFL, and Austin Bryant has played himself into a similar situation this year. Of course, guys such as Vic Beasley, Kevin Dodd and Shaq Lawson all came through as well, and Thomas appears to be next in line.
He is freakishly quick and athletic, with a jaw-dropping explosive first step that allows him to blow by offensive linemen. At 263 pounds, there is plenty of room for Thomas to bulk up and add to his frame as he gains more experience under Clemson defensive line coach Todd Bates.
Xavier Thomas: Bio, measurements
Height: 6-foot-3
Weight: 263 pounds
High school: IMG Academy (Bradenton, Fla.)
Accolades: U.S. Army All-American, The Opening finalist
Xavier Thomas: Recruiting rankings
National: No. 3
Position: No. 1
State: No. 1
All rankings are according to the 247Sports composite rankings.
Xavier Thomas: Player breakdown
To understand how talented Thomas is, all you have to do is watch him for a play — maybe two, if it took you a second to comprehend what you just saw. He is so quick that linemen sometimes aren't even able to get in position to attempt to block him, let alone actually protect the quarterback effectively.
Thomas gets good leverage when he is rushing, which allows him to get under blocks and use his already-impressive strength to beat would-be blockers. He is good at corralling speedy runners in the open field, and as he gains more experience at Clemson, he is only going to get better.
The post Signee 101: Get to know 5-star Clemson DE Xavier Thomas appeared first on Diehards.
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Search Results
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This report shows public data only. Is this your organisation? If so, login here to view your full report.
You are in Strategy and Governance » Investment policy
Policy components/types
Coverage by AUM
PSP Investments' responsible investment approach and Responsible Investment Policy are anchored by its commitment to act in the best interests of its contributors and beneficiaries by protecting and enhancing the value of its investments over the long-term. PSP Investments seeks to reduce risk and capture value by integrating ESG factors throughout the investment process and across all asset classes. PSP Investments focuses on identifying material ESG risks and opportunities, being those it determines to have the potential to impact a company's ability to create or preserve long-term financial value. The ESG factors considered and their materiality will vary by company, industry and geography. Additionally, PSP Investments integration process may vary according to the asset class and type of investment.
As part of the investment analysis and decision-making processes for internally managed investments in both public and private markets, PSP Investments looks to identify material ESG factors. Potential ESG risks or opportunities are systematically identified, assessed and considered as part of the investment decision-making. From ownership through to exit, PSP Investments actively monitors ESG factors throughout the life of the investment and engages in direct dialogue with companies in respect to a wide range of ESG issues with a view of improving their performance on material ESG factors.
PSP Investments allocates capital to external managers for public market investments and makes a significant portion of its private market investments through funds. For all externally managed mandates and funds, PSP Investments systematically due diligences the ESG practices of external managers and general partners. This allows PSP Investments to ensure that their respective approaches to ESG integration are consistent with PSP Investments' Responsible Investment Policy and expectations. Through an ongoing dialogue and sharing of best practices, PSP Investments encourage these partners to continuously improve their ESG approach.
PSP Investments has adopted a Code of Conduct for Officers, Employees and Others and a Code of Conduct for Directors (the "Codes") which are regularly reviewed. Managing perceived, potential and real conflicts of interests is key to PSP Investments' investment process. The Codes provide a workable process for identifying, minimizing and resolving potential conflicts of interest.
PSP Investments requires that if one of its employees or one of its Directors has a real, potential or perceived conflict of interest, such employee or director must not approve a transaction or participate in any discussions to approve it. In addition, employees must notify the Compliance Officer and directors must notify the Chair of the Board of Directors as soon as possible about any real, potential or perceived conflicts of interest. All notifications should be made in writing.


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Rub. Remedial Massage Clinic
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Sandra Broxson Hayes, age 70, passed away Friday July 19, 2019 in Fort Walton Beach, Florida. She was born May 14, 1949 in Pensacola, Florida. Sandra will be missed dearly by her loving husband Mr. Michael F. Krause of 24 years, and her daughter Cindy Polinder, son Michael Henry, granddaughter Samantha Knight (Deontay Knight), great grandson Deontay Knight Jr., sister Debra Bramlett (Allen Bramlett), brothers Ricky Broxson, Terry Broxson, Randolph Broxson, several nieces and nephews. Funeral services will be 2:00 pm, Wednesday July 24, 2019 at McLaughlin Mortuary, 17 Chestnut Ave SE, Fort Walton Beach, Florida. Family will receive friends one hour prior to services. Inurnment will be private.
To send flowers to the family or plant a tree in memory of Sandra Broxson Hayes, please visit our floral store.


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Arthur Fleck - Therapeutic Affirmation | THE WORST PART ABOUT HAVING A MENTAL ILLNESS IS PEOPLE EXPECT YOU TO BEHAVE AS IF YOU DON'T... | image tagged in gifs,joker,joaquin phoenix,dceu,dc comics,arthur fleck | made w/ Imgflip video-to-gif maker
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Rochelle Haynes
Miss Rochelle Marie Haynes is a native of Dallas, Texas, where she began her dance training at the age of three. She attended Booker T. Washington High School for the Performing and Visual Arts. Miss Rochelle continued her dance training in Philadelphia while attending college at the University of the Arts, where she received her BFA in modern dance.
Miss Rochelle joined Tap Team Two and Company as a principal dancer in 1997 where she traveled throughout the United States teaching the history of tap and promoting tap dance as an American art form.
Miss Rochelle's studies have taken her to Brazil and Prague, Czech Republic. Miss Rochelle has studied and performed with the Masters of tap including Dormeshia Sumbry-Edwards, Nicole Hockenberry, Germaine Ingram and Dorothy Wasserman. Miss Rochelle has been teaching and performing tap throughout the Pennsylvania and New Jersey area for over 25 years. She is currently on faculty for The University of the Arts and is in her thirteenth year as the Guest Artist in Residence for Tap Ties at Cedar Crest College.


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Dr Alice Bexon
Before joining the medical industry over 15 years ago, Dr Bexon trained and worked as an oncologist in the UK and France. As an industry physician, Dr Bexon has worked for co-operative groups, CROs, global pharmaceutical companies and biotech organizations.
Dr Bexon's areas of experience include oncology, hepatogastroenterology, infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, ophthalmology and otolaryngology. She has worked in drug development, biologics, devices, drug-device combinations, and human cell therapy products.
Along with a wide-ranging knowledge of clinical development and medical marketing, Dr Bexon has extensive experience of interacting with regulatory bodies such as the FDA and the EMA.
Dr Bexon is a member of the American Society for Clinical Oncology and the European Society for Medical Oncology. She is author of more than 25 peer-reviewed publications.


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Jan 10, 2019
Taz Dunstan talks about A Cause Bigger Than Yourself in The Fitness Blitz Podcast.
I am a loving mum of two chaos monkeys who are my world, I am a health and fitness professional, a business owner for XL Personal Training, a sponsored athlete, an author, and a public speaker. Above all, I am a real person with ambitious goals and the self-belief, motivation, and dedication to achieve them. In doing this I hope to inspire others to do the same.
To learn more about The Fitness Blitz podcast, please visit: https://www.fitnessprofessionalonline.com/the-fitness-blitz-podcast/


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Thanks for your interest in How To Add Physical Product To Clickfunnels!
I'm currently working on a detailed video to get you the latest information on this…
But in the meantime…
Checkout the best ClickFunnels offers, benefits, and features below.
In this day as well as age, the method your company operates online could make or damage you.
Just how do most services presently have a visibility online?
Web sites.
The truth of the issue is, nevertheless, that web sites have substantially evolved over the previous years – and also the approaches of old are no longer practical for modern day service.
Back in the day, it would certainly suffice to have a basic web site with a web page, solutions, pricing, regarding us, and also speak to web pages.
A possible customer would most likely to your site, scroll about, go to the different pages and take in content as they please.
Nevertheless, if you are a business spending any kind of money on advertising and marketing, you wish to manage just what customers are discovering on your website, existing offers at the correct time, and also optimize the profits you make from each person.
Exactly how does one achieve this?
Using sales funnels.
Go into ClickFunnels
ClickFunnels is the most convenient method to earn high transforming sales and also marketing funnels.
It is an unique tool produced particularly to transform prospective clients into purchasers.
It actually is an all-in-one option to create sales funnels as well as includes landing pages, email assimilation, billing, webinars, subscription sites, therefore a lot more. No surprise it has rapidly become a favored tool for online marketers.
Below is my thorough ClickFunnels Testimonial, including favorite attributes, rates, pros/cons, as well as comparisons versus rivals.
How To Add Physical Product To Clickfunnels: However First, Exactly What Is a Sales Funnel?
Sales funnels (likewise called marketing funnels) are multi-step projects that are made to relocate prospective prospects via your sales procedure, and also turn them into customers.
Image a real-life channel. On top, you pour liquid in, which narrows down towards one repaired location.
In sales, a comparable event occurs. On top, site visitors get to your site, however not all who get in make it from the other end as purchasers.
Lots of things need to happen from the moment a site visitor enters your funnel, to the moment they take action as well as effectively finish a purchase.
By damaging down the client's trip into smaller sized steps, you could be much more precise about how when you provide an offer to your audience.
The thorough action in a channel might look something similar to this:
- Unqualified lead arrives at landing web page
- Web page interacts the first offer (something free to collect an email).
- When email is collected, main deal is pitched.
- Lead ends up being a paying customer.
- More e-mail interaction supplying customer value.
- Further relationship structure
- Persisting sales.
ClickFunnels likewise has a visuals that clarifies this in an easy means:.
Exactly what is ClickFunnels?
As pointed out earlier, ClickFunnels is the very best sales channel software around today.
The firm makes the vibrant case of giving you whatever you have to market, sell, as well as supply your items online – and they most definitely provide.
A basic channel will use an opt-in web page (to collect e-mail addresses), an email car responder (to send out emails to your consumers), plus an extra sales web page with some material and also an order form, possibly complied with by extra content, a subscription website, etc
. Formerly, you would certainly need to make use of different systems as well as tools to achieve all of these jobs such as:
- Produce a web site
- Locate Hosting
- Locate an autoresponder service
- Find subscription website software application
- Discover split-testing software application … and so on
However ClickFunnels cares for every little thing with their platform. You not only conserve a ton of cash by not needing to buy various products/services, but you also stay clear of the technical mess of having to establish whatever up, as well as could concentrate on just what's actually crucial – growing your company.
ClickFunnels provides a Cost-free 14-Day Test, so you reach explore the device as well as actually see if it's right for your organisation.
Preferred Features
* Quickly Develop Pages Making Use Of Layouts and Components *.
Before obtaining as well much, it's important to recognize that a funnel is a collection of web pages put together in a calculated order, with the goal of transforming as numerous prospects into customers. And also a page is merely a collection of numerous aspects made to obtain somebody to take a specific activity.
ClickFunnels supplies even more than 50 different elements in order to help you build the ideal web page. The editor is exceptionally simple to make use of and all you have to do is drag and go down various components on the web page, as well as update the text and look to fit your needs – no coding skills required!
ClickFunnels additionally makes your life simpler by providing you with a ton of free templates.
Actually, ClickFunnels supplies over 37 types of pages for you to blend as well as match with. These are broken down into the complying with 10 classifications:
- Presell Pages: Study Web Page, Short Article Page, Presell Web Page, Clickpop Web Page
- Optin Pages: Press Page, Reverse Squeeze Web Page, Lead Magnet, Promo Code
- Thanks Pages: Thanks Web Page, Deal Wall Surface, Bridge Page, Share Web Page
- Sales Pages: Video Clip Sales Page, Sales Letter Web Page, Product Release Page
- OTO Pages: Upsell Web Page, Downsell Page
- Order Forms: 2 Step Order Web Page, Traditional Order Page, Video Sales Letter Order Web Page, Sales Letter Order Page, Product Release Order Page
- Webinar Pages: Webinar Enrollment Web Page, Webinar Verification Page, Webinar Broadcast Space, Webinar Replay Area
- Membership Pages: Access Web page, Member's Area
- Affiliate Pages: Accessibility Web Page, Associate Area
- Various Other Pages: Application Web Page, Ask Page, Shop Front, Home Page, Hero Page, Hangout Page, Live Trial Page
The pre-built templates are totally personalized, as well as are just what most individuals utilize.
You are able to pick a theme, edit or replace the elements with your personal, and your brand-new page is ready to go.
You could additionally link any kind of channel you develop with your own email marketing service (if you do not make use of the one included in ClickFunnels), as well as use the ClickFunnels built in invoicing system.
This is additionally a fun time to mention that ClickFunnels provides very beneficial and also understandable training videos when you initially join. I highly recommend going through those because they rapidly allow you to make use of the tool at its full ability, and you'll have much more enjoyable playing around. How To Add Physical Product To Clickfunnels
* Develop One-Click Membership Websites *.
Among the very best functions with ClickFunnels is the capacity to conveniently create subscription sites and also supply material to your audience in one area.
Your subscription site will certainly come full with enrollment web pages, subscription access pages, as well as web content web pages which you could quickly lock or leak feed to your customers inning accordance with acquisitions they made in your funnel.
ClickFunnels membership sites enable you to send out e-mails, conveniently handle your e-mails, and also develop a neighborhood all while removing the stress and anxiety that's related to other remedies such as Kajabi, or WordPress systems.
It's actually helpful to not have to purchase a separate software or plugin to produce membership websites.
* Email Integration & Actionetics *.
With every channel comes e-mail checklist structure opportunities.
ClickFunnels supports email assimilation with all of the significant email automation systems such as:
- Active Campaign
- Aweber
- Constant Contact
- ConvertKit
- Drip
- Get Response
- Hubspot
- InfusionSoft
- Mad Mimi
- MailChimp
- Market Hero
- Ontraport
- Salesforce
- Sendlane
- And others
However, ClickFunnels additionally has their very own powerful automation device called Actionetics.
Although you could produce, schedule, and provide emails just like any other e-mail marketing system, Actionetics is a lot a lot more.
I love Actionetics due to the fact that it not just replaces your email marketing but carrier advertising and SMS advertising and marketing software programs too. This takes automation to a whole brand-new level as well as helps you connect the excellent message to your customers, specifically when they need it. A video clip review of Actionetics will be provided further below.
* Invoicing as well as Payment Combination *.
A fantastic function within ClickFunnels is the ability to accumulate all of the billing details from your customers precisely your sales page. Marketing is made a lot simpler when customers do not have to leave your website.
ClickFunnels incorporates with major payment entrances such as PayPal, Red Stripe, and InfusionSoft, among others.
ClickFunnels Prices.
While you could start with the Free 14-Day Trial, there are 3 various rates options with ClickFunnels:
- $ 97/month.
- $ 297/month.
- $ 997 mass discount plan (advised).
I'll go into detail for every of these strategies below.
1. ClickFunnels Standard Strategy – $97/month.
The standard plan includes all of the functions you would require within ClickFunnels, yet with constraints on the variety of funnels (20) as well as web pages (100) you can have in your account, along with the number of site visitors (20K) could watch your web pages each month.
You also do not get sophisticated capability such as ClickFunnels very own email advertising and marketing and also associate tracking devices.
2. ClickFunnels Etison Suite – $297/month.
This plan consists of all the bells and whistles of the standard plan, with no limitations. It additionally has 2 extra products created by ClickFunnels called Actionetics (e-mail marketing) and also Knapsack (affiliate monitoring system).
In Actionetics – you could handle every one of your get in touches with that sign up for your list, send out e-mail programs, and develop a host of various other automations. How To Add Physical Product To Clickfunnels
The distinction in between the two strategies actually is the constraints, as well as Actionetics/Backpack. If you are a standard customer as well as don't expect to make use of greater than 20 funnels in your account – the Requirement Plan must suffice.
Nonetheless, if you plan to have an affiliate program or wish to maintain your email advertising within ClickFunnels as well as not utilize a third party software program, the Etison Collection is for you.
You can always begin on the lower strategy and also upgrade if needed.
3. Funnel Hacks System – $997
For any person that's serious regarding their business, the ClickFunnels Funnel Hacks System is the bargain of the century.
The $997 Funnel Hacks System includes durable training programs bundled with 6-month access to the ClickFunnels Etison Suite.
This is an extraordinary offer because outside of this program, 6-months of Etison Suite alone would cost you $1782.
Not just are you conserving $785 but you're getting a ton of trainings and overviews of aid you obtain the most out of ClickFunnels!
ClickFunnels Benefits And Drawbacks
- Developing funnels is extremely easy, simple, and quick
- All-in-one system with whatever your organisation has to win
- Split screening and conversion monitoring included
- Email assimilation with all the significant email autoresponder platforms
- Repayment processing capacities within ClickFunnels
- ClickFunnels is always adapting as well as updating to the times
- There is always sustain available (whether live or not).
- Incredibly active Facebook Team Community.
- Free 14-Day Trial – enables you to attempt it run the risk of cost-free.
- As amazing as ClickFunnels is, it certainly is not a cheap option as well as requires a constant registration to utilize
- Support isn't always the fastest as well as might extract from 1 min to 1 Day depending upon the problem.
ClickFunnels versus Everybody Else.
Many individuals ask exactly how ClickFunnels compares with various other landing web page builders such as Leadpages, Unbounce, and Infusionsoft.
Essentially it's not really a reasonable contrast because each of these tools excels is one location or the other.
The graph over offers a complete evaluation – yet I'll highlight a few of the major comparisons listed below.
ClickFunnels vs Leadpages
Before ClickFunnels, Leadpages was the huge dog.
Leadpages is simply a lead capture software application – absolutely nothing more. You could create touchdown web pages, lead boxes, collect leads … that's practically it. Additionally, the Leadpages design templates are additionally limited on customization.
ClickFunnels is even more versatile – it's a lot easier to make use of as well as does so much more than produce lead capture web pages.
Put simply, Leadpages is really simply a landing web page home builder, while ClickFunnels is focused around developing highly integrated funnels.
ClickFunnels vs Infusionsoft
Infusionsoft is not a landing page or sales page contractor. It has some of that capability built it, however that's not what it's known for.
At it's core, Infusionsoft is a CRM platform – one that enables you to manage your whole client database. ClickFunnels has this capacity with Actionetics, however it's not almost as advanced as Infusionsoft.
Infusionsoft is likewise very costly and pressures every brand-new customer to pay $2000 for a mandatory kickstart mentoring package just to discover ways to use the complex system (which is infamously tough to utilize).
ClickFunnels Associate Program
There are two major courses individuals drop as ClickFunnels individuals.
Those that choose to use the device for their service – in hopes of eventually achieve the Two Comma Club (over $1M in income).
As well as those that want gaining passive income as a ClickFunnels Associate and also winning the Dream Cars and truck Contest (where they pay $500/$1000 to your dream vehicle if you get to 100/200 active monthly signups, respectively).
With a whopping 40% monthly repeating payment, ClickFunnels conveniently has among the best affiliate programs of any system around.
That's right – you earn money an ongoing 40% payment on every affiliate signup you make via the ClickFunnels Associate Program. But, just what does that truly correspond to?
The fundamental plan is a $97/month investment as well as the Etison Suite plan is a $297/month financial investment. therefore you make $38.80 per basic strategy as well as $118.80 per Etison Collection strategy … every single month!
Usually, every 100 signups will certainly bring in $4000/month in associate compensations (more or less depending upon the amount of Etison Strategy users are in there).
Click on this link to find out more regarding coming to be a ClickFunnels Affiliate.
All-time Low Line
ClickFunnels is by far the best system if you are looking to conveniently develop high transforming sales funnels.
Because it was developed from scratch to be the best sales channel home builder, it defeats every one of the competitors in that regard.
Externally, it could not be the most inexpensive item around – however if you utilize it to its full ability, your service will come to be much more lucrative as well as you will save cash from not needing to utilize various other tools. How To Add Physical Product To Clickfunnels
If you have actually reviewed this much right into my ClickFunnels Review, I suggest you see for yourself with a Free 14-Day Test right here.


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Come and ask, answer or inform.
Four French vessels, three of them privately funded privateers, attack the harbour at Ferryland (Forillon), Newfoundland. The harbour is defended by 4 shore batteries mounting 30 guns, manned by the crew from the English privateer William and Mary (16) and other vessels in the harbour and commanded by the privateer's captain William Holman.
The lead French vessel, Aigle, ran aground in the entrance, blocking the access of the others. The Aigle was bombarded for 8-hours before finally being towed off.
The French flagship, Gaillard, remained at anchor outside the harbour and took no part in the action.
Royaume de France - Pierre Vidard (Sieur de Saint-Clair) (1648-?)
|French Vessels
|Ship Name
|Name : Le Gaillard (54)
|Jacques Duvignau (1645-1702)
|Fleet Flagship
|Name : Le Prudent (44)
|Jacques Gouin de Beauchêne (1652-1730)
|Name : L'Aigle (36)
|Joannis de Suhigaraychipy (1643-1694), Jacques Duvignau (1645-1702)†
|CO Killed
|Name : Le Favory (36)
|Louis de Harismendy (1645-1706)
Kingdom of England - William Holman
|English Defenders
|Ship Name
|Name : William and Mary (16)
|William Holman


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Urban Outfitters Lightning Bolt Shirt On Janette From SYTYCD
Janette from So You Think You Can Dance was seen wearing my Artist Series Lightning Bolt Tee for Urban Outfitters in recap videos from elimination 8 of season 5. It's the second time one of my tees has made it to SYTYCD and one of numerous times the Lightning Bolt tee has been on TV!
Like it? Get yours here!


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Common Censored #101 – The New Corona Reality, Many Knew This Was Coming & Wall Street Bailout the Sequel
Click play above to listen or:
To get Common Censored on iTunes, CLICK HERE.
To get Common Censored on Spotify, CLICK HERE.
To get Common Censored on Stitcher, CLICK HERE.
If you want to see Common Censored continue, then become a member at Patreon.com/CommonCensored
5 responses to "Common Censored #101 – The New Corona Reality, Many Knew This Was Coming & Wall Street Bailout the Sequel"
Just watched the latest that was posted today on facebook which took me to you tube to watch. There were 7 commercials that played right through what you were saying. I had to go back and find where I was in order to not miss anything. Looks like they have a new way of censoring you. I have used this method going to you tube a number of times. This is the first time I have seen them try this.
If masks don't help, why were the Chinese scientists getting off the plane in Iran, wearing masks? Why were the Cuban doctors coming off the plane in Italy wearing masks? None of them were near a patient or even in a hospital setting. There are plenty of masks in China.
If the world came to an end right now, we can all be glad that we got to enjoy Lee Camp, and it was fun watching him, while we lasted 💋 He is truly an inspiration. 😘 I also love all of you guys who work with him, it's just right now it's about Lee. Good Work Lee, you're my Hero and my place is always welcome for you to get away from it all and stay over for a bit. You deserve it. 💋
Now for a joke, I heard from the great Thom Hartmann.
"How do you know if you have coronavirus? Just cough in a rich person's face and wait for the results to come back." 👍😄
Don't worry. It'll all be over at a beautiful time, on a beautiful timeline. WTF!!!!! All I can say is keep safe guys.
I just want to say thank you to Eleanor for her music, her song writing, her poetry and her performance art.


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Modded/Hacked Perfect Slices Update
Update: 31/10/2019
Version: 1.2.6
Size: 38.2Mb
Root: NO
Hack Features
- Perfect Slices
- Unlimited Coins
How to install:
For No-Root (Signed APKs):
1- Uninstall original game.
2- Download and Install modded APK.
3- Enjoy :D
For Game have obb or data:
1- Download OBB files or DATA files and extract files zip
2- Download mod APK
3- Move OBB Files (con.xxx folder) to Android/OBB folder in your device
- Or move Data files (com.xxx folder) to Android/data folder in your device 4- Install mod APK
5- Enjoy :D
For Rooted (UnSigned APKs) click here!
The description of Perfect Slices hack game
Perfect Slices (MOD, Unlimited Coins) – funny and dynamic time-killer with casual controls and colorful graphics. And so, your task is extremely simple, you need to chop various food products with a knife, and as you develop, you will gain access to more powerful cutting objects, hatchets, splitters and other things, which in turn will allow you to cope with harder objects, such as logs , gold bars and others. Perhaps the gameplay of Perfect Slices at first glance may seem primitive, but this is its value. Simplicity and dynamics, as well as nice hand-drawn graphics will drag you for long hours.


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