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The only one I enjoyed was Serge Lutens. I wanted to like papillon Salome but alas after wearing it for 3 days in a row it's not for me. When I received my samples I wear each one for a few days in a row and that way I can decide if I can live in it. Almost all of these skank fragrances did not agree with me. Serge lutens MUSC de kublakai is very complicated and a total Journey. True novelty. I feel like I'm frolicking on an olfactory playground when I wear this. Everything else was offensive to my nose, sort of buzzing, fuzzy if you will.

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The Evolution of One of America's Most Beloved Pop Stars
October 19, 2017
You recognize her by the flowy dresses, her loose blonde curls, and, of course, her catchy country hits: The Taylor Swift we all grew up loving. I remember spending hours in my room dancing to her "Our Song" and "Teardrops on my Guitar." However, this Taylor is long gone. Today we see a different side of our once innocent country artist in her new album Reputation. On social media her evolution of music has sparked numerous tweets and comments, and most people are now wondering, what happened to the old Taylor Swift?
In 2006, Taylor's career went soaring when she released her first hit "Tim McGraw" and the song eventually landed in the top 10 among country song charts. Shortly after this, she released the popular classic "Our Song," which was featured in her first album, Taylor Swift along with "Tim McGraw." Her next album was Fearless, which contained some of her oldest hits that are still loved by many today.
In fact, Madeline, an 8th grader (and Swift fanatic) states, "If I'd have to choose I would say her 2008 album Fearless is my most favorite. I like Fearless because of its innocence and honesty portrayed through the country music and lyrics, unlike the songs from Reputation." She also states, "My all time favorite song by Taylor would have to be 'Teardrops On My Guitar,' which is also in the album Fearless. This song is meaningful and raw because she is expressing her feelings but not trying to fit into society's pop culture."
After this album, she went on to release another country album, Speak Now, and shortly after she released her first hints of pop music in the album Red. Her first full transition to pop was in her 2014 album, 1989. This album was a shocking twist to her normal country, but it was actually popular boosted by some very well known songs such as "Shake it Off" and "Blank Space." All these amazing albums and songs from Swift has lead her to acquire the fan base she has today. However, with Reputation, everything is now changing.
Although her new album Reputation, has not been completely released, with just two songs out most people can already get an idea of the style of music comprising the album, and let me tell you, the Swift fans don't seem quite happy. Her new album seems to be promoting a very dark and negative light. As Madeline states, "In addition to the music video where she crawls out of her own grave, the beginning of the song has an ominous vibe. Also, she mentions that the 'Old Taylor' is dead which seems creepy and unlike her." In her first two song releases from the new album, "Look What you Made me Do" and "…Ready For It," she talks about topics like death and is pictured in settings such as a graveyard. In reference to the two songs Madeline states, "I feel like 'Look What you Made me Do' and '…Ready for It' are more rebellious approaches to pop and now I think she is trying too hard to keep her pop reputation alive. Overall, I feel confused and betrayed because of this 'new' Taylor who is trying to be rebellious and change her mojo." There may be many different perspectives on Reputation, but one thing is for sure: this music isn't the same Taylor Swift we first heard roughly 10 years ago.
Although there is nothing to do to change this new music she has put out for the world to see, the letdown fans can only hope for better songs in the rest of the album to come. Madeline concerningly states, "I've obviously never met her, but she seemed very sweet and innocent… Now with Reputation, I don't know what to think." Madeline went on to explain her overwhelming sadness she felt with this new music that was released, but she persists to be optimistic and hope for better things to come. Personally, I would tell Taylor to reevaluate who she is aiming to be and what kind of message she wants her music to send. When asked what she would say to the singer, Madeline stated, "I would tell her be careful; people are quick to judge."
Now, despite all of the chaos over this new music, as a fan, try to remember how Taylor has paved her path to stardom. When asked about her original love for Swift, Madeline states, "She was so creative and one of a kind – at the time she became famous, there weren't very many country stars who were as young as 15. I think a lot of girls looked up to her. Personally, I just really love her music. She will definitely be remembered as an icon of this decade and the last." Taylor has been an inspiration for so many young girls, and her music has always been a stronghold for so many people, including myself. Furthermore, although there are lots of new changes in the music coming from Taylor, let's not forget about the artist we all know and love. We never know what is yet to come, so all we can do now is wait for Taylor's next surprise.
"Taylor Swift's Career Timeline: From 'Tim McGraw' to '1989'" Billboard, Billboard. 4, September, 2014. billboard.com/photos/6221976/taylor-swift-career-timeline-photo-gallery


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As one of the most powerful musicians in the world, Taylor Swift generally gets what she wants and since the beginning of the year she's had her sights set on making her home a heritage listed property.
The determined star claimed victory this week with the news she's won landmark status for her estate located outside of Los Angeles.
However, while the singer is certainly mega famous and incredibly successful, Swift cited the reason why the property is worthy of such an honour had nothing to do with her.
The Hollywood legend was responsible for establishing Paramount, Goldwyn Pictures and MGM, as well as producing Guys and Dolls and Porgy and Bess. He apparently re-mortgaged the property to finance his films and the home hosted the likes of Marlene Dietrich, Charlie Chaplin and Clark Gable.
He won several awards for his work including a Golden Globe, Grammy and Academy Award.
Considering Samuel Goldwyn Sr. played such a significant role in establishing the movie making industry, it's of little surprise Taylor's request to preserve his estate was a successful one.
Known as Goldwyn Estate, the property spans just over half a hectre and has six bedrooms, five bathrooms, a tennis court, swimming pool and home theatre.
The decision to grant landmark designation was up to the Cultural Heritage Commission of Beverly Hills and according to the Beverly Hills Courier, that will be processed this week.


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So this is one for all my fellow mommies,
Please tell me I'm not alone in the fight against suicide hour/s.
So when our children are born and as tiny as can be they cry. Right? All babies cry! This uncontrolled crying has been labeled as colic- the direct definition is a baby crying for an amount of hours for no particular reason. As moms we accept this and realize it will one day stop, but does it ? Or is this phenomenon only now disguising itself as something else, and we continue to just give excuses for it. "She must be hungry"
"He might be getting sick"
"Mabey they're just tired"
At toddler age especially after the age of 5 they can tell you what they are feeling but sometimes they actually just don't know why?
This we now label as a tantrum!
Ok so we leave them to get over themselves because they cannot get their own way or they've gotten upset over something.
Funny how this all usually is most prevalent in the evenings. Just as mom and dad want to get the evening tasks done, homework, bathing, cooking and cleaning up our toddler throws a spanner in the works.
This hour or more before and after bath time when this usually happens is called suicide hour.
No better way to put it. So you pick your munchkin up from school been told about their happy day and how clever they are even accompanied are pictures of your little "angel" smiling and loving life. Wow "what a lovely day you had" you say. The first answer I usually get is "hi Mommy where are we going, can we go to the shop," and one simple no has started off a string of tantrums in a row. " "you've played all day honey it's now time to calm down make dinner bath and relax early in bed for another beautiful day"
Omg if only it were that simple??
So our evening usually takes that dreaded turn before bath time,
Begging them to get in, begging them to get out, then begging them to get dressed, more so for my toddler trying to get her to hold still while I dress her.
Once we've accomplished that it can be touch and go from here.
"Mom I'm hungry" but at this point we've just had dinner cleaned up brushed teeth! " no angel we've eaten already it's now wind down time" well you can just imagine how well that goes down.
So we are nearly there all this crying surely should make one quite tired right, so not? So now bed time approaches and it's another act of tears and dramatic efforts to beg mom to add another 5 mins before they need to sleep time. Nope consistency is key so it's off to bed.
After the bathroom trip a couple of times, the changing of stories a million times, the thousand prayers and water drinking, the lights go off !
A good 15-30 if Lucky it's complete silence and negotiations wait for a new day.
Wow someone give me a high five we made it!!
That's how I feel every evening, but setting all these little obstacles aside there is nothing more rewarding and priceless than watching your own baby fast asleep just like an angel, calm, beautiful and asleep!! Luckily for me suicide hour is over! Generally my kids are good sleepers we have our nights of musical beds and I've heard stories from friends of kids who are up continuously during the night, but for us it's now mommies time and this is when I spend my time reflecting on what I could do better the next day.
What can I improve on not only as a mom but as a wife, friend and person.
Life has many many curve balls it throws at us and we may even not know how to dodge them all the time but it's how we handle the process and then learn from it that truly counts.
Motherhood and parenthood is not for sissies but wouldn't have it any other way.


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2020-21 Kindergarten & New Student Registration
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View the weekly newsletter GBE Happenings from Greenbriar East Elementary School.
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Toll Free: 1-888-928-9744
Published: Nov, 2014 | Pages:
32 | Publisher: Global Markets Direct
Industry: Healthcare | Report Format: Electronic (PDF)
Myocarditis - Pipeline Review, H2 2014 Summary Global Markets Direct's, 'Myocarditis - Pipeline Review, H2 2014', provides an overview of the Myocarditis's therapeutic pipeline. This report provides comprehensive information on the therapeutic development for Myocarditis, complete with comparative analysis at various stages, therapeutics assessment by drug target, mechanism of action (MoA), route of administration (RoA) and molecule type, along with latest updates, and featured news and press releases. It also reviews key players involved in the therapeutic development for Myocarditis and special features on late-stage and discontinued projects. Global Markets Direct's report features investigational drugs from across globe covering over 20 therapy areas and nearly 3,000 indications. The report is built using data and information sourced from Global Markets Direct's proprietary databases, Company/University websites, SEC filings, investor presentations and featured press releases from company/university sites and industry-specific third party sources, put together by Global Markets Direct's team. Drug profiles/records featured in the report undergoes periodic updation following a stringent set of processes that ensures that all the profiles are updated with the latest set of information. Additionally, processes including live news & deals tracking, browser based alert-box and clinical trials registries tracking ensure that the most recent developments are captured on a real time basis. The report enhances decision making capabilities and help to create effective counter strategies to gain competitive advantage. It strengthens R&D pipelines by identifying new targets and MOAs to produce first-in-class and best-in-class products. Note*: Certain sections in the report may be removed or altered based on the availability and relevance of data for the indicated disease. Scope - The report provides a snapshot of the global therapeutic landscape of Myocarditis - The report reviews key pipeline products under drug profile section which includes, product description, MoA and R&D brief, licensing and collaboration details & other developmental activities - The report reviews key players involved in the therapeutics development for Myocarditis and enlists all their major and minor projects - The report summarizes all the dormant and discontinued pipeline projects - A review of the Myocarditis products under development by companies and universities/research institutes based on information derived from company and industry-specific sources - Pipeline products coverage based on various stages of development ranging from pre-registration till discovery and undisclosed stages - A detailed assessment of monotherapy and combination therapy pipeline projects - Coverage of the Myocarditis pipeline on the basis of target, MoA, route of administration and molecule type - Latest news and deals relating related to pipeline products Reasons to buy - Provides strategically significant competitor information, analysis, and insights to formulate effective R&D development strategies - Identify emerging players with potentially strong product portfolio and create effective counter-strategies to gain competitive advantage - Develop strategic initiatives by understanding the focus areas of leading companies - Identify and understand important and diverse types of therapeutics under development for Myocarditis - Plan mergers and acquisitions effectively by identifying key players of the most promising pipeline - Devise corrective measures for pipeline projects by understanding Myocarditis pipeline depth and focus of Indication therapeutics - Develop and design in-licensing and out-licensing strategies by identifying prospective partners with the most attractive projects to enhance and expand business potential and scope - Modify the therapeutic portfolio by identifying discontinued projects and understanding the factors that drove them from pipeline
Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 List of Tables 4 List of Figures 4 Introduction 5 Global Markets Direct Report Coverage 5 Myocarditis Overview 6 Therapeutics Development 7 Pipeline Products for Myocarditis - Overview 7 Pipeline Products for Myocarditis - Comparative Analysis 8 Myocarditis - Therapeutics under Development by Companies 9 Myocarditis - Therapeutics under Investigation by Universities/Institutes 10 Myocarditis - Pipeline Products Glance 11 Early Stage Products 11 Myocarditis - Products under Development by Companies 12 Myocarditis - Products under Investigation by Universities/Institutes 13 Myocarditis - Companies Involved in Therapeutics Development 14 CEL-SCI Corporation 14 Novartis AG 15 Myocarditis - Therapeutics Assessment 16 Assessment by Monotherapy Products 16 Assessment by Target 17 Assessment by Mechanism of Action 19 Assessment by Molecule Type 21 Drug Profiles 23 CEL-1000 - Drug Profile 23 Product Description 23 Mechanism of Action 23 R&D Progress 23 Cell Therapy to Activate IL-10 for Autoimmune Myocarditis and Inflammation - Drug Profile 25 Product Description 25 Mechanism of Action 25 R&D Progress 25 Cell Therapy to Inhibit Myosin for Cardiovascular Disorders - Drug Profile 26 Product Description 26 Mechanism of Action 26 R&D Progress 26 Cell Therapy to Target Flt3L for Autoimmune Myocarditis - Drug Profile 27 Product Description 27 Mechanism of Action 27 R&D Progress 27 OBR-5340 - Drug Profile 28 Product Description 28 Mechanism of Action 28 R&D Progress 28 Small Molecule to Inhibit Coxsackievirus B3 3C Protease for Myocarditis - Drug Profile 29 Product Description 29 Mechanism of Action 29 R&D Progress 29 Myocarditis - Dormant Projects 30 Appendix 31 Methodology 31 Coverage 31 Secondary Research 31 Primary Research 31 Expert Panel Validation 31 Contact Us 32 Disclaimer 32
List of Tables Number of Products under Development for Myocarditis, H2 2014 7 Number of Products under Development for Myocarditis - Comparative Analysis, H2 2014 8 Number of Products under Development by Companies, H2 2014 9 Number of Products under Investigation by Universities/Institutes, H2 2014 10 Comparative Analysis by Early Stage Development, H2 2014 11 Products under Development by Companies, H2 2014 12 Products under Investigation by Universities/Institutes, H2 2014 13 Myocarditis - Pipeline by CEL-SCI Corporation, H2 2014 14 Myocarditis - Pipeline by Novartis AG, H2 2014 15 Assessment by Monotherapy Products, H2 2014 16 Number of Products by Stage and Target, H2 2014 18 Number of Products by Stage and Mechanism of Action, H2 2014 20 Number of Products by Stage and Molecule Type, H2 2014 22 Myocarditis - Dormant Projects, H2 2014 30
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God Made the Plants Story Illustration
In Genesis 1 we find the creation story. The biblical account of creation is vital to a child's future Biblical understanding and their faith. This God Made the Plants Story Illustration will help kids remember that not only did God make people, but He also made all of the beautiful plants around us. This story illustration can be used in a Sunday School, classroom or homeschool setting.
You can also see a list of the types of free, printable Bible activities we provide on the site.
For other related activities, see the links below.


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About the Rage of Light band we have just recently announced that they have signed a contract with Napalm Records and that they are making their first album.
In the days out on the band's YouTube was a live video in which the band announced that they are ready to give live concerts.
Yesterday, Melissa Bonny, the band's singer, slammed on Facebook to introduce herself as a solo artist.
In addition to two bands (Evenmore, Rage of Light), the wonderful voice singer is no wonder that she wants to show what she can do on solo.
You must log in to post a comment.


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CTV and Prairie Pants Distribution Inc. confirmed today that CORNER GAS ANIMATED Season 1 and 2 will become available for the first time in the U.S. as an IMDb Original. On October 15, all 24 episodes of CORNER GAS ANIMATED Season 1 and 2 will be joined exclusively in the U.S. on IMDb TV by Canada's most-watched live-action comedy franchise of all time, CORNER GAS, including 107 episodes of the International Emmy Award-nominated, six-season live action sitcom, and the 90-minute feature film CORNER GAS: THE MOVIE. IMDb TV is the free American streaming video service offering thousands of premium movies and TV shows for everyday TV viewing.
In Canada, the CORNER GAS franchise is exclusively available on Bell Media platforms including CTV Comedy Channel, Crave, and CTV Throwback.
The announcement comes as CTV confirms a third season of CORNER GAS ANIMATED, building on the momentum of CTV Comedy Channel's record-breaking year. Season 3 of CORNER GAS ANIMATED features 11, all-new episodes featuring the beloved ensemble cast starring Brent Butt, Gabrielle Miller, Eric Peterson, Fred Ewanuick, Lorne Cardinal, Tara Spencer-Nairn, Nancy Robertson, and Corrine Koslo. Season 3 will debut on CTV Comedy Channel in 2020.
"The renewal and acquisition of CORNER GAS ANIMATED are testimony to the growing success of this franchise, and we're excited to be partners with IMDb TV in growing this series," said Pat DiVittorio, Vice-President, Programming, CTV and Specialty. "It's a privilege to continue to be in business with the CORNER GAS team, as we work together on another season of this smash-hit series for CTV Comedy Channel."
"When we started producing the original sitcom CORNER GAS, we didn't expect it to become a breakout hit with millions of viewers, multiple awards, spin-out movie and animated series, and run for over a decade," said Creator, Showrunner, Executive Producer and star Brent Butt. "Sharing the CORNER GAS franchise with our U.S. fan base and getting a Season 3 pickup of the animated series in Canada is like a double-dip dream come true."
"Americans have asked us to bring CORNER GAS ANIMATED to the U.S. since the series launched in Canada just over two years ago," said Executive Producer Virginia Thompson. "We told our U.S. fans we were working on it, it was coming. Today, we delivered on our promise. Add to that a Season 3 pickup in Canada and this is pretty much the best day ever in the history of the brand."
Debuting in April 2018, Season 1 of CORNER GAS ANIMATED was a ratings hit. The premiere episode was the most-watched series premiere in the history of CTV Comedy Channel, with the first season concluding as the most-watched series of the broadcast year for the channel among total viewers and all key demos. The second season of CORNER GAS ANIMATED continued to build on the success of its premiere season with audiences climbing 41%. Series Creator Brent Butt took home a 2019 Canadian Screen Award for Best Writing, Animation for the episode "Squatch Your Language."


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Schilder, van der Borg, Vinke – 2019 – Intraspecific killing in dogs: Predation behavior or aggression? A study of aggressors, victims, possible causes, and motivations (link to partial view here) – Jnl Vet Beh Vol. 34 Nov-Dec 2019, pp. 52-59
The University of Utrecht's team of dog behaviour specialists has had another noteworthy article published. You can find our summary below. For copyright reasons, we are limiting our summary to information that is freely available in the article's abstract.
They analysed incidents for 151 dogs referred to the Veterinary Behaviour Clinic team for killing or seriously wounding another dog in the Netherlands. They also analysed data from 128 seized dogs, involved in serious dog-on-dog attacks. The analysis data was obtained from diagnostic interviews, behaviour tests and police reports.
Identify types of aggressors, types of victims, and possible underlying factors including motivations.
(OhMyDog's take, not necessarily the authors' take)
To help you intervene early (recognize early signs of tension and inappropriate play) and appropriately (teach your dog an excellent recall by following an obedience course), OhMyDog has created a hand-out showing you when to intervene. Print it and take it with you to the dog park:
Tags: aggressive dog, den haag, dog attack, dog behaviour, dog behaviouralist, dog behaviourist, dog on dog aggression, dog trainer, dog training, dog training school, evidence-based, hondengedrag, hondengedragsdeskundige, hondengedragsspecialiste, hondengedragstherapeut, hondengedragstherapie, hondenschool, hondentrainer, hondentraining, the hague, wetenschappelijk verantwoord


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News São Paulo, Brazil: Community Exchanges Recyclable Materials for Organic Products
by Eber Pola, courtesy Adventist News Network
In honor of World Environment Day, elementary students of the Adventist School of Porto Feliz,in the interior of São Paulo, held a sustainability fair in the town square. They wanted to raise awareness of the importance of caring for the environment and conscious discarding.
Service started early and residents lined up to dispose of plastic bottles, used batteries, aluminum cans and other recyclables. After disposing of them, each visitor received a voucher that was exchanged for organic products such as lettuce, almeirão (similar to chicory), parsley, fertilizers, seasonings and seeds. All this material was grown by the students themselves in the school garden. Fertilizers with organic residues were prepared by means of a domestic compost.


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Who Could Ask for Anything More? 'S WONDERFUL Fab Five Kicks Up Their Heels!
WPCNR STAGE DOOR. Theatrical Review by John F. Bailey March 6, 2012: Come on Cutes, get on your dancing boots and come dance with the "Fab Five": The delightful "Sutton Fosteresque" Dierdre Haren, ( … Continue reading


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How do I select non-consecutive lines? Follow
Well, this is very simple but I don't seem to be able to do this in PS. I want to select multiple non-consecutive lines. Normally, the drill is that you click in the line number. That selects the whole line. You hold down Ctrl (on Windows) and click on any other line number(s). This will select that line and adds it to the previously selected line. Etc, etc.
It doesn't seem possible in PH - unless I'm missing something.
Hi there,
As far as I'm aware -- you cannot do this (currently I cannot think about any scenario where I would need such ability).
You can file a Feature Request ticket to the Issue Tracker , but I would not expect this to be implemented any time soon (unless it will have lots of votes).
Please sign in to leave a comment.


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Will Ellett (IT/Ops Manager), Geoffrey Stano (... Read More
PUBLICATIONS and PRESENTATIONS
Found 52 results
Filters: First Letter Of Title is E [Clear All Filters]
Enhancements to the V0 IMS Client/Server Message Protocol. UAH Information Technology and Systems Center, Huntsville AL, for NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD; 1997..
Event-Driven Virtual Collections for Community Solutions . ESIP Winter Meeting, Washington, D.C. 2017 ..
Event-based Technologies. GeoHSV/GeoInt TechVet2. 2014 ..
ESIP User-Community Readiness Rankings: Augmented Metadata for Data Products Based on Specific User-Community Criteria. ESIP Winter Meeting. 2018 ..
Enhancing Spatial Resolution of Remotely Sensed Imagery Using Deep Learning . AGU Fall Meeting, New Orleans, LA. 2017 ..
ECITE: A Testbed for Assessment of Technology Interoperability and Integration with Architecture Components . American Geophysical Union 2016 Fall Meeting. 2016 ..
Earth Science Data Education through Cooking Up Recipes. American Geophysical Union 2016 Fall Meeting. 2016 ..
Evolving Frameworks for Different Communities of Scientists and End Users . American Geophysical Union 2016 Fall Meeting. 2016 ..
Event-Driven Data Delivery (ED3) Technologies for Severe Weather Research, GHRC Innovations: Moving Technology from Research to Production. ESIP 2014 Winter Meeting [Internet]. 2014 . Available from: http://www.itsc.uah.edu/main/sites/default/files/ED3%2Bfor-ESIP-Jan-2014-v2_sm.png.
Event-Driven Cyberinfrastructure Technologies Supporting the Disaster Lifecycle (at ESIP). ESIP 2015 Winter Meeting [Internet]. 2015 . Available from: http://www.itsc.uah.edu/main/sites/default/files/AGU-ED3-Eventdriven-poster.jpg.
Event-Driven Cyberinfrastructure Technologies Supporting the Disaster Lifecycle. AGU [Internet]. 2014 . Available from: http://www.itsc.uah.edu/main/sites/default/files/AGU-ED3-Eventdriven-poster.jpg.
ECITE and Beyond . NSF EarthCube All Hands Meeting. 2017 ..
EarthCube's Evolving Science Workbench. EarthCube All Hands Meeting. 2018 ..
Journal Article
Evaluation of Data Reduction Algorithms for Real-time assimilation and analysis. Weather Analysis and Forecasting [Internet]. 2010 . Available from: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2010WAF2222296.1.
Evaluation of Data Reduciton Algorithms for Real-time assimilation and analysis. Weather Analysis and Forecasting. 2010 ;25..
Estimation of Surface and Top-of-Atmosphere Shortwave Irradiance in Biomass-Burning Regions during SCAR-B. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 2000 ;39:1742-1753..
Estimation of Shortwave Direct Radiative Forcing of Biomass Burning Aerosols Using New Angular Models. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 2000 ;39:2278-2291..
Earth Science Markup Language (ESML): a solution for scientific data-application interoperability problem. Computers & Geosciences [Internet]. 2004 ;30:117-124. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V7D-4BF5TY9-2/2/430d6854b74d0499f30ce80b57d51966.
Earth Science Markup Language: An Overview. Eos, Transactions, AGU. 2002 ;83..
Earth Science Markup Language: A Solution to Address Data Format Heterogeneity Problems in Atmospheric Sciences. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2005 ..
Conference Proceedings
Extending the Data Dictionary for Data/Knowledge Management. Fourth Conference on Artificial Intelligence or Space Applications. 1988 :pp. 173-181..
Extending a mass market tool to build collaborative portals in Geosciences. Cloud Computing and Collaborative Technologies in Geosciences. 2009 ..
An Extended Petri Net Formalism for Modeling Cyberattacks. 2018 AlaSim International Conference and Exposition. 2018 :46-72..
An Examination of the Tactical Impact of Drone Swarms Using a Semi-Automated Forces System Calibrated to the Historical Results of the Battle of 73 Easting. 2019 AlaSim Conference and Exhibition. 2019 ..
Evolving Sensor Web Protocols for Sensor Data Management. Environmental Information Management 2008: Managing Sensor Data in Near Real Time. 2008 ..


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- 'The Flying Tigers' and 'A Few Planes for China' Review: Tigers Over a Rising Sun.
- With Chennault in China: A Flying Tiger's Diary!
- Navigation menu.
- Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941-1942?
- American Volunteer Group!
- Nobody, Nowhere, My Life Running with Scissors: A Person Centered Fiction.
On July 4, , members of the unit who wished were absorbed into the U. Flying Tigers. Info Print Cite.
Stay in Touch
Submit Feedback. Thank you for your feedback. See Article History.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:. Guilford, Delaware: Lyons Press, Ford, Daniel.
Leonard, Royal. Schaller, Michael. The U. Crusade in China, — New York: Columbia University Press, Namespaces Article Talk.
The history of the Flying Tigers
Views Read Edit View history. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Greene says they were "probably the best weapon for the job,? Unlike the P, Japanese fighter planes didn't have armor or self-sealing gasoline tanks. So basically, if you put a bullet hole in them, they were in trouble.
Today's Top News
The Flying Tigers shot down nearly Japanese planes during seven months of aerial combat in , losing only about 70 U. But equally important to the campaign, says historian Jeff Greene, were the legions of Chinese civilians, who reported sightings of Japanese warplanes to Chennault's headquarters by phone and ham radio.
- "Flying Tigers" shows Ps of the AVG, better known as the "Flying Tigers" in action over China..
- The Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins.
- Scholarships.
- On a mission to preserve the habitats of Flying Tigers!
- Tall Tales with Short Cocks Vol. 2;
It was very rare that the Japanese were able to sneak up on the AVG. It was called the 'spider web' alert system. If you looked at his chain of radios and telephones on a map, it looked like a spider web. Basically, it allowed him to get his forces into a position of advantage, knowing the Japanese would be there in five minutes. In July , with the U. The 23rd Fighter Group was itself later absorbed into a branch of the U.
Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, by Daniel Ford
Air Force, with Chennault as the commander. Lopez says he felt "invincible?. I never thought I could get hurt. And most of the people in the team felt like that. It was that kind of fearlessness that earned the American pilots the Chinese nickname "fei hu dui," literally "the tiger that flies.
Flying Tiger
Historian Jeff Greene says he's sure their story will live on in China. Anywhere I see young kids, I ask them, 'Do you know? They know. Chinese parents and grandparents thought it was important enough that their children know about the men who came to help. And on this American holiday honoring military veterans, "The Flying Tigers" still hold a special place in history, and the hearts of their countrymen.
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Arik Mendoza
A Close-up look at Maui County's High School Athletes presented by Alexander & Baldwin, Inc.
• King Kekaulike High School / Grade 12
• SPORTS: Track and field, football
• FAMILY: Acacia Glidewell, Ryan Kama and Lance Mendoza of Makawao
• ACTIVITIES: Going to the beach, spending time with family
• FUTURE PLANS: Studying kinesiology at Boise State University
• SPORTS LESSONS: "What I enjoy most about being an athlete is the competitive play. Being an athlete has taught me to be humble on and off the field, making me a better person by balancing the roles of a student and athlete."
* Sports Spotlight students are selected by athletic officials from Maui County high schools and these profiles are compiled by the sports department of The Maui News. The Alexander & Baldwin Foundation makes a $200 donation in honor of each student athlete to their high school's athletic fund.


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Turkish security forces had been attempting to find a gunman who opened hearth in a popular Istanbul nightclub in the early hours of new yr's Day, killing at least 39 individuals in the latest attack to rock a nation fighting terrorist teams on a couple of fronts.
The assault took place just after 1 a.m. Sunday at Reina, a membership on the Bosporus, when a lone attacker with a long-barreled weapon killed a police officer and another person on the street before entering and spraying bullets right into a crowd of revelers, Istanbul governor Vasip Sahin said, calling it an "act of terror."
at least 15 of those killed had been foreigners whereas 69 individuals had been injured, mentioned inside Minister Suleyman Soylu, according to state-run information agency Anadolu.
Blasts killed dozens remaining month in Istanbul
Two explosions hit outside an enormous soccer stadium in important Istanbul in early December, killing as a minimum 38 civilians and law enforcement officials and injuring greater than 150 folks, in step with Turkish authorities. photo: Reuters
the federal government, in what has become an more and more widespread step, has imposed a media ban on coverage of the attack, prohibiting reporting of knowledge on the continued investigation other than small print released by means of authorities. The united states imposed a state of emergency after an tried coup in the summer.
An accelerated model of this report seems at WSJ.com.
standard at WSJ.com:
Wall street Journal reporter Dion Nissenbaum returns to U.S. after being detained in Turkey
Donald Trump to press intelligence businesses on Russia cyberattack claims
this article passed during the Full-text RSS service – if that is your content and you're reading it on someone else's site, please read the FAQ at fivefilters.org/content material-most effective/faq.php#publishers.
really useful article: The Guardian's summary of Julian Assange's Interview Went Viral and was once totally False.
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Seminar: Resource Allocation in disTributed Systems (RATS)
In this Seminar we are going to explore popular models and techniques in the area of resource allocation problems in large networks. Topics will typically consist of an introduction into a model and used techniques, and an important or interesting result in the introduced problem based on the given techniques.
The application for this Seminar is managed through the Jupyter System. Klick here for more information on the application procedure.
You can find all relevant materials including the slides of the introductory talk on the page of the seminar in PAUL.
Friedhelm Meyer auf der Heide
Seminar I / Seminar II
Modules III 2.1, 2.2
Dates & Deadlines
- First meeting (distribution of topics):
October 9th, 2019, 15:00, F0.530, Fürstenallee 11
- First meeting with advisor (You are expected to have read the paper, and come with concrete questions):
November 14th-15th, 2019
- Please note the exam registration deadlines in PAUL!
October 21st - November 21st, 2019
- Submission deadline of the 0-version of seminar thesis (see Step II below):
December 16th, 2019
(We strongly recommend to give at least part of the thesis to your advisor in advance to this deadline, in consultation with him)
- Submission deadline of the reviews (see Step III below):
January 13th, 2020
- Submission deadline of the final version of the seminar thesis:
January 27th, 2020
- Block Seminar, Presentation of your work (see Step I below):
February 6th-7th, 2020
Topic Assignment and Registration
The topics are given in the first meeting. Reservations or defaults of issues are not possible. In order to make an informed choice, we expect you to have a look at all the topics listed below before the first meeting. The registration process is centrally organized through the Jupyter system, where you can enter your preferences. However, this does not guarantuee you can get a topic from your submitted list.
Grading and Demands
I) Presentation
45 minutes presentation and 15 minutes discussion and questions.
Your audience: Your fellow students.
As a minimal requirement, the presentation should motivate your model, formally introduce the problem, explain the necessary techniques, and provide insight into the necessary algorithms and their analysis. In paired topics, we expect both students to equally contribute to the presentation.
II) Seminar thesis
Essay of length 15 to 20 pages written according to the standards of a scientific paper.
Submitting work of others is cheating and a violation of academic plagiarism rules, which is a serious offense. We use a commercial, Internet-based plagiarism detection service to check your submissions.
III) Reviews
Peer review procedure similar to scientific publications.
You submit your thesis (paper) at easychair.org.
Some (2-3) peers (other students) review your submission.
• Read and understand the submitted paper
• Criticize the paper
• Make recommendations on how to improve
• Be honest, polite, and helpful when writing your reviews
Possible Criteria:
• Structure of the paper
• Self-containment (necessary terms are defined)
• Thoroughness and correctness of the presented arguments
• Formatting & Language
The reviews you write will influence your final grade.
The reviews you receive will not influence your grade (but your final version).
Each student has to write 2 reviews (each 1-2 pages).
We expect your active participation (as opposed to mere attendance) at all presentations of this seminar.
We will grade the quality of the presentation and the quality of the essay / seminar thesis individually. You have to pass (i.e., 4.0 or better) each part individually to pass this course. Note that commitment, diligence, and compliance with our deadlines will be taken into account. Note that attempts of cheating / plagiarism immediately lead to a failure of the seminar.
We expect each participant to take care of their own work independently. It is your responsibility to contact your advisor and schedule appointments with them early enough. We strongly recommend you to discuss questions regarding the topic, the composition, and the structure of your written seminar thesis with your advisor as early as possible. Starting only one week before any of the deadlines will not be sufficient. Note also that finding an appointment directly before your thesis' submission or seminar talk cannot be guaranteed, since the advisors need to arrange their appointments with their own teaching and research.
Each topic has one or several references that should be understood as starting points for your research. Hence, it is very likely that you will need further papers or textbooks to fully understand your topic. The actual content of your seminar thesis as well as your seminar talk should be discussed with your advisor. The same holds for your seminar talk. Make use of search engines for scientific papers to find more references relevant for your topic.
Seminar Thesis
We expect an essay of length 15 to 20 pages written according to the standards of a scientific paper. A simple summary of the referenced literature is insufficient. We expect you to identify the important ideas and proofs of the referenced literature and present them in a correct and appropriate way. We strongly recommend to use LateX for your thesis (see below for a possible style). All citations must be marked as such and referenced with their origin. Plagiarism directly leads to failure of the seminar. Note that plagiarism not only includes copies from the original literature, but also copies from other authors (e.g., other seminar thesis or wikipedia) or translations of them.
Title and Abstract
Create a brief abstract that summarizes the problem and the main results. An abstract is kept short (typically 10-20 lines). Also make up a title for your thesis (note that this is not necessarily the title of the used literature or the title from our topic list). It is important to make your own reasoning about a title that describes the thesis best from your point of view.
Each thesis contains a reference list that contains at least the literature used in your thesis. In the digital libraries of DBLP, ACM, IEEE, or Springer you can find detailed literature reference information. For conference proceedings or journals ALWAYS specify the pages. For journals, additionally provide volume and journal number. Do not rely on the authors to do their references correct (e.g., reference list in a paper or at the author's website). Sometimes these references are wrong or incomplete. Also do not rely on search engines like CiteSeer or Google Scholar: always verify the correctness and completeness of your references. Especially, it is insufficient if you only provide links to the papers or citations in the web.
LaTeX Style
We recommend the usage of an existing template suited for scientific papers.
The ACM Master Template www.acm.org/publications/proceedings-template
Springer LaTeX Template www.springer.com/gp/livingreviews/latex-templates
LIPIcs LaTeX Template www.dagstuhl.de/en/publications/lipics/instructions-for-authors/
The submission of your thesis as well as the reviews are done via easychair here: https://easychair.org/conferences/?conf=rats2020
1. A Primal Dual Approximation for Facility Location
Many approximation and online algorithms are based on the technique of Primal-Dual algorithms which are based on the principle of weak duality for linear programs. This topic introduces the technique and the underlying principles and then applies it to the Metric Facility Location problem. In that problem, we are given a set of clients and possible facility locations located in the same metric space. The goal is to open a set of facilities and connect all clients to a facility such that the cost for opening facilities and connections between clients and facilities are minimized.
Advisor: Björn Feldkord 2. Online Data Management
We consider the general setting of File Allocation, where a File can be copied and moved with a network to answer read and write requests to the file. For write requests, consistency must be maintained. For a subproblem called File Migration, which deals with the placement of just a single copy over time, we consider an extended variant with exactly k copies and how to derive competitive algorithms based on the classical k-Server problem.
Advisor: Björn Feldkord 3. Weak Adversaries for the k-Server Problem
The k-Server problem is one of the most popular online problems in theoretical computer science. Given are k servers located in a metric space. In each time step a request arrives which must be served by moving one server onto the request. The goal is to minimize the total movement. We explore the basic algorithms given when the problem was first introduced and then consider a more recent resources augmentation variant, in which the online algorithm has more servers than the offline solution it is compared to.
Advisor: Björn Feldkord 4. Randomized Online Algorithms and Tree Metrics
For many optimization problems in metric spaces it is often easier to design algorithms for tree metrics than general metrics. We discuss a technique to embedd any metric space into a tree metric which approximates the original distances within a log(n)-factor. We then show how to use this embedding to derive an online algorithm for the k-Server problem with just polylogarithmic competitive ratio.
Advisor: Till Knollmann 5. The Competitive Ratio of the Online Facility Location Problem
In the Online Facility Location problem, clients arrive over time and must be connected to an open facility immediately. An algorithm decides where to open a facility which implies cost possibly dependent on the location. The goal is to minimize the cost for opening facilities and connecting clients to them. We consider first a simple randomized algorithm and then more complex deterministic algorithms for the problem. The results are complemented by a lower bound which demonstrates that randomized and deterministic algorithms are equal in power w.r.t. the competitive ratio.
Advisor: Till Knollmann 6. The Competitive Ratio of Randomized Online Algorithms
We explore the different types of adversaries used in the context of randomized algorithms and apply them to a simple example problem. The different adversaries are connected in the sense that an algorithm effective against one of them implies the existence of algorithms against the other adversaries as well. The same is true for lower bounds for a given problem. We explore this on the example of File Migration, where one File can be migrated in a network to reduce cost for accessing the file.
Advisor: Till Knollmann 7. Distributed Facility Location in the CONGEST Model
In the Metric Facility Location problem, a set of clients must be assigned to facilities. An algorithm aims at minimizing the total cost induced by opening facilities as well as all the distances between facilities and their assigned clients. This problem is also of interest in distributed systems, where the peers of a network not only want to solve the problem, but they want to compute the result in few communication rounds with preferably small messages. The given papers consider the CONGEST model, where the message size is bounded at each peer in each communication round, and establish techniques to quickly compute a maximal independent set on the network. Afterwards, the technique is used for a distributed primal-dual algorithm allowing to solve the problem in a small number of communication rounds while achieving a constant approximation ratio.
Advisor: Till Knollmann


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The Metropolitan Opera of New York, via Cineworld, offers us Donizetti's opera, famous for its nine top C's, which have announced the arrival, on the world stage, of more than one leading tenor.
Programme starts at 17.55, the opera about 18.10. It lasts 2 hours and 35 minutes and has one 28 minute interval.
Venue : Cineworld, Parrs Wood Entertainment Centre, Wilmslow Road,
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Variations in Stem Borer Infestation and Damage in Three Maize (Zea mays L.) Types in Southern Guinea Savanna and Rainforest Zones of Nigeria
Edache Ernest Ekoja1, *, Olufemi Richard Pitan2, Folashade Temitope Olaosebikan2
1Department of Crop and Environmental Protection, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
2Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
Email address:
To cite this article:
Edache Ernest Ekoja, Olufemi Richard Pitan, Folashade Temitope Olaosebikan. Variations in Stem Borer Infestation and Damage in Three Maize (Zea mays L.) Types in Southern Guinea Savanna and Rainforest Zones of Nigeria. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Vol. 4, No. 6, 2015, pp. 284-290. doi: 10.11648/j.aff.20150406.18
Abstract: The effects of location, maize types and borer control with carbofuran (Furadan 3G®) on the severity of maize stem borer infestation and damage was investigated in the late maize planting season of 2011. Treatments were laid out in randomized complete block design using a split-slip-plot factorial arrangement. Whole plot factor consisted of two locations (Southern Guinea Savanna and Rainforest agro-ecological zones of Nigeria), subplot factor consisted of 1.5 kg a.i.ha-1 and 0.0 kg a.i.ha-1 of carbofuran, while the sub-sub-plot factor comprised of three endosperm types of maize (flint, pop and sweet corn). Stem borer infestation (quantified by dead heart count and larval population per plant) and damage (quantified by %lodged stem, %bored internodes, %bored ears, number of exit holes, number of stem borer cavities and number of damaged seeds per plant) as well as yield were compared. Results revealed that borer infestation and damage were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the Rainforest compared with the Savanna. Single dose application of carbofuran (1.5 kg a.i. ha-1) also significantly (P < 0.05) increased grain yield in all the maize types at both locations. For all parameters, no significant (P > 0.05) location × carbofuran × maize type and location × maize type effect was detected. However, significant (P < 0.05) location × carbofuran and carbofuran × maize type interaction effects were observed. We conclude that in both agro ecologies, flint corn was more tolerant of borer attack while sweet corn was more susceptible compared to either flint or popcorn. In addition, carbofuran at 1.5 kg a.i.ha-1 can significantly reduce stem borer population in the three maize types.
Keywords: Borer, Flint, Pop, Sweet, Corn, Control
1. Introduction
Expansion in the cultivation of flint, pop and sweet endosperm types of maize in Nigeria is increasingly becoming inevitable given government's ban on continued importation of food grains. The demand for maize in Nigeria is high and it comprises high demand for it as food for the teeming human population, as feed for livestock, and as raw material for the production of some food and non-food products in agro-allied industries [14,15]. About 42% of the 785 million tons of maize produced worldwide annually are from the United States of America, while Africa accounts for only for 6.5% [16]. The 2011 estimated figure for maize yield in Nigeria shows a 17.5% increase in yield between 2000 and 2011 [7], yet indications are that production of maize inadequately meets demand quantitatively and qualitatively.
Insect pests are the most limiting factor to the production of maize and research efforts have shown that maize stem borers are the major insect pest of maize [5,18,15,17]. [19] listed 21 species considered being of economic importance; however, [18] reported that only a subset is damaging within any region/crop combination. The common species infesting maize in Nigeria include: Busseola fusca Fuller (Noctuidae), Eldana saccharina Walker (Pyralidae), Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Noctuidae), Chilo partellus Swinehoe (Cambridae) and Acigona ignefusalis Hampson (Pyralidae) [11,22]. Depending on the species, the larval stage may last 25-58 days and may have 6-8 instars [20]. Pupal stage normally takes 5-14 days after which adult moths emerge [12, 13, and 19]. Maize stem borers usually pupate close to the tunnel exit or even partly outside the stem [28]. The larvae occupy and feed on different parts of maize whorl, leaves, stalk, tassel and ears. At the early stages of plant growth, damage to the growing point causes 'dead heart'. Borer damage also causes early leaf senescence, reduced translocation, lodging, direct damage to ears and increment in the incidence off stalk rot and ear rot diseases, sometimes resulting to significant yield losses [25,4]. The severity and nature of stem borer damage depend upon the borer species, the plant growth stage, the number of larvae feeding on the plant, and the plant's reaction to borer feeding [4,17]. Yield losses caused by maize borers in Africa have been estimated to range from 10 - 100 % [4].
Manipulating time of sowing to avoid severe borer infestation, removal of damaged cobs and stems from the field, selection of resistant varieties, biological controls with naturally occurring biotic agents are relied upon for stem borer control. However, where control failure exists or where they are pest outbreak, control with synthetic insecticides has been recommended. Carbofuran (Furadan 3G) applied at the rate of 1.5 kg a.i.ha-1 as well as Carbaryl (Vetox 85) applied at the rate of 0.75 kg a.i.ha-1 has been recommended [6,23]. Most of these recommendations for maize stem borer control emanated for researches with flint corn.
As regular pests of maize, the knowledge of yield–loss relationships between maize types grown in any locality and the stem borers is important in planning effective management strategies for the pest [10]. We therefore set up this experiment to assess the impact of maize types (flint, pop and sweet corn) and borer control with carbofuran on the severity of maize stem borer infestation and damage in two agro ecological zones of Nigeria.
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Description of the Planting Materials and Study Areas
Three maize types [flint (SUWAN-1-SR(DMR)), pop (Kaduna pop corn) and sweet corn (Oba Super 2] obtained from the Department of Crop Production, University of Agriculture, Makurdi were used for field experiment carried out between the month of August and November, 2011 at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University (coordinates: 07°41'N 05°40'E) and Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (coordinates: 07°15'N, 03°25'E). The maize type varieties used are open pollinated and medium maturing. The flint corn was also resistant to Downy mildew disease of corn.
2.2. Research Design
The plots were laid out in randomized complete block design made up of six plots replicated four times giving a total of 24 plots in each location. The experiment was set up in split-slip-plot factorial arrangement with the whole plot factor consisting of two locations (Southern Guinea Savanna and Rainforest agro ecological zone of Nigeria), while the subplot factor consisted of 1.5 kg a.i.ha-1 and 0.0 kg a.i.ha-1 rates of carbofuran (Furadan 3G®). The sub-sub-plot factor was the three endosperm types of maize (flint, pop and sweet corn). Each plot was 5 m long and six rows wide. An inter row spacing of 0.75 m was maintained within plots while a 1 m alley way existed both within and between blocks. The total area of the field in each location was 736 m2. Paraquat at 3.0 kg a.i.ha-1 and pendimethaline at 2.5 kg a.i.ha-1 were applied immediately after sowing for weed control. This was supplemented with manual hoe weeding 7 weeks after planting (WAP). Four seeds per hole were sown on ridges and seedlings were thinned down to 2 plants per stand at 2 WAP to give a population density of approximately 53,333 plants ha-1. Four weeks after planting, NPK (20:10:10) fertilizer was applied.
2.3. Data Collection
Sampling for stem borer damage assessment was carried out at harvest (12 WAP). Data on dead heart count, % lodged stem, % bored stem, % bored internodes, % bore ears, mean number of exit holes per plant, mean number of damaged seeds per plant and mean number of filled cobs per plant were collected from 10 plants selected at random from plants in the four middle rows of each plots. At 4 WAP, plants showing "dead heart" symptoms (destruction of the growing point in the whorl as a result of the stem borer's feeding activities on young maize plants) were counted per plot. Furthermore, the stem of each sample was split and the number of larvae recovered was recorded. The length of borer tunnel on one half of the stem was measured and cumulated. The number of borer cavities was derived as a quotient of total tunnel length and mean length (32 mm) of mature larvae of B. fusca, the predominant borer species recovered in both locations. Ears from the sample of 10 plants were picked, dehusked and sorted into grain-filled and unfilled categories, thereafter; the ears were dried. Grain weight was recorded after threshing.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
All data in percentage were transformed to arcsine before the analysis of variance. Mean larval population per plant was analyzed as before the preliminary F-test which was carried out for each parameter using GENSTAT Discovery Edition 4, [8]. Significantly different mean values were separated using least significant difference (LSD) at 5% level of probability.
3. Results
Busseola fusca was consistently the most abundant borer species in the three types of maize in both locations (51.7% of total collection in flint corn, 58.3% in popcorn and 56.7% in sweet corn at Makurdi, Southern Guinea Savanna agro ecological zone and 48.3%, 54.2% and 50.0% of total collection in flint, pop and sweet corn respectively in the Rainforest agro ecological zone) (Figures 1 and 2). Higher populations of B. fusca were recovered from popcorn in both locations compared to the other maize types. S. calamistis was next in abundance with a higher population of the borer was recovered in the Rainforest zone compared to the Southern Guinea Savanna zone. Next in relative abundance was E. saccharina followed by A. ignefusalis and C. partellus. The later was not found in the Rainforest zone. In addition, A. ignefusalis was not encountered in flint corn in the Southern Guinea Savanna zone and in all the maize types evaluated in the Rainforest zone.
For all parameters, stem borer infestation and damage were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the Rainforest zone compared to the Southern Guinea Savanna zone and this resulted in a significantly lower (P < 0.05) number of filled cobs and total grain yield of the crops grown in that environment (Table 1). Maize grain yield was about 22.8% lower in the Rainforest compared with the Savanna zone. However, the mean number of exit holes per plant and mean number of stem borer cavities per plant in both locations were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from each other.
Single dose soil application of carbofuran at the rate 1.5 kg a.i.ha-1 significantly suppressed (P < 0.05) borer infestation and damage in the three maize types in both locations (Table 1). This increased the number of filled cobs per plant and grain yield from 0.91 to 1.48 and 1.36 to 1.96 tha-1 respectively. About 44.9% increase in grain yield was recorded from the pesticide application in all the maize types at both locations
The three maize types were susceptible to borer attacks, given the relatively high borer activities observed in them in both locations (Table 1). Apparently, sweet corn was more susceptible to the attacks given the significant (P < 0.05) loss of seedlings due to dead heart and other damages caused by the borer which resulted in low yield values from sweet corn plots. Marginal increase in mean larval population per plant, number of exit holes per plant and number of stem borer cavities per plant observed in sweet corn plots over pop and flint corn plots, but the differences were not significant (P > 0.05). Flint corn was more tolerant of the borer attack, in spite of the relatively high borer activity observed in the maize type; a significantly higher yield value of 2.26 tha-1 was obtained.
Means are values of four replicates
LSD0.05 = Fisher's Least Significant Difference at 5% level of probability
Data in percentage were transformed to arcsine values and insect count was analysed as before the F-test
There was no significant (P > 0.05) location × carbofuran × maize type and location × maize type interaction effect was detected for all parameters (Table 2). But significant (P < 0.05) location × carbofuran and carbofuran × maize type interaction effect in some parameters were observed. Percentage bored stem, mean larval population per plant and number of exit holes in carbofuran-untreated plots in the rainforest zone were significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared with the treated plots and treated and untreated plots in the southern Guinea Savanna zone. The untreated plots of sweet corn had significantly higher (P < 0.05) %bored stem, %bored ear, mean number of exit holes per plant, mean number of stem borer cavities per plant, number of damaged seeds per plant and a significantly lower (P < 0.05) number of filled cobs per plant compared with the treated and untreated plots of the other maize types.
Means are values of four replicates
LSD0.05 = Fisher's Least Significant Difference at 5% level of probability
Data in percentage were transformed to arcsine values and insect count was analysed as before the F-test.
4. Discussion
Population density and damage activities of stem borers observed in the study confirm previous reports which implicated the insect as a major pest of maize. The higher density of B. fusca in the maize types observed in both locations is similar to the findings of Nigeria by [2] in southwestern part of Nigeria, but contrary to the findings of [3] and [26] who reported that E. saccharina and S. calamistis as the most important stemborers on maize in the forest zone of eastern Nigeria, the forest/savanna transition zone of south western Nigeria. Though not investigated, the nature of the vascular tissues of popcorn may have contributed to the relatively higher preference of B. fusca for it. The absence of A. ignefusalis in flint corn in the Guinea Savanna zone is yet to be determined whether or not it is a case of escape of infestation. But its absence in the Rainforest zone maybe due to location effects and absence of millet in neighboring plots. A. ignefusalis is a millet stem borer, but could infest other cereals [29]. In addition, C. partellus was absent in larval population recovered from both location. But [27] reported that factors such as temperature, rainfall and humidity influences the distributions of B. fusca and C. partellus, with temperature being the most important. He indicated that C. partellus was found in warmer regions and B. fusca in cooler areas. This generalization may be the possible reason for the absence of C. partellus in cooler environment of the Rainforest zone of Nigeria.
The significant reduction in borer population by single dose application of carbofuran at the rate of 1.5 kg a.i.ha-1 further confirms the effectiveness of the chemical in the control of stem borers. Similar results have been reported by [6,4]. In spite of health and environmental risks associated with the use of chemicals for pest control, they continues to play the important role of minimizing crop loss associated with increase in insect pest population in farmer's field. It is important to note that carbofuran is a systemic insecticide which is effective even after the larvae penetrate into the stem [4]. Their use in late season maize could leave residues in the grains; hence, non-systemic alternative is suggested.
The three maize types used in the experiment were susceptible to stem borer infestation and damage. The high population of larvae observed in their stems may be the reason for high level of borer damage observed in the study. This agrees an earlier observation by [9] who found significant increase in infestation and damage as well as yield reduction with increase larval population.
The higher grain yield observed in flint corn compared with either pop or sweet corn may be due to the lower damage observed in the maize type in both locations as well as differences in grain morphometrics and weight. Noteworthy, infested plants also yielded cobs filled with grains in spite of borer tunneling activities which resulted in stem lodging and cavities in the stems of the three maize types. This result was not unexpected because maize has scattered vascular bundle typical of a monocotyledonous plant, which enables the plant to translocate nutrients and water through undamaged tissues to the yield bearing sink(s) without significant reduction in yield. In addition, adequate rainfall as well as the use of fertilizers has been reported to exert significant influence on maize yield and stem borer damage [24,21].
The no significant location × carbofuran × maize type and location × maize type interaction effect detected for all parameters show that infestation, damage and yield were not significantly affected by the combinations of these factors. However, the significantly higher damage values observed in carbofuran-untreated plots in the Rainforest zone compared with the treated plots and treated and untreated plots in the Southern Guinea Savanna zone reveals the impact of location and borer control with carbofuran on bored stem, larval population per plant and number of exit holes in the maize types. Generally, herbivore activities can vary with habitat type depending on the prevailing conditions in a given ecosystem [1,20]. Furthermore, the combination of borer control with carbofuran and maize types had significant effect on bored stem, bored ear, number of exit holes per plant, number of stem borer cavities per plant, number of damaged seeds per plant and number of filled cobs per plant. This may also have resulted from differences in maize type's ability to absorb carbofuran from the soil.
5. Conclusion
The study was carried out to assess the effect of three maize types (flint, pop and sweet corn) and borer control with carbofuran on the severity of maize stem borer infestation and damage in Southern Guinea Savanna and Rainforest agro-ecological zones of Nigeria. The results revealed that yield loss due to stem borer infestation and damage could be severe if the pest is not managed during the late maize cropping season (August to November) in both locations. Furthermore, the lower infestation and damage levels in flint corn compared with pop and sweet corn in carbofuran-treated and untreated plot in the Southern Guinea Savanna and Rainforest zone of Nigeria, suggests that flint corn may be more productive when grown by resource–poor farmers in both locations. However, infestation and damage by stem borer can be suppressed with single dose soil application of carbofuran at the rate of 1.5 kg a.i.ha-1. Further studies still should be conducted to assess the extent of damage caused by individual borer species and their implications on the yield of each maize type in controlled environment. This will provide additional empirical evidence of the economic status of the pest.
The authors are grateful to Professors O. E. Ogunwolu and M. O. Adeyemo for their invaluable inputs during the planning and execution of the field work at the Makurdi, Nigeria.