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This guidance document is not a standard or regulation, and it creates no new legal obligations. It contains recommendations as well as descriptions of mandatory safety and health standards. The recommendations are advisory in nature, informational in content, and are intended to assist employers in providing a safe and healthful workplace. The Occupational Safety and Health Act requires employers to comply with safety and health standards and regulations promulgated by OSHA or by a state with an OSHA-approved state plan. In addition, the Acts General Duty Clause, Section 5(a)(1), requires employers to provide their employees with a workplace free from recognized hazards likely to cause death or serious physical harm.
2Occupational Safety and Health Administration
ContentsIntroduction OSHA Standards Hierarchy of Controls Chemical HazardsLaboratory Standard Hazard Communication Standard Specific Chemical Hazards Air Contaminants Standard Formaldehyde Standard Latex Chemical Fume Hoods
4 5 8 99 13 13 13 14 15 15
Safety HazardsAutoclaves and Sterilizers Centrifuges Compressed Gases Cryogens and Dry Ice Electrical Fire Lockout/Tagout Trips, Slips and Falls
2424 24 24 25 25 26 27 28
References AppendicesAdditional OSHA Information
29 3030
Biological HazardsBiological Agents (other than Bloodborne Pathogens) and Biological Toxins Bloodborne Pathogens Research Animals Biological Safety Cabinets (BSCs)
1515 17 19 21
Other Governmental and Non-governmental Agencies Involved in Laboratory Safety 40 Most Common Zoonotic Diseases in Animal Workers 45
46 48
2121 21 22 23
IntroductionMore than 500,000 workers are employed in laboratories in the U.S. The laboratory environment can be a hazardous place to work. Laboratory workers are exposed to numerous potential hazards including chemical, biological, physical and radioactive hazards, as well as musculoskeletal stresses. Laboratory safety is governed by numerous local, state and federal regulations. Over the years, OSHA has promulgated rules and published guidance to make laboratories increasingly safe for personnel. This document is intended for supervisors, principal investigators and managers who have the primary responsibility for maintaining laboratories under their supervision as safe, healthy places to work and for ensuring that applicable health, safety and environmental regulations are followed. Worker guidance in the form of Fact Sheets and QuickCards is also provided for certain hazards that may be encountered in laboratories. There are several primary OSHA standards that apply to laboratories and these are discussed below. There are also other OSHA standards that apply to various aspects of laboratory activities and these are referred to in this document. The Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories standard (29 CFR 1910.1450) was created specifically for non-production laboratories. Additional OSHA standards provide rules that protect workers, including those that who in laboratories, from chemical hazards as well as biological, physical and safety hazards. For those hazards that are not covered by a specific OSHA standard, OSHA often provides guidance on protecting workers from these hazards. This document is designed to make employers aware of the OSHA standards as well as OSHA guidance that is available to protect workers from the diverse hazards encountered in laboratories. The extent of detail on specific hazards provided in this document is dependent on the nature of each hazard and its importance in a laboratory setting. In addition to information on OSHA standards and guidance that deal with laboratory hazards, appendices are provided with information on other governmental and non-governmental agencies that deal with various aspects of laboratory safety. This Laboratory Safety Guidance booklet deals specifically with laboratories within the jurisdiction of Federal OSHA. There are twenty-five states and two U.S. Territories (Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands) that have their own OSHA-approved occupational safety and health standards, which may be different from federal standards, but must be at least as effective as the federal standards. Contact your local or state OSHA office for further information. More information on OSHA-approved state plans is available at: www.osha.gov/dcsp/osp/index.html.
4Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OSHA StandardsSection 5(a)(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act), the General Duty Clause, requires that employers shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees. Therefore, even if an OSHA standard has not been promulgated that deals with a specific hazard or hazardous operation, protection of workers from all hazards or hazardous operations may be enforceable under section 5(a)(1) of the OSH Act. For example, best practices that are issued by non-regulatory organizations such as the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Research Council (NRC), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), can be enforceable under section 5(a)(1). The principal OSHA standards that apply to all nonproduction laboratories are listed below. Although this is not a comprehensive list, it includes standards that cover the major hazards that workers are most likely to encounter in their daily tasks. Employers must be fully aware of these standards and must implement all aspects of the standards that apply to specific laboratory work conditions in their facilities. The Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories standard (29 CFR 1910.1450), commonly referred to as the Laboratory standard, requires that the employer designate a Chemical Hygiene Officer and have a written Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP), and actively verify that it remains effective. The CHP must include provisions for worker training, chemical exposure monitoring where appropriate, medical consultation when exposure occurs, criteria for the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and engineering controls, special precautions for particularly hazardous substances, and a requirement for a Chemical Hygiene Officer responsible for implementation of the CHP. The CHP must be tailored to reflect the specific chemical hazards present in the laboratory where it is to be used. Laboratory personnel must receive training regarding the Laboratory standard, the CHP, and other laboratory safety practices, including exposure detection, physical and health hazards associated with chemicals, and protective measures. The Hazard Communication standard (29 CFR 1910.1200), sometimes called the HazCom standard, is a set of requirements first issued in 1983 by OSHA. The standard requires evaluating the potential hazards of chemicals, and communicating information concerning those hazards and appropriate protective measures to employees. The standard includes provisions for: developing and maintaining a written hazard communication program for the workplace, including lists of hazardous chemicals present; labeling of containers of chemicals in the workplace, as well as of containers of chemicals being shipped to other workplaces; preparation and distribution of material safety data sheets (MSDSs) to workers and downstream employers; and development and implementation of worker training programs regarding hazards of chemicals and protective measures. This OSHA standard requires manufacturers and importers of hazardous chemicals to provide material safety data sheets to users of the chemicals describing potential hazards and other information. They must also attach hazard warning labels to containers of the chemicals. Employers must make MSDSs available to workers. They must also train their workers in the hazards caused by the chemicals workers are exposed to and the appropriate protective measures that must be used when handling the chemicals. The Bloodborne Pathogens standard (29 CFR 1910.1030), including changes mandated by the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act of 2001, requires employers to protect workers from infection with human bloodborne pathogens in the workplace. The standard covers all workers with reasonably anticipated exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials (OPIM). It requires that information and training be provided before the worker begins work that may involve occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens, annually thereafter, and before a worker is offered hepatitis B vaccination. The Bloodborne Pathogens standard also requires advance information and training for all workers in research laboratories who handle human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV). The standard was issued as a performance standard, which means that the employer must develop a written exposure control plan (ECP) to provide a safe and healthy work environment, but is allowed some flexibility in accomplishing this goal. Among other things, the ECP requires employers to make an exposure determination, establish proceSAFETY 5
dures for evaluating incidents, and determine a schedule for implementing the standards requirements, including engineering and work practice controls. The standard also requires employers to provide and pay for appropriate PPE for workers with occupational exposures. Although this standard only applies to bloodborne pathogens, the protective measures in this standard (e.g., ECP, engineering and work practice controls, administrative controls, PPE, housekeeping, training, post-exposure medical follow-up) are the same measures for effectively controlling exposure to other biological agents. The Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) standard (29 CFR 1910.132) requires that employers provide and pay for PPE and ensure that it is used wherever hazards of processes or environment, chemical hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants are encountered in a manner capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact. [29 CFR 1910.132(a) and 1910.132(h)]. In order to determine whether and what PPE is needed, the employer must assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which necessitate the use of [PPE], 29 CFR 1910.132(d)(1). Based on that assessment, the employer must select appropriate PPE (e.g., protection for eyes, face, head, extremities; protective clothing; respiratory protection; shields and barriers) that will protect the affected worker from the hazard, 29 CFR 1910.132 (d)(1)(i), communicate selection decisions to each affected worker, 29 CFR 1910.132 (d)(1)(ii), and select PPE that properly fits each affected employee, 29 CFR 1910.132(d)(1)(iii). Employers must provide training for workers who are required to use PPE that addresses when and what PPE is necessary, how to wear and care for PPE properly, and the limitations of PPE, 29 CFR 1910.132(f). The Eye and Face Protection standard (29 CFR 1910.133) requires employers to ensure that each affected worker uses appropriate eye or face protection when exposed to eye or face hazards from flying particles, molten metal, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids, chemical gases or vapors, or potentially injurious light radiation, 29 CFR 1910.133(a). The Respiratory Protection standard (29 CFR 1910.134) requires that a respirator be provided to each worker when such equipment is necessary to6
protect the health of such individual. The employer must provide respirators that are appropriate and suitable for the purpose intended, as described in 29 CFR 1910.134(d)(1). The employer is responsible for establishing and maintaining a respiratory protection program, as required by 29 CFR 1910.134(c), that includes, but is not limited to, the following: selection of respirators for use in the workplace; medical evaluations of workers required to use respirators; fit testing for tight-fitting respirators; proper use of respirators during routine and emergency situations; procedures and schedules for cleaning, disinfecting, storing, inspecting, repairing and discarding of respirators; procedures to ensure adequate air quality, quantity, and flow of breathing air for atmosphere-supplying respirators; training of workers in respiratory hazards that they may be exposed to during routine and emergency situations; training of workers in the proper donning and doffing of respirators, and any limitations on their use and maintenance; and regular evaluation of the effectiveness of the program. The Hand Protection standard (29 CFR 1910.138), requires employers to select and ensure that workers use appropriate hand protection when their hands are exposed to hazards such as those from skin absorption of harmful substances; severe cuts or lacerations; severe abrasions; punctures; chemical burns; thermal burns; and harmful temperature extremes, 29 CFR 1910.138(a). Further, employers must base the selection of the appropriate hand protection on an evaluation of the performance characteristics of the hand protection relative to the task(s) to be performed, conditions present, duration of use, and the hazards and potential hazards identified, 29 CFR 1910.138(b). The Control of Hazardous Energy standard (29 CFR 1910.147), often called the Lockout/Tagout standard, establishes basic requirements for locking and/or tagging out equipment while installation, maintenance, testing, repair, or construction operations are in progress. The primary purpose of the standard is to protect workers from the unexpected energization or startup of machines or equipment, or release of stored energy. The procedures apply to the shutdown of all potential energy sources associated with machines or equipment, including pressures, flows of fluids and gases, electrical power, and radiation. In addition to the standards listed above, other OSHA standards that pertain to electrical safety
(29 CFR 1910 Subpart S-Electrical); fire safety (Portable Fire Extinguishers standard, 29 CFR 1910.157); and slips, trips and falls (29 CFR 1910 Subpart D Walking-Working Surfaces, Subpart E Means of Egress, and Subpart J - General Environmental Controls) are discussed at pages 2528. These standards pertain to general industry, as well as laboratories. When laboratory workers are using large analyzers and other equipment, their potential exposure to electrical hazards associated with this equipment must be assessed by employ-
ers and appropriate precautions taken. Similarly, worker exposure to wet floors or spills and clutter can lead to slips/trips/falls and other possible injuries and employers must assure that these hazards are minimized. While large laboratory fires are rare, there is the potential for small bench-top fires, especially in laboratories using flammable solvents. It is the responsibility of employers to implement appropriate protective measures to assure the safety of workers.
Hierarchy of ControlsOccupational safety and health professionals use a framework called the hierarchy of controls to select ways of dealing with workplace hazards. The hierarchy of controls prioritizes intervention strategies based on the premise that the best way to control a hazard is to systematically remove it from the workplace, rather than relying on workers to reduce their exposure. The types of measures that may be used to protect laboratory workers, prioritized from the most effective to least effective, are: engineering controls; administrative controls; work practices; and personal protective equipment (PPE). Most employers use a combination of control methods. Employers must evaluate their particular workplace to develop a plan for protecting their workers that may combine both immediate actions as well as longer term solutions. A description of each type of control for non-production laboratories follows. Engineering controls are those that involve making changes to the work environment to reduce workrelated hazards. These types of controls are preferred over all others because they make permanent changes that reduce exposure to hazards and do not rely on worker behavior. By reducing a hazard in the workplace, engineering controls can be the most cost-effective solutions for employers to implement. Examples include: Chemical Fume Hoods; and Biological Safety Cabinets (BSCs). Administrative controls are those that modify workers work schedules and tasks in ways that minimize their exposure to workplace hazards. Examples include: Developing a Chemical Hygiene Plan; and Developing Standard Operating Procedures for chemical handling. Work practices are procedures for safe and proper work that are used to reduce the duration, frequency or intensity of exposure to a hazard. When defining safe work practice controls, it is a good idea for the employer to ask workers for their suggestions, since they have firsthand experience with the tasks as actually performed. These controls need to be understood and followed by managers, supervisors and workers. Examples include: No mouth pipetting; and Chemical substitution where feasible (e.g., selecting a less hazardous chemical for a specific procedure). Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is protective gear needed to keep workers safe while performing their jobs. Examples of PPE include respirators (for example, N95), face shields, goggles and disposable gloves. While engineering and administrative controls and proper work practices are considered to be more effective in minimizing exposure to many workplace hazards, the use of PPE is also very important in laboratory settings. It is important that PPE be: Selected based upon the hazard to the worker; Properly fitted and in some cases periodically refitted (e.g., respirators); Conscientiously and properly worn; Regularly maintained and replaced in accord with the manufacturers specifications; Properly removed and disposed of to avoid contamination of self, others or the environment; and If reusable, properly removed, cleaned, disinfected and stored. The following sections of this document are organized based upon classes of hazards, i.e., chemical, biological, physical, safety and other hazards. The organization of these sections and/or subsections may differ somewhat. For instance, OSHAs Laboratory standard is described in greater detail than any other standard in this document. This is because this is the only standard that is specific to laboratories (i.e., nonproduction laboratories). In all other sections, only those specific aspects of various standards that are considered most relevant to non-production laboratories are discussed. In sections of this document where there are no specific OSHA standards that apply, guidance in the form of Fact Sheets or QuickCards may be provided.
8Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Chemical HazardsHazardous chemicals present physical and/or health threats to workers in clinical, industrial, and academic laboratories. Laboratory chemicals include cancer-causing agents (carcinogens), toxins (e.g., those affecting the liver, kidney, and nervous system), irritants, corrosives, sensitizers, as well as agents that act on the blood system or damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes. OSHA rules regulate exposures to approximately 400 substances. dard (29 CFR 1910.1200). Laboratory uses of chemicals which provide no potential for exposure (e.g., chemically impregnated test media or prepared kits for pregnancy testing) are not covered by the Laboratory standard. Formaldehyde is one of the most commonly used hazardous chemicals in laboratories. The OSHA Formaldehyde standard (29 CFR 1910.1048) specifically deals with protecting workers from the hazards associated with exposure to this chemical. It should be noted that the scope of the Formaldehyde standard is not affected in most cases by the Laboratory standard. The Laboratory standard specifically does not apply to formaldehyde use in histology, pathology and human or animal anatomy laboratories; however, if formaldehyde is used in other types of laboratories which are covered by the Laboratory standard, the employer must comply with 29 CFR 1910.1450.
Program DescriptionThe Laboratory standard consists of five major elements: Hazard identification; Chemical Hygiene Plan; Information and training; Exposure monitoring; and Medical consultation and examinations. Each laboratory covered by the Laboratory standard must appoint a Chemical Hygiene Officer (CHO) to develop and implement a Chemical Hygiene Plan. The CHO is responsible for duties such as monitoring processes, procuring chemicals, helping project directors upgrade facilities, and advising administrators on improved chemical hygiene policies and practices. A worker designated as the CHO must be qualified, by training or experience, to provide technical guidance in developing and implementing the provisions of the CHP.
Hazard IdentificationEach laboratory must identify which hazardous chemicals will be encountered by its workers. All containers for chemicals must be clearly labeled. An employer must ensure that workers do not use, store, or allow any other person to use or store, any hazardous substance in his or her laboratory if the container does not meet the labeling requirements outlined in the Hazard Communication standard,SAFETY 9
29 CFR 1910.1200(f)(4). Labels on chemical containers must not be removed or defaced. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) for chemicals received by the laboratory must be supplied by the manufacturer, distributor, or importer and must be maintained and readily accessible to laboratory workers. MSDSs are written or printed materials concerning a hazardous chemical. Employers must have an MSDS in the workplace for each hazardous chemical in use. MSDS sheets must contain: 1. Name of the chemical; 2. Manufacturers information; 3. Hazardous ingredients/identity information; 4. Physical/chemical characteristics; 5. Fire and explosion hazard data; 6. Reactivity data; 7. Health hazard data; 8. Precautions for safe handling and use; and 9. Control measures. The United States is participating in the Global Harmonization System of Classifying and Labeling Chemicals (GHS) process and is planning to adopt the GHS in its Hazard Communication standard. The GHS process is designed to improve comprehensibility, and thus the effectiveness of the Hazard Communication standard (HCS), and help to further reduce illnesses and injuries. GHS is a system that defines and classifies the hazards of chemical products, and communicates health and safety information on labels and material safety data sheets (called Safety Data Sheets, or SDSs, in the GHS). The most significant changes to the Hazard Communication standard will include changing terminology: hazard determination to hazard classification (along with related terms) and material safety data sheet to safety data sheet. The goal is that the same set of rules for classifying hazards, and the same format and content for labels and safety data sheets (SDS) will be adopted and used around the world. An international team of hazard communication experts developed GHS. The biggest visible impact of the GHS is the appearance of and information required for labels and SDSs. Labels will require signal words, pictograms, precautionary statements and appropriate hazard statements. The GHS system covers all hazardous chemicals and may be adopted to cover chemicals in the workplace, transport, consumer1 0
products, and pesticides. SDSs will follow a new 16-section format, containing requirements similar to those identified in the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z400 and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 11014 standards. Information on GHS classification, labels and SDSs is available at: http://www.unece.org/ trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_welcome_e.html.
Chemical Hygiene Officer Designation: Identification of the laboratory CHO and outline of his or her role and responsibilities; and, where appropriate, establishment of a Chemical Hygiene Committee. Particularly Hazardous Substances: Outlines additional worker protections for work with particularly hazardous substances. These include select carcinogens, reproductive toxins, and substances which have a high degree of acute toxicity.
Exposure DeterminationOSHA has established permissible exposure limits (PELs), as specified in 29 CFR 1910, subpart Z, for hundreds of chemical substances. A PEL is the chemical-specific concentration in inhaled air that is intended to represent what the average, healthy worker may be exposed to daily for a lifetime of work without significant adverse health effects. The employer must ensure that workers exposures to OSHA-regulated substances do not exceed the PEL. However, most of the OSHA PELs were adopted soon after the Agency was first created in 1970 and were based upon scientific studies available at that time. Since science has continued to move forward, in some cases, there may be health data that suggests a hazard to workers below the levels permitted by the OSHA PELs. Other agencies and organizations have developed and updated recommended occupational exposure limits (OELs) for chemicals regulated by OSHA, as well as other chemicals not currently regulated by OSHA. Employers should consult other OELs, in addition to the OSHA PEL, to make a fully informed decision about the potential health risks to workers associated with chemical exposures. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), as well as some chemical manufacturers have established OELs to assess safe exposure limits for various chemicals. Employers must conduct exposure monitoring, through air sampling, if there is reason to believe that workers may be exposed to chemicals above the action level or, in the absence of an action level, the PEL. Periodic exposure monitoring should be conducted in accord with the provisions of the relevant standard. The employer should notify workers of the results of any monitoring within 15 working days of receiving the results. Some OSHA chemical standards have specific provisions regarding exposure monitoring and worker notification. Employers should consult relevant standards to see if these provisions apply to their workplace.
The content of the OSHA Laboratory standard and its appendices (the full text must be made available); The location and availability of the Chemical Hygiene Plan; Permissible exposure limits (PELs) for OSHAregulated substances, or recommended exposure levels for other hazardous chemicals where there is no applicable standard; Signs and symptoms associated with exposure to hazardous chemicals in the laboratory; and The location and availability of reference materials on the hazards, safe handling, storage and disposal of hazardous chemicals in the laboratory, including, but not limited to, MSDSs.
Methods and observations used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical. These may include employer monitoring, continuous monitoring devices, and familiarity with the appearance and odor of the chemicals; The physical and health hazards of chemicals in the laboratory work area; The measures that workers can take to protect themselves from these hazards, including protective equipment, appropriate work practices, and emergency procedures; Applicable details of the employers written Chemical Hygiene Plan; Retraining, if necessary.
Provide all exposed workers with an opportunity to receive medical attention by a licensed physician, including any follow-up examinations which the examining physician determines to be necessary.
Provide an opportunity for a medical consultation by a licensed physician whenever a spill, leak, explosion or other occurrence results in the likelihood that a laboratory worker experienced a hazardous exposure in order to determine whether a medical examination is needed. Provide an opportunity for a medical examination by a licensed physician whenever a worker develops signs or symptoms associated with a hazardous chemical to which he or she may have been exposed in the laboratory. Establish medical surveillance for a worker as required by the particular standard when exposure monitoring reveals exposure levels routinely exceeding the OSHA action level or, in the absence of an action level, the PEL for an OSHA regulated substance. Provide the examining physician with the identity of the hazardous chemical(s) to which the individual may have been exposed, and the conditions under which the exposure may have occurred, including quantitative data, where available, and a description of the signs and symptoms of exposure the worker may be experiencing. Provide all medical examinations and consultations without cost to the worker, without loss of pay, and at a reasonable time and place.
examinations, including medical tests and written opinions. Employers generally must maintain worker exposure records for 30 years and medical records for the duration of the workers employment plus 30 years, unless one of the exemptions listed in 29 CFR 1910.1020(d)(1)(i)(A)-(C) applies. Such records must be maintained, transferred, and made available, in accord with 29 CFR 1910.1020, to an individuals physician or made available to the worker or his/her designated representative upon request.
The examining physician must complete a written opinion that includes the following information: Recommendations for further medical follow-up. The results of the medical examination and any associated tests. Any medical condition revealed in the course of the examination that may place the individual at increased risk as a result of exposure to a hazardous chemical in the workplace. A statement that the worker has been informed of the results of the consultation or medical examination and any medical condition that may require further examination or treatment. However, the written opinion must not reveal specific findings of diagnoses unrelated to occupational exposure. A copy of the examining physicians written opinion must be provided to the exposed worker.
RecordkeepingEmployers must also maintain an accurate record of exposure monitoring activities and exposure measurements as well as medical consultations and1 2
Ensure that facilities and training for use of any material being ordered are adequate.
Laboratory Workers Plan and conduct each operation in accord with the facilitys chemical hygiene procedures, including use of PPE and engineering controls, as appropriate. Develop good personal chemical hygiene habits. Report all accidents and potential chemical exposures immediately. For more detailed information, OSHA has developed a Safety and Health Topics Page on Laboratories available at: www.osha.gov/SLTC/laboratories/index.html. See the Appendix for other OSHA documents relevant to this topic. Two OSHA Fact Sheets have been developed to supplement this section. One is entitled Laboratory Safety OSHA Laboratory Standard, and the other is entitled Laboratory Safety Chemical Hygiene Plan; both are available online at www.osha.gov.
This OSHA standard also requires manufacturers and importers of hazardous chemicals to provide MSDSs to users of the chemicals describing potential hazards and other information. They must also attach hazard warning labels to containers of the chemicals. Distributors of hazardous chemicals must also provide MSDSs to employers and other distributors. An OSHA QuickFacts entitled Laboratory Safety Labeling and Transfer of Chemicals has been developed to supplement this section and is available online at www.osha.gov.
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Xylene Exposure routes Inhalation; Ingestion; Skin and/or eye contact; Skin absorption. Symptoms Irritation of eyes, skin, nose, throat; Dizziness, excitement, drowsiness, incoherence, staggering gait; Corneal vacuolization (cell debris); Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain; Dermatitis. Acrylamide is usually found in research laboratories and is used to make polyacrylamide gels for separations of macromolecules (e.g., DNA, proteins). Acrylamide Exposure routes Inhalation; Ingestion; Skin and/or eye contact; Skin absorption. Symptoms Irritation of eyes, skin; Ataxia (staggering gait), numb limbs, tingling, pricking, or numbness of skin; Muscle weakness; Absence of deep tendon reflex; Hand sweating; Tearing, Drowsiness; Reproductive effects; Potential occupational carcinogen.1 4
Target Organs Eyes; Skin; Respiratory system; Central nervous system; GI tract; Blood; Liver; Kidneys.
Employers must do the following to prevent worker exposure: Implement a written program for chemicals that workers are exposed to and that meet the requirements of the Hazard Communication standard. This program must contain provisions for worker training, warning labels and access to Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs).
Target Organs Eyes; Skin; Central nervous system; Peripheral nervous system; Reproductive system (in animals: tumors of the lungs, testes, thyroid and adrenal glands).
Appropriate PPE, 29 CFR 1910.132, 29 CFR 1910.133, and 29 CFR 1910.1048(h). Acceptable eyewash facilities within the immediate work area for emergency use, if there is any possibility that a workers eyes may be splashed with solutions containing 0.1 percent or greater formaldehyde, 29 CFR 1910.1048(i)(3).
LatexOne of the most common chemicals that laboratory workers are exposed to is latex, a plant protein. The most common cause of latex allergy is direct contact with latex, a natural plant derivative used in making certain disposable gloves and other products. Some healthcare workers have been determined to be latex sensitive, with reactions ranging from localized dermatitis (skin irritation) to immediate, possibly life-threatening reactions. Under OSHAs Personal Protective Equipment standard, 29 CFR 1910.132, the employer must ensure that appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) is accessible at the worksite or issued to workers. Latex-free gloves, glove liners, powder-free gloves, or other similar alternatives are obtainable and must be readily accessible to those workers who are allergic to latex gloves or other latex-containing PPE, 29 CFR 1910.1030(c)(3)(iii). Latex allergy should be suspected in workers who develop certain symptoms after latex exposure, including:
An OSHA QuickFacts entitled Laboratory Safety Latex Allergy has been developed to supplement this section and is available online at www.osha.gov.
Biological HazardsBiological Agents (other than Bloodborne Pathogens) and Biological ToxinsMany laboratory workers encounter daily exposure to biological hazards. These hazards are present in various sources throughout the laboratory such as blood and body fluids, culture specimens, body tissue and cadavers, and laboratory animals, as well as other workers. A number of OSHAs Safety and Health Topics Pages mentioned below have information on select agents and toxins. These are federally regulated biological agents (e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi, and prions) and toxins that have the potential to pose a severe threat to public health and safety, to animal or plant health, or to animal or plant products. The agents and toxins that affect animal and plant health are also referred to as high-consequence livestock pathogens and toxins, non-overlap agents and toxins, and listed plant pathogens. Select agents and toxins are defined by lists that appear in sections 73.3 of Title 42 of the Code of Federal Regulations (HHS/CDC Select Agent Regulations), sections 121.3 and 121.4 of Title 9 of the Code of Federal Regulations (USDA/APHIS/VS Select Agent Regulations), and section 331.3 of Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations (plants - USDA/APHIS/PPQ Select Agent Regulations) and Part 121, Title 9, Code of Federal Regulations (animals USDA/APHIS). Select agents and toxins that are regulated by both HHS/CDC and USDA/APHIS are referred to as overSAFETY 1 5
nasal, eye, or sinus irritation hives or rash difficulty breathing coughing wheezing nausea vomiting diarrhea
An exposed worker who exhibits these symptoms should be evaluated by a physician or other licensed healthcare professional because further exposure could cause a serious allergic reaction. Once a worker becomes allergic to latex, special precautions are needed to prevent exposures. Certain medications may reduce the allergic symptoms, but complete latex avoidance is the most effective approach. Appropriate work practices should be used to reduce the chance of reactions to latex. If a worker must wear latex gloves, oil-based hand creams or lotions (which can cause glove deterioration) should not be used unless they have been shown to reduce latex-related problems and maintain glove barrier protection. After removing latex gloves, workers should wash their hands with a mild soap and dry them thoroughly.
lap select agents and toxins (see 42 CFR section 73.4 and 9 CFR 121.4). Employers may use the list below as a starting point for technical and regulatory information about some of the most virulent and prevalent biological agents and toxins. The OSHA Safety and Health Topics Page entitled Biological Agents can be accessed at: www.osha.gov/SLTC/biologicalagents/index.html. Anthrax. Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by a spore-forming bacterium called Bacillus anthracis. It is generally acquired following contact with anthrax-infected animals or anthrax-contaminated animal products. Bacillus anthracis is an HHS and USDA select agent. Avian Flu. Avian influenza is caused by Influenza A viruses. These viruses normally reside in the intestinal tracts of water fowl and shore birds, where they cause little, if any, disease. However, when they are passed on to domestic birds, such as chickens, they can cause deadly contagious disease, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). HPAI viruses are considered USDA/APHIS select agents. Botulism. Cases of botulism are usually associated with consumption of preserved foods. However, botulinum toxins are currently among the most common compounds explored by terrorists for use as biological weapons. Botulinum neurotoxins, the causative agents of botulism, are HHS/CDC select agents. Foodborne Disease. Foodborne illnesses are caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, toxins, metals, and prions (microscopic protein particles). Symptoms range from mild gastroenteritis to life-threatening neurologic, hepatic and renal syndromes. Hantavirus. Hantaviruses are transmitted to humans from the dried droppings, urine, or saliva of mice and rats. Animal laboratory workers and persons working in infested buildings are at increased risk to this disease. Legionnaires Disease. Legionnaires disease is a bacterial disease commonly associated with waterbased aerosols. It is often the result of poorly maintained air conditioning cooling towers and potable water systems. Molds and Fungi. Molds and fungi produce and release millions of spores small enough to be air-, water-, or insect-borne which may have negative1 6
effects on human health including, allergic reactions, asthma, and other respiratory problems. Plague. The World Health Organization reports 1,000 to 3,000 cases of plague every year. A bioterrorist release of plague could result in a rapid spread of the pneumonic form of the disease, which could have devastating consequences. Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is an HHS/CDC select agent. Ricin. Ricin is one of the most toxic and easily produced plant toxins. It has been used in the past as a bioterrorist weapon and remains a serious threat. Ricin is an HHS/CDC select toxin. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). SARS is an emerging, sometimes fatal, respiratory illness. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the most recent human cases of SARS were reported in China in April 2004 and there is currently no known transmission anywhere in the world. Smallpox. Smallpox is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. It is estimated that no more than 20 percent of the population has any immunity from previous vaccination. Variola major virus, the causative agent for smallpox, is an HHS/CDC select agent. Tularemia. Tularemia is also known as rabbit fever or deer fly fever and is extremely infectious. Relatively few bacteria are required to cause the disease, which is why it is an attractive weapon for use in bioterrorism. Francisella tularensis, the causative agent for tularemia, is an HHS/CDC select agent. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs). Hemorrhagic fever viruses are among the agents identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as the most likely to be used as biological weapons. Many VHFs can cause severe, life-threatening disease with high fatality rates. Many VHFs are HHS/CDC select agents; for example, Marburg virus, Ebola viruses, and the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. An additional OSHA Safety and Health Topics page on Pandemic Influenza has been added in response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. It can be accessed at: www.osha.gov/dsg/topics/ pandemicflu/index.html.
Pandemic Influenza. A pandemic is a global disease outbreak. An influenza pandemic occurs when a new influenza virus emerges for which there is little or no immunity in the human population; begins to cause serious illness; and then spreads easily person-to-person worldwide. The list above does not include all of the biological agents and toxins that may be hazardous to laboratory workers. New agents will be added over time. For agents that may pose a hazard to laboratory workers but are not listed above, consult the CDC web page at: www.cdc.gov. See Appendix for more information on BSL levels.
requires employers to maintain a log of injuries from contaminated sharps. OSHA estimates that 5.6 million workers in the healthcare industry and related occupations are at risk of occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens, including HIV, HBV, HCV, and others. All occupational exposure to blood or OPIM places workers at risk for infection with bloodborne pathogens. OSHA defines blood to mean human blood, human blood components, and products made from human blood. OPIM means: (1) The following human body fluids: semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid, saliva in dental procedures, any body fluid that is visibly contaminated with blood, and all body fluids in situations where it is difficult or impossible to differentiate between body fluids; (2) Any unfixed tissue or organ (other than intact skin) from a human (living or dead); and (3) HIV- or HBV-containing cell or tissue cultures, organ cultures, and HIVor HBV-containing culture medium or other solutions; and blood, organs, or other tissues from experimental animals infected with HIV or HBV. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notes that although more than 200 different diseases can be transmitted from exposure to blood, the most serious infections are hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Fortunately, the risk of acquiring any of these infections is low. HBV is the most infectious virus of the three viruses listed above. For an unvaccinated healthcare worker, the risk of developing an infection from a single needlestick or a cut exposed to HBV-infected blood ranges from 6-30%. The risk for infection from HCV- and HIV-infected blood under the same circumstances is 1.8 and 0.3 percent, respectively. This means that after a needlestick/cut exposure to HCV-contaminated blood, 98.2% of individuals do not become infected, while after a similar exposure to HIV-contaminated blood, 99.7% of individuals do not become infected. (http://www.cdc.gov/OralHealth/ infectioncontrol/faq/bloodborne_exposures.htm). Many factors influence the risk of becoming infected after a needlestick or cut exposure to HBV-, HCV- or HIV-contaminated blood. These factors include the health status of the individual, the volume of the blood exchanged, the concentration of the virus in the blood, the extent of the cut or the depth of penetration of the needlestick, etc.
Bloodborne PathogensThe OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens (BBP) standard (29 CFR 1910.1030) is designed to protect workers from the health hazards of exposure to bloodborne pathogens. Employers are subject to the BBP standard if they have workers whose jobs put them at reasonable risk of coming into contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials (OPIM). Employers subject to this standard must develop a written Exposure Control Plan, provide training to exposed workers, and comply with other requirements of the standard, including use of Standard Precautions when dealing with blood and OPIM. In 2001, in response to the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act, OSHA revised the Bloodborne Pathogens standard. The revised standard clarifies the need for employers to select safer needle devices and to involve workers in identifying and choosing these devices. The updated standard also
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Employers must ensure that workers are trained and prohibited from engaging in the following activities:
Mouth pipetting/suctioning of blood or OPIM, 29 CFR 1910.1030(d)(2)(xii); Eating, drinking, smoking, applying cosmetics or lip balm, or handling contact lenses in work areas where there is a reasonable likelihood of occupational exposure to blood or OPIM, 29 CFR 1910.1030(d)(2)(ix); and Storage of food or drink in refrigerators, freezers, shelves, cabinets or on countertops or benchtops where blood or OPIM are present, 29 CFR 1910.1030(d)(2)(x).
Appropriate PPE for workers if blood or OPIM exposure is anticipated, 29 CFR 1910.1030(d)(3); I The type and amount of PPE depends on the anticipated exposure.
All activities involving OPIM are conducted in Biological BIOHAZARD Safety Cabinets (BSCs) or other physical-containment devices; work with OPIM must not be conducted on the open bench, 29 CFR 1910.1030(e)(2)(ii)(E); Certified BSCs or other appropriate combinations of personal protection or physical containment devices, such as special protective clothing, respirators, centrifuge safety cups, sealed centrifuge rotors, and containment caging for animals, be used for all activities with OPIM that pose a threat of exposure to droplets, splashes, spills, or aerosols, 29 CFR 1910.1030(e)(2)(iii)(A); Each laboratory contains a facility for hand washing and an eyewash facility which is readily available within the work area, 29 CFR 1910.1030(e)(3)(i); and Each work area contains a sink for washing hands and a readily available eyewash facility. The sink must be foot, elbow, or automatically operated and must be located near the exit door of the work area, 29 CFR 1910.1030(e)(4)(iii).
Additional BBP Standard Requirements Apply to HIV and HBV Research LaboratoriesRequirements include: Waste materials: I All regulated waste must either be incinerated or decontaminated by a method such as autoclaving known to effectively destroy bloodborne pathogens, 29 CFR 1910.1030(e)(2)(i); andI
LabelsWhen any blood, OPIM or infected animals are present in the work area, a hazard warning sign (see graphic) incorporating the universal biohazard symbol, 29 CFR 1910.1030(g)(1)(ii)(A), must be posted on all access doors, 29 CFR 1910.1030(e) (2)(ii)(D).
Contaminated materials that are to be decontaminated at a site away from the work area must be placed in a durable, leakproof, labeled or color-coded container that is closed before being removed from the work area, 29 CFR 1910.1030(e)(2)(ii)(B).
Access: Laboratory doors must be kept closed when work involving HIV or HBV is in progress, 29 CFR 1910.1030(e)(2)(ii)(A); Access to the production facilities work area must be limited to authorized persons. Written policies and procedures must be established whereby only persons who have been advised of the potential biohazard, who
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meet any specific entry requirements, and who comply with all entry and exit procedures must be allowed to enter the work areas and animal rooms, 29 CFR 1910.1030(e)(2)(ii)(C);I
Access doors to the production facilities work area or containment module must be selfclosing, 29 CFR 1910.1030(e)(4)(iv); Work areas must be separated from areas that are open to unrestricted traffic flow within the building. Passage through two sets of doors must be the basic requirement for entry into the work area from access corridors or other contiguous areas. Physical separation of the high-containment work area from access corridors or other areas or activities may also be provided by a double-doored clothes-change room (showers may be included), airlock, or other access facility that requires passing through two sets of doors before entering the work area, 29 CFR 1910.1030(e)(4)(i); and The surfaces of doors, walls, floors and ceilings in the work area must be water-resistant so that they can be easily cleaned. Penetrations in these surfaces must be sealed or capable of being sealed to facilitate decontamination, 29 CFR 1910.1030(e)(4)(ii).
research studies, there are more reports of allergies to rodents than other laboratory animals. Most workers who develop allergies to laboratory animals will do so within the first twelve months of working with them. Sometimes reactions only occur in workers after they have been handling animals for several years. Initially, the symptoms are present within minutes of the workers exposure to the animals. Approximately half of allergic workers will have their initial symptoms subside and then recur three or four hours following the exposure. Employers should adopt the following best practices to reduce allergic responses of workers: Eliminate or minimize exposure to the proteins found in animal urine, saliva and dander. Limit the chances that workers will inhale or have skin contact with animal proteins by using well-designed air handling and waste management systems. Have workers use appropriate PPE (e.g., gloves, gowns, hair covers, respirators) to further minimize their risk of exposure.
Zoonotic DiseasesThere are a host of possible infectious agents that can be transferred from animals to humans. These are referred to as zoonotic diseases. The common routes of exposure to infectious agents are inhalation, inoculation, ingestion and contamination of skin and mucous membranes. Inhalation hazards may arise during work practices that can generate aerosols. These include the following: centrifugation, mixing (e.g., blending, vortexing, and sonication), pouring/decanting and spilling/splashing of culture fluids. Inoculation hazards include needlesticks and lacerations from sharp objects. Ingestion hazards include the following: splashes to the mouth, placing contaminated articles/fingers in mouth, consumption of food in the laboratory, and mouth pipetting. Contamination of skin and mucous membranes can occur via splashes or contact with contaminated fomites (e.g., towels, bedclothes, cups, money). Some of the zoonotic diseases that can be acquired from animals are listed below.
(These requirements do not apply to clinical or diagnostic laboratories engaged solely in the analysis of blood, tissue, or organs, 29 CFR 1910.1030(e)(1).)
Research AnimalsAll procedures on animals should be performed by properly trained personnel. By using safe work practices and appropriate PPE, 29 CFR 1910.132(a), workers can minimize the likelihood that they will be bitten, scratched, and/or exposed to animal body fluids and tissues.
Possible Injuries/IllnessesThe most common work-related health complaints reported by individuals working with small animals are the following: 1. Sprains; 2. Strains; 3. Bites; and 4. Allergies. Of these injuries, allergies (i.e., exaggerated reactions by the bodys immune system) to proteins in small animals urine, saliva, and dander are the greatest potential health risk. An allergic response may evolve into life-long asthma. Because mice and rats are the animals most frequently used in
working with captured animals is the development of an allergy. The development of disease in the human host often requires a preexisting state that compromises the immune system. Workers who have an immune compromising medical condition or who are taking medications that impair the immune system (steroids, immunosuppressive drugs, or chemotherapy) are at higher risk for contracting a rodent disease. Wild rodents may act as carriers for viruses such as Hantavirus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) depending on where they were captured. Additionally, each rodent species may harbor their own range of bacterial diseases, such as tularemia and plague. These animals may also have biting insect vectors which can act as a potential carrier of disease (mouse to human transmission). Examples of zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted from wild and domesticated animals to humans are listed in the table at page 45 in the Appendix.
Avoid use of sharps whenever possible. Take extreme care when using a needle and syringe to inject research animals or when using sharps during necropsy procedures. Never remove, recap, bend, break, or clip used needles from disposable syringes. Use safety engineered needles when practical. Take extra precautions when handling hoofed animals. Due to the physical hazards of weight and strength of the animal, large hoofed mammals pose additional concerns for workers. Hoofed mammals may resist handling and may require multiple workers to administer medication or perform other functions. Keep hands away from mouth, nose and eyes. Wear appropriate PPE (i.e., gloves, gowns, face protection) in all areas within the animal facility. I A safety specialist may recommend additional precautions, based upon a risk assessment of the work performed. Wear tear-resistant gloves to prevent exposure by animal bites. Micro-tears in the gloves may compromise the protection they offer. Remove gloves and wash hands after handling animals or tissues derived from them and before leaving areas where animals are kept. Use mechanical pipetting devices (no mouth pipetting). Never eat, drink, smoke, handle contact lenses, apply cosmetics, or take or apply medicine in areas where research animals are kept. Perform procedures carefully to reduce the possibility of creating splashes or aerosols. Contain operations that generate hazardous aerosols in BSCs or other ventilated enclosures, such as animal bedding dump stations. Wear eye protection. Wear head/hair covering to protect against sprays or splashes of potentially infectious fluids. Keep doors closed to rooms where research animals are kept. Clean all spills immediately. Report all incidents and equipment malfunctions to the supervisor. Promptly decontaminate work surfaces when procedures are completed and after surfaces are soiled by spills of animal material or waste. Properly dispose of animal waste and bedding. Workers should report all work-related injuries and illnesses to their supervisor immediately. Following a bite by an animal or other injury in which the wound may be contaminated, first aid should be initiated at the work site.
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Contaminated skin and wounds should be washed thoroughly with soap and water for 15 minutes. Contaminated eyes and mucous membranes should be irrigated for 15 minutes using normal saline or water.
Consult an occupational health physician concerning wound care standard operating procedures (SOPs) for particular animal bites/scratches. An OSHA QuickCardTM entitled Laboratory Safety Working with Small Animals has been developed to supplement this section and is available online at www.osha.gov.
microtomes, using cell counters and keyboarding at computer workstations. Repetitive motion injuries develop over time and occur when muscles and joints are stressed, tendons are inflamed, nerves are pinched and the flow of blood is restricted. Standing and working in awkward positions in front of laboratory hoods/biological safety cabinets can also present ergonomic problems. By becoming familiar with how to control laboratory ergonomics-related risk factors, employers can reduce chances for occupational injuries while improving worker comfort, productivity, and job satisfaction. In addition to the general ergonomic guidance, laboratory employers are reminded of some simple adjustments that can be made at the workplace. While there is currently no specific OSHA standard relating to ergonomics in the laboratory workplace, it is recommended that employers provide the information to laboratory workers contained in the new OSHA fact sheet highlighted below. An OSHA Fact Sheet entitled Laboratory Safety Ergonomics for the Prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Laboratories has been developed to supplement this section and is available online at osha.gov.
Ionizing RadiationOSHAs Ionizing Radiation standard, 29 CFR 1910. 1096, sets forth the limitations on exposure to radiation from atomic particles. Ionizing radiation sources are found in a wide range of occupational settings, including laboratories. These radiation sources can pose a considerable health risk to affected workers if not properly controlled. Any laboratory possessing or using radioactive isotopes must be licensed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and/or by a state agency that has been approved by the NRC, 10 CFR 31.11 and 10 CFR 35.12. The fundamental objectives of radiation protection measures are: (1) to limit entry of radionuclides into the human body (via ingestion, inhalation, absorption, or through open wounds) to quantities as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) and always within the established limits; and (2) to limit exposure to external radiation to levels that are within established dose limits and as far below these limits as is reasonably achievable.
Ergonomic HazardsLaboratory workers are at risk for repetitive motion injuries during routine laboratory procedures such as pipetting, working at microscopes, operating
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All areas in which radioactive materials are used or stored must conspicuously display the symbol for radiation hazards and access should be restricted to authorized personnel.
pose a considerable health risk to potentially exposed workers if not properly controlled.
The following OSHA Safety and Health Topics Pages provide links to technical and regulatory information on the control of occupational hazards from nonionizing radiation and are available at:www.osha.gov/SLTC/radiation_nonionizing/index.html.
The OSHA Ionizing Radiation standard requires precautionary measures and personnel monitoring for workers who are likely to be exposed to radiation hazards. Personnel monitoring devices (film badges, thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD), pocket dosimeters, etc.) must be supplied and used if required to measure an individuals radiation exposure from gamma, neutron, energetic beta, and Xray sources. The standard monitoring device is a clip-on badge or ring badge bearing the individual assignees name, date of the monitoring period and a unique identification number. The badges are provided, processed and reported through a commercial service company that meets current requirements of the National Institute of Standards and Technologys National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NIST NVLAP). It is important for employers to understand and follow all applicable regulations for the use of isotopes. In institutional settings, it is the responsibility of each institution to ensure compliance with local, state, and federal laws and regulations; to obtain licenses for official use of radioactive substances; and to designate a radiation safety officer (RSO) to oversee and ensure compliance with state and/or NRC requirements. Information on radioactive materials licenses may be obtained from the Department of Public Health from individual states or from the NRC. The following OSHA Safety and Health Topics Page provides links to technical and regulatory information on the control of occupational hazards from ionizing radiation: www.osha.gov/SLTC/radiationionizing/index.html.
Extremely Low Frequency Radiation (ELF) Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) radiation at 60 HZ is produced by power lines, electrical wiring, and electrical equipment. Common sources of intense exposure include ELF induction furnaces and high-voltage power lines. Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation Microwave radiation (MW) is absorbed near the skin, while radiofrequency (RF) radiation may be absorbed throughout the body. At high enough intensities both will damage tissue through heating. Sources of RF and MW radiation include radio emitters and cell phones. Infrared Radiation (IR) The skin and eyes absorb infrared radiation (IR) as heat. Workers normally notice excessive exposure through heat sensation and pain. Sources of IR radiation include heat lamps and IR lasers. Visible Light Radiation The different visible frequencies of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum are "seen" by our eyes as different colors. Good lighting is conducive to increased production, and may help prevent incidents related to poor lighting conditions. Excessive visible radiation can damage the eyes and skin. Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Ultraviolet radiation (UV) has a high photon energy range and is particularly hazardous because there are usually no immediate symptoms of excessive exposure. Sources of UV radiation in the laboratory include black lights and UV lasers. Laser Hazards Lasers typically emit optical (UV, visible light, IR) radiations and are primarily an eye and skin hazard. Common lasers include CO2 IR laser; helium - neon, neodymium YAG, and ruby visible lasers, and the Nitrogen UV laser. LASER is an acronym which stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
Non-ionizing RadiationNon-ionizing radiation is described as a series of energy waves composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields traveling at the speed of light. Nonionizing radiation includes the spectrum of ultraviolet (UV), visible light, infrared (IR), microwave (MW), radio frequency (RF), and extremely low frequency (ELF). Lasers commonly operate in the UV, visible, and IR frequencies. Non-ionizing radiation is found in a wide range of occupational settings and can2 2Occupational Safety and Health Administration
The laser produces an intense, highly directional beam of light. The most common cause of laserinduced tissue damage is thermal in nature, where the tissue proteins are denatured due to the temperature rise following absorption of laser energy. The human body is vulnerable to the output of certain lasers, and under certain circumstances, exposure can result in damage to the eye and skin. Research relating to injury thresholds of the eye and skin has been carried out in order to understand the biological hazards of laser radiation. It is now widely accepted that the human eye is almost always more vulnerable to injury than human skin.
NoiseOSHAs Occupational Noise Exposure standard, 29 CFR 1910.95, requires employers to develop and implement a hearing conservation program that includes the use of PPE (e.g., hearing protectors), if workers are exposed to a time-weighted average (TWA) of 85 dBA over an 8-hour work shift. In addition, when workers are exposed to noise levels 85 dBA, the employer must develop a monitoring program to assess noise levels. The monitoring program must include the following components: All continuous, intermittent, and impulsive sound levels from 80-130 dBA must be included in noise measurements, 29 CFR 1910.95(d)(2)(i); Instruments used to measure worker noise exposure must be calibrated to ensure measurement accuracy, 29 CFR 1910.95(d)(2)(ii); and Monitoring must be repeated whenever a change in production, process, equipment, or controls increases noise exposures, 29 CFR 1910.95(d)(3). Laboratory workers are exposed to noise from a variety of sources. Operation of large analyzers (e.g., chemistry analyzer), fume hoods, biological safety cabinets, incubators, centrifuges (especially ultracentrifuges), cell washers, sonicators, and stirrer motors, all contribute to the noise level in laboratories. Further sources of noise in laboratories include fans and compressors for cryostats, refrigerators, refrigerated centrifuges, and freezers. As an example, a high-speed refrigerated centrifuge alone can generate noise levels as high as 65 dBA. To provide some further context, a whisper registers approximately 30 dBA; normal conversation about 50 to 60 dBA; a ringing phone 80 dBA and a power mower 90 dBA. If noise levels exceed 80 dBA, people must speak very loudly to be heard, while at noise levels of 85 to 90 dBA, people have to shout.
In order to determine if the noise levels in the laboratory are above the threshold level that damages hearing, the employer must conduct a noise exposure assessment using an approved sound level monitoring device, such as a dosimeter, and measuring an 8-hour TWA exposure. If the noise levels are found to exceed the threshold level, the employer must provide hearing protection at no cost to the workers and train them in the proper use of the protectors. The potential dangers of miscommunicating instructions or laboratory results are obvious, and efforts should be made to improve the design of clinical laboratories and to evaluate new instrumentation with regard to the impact of these factors on worker noise exposure. The employer should evaluate the possibility of relocating equipment to another area or using engineering controls to reduce the noise level below an 8-hour TWA of 85 dBA in order to comply with OSHAs Occupational Noise Exposure standard. While most laboratories noise levels do not equal or exceed the 8-hour TWA of 85 dBA, certain accrediting agencies are implementing special emphasis programs on noise reduction in the laboratory. Because noise is becoming more of a concern in the clinical setting, the College of American Pathologists has added evaluation of noise in the laboratory under their general checklist for accreditation (GEN.70824).
Health EffectsExposure to continuous noise may lead to the following stress-related symptoms: Depression; Irritability; Decreased concentration in the workplace; Reduced efficiency and decreased productivity; Noise-induced hearing loss; Tinnitus (i.e., ringing in the ears); and Increased errors in laboratory work. There are several steps that employers can take to minimize the noise in the laboratory, including: Moving noise-producing equipment (e.g., freezers, refrigerators, incubators and centrifuges) from the laboratory to an equipment room; Locating compressors for controlled-temperature rooms remotely; and Providing acoustical treatment on ceilings and walls.
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An OSHA Fact Sheet entitled Laboratory Safety Noise has been developed to supplement this section and is available online at www.osha.gov.
Safety HazardsEmployers must assess tasks to identify potential worksite hazards and provide and ensure that workers use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) as stated in the PPE standard, 29 CFR 1910.132. Employers must require workers to use appropriate hand protection when hands are exposed to hazards such as sharp instruments and potential thermal burns. Examples of PPE which may be selected include using oven mitts when handling hot items, and steel mesh or cut-resistant gloves when handling or sorting sharp instruments as stated in the Hand Protection standard, 29 CFR 1910.138.
Employers should instruct workers when centrifuging infectious materials that they should wait 10 minutes after the centrifuge rotor has stopped before opening the lid. Workers should also be trained to use appropriate decontamination and cleanup procedures for the materials being centrifuged if a spill occurs and to report all accidents to their supervisor immediately. An OSHA QuickFacts entitled Laboratory Safety Centrifuges has been developed to supplement this section and is available online at www.osha.gov.
Compressed GasesAccording to OSHAs Laboratory standard, a compressed gas (1) is a gas or mixture of gases in a container having an absolute pressure exceeding 40 pounds per square inch (psi) at 70F (21.1C); or (2) is a gas or mixture of gases having an absolute pressure exceeding 104 psi at 130F (54.4C) regardless of the pressure at 70F (21.1C); or (3) is a liquid having a vapor pressure exceeding 40 psi at 100F (37.8C) as determined by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) D-323-72, [29 CFR 1910. 1450(c)(1)-(3)]. Within laboratories, compressed gases are usually supplied either through fixed piped gas systems or individual cylinders of gases. Compressed gases can be toxic, flammable, oxidizing, corrosive, or inert. Leakage of any of these gases can be hazardous. Leaking inert gases (e.g., nitrogen) can quickly displace air in a large area creating an oxygen-deficient atmosphere; toxic gases (e.g., can create poison atmospheres; and flammable (oxygen) or reactive gases can result in fire and exploding cylinders. In addition, there are hazards from the pressure of the gas and the physical weight of the cylinder. A gas cylinder falling over can break containers and crush feet. The gas cylinder can itself become a missile if the cylinder valve is broken off. Laboratories must include compressed gases in their inventory of chemicals in their Chemical Hygiene Plan. Compressed gases contained in cylinders vary in chemical properties, ranging from inert and harmless to toxic and explosive. The high pressure of the gases constitutes a serious hazard in the event that gas cylinders sustain physical damage and/or are exposed to high temperatures.
CentrifugesCentrifuges, due to the high speed at which they operate, have great potential for injuring users if not operated properly. Unbalanced centrifuge rotors can result in injury, even death. Sample container breakage can generate aerosols that may be harmful if inhaled. The majority of all centrifuge accidents are the result of user error. In order to prevent injuries or exposure to dangerous substances, employers should train workers to follow good work practices such as those outlined in the QuickCard highlighted below.2 4
Store, handle, and use compressed gases in accord with OSHAs Compressed Gases standard (29 CFR 1910.101) and Pamphlet P-1-1965 from the Compressed Gas Association. All cylinders whether empty or full must be stored upright. Secure cylinders of compressed gases. Cylinders should never be dropped or allowed to strike each other with force. Transport compressed gas cylinders with protective caps in place and do not roll or drag the cylinders.
liquid oxygen are able to condense oxygen from the atmosphere. Repeated replenishment of the system can thereby cause oxygen to accumulate as an unwanted contaminant. Similar oxygen enrichment may occur where condensed air accumulates on the exterior of cryogenic piping. Violent reactions, e.g., rapid combustion or explosion, may occur if the materials which make contact with the oxygen are combustible.
Employer ResponsibilityIt is the responsibility of the employer, specifically the supervisor in charge of an apparatus, to ensure that the cryogenic safety hazards are minimized. This will entail (1) a safety analysis and review for all cryogenic facilities, (2) cryogenic safety and operational training for relevant workers, (3) appropriate maintenance of cryogenic systems in their original working order, i.e., the condition in which the system was approved for use, and (4) upkeep of inspection schedules and records.
Employers must train workers to use the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE)Whenever handling or transfer of cryogenic fluids might result in exposure to the cold liquid, boil-off gas, or surface, protective clothing must be worn. This includes: face shield or safety goggles; safety gloves; and long-sleeved shirts, lab coats, aprons. Eye protection is required at all times when working with cryogenic fluids. When pouring a cryogen, working with a wide-mouth Dewar flask or around the exhaust of cold boil-off gas, use of a full face shield is recommended. Hand protection is required to guard against the hazard of touching cold surfaces. It is recommended that Cryogen Safety Gloves be used by the worker. An OSHA QuickFacts entitled Laboratory Safety Cryogens and Dry Ice has been developed to supplement this section and is available online at www.osha.gov.
ElectricalIn the laboratory, there is the potential for workers to be exposed to electrical hazards including electric shock, electrocutions, fires and explosions. Damaged electrical cords can lead to possibleSAFETY 2 5
shocks or electrocutions. A flexible electrical cord may be damaged by door or window edges, by staples and fastenings, by equipment rolling over it, or simply by aging. The potential for possible electrocution or electric shock or contact with electrical hazards can result from a number of factors, including the following: Faulty electrical equipment/instrumentation or wiring; Damaged receptacles and connectors; and Unsafe work practices.
Notes: Only Qualified Persons, as defined by OSHA in 29 CFR 1910.399, are to work on electrical circuits/systems. Workers must be trained to know the locations of circuit breaker panels that serve their lab area. An OSHA QuickFacts entitled Laboratory Safety Electrical Hazards has been developed to supplement this section and is available online at www.osha.gov.
Employers are responsible for complying with OSHAs standard 1910 Subpart SElectricalSubpart S is comprehensive and addresses electrical safety requirements for the practical safeguarding of workers in their workplaces. This Subpart includes, but is not limited to, these requirements: Electrical equipment must be free from recognized hazards, 29 CFR 1910.303(b)(1); Listed or labeled equipment must be used or installed in accord with any instructions included in the listing or labeling, 29 CFR 1910.303(b)(2); Sufficient access and working space must be provided and maintained around all electrical equipment operating at 600 volts to permit ready and safe operation and maintenance of such equipment, 29 CFR 1910.303(g)(1); Ensure that all electrical service near sources of water is properly grounded. Tag out and remove from service all damaged receptacles and portable electrical equipment, 29 CFR 1910.334(a)(2)(ii); Repair all damaged receptacles and portable electrical equipment before placing them back into service, 29 CFR 1910.334(a)(2)(ii); Ensure that workers are trained not to plug or unplug energized equipment when their hands are wet, 29 CFR 1910.334(a)(5)(i); Select and use appropriate work practices, 29 CFR 1910.333; and Follow requirements for Hazardous Classified Locations, 29 CFR 1910.307. This section covers the requirements for electric equipment and wiring in locations that are classified based on the properties of the flammable vapors, liquids or gases, or combustible dusts or fibers that may be present therein and the likelihood that a flammable or combustible concentration or quantity is present.
FireFire is the most common serious hazard that one faces in a typical laboratory. While proper procedures and training can minimize the chances of an accidental fire, laboratory workers should still be prepared to deal with a fire emergency should it occur. In dealing with a laboratory fire, all containers of infectious materials should be placed into autoclaves, incubators, refrigerators, or freezers for containment. Small bench-top fires in laboratory spaces are not uncommon. Large laboratory fires are rare. However, the risk of severe injury or death is significant because fuel load and hazard levels in labs are typically very high. Laboratories, especially those using solvents in any quantity, have the potential for flash fires, explosion, rapid spread of fire, and high toxicity of products of combustion (heat, smoke, and flame).
Employers should ensure that workers are trained to do the following in order to prevent fires
Plan work. The majority of lab fires have resulted from procedural errors or carelessness. Have a written emergency plan for your space and/or operation. Minimize materials. Have present in the immediate work area and use only the minimum quantities necessary for work in progress. Not only does this minimize fire risk, it reduces costs and waste. Observe proper housekeeping. Keep work areas uncluttered, and clean frequently. Put unneeded materials back in storage promptly. Keep aisles, doors, and access to emergency equipment unobstructed at all times. Observe restrictions on equipment (i.e., keeping solvents only in an explosion-proof refrigerator).
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Keep barriers in place (shields, hood doors, lab doors). Wear proper clothing and personal protective equipment. Avoid working alone. Store solvents properly in approved flammable liquid storage cabinets. Shut door behind you when evacuating. Limit open flames use to under fume hoods and only when constantly attended. Keep combustibles away from open flames. Do not heat solvents using hot plates. Remember the RACE rule in case of a fire. I R= Rescue/remove all occupants I A= Activate the alarm system I C= Confine the fire by closing doors I E= Evacuate/Extinguish
The two most common types of extinguishers in the chemistry laboratory are pressurized dry chemical (Type BC or ABC) and carbon dioxide. In addition, you may also have a specialized Class D dry powder extinguisher for use on flammable metal fires. Water-filled extinguishers are not acceptable for laboratory use.
Employers should train workers to remember the PASS rule for fire extinguishersPASS summarizes the operation of a fire extinguisher. P Pull the pin A Aim extinguisher nozzle at the base of the fire S Squeeze the trigger while holding the extinguisher upright S Sweep the extinguisher from side to side; cover the fire with the spray
Employers should ensure that workers are trained in the following emergency procedures
Know what to do. You tend to do under stress what you have practiced or pre-planned. Therefore, planning, practice and drills are essential. Know where things are: The nearest fire extinguisher, fire alarm box, exit(s), telephone, emergency shower/eyewash, and first-aid kit, etc. Be aware that emergencies are rarely clean and will often involve more than one type of problem. For example, an explosion may generate medical, fire, and contamination emergencies simultaneously. Train workers and exercise the emergency plan. Learn to use the emergency equipment provided.
Employers should train workers on appropriate procedures in the event of a clothing fire
If the floor is not on fire, STOP, DROP and ROLL to extinguish the flames or use a fire blanket or a safety shower if not contraindicated (i.e., there are no chemicals or electricity involved). If a coworkers clothing catches fire and he/she runs down the hallway in panic, tackle him/her and smother the flames as quickly as possible, using appropriate means that are available (e.g., fire blanket, fire extinguisher).
Lockout/TagoutWorkers performing service or maintenance on equipment may be exposed to injuries from the unexpected energization, startup of the equipment, or release or stored energy in the equipment. OSHAs Control of Hazardous Energy standard, 29 CFR 1910.147, commonly referred to as the Lockout/Tagout standard, requires the adoption and implementation of practices and procedures to shut down equipment, isolate it from its energy source(s), and prevent the release of potentially hazardous energy while maintenance and servicing activities are being performed. It contains minimum performance requirements, and definitive criteria for establishing an effective program for the control of hazardous energy. However, employers have the flexibility to develop Lockout/Tagout programs that are suitable for their respective facilities.
Employers must be knowledgeable about OSHAs Portable Fire Extinguishers standard, 29 CFR 1910.157, and train workers to be aware of the different fire extinguisher types and how to use them. OSHAs Portable Fire Extinguishers standard, 29 CFR 1910.157, applies to the placement, use, maintenance, and testing of portable fire extinguishers provided for the use of workers. This standard requires that a fire extinguisher be placed within 75 feet for Class A fire risk (ordinary combustibles; usually fuels that burn and leave ash) and within 50 feet for high-risk Class B fire risk (flammable liquids and gases; in the laboratory many organic solvents and compressed gases are fire hazards).
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This standard establishes basic requirements involved in locking and/or tagging equipment while installation, maintenance, testing, repair or construction operations are in progress. The primary purpose is to prevent hazardous exposure to personnel and possible equipment damage. The procedures apply to the shutdown of all potential energy sources associated with the equipment. These could include pressures, flows of fluids and gases, electrical power, and radiation. This standard covers the servicing and maintenance of machines and equipment in which the unexpected energization or startup of the machines or equipment, or release of stored energy could cause injury to workers. Under the standard, the term unexpected also covers situations in which the servicing and/or maintenance is performed during ongoing normal production operations if: A worker is required to remove or bypass machine guards or other safety devices, 29 CFR 1910.147(a)2)(ii)(A) or A worker is required to place any part of his or her body into a point of operation or into an area on a machine or piece of equipment where work is performed, or into the danger zone associated with the machines operation, 29 CFR 1910.147(a) (2)(ii)(B). The Lockout/Tagout standard establishes minimum performance requirements for the control of such hazardous energy. Maintenance activities can be performed with or without energy present. A probable, underlying cause of many accidents resulting in injury during maintenance is that work is performed without the knowledge that the system, whether energized or not, can produce hazardous energy. Unexpected and unrestricted release of hazardous energy can occur if: (1) all energy sources are not identified; (2) provisions are not made for safe work practices with energy present; or (3) deactivated energy sources are reactivated, mistakenly, intentionally, or accidentally, without the maintenance workers knowledge. Problems involving control of hazardous energy require procedural solutions. Employers must adopt such procedural solutions for controlling hazards to ensure worker safety during maintenance. However, such procedures are effective only if strictly enforced. Employers must, therefore, be committed to strict implementation of such procedures.2 8
ReferencesAmerican Chemical Society, Safety in Academic Chemistry Laboratories. 1990. 5th Edition. Burnett L, Lunn G, Coico R. Biosafety: Guidelines for working with pathogenic and infectious microorganisms. Current Protocols in Microbiology. 2009. 13:1A.1.1.-1A.1.14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Primary Containment for Biohazards: Selection, Installation, and Use of Biological Safety Cabinets. 2007. 3rd Edition. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Biosafety Manual. 2007. 5th Edition. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Safety Survival Skills II. Laboratory Safety. A Primer on Safe Laboratory Practice and Emergency Response for CDC Workers. 2004. Available at: www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/safety/S2.pdf (Accessed January 7, 2009). Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (formerly NCCLS) document GP17-A2. Clinical Laboratory Safety. 2nd Edition. 2004. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (formerly NCCLS) document GP18-A2. Laboratory Design. 2nd Edition. 2007. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (formerly NCCLS) document M29-A3. Protection of Laboratory Workers from Occupationally Acquired Infections. 3rd Edition. 2005. Committee on Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Non-human Primates, National Research Council. 2003. Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Non-human Primates. 2003. The National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
Darragh AR, Harrison H, Kenny S. Effect of ergonomics intervention on workstations of microscope workers. American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2008. 62:61-69. Davis D. Laboratory Safety: A Self Assessment Workbook, ASCP Press, 1st Edition, 2008. Furr AK. CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety, 5th Edition, Chemical Rubber Company Press, 2000. Gile TJ. Ergonomics in the laboratory. Lab Med. 2001. 32:263-267. Illinois State University. Chemical Hygiene Plan for Chemistry Laboratories: Information and Training, 1995. Kimman TG, Smit E, Klein MR. Evidence-based biosafety: A review of the principles and effectiveness of microbiological containment. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2008. 21:403-425. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, (published annually) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards, NIOSH/OSHA. National Research Council, Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Management of Chemical Hazards, National Academy Press, 2011. Rose S. Clinical Laboratory Safety. J.B. Lippincott. Philadelphia, PA, 1984. Singh K. Laboratory-acquired infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2009. 49:142-147. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. UIUC Model Chemical Hygiene Plan, 1999. University of Nebraska Lincoln. UNL Environmental Health and Safety. Safe Operating Procedures, 2005-2008. Vecchio D, Sasco AJ, Cann CI. 2003. Occupational risk in health care and research. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 43:369-397.
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AppendicesAdditional OSHA InformationChemical HazardsLaboratory workers may be exposed to a variety of hazardous chemicals on the job. The following OSHA resources provide information on how to prevent or reduce exposure to some of the more common chemicals.
OSHA StandardsThe Air Contaminants standard (1910.1000) provides rules for protecting workers from exposure to over 400 chemicals.
Complete standard 29 CFR 1910.1000 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9991 Hospital eTool I Laboratories Common safety and health topics Toluene, Xylene, or Acrylamide Exposure http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/lab/lab.html#Toulene,Xylene,orAcrylamideExposureI
The Ethylene Oxide standard (29 CFR 1910.1047) requires employers to provide workers with protection from occupational exposure to ethylene oxide (EtO). Complete standard I 29 CFR 1910.1047 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10070 Fact Sheet I Ethylene Oxide http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_General_Facts/ethylene-oxide-factsheet.pdf Booklet I Ethylene Oxide (EtO): Understanding OSHAs Exposure Monitoring Requirements. OSHA Publication 3325 (2007). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA_ethylene_oxide.pdf I Small Business Guide for Ethylene Oxide. OSHA Publication 3359 (2009). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/ethylene-oxide-final.html Safety and Health Topics Page I Ethylene Oxide http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ethyleneoxide/index.html The Formaldehyde standard (29 CFR 1910.1048) requires employers to provide workers with protection from occupational exposure to formaldehyde.
Complete standard 29 CFR 1910.1048 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10075 Fact Sheet I Formaldehyde http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_General_Facts/formaldehyde-factsheet.pdf Hospital eTool I Laboratories Common safety and health topics Formaldehyde Exposure http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/lab/lab.html#FormaldehydeExposure Safety and Health Topics Page I Formaldehyde http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/formaldehyde/index.htmlI
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The Hazard Communication standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) is designed to protect against chemical source illnesses and injuries by ensuring that employers and employees are provided with sufficient information to recognize, evaluate and control chemical hazards and take appropriate protective measures. In addition to the information provided at page 13 of this document, the following documents are available in either electronic or hard copy formats or both. Complete standard I 29 CFR 1910.1200 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10099 Brochures I Chemical Hazard Communication. OSHA Publication 3084 (1998). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3084.pdf I Hazard Communication Guidance for Combustible Dusts. OSHA Publication 3371 (2009). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3371.pdf I Hazard Communication Guidelines for Compliance. OSHA publication 3111 (2000). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3111.pdf Sample program I Model Plans and Programs for the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens and Hazard Communications Standards. OSHA Publication 3186 (2003). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3186.pdf QuickFacts I Laboratory Safety Labeling and Transfer of Chemicals. OSHA Publication 3410 (2011). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-labeling-chemical-transfer.pdf Safety and Health Topics Pages I Hazard Communication: Foundation of Workplace Chemical Safety Programs http://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/MSDSenforcementInitiative.html I Hazard Communication HAZCOM Program http://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/solutions.html I Hazardous Drugs http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hazardousdrugs/index.html The Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories standard (29 CFR 1910.1450), commonly referred to as the Laboratory standard, requires that the employer designate a Chemical Hygiene Officer and have a written Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP), and actively verify that it remains effective. In addition to the information provided at page 9 of this document, the following documents are available in either electronic or hard copy formats or both. Complete standard I 29 CFR 1910.1450 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10106 Fact Sheet I Laboratory Safety OSHA Laboratory Standard http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-osha-lab-standard.pdf I Laboratory Safety Chemical Hygiene Plan http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-chemical-hygieneplan.pdf Hospital eTool http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/lab/lab.html I Laboratories Common safety and health topics: Bloodborne Pathogens (BBPs) http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/lab/lab.html#BloodbornePathogens Tuberculosis (TB) https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/lab/lab.html#Tuberculosis OSHA Laboratory Standard http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/lab/lab.html#OSHA_Laboratory_Standard Formaldehyde Exposure http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/lab/lab.html#FormaldehydeExposure Toluene, Xylene, or Acrylamide Exposure http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/lab/lab.html#Toulene,Xylene,orAcrylamideExposureL A B O R ATO RY SAFETY 3 1
Engineering Controlshttp://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/lab/lab.html#EngineeringControls
Latex Allergyhttp://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/lab/lab.html#LatexAllergy
Slips/Trips/Falls http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/lab/lab.html#Slips/Trips/Falls Ergonomics http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/lab/lab.html#Ergonomics
Latex Safety and Health Information Bulletin I Potential for Sensitization and Possible Allergic Reaction to Natural Rubber Latex Gloves and other Natural Rubber Products. (2008). http://www.osha.gov/dts/shib/shib012808.html Letters of Interpretation I Bloodborne Pathogens and the issue of latex allergy and latex hypersensitivity. (1995 - 10/23/1995). http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=INTERPRETATIONS&p_id=21987 I Concern of potential adverse affects from latex by consumers and health care patients with Hevea Natural Rubber Latex Allergy. (2004 - 01/29/2004). http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=INTERPRETATIONS&p_id=24742 I Labeling of Latex. (1996 - 01/11/1996). http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=INTERPRETATIONS&p_id=22040 Hospital eTool I Latex Allergy http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/hazards/latex/latex.html Safety and Health Topics Page I Latex Allergy http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/latexallergy/index.html QuickFacts I Laboratory Safety - Latex Allergy. OSHA Publication 3411 (2011). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-latex-allergy.pdf
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Mercury is commonly found in thermometers, manometers, barometers, gauges, valves, switches, batteries, and high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps. It is also used in amalgams for dentistry, preservatives, heat transfer technology, pigments, catalysts, and lubricating oils. Safety and Health Topics Page I Mercury http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/mercury/index.html
Biological HazardsThe Bloodborne Pathogens standard (29 CFR 1910.1030), including changes mandated by the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act of 2001, requires employers to protect workers from infection from human bloodborne pathogens in the workplace. The standard covers all workers with reasonably anticipated exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials (OPIM). Complete standard I 29 CFR 1910.1030 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10051 Standard interpretations I OSHAs standard interpretations for 29 CFR 1910.1030 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owasrch.search_form?p_doc_type=INTERPRETATIONS&p_toc_level =3&p_keyvalue=1910.1030&p_status=CURRENT Brochure/Sample program I Model Plans and Programs for the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens and Hazard Communications Standards. OSHA Publication 3186 (2003). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3186.html Fact Sheets (Accessible through the Safety and Health Topics Page entitled, Bloodborne Pathogens and Needlestick Prevention) NOTE: The links provided below are for the old Fact Sheets. All of these have been updated and approved for publication (2010) - please upload the new Fact Sheets I OSHAs Bloodborne Pathogens Standard http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_BloodborneFacts/bbfact01.pdf I Protecting Yourself When Handling Contaminated Sharps http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_BloodborneFacts/bbfact02.pdf I Personal Protective Equipment Reduces Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_BloodborneFacts/bbfact03.pdf I Exposure Incidents http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_BloodborneFacts/bbfact04.pdf I Hepatitis B Vaccination Protection http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_BloodborneFacts/bbfact05.pdf Safety and Health Topics Page I Bloodborne Pathogens and Needlestick Prevention http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/bloodbornepathogens/index.html Safety and Health Information Bulletins I Use of Blunt-Tip Suture Needles to Decrease Percutaneous Injuries to Surgical Personnel. (2007). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2008-101/ I Disposal of Contaminated Needles and Blood Tube Holders Used for Phlebotomy. (2003). http://www.osha.gov/dts/shib/shib101503.html I Potential for Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens from Cleaning Needles Used in Allergy Testing Procedures. (1995). http://www.osha.gov/dts/hib/hib_data/hib19950921.html I Sharps Disposal Containers with Needle Removal Features. (1993). http://www.osha.gov/dts/hib/hib_data/hib19930312.html Hospital eTool I Bloodborne Pathogens http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/hazards/bbp/bbp.html
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Hospital eTool Laser Hazards http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/surgical/lasers.html Safety and Health Topics Pages I Laser Hazards http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/laserhazards/index.html I Laser/Electrosurgery Plume http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/laserelectrosurgeryplume/index.htmlI
Safety HazardsThe Control of Hazardous Energy standard (29 CFR 1910.147), often called the Lockout/Tagout standard, establishes basic requirements for locking and/or tagging out equipment while installation, maintenance, testing, repair, or construction operations are in progress. The primary purpose of the standard is to protect workers from the unexpected energization or start-up of machines or equipment, or release of stored energy. Complete standard I 29 CFR 1910.147 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9804 Booklet I Control of Hazardous Energy Lockout/Tagout. OSHA Publication 3120 (2002). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3120.pdf Safety and Health Topics Page I Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout) http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/controlhazardousenergy/index.html Electrical Hazards standards (29 CFR 1910 Subpart S). Wiring deficiencies are one of the hazards most frequently cited by OSHA. OSHAs electrical standards include design requirements for electrical systems and safety-related work practices. If flammable gases are used, special wiring and equipment installation may be required. Complete standard I 29 CFR 1910 Subpart S http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10135 Booklet I Controlling Electrical Hazards. OSHA Publication 3075 (2002). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3075.pdf Safety and Health Topics Page I Electrical http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/electrical/index.html Hospital eTool I Electrical Hazards http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/hazards/electrical/electrical.html QuickFacts I Laboratory Safety Electrical Hazards. OSHA Publication 3409 (2011). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-electrical-hazards.pdf Fire Prevention Plans standard (29 CFR 1910.39). OSHA recommends that all employers have a Fire Prevention Plan. A plan is mandatory when required by an OSHA standard. Additional fire hazard information is available via OSHA publications and web pages. Complete standard I 29 CFR 1910.39 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=12887 Booklet I Fire Service Features of Buildings and Fire Protection Systems. OSHA Publication 3256 (2006). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3256.pdf Expert Advisor I Fire Safety Advisor http://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/oshasoft/softfirex.htmlL A B O R ATO RY SAFETY 3 5
Fact Sheet Fire Safety in the Workplace http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_General_Facts/FireSafetyN.pdf Safety and Health Topics Page I Fire Safety http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/firesafety/index.html eTool I Evacuation Plans and Procedures http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/evacuation/index.htmlI
Engineering ControlsAutoclaves/Sterilizers QuickFacts I Laboratory Safety Autoclaves/Sterilizers. OSHA Publication 3405 (2011). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-autoclaves-sterilizers.pdf Biosafety Cabinets (BSCs) Fact Sheet I Laboratory Safety Biosafety Cabinets (BSCs). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAfactsheet-laboratory-safety-biosafety-cabinets.pdf Chemical Fume Hoods QuickFacts I Laboratory Safety Chemical Fume Hoods. OSHA Publication 3407 (2011). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-chemical-fume-hoods.pdf
particles, molten metal, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids, chemical gases or vapors, or potentially injurious light radiation, 29 CFR 1910.133(a). Complete standard I 29 CFR 1910.133 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9778 eTool I Eye and Face Protection http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/eyeandface/index.html Safety and Health Topics Page I Eye and Face Protection http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/eyefaceprotection/index.html The Respiratory Protection standard (29 CFR 1910.134) requires that a respirator be provided to each worker when such equipment is necessary to protect their health. The employer must provide respirators that are appropriate based on the hazards to which the worker is exposed and factors that affect respirator performance and reliability, as described in 29 CFR 1910.134(d)(1). Complete standard I 29 CFR 1910.134 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=12716&p_te xt_version=FALSE Guidance Documents I Respiratory Protection. OSHA Publication 3079 (2002). I Small Entity Compliance Guide for OSHAs Respiratory Protection Standard. OSHA Publication 9071 (1999). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/secgrev-current.pdf I Assigned Protection Factors for the Revised Respiratory Protection Standard. OSHA Publication 3352 (2009). http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/respiratory/index.html Fact Sheet I Respiratory Infection Control: Respirators Versus Surgical Masks eTool I Respiratory Protection http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/respiratory/index.html Safety and Health Topics Page I Respiratory Protection http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/respiratoryprotection/index.html The Hand Protection standard (29 CFR 1910.138), requires that employers select and require workers to use appropriate hand protection when their hands are exposed to hazards such as those from skin absorption of harmful substances; severe cuts or lacerations; severe abrasions; punctures; chemical burns; thermal burns; and harmful temperature extremes, 29 CFR 1910.138(a). Further, employers must base the selection of the appropriate hand protection on an evaluation of the performance characteristics of the hand protection relative to the task(s) to be performed, conditions present, duration of use, and the hazards and potential hazards identified, 29 CFR 1910.138(b). Complete standard I 29 CFR 1910.138 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9788
Miscellaneous InformationEmergency Action Plan standard (29 CFR 1910.38). OSHA recommends that all employers have an Emergency Action Plan. A plan is mandatory when required by an OSHA standard. An Emergency Action Plan describes the actions workers should take to ensure their safety in a fire or other emergency situation. Complete standard I 29 CFR 1910.38 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9726
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Brochures/Booklets Principal Emergency Response and Preparedness Requirements and Guidance. OSHA Publication 3122 (2004) http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3122.pdf I How to Plan for Workplace Emergencies and Evacuations. OSHA Publication 3088 (2001). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3088.pdf QuickFacts I Laboratory Safety Working with Small Animals. OSHA Publication 3412 (2011). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab-safety-working-with-smallanimals.pdf eTool I Evacuation Plans and Procedures http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/evacuation/index.html eTool I Emergency Preparedness and Response http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/emergencypreparedness/index.htmlI
Exit Routes standards (29 CFR 1910.34 29 CFR 1910.37). All employers must comply with OSHAs requirements for exit routes in the workplace. Complete standards I 29 CFR 1910.34 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=12886 I 29 CFR 1910.35 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9723 I 29 CFR 1910.36 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9724 I 29 CFR 1910.37 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9725 Fact Sheet I Emergency Exit Routes. http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_General_Facts/emergency-exit-routesfactsheet.pdf QuickCard I Emergency Exit Routes. OSHA Publication 3183 (2003). Medical and First Aid standard (29 CFR 1910.151). OSHA requires employers to provide medical and first-aid personnel and supplies commensurate with the hazards of the workplace. The details of a workplace medical and first-aid program are dependent on the circumstances of each workplace and employer. Complete standard I 29 CFR 1910.151 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9806 Brochures/Booklets I Best Practices Guide: Fundamentals of a Workplace First-Aid Program. OSHA Publication 3317 (2006) http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3317first-aid.pdf Safety and Health Topics Page I Medical and First Aid http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/medicalfirstaid/index.html Recordkeeping standard (29 CFR 1904). OSHA requires most employers to keep records of workplace injuries and illnesses. The employer should first determine if it is exempt from the routine recordkeeping requirements. An employer is not required to keep OSHA injury and illness records (unless asked to do so in writing by OSHA or the Bureau of Labor Statistics) if: It had 10 or fewer workers during all of the last calendar year (29 CFR 1904.1); or It is engaged in certain low-hazard industries (29 CFR Part 1904, Subpart B, Appendix A). The following types of healthcare facilities are exempt from OSHAs injury and illness recordkeeping requirements, regardless of size: I Offices and Clinics of Medical Doctors (SIC 801) I Offices and Clinics of Dentists (SIC 802) I Offices of Osteopathic Physicians (SIC 803)3 8Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Offices of Other Health Care Practitioners (SIC 804) Medical and Dental Laboratories (SIC 807) Health and Allied Services, Not Elsewhere Classified (SIC 809)
If an employer does not fall within one of these exemptions, it must comply with OSHAs recordkeeping requirements. Download OSHAs recordkeeping forms or order them from the OSHA Publications Office at www.osha.gov. For additional information on the Recordkeeping standard, see the following OSHA documents. Complete standards I Recording and reporting occupational injuries and illness. 29 CFR 1904 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owasrch.search_form?p_doc_type=STANDARDS&p_toc_level=1&p_ keyvalue=1904 I Recording criteria for needlestick and sharps injuries. 29 CFR 1904.8 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9639 Standard Interpretations I Recordkeeping Handbook - The Regulation and Related Interpretations for Recording and Reporting Occupational Injuries and Illnesses. OSHA Publication 3245 (2005). http://www.osha.gov/recordkeeping/handbook/index.html Fact Sheets I Highlights of OSHAs Recordkeeping Rule http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_RecordkeepingFacts/RKfactsheet1.pdf I OSHA Recordkeeping Help http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_RecordkeepingFacts/RKfactsheet2.pdf Brochures I Access to Medical and Exposure Records. OSHA Publication 3110 (2001). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3110.pdf I RECORDKEEPING - Its new, its improved, and its easier.... OSHA Publication 3169 (2001). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3169.pdf I Recordkeeping Handbook. OSHA Publication 3245 (2005). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3245.pdf OSHA Web Page I Injury and Illness: Recordkeeping http://www.osha.gov/recordkeeping/index.html Access to Worker Exposure and Medical Records standard (29 CFR 1910.1020). This standard requires all employers, regardless of size or industry, to report the work-related death of any worker or hospitalizations of three or more workers. It also requires employers to provide workers, their designated representatives, and OSHA with access to worker exposure and medical records. Employers generally should maintain worker exposure records for 30 years and medical records for the duration of the workers employment plus 30 years, unless one of the exemptions listed in 29 CFR 1910.1020(d)(1)(i) (A)-(C) applies. All employers covered by OSHA recordkeeping requirements must post the OSHA Poster (or state plan equivalent) in a prominent location in the workplace. The OSHA Poster can be downloaded or ordered in either English or Spanish. The following OSHA document provides more detailed information on this standard. Booklet I Access to Medical and Exposure Records. OSHA Publication 3110 (2001). http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3110.pdf NOTE: If your workplace is in a state operating an OSHA-approved state program, state plan recordkeeping and reporting regulations, although substantially identical to federal ones, may have different exemptions or more stringent or supplemental requirements, such as for reporting of fatalities and catastrophes. Contact your state program directly for additional information.
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New classification system New and revised definitions Revised marking requirements Revised packaging requirements New shipping paper requirements New security plan requirements New carriage by aircraft requirements
CDC Summary of Recommended Biosafety Levels for Infectious Agents Biosafety Level BSL-1 Agent Characteristics Not known to consistently cause disease in healthy adults Associated with human disease, hazard from percutaneous injury, ingestion, mucous membrane exposure Practices Standard microbiological Practices Safety Equipment None Facilities (secondary barriers) Open bench top sink
Standard microbiological Practices Limited access Biohazard warning signs Sharps precautions Biosafety manual defining any needed waste decontamination or medical surveillance policies.
Class I or II biosafety cabinets (BSCs) or other containment devices used for all agents that cause splashes or aerosols of infectious materials Laboratory coats and gloves Face protection as needed
Indigenous or exotic agents with potential for aerosol transmission; disease may have serious or lethal consequences
Class I or II BSCs or other physical Controlled access containment devices Decontamination used for all open of all waste manipulations of Decontamination of agents laboratory clothing Protective lab before laundering clothing and gloves Baseline serum Respiratory protection as needed
Open bench top sink Autoclave Physical separation from access corridors Self-closing, doubledoor access Exhaust air not recirculated Negative airflow in laboratory
Dangerous/exotic agents which pose high risk of life-threatening disease; aerosoltransmitted lab infections; or related agents with unknown risk of transmission
All BSL-3 practices Clothing change before entering Shower on exit All material decontaminated on exit from facility
All procedures conducted in Class III BSCs, or Class I or II BSCs in combination with full-body, air-supplied, positive pressure personnel suit.
BSL-3 plus: Separate building or isolated zone Dedicated supply and exhaust, vacuum, and decontamination systems Other requirements outlined in the text
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NOTE: The following information has been adapted from Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 5th Ed. (BMBL, 5th Ed.), which is published jointly by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and is available online at www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/biosfty/bmbl5/bmbl5toc.htm. Laboratory workers and supervisors are strongly urged to review this publication directly before engaging in any experimentation. Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1) BSL-1 is appropriate for working with microorganisms that are not known to cause disease in healthy humans. BSL-l practices, safety equipment, and facility design and construction are appropriate for undergraduate and secondary educational training and teaching laboratories, and for other laboratories in which work is done with defined and characterized strains of viable microorganisms not known to consistently cause disease in healthy adult humans. Bacillus subtilis, Naegleria gruberi, infectious canine hepatitis virus, and exempt organisms under the NIH Recombinant DNA Guidelines (http://www4.od nih.gov/oba/rac/guidelines/guidelines.html) are representative of microorganisms meeting these criteria. Many agents not ordinarily associated with disease processes in humans are, however, opportunistic pathogens and may cause infection in the young, the aged, and immunodeficient or immunosuppressed individuals. Vaccine strains that have undergone multiple in vivo passages should not be considered avirulent simply because they are vaccine strains. BSL-1 represents a basic level of containment that relies on standard microbiological practices with no special primary or secondary barriers recommended, other than a sink for hand washing. Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2) The facility, containment devices, administrative controls, and practices and procedures that constitute BSL-2 are designed to maximize safe working conditions for laboratory personnel working with agents of moderate risk to personnel and the environment. BSL2 practices, equipment, and facility design and construction are applicable to clinical, diagnostic, teaching, and other laboratories in which work is done with the broad spectrum of indigenous moderate-risk agents that are present in the community and associated with human disease of varying severity. With good microbiological techniques, these agents can be used safely in activities conducted on the open bench, provided the potential for producing splashes or4 2
aerosols is low. Hepatitis B virus, H1V, the salmonellae, and Toxoplasma spp. are representative of microorganisms assigned to this containment level. Biosafety Level 2 is also appropriate when work is done with any human-derived blood, body fluids, tissues, or primary human cell lines where the presence of an infectious agent may be unknown. Laboratory personnel in the United States working with humanderived materials should refer to the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Bloodborne Pathogens Standard (OSHA 1991), available online at www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS7p_id=1005, for required precautions. Primary hazards to personnel working with these agents relate to accidental percutaneous or mucous membrane exposures, or ingestion of infectious materials. Extreme caution should be taken with contaminated needles or sharp instruments. Even though organisms routinely manipulated at Biosafety Level 2 are not known to be transmissible by the aerosol route, procedures with aerosol or high splash potential that may increase the risk of such personnel exposure must be conducted in primary containment equipment, or in devices such as a biological safety cabinet (BSC) or safety centrifuge cups. Personal protective equipment (PPE) should be used as appropriate, such as splash shields, face protection, gowns, and gloves. Secondary barriers such as hand washing sinks and waste decontamination facilities must be available to reduce potential environmental contamination. Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) BSL-3 is suitable for work with infectious agents which may cause serious or potentially lethal diseases as a result of exposure by the inhalation route. This may apply to clinical, diagnostic, teaching, research, or production facilities in which work is done with indigenous or exotic agents with potential for respiratory transmission, and which may cause serious and potentially lethal infection. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, St. Louis encephalitis virus, and Coxiella burnetti are representative of the microorganisms assigned to this level. Primary hazards to personnel working with these agents relate to autoinoculation, ingestion, and exposure to infectious aerosols. At BSL-3, more emphasis is placed on primary and secondary barriers to protect personnel in contiguous
areas, the community, and the environment from exposure to potentially infectious aerosols. For example, all laboratory manipulations should be performed in a BSC or other enclosed equipment, such as a gastight aerosol generation chamber. Secondary barriers for this level include controlled access to the laboratory and ventilation requirements that minimize the release of infectious aerosols from the laboratory. Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) BSL-4 practices, safety equipment, and facility design and construction are applicable for work with dangerous and exotic agents that pose a high individual risk of life-threatening disease, which may be transmitted via the aerosol route, and for which there is no available vaccine or therapy. Agents with a close or identical antigenic relationship to Biosafety Level 4 agents also should be handled at this level. When sufficient data are obtained, work with these agents may continue at this or at a lower level. Viruses such as Marburg or Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever are manipulated at Biosafety Level 4. The primary hazards to personnel working with Biosafety Level 4 agents are respiratory exposure to infectious aerosols, mucous membrane or broken skin exposure to infectious droplets, and autoinoculation. All manipulations of potentially infectious diagnostic materials, isolates, and naturally or experimentally infected animals pose a high risk of exposure and infection to laboratory personnel, the community, and the environment. The laboratory workers complete isolation from aerosolized infectious materials is accomplished primarily by working in a Class III BSC or in a full-body, air-supplied, positive-pressure personnel suit. The BSL-4 facility itself is generally a separate building or completely isolated zone with complex, specialized ventilation requirements and waste management systems to prevent release of viable agents to the environment. Animal Biosafety Levels The CDC defines four biosafety levels for activities involving infectious disease work with experimental animals. These combinations of practices, safety equipment, and facilities are designated Animal Biosafety Levels 1, 2, 3, and 4, and provide increasing levels of protection to personnel and the environment. Protocols using live animals must first be reviewed and approved by an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) or must conform to governmen-
tal regulations regarding the care and use of laboratory animals. Follow all appropriate guidelines for the use and handling of infected animals. For more information, refer to Section V of the BMBL, 5th Ed., available online at www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/biosafty/bmbl5/bmbl5toc.htm.
Other Government Web Links for Access to Additional Information Concerning Laboratory SafetyThe Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), www.usda/aphis.gov U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), www.usda.gov National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), www.niosh.govSAFETY 4 3
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), www.hhs.gov U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), www.dot.gov U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), www.fda.gov
Non-governmental Agency Web Links for Access to Additional Information Concerning Laboratory SafetyAmerican Biological Safety Association (ABSA), www.absa.org College of American Pathologists (CAP), www.cap.org Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR), www.dels.nas.edu/ilar_n/ilarhome National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), www.nfpa.org
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Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) Histoplasma capsulatum Poxvirus Yersinia pestis Coxiella burnetii Rabies virus Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi Toxoplasma gondii Tularemia francisella X X X
Pasteurella pneumonia Pasteurella haemolytica Histoplasmosis Orf Plague Q-fever Rabies Salmonellosis Toxoplasmosis Tularemia X
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workplace injury and illness prevention programs. In addition, numerous employers in the United States already manage safety using injury and illness prevention programs, and we believe that all employers can and should do the same. Employers in the construction industry are already required to have a health and safety program. Most successful injury and illness prevention programs are based on a common set of key elements. These include management leadership, worker participation, hazard identification, hazard prevention and control, education and training, and program evaluation and improvement. Visit OSHAs website at http://www.osha.gov/dsg/topics/safetyhealth/index. html for more information and guidance on establishing effective injury and illness prevention programs in the workplace.
Recognition Program (SHARP). Eligibility for participation includes, but is not limited to, receiving a full-service, comprehensive consultation visit, correcting all identified hazards, and developing an effective injury and illness prevention program.
Cooperative ProgramsOSHA offers cooperative programs to help prevent fatalities, injuries and illnesses in the workplace.I
OSHAs Alliance Program Through the Alliance Program, OSHA works with groups committed to worker safety and health to prevent workplace fatalities, injuries, and illnesses. These groups include businesses, trade or professional organizations, unions, consulates, faith- and community-based organizations, and educational institutions. OSHA and the groups work together to develop compliance assistance tools and resources, share information with workers and employers, and educate workers and employers about their rights and responsibilities. Challenge Program This program helps employers and workers improve their injury and illness prevention programs and implement an effective system to prevent fatalities, injuries and illnesses. OSHA Strategic Partnership Program (OSPP) Partnerships are formalized through tailored agreements designed to encourage, assist and recognize partner efforts to eliminate serious hazards and achieve model workplace safety and health practices. Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP) The VPP recognize employers and workers in private industry and federal agencies who have implemented effective injury and illness prevention programs and maintain injury and illness rates below national Bureau of Labor Statistics averages for their respective industries. In VPP, management, labor, and OSHA work cooperatively and proactively to prevent fatalities, injuries, and illnesses.
QuickTakesOSHAs free, twice monthly online newsletter, QuickTakes, offers the latest news about OSHA initiatives and products to assist employers and workers in finding and preventing workplace hazards. To sign up for QuickTakes, visit OSHAs website at www.osha.gov and click on QuickTakes at the top of the page.
Contacting OSHATo order additional copies of this publication, to get a list of other OSHA publications, to ask questions or to get more information, to contact OSHAs free consultation service, or to file a confidential complaint, contact OSHA at 1-800-321-OSHA (6742), (TTY) 1-877-889-5627 or visit www.osha.gov.
For assistance, contact us. We are OSHA. We can help. Its confidential.
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