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How To Make Homemade Face Mask nstantaneous. The sailor, whose dead comrade was thus being consigned to the deep, as it were, surreptitiously, all at once sprang to his feet, sending forth a shriek that rang far over the tranquil water. With one bound, causing the pinnace to heel fearfully over, he placed himself by the side over which the corpse had been lowered, and stood with arms upraised, as if intending to plunge after it. The sight underneath should have awed him. The dead body was slowly, gradually sinking, its garb of dark blue Guernsey shirt becoming disposable mouth mask lighter blue as it went deeper down in the cerulean water while fast advancing to meet it, as if coming up from the darkest depths of the ocean, was a creature of monstrous shape, the very type of a monster. It was the hideous hammer headed shark, the dreaded zygaena of the Celebes Sea. With a pair of enormous eyes glaring sullenly out from two immense cheek like protuberances, giving to its head that singular sledge hammer appearance whence it has its name, it advanced directly toward the slow descending corpse, itself, however, moving so rapidly that the spectators above had scarce taken in the outlines of its horrid form, when this was no longer visible. It was hidden in what appeared a shower of bluish pearls suddenly projected underneath the water, and enveloping both the dead body of the sailor and the living form of the shark. Through the dimness could be distinguished gleams of a pale phosphoric sheen like lightning flashes through a sky cloud and soon after froth and bubbles rose effervescing upon the surface of the sea. It was a terrible spectacle, though only of an instants duration. When the subaqueous cloud cleared away, and they again looked with peering eyes down into the pellucid depths, there was nothing there, neither dead body of man, nor living form of monster. The zygaena had secured its prey, and carried the skeleton corpse to some dark cavern of the deep Note 1. Note 1. The hammer headed shark, in common disposable breathing masks for dust language, is rightly designated one of the most hideous of marine animals. We mean hideous in outward appearance, for, of course, there is much both wonderful and beautiful in its internal organisation, and in the exquisite fitness of its structure for its peculiar part in the economy of nature. In the general outline of its body, which is something like that of a cylinder, it resembles the ordinary sharks and its distinctive feature is its head, which, on either side, expands like a double headed hammer. The eyes are very large, and placed at each extremity. It is found in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as in the Indian.this interfered with the freedom of his movements. It could scarce have been design in the rhinoceros to act as he now did, though it appeared so to those who were watching. As the elephant took up his position in the gorge, the kobaoba clambered out upon the bank and then, wheeling suddenly, with head to the ground and long horn A deadly encounter projected horizontally, the latter rushed upon his antagonist and struck him right among the ribs. The spectators saw that the horn penetrated, and the loud scream that came from the elephant, with the quick motions of his trunk and tail, told plainly that he had received a severe wound. Instead of standing any longer in the gorge he rushed forward, and did not stop until he was knee deep in the lake. Drawing the water up into his trunk, he raised it on high, and pointing it backwards, he discharged large volumes over his body, and upon the spot where he had received the thrust of the kobaoba s horn. He then ran out of the lake, and how to make homemade face mask charged about in search of the rhinoceros but long horn was nowhere to be found Having escaped from the cove without compromising his dignity, and perhaps believing that he had gained the victory, the rhinoceros, as soon as he delivered the thrust, had galloped off and disappeared among the bushes. Chapter Nineteen. The Death of the Elephant. The battle between these two large quadrupeds did not continue for more than ten minutes. During that time the hunters made no advance towards attacking either of them so much absorbed were they in watching the novel contest. It was only after the rhinoceros had retreated, and the elephant returned to the water, that they once more began to deliberate on some plan of assaulting this mightiest of African animals. Hans now laid hold of his gun and joined them. The elephant, after looking about for his enemy had got back, and was standing knee deep in the lake. He appeared restless and highly excited. His tail was continually in motion, and at intervals he uttered a piercing melancholy scream far different to the usual trumpet like bellow of his voice. He lifted his huge limbs, and then plunged them back again to the bottom, until the foam gathered upon the water with his continued churning. But the oddest of his actions was the manner in which he employed his long tubular trunk. With this he sucked up vast volumes of water, and then pointing it backwards ejected the fluid over his back and shoulders, as if from an immense syringe. This shower bath he kept repeating time after time, though it was evident he was not at his ease. They all knew he was angry. Swartb.
ed to them, you may regard as true to Nature. Young Von Bloom was a student of Nature, and you may depend upon the fidelity of his descriptions. Disgusted with politics, the field cornet now dwelt on the remote frontier in fact, beyond the frontier, for the nearest settlement was an hundred miles off. His kraal was in a district bordering the great Kalihari desert the Sa auml ra of Southern Africa. The region around, for hundreds of miles, was uninhabited, for the thinly scattered, half human Bushmen who dwelt within its limits, hardly deserved the name of inhabitants any more than the wild beasts that howled around them. I have said that Von Bloom now followed the occupation of a trek boor. Farming in how to make homemade face mask the Cape colony consists principally in the rearing of horses, cattle, sheep, and goats and these animals form the wealth of the boor. But the stock of our Carolina Cotton Carbon Filter Face Mask field cornet was now a very small one. The proscription had swept away all his wealth, and he had not been fortunate in his first essays as a nomade grazier. The emancipation law, how to make homemade face mask passed by the British Government, extended not only to the Negroes of the West India Islands, but also how to make homemade face mask to the Hottentots of the Cape and the result of it was that the servants of Mynheer Von Bloom had deserted him. His cattle, no longer properly cared for, had strayed off. Some of them fell a prey to wild beasts some died of the murrain. His horses, too, were decimated by that mysterious disease of Southern Africa, the horse sickness while his sheep and goats were continually being attacked and diminished in numbers by the earth wolf, the wild hound, and the hyena. A series of losses had he suffered until his how to make homemade face mask horses, oxen, sheep, and goats, scarce counted altogether an hundred head. A very small stock for a vee boor, or South African grazier. Withal our field cornet was not unhappy. He looked around upon his three brave sons Hans, Hendrik, and Jan. He looked upon his cherry cheeked, flaxen haired daughter, Gertrude, the very type and image of what her mother had been. From these he drew the hope of a happier future. His two eldest boys were already helps to him in his daily occupations the designer face masks youngest would soon be so likewise. In Gertrude, or Tr uuml ey, as she was endearingly styled, he would soon have a capital housekeeper. He was not unhappy therefore and if an occasional sigh escaped him, it was when the face of little Tr uuml ey recalled the memory of that Gertrude who was now in heaven. But Hendrik Von Bloom was not the man to despair. Disappointments had not succeeded in causing his spirits to droop. He only applied himself more ardently.flew down upon the plain not far from its base. Surely, thought Von Bloom, there must be water there. I shall ride forward and see. But his horse had scarcely waited for him to form this design. The animal had been already dragging upon the bridle and as soon as his head was turned in the direction of the tree, he started forward with outstretched neck, snorting as he rushed along. The rider, trusting to the instinct of how to make homemade face mask his horse, surrendered up the bridle and in less than five minutes both horse and rider were drinking from the sweet water of a crystal fountain that gushed out within a dozen yards of the tree. The field cornet would now have how to make homemade face mask hastened back to the wagon but he thought that by allowing his horse how to make homemade face mask to browse an hour or so upon the grass, he how to make homemade face mask turmeric face mask recipe would make the return journey with more spirit, and in quite best organic face mask as good time. He, therefore, took off the bridle, gave the animal his liberty, while he stretched himself under the shade of the great tree. As he lay, he could not help admiring the wonderful production of nature that towered majestically above him. It was one of the largest trees he had ever beheld. It was of the kind known as the nwana tree, a species of ficus, with large sycamore shaped leaves that grew thickly over its magnificent head. Its trunk was full twenty feet in diameter, rising to more than that height without a branch, and then spreading off into numerous limbs that stretched far out in a horizontal direction. Through the thick foliage Von Bloom could perceive shining egg shaped fruits as large as cocoa nuts and upon these the parrots and several other kinds of birds appeared to be feeding. Other trees of the same species stood out upon the plain at long distances apart and though they were all taller than the surrounding timber, none were so large or conspicuous as the one that grew by the spring. The field cornet, as he enjoyed the cool shade which its umbrageous frondage afforded, could not help thinking what an admirable spot it would be to build a kraal. The inmates of a origins face mask dwelling placed beneath its friendly shelter, need never dread the fierce rays of the African sun even the rain could scarce penetrate its leafy canopy. In fact, its dense foliage almost constituted a roof of itself. Had his cattle still remained to him, no doubt the vee boor would have resolved at once to make this spot his future home. But, tempting as it was, what now could he do in such a place To him it would be only a wilderness. There was no species of industry he could follow in such a remote quarter. True, he might sustain himself and his family by hunting. He saw th.everyone aboard watched the ground as it began to rise toward how to make homemade face mask them. At first the hills were merely low mounds, as jungle covered as the level ground but very quickly these gave way to higher, steeper rises on whose tops the larger trees grew very sparsely. One of these was quickly selected after a brief, questioning glance from Lampert to the guide, and the helicopter began to descend. We d better take what we have now. McLaughlin amplified the nod with which he had answered the pilot. This belt of hills is pretty narrow, and we d be into the main range in another minute or two. Do you know whether the other side is as abrupt, or whether Lampert s question how to make homemade face mask was cut short by an exclamation from Mitsuitei. Rob Hold it a moment Lampert was a good pilot the increase in rotor blade pitch under his deft fingers brought the helicopter s descent to as nearly an instant halt as was possible to anything airborne. Not until he had also checked horizontal drift did he look in the direction the archaeologist was indicating. By then, everyone else had seen what had attracted Mitsuitei s attention. Between the hill on which Lampert had intended to land and the river were several lower eminences. These were now almost directly south of the helicopter, and every detail upon them was shown in exaggerated relief by shadows stretching to the east. It was one of these hills which Mitsuitei was examining with the utmost care. It was covered with jungle, like the rest but a curious regularity was visible. The trees appeared, at this distance, to be of the usual species but some of them towered over their fellows by a tonymoly face mask good thirty or forty feet. This in itself was not odd. The whole jungle was studded with such projections. However, on this hill the taller trees seemed to have been planted in orderly rows. Five solid lines of them were visible, extending roughly north and south so that their long shadows made them stand out sharply. They were separated from each other by perhaps a quarter of a mile. Running at right angles to them were other, less nature republic face mask outstanding rows of vegetation. Lampert was not quite sure that these were not the product of his own imagination, since the trees which formed them rose little if any above the general level. The whole hilltop, however, suggested something to every man who saw it. The archaeologist was the first to give voice to the impression. That was a city No one answered. Some of the scientists must have thought that he was jumping from one opinion to its direct opposite on the strength of some rather feeble evidence but the thought went unvoiced. They simply loo.
How To Make Homemade Face Mask be true. There are many causes to affect the courage and ferocity of the lion. His age the state of his stomach the season of the year the hour of the day but, above all, the sort of hunters that belong to the district he inhabits. This last fact appears quite natural to those who believe in the intellect of animals, which of course I do. It is perfectly natural that the lion, as well as other animals, should soon learn the character of his enemy, and fear him how to make homemade face mask or not, as the case may be. Is this not an old story with us If I remember aright, we had a talk upon this subject when speaking of the crocodiles of America. We remarked that the alligator of the Mississippi rarely attacks man in modern times but it has not been always so. The rifle of the alligator leather hunter has tamed its ferocity. The very same species in South America eats Indians by scores every year and the crocodile of Africa is dreaded in some parts even more than the lion It is asserted that the lions of the Cape are more cowardly in some districts than in others. They are less brave in those districts where they have been jaged by the courageous and stalwart boor with his long loud cracking roer. Beyond the frontier, where they have no enemy but the tiny arrow of the Bushman who does not desire to kill them and the slender assegai of the Bechuana, the lion has little or no fear of man. Whether the one, before the eyes of our party, was naturally a brave one, could not yet be told. He was one with a huge black mane, or schwart fore life, as the boors term it and these are esteemed the fiercest and most dangerous. The yellow maned, for there is considerable variety in the colour of the Cape lions is regarded as possessing less courage but there is some doubt about the truth of this. The young black manes may often be mistaken for the true yellow variety, and their character ascribed to him to his prejudice, for the swarthy colour of the mane only comes after the lion is many years of age. Whether the schwart fore life was a fierce and brave one, Von Bloom did not stay to think about. It was evident that the edge had been taken off the animal s appetite. It was evident he did not meditate an attack and that had the horsemen chosen to make a d tour, and ride peacefully away, they might have continued their journey without ever seeing or hearing of dr jart face mask him again. But the field cornet had no such intention. He had lost his precious oxen and cattle. That lion had pulled down some of them, at least. The Dutch blood was up, and if the beast had been the strongest and fiercest of his tribe, he was bound to be br.ng green blades, and see the bright golden tassels waving in the breeze. The heart of the farmer was glad as his eye glanced over his promising crop of mealies. But there was another promising crop that still more gladdened his heart his fine children. There they are all around him. Hans the oldest steady, sober Hans, at work in the well stocked garden while the diminutive but sprightly imp Jan, the youngest, is looking on, and occasionally helping his brother. Hendrik the dashing Hendrik, with bright face and light curling hair is busy among the horses, in the horse kraal and Tr uuml ey the beautiful, cherry cheeked, flaxen haired Tr uuml ey is engaged with her pet a fawn of the springbok gazelle whose bright eyes rival her own in their expression of innocence and loveliness. Yes, the heart of the field cornet is glad as he glances from one to the other of these his children and with reason. They are all fair to look upon, all give promise of goodness. If their father feels an occasional pang, it is, as we have already said, when his eye rests upon the cherry cheeked, flaxen haired Gertrude. But time has long since subdued that grief to a gentle melancholy. Its pang is short lived, and the face of the field cornet soon lightens up again as he looks around upon his dear children, so full of hope and promise. Hans and Hendrik are already strong enough to assist him in his occupations, in fact, with the exception of Swartboy, they are the only help he has. Who is Swartboy Look into the horse kraal, and you will there see Swartboy engaged, along with his young master Hendrik, in saddling a pair of horses. You may notice that Swartboy appears to be about thirty years old, and he is full that but if you were to apply a measuring rule to him, you would find him not much over four feet in height He is stoutly built however, and would measure better in a horizontal direction. You may notice that he is of a yellow complexion, although his name might lead you to fancy he was black for Swartboy means black boy. You may observe that his nose is flat and sunk below the level of his cheeks that his cheeks are prominent, his lips very thick, his nostrils wide, his face beardless, and his head almost hairless for the small kinky wool knots thinly scattered over his skull can scarcely be designated hair. You may notice, moreover, that his head is monstrously large, with ears in proportion, and that the eyes are set obliquely, and have a Chinese expression. how to make homemade face mask You may notice about Swartboy all those characteristics that distinguish the Hottentots of South Africa. Yet Swartboy is not a Hotte.


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COVID19 Updates
Blue Ocean Systems continues to work remotely and with no new travel. We will monitor the situation closely and follow the US Health Organizations' recommendations/mandates. As we continue to keep our collective well-being at heart, know that together we can and will make a difference. Stay well!
THANK YOU to our customers who have been specifically involved in working to solve this COVID19 pandemic. These are unprecedented times and we appreciate all that you are doing!
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Tameside District Taxi Fare from Shakespeare Rd to aldi clayton is GBP £ 4. It usually takes 5 minutes to reach aldi clayton from Shakespeare Rd which are 1.854 Miles apart. Taxi fares in Tameside District are calculated based on the minimum fare and fare for the subsequent Miles. Taxis in Tameside District generally charge extra at night. Some charge almost double the price at night. These extra charges are well mentioned on our night fare card.
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While we think of Simon as a unique leader, his focus on ensuring customers are delivered the experience they deserve is something I'd wager he shares with CEOs across the board. And when it comes to video collaboration, in particular, there's no exception. So we sat down with Simon to discuss Telemerge's recent TPaaS certification from Cisco. Happy Reading!
Name: Simon Doo
Title: President, Telemerge
Area of Expertise: 16 years in telecommunications, including the last 10 years in video collaboration with heavy emphasis on business strategy/execution, business development, strategic partnerships, cloud services, as well as building and maintaining best-in-class client support.
What is the value that offering an "All-In-One" video collaboration solution brings to customers?
Telemerge's "All-In-One" offering brings a holistic approach to building a video conferencing environment. We streamline the solution design process for the customer, by offering everything as a one-stop-shop in an easy to understand, easy to consume package. This approach removes a lot of the complexity. Our customers ultimately realize their business objectives in deploying video collaboration as our approach ensures a high rate of end user adoption.
What is the competitive edge that you believe Telemerge brings to video conferencing?
Our competitive edge is a combination of the following: the "All-In-One" approach described above; 10 years of technical and operational experience in the industry; and the care that we put into designing and supporting the overall solution.
Our expertise enables us to deliver the highest quality video conferencing solutions and support available in the industry. We know the "ins and outs" of the technology itself, as well as the key factors to enabling success. Our focus is on supporting the meeting experience for the end users by ensuring that the technology is an enabler, not a distraction or a road block.
The care we take in designing the solution for customers is further enabled by our Adoption Specialists. The most important elements when deploying a video collaboration solution are that it is easy to use, works every time, and support is available immediately when needed. Once you have this solid platform and support infrastructure in place, it is important to work with the customer to ensure that the right business processes and practices are implemented to enforce the benefits and use of the system. This is where our Adoption Specialists come in. They work with the customer to ensure that we address any internal adoption barriers, and promote the use of the technology within the various business units.
Telemerge works with customers to build a plan that delivers a telepresence experience participants benefit from using. Essentially, our customers see video conferencing transform from a "nice to have" to a "need to have" technology, which ultimately has a significant positive impact on their business.
How has TPaaS changed the face of video conferencing?
TPaaS, or providing telepresence as a service, breaks down the barriers to adoption and entry to video conferencing. It allows organizations to only pay for what they need rather than investing in expensive capital equipment. TPaaS also allows users to connect to various systems internally and externally; it allows multipoint connectivity; and it permits access to a global directory. This is all complemented by the best support in the industry. Users can connect with whom they want, when they want, and Telemerge is there to help every step of the way.
Beyond the capital barrier is the functional barrier. The functionality offered with TPaaS is broader and more valuable than most on-premise solutions. Protocol interworking, secure B2B video calls, and call recording are just some of the comprehensive features available through our TPaaS service.
What does the TPaaS certification from Cisco mean for Telemerge's business going forward?
The TPaaS certification from Cisco endorses our cloud-based video collaboration solution as a global, carrier class, high availability video collaboration service. Many mid to large size customers looking at a cloud based video solution want to be sure that they are procuring a secure, high quality, high availability solution. Our TPaaS designation demonstrates that our services have passed a rigorous 3rd party certification, which will meet or exceed customer expectations. This partnership also gives Cisco representatives the ability to offer telepresence solutions via Telemerge TPaaS to their existing and future clients. The TPaaS endorsement from Cisco, along with the alignment with their account teams has already produced many new opportunities to work with new clients.
The Cisco TPaaS certification is also presenting many opportunities for Telemerge from a channel perspective across North America. Through the Telemerge and Cisco Cloud reseller programs, organizations have the ability to bring our TPaaS service through a white label approach to their customers. Many technology and collaboration providers are looking at ways to bring a cloud video collaboration model to their market; Telemerge White Label TPaaS removes the time, cost and complexity involved in building out a cloud service.
Editors note:A version of this post was republished with permission by the Telemerge Blog Team. View the original post here. Telemerge is a Cisco-certified Telepresence-as-a-Service (TPaaS) company based in Markham, Ontario. Request a free trial of their solution.


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DISCLAIMER: FHP's response to COVID-19 is an evolving situation, and circumstances may change. Please check regularly for the most up-to-date information. To see our latest news, hours and entrances click here.
Childbirth Preparation Class
- Time
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To register, call FMH Education at 907-458-5580. Additional questions, call Women & Infant Services Clinical Educator Kristy Terzi at 907-458-3579.
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We aim to help couples living on Cornish wages make the most of their day and help those living away in planning and coordinating their Cornish wedding day. We deal with the realities of gettingmarried in Cornwall on westcountry wages and help for those dealing at a distance with a free wedding planning service, Cornish Wedding Solutions.
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Topic: 2009 Sees The 200th Anniversary Of The Birth Of Charles Darwin (Read 476 times)
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2009 Sees The 200th Anniversary Of The Birth Of Charles Darwin
January 12, 2009, 12:40:48 pm »
The 200th anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin
In July 2008, the world celebrated the 150th anniversary of one of the greatest scientific milestones
in history.
At a meeting of the Linnean Society of London on 1st July 1858 the paper from Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace outlining, for the first time, the theory of evolution by natural selection was read.
February 2009 sees the 200th anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin.
At this time of special anniversaries, the Linnean Society of London is taking the opportunity to join people around the world in celebrating the life and legacy of this great man.
The highlight of 2008 was the Conversazione and Commemorative Meeting on 1st July, the 150th anniversary of the reading of the Darwin-Wallace paper, followed by a two day scientific meeting: "The Driving Forces of Evolution: From Darwin to the modern age" (see below for more information).
Follow the links below for more information:
Darwin 200
A collaboration of organisations across the UK who are celebrating Darwins 200th birthday
Darwin, Wallace and the Linnean Society
More information on the joint paper by Darwin and Wallace: On the Variation of Organic Beings in a state of Nature; on the Natural Means of Selection; on the Comparison of Domestic Races and true Species"
Darwin and Wallace in The Linnean
A selection of articles from the Linnean Society newsletter
Linnean Society Events
The programme of events for 2008, including Darwin celebrations
The Darwin-Wallace Medal
A commemorative medal, awarded on the 50th, 100th and now the 150th anniversary of the reading
of the Darwin-Wallace paper
The Wallace Collection at the Natural History Museum
A remarkable selection of digitised letters, notes, articles and even some of the insect specimens that Alfred Russel Wallace collected on his travels
Last Edit: January 12, 2009, 12:53:55 pm by Bianca
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Re: 2009 Sees The 200th Anniversary Of The Birth Of Charles Darwin
Reply #1
January 12, 2009, 12:50:14 pm »
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Re: 2009 Sees The 200th Anniversary Of The Birth Of Charles Darwin
Reply #2
January 12, 2009, 01:00:16 pm »
Charles Darwin (aged 6) and Catherine
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Re: 2009 Sees The 200th Anniversary Of The Birth Of Charles Darwin
Reply #3
January 12, 2009, 01:07:46 pm »
12 February 1809(1809-02-12)
Mount House,
19 April 1882 (aged 73)
Down House,
Royal Geographical Society
Alma mater
University of Edinburgh
University of Cambridge
Academic advisors
Adam Sedgwick
John Stevens Henslow
Known for
The Voyage of the Beagle
On The Origin of Species
Natural selection
Charles Lyell
Thomas Henry Huxley
George John Romanes
Notable awards
Royal Medal (1853)
Wollaston Medal (1859)
Copley Medal (1864)
Religious stance
Church of England, though Unitarian family background,
Agnostic after 1851.
He was a grandson of Erasmus Darwin and
a grandson of Josiah Wedgwood and
married his cousin Emma Wedgwood.
Last Edit: January 12, 2009, 01:09:47 pm by Bianca
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Re: 2009 Sees The 200th Anniversary Of The Birth Of Charles Darwin
Reply #4
January 12, 2009, 01:11:35 pm »
Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882).
At the age of 51, Charles Darwin had just published
On the Origin of Species.
Last Edit: January 12, 2009, 01:12:57 pm by Bianca
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Re: 2009 Sees The 200th Anniversary Of The Birth Of Charles Darwin
Reply #5
January 12, 2009, 01:16:30 pm »
Charles Robert Darwin
was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all species of life have evolved over time from common ancestors through the process he called natural selection. The fact that evolution occurs became accepted by the scientific community and the general public in his lifetime, while his theory of natural selection came to be widely seen as the primary explanation of the process of evolution in the 1930s, and now forms the basis of modern evolutionary theory. In modified form, Darwins scientific discovery remains the foundation of biology, as it provides a unifying logical explanation for the diversity of life.
At Edinburgh University Darwin neglected medical studies to investigate marine invertebrates, then the University of Cambridge encouraged a passion for natural science. His five-year voyage on HMS BeagleTemplate:WP Ships HMS instances established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyells uniformitarian ideas, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author. Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin investigated the transmutation of species and conceived his theory of natural selection in 1838. Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists, he needed time for extensive research and his geological work had priority. He was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay which described the same idea, prompting immediate joint publication of both of their theories.
His 1859 book On the Origin of Species established evolutionary descent with modification as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature. He examined human evolution and sexual selection in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, followed by The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. His research on plants was published in a series of books, and in his final book, he examined earthworms and their effect on soil.
In recognition of Darwins pre-eminence, he was one of only five 19th-century UK non-royal personages to be honoured by a state funeral, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, close to John Herschel and Isaac Newton.
Last Edit: January 12, 2009, 04:35:06 pm by Bianca
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Re: 2009 Sees The 200th Anniversary Of The Birth Of Charles Darwin
Reply #6
January 12, 2009, 01:20:08 pm »
Charles Robert Darwin died on April 19, 1882 at around 4:00 in the afternoon at his home in Kent.
His funeral was held on April 26 on a Wednesday at Westminster Abbey.
It was attended by scientists, philosophers, naturalists, admirals, and dignitaries of all sorts.
Among the thousands of people attending his funeral were Joseph Parslow, his servant and lifetime friend, as well as Mrs. Evens, the household cook.
The pall bearers at Darwin's funeral were:
George Campbell - The 9th Duke of Argyll
William Cavendish - The 7th Duke of Devonshire
Edward Henry Stanley - The 15th Earl of Derby
James Russell Lowell - The American Ambassador to Britain
William Spottiswoode - Mathematician, physicist, the Queen's Printer, and friend of Darwin
Joseph Dalton **** - Darwin's close friend and champion of his Theory of Evolution
Thomas Henry Huxley - Darwin's close friend and champion of his Theory of Evolution
Alfred Russel Wallace - Darwin's friend and the co-founder of Natural Selection
Sir John Lubbock - The 1st Baron of Avebury, Darwin's next door neighbor and close friend
Last Edit: January 12, 2009, 01:22:26 pm by Bianca
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Re: 2009 Sees The 200th Anniversary Of The Birth Of Charles Darwin
Reply #7
January 12, 2009, 01:24:05 pm »
Contrary to popular belief, Charles Darwin was not buried next to Isaac Newton.
As you can see on the map above, however, he was buried very close to Newton. Darwin was actually buried next to his good friend Sir John Herschel.
The zoomed-in circle shows whose graves or memorial plaques are near Charles Darwin:
1 = Charles Darwin (grave)
2 = Sir John Herschel (grave)
3 = Howard Walter (memorial only)
4 = William Herschel (memorial only)
5 = James Maxwell (memorial only)
6 = Michael Faraday (memorial only)
7 = Sir Isaac Newton (grave)
Last Edit: January 12, 2009, 01:28:16 pm by Bianca
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Re: 2009 Sees The 200th Anniversary Of The Birth Of Charles Darwin
Reply #8
January 12, 2009, 04:36:35 pm »
Charles Robert Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England on 12 February 1809 at his family home, the Mount. He was the fifth of six children of wealthy society doctor and financier Robert Darwin, and Susannah Darwin (née Wedgwood). He was the grandson of Erasmus Darwin on his fathers side, and of Josiah Wedgwood on his mothers side. Both families were largely Unitarian, though the Wedgwoods were adopting Anglicanism.
Robert Darwin, himself quietly a freethinker, had baby Charles baptised in the Anglican Church, but Charles and his siblings attended the Unitarian chapel with their mother. The eight year old Charles already had a taste for natural history and collecting when he joined the day school run by its preacher in 1817. That July, his mother died. From September 1818, he joined his older brother Erasmus attending the nearby Anglican Shrewsbury School as a boarder.
Darwin spent the summer of 1825 as an apprentice doctor, helping his father treat the poor of Shropshire, before going with Erasmus to the University of Edinburgh. He found lectures dull and surgery distressing, so neglected his medical studies. He learned taxidermy from John Edmonstone, a freed black slave who had accompanied Charles Waterton in the South American rainforest, and often sat with this "very pleasant and intelligent man".
In Darwins second year he joined the Plinian Society, a student natural history group whose debates strayed into radical materialism. He assisted Robert Edmund Grants investigations of the anatomy and life cycle of marine invertebrates in the Firth of Forth, and in March 1827 presented at the Plinian his own discovery that black spores found in oyster shells were the eggs of a skate leech. One day, Grant praised Lamarcks evolutionary ideas. Darwin was astonished, but had recently read the similar ideas of his grandfather Erasmus and remained indifferent. Darwin was rather bored by Robert Jamesons natural history course which covered geology including the debate between Neptunism and Plutonism. He learnt classification of plants, and assisted with work on the collections of the University Museum, one of the largest museums in Europe at the time.
This neglect of medical studies annoyed his father, who shrewdly sent him to Christs College, Cambridge, for a Bachelor of Arts degree as the first step towards becoming an Anglican parson.
Darwin began there in January 1828, but preferred riding and shooting to studying. His cousin Fox introduced him to the popular craze for beetle collecting which he pursued zealously, getting some of his finds published in Stevens' Illustrations of British entomology. He became a close friend and follower of botany professor John Stevens Henslow and met other leading naturalists who saw scientific work as religious natural theology, becoming known to these dons as the man who walks with Henslow.
When exams drew near, Darwin focused on his studies and was delighted by the language and logic of William Paley's Evidences of Christianity. In his final examination in January 1831 Darwin did well, coming tenth out of a pass list of 178.
Darwin had to stay at Cambridge until June. He studied Paley's Natural Theology which made an argument for divine design in nature, explaining adaptation as God acting through laws of nature. He read John Herschel's new book which described the highest aim of natural philosophy as understanding such laws through inductive reasoning based on observation, and Alexander von Humboldts Personal Narrative of scientific travels. Inspired with "a burning zeal" to contribute, Darwin planned to visit Tenerife with some classmates after graduation to study natural history in the tropics.
In preparation, he joined Adam Sedgwick's geology course then went with him in the summer mapping strata in Wales. After a fortnight with student friends at Barmouth, he returned home to find a letter from Henslow proposing Darwin as a suitable (if unfinished) gentleman naturalist for a self-funded place with captain Robert FitzRoy, more as a companion than a mere collector, on HMS BeagleTemplate:WP Ships HMS instances which was to leave in four weeks on an expedition to chart the coastline of South America.
His father objected to the planned two-year voyage, regarding it as a waste of time, but was persuaded by his brother-in-law, Josiah Wedgwood, to agree to his sons participation.
Last Edit: January 12, 2009, 04:42:34 pm by Bianca
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Re: 2009 Sees The 200th Anniversary Of The Birth Of Charles Darwin
Reply #9
January 12, 2009, 04:44:35 pm »
Journey of the Beagle
For more details on this topic, see Second voyage of HMS Beagle.
The voyage lasted almost five years and, as FitzRoy had intended, Darwin spent most of that time on land investigating geology and making natural history collections, while the Beagle surveyed and charted coasts.
He kept careful notes of his observations and theoretical speculations, and at intervals during the voyage his specimens were sent to Cambridge together with letters including a copy of his journal for his family. He had some expertise in geology, beetle collecting and dissecting marine invertebrates, but in all other areas was a novice and ably collected specimens for expert appraisal. Despite repeatedly suffering badly from seasickness while at sea, most of his zoology notes are about marine invertebrates, starting with plankton collected in a
calm spell.
On their first stop ashore at St Jago, Darwin found that a white band high in the volcanic rock cliffs included seashells. FitzRoy had given him the first volume of Charles Lyells Principles of Geology which set out uniformitarian concepts of land slowly rising or falling over immense periods, and Darwin saw things Lyell's way, theorising and thinking of writing a book on geology. In Brazil, Darwin was delighted by the tropical forest but detested the sight of slavery.
At Punta Alta in Patagonia he made a major find of fossils of huge extinct mammals in cliffs beside modern seashells, indicating recent extinction with no signs of change in climate or catastrophe. He identified the little known Megatherium, with bony armour which at first seemed to him like a giant version of the armour on local armadillos. The finds brought great interest when they reached England. On rides with gauchos into the interior to explore geology and collect more fossils he gained social, political and anthropological insights into both native and colonial people at a time of revolution, and learnt that two types of rhea had separate but overlapping territories. Further south he saw stepped plains of shingle and seashells as raised beaches showing a series of elevations. He read Lyells second volume and accepted its view of centres of creation of species, but his discoveries and theorising challenged Lyell's ideas of smooth continuity and of extinction of species.
As HMS Beagle surveyed the coasts of South America, Darwin theorised about geology and extinction of giant mammals. Three Fuegians on board, who had been seized during the first Beagle voyage and had spent a year in England, were taken back to Tierra del Fuego as missionaries. Darwin found them friendly and civilised, yet their relatives seemed miserable, degraded savages, as different as wild from domesticated animals. To Darwin the difference showed cultural advances, not racial inferiority. Unlike his scientist friends, he now thought there was no unbridgeable gap between humans and animals. A year on, the mission had been abandoned. The Fuegian they'd named Jemmy Button lived like the other natives, had a wife, and had no wish to return to England.
Darwin experienced an earthquake in Chile and saw signs that the land had just been raised, including mussel-beds stranded above high tide. High in the Andes he saw seashells, and several fossil trees that had grown on
a sand beach. He theorised that as the land rose, oceanic islands sank, and coral reefs round them grew to
form atolls.
On the geologically new Galápagos Islands Darwin looked for evidence attaching wildlife to an older "centre of creation", and found mockingbirds allied to those in Chile but differing from island to island. He heard that tortoise shells slightly varied in shape, showing which island they came from. In Australia, the marsupial rat-kangaroo and the platypus seemed so unusual that Darwin thought it was almost as though two distinct Creators had been at work. He found the Aborigines "good-humoured & pleasant", and noted their depletion by European settlement.
The Beagle investigated how the atolls of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands had formed, and the survey supported Darwin's theorising. FitzRoy began writing the official Narrative of the Beagle voyages, and after reading Darwins diary he proposed incorporating it into the account. Darwin's Journal was eventually rewritten as a separate third volume, on natural history.
In Cape Town Darwin and FitzRoy met John Herschel, who had recently written to Lyell praising his uniformitarianism as opening bold speculation on that mystery of mysteries, the replacement of extinct species by others as a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process. When organising his notes as the ship sailed home, Darwin wrote that if his growing suspicions about the mockingbirds, the tortoises and the Falkland Island Fox were correct, such facts undermine the stability of Species, then cautiously added would before undermine. He later wrote that such facts seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species.
Last Edit: January 12, 2009, 04:54:27 pm by Bianca
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Re: 2009 Sees The 200th Anniversary Of The Birth Of Charles Darwin
Reply #10
January 12, 2009, 04:58:59 pm »
Last Edit: January 12, 2009, 05:03:08 pm by Bianca
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Re: 2009 Sees The 200th Anniversary Of The Birth Of Charles Darwin
Reply #11
January 12, 2009, 05:02:00 pm »
Inception of Darwins evolutionary theory
For more details on this topic, see Inception of Darwin's theory.
While still a young man, Charles Darwin joined the scientific eliteWhen the Beagle returned on 2 October 1836, Darwin was already a celebrity in scientific circles as in December 1835 Henslow had fostered his former pupils reputation by giving selected naturalists a pamphlet of Darwins geological letters. Darwin visited his home in Shrewsbury and saw relatives, then hurried to Cambridge to see Henslow, who advised on finding naturalists available to catalogue the collections and agreed to take on the botanical specimens. Darwins father organised investments, enabling his son to be a self-funded gentleman scientist, and an excited Darwin went round the London institutions being fêted and seeking experts to describe the collections. Zoologists had a huge backlog of work, and there was a danger of specimens just being left in storage.
Charles Lyell eagerly met Darwin for the first time on 29 October and soon introduced him to the up-and-coming anatomist Richard Owen, who had the facilities of the Royal College of Surgeons to work on the fossil bones collected by Darwin. Owens surprising results included gigantic extinct sloths, a near complete skeleton of the unknown Scelidotherium and a hippopotamus-sized rodent-like skull named Toxodon resembling a giant capybara. The armour fragments were from the Glyptodon, a huge armadillo as Darwin had initially thought. These extinct creatures were closely related to living species in South America.
In mid-December Darwin took lodgings in Cambridge, to organise work on his collections and rewrite his Journal. He wrote his first paper, showing that the South American landmass was slowly rising, and with Lyells enthusiastic backing read it to the Geological Society of London on 4 January 1837. On the same day, he presented his mammal and bird specimens to the Zoological Society. The ornithologist John Gould soon announced that the Galapagos birds that Darwin had thought a mixture of blackbirds, gros-beaks and finches, were, in fact, twelve separate species of finches.
On 17 February Darwin was elected to the Council of the Geographical Society and Lyell's presidential address presented Owens findings on Darwins fossils, stressing geographical continuity of species as supporting his uniformitarian ideas.
Early in March Darwin moved to London to be near this work, joining Lyell's social circle of scientists
and savants such as Charles Babbage, who described God as a programmer of laws. John Herschels letter on the "mystery of mysteries" of new species was widely discussed, with explanations sought
in natural laws, not ad hoc miracles. Darwin stayed with his freethinking brother Erasmus, part of this Whig circle and close friend of writer Harriet Martineau who promoted Malthusianism underlying the controversial Whig Poor Law reforms to stop welfare from causing overpopulation and more poverty.
As a Unitarian she welcomed the radical implications of transmutation of species, promoted by Grant
and some medical men but anathema to Anglicans defending social order.
In mid-July 1837 Darwin started his B notebook on Transmutation of Species, and on page 36 wrote
I think above the first evolutionary tree.In their first meeting to discuss his detailed findings, Gould told Darwin that the Galápagos mockingbirds from different islands were separate species, not just varieties, and the finch group included the wrens. Darwin had not labelled the finches by island, but from the notes of others on the Beagle, including FitzRoy, he allocated species to islands. The two rheas were also distinct species, and on 14 March Darwin announced how their distribution changed going southwards.
By mid-March, Darwin was speculating in his Red Notebook on the possibility that "one species does change into another" to explain the geographical distribution of living species such as the rheas, and extinct ones such as Macrauchenia like a giant guanaco. His thoughts on lifespan, asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction developed in his B notebook around mid-July on to variation in offspring "to adapt & alter the race to changing world" explaining the Galápagos tortoises, mockingbirds and rheas. He sketched branching descent, then a genealogical branching of a single evolutionary tree, in which
"It is absurd to talk of one animal being higher than another", discarding Lamarck's independent lineages progressing to higher forms.
Last Edit: January 12, 2009, 05:05:11 pm by Bianca
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Re: 2009 Sees The 200th Anniversary Of The Birth Of Charles Darwin
Reply #12
January 12, 2009, 05:10:00 pm »
While developing this intensive study of transmutation, Darwin became mired in more work. Still rewriting his Journal, he took on editing and publishing the expert reports on his collections, and with Henslows help obtained
a Treasury grant of £1,000 to sponsor this multi-volume Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. He agreed to unrealistic dates for this and for a book on South American Geology supporting Lyells ideas. Darwin finished writing his Journal around 20 June 1837 just as Queen Victoria came to the throne, but then had its proofs to correct.
Darwins health suffered from the pressure.
On 20 September he had an uncomfortable palpitation of the heart", so his doctors urged him to "knock off all work" and live in the country for a few weeks. After visiting Shrewsbury he joined his Wedgwood relatives at Maer Hall, but found them too eager for tales of his travels to give him much rest. His charming, intelligent, and cultured cousin Emma Wedgwood, nine months older than Darwin, was nursing his invalid aunt. His uncle Jos pointed out an area of ground where cinders had disappeared under loam and suggested that this might have been the work of earthworms, inspiring "a new & important theory" on their role in soil formation which Darwin presented at the Geological Society on 1 November.
William Whewell pushed Darwin to take on the duties of Secretary of the Geological Society. After initially declining the work, he accepted the post in March 1838.[60] Despite the grind of writing and editing the Beagle reports, Darwin made remarkable progress on transmutation, taking every opportunity to question expert naturalists and, unconventionally, people with practical experience such as farmers and pigeon fanciers. Over time his research drew on information from his relatives and children, the family butler, neighbours, colonists and former shipmates.[62] He included mankind in his speculations from the outset, and on seeing an orangutan in the zoo on 28 March 1838 noted its child-like behaviour.
The strain told, and by June he was being laid up for days on end with stomach problems, headaches and heart symptoms. For the rest of his life, he was repeatedly incapacitated with episodes of stomach pains, vomiting, severe boils, palpitations, trembling and other symptoms, particularly during times of stress such as attending meetings or making social visits. The cause of Darwins illness remained unknown, and attempts at treatment had little success.
On 23 June he took a break and went geologising in Scotland. He visited Glen Roy in glorious weather to see the parallel roads cut into the hillsides at three heights. He later published his view that these were marine raised beaches, but then had to accept that they were shorelines of a proglacial lake.
Last Edit: January 12, 2009, 05:14:16 pm by Bianca
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Re: 2009 Sees The 200th Anniversary Of The Birth Of Charles Darwin
Reply #13
January 12, 2009, 05:15:41 pm »
Fully recuperated, he returned to Shrewsbury in July.
Used to jotting down daily notes on animal breeding, he scrawled rambling thoughts about career and prospects on two scraps of paper, one with columns headed Marry and Not Marry. Advantages included constant companion and a friend in old age ... better than a dog anyhow, against points such as less money for books and terrible loss of time.
Having decided in favour, he discussed it with his father, then went to visit Emma on 29 July.
He did not get around to proposing but, against his fathers advice, he mentioned his ideas on transmutation.
Continuing his research in London, Darwins wide reading now included the sixth edition of Malthuss An Essay on the Principle of Population
"In October 1838, that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic enquiry, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species. Here, then, I had at last got a theory by which to work..."
Malthus asserted that unless human population is kept in check, it increases in a geometrical progression and soon exceeds food supply in what is known as a Malthusian catastrophe. Darwin was well prepared to see at once that this also applied to de Candolles warring of the species of plants and the struggle for existence among wildlife, explaining how numbers of a species kept roughly stable. As species always breed beyond available resources, favourable variations would make organisms better at surviving and passing the variations on to their offspring, while unfavourable variations would be lost. This would result in the formation of new species. On 28 September 1838 he noted this insight, describing it as a kind of wedging, forcing adapted structures into gaps in the economy of nature as weaker structures were thrust out.
Over the following months he compared farmers picking the best breeding stock to a Malthusian Nature selecting from variants thrown up by chance so that every part of [every] newly acquired structure is fully practised and perfected, and thought this analogy the most beautiful part of my theory.
Darwin chose to marry his cousin, Emma Wedgwood.On 11 November, he returned to Maer and proposed to Emma, once more telling her his ideas. She accepted, then in exchanges of loving letters she showed how she valued his openness in sharing their differences, also expressing her strong Unitarian beliefs and concerns that his honest doubts might separate them in the afterlife. While he was house-hunting in London, bouts of illness continued and Emma wrote urging him to get some rest, almost prophetically remarking So dont be ill any more my dear Charley till I can be with you to nurse you. He found what they called Macaw Cottage (because of its gaudy interiors) in Gower Street, then moved his museum in over Christmas. On 24 January 1839 Darwin was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.
On 29 January Darwin and Emma Wedgwood were married at Maer in an Anglican ceremony arranged to suit the Unitarians, then immediately caught the train to London and their new home.
Last Edit: January 12, 2009, 05:21:45 pm by Bianca
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Re: 2009 Sees The 200th Anniversary Of The Birth Of Charles Darwin
Reply #14
January 12, 2009, 05:22:55 pm »
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Join Date: Jul 2007
Location: West Virginia
Re: What do you think the Long Night was like?
The 3I would need to gain control of the trade networks and use that control to bleed independent states to death. Wars of conquest would still need to be fought. But, like Napoleon taking Venice, the real defeat came centuries earlier.
Per Ardua Per Astra!
Ancora Imparo
Join Date: Jan 2005
Location: Idaho Falls, Idaho
Re: What do you think the Long Night was like?
Late to the party as normal, but
I start with what the situation was during the ZS. Vast webs of 30-40 planets in subsectors dependent on one another for their advance technology, and a couple planets with key items feeding 400+ worlds in a sector. The stability experts in the ZS worked so all the planets were dependent, and probably had a level of mistrust/tribalism between them so that they wouldn't band together to take on the ZS authorities (similar to the tactics used by the British Empire during its height).
Now add the RoM impacts. No more ZS manipulators keeping things balanced, some of the key worlds taken out during the war or as rebellion suppression, populations of many worlds taken out by plaques, etc. so the trade web lines start breaking down. Costs for some goods increase greatly because the materials need to be shipped from farther, or the labor pool demands larger wages, etc; which helps feed the tribalism/resentment between systems. This starts an instability wobble that the RoM can no longer control, and the trade routes start breaking down.
As the trade routes start failing, worlds start looking for ways to either soft land to a lower tech that they can support on world, or acquire the tech they need from other worlds. Since there is animosity between the worlds, the acquisition takes the form of espionage and/or war/piracy.
Join Date: Jul 2007
Location: West Virginia
Re: What do you think the Long Night was like?
DAT's take on Villani worlds works. However, due to the push of radiation and ecconomic disruption on Earth and the pull of opportunity out in space, there would be predominantly Solimani worlds durring the RoM.
I could see a world were the ZS decided to settle only a large continent with vast mineral riches but little or no arable land. Earthfolk settle on the smaller continents that do have arable land and mineral riches too. Durring the long night the Villani culture fades and the Solimani groups thrive. Large numbers of Villani ditch their culture for the surviving one. The remnant Villani culture would be experiencing a brutal dark age. The Solimani not so much.
Per Ardua Per Astra!
Ancora Imparo
Join Date: Aug 2004
Location: Buffalo, New York
Re: What do you think the Long Night was like?
That is something that sort of bothered me about the Villani culture and amassing a huge empire and all that...
If they were that far stretched out, and they were that much of a conformist based culture - and that "conservative" - chances are they wouldn't have expanded even during the Reign of Man or the period immediately after.
As my wife constantly tells me about anything in life, I use too much logic. ;)
Join Date: Aug 2004
Re: What do you think the Long Night was like?
The Vilani only became 'conservative' in the run up to the consolidation wars and the Ziru Sirka period that followed. They had a considerable drive for exploration and development prior to this.
Even during those eras there would have been malcontents, Vilani who were told tales of the old days, hybrids, minor human races, 'aliens' would all contribute to this trickle of exiles, refugees and migrants from the Ziru Sirka.
Once the collapse of authority began, which was happening long before the encounter with the Terrans, this trickle would grow.
During the later ISW period you had Ziru Sirka worlds defecting to the Terran side, that tells you a lot about the stability of the cultures of those worlds. Despite a thousand years of tradition they preferred to throw their lot in with the Terrans.
This news would spread and the trickle is now a small stream.
The final Terran victory and the appointment of a Terran emperor, the new drive of cultural reformation, the incompatibility of Terran and Ziru Sirka ways of doing things and you now have the potential for a river of exiles, migrants and refugees, setting off into the wider galaxy to seek their fortunes much as their very distant ancestors did.
The smarter ones will have raided as much of the secret knowledge repositories as they could before heading out on their new adventure.
During the long night pocket empires and high TL worlds still had the potential to launch exploration, scouting and even colonisation missions, its just there was no longer a central 'Imperial' authority laying down the rules.
The Syleans didn't expand their federation into a power vacuum, they expanded into a region of space where there were many cultures, worlds and pocket empires. They invented the fiction of the long night to suggest their authority and to belittle the lesser pocket empires they encountered.
They made them an offer they couldn't refuse - until they ran into the Jullians...
Join Date: Aug 2005
Location: Portland, Oregon
Re: What do you think the Long Night was like?
Oh and technically, Venice was beaten by a number of factors including the centralization of territorial states. Speaking of which, it was beaten by conquest-in 1848.
"The navy could probably win a war without coffee but would prefer not to try"-Samuel Eliot Morrison
Join Date: Aug 2004
Location: Buffalo, New York
Re: What do you think the Long Night was like?
Several things and then I'll behave and listen to thoughts by others. ;)
1) You have the First Imperium. During that period of time, its history is specified by the writers who gave us the Third Imperium. As a consequence - much of what was written was written as a backdrop for the Third Imperium. This means that the setting for the First Imperium was never really intended to be wholly self-contained.
2) You have the Second Imperium - which when you get right down to it, was simply the First Imperium with new masters after a series of ongoing struggles between the old masters and the new masters. Its history is also intended to be a back drop of the Third Imperium, not its own self-contained history in its own right.
3) as a consequence of 1 and 2, there are a lot of gaps involved that fail to explain things when we "zoom in". Mind you, I don't have a real issue here simply because creating a detailed history of this nature is a LOT of work (who boy is it a lot of work!!!). None the less, if one wants to have a credible structure to work with, then the work at creating the skeleton can be worth the while later down the road.
Now, all of that not withstanding - here is my problem overall. Just because Rome built an empire, administered over a vast (at their time) stretch of territory - doesn't mean that everyone disappeared into barbaric stretch of time during the so-called dark ages after Rome's influence disappeared. People still were born and would die in the natural cycle of things. People still ruled their immediate surroundings in a fashion that suited them reasonably well once Rome lost interest in maintaining an Empire. By losing interest, I mean that they were no longer willing or able to spend resources required to rule vast stretches of territory.
That in turn makes me believe that Empire Building is a species of government that requires a few ideal conditions for it to sprout and grow and ultimately thrive. But here is the problem I'm having as a GM when/where it comes to the Dark Ages...
Just as the Americas had their low tech tribal communities of people, and vast stretches of real-estate that was not inhabited, so too will there be entire systems that were NOT inhabited. Then there are those worlds in which they have people, but those people are not interested in empire building. Heck, they may not have the wealth available to engage in empire building. Then there comes to be the issue in which low technology in general, requires vast amounts of time for which major events occur. The saying "Rome wasn't built overnight" has the observation that things take time. How long did it take mankind to reach Tech Level 1 from the level of zero? How long did it take to reach 2? From there, TL 3?
The point I'm trying to make here is that the higher up the Tech Tree you go, the faster the developments were. During World War I, they were just getting used to the idea of firing bullets through their propellers (without shooting them off!) by means of a technological innovation of "interrupter" mechanisms. Their wing structure required the use of two wings (sometimes three, and early on initially, one). Less than 50 years later, we would see the invention of Rocket propelled planes as well as jet propelled planes - the ability to armor plate the pilot's cockpit, and carry massively heavier weaponry than their World War I forebears could. With Technology comes greater potential for wealth. Without the proper cultural mindset however, empire building may not necessarily be tied in with tech level.
Which brings me to my final point. We can have the following states where it comes to star systems or planets.
A) Uninhabited - this world was never colonized, never the site of a transplanted "species" by Grandfather's group, etc.
B) Inhabited by a Transplanted pool of people or by original aliens. This world essentially acts like a home world. It has its history of a painful struggle to advance from the Stone age to where ever it might be in any given point in the history of the Traveller Universe.
C) Colonies and Outposts - these are worlds that were settled by transplants from other home worlds.
History has examples of colonies that were started, but who later disappeared either as a result of bad luck, or were wiped out by natives of the region who objected to the invasion. These colonies disappeared from existence on a world that is a home world for humanity, let alone some place like Mars or the Moon. How long would humanity survive on a world like Mars were all communication and/or contact with Earth were to cease? If the Mars Colony lacked the machinery required to manufacture replacements it needs to keep life support operational, then it dies out. If it lacks the means to educate the next generation with skills absolutely vital to its survival - it dies out. If the Gene Pool is not sufficiently sturdy, it potentially dies out.
So, what would have had to happen during the "Dark Ages" of time between when the Second Imperium bites the dust to when the Third Imperium takes over?
Join Date: Aug 2004
Location: Buffalo, New York
Re: What do you think the Long Night was like?
In my opinion, the following things have to be present:
A) wealth The original world that wants to dominate any region, will have to have sufficient resources available, to maintain its expansion by any means. By that, I include economic expansion via trade, wars of conquest via the military, etc.
B) Sufficient population. If you don't have a need for resources, then there is no need to expand outwards. If you lack wealth - you lack the means to project your will elsewhere. If you don't have the manpower to staff your trade system or staff your military system - you won't be able to build an empire
C) Opportunity. If you have all the basics required to start building an empire, the question becomes one of whether or not you have the means to build one. If you can't fly to the next planet within the system, you can't have colony settlements or outpost settlements. If there are no worlds within your limited reach, then you don't expand. Expansion however, is going to be based on the final thing...
D) Desire. Let's face it. We in theory could place settlements on the Moon - we could have done so in the years 1970 onwards. We lacked the desire to do so. Was it a cultural thing? Was it simple mathematics where "Hey, why spend 1 billion dollars to build a settlement on the Moon when we could spend the same Billion dollars to inhabit sections of Earth that are largely under populated? Why go to a harsh world when we can remain in a garden world environment?
For me? The "Dark ages" that came into being after the fall of the First Imperium (I really don't consider the Second Imperium to be distinctly different from the first - just new masters for an old empire) is going to be similar to that we saw happen with the Fall of Rome (and may see with the fall of the United States someday).
Unity of Governmental principles backed by the power of a Sovereign government interested in projecting its culture and/or power and/or wealth harvesting capabilities over vast stretches of territory.
When we talk of say, TWILIGHT 2000 or say CYBERPUNK 2020 - the United States tends to devolve into multiple governmental structures holding sway over smaller amounts of territory. When Rome faltered, we saw the withdrawing of Roman Legions from England, and the abandonment of rule/administration of entire territories.
My "gut" instinct is this: Many of the worlds that could or would eventually become "home world" like as far as population, infrastructure, and cultural unity - had to lose that or they would have become the nucleus of proto-empire builders. Marc Miller would eventually coin a term for those proto-empire builders...
Pocket Empires.
Heavily settled "sectors" would have had zillions of potential pocket empires, but ultimately, in the span of multiple centuries, would have gone empire building much sooner than Sylea ends up doing. Question is - why didn't they?
My guess is that they lacked two of the four ingredients necessary. Any of the three combined should have been enough to start a pocket Empire, and once that was started, the four elements would have eventually been present. Populations that are well fed, have a stable government, etc - tend to expand. With that expansion comes the need for resources. With that need, comes the expansion outward from the main world. With that expansion also comes the need to administer law and collect taxes, regulate business, and even protect them from criminals.
Why 17 centuries of dark ages in light of how modern technology seems to accelerate things?
Picture this:
One world fears outsiders because the outsiders tries to rape their world (ala Viking style raids). Another world fought wars against an enemy who damaged their ecosphere (hence tainted atmosphers still showing evidence of enemy bombardments centuries later). Yet another world had its infrastructure bombed into the stone age.
For some, the withdrawal of the First/Second Imperium culture resulted in a massive orgy of destruction both of social and economic infrastructures. For others - the withdrawal resulted in a slow decline as they battled against the alien environments relentless war on invaders who couldn't exist on said world without subsidized infrastructure support (ie life support equipment, luxuries, foodstuffs etc).
In the end? Without being able to detail every world, without using something like Pocket Empires as a system - any work detailing the dark ages will rely strictly upon narratives.
Join Date: Jul 2007
Location: West Virginia
Re: What do you think the Long Night was like?
Per Ardua Per Astra!
Ancora Imparo
Join Date: Aug 2005
Location: Portland, Oregon
Re: What do you think the Long Night was like?
"The navy could probably win a war without coffee but would prefer not to try"-Samuel Eliot Morrison
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Students of GCU Remake "Harry Potter" and Made Pakistan Proud
Pakistan Launches 'Corona Chatbot' to Address & Fight COVID-19 on National Level
Vigorous Efforts are taken to overawed Coronavirus on the National and Global level unswervingly. Moreover, Artificial intelligence is used to keep people aware of their loved ones Dwelling on the Nook and Corner of the globe and in the different cities of Pakistan. Pakistan Launches 'Corona Chatbot' to Address & Fight COVID-19 on National Level.
Chatbot Launched to Address Coronavirus Concerns
Head of the prime minister's 'Digital Pakistan' initiative Tania Aidrus addressed on Monday and announced in the media about the launch of chatbot. The tool is designed by the Digital Pakistan team to address common apprehensions and to spread information apropos the COVID-19 outbreak. The said tool is to support "Health Emergency" efforts by providing an online triage in contagion diagnostics.
The Former Google Executive wrote on Twitter
"Our team wanted to build an effective way to get information out to Pakistanis. We've launched a chatbot to address common concerns on #Coronavirus. You can find labs near you and even do a quick test to assess your risk of #Coronavirus. Please try it out!"
Our team wanted to build an effective way to get information out to Pakistanis. We've launched a chatbot to address common concerns on #Coronavirus. You can find labs near you and even do a quick test to assess your risk of #Coronavirus. Please try it out! https://t.co/doniPg17jX pic.twitter.com/l8VbQEHb0M
— Tania Aidrus (@taidrus) March 16, 2020
Appealing Features of the Chatbot
To access the chatbot, a user can message the Facebook page of the Ministry of National Health Service, Regulations and Coordination (NHSRCOfficial) on Messenger and get started.
The chatbot allows messaging in both Urdu and English languages.
The said tool ripostes questions about the symptoms, protection ways, risk assessment, and shares info about next-door labs and medical facilities for the coronavirus test.
The chatbot is motorized by artificial intelligence that answers basic questions by assessing simple precautionary capacities, for instance, "do you have a fever above 100?", "do you have a cough?" have you traveled in the last 14 days?"
Ms Aidrus Expounded the Government's Strategy to Get Ahead Coronavirus by using Data and Technology
"We're using data analytics techniques and cutting-edge technology to get ahead of the #Coronavirus. We're trying to modernize and streamline data collection from the frontlines. We have some of the best engineers available in Pakistan volunteering their support. I'd like to thank for setting up the national dashboard in such short notice. We now have a holistic view of the active cases from across the country. This will aid in providing timely and data-driven decisions as to the situation changes in real-time."
Microsoft's new coronavirus map lets you track the number of COVID-19 cases in countries around the world and every US state!
Microsoft Bing recently released a concerted and interactive map that consents users to see the number of coronavirus cases worldwide, by country, and by state. UNDOUBTEDLY A TREMENDOUS EFFORT ON GLOBAL LEVEL!!
Pakistan Launches 'Corona Chatbot' to Address & Fight COVID-19 on National Level
If people need to find the nearest labs, the bot will question your location by providing a list of major cities and later prescribe names of laboratories for screening tests of COVID-19.
Corona Chatbox has not only promised to send people 'live updates' regarding the prevailing situation of virus in the country but also providing important information about coronavirus, symptoms, protection tips, assessing health risks to the person communicating with the bot by answering its questions.
The interactive map gives up-to-date info about inveterate cases worldwide and segregates them into active, recovered, and lethal cases by country and by US state.
Several confirmed COVID-19 cases are updated regularly; the tool draws data from sources like WHO, the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, and the US CDC.
You can also click on any country to have up-to-date knowledge regarding deadly Corona. The map also includes a case breakdown for every US state.
Several constructive efforts are on boards to tackle Coronavirus scrupulously.
Also Read: The Outbreak of Coronavirus Pandemic- Where are ETHICS MORALITY & HUMANITY


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James William Reed
Jim and Maria (Borri) Reed of Arlington are the parents of a son, James William, born Aug. 23 at St. Margaret's Hospital in Spring Valley. He weighed 7 pounds, 1 ounce and measured 20 inches in length. He was welcomed home by one brother, Jonathan Michael, 14 1/2 months. Maternal grandparents are Bob and Nancy Borri of Granville. Paternal grandparents are Dennis and Linda Reed of Naples, Fla.
Matthew and Danielle (Smith) Grobe of Walnut are the parents of a daughter born Aug. 26 at Illinois Valley Community Hospital in Peru.