text:
A method for producing synthetic fuels is provided in which a feedstock containing polymers from a wide variety of sources is re-formed into a more satisfactory fuel source for producing heat, electricity, powering vehicles and the like. The feedstock can comprise scrap rubber, plastic and/or plant matter or other materials that are not particularly well suited for use as fuels in their existing state. The system can involve breaking long polymer molecules and/or carbohydrate molecules into shorter chain hydrocarbon radicals and then forming a fuel of hydrocarbons of selected length via what can be anaerobic and anhydrous reactions. The process can be environmentally friendly, producing no net greenhouse gases.
This application claims priority to provisional application No. 60/927,552, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Wood and coal have been a principle source of fuel for hundreds of years. In modern times, petroleum has become a primary commodity for the generation of energy. Petroleum has had the advantages of relatively low cost and ease of transportation and storage because of its liquid consistency. Further, petroleum is readily amenable to fractionation and conversion into a variety of valuable industrial products such as fuels, building products, chemical intermediates and the like.
International developments have led to increase in the price of this crude oil. The consumption of petroleum has been increasing exponentially and concomitantly the readily available world petroleum supply has diminished. Governments and industrial concerns are dedicating increased attention to alternatives to petroleum as sources for fuels and chemical intermediates.
In recent years, the world has seen many innovations in "green" technologies, including methods for making synthetic fuels for transportation and heat utilizing the enzymatic and bacterial decomposition of cellulose and starch material to ethanol or similar alkanol products. Vegetable oils of many varied plant sources have been converted to alkyl esters. While these processes are clean and environmental friendly and can provide an alternative source of synthetic fuel, the use of edible plants inevitably leads to the increase of price for food supply. Moreover, many of these plants require high energy costs during the planting, harvesting and processing phases.
New programs are being developed for the provision of carbonaceous fuel products which complement and enhance conventional petroleum or coal-derived energy sources. Processes for liquefying coal or the gasification and then condensation of other carbon-containing materials have been proposed. However, these processes have not been deemed to be fully satisfactory for various cost or environmental reasons. There remains a pressing need for new technology that can deliver high quality fuels at economically and environmentally favorable levels, while maintaining atmospheric carbon neutrality.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a system and process of producing liquid synthetic fuels that overcomes drawbacks of conventional systems and methods of producing synthetic fuel.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention shall become apparent from the accompanying description and examples.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Generally speaking, in accordance with the invention, a system and method for producing synthetic fuels, especially those that are essentially chemically identical to conventional vehicle fuels, is provided in which a feedstock containing polymers from a wide variety of sources is re-formed into a more satisfactory fuel source for producing heat, electricity, powering vehicles and the like. The feedstock can comprise scrap rubber, plastic and/or organic matter or other materials that are not particularly well suited for use as fuels in their existing state. The system and method can involve breaking relatively long polymer hydrocarbon and/or carbohydrate polymer molecules into shorter chain hydrocarbon radicals and then polymerizing the short chain hydrocarbons and forming a fuel comprising hydrocarbons of selected length. Reactors in accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention do not involve adding oxygen to the system and can be considered anaerobic. Reactions in accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention involve much less water than many conventional methods and can be considered relatively anhydrous.
Processes in accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention can involve physical reduction of the size of the various components; drying or wetting components to controlled water levels; liquefying reactions where components are broken down into shorter molecules; removal of oxygen atoms from carbohydrates and/or unsaturated bonds from hydrocarbon monomers; and recombination of short chain hydrocarbon monomers to desired molecular lengths to make synthetic fuels.
Feedstocks in accordance with the invention can include a wide variety of sources of cellulose. These can include various biomass sources, including wood chips, sawdust, brush, hay, straw, switch grass, corn stalks, kudzu and other sources of cellulose material. The sources of cellulose can be permitted to dry or actively dried to a selected moisture content. They can also be blended to result in desired moisture content. If necessary, water can be added to overly dry feedstocks. These sources of cellulose material can be blended with other polymer feedstocks, different types of cellulose or used as a single uniform type of cellulose.
The process can also involve the use of hydrocarbon polymers as a feed source. For example, waste plastic and rubber, such as used automobile tires can be used as a feedstock source. Mixtures of waste polymers with cellulose material are also acceptable for use as the feedstock. Tires can include all of the polymers now used to manufacture tires, such as butadienes and fillers, such as carbon, silica, aluminum and zinc acetate.
In one preferred embodiment of the invention, a feedstock is reduced in size, into particles that are preferably less than about 1,000 microns, more preferably less than about 500 microns and most preferably less than about 300 microns. This can be done in multiple stages with the final reductions in size preferably done with the feedstock in a slurry. The liquid for the slurry is preferably recycled hydrocarbon fuel product from the synthetic fuel process.
In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the polymer feedstock is combined with metals, such as Group VIII, IB, IIB, IIIA, IVA metals or in particular, platinum, iron, aluminum, zinc, copper and so forth. The metals can be provided as metal powders with substantially all, but at least 80% of which have a diameter of less than about 1000 microns, preferably less than about 500 microns, more preferably about 300 microns or less.
The feedstock should be subjected to the controlled application of high temperature and pressure to liquefy the feedstock. High temperature and pressure can be used to help break feedstock polymer molecules into short chain radicals, preferably 3, 6 and 9 carbon hydrocarbon radicals in accordance with the invention. Most, if not all of the original oxygen should be removed. The short chain hydrocarbons are advantageously combined into hydrocarbons of selected carbon chain length.
Processes in accordance with the invention are preferably conducted in substantially airtight conditions. It is preferred to put the feedstock into a non-aqueous slurry, with the liquid phase comprising mostly a hydrocarbon solvent. This phase should, however, while mostly comprising organic solvent, contain controlled amounts of water. The water can act as a source of hydrogen for aiding the reduction of molecular size. Water content is preferably about 25% to 5%, more preferably about 15% to 20% and most preferably about 16%-17%.
A preferred source of the metal powder comes from ground up automobile tires. Conventional automobile tires include steel belts. These belts are commonly formed from iron wire that is coated with copper, which in turn, may be coated with zinc. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, essentially all, but at least 80% of the tires are ground into smaller pieces, preferably in multiple stages, to a size less than about 1,000 microns, preferably less than about 500 microns and most preferably about 300 microns or less. This results in the production of metal particles in the above sizes. The final size reductions advantageously take place in a slurry.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the chemical reactions take place in an organic liquid phase. The hydrocarbon output of reactions in accordance with the invention can be recycled and use as the organic liquid, such as that combined with the initial feedstock, to ensure a substantially air free system and to assist in the downsizing of the feedstock solids. The recycled hydrocarbon output is at elevated temperature. Thus, the recycled stream aids in the initial elevation of feedstock temperature and reduces instances of charring. Recycling the output can also lead to branched chain hydrocarbons, which tend to increase octane or cetane ratings.
The invention can be run with multiple reactors, with three as a preferred number. In a first reactor, the feedstock can be substantially, at least about 80%, liquefied. This can involve breaking intermolecular bonds and reducing the size of the feedstock molecules and polymers. The output temperature is between about 250° F. to 450° F. In a second reactor, additional bonds are advantageously broken and the feedstock material can be transformed into shorter chain radicals. Dehydration takes place to replace hydroxyl groups with hydrogen. The output temperature is about 500° F. Finally, those radicals can be formed into polymerized hydrocarbons of selected length in the third reactor, the output temperature of which is about 700° F. to about 850° F.
Preferred reactors are in the form of horizontal tubes. The tubes are preferably formed of steel. The tubes are capable of containing liquid at over 700° F. and 500 psig. An internal screw is used to move the reactants in plug-flow, through the reactor at controlled speeds. Electrical heating elements on the reactor surfaces advantageously control the temperature of the reactors. Measuring the temperature and viscosity at the output can provide valuable feedback for controlling the heating elements and screw speed.
It is the believed that the metal powders in the slurry react with the water in the feed stream to yield metal oxides and hydrogen. At the temperatures involved, ranging from over about 250° F. to 450° F. and above, the free hydrogen is believed to attack bonds in the feed material and thereby reduce the size of the feedstock molecules and promote the liquefication of the feed stream. Increasing the temperature, either in the same or in a separate reactor, further breaks down the feed material into small chain hydrocarbon radicals, advantageously 3, 6, and 9 carbons in length. Molecular size can be adjusted by controlling the temperature, reactor time and the amount of metal added. As the reaction proceeds, the metal powder can be substantially converted into sufficient oxide powder to act as a surface catalyst for the polymerization of the short chain hydrocarbon radicals into hydrocarbons of selected lengths. By adjusting reaction temperatures, at least 80% if not substantially all of the output can be gasoline, diesel fuel or aircraft fuel. Alternatively, the output can be refined (or otherwise purified or separated) to one of these fuels. In another embodiment of the invention, the output can be blended as more than least 5% or 10% with one of these fuels. The resulting product can be used as is or further refined or purified. It can also be advisable to employ a mechanism, such as a shockwave producer, to break up any relatively long chain hydrocarbons, such as waxes, that might be in the final product.
The invention accordingly comprises the several steps and the relation of one or more of such steps with respect to each of the others, the system embodying features of construction, combinations and arrangement of parts which are adapted to effect such steps, and the product which possesses the characteristics, properties, and relation of constituents (components), all as exemplified in the detailed disclosure hereinafter set forth, and the scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims.
For a fuller understanding of the invention, reference is had to the following description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
A preferred embodiment of the invention comprises a size reduction step having multiple stages to gradually reduce the size of the feedstock to the desired particle size. Referring to
A size reduction process begins when a truck or other vehicle delivers a variety of feedstock to plant 10 or when the materials are reduced in size off site. A feedstock 201 is placed on a first conveyor belt 205, which carries the feedstock upon unloading to first stage size reduction grinder 210. The output of first stage size reduction grinder 210 is placed on a second conveyor belt 215, which carries once-reduced feedstock 211 to second stage size reduction grinder 220. Similarly, the twice-reduced output 221 of second stage size reduction grinder 220 is placed on a third conveyor belt 225 and transported to third stage size reduction grinder 230. Optionally, a storage tank, such as tank 235, can be added to store once-reduced output 211 of first stage size reduction grinder 210 or twice-reduced output 221 of second stage size reduction grinder 220. The three times reduced output 231 from third stage size reduction grinder 230 can be fed into fourth stage size reduction safety grinder 240 to insure substantially complete size reduction before a slurry output 241 is being stored in slurry storage tank 250. Alternatively, output 231 can be stored in slurry storage tank 250 without being fed into fourth stage size reduction safety grinder 240.
Safety grinder 240 is optionally attached to slurry storage tank 250 to ensure uniformity particles of less than about 300 microns before the slurry enters reaction section 300.
A wide variety of synthetic polymer or cellulosic materials, including rubber, plastic, trees, bushes, brush, bark, sawdust, wood chips, hay, straw, switch grass field stubble and the like can be used as feedstock in accordance with the invention. However, certain materials require additional attention. For instance, bark can be used. However, because bark is high in ash and absorbs water readily, when using bark as feedstock, special attention needs to be paid to insure moisture content. Similarly, while pine saw dust can be used, it is recommended to limit the weight of pine saw dust used at less than 25% of the total feedstock weight.
An important purpose of the size reduction process of section 200 is to gradually decrease the size of the feedstock to desirable sizes, preferably less than 300 microns. In one embodiment, the feedstock is first ground to ½ inch to 1 inch pieces in first stage size reduction grinder 210, then to ⅛ inch to ⅜ inch size particles in second stage size reduction grinder 220 before entering third stage size reduction grinder 230. Both first and second stage grinders 210, 220 can be operated while the feedstock remains dry. In contrast, twice-reduced feedstock 221 is preferably combined with liquid to form a slurry form when it enters third stage grinder 230 and fourth stage safety grinder 240.
One important aspect of the invention is the moisture content of the feedstock. The moisture content of the feedstock can be controlled and adjusted before or after the feedstock enters the first or second stage size reduction grinders 210, 220. Feedstock of various moisture contents can be blended to achieve desirable average moisture content. If necessary, additional water can be sprayed or otherwise added into the system. Feedstock such as grasses, brush and wood chips can be permitted to dry before entering a process in accordance with the invention. Regardless of when the feedstock is dried, the average water content is preferably about 5-25%, more preferably about 15-20% and most preferably about 16-17%.
In accordance with embodiments of the invention shown in
The input from liquid feed 270 advantageously comprises a non-aqueous hydrocarbon solvent 271. In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the hydrocarbon solvent can be final output 421 of plant 10. However, it is not necessary to use a recycle of the final product, and other hydrocarbon solvents can be used. Liquid feed 270 advantageously changes the viscosity of slurry 231. The addition of hydrocarbon solvent 271 fills out the available space in reactors discussed below to ensure an oxygen free environment. It also makes size reduction easier.
Initiator feed 280 introduces initiator/catalyst particles 281 to the input of third stage grinder 230. Initiators can include elements of Group IB, IIB, IIIB, IVA, VB, VIIB, VIIB and Group VIII. Preferred initiators include Group IB, IIB and VIII metals. Preferred examples include platinum, iron, aluminum, aluminum silica, zinc and copper. The initiator can be provided as pure metal powders. Alternatively, polymeric materials, such as used tires, can be used to provide the metal initiator. The steel belts in tires contain iron which can be coated with copper and/or zinc. The synthetic rubber itself includes aluminum and silica materials. All the metals in the tire can serve as initiators.
Initiator 281 is added to third stage grinder 230. Regardless of the source of initiator 281, it should have a particle size less than about 1000 microns, preferably less than 400 microns and more preferably about 300 microns or less. The smaller size can lead to a more optimal reaction rate because of the increased surface area. Initiator 281 should comprise more than 1% by weight of feedstock 201, preferably more than 3% and most preferably 5% or more.
Once feedstock 201 has undergone reduction, the slurry output 231 is fed into slurry storage tank 250 awaiting to be utilized in a chemical reaction process in reaction section 300.
Preferred embodiments of the invention comprise a reaction section 300. Preferred processes can involve multiple reaction stages in multiple reactors (2, 3, 4 or more) to break down feedstock into short chain carbon radicals. Those radicals, preferably 3, 6 or 9 carbon chains, repolymerize to form a burnable synthetic fuel as a final output 421 of plant 10. Such fuels can be prepared to be identical to conventional vehicle fuels refined from crude oil.
Referring to
Each reactor should be sealed off from the atmosphere and pressurized to ensure an anaerobic reaction with no added atmospheric oxygen. However, the pressure in each reactor need not be specifically controlled. Rather, pressure can be the result of the increase in temperature. Because of the lack of oxygen and the ability to control surface temperature of the reactors, there is relatively negligible char build-up after reactions to require extensive and frequent cleaning. In addition, the auger tends to provide a constant cleaning function.
The goal of first reactor 310 and second reactor 320 is to liquefy and break down the feedstock to short chain monomers and monomer radicals. In one embodiment of the invention, to begin reaction, slurry output 241 is heated to about 250° F. at a pressure of about 100 psig and fed into first reactor 310. The temperature increase can be achieved in various ways, preferably by recycling hot liquid or slurry streams from other parts of plant 10. While in first reactor 310, the temperature of the reactants continues to rise, resulting in a liquefied output 311 with the temperature about 450-500° F. at a pressure about 500 psig. During the residence time in first reactor 310, various solids of slurry output 241 are liquefied by the increasing temperature and pressure. Speed and temperature should be adjusted so that no more than a trace of non-liquid material leaves first reactor 310.
Second reactor 320 is constructed and set up in a similar fashion as first reactor 310. Liquefied output 311 from first reactor 310 enters second reactor 320 at about 450° F. and a pressure at about 500 psig. Generally, unlike the endothermic reaction in first reactor 310, because the reaction in second reactor 320 is typically exothermic, no additional heat is needed except for the purpose of maintaining constant temperature and controlling reaction rate.
It is believed that while in first reactor 310, as the temperature increases from about 250° F. to 450° F., initiator 281 begins to react with available water in the feedstock to become oxidized by freeing hydrogen in water, creating free hydrogen. The free hydrogen, along with high temperature and pressure, liquefy solids in slurry output 241 by attacking the double bonds in hydrocarbon polymers and weak covalent bonds in cellulosic materials to make shorter chain molecules and promote the liquefication of the feed stream. When carbon-carbon bonds are cleaved, more hydrogen is produced. About 50-70% of the breakdown of plastic and cellulosic materials to short chain molecules can occur in first reactor 310.Reforming:
Once liquefied output 311 enters second reactor 320, components are believed to continue to be broken down into short molecular links and further into intermediates through the process of dehydration on the surface of initiator 281. The length of carbon chains can be altered and controlled by changing the temperature, reactor residence time and amounts of initiator 281 added. The free hydrogen created in reactor 310 is believed to react with dehydration intermediates to replace hydroxyl groups with hydrogen to form alkyl hydrocarbon radicals. These hydrocarbon radicals, preferably 3, 6, 9 carbon in length are believed to be weakly bonded to the surface of initiator 281 with unsaturated double bonds, readily available for polymerization while the oxygen from the hydroxyl groups continue to oxidize initiator 281. Some oxygen reacts with free hydrogen to form water. Some traces of alcohols such as ethanol and methanol are also formed.Dehydration:
The series of reformation, dehydration and hydrogenation are self-activating because of the derivative intermediates formed. As long as the surface area of initiator 281 plus the temperature and pressure are maintained in an optimum balance, the cycle of reformation, dehydration and hydrogenation continue to replicate. Furthermore, dehydration and hydrogenation are both self-sustaining steps because they are exothermic reactions.
An output 321 of second reactor 320, typically comprising short chain hydrocarbon radicals as well as substantially oxidized initiator 281, exits second reactor 320 at about 650° F. and about 700 psig after a residence time of about 10-12 minutes in second reactor 320. The exothermic effect of dehydrogenation provides heat to be recycled to first reactor 310 to raise the temperature of slurry output 241 from storage take 250.
Head-to-tail polymerization of short chain carbon radicals is understood to begin automatically in third reactor 330 as temperature is raised up to between 700°-800° F. At this point in the reaction, initiator 281 should be converted to a sufficiently high oxidation state or fully oxidized to become inactive as to attack bonds to create free hydrogen as experienced in first reactor 310. However, oxidized initiator particles continue to provide surface sites for the polymerization of the short chain hydrocarbon radicals into hydrocarbons of selected lengths. The length of the carbon chain of the polymers can be controlled by adjusting the residence time and temperature of third reactor 330. For example, to produce gasoline, shorter molecules of 6-12 carbon atoms are best. For diesel duel, 12-21 carbon molecules and for aircraft fuel, 15-19 carbon molecules are preferred.
It would be within the skill of the art to adjust time, temperature and pressure in the three reactors to adjust the output as desired. In any event, for diesel fuel, polymerization in the 700-800° F. range; gasoline, 800-850° F. and kerosene, 750-850° F. should be acceptable. The polymerization takes place at a very high temperature. Dropping the temperature lowers and stops the rate of polymerization. Some co-polymerization and branched polymerization can also occur. This can be enhanced by recycling the output. This leads to enhanced octane ratings.
When the desired polymerization has occurred, the content of third reactor 330, a polymerized output 331, is fed into a flash column 420 shown more clearly as part of final section 400 in
As the pressurized polymerized output 331 enters flash column 420, the pressure is reduced from 800 psig to 200 psig while the temperature is lowered to about 400° F. The decrease in temperature ends polymerization. Within flash column 420, lighter carbon chains, such as those with fewer than 12 carbons, are understood to vaporize, can be collected through a vent and can be condensed through a condenser 430 as a fuel source such as gasoline. In the production of diesel fuel, 6 to 8% of polymerized output 331 is understood to vaporize in flash column 420. Traces of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are also vented off at this time. They can be collected or processed, if it is desired, to reduce greenhouse emissions. Carbon chains with more than 12 carbons tend to stay in liquid phase and can be collected as a final output fuel 421. Final output fuel 421 is advantageously recycled as input to liquid feed 270 to serve as the required non-aqueous hydrocarbon solvent.
Typically, the weight of final output fuel 421 recycled and the weight of solid feedstock 201 input into size reduction section 200 of plant 10 should have about a 1 to 1 to a 1 to 2 ratio. Recycled final output fuel 421 acts a as heat source and provides initiators 281 to the feedstock stream.
In a preferred embodiment, a ferrous metal separator 430 and a non-ferrous metal separator 440 are utilized to remove and recycle initiators 281. Ferrous metal separator 430 can be assembled as a magnetic system that captures any iron or iron oxides in final output 421. The collected iron particles can be reduced back to their metallic form to be reused in the invention again, or sold as scrap. Non-ferrous metal separator 440 is a pressure filter type separator. Once separated, these non-ferrous metal particles can be washed and sold to the fertilizer industry.
Preferred embodiments of the invention will be illustrated with reference to the following examples, which are presented by way of illustration only and should not be construed as limiting.
The above examples show the variety of feedstocks that can be used in the system to produce different synthetic fuels in accordance with the invention. The type of synthetic fuel produced can be controlled by the type of initiator used as well as reaction conditions such as those within third reactor 330. It is understood that in first and second reactors 310, 320, the feedstock is substantially liquefied by breaking intermolecular bonds using increased temperature and the reaction between the water and metal catalyst initiators. Feedstock is broken into short chain hydrocarbon radicals, ready to combine with others and polymerize. In third reactor 330, the radicals automatically polymerize as the temperature and pressure are increased to optimize the reaction rate. At this point, initiators that played a significant role in creating hydrogen that attacks and breaks intermolecular bonds have transformed from highly active chemical initiators to highly oxidized and therefore active surface catalysts that provide surface sites for polymerization. The initiators serve different purposes in the reformation, dehydration, rehydrogenation and polymerization reactions in the various reactors as their oxidation state alters with the reaction.
Below is a summary of product that can be produced using a blend of tire chips, wood chips and straws after running the entire system for 24 hours. Runs 1 to 7 use iron and initiator/catalysts from tires (copper, zinc, silica, aluminum) to initiate and further reactions. Instead of using tires as a source of initiators, runs 8, 9 and 10 use pure metal powder comprising 90% iron and 10% copper. Runs 11 to 13, also use metal powder at the ratio of 90% iron, 5% silica and 5% aluminum. The polymerization times are listed, as well as temperature and pressure during polymerization.
As discussed herein, a system and method are provided for converting cellulosic and plastic materials into synthetic form of gasoline, diesel, kerosene and home heating fuel. This can be achieved by using non-food related cellulosic and plastic material to generate transportation fuels. Polymeric raw material is depolymerized to a low molecular weight intermediate and then re-polymerized to a controlled molecular weight, which is similar to the molecular structures of gasoline or diesel.
The invention involves a proprietary process that can convert tires, plastics and biomass materials into synthetic fuels by breaking down cellulose and hemicellulose into short chain monomer molecules and recombining these monomers into synthetic gasoline, diesel fuel and jet fuel, among other products. The process combines pressure, heat and chemical catalysts. Specifically, the process combines the following general steps: (i) size reduction process that reduces feedstock materials to a low-micron level particle; (ii) liquefication reactor system which reduces the feedstock to short chain monomers; (iii) second stage processing system which recombines the monomers into synthetic gasoline (based on a 6-12 carbon chain molecule), diesel fuel (based on a 12-21 carbon chain molecule), or jet fuel (based on a 12-18 carbon chain molecule); and (iv) transfer and storage tanks for final products. Processes and systems in accordance with the invention can be used to produce one gallon of synthetic fuel from about 12 to 15 pounds of dry cellulose or plastic polymer.
The process may be highly environmentally friendly. The process can be anaerobic and anhydrous (non-aqueous carrier liquid) which crates negligible amounts of carbon dioxide, a major byproduct of many competing processes, and the anhydrous process generates no wastewater.
Fuels produced can have boiling points of 300° to 700° F., room temperature viscosities of 1-200 cp and can be suitable for a variety of uses.
It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained and, since certain changes may be made in carrying out the above method in the constructions set forth without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in the limiting sense.
It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.
Particularly it is to be understood that in said claims, ingredients or compounds recited in the singular are intended to include compatible mixtures of such ingredients wherever the sense permits.
1. A method of producing liquid fuel, comprising:
- providing a cellulose containing feedstock selected from wood chips, sawdust, brush, hay, straw, switch grass, plant stalks and/or kudzu;
- reducing the size of the feedstock pieces;
- adjusting the water content of the feedstock by drying, adding water or blending mixed sources to a selected value between about 5% to 25% by weight;
- mixing the reduced size feedstock with a hydrocarbon liquid and grinding the mixture to reduce at least 80% by weight of the feedstock to less than about 500 microns in diameter;
- adding metal powder to the feedstock and hydrocarbon liquid and adding the combination to a reactor;
- liquefying at least 80% of the feedstock pieces;
- reacting the metal powder with the water, to liberate hydrogen and break up cellulose molecules and form short chain hydrocarbon radicals; and
- polymerizing the short chain hydrocarbons into hydrocarbons of selected length.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the water content of the feedstock is measured and water is added to bring it up to the selected value.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the selected value of water is about 15% to 20%.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the feedstock is liquefied at a temperature from about 250° F. to 450° F.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the reactor is heated with electrical resistance heating elements.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the viscosity of the liquid exiting the reactor is measured and based on its viscosity, the temperature of the reactor is selectively adjusted.
7. The method of claim 5, wherein the viscosity of the liquid exiting the reactor is measured and based on the viscosity, the speed of the material passing through the reactor is adjusted.
8. The method of claim 1, including the step of using shockwaves to break up long chain hydrocarbons exiting the reactor.
9. The method of claim 1, including the step of refining the composition of the combustible fuel.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the feed into the reactor is pre-heated by mixing it with recycled hydrocarbon fuel produced by the method.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the cellulose undergoes, at least partially, a dehydration reaction to assist in breaking up the cellulose molecules.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein at least some of the metal power becomes oxidized.
13. A method of producing a combustible liquid fuel, comprising:
- grinding up tires having metal belts comprising at least iron, into particles of a size wherein over about 80% of the particles have a diameter less than about 500 microns;
- adding water to adjust the water content of the tire/water combination to about 5% to 25% by weight to provide a feed stream;
- reacting the ground up metal from the belts with the water to form hydrogen and metal oxide and reacting the hydrogen with the polymers in the tire particles of the feed stream to form short chain hydrocarbons; and polymerizing those hydrocarbons into liquid fuels.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the water content is 15% to 20%.
15. The method of claim 13, wherein the metal oxide acts as a surface catalyst to polymerize short chain hydrocarbons into liquid fuels.
16. The method of claim 13, comprising adjusting the composition of the liquid fuel produced to a selected composition suitable for use as gasoline, diesel fuel or aircraft fuel.
17. The method of claim 13 comprising burning the liquid fuel to produce electricity.
18. The method of claim 13 comprising burning the liquid fuel to act as a source of heat.
19. A chemical reactor, comprising:
- a non-vertical tube;
- an auger within the tube, the auger controlled to spin at a selected speed and move material within the reactor, in plug flow, to provide a selected residence time within the reactor;
- electric heating elements to adjust the temperature within the reactor; the reactor constructed to achieve a reaction of over 400° F. and a pressure of over 100 psig and to move material within the reactor with a selected residence time of between 5 and 20 minutes.
20. The reactor of claim 19, comprising liquid hydrocarbon polymers and unoxidized or oxidized metal powders within the tube.
21. The reactor of claim 19, containing gasoline, diesel fuel or aircraft fuel within the tube.
22. The reactor of claim 19, comprising cellulose particles in an organic liquid within the tube.
23. The reactor of claim 19, comprising ground up tires within the tube.
24. The reactor of claim 19, including a viscosity measuring device and a feedback system, so that the viscosity measurement affects the heat from the heating elements and/or the speed of the auger.
25. The reactor of claim 19, wherein the tube is substantially horizontal.
26. A method of producing a combustible fuel, comprising:
- providing a feedstock stream comprising about 5% to 25% water by weight with feedstock particles that comprise hydrocarbon and/or carbohydrate polymers;
- combining the feedstock stream with metal powder;
- reacting the metal powder with the water to liberate hydrogen which acts to break up the hydrocarbon or carbohydrate polymers to form short chain hydrocarbons and metal oxides; and
- polymerizing the short chain hydrocarbon to form combustible fuels.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein at least a portion of the feedstock particle polymers are depolymerized by heating to a temperature from about 250° F. to 450° F.
28. The method of claim 26, comprising using the oxidized metal powder as a surface catalyst for the short chain hydrocarbons.
29. The method of claim 26, wherein the short chain hydrocarbons comprise 3, 6, and 9 carbon hydrocarbon radicals.
30. The method of claim 26, wherein the short chain hydrocarbon are polymerized at a temperature of about 700° F. to 800° F. and the process produces substantially 12 to 21 carbon hydrocarbons.
31. The method of claim 26, wherein the short chain hydrocarbon are polymerized at a temperature of about 800° F. to 850° F. and the process produces substantially a mixture of 6 to 12 carbon hydrocarbons.
32. The method of claim 26, wherein the short chain hydrocarbon are polymerized at a temperature of about 750° F. to 850° F. and the process produces substantially 15 to 19 carbon hydrocarbons.
33. The method of claim 26, including the step of grinding up tires to produce at least some of the feedstock particles.
34. The method of claim 26, including the step of grinding up organic matter to produce at least some of the feedstock particles.
35. The method of claim 26, including the step of grinding up metal tire belts to produce at least some of the metal powder.
36. The method of claim 26, including the step of breaking up larger hydrocarbons with shockwaves.
37. The method of claim 26, including recycling some of the hydrocarbon fuel produced and combining it with the feedstock stream.
38. The method of claim 26, including the step of blending the combustible fuel with gasoline, diesel fuel or aircraft fuel.
Type: Application
Filed: Jun 25, 2007
Publication Date: Nov 6, 2008
Inventors: Jack W. Boykin (Montrose, AL), Allen W. Boykin (Daphne, AL)
Application Number: 11/768,097
International Classification: C10L 1/00 (20060101); C10L 1/12 (20060101); F28D 21/00 (20060101);


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LEGO Star Wars: The Force Awakens Minimum System Requirements
- CPU: Intel Core 2 Quad Q6600 2.4GHz / AMD Phenom 9850 Quad-Core
- OS: Win Xp 64
- Graphics: AMD Radeon HD 6850 or NVIDIA GeForce GT 430
- DirectX: 9
- Hard Drive: 14 GB
LEGO Star Wars: The Force Awakens Recommended System Requirements
- CPU: Intel Core i5-750 2.66GHz / AMD Phenom II X4 970
- OS: Win 7 64
- Graphics: AMD Radeon HD 5850 1024MB or NVIDIA GeForce GTX 480
- Hard Drive: 14 GB
LEGO Star Wars: The Force Awakens is an Action-Adventure, Singel-player, and Multiplayer video game brought to you by Warner Bros. The game depicts the Han Solo who leads many rebels on the forest moon of Endor after the four years of the Battle of Yavin. Han Solo takes out the shield generator to protect the second Death Star and tricks different Imperials to destroy the generator. The Millennium Falcon launches an attack on a Second Death Star who destroys the Rebel ship. Lando leads different fighters through the shaft after the destruction of the shield generator. The game introduces a new system, a Multi-Builds to grant the player gets access to numerous building options. In individual brick-building sections, these options get destroyed or even rebuilt to open new path throughout the world. The player can hide behind the cover and engages himself in the Blaster Battles with several enemies. The game proposes lots of characters and allows the player to choose one of them such as Captain Phasma, Han Solo, Rey, etc. LEGO Star Wars: The Force Awakens includes some significant features such as Open World, Atmospheric, Fun, Fantasy, Puzzle, Third-person Perspective, and more.

subset: commoncrawl


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Polish independent developer Nibris has released more information about Wii survival horror title Sadness, as they promised a little while ago.
Realising that they do not have the manpower in-house to develop a next-generation game alone, they have teamed up with Frontline Studios to aid them with programming. Frontline have a team of around 30 people and have experience with Nintendo platforms, developing titles like Sudoku Mania and Hardcore Pool for Nintendo DS, as well as PC experience with games such as Mafioso. Digital Amigos, a company specialising in graphics who have previously worked on titles such as Xbox game Painkiller, will also be coming on board to help with the visual side of Sadness. Nibris have also roped psychologists and horror writers in to help with development.
The publisher has still not been revealed, and Nibris have no intention of talking about who they are either, leaving it to the publisher to post it on their website when they are ready. However, they have confirmed that neither Atlus nor Majesco is involved (for those curious, Majesco was the developer that we at Cubed3 had previously thought were linked to Nibris). All publication of in-game screens, demos and other presentations will be decided by the publisher.
Nibris is choosing not to reveal anymore of the storyline. "Sadness is a novelty on the video games market. Both the story and the presentation of the game [are] going to be a surprise for a player. You must forgive us [for] the fact that we present so scarce information about Sadness, but we hope that once you play it you will understand our circumspection. We do not want to spoil the fun," says Adam Artur Antolski, one of the scriptwriters. However, they did give examples of games that inspire them: Eternal Darkness, Silent Hill, Resident Evil, Planetscape: Torment, ICO and Phantasmagoria.
Monsters, such as the previously shown Likho, are derived from Slavic legends. It has been said that, as with Likho, you may not encounter all monsters in the game, as it all depends on how you play and the choices that you make. Most of the game takes place in Ukraine before World War 1, and the style will be leaning towards photorealism while remaining unique with the black and white visuals.
Sadness will not have any menus, the saving system will be invisible for players and Wiimote controller operations will be intuitive. "We aim at completely intuitive behaviour of the player


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Fossil Fuel Free Farming in Africa
Though farming is a driver of climate change, it doesn't have to be that way. Farmers in Africa are showing the way away from fossil fuel farming.
Though farming is a driver of climate change, it doesn't have to be that way. Farmers in Africa are showing the way away from fossil fuel farming.
The Patriotic Forum gathered at the Lakay Center in Papaye to discuss the major problems facing Haiti and charted a vision for future organizing.
Brazil agribusinesses' use of pesticides, genetically-modified organisms (GMOs) and Amazon fires are driving climate change. Agroecology is the alternative.
Below is a statement from the Movement of People Affected by Dams (MAB), first in English then below in Portuguese. A longtime partner of Grassroots International, MAB advocates for the human right to water, land and energy sovereignty, particularly for...
The forest people of India lost a warrior, and we all lost a brother in struggle, when Kajuam Pandu Dora died last month.
We have been receiving on-the-ground updates from OFRANEH about the most recent wave of violence, oppression and forced eviction they are facing. Narco-traffickers have invaded Vallecito, an important home for many Garifuna.
We join our allies in signing-on to this powerful statement around the wave of white supremacist attacks from El Paso to Mississippi. We also lift up the struggles facing our BEAI Fund grantee the Border Agricultural Workers Project as they mourn the loss of loved ones.
August 9th is the United Nations' International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples. Grassroots International supports Indigenous social movements around the world. This blog looks at the threats facing these communities, and the resistance they're waging.
Carol Schachet, Director of Development and Communications for Grassroots International, writes about the U.S.'s strong-arm extortion of Guatemala. In a new agreement, Guatemala will be its remote enforcer against asylum seekers.
Our Haitian partner Haitian Platform to Advocate Alternative Development (PAPDA) expresses their solidarity with the people of Puerto Rico in the streets, protesting corruption and disaster capitalism, and calling on the governor to resign.
Grassroots International supports agroecology (farming methods rooted in traditional food growing knowledge) to counter the global dominance and damage of plantation-style agriculture.
Around the world, women, Indigenous People and youth have bravely united in ever-larger and more powerful movements and coalitions.
Piper Carter, a member of Grassroots Global Justice Alliance and photographer, joined our delegation to Brazil. Her photoblog shows off our partners' joy, hope, and strength amid dark times.
Tarso Ramos, a member of our recent Brazil delegation, reports back from witnessing the ongoing resilience and resistance of social movements amid dark times.
From radio to popular education, our partners like Haiti's Peasant Movement of Papaye (MPP) use methods that are sensitive to the people they're reaching.
After graduate fellow Nicholas Johnson and Solidarity Program Officer Mina Remy attended the "Water Is a Human Right" summit, they visited the front lines in Nigeria. Nicholas describes the contamination these grassroots communities are facing, and the resistance they are waging.
With a broken heart but whole spirit, I remember the names of some of our friends, colleagues, allies and partners who have left us all too soon. They join the host of ancestors urging me onward, because the journey toward justice is not yet finished.
Our graduate fellow Nicholas Johnson writes about what he witnessed in Nigeria. Nicholas provides context for the current water justice struggles in the country and recounts the national "Human Right to Water" summit.


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Dyson is known for quality home appliances such as hair dryers, bladeless fans, vacuum cleaners and so on. The company announced its latest vacuum cleaner, the Dyson V11 Absolute, which is a cord-free vacuum recently. According to Dyson, it took them a decade, with 315 engineers working on over 32,500 prototypes of various parts before they could finally release the V11 Absolute.
Coming packed with three microprocessors, the Dyson V11 Absolute is the company's most expensive vacuum yet. TheV11 Absolute also comes with a jazzy new digital display which lets you know exactly how much cleaning time you have left. The display also reminds you when to clean filters, and informs you about any blockages and how to clear them.
Inside the vacuum is the company's DLS system and a high torque cleaner head, which detects brush bar resistance up to 360 times a second and automatically communicates with the motor and battery's microprocessors. This, in turn, changes the suction power between carpets and hard floors.
Putting the vacuum together is a walk in the park. Select the cleaning head you want to work with, connect it to the V11 Absolute and off you go. The vacuum comes with three cleaning modes such as Auto, Boost and Eco. The Auto mode senses, adapts, and deep cleans. It offers the optimum balance of power and run time and intelligently adapts to different floor types.
The Boost mode, meanwhile, is designed for intensive cleaning of ground-in dirt, providing up to five minutes of the most powerful suction. The Eco mode, on the other hand, is designed to provide up to 60 minutes of run time, for longer cleans on all floor types. The V11 Absolute also comes with a mini motorized tool that tackles hair and ground-in dirt in tight spaces, such as stairs or car.
The Dyson V11 Absolute weighs around 3-kgs and it can get a bit heavy when cleaning a larger area. You can actually feel some pressure on your wrist and arm during extended cleaning sessions. In order to test the device, we scattered some debris across the floor. The debris included hair, small pieces of paper, some seeds, corn flakes and so on.
We used the high torque cleaner head and the results were average. After each cleaning session, we did end up with some sort of debris left behind scattered. Next, we used a soft roller cleaner head, which is only included with the Dyson V11 Absolute variant. On Eco mode, the soft roller cleaner head did an amazing job cleaning up all the debris, leaving nothing behind.
Inside the box, with the V11 Absolute, you also get the mini soft dusting brush, mini motorized tool, stubborn dust brush, combo tool, crevice tool, and a storage clip. The V11 Absolute does not come with a removable battery and that can be an inconvenience especially when the battery runs out during a cleaning session. You can't just pop out the depleted battery and swap it with a charged battery.
In addition, there is no mechanism to hold the trigger down. You have to keep the trigger pressed as long as you vacuum. Due to this, some people may end up with sore thumbs. In addition to all these inconveniences, the V11 Absolute is quite expensive for a vacuum. There are similarly powerful vacuum cleaners out there on the market that come in at a bit more pocket-friendly pricing.
However, if you are looking for a vacuum cleaner from a reliable and known brand, which also looks stylish and comes with a bunch of very useful cleaner heads, the Dyson V11 Absolute might be something you could consider.
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Synology DiskStation DS218j
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Some stars don't know when to stop posing for cameras.
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Actor Eric Dane (L) poses with actress Rebecca Gayheart at the premiere ofGayheart and Eric Dane filmed a nude video of themselves with former beauty queen Kari Ann Peniche.Reutershttps://a57.foxnews.com/static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2018/09/918/516/rtr1kbbu.jpg?ve=1&tl=1
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Paris Hilton poses for photographers while wearing an Indian-inspired dress during a news conference in Mumbai September 24, 2011. Hilton is in Mumbai to launch her new line of handbags and accessories. REUTERS/Danish Siddiqui (INDIA) - RTR2RRSKParis' sex tape with Rick Solomon employed the use of night vision to catch the action. The tape catapulted her from party girl obscurity into reality show superstardom.Reutershttps://a57.foxnews.com/static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2018/09/918/516/rtr2rrsk.jpg?ve=1&tl=1
- https://a57.foxnews.com/static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2018/09/918/516/Rob-Lowe-Reuters-660.jpg?ve=1&tl=1Back in the 80s, a 22-year-old Lowe starred in a sex tape with two women--one of whom was only 16 years old. In 2011, Lowe claims he thought the women were both older than 21. He spoke to Oprah about the incident in 2011 and said his sex scandal helped him get sober.Reutershttps://a57.foxnews.com/static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2018/09/918/516/Rob-Lowe-Reuters-660.jpg?ve=1&tl=1
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Kim Kardashian arrives for the premiere ofKim reportedly settled with Vivid Entertainment for $5 million over the release of her sex tape with then-boyfriend Ray J.Reutershttps://a57.foxnews.com/static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2018/09/918/516/rtr1zcqg.jpg?ve=1&tl=1
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Actress Pamela Anderson attends a news conference to announce the launch of the online social platform FrogAds.com in West Hollywood, California March 22, 2012. REUTERS/Mario Anzuoni (UNITED STATES - Tags: ENTERTAINMENT) - RTR2ZQFWThe queen of celebrity sex tapes, Anderson has had more than one released, featuring more than one rock star.Reutershttps://a57.foxnews.com/static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2018/09/918/516/pamela-anderson-top-reuters.jpg?ve=1&tl=1
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Jenna Lewis, 22, a student from Franklin, New Hampshire, poses after signing a cow at the party following the final episode of the CBS reality television seriesIn 2004, a 42-minute sex tape of Survivor contestant Jenna Lewis and her husband Travis Wolfe surfaced.Reutershttps://a57.foxnews.com/static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2018/09/918/516/rtr7jwf.jpg?ve=1&tl=1
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Miss California Carrie Prejean competes in the swimsuit portion of the Miss USA Pageant at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, April 19, 2009. Miss California was first runner up. REUTERS/Steve Marcus (UNITED STATES ENTERTAINMENT) FOR EDITORIAL USE ONLY. NOT FOR SALE FOR MARKETING OR ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS - RTXE9K0Former beauty queen Prejean apologized for her sex tape, saying it was the worst mistake of her life.Reutershttps://a57.foxnews.com/static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2018/09/918/516/rtxe9k0.jpg?ve=1&tl=1
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WESTWOOD, CA - JULY 26: Celebrity arrival at the premiere of STX Entertainment's 'Bad Moms' at Mann Village Theatre on July 26, 2016 in Westwood, California.
 Pictured: Kendra Wilkinson Ref: SPL1325639 260716
 Picture by: @Parisa / Splash News

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Kendra shot her sex tape just a few months before her introduction to Hugh Hefner at a Playboy Mansion party. The rest is sex tape history.Splashhttps://a57.foxnews.com/static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2018/09/918/516/kendra-wilkinson-splash-fox.jpg?ve=1&tl=1
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Supermodel Model Carolyn Murphy holds up a copy of the 2005 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit issue, that she graces the cover of, as she poses at an issue release party in New York, February 15, 2005. Murphy, a first-time cover girl for the Swimsuit issue joins 19 other supermodels that posed for this year's 42nd annual Swimsuit edition which has become an American tradition since 1964. REUTERS/Mike Segar MS - RTR11WJ0Supermodel Carolyn Murphy's sex tape was filmed during her 1999 honeymoon in Barbados with then-husband Jake Schroeder.Reutershttps://a57.foxnews.com/static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2018/09/918/516/rtr11wj0.jpg?ve=1&tl=1
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Maiduguri, also called Yerwa by its locals, is the capital and the largest city of Borno State in north-eastern Nigeria. It is popularly called "Home of Peace". The city sits along the seasonal Ngadda River which disappears into the Firki swamps in the areas around Lake Chad. Maiduguri was founded in 1907 as a military outpost by the British and has since grown rapidly with a population exceeding 1 million by 2007. - Source: Wikipedia
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Geoffrey Karl Aguirre, MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Neurology
Department: Neurology
Graduate Group Affiliations
Contact information
Department of Neurology
3400 Spruce Street
Philadelphia, PA 19104
3400 Spruce Street
Philadelphia, PA 19104
Office: 215-662-3390
Search PubMed for articles
Lab website
The GitHub repository of software developed by my laboratory
Search PubMed for articles
Lab website
The GitHub repository of software developed by my laboratory
Education:Permanent link
BA (Politics)
Princeton University, 1992.
PhD (Neuroscience)
University of Pennsylvania, 2000.
University of Pennsylvania, 2001.
BA (Politics)
Princeton University, 1992.
PhD (Neuroscience)
University of Pennsylvania, 2000.
University of Pennsylvania, 2001.
Description of Research ExpertiseI study human cortical organization for vision, and how this organization is altered by neurologic and ophthalmologic disease. Human visual cortex is composed of early, "retinotopically" organized visual areas, as well as more specialized, "categorical" areas that process specific visual features (such as facial appearance). My work has varied along two dimensions within this research space: scale and perturbation. I have examined the organization of visual cortex from its large-scale, anatomical arrangement to the precise and subtle form of population neural coding for object features. These studies at different scales of cortical organization have further been conducted both in healthy controls as well as in patients for whom visual function has been perturbed by retinal disease or cerebral dysfunction. I make use of a variety of scientific techniques, although the majority of my research uses BOLD fMRI, which is a non-invasive measure of neural activity in human participants.
Description of Clinical ExpertiseMy sub-speciality in Behavioral Neurology, and I treat patients with a variety of disturbances of visual perception, thinking and memory.
Description of Other ExpertiseResident Education
I am an Associate Director of the Neurology Residency Program for the University of Pennsylvania. My focus is on the scholarly and research activities of the residents. I direct the "research firm" which is an ongoing educational program covering career development, research methodology, and the responsible conduct of research.
Selected PublicationsMcAdams Harrison, Igdalova Aleksandra, Spitschan Manuel, Brainard David H, Aguirre Geoffrey K: Pulses of Melanopsin-Directed Contrast Produce Highly Reproducible Pupil Responses That Are Insensitive to a Change in Background Radiance. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 59(13): 5615-5626, Nov 2018.
Mattar Marcelo G, Olkkonen Maria, Epstein Russell A, Aguirre Geoffrey K: Adaptation decorrelates shape representations. Nature communications 9(1): 3812, september 2018.
Mattar Marcelo G, Wymbs Nicholas F, Bock Andrew S, Aguirre Geoffrey K, Grafton Scott T, Bassett Danielle S: Predicting future learning from baseline network architecture. NeuroImage 172: 107-117, May 2018.
Irwin David J, McMillan Corey T, Xie Sharon X, Rascovsky Katya, Van Deerlin Vivianna M, Coslett H Branch, Hamilton Roy, Aguirre Geoffrey K, Lee Edward B, Lee Virginia M Y, Trojanowski John Q, Grossman Murray: Asymmetry of post-mortem neuropathology in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia. Brain : a journal of neurology 141(1): 288-301, Jan 2018.
Spitschan Manuel, Bock Andrew S, Ryan Jack, Frazzetta Giulia, Brainard David H, Aguirre Geoffrey K: The human visual cortex response to melanopsin-directed stimulation is accompanied by a distinct perceptual experience. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114(46): 12291-12296, November 2017.
Olkkonen Maria, Aguirre Geoffrey K, Epstein Russell A: Expectation modulates repetition priming under high stimulus variability. Journal of vision 17(6): 10, Jun 2017.
Aguirre Geoffrey K, Butt Omar H, Datta Ritobrato, Roman Alejandro J, Sumaroka Alexander, Schwartz Sharon B, Cideciyan Artur V, Jacobson Samuel G: Postretinal Structure and Function in Severe Congenital Photoreceptor Blindness Caused by Mutations in the GUCY2D Gene. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 58(2): 959-973, Feb 2017.
Downs Louise M, Scott Erin M, Cideciyan Artur V, Iwabe Simone, Dufour Valerie, Gardiner Kristin L, Genini Sem, Marinho Luis Felipe, Sumaroka Alexander, Kosyk Mychajlo S, Swider Malgorzata, Aguirre Geoffrey K, Jacobson Samuel G, Beltran William A, Aguirre Gustavo D: Overlap of abnormal photoreceptor development and progressive degeneration in Leber congenital amaurosis caused by NPHP5 mutation. Human molecular genetics 25(19): 4211-4226, Oct 2016.
Mattar Marcelo G, Kahn David A, Thompson-Schill Sharon L, Aguirre Geoffrey K: Varying Timescales of Stimulus Integration Unite Neural Adaptation and Prototype Formation. Current biology : CB 26(13): 1669-1676, July 2016.
Spitschan Manuel, Aguirre Geoffrey K, Brainard David H, Sweeney Alison M: Variation of outdoor illumination as a function of solar elevation and light pollution. Scientific reports 6: 26756, Jun 2016.
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Last updated: 04/03/2020
The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania
Last updated: 04/03/2020
The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania


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Organization of the Islamic Cooperation and the International Organizations
The OIC maintains close cooperation with many international organizations. Its Summit and Ministerial Conferences regularly adopt a resolution on: "Cooperation between the Organization of the Islamic Conference and international and regional organizations." The OIC also has two resolutions on its cooperation with the United Nations and the Economic Cooperation Organization.
Every year the United Nations General Assembly adopts a resolution* on "Cooperation between the United Nations and the Organization of the Islamic Cooperation", and requests the U.N. Secretary General to submit a report** on this question.
The General Secretariat, the affiliated and specialized institutions as well as the subsidiary bodies of the OIC have either Cooperation Agreement or Memorandum/Protocol of Agreement/Understanding with the following international organizations:


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Apart from her net worth growing fine. The Olympic athlete Leryn Franco and her husband, Rodrigo Galeano , have been married for almost 10 months and, according to the athlete, this year's culmination was excellent for the couple.
The truth was that it was a year of many changes, of many decisions, of a lot of work, because I had a live two-hour program, in the morning; and a program of one hour in the afternoon, which although it is recorded, takes a lot of work. Thank God it was a year with great health, very good with the family, and we made many important decisions that, I think, it was time to make them. she said
Almost at the beginning of the year you just got married! – After two years of living together, we decided to get married. Rodri set the date: since their birthday is March 1, he wanted to get married on that date. But since it was a holiday – an issue – we did it on March 3. He didn't even consult me, he grabbed me super deep (laughs). We got engaged, we got married and I'm not going to tell you, obviously, that everything is rosy: we have our differences, our discussions, but I think one of the most important things that help us get ahead and stay well most of the time and together, we are both close to God. It is not that we are of any religion nor are we going to this or that church, but we are close in the sense that I am doing a Bible course, and then I read or tell him and pray together. I think that is what keeps us strong and united in today's world, Leryn Franco said
Fitted in a white dress to the body, by the hand of designer Carlos Burró, the ex-athlete entered the Metropolitan Cathedral of Asunción to say "yes I want" last Saturday night. After the religious ceremony, the couple went to "De las Torres Hotel" in Blue Tower "to finalize the civil union and enjoy a party.
Leryn left the church escorted with javelins in the hands of some present, in commemoration of her past as a javelinist. The celebration was attended by several media such as Tana Schémbori, Vivian Benítez, Paola Maltese, Chiche Corte and Lali González, as well as athletes such as Arturo Rivarola, Gabriela Mosqueira or Benjamín Hockin.
Leryn Franco and Rodrigo Galeano got married after years of relationship. Last December they announced their commitment and a few weeks ago they went on vacation with a team of audiovisual filmmakers, in order to capture each shot for their pre-wedding audiovisual record.


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The light shines in the darkness and the darkness did not overcome it. John 1:5
One of the things that I love about Christmas is seeing the lights going up…on houses, on businesses, in parks. Suddenly the places that were dark, are filled with light. I see the lights as beacons of hope in this season.
In the coming week, may we notice light and remember God's presence with us, even in our dark moments.
Week 12 ~ Light


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To showcase the expressive and creative talent of the Queen's University student body through the creation of a magazine and online blog. For creative minds, from creative minds.
MUSE Magazine is a student run and focused publication dedicated to uncovering and exposing underground artistic student talent, and otherwise, at Queen's university and within the surrounding area. MUSE strives to showcase all talent: be it poetry, visual art, fashion design, or creative writing and music. We speak bluntly, creating an edge we hope will provoke conversation, allowing students to question the world around them. This positive conversation is our aim, both on and off the page. We hope to give back to a community that has given so much to us, allowing MUSE to grow and expand as the collective student body does the same.
Alma Mater Society of Queen's University
L'Université Queen's est située sur les terres traditionnelles des peuples Haudenosaunee et Anishinaabe.


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Hard Cards with Sarah Gottesdiener
Episode 138. Ever pull a tarot card that makes you groan? You know what I mean: a card that looks "scary" such as The Tower or maybe the Ten of Swords. Those cards often elicit a strong reaction - and usually a negative one. But the hard cards are great teachers and not something to fear. They are often portals into new levels of consciousness. In this episode of Tarot Bytes, I'm joined by Sarah Gottesdiener for an enlightening discussion on hard cards.
We discuss how to look at the difficult cards in an empowering way, decks with no bad cards, what to do if a reading leans toward the negative - and more. This episode may just change your mind about the tarot cards that freak you out.


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Whatever They Told You About Outdoor Dog Houeses Is Dead Wrong…And Here's Why
If you would like your canine to be happy and fit, then you certainly need to offer a cozy refuge for him. Your dog may well enjoy the outside in a kennel region or have the ability to get from the harsh climate when expected. Furthermore, canines have a tendency to think more secure in a doghouse of this proper size. Your dog loves you and your property, but at times, much like a young adult, they simply need their personal space that will come in the shape of a dog residence. If you are getting the house as soon as your dog is still a puppy, look at researching his possible size when he grows up to help you find the suitable size accordingly. Should you maintain your dog outside, you should also make certain that the structure is definitely sufficiently solid to safeguard the pup coming from any wildlife or additional possible potential predators that could get into your garden.
Your canine friend will require some bedding in the dog run and there are a number of choices you are able to pick. Technically, your dog will need to remain in a posture to stand within the dog house, turn regarding and lay down easily whenever this individual wishes to. The dog needs to be in a position to change easily within the home. Just ensure that your puppy can fit in comfortably because the entrance is fairly short. For the reason that dogs come in many various shapes and forms, we claim that you use each of our sizing graph and or chart to make sure you're buying the suitable house for your dog. When you would just like to mess up 1 puppy, dog house guide – howtocaremydog just don't install the timber divider. A great electrocuted doggie is the very last thing you want to have during wintertime.
If you wish to safeguard your pet right from extreme weather, you must think about building an insulated dog house. Even if your pet isn't an outside puppy, the climate you reside in will play a significant part in your selection of their outdoor home. Simply because it is not living their fulltime doesn't imply you don't need some thing durable, insulated, stylish or perhaps all of the over.
It's not necessary to buy expensive home furniture, it is still possible to decorate your home with a limited price range. Make sure that you make sure that the home is definitely properly insulated on the sides. At the exact same time, you keep your home free of fur. Therefore a low-cost dog house actually likely to previous! Outdoor puppy houses hardly ever utilized as a full-time housing choice for the purpose of pets, but a lot of dog owners have them to provide shelter and comfort with their pets even when they're out of doors. The absolute most significant, outdoor heated doghouse is likewise very appropriate to be put together with different models of interiors creative ideas.
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To honor the memories of our loved ones who have passed on, County 17 offers free obituary services to the community. Recent passings include:
Dorothy SouleMay 7, 2019Dorothy "Dottie" (Dennis, Fall) Soule, 82, of Gillette, Wyoming, passed away peacefully at the Legacy Living and Rehabilitation Center after a short battle with cancer, with family by her side Wednesday, May 1, 2019. She was born Sunday, Aug. 16, 1936, in Gillette, Wyoming, to Lewis F. and Marjorie B. (Frisbee) Dennis. She attended Radford School ...Continue reading
Lisa HuntMay 6, 2019A Memorial service for Lisa Hunt will be at 11 a.m. Tuesday, May 7, Walker Funeral Home. Lisa Hunt, 54, passed away Thursday, May 2, 2019, at Campbell County Memorial Hospital. Lisa Ann Horn was born Dec. 29, 1964, in Coldwater, Michigan, to Judith and Theron (Butch) Horn. She graduated from Evart High School in 1983. Lisa ...Continue reading
We know that it is difficult to sum the life of a loved one into a few short paragraphs and, in consideration of this difficulty and the desire to pay tribute to those who pass, it is our pleasure to accept submissions of any reasonable length. Obituaries on County 17 can also include up to five (5) high-resolution photos (which should be submitted along with the obituary). Submissions can be forwarded to email@example.com.


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2014 SYNC Results
26 Young Adult and Classic audiobooks were offered over 13 weeks May 15-August 14.
- 93% growth in unique program participants to 27,000+
- 85% growth in SYNC direct contacts since May 1 2014 with 21,000+ on mailing lists, blog update recipients, text recipients, and social media.
- 66% growth in SYNC audience with 139,000+ downloads.
- 39% increase in web traffic to nearly 600,000 visits in 2014
- 96% of new listeners are likely to listen to more audiobooks thanks to SYNC
- 80% of educators/librarians are likely to use SYNC again in next year's Summer Reading/listening Program
- 78% of educators/librarians see a role for SYNC in the Common Core
- 73% of educators/librarians said SYNC helps outreach to teens
- 61% of educators/librarians said they would promote audiobooks because of exposure to SYNC
- 59% of SYNC listeners purchase downloads or CDs outside of SYNC
- 41% of SYNC listeners said SYNC audiobooks lead to other listening/reading
- 15% were new audiobook listeners thanks to SYNC
"As a student it is more convenient to listen to literature on the go, while exercising, etc. I like to read paperbacks, but with a busy schedule SYNC fits better in my life.It helps when you can actually hear the voice of a character, especially when the story is told well. It's also much more convenient for when I'm walking to school or the store or work. It feels less like I'm an impartial observer and more like someone is telling me their story." – Student
"Giving them a free audiobook option that didn't require their parents to sign up at the library was great. And it came to them via text. I love SYNC!" – Librarian
"Students who tell me that they don't have time to read have no argument when it comes to audiobooks. It also introduces YA titles with more classic titles which many would not attempt without the free download. This is a great way to expose students to quality literature of all kinds." – Librarian
"Readers that are below grade level reading can still get the same information with audio books and have the same information as those who can read on grade level." – Educator
"This is a way for students to better understand the higher levels of vocabulary required by the Common Core Curriculum. The students often find it difficult to read complicated texts independently if they are unfamiliar with the words. Audiobooks help with that." – Educator


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This compendium is work in progress, since we try to incorporate more information with increasing experience and with every question you ask us. We invite you to take part in the improvement of these pages by correcting or adding useful information or commenting the pages.
Ulf Markwardt
2020-04-23 new compute nodes are available now: 192 nodes, each with


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The Silliest Things You Thought Were True as a Kid
List Rules Silly beliefs you held as a stupid little kid. Upvote the things you remember arguing about on the playground.
Looking at this list, it's amazing we were able to get through our childhood without having a nervous breakdown. Seriously! The amount of silly things you believed as a kid and the little lies that we had to tell ourselves just to get through those traumatic childhood days is insane. There were monsters everywhere, sharks in the swimming pool, and plenty to worry about as fair as cutting your hair and eating watermelon seeds. Now that we're mature, grown adults, we definitely don't believe any of these silly lies anymore. Riiiiight?
When you were growing up, what silly things did you believe? Did you actually believe that the world was in black and white before color TV was invented? Did those horror movies that you were way too young to watch traumatize you so much that you were actually afraid of being sucked down the bathtub drain? What silly thing did you tell yourself in order to avoid the monsters that most definitely lived under your bed or in the closet?
From flat out ridiculous to straight up delusional, which of these silly things did you believe in the most when you were a young, innocent, naive child? How many of you out there still think chocolate milk comes from brown cows? We'll admit we're still a little afraid of the dark, what about you? Let us know in the comments section and be sure to vote up the beliefs on this list that you also thought were 100% true as a child.Is your weird childhood believe not listed? Add it below to help others remember all the ridiculous things they believed when they were kids.


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New director appointed for Robbins Library, Koller-Collins Center
Marie L. Turner has been appointed director of the Rossell Hope Robbins Library and the Koller-Collins Center for English Studies at the River Campus Libraries, effective Sept. 15, 2015. Turner is currently a research associate at the Schoenberg Institute for Manuscript Studies in the Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books, and Manuscripts at the University of Pennsylvania. She succeeds Alan Lupack, who retired in February after nearly 27 years of service.
Located on the fourth floor of the University's Rush Rhees Library, the Rossell Hope Robbins Library houses one of the most comprehensive medieval studies collections in North America. The Koller-Collins Center for English Studies began as the English Department's core collection for graduate study of literature. The collection has evolved from representing the canon of the field into a reference collection for literary study.
Mary Ann Mavrinac, vice provost and Andrew H. and Janet Dayton Neilly Dean of River Campus Libraries, made the announcement following a national search.
"We are very pleased that Dr. Turner will be joining us," she said. "Her academic qualifications, experience in traditional and digital scholarship, and collaborative spirit ensure a bright future for the Robbins Library and the Koller-Collins Center."
Turner received a doctorate in English from the University of Pennsylvania in 2014. Her research specializes in Middle English and Anglo-Norman literature, manuscript studies, and digital humanities. Since 2013, she has served as a fellow and research associate at the Schoenberg Institute for Manuscript Studies, where she directs the development of the Penn Roll Project, a forthcoming online portal dedicated to the study of 15th-century genealogical rolls. This digital resource will provide a scholarly introduction to late-medieval genealogical literature, displaying images and transcriptions of manuscripts from around the world.
Turner is recognized for her strong paleographical and transcription skills, as well as her experience with digital projects that include Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) and data visualization. She is also a lecturer in the University of Pennsylvania's Department of English.
Jim Kuhn, assistant dean and Joseph N. Lambert and Harold B. Schleifer Director of Rare Books, Special Collections, and Preservation, chaired the search committee.
"The Robbins Library is a unique and treasured medieval studies resource," he said. "We are very fortunate to have Dr. Turner join us as our new director. Her doctorate in English medieval romance, combined with her experience in leading and collaborating on digital projects, position her well to lead the Robbins Library in serving diverse academic communities both on and off campus."
The Robbins Library's physical holdings include all aspects of Middle English literature, as well as Old English, Anglo-Norman, and medieval French literature; medieval history, art and stained glass, philosophy, and theology; witchcraft; manuscript studies; and Arthurian studies. The Robbins Library Digital Projects–including The Camelot Project, TEAMS Middle English Texts Series, and Visualizing Chaucer–are highly regarded for their use in teaching and research across the globe.
Category: University News