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Host cell-free growth of the Q fever bacterium Coxiella burnetii
Edited by Emil C. Gotschlich, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, and approved January 22, 2009 (received for review November 26, 2008)
The inability to propagate obligate intracellular pathogens under axenic (host cell-free) culture conditions imposes severe experimental constraints that have negatively impacted progress in understanding pathogen virulence and disease mechanisms. Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of human Q (Query) fever, is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that replicates exclusively in an acidified, lysosome-like vacuole. To define conditions that support C. burnetii growth, we systematically evaluated the organism's metabolic requirements using expression microarrays, genomic reconstruction, and metabolite typing. This led to development of a complex nutrient medium that supported substantial growth (approximately 3 log10) of C. burnetii in a 2.5% oxygen environment. Importantly, axenically grown C. burnetii were highly infectious for Vero cells and exhibited developmental forms characteristic of in vivo grown organisms. Axenic cultivation of C. burnetii will facilitate studies of the organism's pathogenesis and genetics and aid development of Q fever preventatives such as an effective subunit vaccine. Furthermore, the systematic approach used here may be broadly applicable to development of axenic media that support growth of other medically important obligate intracellular pathogens.
Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of human Q fever, a disease that typically manifests as a debilitating influenzae-like illness (1). Shortly after the discovery of Q fever as a clinical entity in 1937 (2) attempts were made to culture C. burnetii under axenic (host cell-free) conditions (3). However, despite over 6 decades of ensuing research, growth of the organism still remains limited to colonization of a viable eukaryotic host cell.
Early studies showed minimal C. burnetii metabolic capacity in buffers adjusted to neutral pH (4). The organism's intracellular growth compartment was subsequently described as "phagolysosomal-like" (5) which led to the discovery by Hackstadt and Williams (6) that significant metabolic activity by C. burnetii only occurs in buffers that mimic the moderately acidic (approximately pH 4–5) conditions of this vacuole. Building on this work, we recently developed a nutrient medium termed Complex Coxiella Medium (CCM) that supports axenic metabolic activity by C. burnetii for at least 24 h (7). Critical components of CCM include 3 complex nutrient sources (neopeptone, FBS, and RPMI cell culture medium), a high concentration of chloride (140 mM), and citrate buffer (pH approximately 4.75) (7).
The obligate intracellular nature of C. burnetii imposes considerable experimental limitations that impede progress in understanding the organism's physiology and virulence. Indeed, systems to genetically manipulate Coxiella are lacking and lipopolysaccharide is the only defined virulence factor of the organism (8). While obvious growth of C. burnetii is not observed in CCM (unpublished data), the pathogen's sustained axenic metabolic activity in this medium suggested a modified formulation might support replication. To this end, we evaluated the organism's transcriptome during metabolism in CCM and identified a potential nutritional deficiency of this medium. Moreover, using genomic reconstruction and metabolite typing, we defined C. burnetii as a microaerophile. These data allowed development of a medium that supports axenic growth of infectious C. burnetii under microaerobic conditions.
C. burnetii Exhibits Reduced Ribosomal Gene Expression in CCM.
As an initial step to identify nutritional deficiencies of CCM that could preclude C. burnetii cell division, a comparison of genome wide transcript profiles between organisms replicating in Vero cells and incubated in CCM for 24 h was conducted. This analysis showed substantially reduced expression of ribosomal genes during incubation in CCM (supporting information (SI) Table S1), suggesting that protein synthesis was insufficient to support C. burnetii replication in this axenic medium. Supplementation of CCM with pyruvate, succinate, or glutamate, efficiently oxidized energy sources of C. burnetii (9), did not improve C. burnetii de novo protein synthesis in CCM (7), suggesting energy starvation was not the reason for reduced ribosomal gene expression.
Supplementation of CCM with Protein Precursors Improves C. burnetii Catabolic Activity.
Amino acid deficiencies in CCM could also explain reduced ribosomal gene expression. C. burnetii has multiple amino acid auxotrophies that appear compensated for by amino acid and peptide transporters (10). Moreover, intracellular bacteria frequently use amino acids as carbon sources (11), with an exceptionally high concentration of L-cysteine required for axenic growth by some (12). To evaluate whether supplementation of CCM with amino acids and peptides improves C. burnetii metabolic activity, casamino acids (a mixture of amino acids and peptides) and/or L-cysteine were added to the medium (Table 1). Following 24 h preincubations in media, C. burnetii was subjected to a 3 h [35S]Cys/Met pulse and the fold increase in radiolabel incorporation over the negative control (i.e., organisms labeled in labeling buffer at pH 7) used to assess the catabolic capacity (7) of the organism. CCM supplemented with casamino acids or L-cysteine supported statistically significant increases in C. burnetii radiolabel incorporation of (39.1 ± 5.1)-fold and (134.5 ± 23.4)-fold, respectively (Fig. 1A). The effect of supplementing CCM with both casamino acids and L-cysteine was additive, resulting in a (232.7 ± 33.5)-fold increase in incorporation (Fig. 1A). Overall, this medium termed Acidified Citrate Cysteine Medium (ACCM) (Table 1) supported an approximately 13-fold increase in protein synthesis compared to CCM. SDS/PAGE and autoradiography confirmed that radiolabel was incorporated into C. burnetii de novo synthesized protein (Fig. 1B).
C. burnetii Substrate Oxidation Increases Under Microaerobic Conditions.
Terminal oxidases containing either cytochrome o or cytochrome bd (associated with aerobic and microaerobic respiration, respectively) are encoded by the C. burnetii genome (Fig. 2A). This observation suggested that C. burnetii responds to alterations in oxygen tension during intracellular growth. Therefore, we assessed the effect of oxygen tension on C. burnetii metabolism of a wide variety of metabolites, including amino acids and carbohydrates, using Phenotype Microarrays (PM). C. burnetii oxidation of 95 substrates in PM-1 arrays was tested under oxygen tensions of 20%, 5%, and 2.5%. Incubation in 20% oxygen resulted in efficient oxidation of only succinate (Fig. 2B). However, incubations in 5% or 2.5% oxygen showed oxidation of 10 and 17 substrates, respectively (Fig. 2B). Intermediates of major metabolic pathways including the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glycolysis were most efficiently oxidized (Fig. 2C). Several substrates efficiently oxidized by C. burnetii in PMs have also been identified as substrates for the organism in independent studies (e.g., succinate, glutamate, and proline) (9, 13).
ACCM Supports C. burnetii Replication in a Microaerobic Environment.
The characterization of C. burnetii as a potential microaerophile suggested that incubation in ACCM in an optimal oxygen environment might support growth. Therefore, ACCM was inoculated with C. burnetii and the cultures incubated in a 20% or 2.5% oxygen environment. Cultures were monitored for C. burnetii replication by measuring bacterial genome equivalents (GE) by quantitative Taqman PCR (QPCR) every 24 h over 6 days. Incubation of C. burnetii in ACCM in 20% oxygen did not result in an increase in C. burnetii GE (Fig. 3A). However, substantial replication of C. burnetii occurred in 2.5% oxygen (8.71 × 104 to 5.49 × 107 GE/ml) (Fig. 3A). C. burnetii replication in ACCM in 1% or 5% oxygen was similar to that observed in 2.5% while no replication was observed in 10% oxygen (data not shown). The growth cycle of organisms incubated in ACCM in 2.5% oxygen consisted of a lag phase of approximately 1 day, followed by 3 days of exponential growth and the onset of stationary phase thereafter. The generation time of C. burnetii during exponential growth in ACCM was 9.1 h which is 1–2 h less than the generation time in Vero cells (14). C. burnetii also formed colonies (approximately 0.05–0.1 mm in diameter) after a 14 day incubation in an ACCM-based solid agarose medium (Fig. S1).
To confirm that the increase in C. burnetii genome equivalents corresponded to an increase in C. burnetii infective units, organisms incubated in ACCM in 2.5% oxygen were assayed for Vero cell infectivity using a fluorescent infectious focus-forming unit (FFU) assay that employs a Coxiella-specific antibody. ACCM culture aliquots taken every 24 h for 6 days postinoculation showed an increase in FFUs of 2.19 logs (Fig. 3 B-C) with the kinetics of FFU development directly corresponding to increases in GE (Fig. 3A). Coxiella containing vacuoles showed typical staining for the lysosomal marker CD63 (data not shown). Ten to fifteen genomes were required for development of each vacuole, equivalent to published GE/FFU ratios (14). Collectively, these data show that ACCM supports robust cell division of infectious C. burnetii that are antigenically similar to cell culture-cultivated organisms.
C. burnetii Developmental Transitions Occur in ACCM.
During infection of eucaryotic host cells, C. burnetii undergoes a biphasic developmental cycle characterized by transition of metabolically dormant, nonreplicative small cell variants (SCV) to metabolically active, replicative large cell variants (LCV) (14). To determine whether this developmental program occurs during replication in ACCM, medium was inoculated with purified SCVs and morphological differentiation assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ultrastructural features of the inoculum were characteristic of the SCV, most notably small cell size (< 0.2 μm) and electron-dense chromatin (Fig. 4A-B) (14). Organisms incubated in ACCM for 3 days and in exponential phase displayed ultrastructural characteristics of the LCV including increased cell size (> 0.2 μm) and dispersed chromatin (Fig. 4 A-B) (14). Organisms incubated in ACCM for 6 days and in early stationary phase were a mixture of SCVs and LCVs (Fig. 4 A-B). ACCM cultures initiated with purified SCVs also showed approximately 3 logs of growth after 6 days of incubation (Fig. S2). Developmental transitions were confirmed by immunoblotting for ScvA, a DNA-binding protein specific to the SCV (14, 15). ScvA was detected only in the SCV inoculum and the LCV/SCV mixture present at early stationary phase (Fig. 4C). Thus, C. burnetii undergoes a developmental program in ACCM that is similar to in vivo propagated organisms.
The systematic approach described herein allowed identification of nutritional and biophysical conditions that support C. burnetii host cell-free growth. Based on a 2.5–3 log increase in C. burnetii GE after 6 days of culture in ACCM in 2.5% oxygen, we estimate that 100 ml of ACCM can yield the same number of organisms as 7 × 108 infected Vero cells. Growth of C. burnetii in ACCM was also established with an inoculum as low as 100 GE/ml (data not shown), suggesting ACCM can be used to isolate C. burnetii from the small number of organisms typically contained in clinical samples. Axenic culture of C. burnetii in ACCM will improve our ability to define factors required for intracellular growth and pathogenesis. Moreover, growth of C. burnetii on solid ACCM medium will facilitate clonal isolation and development of genetic tools for this organism.
The substantial increase in C. burnetii metabolic activity in ACCM compared to CCM is largely an effect of L-cysteine. An elevated level of L-cysteine is also required for in vitro culture of Legionella pneumophila (16, 17) where the amino acid may serve as an antioxidant in scavenging hydrogen peroxide (18). While L-cysteine is bio-accessible to L. pneumophila, the oxidized form L-cystine is not, making it necessary to supplement nutrient media with L-cysteine in great excess of what is consumed by the organism (12). ACCM containing the alternative antioxidant L-glutathione instead of L-cysteine did not support C. burnetii growth (data not shown), suggesting that C. burnetii's requirement for L-cysteine in ACCM is nutritional. In addition to serving as a precursor in protein synthesis, L-cysteine may also be a source of sulfur.
C. burnetii replication in ACCM is optimal in a 2.5% oxygen environment and the presence of genes encoding cytochrome bd (i.e., cydAB) with high affinity for oxygen provides a biochemical/physiological explanation for the observed growth phenotype. Interestingly, the intracellular bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (19), Chlamydia trachomatis (20), and Rickettsia rickettsii all encode cydAB, suggesting adaptation to microaerobic metabolism in intracellular bacteria may be underappreciated. Indeed, transcriptional analysis of M. tuberculosis during infection of macrophages indicates the organism adapts to a reduced oxygen environment (21), and improved growth of Chlamydia pneumoniae is observed under low oxygen conditions (22). Like M. tuberculosis, C. burnetii can occupy tissue granulomas (23), a defined low oxygen environment (24). Mammalian cell intracellular oxygen tension can be significantly lower than the extracellular oxygen tension (25). Moreover, the membrane of the C. burnetii replicative vacuole is enriched in cholesterol (26), and cholesterol-rich membranes are known to impede oxygen diffusion (27). Collectively, these observations suggest the vacuolar compartment of C. burnetii is a low oxygen environment. In addition to potentially serving as a terminal oxidase in low oxygen conditions, CydAB may also protect C. burnetii against oxidative agents of the phagolysosome. In support of this hypothesis, cydB mutants of Brucella abortus and Escherichia coli are hypersensitive to hydrogen peroxide (28, 29).
The debilitating nature of acute Q fever, along with C. burnetii's environmental stability and aerosol route of transmission, have raised concerns over potential illegitimate use of this microorganism (30). In this regard, axenic cultivation of C. burnetii will aid molecular characterization of the organism to enable development of protective measures against Q fever, including improved diagnostic tools and efficacious vaccines. Moreover, the strategy used here to establish culture conditions for C. burnetii may be broadly applicable to identifying media formulations and biophysical conditions that support growth of other currently obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens of humans within the genera Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Treponema, Chlamydia and Rickettsia.
Materials and Methods
Cultivation and Purification of C. burnetii from Vero Cells.
C. burnetii Nine Mile phase II (RSA439, clone 4) was propagated in African green monkey kidney (Vero) fibroblasts (CCL-81; American Type Culture Collection) grown in RPMI medium (Invitrogen Corp.) supplemented with 2% FBS. At 7 days post infection, host cells were disrupted by sonication and C. burnetii purified by differential centrifugation as described (31, 32). At this time point postinfection, infected Vero cells contain roughly equal numbers of SCV and LCV morphological forms (14). C. burnetii SCVs were generated by prolonged culture in Vero cells as previously reported (14) and purified as described above. Purified bacteria were resuspended in K-36 buffer (0.05 M K2HPO4 and KH2PO4, 0.1 M KCl, 0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.0) (33) and stored at −80 °C until further use. With the exception of experiments examining C. burnetii biphasic development (Figs. 4 and S2), all experiments used C. burnetii purified from Vero cells at 7 days post infection.
Transcription Microarray Analysis.
For analysis of C. burnetii transcript profiles during intracellular growth, Vero cells at 90–95% confluence in T-75 cell culture flasks were infected with C. burnetii at a multiplicity of infection of 100 for 2 h at room temperature. The inoculum was removed, cell cultures washed to remove noninternalized bacteria, then 10 ml RPMI supplemented with 2% FBS added to the culture flasks. At 5 days postinfection, host cell cultures were washed with 10 ml of Hank's buffered salt solution, then lysed with 3 ml of TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen). For analysis of C. burnetii transcript profiles in CCM, 2.5 × 109 GE of C. burnetii were incubated in triplicate in 0.5 ml CCM in 24-well plates for 24 h. Bacteria were transferred to a 1.5 ml Microfuge tube, pelleted by centrifugation, then TRIzol reagent (1.0 ml) added to each tube. Total RNA in TRIzol samples was purified and processed as previously described (34).
A MicrobEnrich kit (Applied Biosystems) was used to increase the relative level of C. burnetii RNA derived from Vero cell-propagated organisms. Enriched RNA (approximately 1 μg) was amplified using a MessageAmp II Bacteria kit (Applied Biosystem). Briefly, double stranded (ds) cDNA was synthesized, product was purified using a QiaQuick 96-well system, and biotin-labeled cRNA was in vitro transcribed using ds cDNA as a template. RNA samples from C. burnetii cultured in CCM were treated identically to facilitate comparisons with RNA samples derived from Vero cell-propagated C. burnetii.
All cRNA originating from Vero cell-propagated C. burnetii and 3 μg cRNA from CCM-cultivated organisms were hybridized to a custom Affymetrix GeneChip designed as previously described (35). Microarray data were analyzed using Partek Genomics Suite software (Partek Inc.) essentially as described (36).
Radiolabeling with [35S] Cysteine/Methionine.
Radiolabeling of C. burnetii proteins was conducted using 2.5 × 109 GE of freshly thawed organisms. Following preincubations in 6-well plates containing 2.0 ml medium per well, bacteria were pelleted (20,000 × g for 5 min) and washed in 200 μl citrate salts buffer (7) supplemented with 1.0 mM glutamate (labeling buffer) to remove excess nutrients. Bacteria were then resuspended in 500 μl labeling buffer containing 25–50 μCi [35S]Cys/Met protein labeling mix (Perkin-Elmer) and incubated for 3 h in a screw-cap tube to allow incorporation of the radionuclide. Following radiolabeling of bacterial proteins, bacteria were pelleted for 5 min at 20,000 × g and washed in 100 μl of PBS (PBS; 10 mM Na2HPO4, 10 mM NaH2PO4, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.8) to remove unincorporated [35S]Cys/Met. Bacterial pellets were lysed in equal volumes of a SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS/PAGE) sample buffer and boiled for 10 min. Equal volumes of each sample were analyzed by scintillation counting to determine cpm. Twelve percent SDS/PAGE followed by autoradiography using CL-Xposure (Pierce) film was used to visualize radiolabeled proteins (3 h exposure). Precision Plus Protein Dual Color Standards (Bio-Rad) were used as molecular mass markers.
Phenotype Microarrays.
C. burnetii oxidation of substrates under different oxygen concentrations was tested using Phenotype Microarrays (PM-1) (Biolog Inc.) containing 95 substrates including amino acids and carbohydrates. Purified C. burnetii were suspended in CCM (7) (5 × 109 GE/ml) supplemented with 0.65 mM of the reporter dye tetrazolium violet (Sigma–Aldrich) (37). CCM (7) was used as the inoculation fluid rather than more nutritionally rich ACCM to promote oxidation of individual PM substrates. Bacterial suspension (100 μl) was added to each well of the 96-well PM plate and plates incubated for 24 h in an Innova CO-48 incubator (New Brunswick Scientific) at 37 °C adjusted to 5% CO2 and 20%, 5%, or 2.5% O2. Atmospheric oxygen was displaced by nitrogen gas. At the end of the incubation period, reduction of reporter dye was quantified using an OmniLog detection system (Biolog Inc.) and expressed as OmniLog Units (OLU).
Preparation of ACCM Medium and Incubation Conditions.
The ingredients of ACCM are listed in Table 1. Casamino acids were prepared fresh at the time of medium preparation while other components were kept as refrigerated (citrate buffer, salt solution, RPMI cell culture medium) or frozen (neopeptone, FBS, L-cysteine, FeSO4) stocks. The pH of ACCM was adjusted to 4.75 using 6 N NaOH and the medium filtered through a 0.22 μm filter to sterilize. C. burnetii cultures were established in T-25 and T-75 polystyrene cell culture flasks containing 7 ml and 20 ml of ACCM, respectively. Flasks were inoculated with C. burnetii (1.0 × 106 GE/ml) purified from Vero host cells. Cultures were incubated in an Innova CO-48 incubator as described for PM analysis. Growth of C. burnetii on solid medium was conducted using a soft agarose overlay method. A 2× solution of ACCM nutrients was adjusted to pH 4.75, sterilized by filtration and 7.5 ml added to an equal volume of 2% (wt/vol in water) molten UltraPure Agarose (Invitrogen). The 1% ACCM-agarose was poured into 100 × 20 mm Petri dishes to create a solid medium base. Purified C. burnetii was spread on the ACCM-agarose base and 10 ml 0.25% ACCM-agarose added as top agarose. Plates were incubated for 14 days in an Innova CO-48 incubator adjusted to 5% CO2 and 2.5% O2. Colonies were imaged using a Axiovert 40 C microscope (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging, Inc.) equipped with an AxioCam ICc 1 digital camera (Carl Zeiss).
Quantification of C. burnetii Cell Division and Infectivity.
C. burnetii replication during incubation in ACCM was quantified by QPCR of C. burnetii GE using a primer and probe set specific to dotA of C. burnetii (14). ACCM culture aliquots (50 μl) were diluted in 150 μl sterile PBS, diluted 5-fold further with sterile water, then mechanically disrupted to release bacterial DNA using a FastPrep homogenizer (Q-Biogene Inc., CA) and 0.1 mm zerconia/silica beads (Biospec Products Inc., Bartlesville, OK) as lysing matrix. Samples were centrifuged for 1 min at 20,000 × g to pellet the lysing matrix, and equal volumes of supernatant containing chromosomal DNA were used as template DNA for PCR reactions. QPCRs were performed using TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix and a Prism 7000 sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems).
Infectivity of C. burnetii cultivated in ACCM was determined by a fluorescent focus forming unit (FFU) assay (14). Ten microliter aliquots of C. burnetii ACCM cultures were collected at the indicated times and added to 240 μl RPMI cell culture medium which was then frozen at −80 °C until needed. Equal volumes of thawed culture aliquots were used to infect confluent Vero cell cultures in 24-well plates. Following a 1 h incubation at room temperature with rocking, 1 ml of fresh RPMI medium supplemented with 2% FBS was added to each well. After a 5 day incubation, infected cells were fixed with 100% cold methanol and FFUs stained by indirect immunofluorescence employing polyclonal guinea pig antiserum generated against formalin-killed C. burnetii and Alexa Fluor 448-conjugated goat anti-guinea pig IgG serum (Molecular Probes). FFUs were enumerated by fluorescence microscopy using a Ziess Axiovert 25 inverted microscope. Color saturation was adjusted equally for all images using Adobe PhotoShop.
Transmission Electron Microscopy.
Specimens were fixed as previously described (14). Thin sections were cut with an RMC MT-7000 ultramicrotome (Ventana), stained with 1% uranyl acetate and Reynold's lead citrate before viewing at 80 kV on a Philips CM-10 transmission electron microscope (FEI). Digital images were acquired with a Hammamatsu XR-100 bottom mount CCD system (Advanced Microscopy Techniques). Cross section diameters were measured with the AMT software measuring tool and data analyzed using Prism software (GraphPad Software Inc.). Final images were processed with Adobe PhotoShop (Adobe Systems, Inc.).
C. burnetii was pelleted by centrifugation and lysed by boiling in a solution of 1% SDS. The protein concentration of each sample was determined using a DC Protein Assay kit (Bio-Rad). Samples were diluted in SDS/PAGE sample buffer and 10 μg total protein separated by SDS/PAGE on a 10–20% Tris-HCl Ready Gel (Bio-Rad). Proteins were transferred to an Immobilon-P membrane (Millipore) that was blocked overnight at 4 °C in PBS containing 0.1% Tween-20 and 3% nonfat milk (PBST). Membranes were then incubated for 1 h at room temperature in PBST containing anti-ScvA rabbit polyclonal antibody (15). Membranes were washed, then incubated for 1 h at room temperature in PBST containing anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (Pierce). Reacting proteins were detected via enhanced chemiluminescence using ECL Pico reagent (Pierce) and CL-XPosure film (Pierce).
Statistical Analysis.
Statistical analyses were performed by unpaired Student's t test using Prism software (GraphPad Software Inc.). Differences between data sets where P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
We thank Ted Hackstadt, Harlan Caldwell, Shelly Robertson, and Frank Gherardini for critical review of this manuscript; Gary Hettrick for graphic illustrations; and Kent Barbian for initial help with the OmniLog detection system. This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
- 1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rheinzen{at}niaid.nih.gov
Author contributions: A.O. and R.A.H. designed research; A.O., D.C.C., D.H., E.R.F., and K.V. performed research; A.O., K.V., D.E.S., S.F.P., and R.A.H. analyzed data; and A.O. and R.A.H. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
Data deposition: The data reported in this paper have been deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo (accession no. GSE13338).
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0812074106/DCSupplemental.
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A Neural Compositional Paradigm for Image Captioning
Part of: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31 (NIPS 2018)[PDF] [BibTeX] [Supplemental] [Reviews]
Conference Event Type: Poster
Mainstream captioning models often follow a sequential structure to generate cap- tions, leading to issues such as introduction of irrelevant semantics, lack of diversity in the generated captions, and inadequate generalization performance. In this paper, we present an alternative paradigm for image captioning, which factorizes the captioning procedure into two stages: (1) extracting an explicit semantic representation from the given image; and (2) constructing the caption based on a recursive compositional procedure in a bottom-up manner. Compared to conventional ones, our paradigm better preserves the semantic content through an explicit factorization of semantics and syntax. By using the compositional generation procedure, caption construction follows a recursive structure, which naturally fits the properties of human language. Moreover, the proposed compositional procedure requires less data to train, generalizes better, and yields more diverse captions.

subset: commoncrawl


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93332 2018-10-10 Adaptive Laser Sintering System for In-space Printed Electronics, Phase I Completed Jun 2017 Dec 2017 The goal of this project is to enhance the Optomec Aerosol Jet(R) technology for additive manufacturing by introduction of an Adaptive Laser Sintering System (ALSS) module to enable a fully automated system for printed electronics. The Optomec-Harding team seeks to reduce the localized laser sintering concept to practice by developing ALSS with in-situ automated adjustment of laser power and processing time. ALSS will include a laser for sintering with sensors to monitor the process so that any flaws in the printed electronics circuitry can be repaired with minimal human intervention. The benefit will be two-fold: it will enable Optomec, Inc. to expand its commercial applications of the Aerosol Jet technology in printed electronics industry, and to pave the way for the use of this advanced technology in the next generation of human space exploration. The success of this endeavor will be of vital importance to the NASA's in-space, on-demand manufacturing capabilities to support the unique challenges of long-duration human spaceflight. The developed automated adaptive in-line quality control system with ALSS is also applicable to that required for long-duration human space missions with minimal need for astronaut intervention, when printing conformal electronics and sensors onto flexible substrates of various geometrical complexities using the Aerosol Jet technology. The liquid metal nanoparticle (NP) inks as printed are not conductive enough for required circuit functionality; they must be transformed to solid metal path by a sintering at an elevated temperature. To reduce sintering time and exposure of the substrate to damaging temperatures, localized laser sintering has been shown to be promising. The challenge to commercialization of laser sintering is controlling the laser power and processing time required for effective sintering of metal NP inks while avoiding thermal damage to substrate, which will be addressed by the ALSS. After the successful design, test and implementation of ALSS, the science and technology of laser sintering will be better understood for controllable adaptive operations. It provides a key solution to NASA's challenge of in-space, on-demand manufacturing capabilities to support the unique challenges of long-duration human spaceflight, which requires an automated adaptive in-line quality control system along with the manufacturing process. The reduction in both time and manpower with modularization of the process will allow better integration of a prototype instrument to be installed for demonstration on ISS. NASA can use this ALSS module at NASA research centers to compare and evaluate the advantages of printing electronics using different direct-write technologies, whether it is the Aerosol Jet or inkjet or other metal NP ink dispensing methods or plasma jet printing technology.

While the Aerosol Jet(R) technology is changing the way engineers and scientists design and develop electronic, biomedical, and mechanical systems, its applicability in printed electronics is mainly limited by the sintering process when the substrate materials must not be damaged by the elevated temperature, especially when the conventional thermal oven is used. The success of ALSS development will enable sintering printed metal NP inks on many low-temperature substrates that have been impossible with oven sintering, because the transient laser power is applied to a very small spot with a very short duration which minimizes the heat-affected zone. Thus, the Aerosol Jet system with the ALSS enhancement will tremendously increase its production capability and market share in printed electronics industry. On the other hand, the knowledge gained via ALSS development can be utilized in other in-line monitoring and control subsystem development for future system enhancement, which is also aimed at increasing the scopes of Aerosol Jet(R) potential commercial applications. 1 1 4 10892 TX13 Ground, Test, and Surface Systems 10914 TX13.4 Mission Success Technologies 10919 TX13.4.5 Operations, Health and Maintenance for Ground and Surface Systems Earth The Moon Mars SBIR/STTR Space Technology Mission Directorate Marshall Space Flight Center MSFC NASA Center Huntsville AL United States New Mexico Jennifer L Gustetic Carlos Torrez Michael J Renn 41807 Briefing Chart Document Adaptive Laser Sintering System for In-space Printed Electronics, Phase I Briefing Chart 31588 https://techport.nasa.gov/file/31588 610406 40473 Briefing Chart Image Image Adaptive Laser Sintering System for In-space Printed Electronics, Phase I Briefing Chart Image 30250 https://techport.nasa.gov/file/30250 593650


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5 Simple Statements About search engine optimization job requirements Explained
This site was two or three a long time aged, a clean report in Google, and a couple of organic one-way links already from dependable web sites.
Of course you may however key phrase stuff a web site, or still spam your hyperlink profile – but it is 'gentle' optimisation I'm truly serious about screening on This great site – how to get a lot more with less – I are convinced's The main element to not tripping Google's intense algorithms.
Try to identify the reasons Google doesn't 'rate' a selected page larger compared to the Competitiveness – the answer is generally to the site or in backlinks pointing for the webpage.
To beat the Level of competition within an marketplace exactly where it's hard to entice high quality links, you have to get more "technological" occasionally – and in some industries – you've ordinarily required to be one hundred% black hat to even get in the very best one hundred results of aggressive, transactional searches.
You'll want to mix it up and learn from working experience. Make issues and study from them by observation. I've located getting penalised is a very good way to find out what not to do.
Especially, the Google World wide web spam team is at this time waging a pr war on websites that depend upon unnatural back links as well as other 'manipulative' practices (and handing out extreme penalties if it detects them) – Which's along with lots of algorithms previously designed to search for other manipulative strategies (like search phrase stuffing).
Google stopped telling us which key phrases are sending visitors to our web sites from the search engine again in Oct 2011, as Portion of privacy fears for it's end users.
Google appears to be at the description but there is debate irrespective of whether it really employs The outline tag to rank web-sites. I think they might at some degree, but all over again, an exceedingly weak signal. I undoubtedly don't know of the instance that clearly displays a meta description helping a web page rank.
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Get on the incorrect side of Google and your site might perfectly be flagged for MANUAL review – so optimise your web site as though, at some point, you're going to get that Web site assessment from a Google Net Spam reviewer.
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Don't assume to rank No 1 in any market for a competitive with no wide range of expense, perform. Don't be expecting outcomes right away. Expecting an excessive amount of as well fast could get you in hassle Using the spam team.
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Little Known Facts About seo conference sydney.
These kinds of things to consider will permit us to 'Bounce Bigger' in Every of our roles and optimise the recruitment system and results for both workplaces and people with Distinctive requirements.
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An awesome source for finding out more details on Web optimization is�Google's SEO section in Webmaster Applications. This website page can probable give you responses to a variety of added concerns you will have with regards to the best methods to enhance your site, so we endorse bookmarking it.
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As you continue reading this are able to see underneath, the Panel states that your All round Search engine optimization might be enhanced by undertaking this. Think of it as solving straight from the source for your Web optimization when also serving to your guests get additional information site here from a content material.
You must point out your search phrase at a traditional rate all over your post -- Meaning you must include things like your keyword phrases, but only in a very organic, reader-friendly way.
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WHO, World Bank and UNICEF
Issue warnings
However, it is not just children who are affected. In 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported on the dramatic situations worldwide. It indicated that EU limits for nitric oxide were constantly exceeded, and in Germany alone, there are approximately 50,000 premature deaths per year due to air pollution. And this is the 'better situation of Central Europe' – far removed from how things are in places such as Asia. China has been mentioned as an extreme example. Urban areas here are particularly affected by air pollution. In an article published in the journal 'Lancet' in December 2013, China's former health minister Chen Zhu quoted studies which claim that air pollution is responsible for up to 500,000 premature deaths in China every year. An urban development study carried out by the World Bank and the Centre for Development Research of the Chinese State Council also warns of dramatic long-term consequences such as genetic damage and impact on the mental development of babies and children.


text: To blood and bone We sing in stone, In dirt and tree and root We pray to know In flame and snow The breadth of all our birth. We seek your words In food and mirth, In story and in myth, The ways that you, O Ancestors lived in love and frith. We seek you … Continue reading A Call To Our Ancestor's


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Yarmouth Racecourse is sometimes referred to as Newmarket On Sea. It is used for flat racing and the course is a narrow oblong shaped track that is 1 mile and 5 furlongs in circumference.
As the courses is so close to Newmarket and the stables around there it means that Yarmouth is never short trainers pushing out their quality horses as part of their training regime, with some of the best two years old often on display here.
The course holds around 24 race meetings per year from April right through to October. The principal race here is the John Musker Fillies' Stakes which is a listed race held in September.
One the straight course there is a bias for high numbers particularly when part of a large field of runners.
Newmarket based trainers do very well and are the core visitors, these include the likes of Sir Michael Stoute, Mark Tompkins and Michael Bell. Two of the top jockeys here are Jamie Spencer and Ryan Moore.
Racing and events for 2014 at Great Yarmouth racecourse.
|Ticket Cost/More Information
|Easter Bank Holiday
|General Admission - £13
|Ladies Night
|General Admission - £15
|Eastern Festival
|General Admission - £15
|Eastern Festival
|General Admission - £15
|Eastern Festival
|Ladies Day - £15
Yarmouth Racecourse
Jellicoe Road, North Dene, Great Yarmouth, NR30 4AU
View the latest racing tips from RTE Racing Presenter Tom Lee.


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Floyd Mayweather Says He's Getting to Conor McGregor
By FCF Staff
Following the fourth and final stop of the Floyd Mayweather vs. Conor McGregor world media tour, the undefeated boxer believes he's getting in the head of the UFC's lightweight champ.
The stars hit Los Angeles, Toronto, New York and then London this week, and at each press conference, they traded numerous insults and warnings. After yesterday's event in London, however, Mayweather had this to say about their back-and-forth (quote via MMA Fighting):
"When McGregor goes up there to speak and talk, I sit back and let him speak his peace and let him say what he has to say and what I do, I just sit quiet," said Mayweather, who has been criticized since Friday, for calling McGregor a homophobic slur at the presser. "When it's my turn to go up, I give a speaking, he's interrupting me. So it's obvious I'm getting under his skin."
Mayweather and McGregor will box on August 26th at the T-Mobile Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada.


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Two ride-hailing companies have been expanding their services in Egypt, a nation of more than 96 million
Egypt's supreme administrative court ruled that Uber Technologies Inc and ride-sharing rival Careem Networks can continue operating in the most populous Arab nation, canceling a lower court ruling to halt their activities.
The court's decision was reported by the state Middle East News Agency on Saturday. A ban on the companies' operations had been temporarily suspended last year pending the higher court ruling.
The original case was filed by local taxi drivers who accused San Francisco-based Uber and United Arab Emirates-based Careem of violating Egyptian traffic laws by using private vehicles for commercial purposes. It follows legal challenges Uber has faced in countries around the world.
Uber's licence was revoked last year in London, though a judge later granted a probationary reprieve. The European Union's top court ruled in December that the business must be regulated as a transportation service.
The two ride-hailing companies have been expanding their services in Egypt, a nation of more than 96 million where public transport can barely keep pace with demand and streets are choked with traffic.


text:
The Last Man on Earth
Year: 1964
Duration: 1h 26min
IMDb: 7.0
Actors: Vincent Price, Franca Bettoia, Emma Danieli, Giacomo Rossi Stuart, Umberto Raho, Christi Courtland, Antonio Corevi, Ettore Ribotta
When a plague devastated life on Earth, the population died or became a sort of zombie living in the dark. Dr. Robert Morgan is the unique healthy survivor on the planet, having a routine life for his own survival: he kills the night creatures along the day and maintains the safety of his house, to be protected along the night. He misses his beloved wife and daughter, consumed by the outbreak, and he fights against his loneliness to maintain mentally sane. When Dr. Morgan finds the contaminated Ruth Collins, he uses his blood to heal her and he becomes the last hope on Earth to help the other contaminated survivors. But the order of this new society is scary.


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Ben Bradley apologises to Jeremy Corbyn over spy claims tweet
A vice-chairman of the Conservative Party has apologised "unreservedly" to Jeremy Corbyn over a tweet claiming that he had links with Cold War spies.
Ben Bradley, the Tory MP for Mansfield, tweeted out to his 5,000 followers that the Labour leader had "sold British secrets to communist spies" amid the furore over Mr Corbyn's contact with a Czechoslovakian spy masquerading as a diplomat in the 1980s.
Lawyers acting for Mr Corbyn contacted Mr Bradley, threatening court action unless he issued an apology for what they called a defamatory statement. He was also told to make a donation to a food bank and homeless charity in his constituency in lieu of damages and to pay Mr Corbyn's legal costs.
Mr Bradley will say that he fully


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Internet Explorer users are putting themselves and their PCs at risk to hacking with a simple '.txt' file.
ProCheckUp revealed that it is possible to give a hacker open access to a user's session by installing malware through a vulnerability in IE7 and IE8 that opens text files.
It claimed that JavaScript code can be added to the plain text file and remain undetected by Internet Explorer, and that this JavaScript code will allow the hacker to gain access.
Richard Brain, co-founder of ProCheckUp, said: "People have become accustomed and hence suspicious of the various file formats (Flash/Acrobat) used to carry out attacks, it still comes as a surprise that even the most benign file format (.txt) can also be used to attack computers."
It claimed that the flaw has already been reported to Microsoft by GTalbot last year, but ProCheckUp discovered that this vulnerability is still active.
See original article on scmagazineuk.com
Vulnerability in Internet Explorer remains unpatched
Flaw still exists one year after being reported.
Internet Explorer users are putting themselves and their PCs at risk to hacking with a simple '.txt' file.


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Do you shoot a Canon EOS Rebel?
If you shoot with a Canon EOS Rebel then I can use your help.
Yesterday I received the brand new book "Canon EOS Rebel T3i / 600D: From Snapshots to Great Shots" written by Jeff Revell.
The problem is I don't shoot Canon. Sure I can read it and tell whether or not it is a good book but that wouldn't be fair to our readers who shoot Canon, nor would it be fair to Jeff.
So to be sure that the review does the book credit I am looking for a Canon shooter who can do the review for us.
If you're interested drop me an email and I will pick (probably randomly) from the submissions and send the "chosen one" the book for review.
Oh, and you will get to keep the book.
Looking forward to hearing from you Canon shooters.
(update: we have our reviewer, thanks to everyone who wrote in offering to help)
Posted by Scott at 8:07 AM
5 comments:
- Robert said...
I use a rebel, but not the T3i, If you have one to go with the book I'll review it. ;)
- June 9, 2011 at 9:07 AM
- Just Jen said...
I shoot with the T3i, and would love to review the book. ~ Jenn
- June 9, 2011 at 9:13 AM
- keb1991 said...
I shoot with the T2i, but mainly for video, if thats of any help?
- June 9, 2011 at 10:18 AM
Cool, Scott. Unfortunately I don't use a Canon...
- June 9, 2011 at 1:45 PM
- NJ Stevenson said...
I shoot T3i also.
- June 10, 2011 at 10:04 PM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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SkellsLevel 1
Content Count8
Last visited
Community Reputation28 Good
About Skells
web The New Evernote Web UI
Skells replied to claudecyrill's question in Evernote Web Client RequestsIn Glennie's defense, I do not think he ever said Evernote was right to do this. I can imagine many circumstances where software companies are kinda forced to make a Hail Mary pass at the market. It could be, for instance, that Evernote took venture capitalist money and are now expected to make very high returns (another thing I have seen ruin otherwise brilliant startups) or that they have put themselves in a corner where their otherwise very successful niche product is just not enough. Having not researched this, I am just guessing, but being expected to move worlds drains the strength out of a lot of companies. I would much rather see Evernote focus on what they have and add incremental improvements (like work chat) than try to reinvent their basic premise, as with the Web Beta.
web The New Evernote Web UI
Skells replied to claudecyrill's question in Evernote Web Client RequestsGlennie - I understand what you're saying. I work in the legal department of a successful software startup, and I can totally relate. You can't do everything for all of your customers, you have to keep your bottom line in mind. On the other hand, while your Google comparison is apt, Evernote only has the one product. If Google were only an RSS feeder company, obviously shutting down their only product would be suicide. It's more like if Google decided to make some extreme changes to Google Search, which is that company's bread and butter... something they've never really messed around with. I just see some glaring problems with Evernote as an office productivity tool. It lacks any semblance of "finishing" a product. It is great for storing notes, but I need Microsoft Office (or Apple's comparable products) to create a highly polished finished product that I can print out and pass out, or to create a final presentation I can stand in a board room and present. There's just none of that present in Evernote. I avoid putting together final drafts in Evernote just for that reason; I'm going to have to reformat everything after I paste it into Word or Powerpoint, never mind Excel. So, why not start my first draft in the Microsoft product where it will be finished? Saves me a step, saves formatting, and plus Office is adopting a lot of the different strengths of Evernote anyway. Is Evernote going to have an Excel alternative? Am I going to be doing Mail Merge projects with Evernote? Too ambitious... Evernote should build on their strengths; I just don't see any hope for this product going up against Microsoft and Apple. Honestly, while I love the existing software, it is still quite buggy and I have to apologize for it pretty often. If you expect me to think we'll see them tackle on much, much greater challenges and somehow also fix the quality problems... Just not seeing it. Evernote is a niche product, and a great niche product, but it's not a platform from which to tackle some of the biggest and most successful software developers of all time.
Web Beta Release Notes 11/12
Skells replied to nanphan's question in Evernote Web Client RequestsHey guys - tried out the beta again. I do appreciate the new look, but it's still not very functional for me. I write many notes, and need to be able to quickly "throw" the note into the notebook where it belongs - *all* of my Evernote usage is based around this practice. All of my notes I "pick up" from my daily activities - emails, little to-do's, things I need to buy - are tossed into this first folder and then quickly sorted by placing them where they belong - a certain tag, or notebook. This is still totally impossible in the web beta, because there is no view that allows one to see the notebooks/tags column at the same time they see the note. Unfortunately I use the web client a lot - as a way to access my personal Evernote account from my work computer (so my personal info isn't on a computer my workplace owns). Taking away the user's ability to see both the organizational structure of their notes and the notes themselves at the same time will also ruin my favorite thing about Evernote. So, if this beta were mandatory for the web client I'd have to take my 4000 notes and almost three years of premium subscription to another service.
Skells started following The New Evernote Web UI and Web Beta Release Notes 11/12
web The New Evernote Web UI
Skells replied to claudecyrill's question in Evernote Web Client RequestsNo, it's a pretty useless test, and doesn't prove anything either way. Even if they do read every thread, I wouldn't expect them to set the precedent that they'll immediately respond any time someone asks, like Superman in Metropolis. They could read the thread weeks later, etc. Worse, it distracts from what was a pretty useful thread up until recently. The new Evernote Web Client makes the GTD system impossible, which makes Evernote useless for me. I'm fine with them creating a new way to see/use Evernote, as long as they don't make the old way impossible. If they reach a point where the standard/supported client is built in the image of the new Web Client, I will definitely switch over to a different software - probably OneNote, since they just released a quality iPhone app.
web The New Evernote Web UI
Skells replied to claudecyrill's question in Evernote Web Client RequestsI would definitely leave Evernote if this design became prevalent across the PC, iPhone and iPad (my systems.) While I like the idea of improving the note editor - it needs some work - it will never become the selling point of Evernote for me. I am a novelist and a paralegal, so my Evernote usage is very text-heavy. However, both Microsoft Word and Apple Pages both have new, clean, minimal designs. Going out on a limb, Evernote is not going to replace Word for me, or even come close. The selling point of Evernote is its existing functionality; the ability to sort, store and search data. In particular, the paneled view makes this a possibility - the ability to see notebooks/tags in conjunction with notes. Lose that, and you add two or three steps to every action, and the critical ability to actually view your notes the way you've laid them out.
web The New Evernote Web UI
Skells replied to claudecyrill's question in Evernote Web Client RequestsI'll have to disagree with Frank.dg above. I'm a heavy Evernote user with thousands of notes who uses the Web client, desktop client, and ios client on iPad and iPhone. The web client has a critical feature that will always drive some users to it: the data is not stored on your local hard drive. If you are like me, and need to access your personal Evernote account through your work-supplied computer, you don't want that computer to download all your personal Evernote files. It's not your computer, and could be taken from you at any minute, or could become the subject of a court-ordered discovery and then searched thoroughly as part of that investigation. (I work in the legal field.) So, I use a local-only Evernote desktop for my work files, but if I need to access my personal workflow, I need to use the web client. I've seen several other comments here that mirror what I've described above, so I imagine there are a fair amount of us out there.
web The New Evernote Web UI
Skells replied to claudecyrill's question in Evernote Web Client RequestsI have serious problems with the web UI; it basically puts a stop to my workflow process. I wonder if the differing opinions might center around how Evernote is used. I'm primarily a Folders user, though I use Tags as well. My workflow all comes into one central folder, and then I assign it to folders that follow the GTD system ("Right Now,", "This Week", "Someday"). But with the new Web UI, I can't move a note from one notebook to the next without actually going into that notebook. That means I have to go back to the notebook tab, find my folder with the incoming notes, then repeat the whole process. With the old system, I could just look at my Incoming folder, toss the notes into the appropriate Notebook, and be done organizing in seconds. This means the Beta web UI is pretty much unusable for me.
Evernote Web Client Beta - not good.
Skells posted a topic in ProductivityI'm aware there are other threads on this topic, but I wanted to throw my voice in. The web app is not good at all anymore. I need better access to my notebooks/tags, and I need to be able to drag and drop. My basic workflow is completely stymied by the new design. Everything I make comes into an "Incoming" folder, and I sort from there. But now, if I am viewing my Incoming folder and want to move a note to, say, my Today folder... I click on the note I want to move, then select the Today folder - but now my view is set within the Today folder. I have to go back to the notebook tab, then find my Incoming folder again, then start the process over. That's about three times as much work just to do my daily organization of my notes, and there are going to be at least a dozen notes to go through every day. In the old version, I could open up my Incoming folder, then just drag each note into the folder it belongs. The whole process was very slick and efficient, which is why I user Evernote and not one of their competitors. Maybe keep this new beta as an option for display, but lord, it seems to be going in the exact opposite direction I would want Evernote to go.


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Jawego is an unwanted program, usually detected by antivirus software as pup.optional.jawego. PUP stands for Potentially Unwanted Program. What this shows is that even though your antivirus is quite aware of the problem, it is not able to remove it or stop it completely, and that's why you're interrupted all the time with alerts about pup.optional.jawego.
Jawego is an adware, one of the countless parasites going around the Internet, ruining the experience for many users, specially infecting those who are too naive or trusting when downloading programs from the net. We must realize that every single time a user decides to download executable files, chances are that an adware will be attached to it and will be quietly installed as well. We could say that the best measure is not to trust any .exe file. A measure that can prevent adware infections but that will also protect you from being infected with a more serious virus.
We recommend you several free tools here at How-to-remove to help you remove Jawego. All programs recommended are 100% safe, and were developed by technology security experts working for recognized groups such as Malwarebytes Anti-malware. To effectively remove Jawego, we urge you to execute all steps included in our guide.
How to remove Jawego ?
Remove Jawego with MalwareBytes Anti-Malware
Malwarebytes Anti-Malware detects and removes malware like worms, Trojans, rootkits, rogues, spyware, and more. All you have to do is launch Malwarebytes Anti-Malware Free and run a scan. If you want even better protection, consider Malwarebytes Anti-Malware Premium and its instant real-time scanner that automatically prevents malware and websites from infecting your PC.
- Download MalwareBytes Anti-Malware :
Premium Version Free Version (without Real-time protection)
- Install MalwareBytes Anti-Malware using the installation wizard.
- Once installed, Malwarebytes Anti-Malware will automatically start and you will see a message stating that you should update the program, and that a scan has never been run on your system. To start a system scan you can click on the Fix Now button.
- Malwarebytes Anti-Malware will now check for updates, and if there are any, you will need to click on the Update Now button.
- Once the program has loaded, select Scan now.
- When the scan is done, you will now be presented with a screen showing you the malware infections that Malwarebytes' Anti-Malware has detected. To remove the malicious programs that Malwarebytes Anti-malware has found, click on the Quarantine All button, and then click on the Apply Now button.
- When removing the files, Malwarebytes Anti-Malware may require a reboot in order to remove some of them. If it displays a message stating that it needs to reboot your computer, please allow it to do so.
Remove Jawego with AdwCleaner
The AdwCleaner program will scan your pc and internet browser for Jawego, browser plugins and registry keys, that may have been installed on your pc without your permission.
- You can download AdwCleaner utility from the below button :
Download AdwCleaner
- Before starting AdwCleaner, close all open programs and internet browsers, then double-click on the file AdwCleaner.exe.
- If Windows prompts you as to whether or not you wish to run AdwCleaner, please allow it to run.
- When the AdwCleaner program will open, click on the Scan button.
- To remove malicious files that were detected in the previous step, please click on the Clean button.
- Please click on the OK button to allow AdwCleaner reboot your computer.
Remove Jawego with ZHPCleaner
ZHPCleaner is a program that searches for and deletes Adware, Toolbars, Potentially Unwanted Programs (PUP), and browser Hijackers from your computer. By using ZHPCleaner you can easily remove many of these types of programs for a better user experience on your computer and while browsing the web.
- If Avast is installed on you computer you have to disable it during the process.
- You can download AdwCleaner utility from the below button :
Download ZHPCleaner
- Select ZHPCleaner.exe with right mouse click and Run as Administrator.
- Accept the user agreement.
- Click on the Scanner button.
- After the scan has finished, click on the Repair button.
- Reboot your computer.
Remove Jawego with Junkware Removal Tool
Junkware Removal Tool will remove Jawego from your computer, and will scan and remove any threat from your computer that is malicious.
- Please download Junkware Removal Tool to your desktop :
Download Junkware Removal Tool
- Shut down your protection software now to avoid potential conflicts.
- Run the tool by double-clicking it. If you are using Windows Vista, 7, or 8; instead of double-clicking, right-mouse click JRT.exe and select "Run as Administrator".
- The tool will open and start scanning your system.
- Please be patient as this can take a while to complete depending on your system's specifications.
Remove Jawego with HitmanPro
HitmanPro is a second opinion scanner designed to rescue computers that have become infected with viruses, spyware, Trojans, rootkits and other malware, despite continuous protection from up-to-date antivirus software.
- You can download HitmanPro from the below link:
Download HitmanPro
- Double-click on the file named HitmanPro.exe (for 32-bit versions of Windows) or HitmanPro_x64.exe (for 64-bit versions of Windows).
- Click on the Next button, to install HitmanPro on your computer.
- HitmanPro will now begin to scan your computer for Jawego malicious files.
- When it has finished it will display a list of all the malware that the program found as shown in the image below. Click on the Next button, to remove Jawego virus.
Click here to go to our support page.


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They grow up so quickly, don't they?
A couple hundred pages, a.k.a. two years later, and Harry is already leaving the Dursley house.
It was like yesterday when he was in the cupboard under the stairs, nearly starving to death, and yelled at.
The first two times as Harry had to leave the house to go to his new school, he was forced to do so. Kind of, at least. First Hagrid showed up, told him all he had to know at the time, and then Harry left for school. In the second book, he is tortured by the Dursleys until Ron and his brothers show up and free him. In both of them, Harry is very passive, and things happen to him. Now, in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, he takes the initiative. That's a very welcome change. He not only tries to make a deal with his uncle but also runs off, as the situation gets worse every second. Granted, to leave this monstrosity of a human being floating in the air is a bit rude, but let's be honest: it was satisfying as hell.
Talking about leaving: isn't it funny that each time you hold out your wand on the side of the street, a huge bus comes along to take you wherever you want? There seems to be nothing you can think of, that does not exist in this world. Amazing.
Another fantastic part of this world is the Ministry of Magic. We've heard of them before, of course, but with each book, we learn a bit more. Most information, however, is still missing. We just get very few facts, and those are a bit wishy-washy. Arthur works for them, sure, but where? How many are there? How powerful is their influence on society? Do they intervene with things happening in the muggle part of the world? What is the purpose of this Ministry? There are a lot of questions to ask about it. In my opinion that is a great thing. This way, as I said, we learn a bit more in each book. A few more details here, a few more departments there. Right now, this organization is this shadowy figure in the dark. The puppet master, if you will. A horrific image that Cornelius Fudge kind of completes.
I love Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban — largely because I have so many different emotions when I read it. About the characters within it and what happens to them. Plus: the Dementors are easily one of the best villains — creepy, terrifying and unforgiving. Give them a lightsaber, and you have the perfect army of Sith. The Emperor would be pleased. Because of all of that, I hate the movie. It's such a bad adaptation. They try, they do, but it's just not enough.
Let me give you an example: one of the most satisfying things in the book is the time Harry spends in Diagon Alley. Alone. By himself. Doing what he loves. After everything he has gone through with the Dursleys, he deserved it. But in the movie, they don't show this — why? You can easily add a few minutes. Just show me a montage of things he does and that he enjoys himself.
In the book, the first encounter with the Dementors is well done. The kids are on the train, a mysterious figure is with them, and suddenly the scenery changes completely. I appreciate that J.K. Rowling describes a lot of the things happening during the Dementors attacks through feelings. How does it feel when they are near you? Because in one way or another the basis of these emotions, everyone knows. We had them ourselves. But to amplify them in such a way that it hurts and use them as the weapon of this magnificent creatures is incredible. Oh, all the potential. What could one do with an army of Dementors? Unbeatable. Invading countries, controlling them and, finally, conquering the world — shaping it in one's image. Sigh. Sorry, let's move on…
One thing that we see again and again throughout the series is that Snape is portrayed as the evil genius behind all of it. Most of the time it's just a misunderstanding and you kind of root for him a bit. But then he does something, not evil, but something nasty and you hate him again. I think it's great how Rowling handles the character. And, as with the Ministry of Magic, we get a few more details with every book. About his past, his relationship with Potter and why he is who he is.
As we are talking about teachers already, there are a few new ones in Prisoner of Azkaban. First, we have Lupin, a great addition to the team and a very competent one as well. It is great to see him teach Harry to defend himself against the Dementors. Though, I don't understand why Lupin is suddenly too weak to be a werewolf? His whole life he's been one, and the moment he steps into Hogwarts it becomes a problem? Or is it just because he wants to suppress his other side because he doesn't want to hurt the children? Lupin is also a great example of Dumbledore's incompetence.
He is just standing there, watching Lupin as he slowly becomes a mere shadow of himself. Dumbledore could have arranged something. Maybe bring him to a lovely farm, far away from the school for three to four days a month? Regarding Harry, you could ask the same question. Why isn't Dumbledore doing anything? He is supposed to protect him! For a wise old wizard, his behavior is very unsatisfactory. And by the way: what does he do all day? He doesn't teach any classes. Is he just sitting in his office and talking to the other teachers and headmasters on his wall. Do something! Anything!
Then we have Trelawney. The thing is, in the book she is OK. There has to be some divination in a magical world, I guess. And the character is fine. Kind of (involuntarily) funny. The conflict with Hermione and the prophecies about Harry's death all work. Two of the students are big fangirls of her, which perfectly contradicts the others. It's fine. But in the movie — oh my god, what did you do? She is a caricature and doesn't fit into it. It's ridiculous.
On the one hand, you have Lupin, who is portrayed accurately, and then you have this crazy woman with her weird hair, the glasses and all that. You know who I would have cast? Sally Field. And let her figure out the character on her own. I want to see that. Make a TV show about the books; then you have time to do all those things we miss in the movies. And cast Sally Field.
One last thing about the teachers. Hermione is obviously very dedicated to her studies. Taking every single class, working with a time traveling device and working herself right into a burnout. The teachers have one job: keep your students safe. Again, why does Dumbledore allow it? I understand that you want her to try, but after a few weeks or by the day the holidays come around, they have to see that she cannot handle the pressure. At least hug her once a day and tell her she is not alone in all of this.
Now that I wrote this, I can also understand why Hermione is so overprotective of Harry and Ron. Like a mother. She doesn't have a perfect relationship to her friends in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. She barely sees them. How would she know what is going on? Instead, she is running instantly to McGonagall, telling her about the Firebolt. Harry and Ron are too naive, and she is too protective — if they would just work together, they would be an unbeatable team. More about that in the next books…
Talking about the Firebolt, how amazing are those Quidditch matches? And the commentary of Jordan is hilarious. Another thing the movies just cannot do right. Jordan is outstanding. I want a Jordan spin-off. Just Quidditch games, his commentary, and McGonagall rebuking him.
This article is getting a bit long, so let's just briefly talk about Hogsmeade. This little town just outside of Hogwarts is charming. You have the fun side of it, where students can buy some magical items (like George and Fred) and drink butterbeer. On the other, you have this darker, gritty version of it. With haunted houses, and dirty bars – which we will see in the next books. In my opinion, the thing about the permission to go there is a bit forced. It's just there to create conflict. Maybe detention or something similar would have worked better to keep Harry in the castle.
One funny thing about the movie is that they seem to change the castle and the surroundings with every single one. Just read the books and do it right the first time. You can tease things, that will come later as Rowling does. Another missed chance.
It's time to talk about the finale. The first time I read it, it was great. Very suspenseful. A lot of twists and turns. You didn't know who is on which side. Who should you trust? The second time it's a bit dragged out. All the talking and adding another character to the bunch — just get to the point already! Don't get me wrong; it is well done. But it works just the first time. When you know the outcome? Not so much.
I'll skip the time traveling part, which is done right in the book as well as in the movie. You understand what's going on and how everything works.
Instead, I want to talk about the confrontation with the Dementors at the lake. How do you imagine the lake as you read the books? Think about it for a minute and compare it to the movie.
I'll start with the film as well because I want to end this part on a positive note. How is it done there? Harry is in the middle of the woods it seems, on the shore of a small pond (shout out to Amy) a few Dementors around him. Then there is this little stag puking a wave of white light, and they are gone. Doesn't sound very majestic, does it?
And in the book? A big lake, hundreds of Dementors closing in on Harry. A sea of black robes hovering over the ground. Harry, desperately trying to form his Patronus. Then, suddenly, from the far side of the lake, a majestic stag comes running around the shore. A large stag, glowing of white light. The Dementors flee the scene. The stag continues moving, and Harry sees his "father". That's how I imagine it — please tell me if I am wrong and the stag in the book is also just standing there. Nevertheless, I love this scene. It is full of hope and Harry seeing his father, the stag running around, saving him. Even now I get goosebumps.
At the moment, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is the best book of the series. Maybe not because it's the best, but because I am invested in the characters and their stories. And that's what it is all about, isn't it? Maybe this opinion will change, once I reread the other books as well. We'll see.
If you want me to bash the movie a bit longer, you can continue reading this final paragraph — otherwise, skip it, and we'll see each other next time.
Do you know the concept of setup and payoff? You establish something, remind the audience again a bit later, then have a revelation at the end of the movie. Well, in this film, they just did the revelation part — setups are overrated, aren't they? My example would be the potion Snape makes for Lupin. In the end, he says, he had forgotten to take it, but was it established in the first place, that he has to take this effing potion? And since we are asking questions: how does Hermione get this cat? And why did they alter the way Harry gets all the information from the Weasleys? I mean, Arthur just gives it to him. They don't have time for all of that and the things I mentioned above, but they add a fluffing chorus, instead of letting the Sorting Hat have his moment?
But I have to say, seeing Harry on the Hippogriff was incredible. Although, I imagined it a lot bigger. The shots they made of them, flying over the landscape — very impressive!
Just in case you missed them, here are the links to my first two Harry Potter articles:
Dear Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
Dear Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets


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Dioressence perfume for Women by Christian Dior
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10 out of 10 based on 2 ratings
|Design House
|Christian Dior
|Year Introduced
|Fragrance Gender
|Women's Fragrance
|Available Types
|Guy Robert
|Bottle Designer
|Scent Classification
|Fragrance Notes
Popularity Total Hits: 22652
Christian Dior Dioressence In stock: Prices starting from $24.99 to $182.99 based on 5+ offers.
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Perfume Notes Pyramid
Dioressence Fragrance Odor and Sensation
Scent Sillage: soft
based on 4 users opinions
Scent Longevity: 1-3 hours
based on 4 users opinions
Season: summer
based on 4 users opinions
Audience: any age
based on 4 users opinions
Occasion: day
based on 4 users opinions
Dioressence Christian Dior - What our experts say:
Fragrance Dioressence perfume for Women by Christian Dior was released in 1979. Who Is It Best For? Well it is an aroma highlighted by a bouquet of fragrant floral, woody and aromatic scented tones that will bring a sensual, warm and natural perfumed sensation. Examining it closer once applied you will notice a lingering quality of softer fragranced earthy, fruity and sweet hints that hide an essence of inviting, pleasing and fresh feelings.
Based on the combination of notes Christian Dior Dioressence is classified as Chypre fragrance to the nose. The fragrance composition is a creation of Guy Robert. The emanation of flavors and scent notes for Dioressence unfurl in a whiff of citrus and fruity opening top notes including green and patchouli. The floral and white flowers heart center notes blend in with carnation, geranium, jasmine, rose, tuberose, violet, orris root, cinnamon and ylang ylang while the deep balsam and woody base notes leave an impression of moss, patchouli and vetiver.
Before buying Dioressence, sample it, and see if it blends with your body chemistry and character, the more perfume reviews you read on Christian Dior Dioressence from different people and especially experts who have the nose the better prepared for making your choice. If Dioressence seems like a pleasant smell for your taste or maybe special occasion then the best is to aromatize yourself and give it a try!
Designer fragrance Dioressence was released in Eau de Toilette concentration.
Dioressence perfume for Women by Christian Dior gets a rating of 10 out of 10 based on 2 ratings and 4 user reviews.
Christian Dior's version of Dioressence is now in stock: Prices starting from $24.99 to $182.99 based on 5+ offers. Find the latest pricing from the best online stores, compare today's offers and shop online here!
Christian Dior Dioressence - Product Description Overview
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Dioressence Christian Dior - User Opinions and Reviews
Date Added: 30/06/2015Christian Dior Dioressence has an extremely special aroma. Imagine a pair of very expensive leather gloves and the way they smell inside.. sparkling and sensual. Perfect for cool, sunny winter days and romantic nights. A one of a kind aroma especially the vintage release if you ever come across a bottle its worth it!by Florence
Date Added: 04/12/2012I'm in love with Chypre aldehydic fragrances! This one makes me crazy, it really is an animalistic scent... being 22 years old I don't know how Dioressence used to smell now almost 41 years ago when it was created; I read some reviews on the internet and from what I saw, people seems to be a little disappointed by the remakes...I can notice the diferences between the last editions of Dioressence,there is the edition of Dioressence with the bottle with letters writen directly on the glass, the edition with the bottle that has an etiquette with the name and the last bottle, the remake..there are few small diferences between them all that only someone who really has a good nose can notice. I think that the best version is the one with the bottle that has the name writen directly on the glass, and the liquid is very green. Very long lasting and hard to find... so unique!by Lanna
Date Added: 04/12/2012Vintage Dioressence Eau de Toilette Absolutely fantastic. An oriental chypre of the highest caliber, Dioressence relates to other powdery chypres such as Knowing (Lauder), with a dry, powdery rose note. Dioressence is definitely from another time and place, and would not work for everyone. I'm definitely gonna try it out this winter, because it's a strong chypre that doesn't stop giving, and I love chypres just as much as I love pizza (that means I love them a lot). Dioressence is one of the best classic chypres ever, and a must try for chypre fans or fans of classic perfumery in general. I love the stuff.by Gsbby
Total User Opinions: 4
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[me in 1964, drunk, having just won the little loving cup in an Air Force talent contest, playing piano and singing humorous songs like "Gimme That Wine"—took the prize for the comedy category (lost in the jazz category]
Sunday, March 29, 2015
2 comments:
- Unknown said...
the real fuckin deal. forgive me for not paying you your due respect when i was an arrogant young asshole. you're a hero and great artist.
- April 5, 2015 at 2:16:00 AM EDT
- Lally said...
means a lot coming from you Ron, thank you
- April 5, 2015 at 6:43:00 PM EDT
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"Raknor the Slayer!"
Writer: Doug Moench
Artist: Val Mayerik
So Ka-zar confronts Raknor coming back from his trip. He is angry to hear that Ka-zar killed his son. Ka-zar manages to get in some good punches but his bragging makes him overconfident. Raknor knocks him out and takes him back to the city of Quarl. There Queen Tandylla is starting to overcome the Fires of Submission and assert her old persona of Tandy Snow. So much that her advisers want her to undergo another session in the Fires. So Raknor brings Ka-zar and wants to kill him which Tandylla still won't allow. Ka-zar comes to and the second round he soundly defeats Raknor. Then he takes Tandylla and with his new found gnome friend attempts to flee the city.
So more drama with Ka-zar and the fearsome fish-men of Quarl. Tandy Snow seems to be coming out of her mind control. Some other threads flouting around are the invasion of the Savage Land. The Zebra men are mounting a resistance and Tongah's wife has escaped. Tongah, Kloss and Zabu are succumbing to the mysterious old people who are stealing their live force. And Klaw and the green skinned invaders are plotting to re-invade the Earth. One more issue to the end of this Ka-zar series so stuff is coming to a head.


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Product Overview
This is a NEW drive gear for MCV or power steering hydraulic pump . NOTE this is not for the main lift pump.This is a 20 degree tooth gear and will fit IH 706 806 1206 early 756 856 1256 . I also have the 25 degree tooth gear for the later production tractors available for the same price. Email if you need help diagnosing your hydraulic problems or if you are not sure if this will fit your tractor.


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Heading to the beach soon? Don't forget to pack the beach towels!
Grab a good book, spread out a beach towel and prepare for a relaxing day! Our beach towels are large enough to stretch out on and soft enough that you won't want to get up! Are you looking for beach towels to coordinate with your new swimsuit or beach bag? We have a bright, vibrant colored beach towel selection to choose from. Find beach towels for the whole family; from some of the kids favorite characters to stylish, soft patterns.
Warm up to savings with the perfect beach towel for your next beach vacation today!


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Horror fans in for a frightful treat at new Manchester convention
Horror fans in for a frightful treat at new Manchester convention
Horror movie fans can enjoy an all new horror movie convention in Manchester this weekend.
'For the Love of Horror' will allow horror fans to indulge in all manner of scary attractions, from battling zombies in 'outbreaks' to spooky 'nightmare zones'.
It will be held in Bowlers Exhibition Centre, Trafford Park on October 20-21.
CEO of Monopoly Events and event founder Andy Kleek says: "There will be parts of the arena that will be terror-free, where you can mingle with famous horror movie actors or look at real-life movie props.
"In these areas, you'll be perfectly safe, and we welcome any brave kids, too.
"However, other elements of the convention will see guests having to run the gauntlet of zombies, wraiths, aliens, killer clowns even demonic dolls.
"These are our unique scare attractions – and we'd hate for anyone to stumble into one of them unawares - only to then have an experience which haunts their nightmares for the rest of the year.
"You have been warned..."
There will also be an appearance from Richard Brake, known for playing the terrifying Night King in Game of Thrones.
'For the Love of Horror' convention will be open both days 9am to 9pm, with the scare attractions open 3pm to 9pm.
Tickets to the event cost £22 for one day or £35.20 for the full weekend.
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Meeting people – how to
As I've already been travelling in South America by myself for a bit, going out to meet people on my own is nothing special for me anymore. However, I still get asked a lot about it.
– With whom are you here?
– Well, I just came alone.
– Whaaat? But why? Isn't that a bit lonely?
Honestly, it's the complete opposite. I enjoy meeting new people and if I hadn't gone to places all by myself I would have never met a lot of amazing people I'm now so grateful for being part of my daily life. Even if you're a bit shy and don't feel comfortable doing it – leaving your comfort zone will always be worth it. There are so many cool places you can go to to find out for yourself – so be prepared for some you can find in Bordeaux.
Erasmus exchange – Saint Emilion
As I am in Bordeaux with the Erasmus exchange program, the first place I made new friends was university. Especially participating in the orientation week is a great opportunity to get to know your future study buddies. There we went on a lot of trips and even on some adventures outside of Bordeaux. The first one being Saint Emilion. This small village is situated an one-hour bus ride outside of Bordeaux. For me, it really it fulfilled the expected vision of french countryside. Beautiful and quiet, wine yards as far as you could see, chateaux that were hundreds of years old. Saint Emilion is a beautiful destination for a daytrip indeed. We walked around the village as a student group leaded by a guide who told as a bit about its history accompanying us until the wine tasting in the end.
There we met the bizarre but funny owner of the winery. He started talking about how he was running this winery with his wife and never forgot to add:
– She's my wife – my nightmare.
We had a good laugh about that – as he used it as a catch phrase the whole time. Being the owner of a big winery wasn't enough for him – he also was an amateur-magician, never too hesitant to surprise his visitors with some magic tricks. Holding up a cord on both ends in his hand he picked a random student, gave him a metal ring and let him drop the ring into the cord from a certain distance. What was presumably a completely normal cord always caught the ring and we were left to wonder: how the hell did he do that? After letting the students take turn in trying the trick, the magician finally revealed his secret: turned out a thing as simple as a magnet hidden on the cord could leave bachelor university students guessing in desperation for half an hour.
We also went on a trip to this lovely city at the sea. After the three hours bus ride I had to get up for at 6am in the morning, it started to rain heavily. Well, we were welcomed with typical Bordeaux-weather right from the start. Finally in Biarritz we couldn't appreciate the full beauty of the city as it was raining and storming that much we even had to hide in a cave for a bit. However, in the end we did get to experience it – just in the rain, but at least that was a little adventure. Situated at the ocean, this city is a beautiful place with a lot of old buildings and fancy, expensive restaurants. To me, it seemed like a place where my grandparents would love to spend their summer. After walking around in the rain alongside the ocean for a bit we decided to take a break from the storm in one of the cafés – which was hella expensive though. Still, it was a cute little place and I enjoyed the trip no matter what. I even promised myself to go back there in summer to enjoy the city to the fullest with nice weather and sunshine – so far I haven't kept my promise yet – but I will.
Dancing class
Going out for a drink and partying nearly the whole week is completely normal here in Bordeaux – especially if you're on Erasmus. I, however, decided to do my liver a favour and shifted my priorities from drinking to dancing. And not any kind of dance. Latin American dance, Bachata and Kizomba. A bit funny though I discovered these dances in France and not in south America – but well, there's a first time for everything. Granted, I knew a little bit of Bachata before as I danced it once in Chile – but just once doesn't even count. Kizomba is an African dance, connected to the earth.
As I was just used to classical dance in Vienna, the Latin American hip moves were definitely a challenge for me (and I'm still not sure if I have mastered it quite yet). Being used to dances like the waltz I basically needed to forget everything I knew about dancing before. Doing classical dance you need to ware your distance, you're stiff, you're elegant – ideally you feel like Princess Sissi back in time. Dancing Bachata of Kizomba you need to move your body, your hips and more. These dances are way more fun, and I also felt like being way more into the music than if I would dance the waltz. As you can see, I discovered a completely new world for me here.
So, I couldn't be happier I decided to attend my first class. Over time I found out about other classes, then about some bars you could go to and dance. Slowly but surely, I engaged in the dancing scene. I just love how dancing brings people together, especially when there's bars you can go to and practise as well. At one, Cubanito, you don't even have to pay entrance, which is perfect if you're living on a tight budget but want to do cool stuff as well. Another great place is La Tencha. Situated at the Garonne, also close to the city centre where you just pay 2 euros for dancing a few hours – which is also acceptable.
Language exchange places
These are one of the best places to get to know new people. Most people there come along on their own as well and enjoy meeting someone new. You can practise your language skills (in my case, French) while getting to know each other. Even if you haven't quite mastered a language yet and are struggling to express yourself, people there will be patient with you. If you participate in a big meeting, you can even choose from a variety of languages like English, French, Spanish, Italian and much more. So, if you're a real polyglot, you can even focus on a new language every week and have discussions in a relaxed and laid-back atmosphere. The meetings mostly take place in cafés you can easily find on Facebook. Just search for "language exchange" and I assure you a lot of events will pop up within seconds. The first one I went to was le café des arts in Bordeaux. It's situated in the city centre, close to the main museum, musée d'Aquitaine. However, there are a lot of other ones as well. For example, monthly exchange meetings in a winery and much more. I would definitely recommend going there – I mean who doesn't enjoy great conversations over a beer – or wine, if you want to stick to French lifestyle.


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Education must not, and WILL NOT STOP.
MBA ESG has taken extensive measures to ensure the safety of our students and staff during these challenging times.
Learn More.
To understand several untouched constituents of the Indian sports industry which are not symbiotic with the Indian sports ecosystem and opportunities or entrepreneurship in the sports industry.
Mr. Richu Paul provided the following insights during his lecture.
Besides these areas, work in the direction of creating opportunities rather than waiting to get one.
You can create a sports movie club, which will create short movies or regular cinema create awareness among audiences. Not only will this create opportunities in the media sector on a large scale, but this will also be an untouched genre of Indian sports movies. And who knows? Your next sponsor could be Netflix or Amazon.
Video can be a good means to commercialize as well. You can start a YouTube channel as there are few sports video bloggers.
You can also organize an exhibition for the sports ecosystem where every leading stakeholder, retailer, infrastructure, technology companies, foundations, federations, coach crew, wholesalers, manufacturers, top corporates, policymakers, sports leagues, sport management companies, and industry stakeholders under one roof. Consider the scope of luxury management mergers, which could be in sports such as high-speed boat races, Golf, Tennis, and Boxing.
By the end of the lecture, many students, who said that they wanted a job in a company, were motivated to pursue entrepreneurship.
The story of the Indian sports ecosystem reflects the globalization of the economy with all its opportunities and challenges. It requires leadership which recognizes sport as "more than a business." It fits into the age we live in today – the age of entrepreneurship. And this will transform the globe, with sport playing a major role that will provide enthusiasts with a more sustainable future.
Mr. Richu Paul is the co-founder of Purple Salt, a media consulting company based in Cochin. In 2017, after understanding the need to uplift the unexplored potential in the Indian sports sector, he started focusing on building a community to bring Indian sports under one roof. What started as a small group has now become a vibrant community called positive sports vibe, with the active participation of over 5000 people from both India and abroad. Currently, he is working towards connecting people in the field of sports to make a positive change in the ecosystem.
After his post-graduation diploma in event management and photography, Mr. Paul joined the Sahara group as a celebrity manager in 2005. He later joined the Getty family which opened up opportunities in photography in London. He worked with numerous South Asian celebrities from the art and sports industries and initiated fashionstylologer, a fashion news platform to uplift Indian fashion profile in Europe. In 2015, he returned to India and co-founded Purple Salt.
Mr. Paul had a deep passion for sports from his school days. He had represented the state in football (under 16) and had represented the district in inter-state table tennis (under 16). Currently, his passion for sports has helped several struggling sportsmen in getting closer to their dream.


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Play His Praises Homeschool Music Program
We are thrilled to announce that the Play His Praises Homeschool Music Program will be appearing at the Homeschool History Fair of the Ozarks during the opening ceremonies. Along with the gentlemen of the Sons of American Revolution Color Guard, these talented young people will be lending a sense of pageantry to the event. The proceedings are scheduled to begin around 9:30 am, so do not miss this beautiful performance. If you would like to learn more about the Play His Praises Homeschool Music Program, please visit them at playhispraises.com.