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Latin american journal of aquatic research
On-line version ISSN 0718-560X
Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res. vol.43 no.4 Valparaíso Sept. 2015
Research Article
Feeding ecology of juvenile marine fish in a shallow coastal lagoon of southeastern Mexico
Ecología alimentaria de peces marinos juveniles en un sistema lagunar somero del sureste de México
Daniel Arceo-Carranza1 & Xavier Chiappa-Carrara1
1Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Laboratorio de Ecología, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, CP 97356, Sisal, Hunucmá, Yucatán, México
Corresponding author: Daniel Arceo-Carranza (email@example.com)
Corresponding editor: Claudia Bremec
ABSTRACT. Many species of marine fish use coastal lagoons during early stages of their life cycles due to the protection provided by their turbid waters and complex structure of the environment, such as mangroves and mudflats, and the availability of food derived from the high productivity of these sites. In this study, we analyzed the diet of six species of juvenile marine fishes that use a karstic lagoon system in the northwest portion of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Through stomach contents analysis we determined the trophic differences among Caranx latus, Oligoplites saurus, Trachinotus falcatus, Synodus foetens, Lutjanus griseus, and Strongylura notata. C. latus, O. saurus, S. foetens, and S. notate, which are ichthyophagous species (>80% by number). L. griseus feeds mainly on crustaceans (>55%) and fish (35%), while T. falcatus feeds on mollusks (>50% bivalves, >35% gastropods). The analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) showed differences in the diet of all species. Cluster analysis, based on the Bray-Curtis similarity matrix revealed three groups; one characterized by the ichthyophagous guild (S. notata, S. foetens, C. latus, and O. saurus), other group formed by the crustacean consumers (L. griseus), and the third, composed by the mollusk feeder (T. falcatus). Species of the ichthyophagous guild showed overlap in their diets, which under conditions of low prey abundance may trigger competition, hence affecting juvenile stages of these marine species that use coastal lagoons to feed and grow.
Keywords: juvenile fish, stomach contents, diet breadth, piscivory, trophic overlap.
RESUMEN. Muchas especies de peces marinos utilizan las lagunas costeras durante los estadios juveniles de su ciclo de vida, por la protección que les provee las aguas turbias y la complejidad estructural de ambientes como los manglares y planicies lodosas, además de la disponibilidad de alimento originada por la alta productividad de estos sitios. En el presente estudio se analizó la dieta de juveniles de seis especies de peces marinos que utilizan una laguna cárstica en el noroeste de la Península de Yucatán, México, para determinar las diferencias alimentarias en los contenidos estomacales de Caranx latus, Oligoplites saurus, Trachinotus falcatus, Synodus foetens, Lutjanus griseus y Strongylura notata. C. latus, O. saurus, S. foetens y S. notata, que son especies ictiófagas (>80% en número). L. griseus se alimenta principalmente de crustáceos (>55%) y peces (35%), mientras que T. falcatus se alimenta de moluscos (>50% bivalvos y >35% gasterópodos). El análisis de similitud (ANOSIM) mostró diferencias en la dieta de todas las especies. El análisis de agrupación, basado en la matriz de similitud de Bray-Curtis mostró tres grupos; uno caracterizado por peces ictiófagos (S. notata, S. foetens, C. latus y O. saurus), otro grupo formado por consumidores de crustáceos (L. griseus) y el tercer grupo, conformado por consumidores de moluscos (T. falcatus). Los resultados indican que existe traslape en las dietas de las especies que forman el grupo de peces piscívoros. Por lo tanto, en condiciones de baja abundancia de presas puede desencadenar la competencia por el alimento afectando las etapas juveniles de estas especies marinas que utilizan las lagunas costeras para alimentarse y crecer.
Palabras clave: peces juveniles, contenidos estomacales, amplitud de dieta, piscivoría, traslape trófico.
Coastal lagoons are recognized as high productivity systems that provide shelter for early-life stages of many marine fish species. Juvenile fish spend time in shallow coastal waters where they feed and grow to sub-adults before migrating into deeper waters (Blay et al., 2006). Shallow soft-bottom habitats, including mangroves and mudflats, are important nurseries for juvenile fish (Laegdsgaard & Johnson, 1995; Nagelkerken & Van der Velde, 2002; Verweij et al., 2006; Tse et al., 2008; Arceo-Carranza et al., 2009). The productive and structurally complex environment provided by mangrove stands is used as feeding grounds and refuge by juvenile fishes (Ruiz et al., 1993; Laegdsgaard & Johnson, 2001) and many juveniles and sub-adults of nocturnal species use these areas as refuge habitats during the day (Cocheret de la Morinière et al., 2004; Verweij et al., 2006). Even if mudflats are structurally less complex, they hold a great abundance and diversity of invertebrates and are used as feeding grounds for juvenile fishes (Laegdsgaard & Johnson, 2001; Tse et al., 2008).
To assess the feeding habits is fundamental for understanding the role of fish within their ecosystems, since they indicate relationships among species based on feeding resources and they indirectly indicate community energy flux (Yáñez-Arancibia & Nugent, 1977; Hajisamaea et al., 2003). This allows inferences to be drawn regarding the effects of competition and predation on the community structure (Krebs, 1999). Other resources, such as space, are also important for community ecology. Ecological theory predicts that resource partitioning at the spatial, temporal, and trophic level may reduce niche overlap and thereby reduce competition pressure between co-occurring species. Ross (1986) identified that food is the main limiting factor in aquatic environments, and suggested that the use of similar prey types defines functional groups within the community, so species can be grouped in guilds according to their trophic similarity. Trophic guilds (Root, 1967) seem to be a consequence of resource partitioning and could explain how several species can co-exist in the same space by the differential use of resources in several dimensions, including time. Studies of competitive exclusion and resource partitioning in teleost fishes (Hixon, 1980; Ross, 1986) have found that habitat partitioning could be related to high dietary overlap among competing species or to interactive competition, when competing species have the same preference for prey species (Jansen et al., 2002; Ramírez-Luna et al., 2008). Under the assumption that juvenile marine fish species use shallow coastal waters as feeding and refuge grounds, the goal of this study was to analyze and compare the diet of six marine fish species that use a shallow karstic lagoon and to assess the trophic overlap among them.
La Carbonera Lagoon is located in the northeastern part of the Yucatán Peninsula. It is a semi-enclosed water body with an average depth of 30 cm and is surrounded by mangroves, mainly Rhizophora mangle and Avicennia germinans. The lagoon bottom is dominated by mud flats. It also contains freshwater seeps, although the average salinity is 35. Samples were obtained bimonthly from beach seine landings (40 m in length and mesh size of 2.5 cm) in nine soft-bottom sites (Fig. 1), from April 2008 to December 2010. Collected specimens were euthanized in ice slurry and preserved in formaldehyde (10%). In the laboratory, standard length (SL ± 0.1 cm) of each individual was measured, and the body weight (g ± 0.1) was obtained. Among all landings, juvenile marine species that use the lagoon to feed (Gallardo et al., 2012) were selected, since they are important in the transport of matter and energy between coastal environments. Maturity stages were assessed from the available data on length at first sexual maturity (Tzeek-Tuz, 2013; Froese & Pauly, 2014). Furthermore, we choose those species whose abundance was consistently greater than 30 individuals to analyze their stomach contents. According to these criteria, the species analyzed in this study were: Caranx latus, Oligoplites saurus, Trachinotus falcatus, Synodus foetens, Lutjanus griseus and Strongylura notata. A species accumulation curve was obtained to assess the sampling effort representativeness, measured as the number of stomachs analyzed. Parameters of the Clench model (1979) were obtained using Statistica 7.0 (Jiménez-Valverde & Hortal, 2003) considering 500 permutations of data obtained with EstimateS 8.0 (Colwell, 2006). The coefficient of determination was used as an indicator of the goodness of fit, and slope values below 0.1 were considered asymptotic.
Figure 1. La Carbonera Lagoon (Yucatán, Mexico) and the
sampling sites.
Stomach contents
The number (N), weight (W), and frequency of occurrence (FO) of each dietary component were quantified and expressed as percentages (Hyslop, 1980). The index of relative importance (IRI) was calculated for each dietary component as (Pinkas et al., 1971).
Cortés (1997) suggested that IRI values should be expressed as percentages (% IRI).
Data analysis
Trophic guilds
One-way analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) was used to test the null hypothesis of no differences in the diet composition between the studied species over a Bray-Curtis rank similarity matrix constructed with the fourth-root transformed data. A cluster (using group-average linkage) was generated to determine the trophic guilds based on the diet similarities among species. Analyses were performed using the statistical package PRIMER 6 (Clarke & Warwick, 2001).
Diet breadth
The diet breadth was calculated using the Levin's standardized index (Krebs, 1999) as:
Bi = 1/n - 1 {(1/Σ pij2) - 1)}
where Bi is the Levin index for species i; pij is the proportion of the diet of predator i that is made up of prey j, and n is number of prey species. Bi values range between 0 and 1. Zero indicates that fish feed on only one prey type, representing the minimum diet breadth and high feeding specialization. As the index approaches 1, the species consumes all food resources in the same proportion (pj = 1/n), representing no selection among prey types and the widest possible trophic niche (Krebs, 1999).
Feeding strategy
The Amundsen et al. (1996) method, which is a modification of Costello's (1990) graphical method, was used to obtain the feeding strategy of each species. This method uses the frequency of occurrence (%FO) and a percent measure of abundance (%N) to provide a description of prey importance (dominant or rare), predator feeding strategy (specialized or generalized), and the degree of homogeneity of feeding in the predator population (Bacha & Amara, 2009). To determine the feeding strategy, prey species were grouped as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, insects, and "others".
Diet overlap index
Shoener's index (Shoener, 1971) of niche overlap (α) was used to assess dietary overlap considering that α = 0 indicates that diets have no common items and α = 1 indicates identical diets (Wallace, 1981).
We analyzed 223 individuals belonging to six species (C. latus, O. saurus, T. falcatus, S. foetens, L. griseus and S. notata). Of them, 185 (83%) presented some type of food in their stomachs while 38 (17%) were empty (Table 1). C. latus, O. saurus, T. falcatus, and S. foetens were caught only as juvenile fish, according to data on length at first sexual maturity (Froese & Pauly, 2014); S. notata was captured in juvenile and adult stage (Tzeek-Tuz, 2013), and data of length at first maturity of the lizardfish S. foetens, are not available but, according to their sizes (4.0-15 cm), they were considered as juvenile fish (Fig. 2).
Table 1. Size interval of captured specimens (standard length) and sample size
(number of stomachs) of six marine fish species in La Carbonera Lagoon.
Figure 2. Length-frequency distributions of the fish species analyzed. First maturity and
maximum size are shown (Tzeek-Tuz, 2013; Froese & Pauly, 2014).
Diet composition
Species accumulation curves for each species are shown in Figure 3; slope values of the Clench (1979) model are greater than 0.1, with R2 values >0.9. C. latus fed mainly on fish (78% IRI), but crustaceans were also consumed (20% IRI). O. saurus fed on small fish (97% IRI), principally Engraulidae. T. falcatus fed on mollusks, mainly bivalves (57% IRI) and gastropods (34% IRI). Crustaceans (7% IRI) such as amphipods, tanaids, and ostracods, were also present. S. foetens fed primarily on small fish (86% IRI) such as Gerreidae (Eucinostomus spp.), Cyprinodontidae (Floridich polyommus), and Clupeidae (Opisthonema oglinum); penaeid crustaceans were also present (8% IRI). Small Synodontidae were also found in their stomachs (10% IRI), which may constitute an evidence of cannibalism. The grey snapper (Lutjanus griseus), which is a commercially important species, fed on a wide variety of crustaceans (59% IRI), such as penaeid shrimps, amphipods, mysids, and isopods but also on fishes (35% IRI) such as Ariidae, Clupeidae and Cyprino-dontidae. The Needlefish S. notata also consumed fishes (91% IRI) (Cyprinodontidae, Clupeidae, Gerreidae, and Atherinopsidae, mainly Menidia sp.), as well as decapod crustaceans (8% IRI) (Table 2).
Figure 3. Prey type accumulation curve (scaled by the number of
stomachs) of each of the six marine fish species in the La Carbonera
Lagoon (Os: Oligoplites saurus, Tf: Trachinotus falcatus, Lg: Lutjanus
griseus, Sn: Strongylura notate, Sf: Synodusfoetens, Cl: Caranx latus).
Table 2. IRI values for each prey type of six carnivorous fish species in La Carbonera
Lagoon, Yucatán.
Trophic guilds
The Bray-Curtis similarity index formed three groups (Fig. 4). The first includes C. latus, O. saurus, S. foetens, and S. notata which form the piscivorous trophic guild; the second has Lutjanus griseus that displayed a mixed diet composed of fish and crustaceans; while in the third group appears T. falcatus, a specialized carnivore whose mouth and dentine adaptations allow it to crush the calcareous shells of mollusks, mainly bivalves.
Figure 4. Diet composition and trophic guilds of six marine fish species, based on the
Bray-Curtis similarity index.
In the ichthyophagous guild, the analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) showed significant differences between each species (R Global = 0.109; P = 0.001) indicating that the most important prey types in the diet of each species differ (Table 3) even if fish are their main food.
Table 3. Similarity, R statistic and P-values of ANOSIM
test of prey types that contribute to differences of diets
among fish species. Only significant combinations are show.
Diet breadth
The diet breadth values indicate that all species display a specialized type of feeding behavior. Values of the Levin's index fall below 0.6 (O. saurus, Bi = 0.026; T. falcatus, Bi = 0.123; L. griseus, Bi = 0.124; S. notata, Bi = 0.036; S. foetens, Bi = 0.163; C. latus, Bi = 0.042), indicating that only a few prey types dominate the diet and predators can be classified as stenophagous species.
Feeding strategy and trophic overlap
Values of the Shoener's index of trophic overlap were greater than 0.6, indicating that the piscivorous species display a significant diet overlap (Table 4).
Table 4. Trophic overlap (Schoener index) values for the six species of juvenile
marine fish (significant values in bold).
The feeding strategy displayed by the specialist fish analyzed was confirmed by the Costello method (Fig. 5). O. saurus, S. notate, S. foetens, and C. latus were classed as piscivorous. L. griseus specializes in the consumption of penaeid crustaceans, and T. falcatus feeds mainly on mollusks.
Figure 5. Graphic representation of the dominant prey types (frequency of occurrence %
and weight %) of six marine fish species.
Shallow soft-bottom habitats are recognized worldwide as important nurseries for many marine fish species. Several factors, including high structural complexity, low predation risk, and high foraging efficiency, may explain why juvenile of many marine species use these shallow habitats (Tse et al., 2008).
The six species of fish examined are considered to be marine migrants (Castro-Aguirre et al., 1999; Elliott et al., 2007) that use shallow waters as nurseries, refuge, and feeding grounds. They are carnivorous species, mainly piscivores with stenophagy and trophic specialization (Carr & Adams, 1973; Arceo-Carranza et al., 2004; Cocheret de la Morinière et al., 2004; Cruz-Escalona et al., 2005; Guevara et al., 2007). Even if many marine fish species exhibit marked changes in their diet according to the temporal availability of prey and life stage of individuals (Blaber, 1997; Platell et al., 1997; Hajisamae, 2009), our observations allow to say that five of them show a relatively homogeneous diet over time since the overall occurrence of these species within the study area is low (Gallardo-Torres et al., 2012). The species accumulation curves did not reach the asymptote, but values of r2 > 0.9 indicate a good fit of the Clench model. Although one or two prey types dominate the diets of the majority of the analyzed species, representativeness of prey types was not achieved indicating that a greater number of stomachs ought to be analyzed. Anyhow, this is the first report on the diet of these migratory fish species in the study area.
In general, carangid are pelagic species considered to be piscivorous. Silvano (2001) reported that C. latus feeds on crustaceans and fish, and Carr & Adams (1973) place O. saurus as a piscivorous species; indeed, juvenile O. saurus analyzed in the present study fed almost exclusively on small fishes, principally Engraulidae.
Qualitative studies (Carr & Adams, 1973) on the feeding habits of T. falcatus, in the Cristal River, Florida, indicate that juvenile fish feed primarily on fish and benthic invertebrates, including worms, mollusks, and crustaceans, mainly shrimps. In La Carbonera Lagoon, juvenile fish consumed mainly mollusks, gastropods, and bivalves. Differences in the diet composition among geographical zones demonstrate the flexibility of this tropical marine fish, whose juveniles take advantage of the available resources in the environment. It has been reported that adults feed almost exclusively on mollusks and crabs (Carr & Adams, 1973).
On the other hand, the snapper L. griseus, is an euryhaline marine species that uses coastal lagoons bordered by mangroves for feeding. In the present study the trophic groups found in the stomachs of young individuals were benthic organisms (caridean shrimp and other crustaceans), which are usually considered as evasive species (Nagelkerken et al., 2000; Cocheret de la Morinière et al., 2004; Guevara et al., 2007). In coastal systems of the southern Gulf of Mexico, Guevara et al. (2007) found that juvenile L. griseus feed on penaeid and caridean shrimp species during the night. This probably explains the fact that few individuals were collected since samplings for the present study were during the day.
The inshore lizardfish, Synodus foetens, is one of the most common coastal demersal predators on the Gulf of Mexico's continental shelf (Cruz-Escalona et al., 2005). This is a piscivorous species that feeds mainly on juvenile of other marine fishes known to be carnivorous, so it can be considered an apex predator on sandy bottoms of the continental shelf, which uses different habitats during its feeding activity and hunts various prey types, depending on resource availability and the size of prey (Esposito et al., 2009). There are no reports on the feeding habits of this species in the Gulf of Mexico but, off the coast of Italy, Synodus saurus is also a piscivorous species that feeds on small fish like sardines and anchovies (Esposito et al., 2009).
The needlefish, S. notata, is considered a piscivore (Carr & Adams, 1973; Arceo-Carranza et al., 2004) that obtains prey throughout the water column, as demonstrated by the presence of both demersal and pelagic components in the diet (Arceo-Carranza et al., 2004). Even if in this study juvenile and adult fish were analyzed, the low number of fish collected prevented to formally compare between size classes but it has been shown that this species displays ontogenetic changes in its diet (Arceo-Carranza, 2002; Hajisamae, 2009). Arceo-Carranza et al. (2004) found that S. notata from the Alvarado Lagoon, Mexico, is an active predator with great trophic plasticity to exploit the available resources in the environment (fish, shrimp, and insects among other prey types) while in the clearer waters of the northwestern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula it behaves as a piscivorous species.
Diet breadth of predators tends to increase when food availability is low, and decreases when food availability is high (Tse et al., 2008). The behavior of large predators feeding on larger prey usually follows the traditional optimal foraging theory which states that animals should maximize their net rate of energy return when selecting prey (Shoener, 1971; Bacha & Amara, 2009). The high diversity of prey found in the stomach contents of the six species analyzed in this work indicates that numerous food resources are exploited.
Piscivory is a common phenomenon in aquatic and marine ecosystems, and is the largest cause of fish removal in most marine ecosystems, usually larger than fishery catches (Link & Garrison, 2002) but, within this fish assemblage, it is difficult to determine the relative impacts of the different piscivores on other fish populations when considered as prey. For instance, some carangids can consume large numbers of demersal juveniles that use shallow nurseries, but these predators may feed only sporadically in shallow waters, in a manner similar to their transient feeding on coral reefs (Hixon & Carr, 1997). The coexistence of pelagic and demersal prey adds further complexity to the structuring of predation pressure by carangids on individual cohorts of recruits in shallow systems (Baker & Sheaves, 2005).
This study provides important information about shallow soft bottoms, including mudflats as important feeding grounds for fish. The species studied in La Carbonera Lagoon are marine fish that use turbid and shallow waters that provide shelter and food for juvenile stages. Furthermore, these results on the diet composition of juvenile fish provide evidence on the protection value of the mudflats adjacent to mangroves.
The authors wish to thank Maribel Badillo Alemán for the administrative and operational support during sampling; Juani Tzeek and Alfredo Gallardo for technical assistance during sampling, and help in fish identification; the POSDOC program from DGAPA-UNAM for a postdoctoral scholarship to D.A.C. This project was funded by PAPIIT (IN213012, IN219515) and FOMIX-Yucatán (103229) research grants. Fish were captured under the permit for collection awarded by the National Commission of Aquaculture and Fisheries number DGOPA/04031/310510.1940
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Nagelkerken, I., M. Dorenbosch, W.C.E.P. Verberk, E. Cocheret de la Morinière & G. Van Der Velde. 2000. Day-night shifts of fishes between shallow-water biotopes of a Caribbean Bay, with emphasis on the nocturnal feeding of Haemulidae and Lutjanidae. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 194: 55-64. [ Links ]
Pinkas, L., M.S. Oliphant & I.L.K. Iverson. 1971. Food habits of albacore, bluefin tuna, and bonito in California waters. Calif. Fish Game. Fish. Bull., 152: 1-105. [ Links ]
Platell, M.E., G.A. Sarre & I.C. Potter. 1997. The diets of two co-occurring marine teleosts, Parequula melbournensis and Pseudocaranx wrighti, and their relationships to body size and mouth morphology, and the season and location of capture. Env. Biol. Fish, 49: 361-367. [ Links ]
Ramírez-Luna, V., A.F. Navia & E.A. Rubio. 2008. Food habits and feeding ecology of estuarine fish assemblage of northern Pacific coast of Ecuador. PANAMJAS, 3(3): 361-372. [ Links ]
Root, R.B. 1967. The niche exploitation pattern of the blue-gray gnatcatcher. Ecol. Monogr., 37: 317-350. [ Links ]
Ross, S.T. 1986. Resource partitioning in fish assemblages: a review of field studies. Copeia, 1986(2): 352-388. [ Links ]
Ruiz, G.M., A.H. Hines & M.H. Posey. 1993. Shallow water as a refuge habitat for fish and crustaceans in non-vegetated estuaries: an example from Chesapeake Bay. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 99: 1-16. [ Links ]
Shoener, T.W. 1971. Theory of feeding strategies. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 2: 369-404. [ Links ]
Silvano, R.A.M. 2001. Feeding habits and interspecific feeding associations of Caranx latus (Carangidae) in a subtropical reef. Env. Biol. Fish., 60(4): 465-470. [ Links ]
Tse, P., T.H.M. Nip & C.K. Wong. 2008. Nursery function of mangrove: a comparison with mudflat in terms of fish species composition and fish diet. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 80: 235-242. [ Links ]
Tzeek-Tuz, J.G. 2013. Biología de la reproducción de Strongylura notata y Sphoeroides testudineus, de la laguna "La Carbonera" en Sisal, Yucatán. Tesis de Maestría, Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., 125 pp. [ Links ]
Verweij, M.C., I. Nagelkerken, S. Wartenbergh, I.R. Pen & G. Van Der Velde. 2006. Caribbean mangroves and seagrass beds as daytime feeding habitats for juvenile French grunts, Haemulon flavolineatum. Mar Biol., 149: 1291-1299. [ Links ]
Wallace, Jr., R.K. 1981. An assessment of diet-overlap indexes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 110: 72-76. [ Links ]
Yáñez-Arancibia, A. & R.S. Nugent. 1977. El papel ecológico de los peces en estuarios y lagunas costeras. An. Inst. Cienc. Mar Limnol., 4(1): 107-114. [ Links ]
Received: 26 September 2014;
Accepted: 2 February 2015


text:
Duterte's high satisfaction rating: Credible?
Critics of President Duterte are befuddled by his high satisfaction rating in the Social Weather Stations surveys, given joblessness, widespread criminality and the high cost of food—issues that impact on the daily lives of the great majority of the population. A September survey found 70 percent of adult Filipinos satisfied with the performance of the President.
The difference between the respondents' perception of the President's performance and his critics' assessment of it may be attributed to the ambiguity of the question asked of the SWS survey respondents. The question was: "Please tell me how satisfied or dissatisfied you are with the performance of Rodrigo Duterte as President of the Philippines."
Alfred Whitehead wrote in "The Art of Asking Questions" that "language is always ambiguous as to the exact proposition which it indicates." The ambiguity occurs because each individual interprets the question from his own viewpoint. As a result, the respondent's interpretation of the question—specifically the word "performance"—may be different from another person's understanding. So when adult Filipinos are asked if they are satisfied or dissatisfied with the President's performance, each respondent has his or her own frame of reference.
When it comes to national or political issues, the frame of reference is likely to be characteristic of sub-groups of Philippine society—socio-economic classes, geographical clusters, educational brackets, etc. Robert L. Kahn and Charles F. Cannel wrote in "The Dynamics of Interviewing" that to determine the frame of reference of a respondent in a public opinion survey, respondents are asked why they feel the way they do about a topic, in order to make explicit the frame of reference from which they answered the question.
We do not know the basis of the answers of those who said they were satisfied with the President's performance. SWS did not ask its 1,500 respondents in its September survey why they felt the way they did about Mr. Duterte's performance.
The 1,500 respondents of the SWS survey were supposed to be representative of all sub-groups of the 54.4 million registered voters. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the Philippine population breaks down into 1 percent AB, 9 percent C, 60 percent D, and 30 percent E. If the 1,500 respondents in SWS' September survey are representative of the voting population, then only 15 respondents came from the socio-economic class AB, 135 from Class C, and 1,350 from among those belonging to the socio-economic classes D and E.
The 2004 presidential election can give us an idea how the DE classes regard the presidency. Almost 12 million votes were cast for Fernando Poe Jr., who did not have the formal education or the experience in governance that would have prepared him for the position. The bulk of those votes could only have come from the DE classes, as they constitute 90 percent of the voting population.
In the case of Mr. Duterte, the majority of respondents may have a common frame of reference: the fulfillment of the promises he made when he campaigned for the presidency. But President Duterte himself admitted in August that he was wrong to assume that he could eliminate the illegal drug trade in three to six months. He also intimated that he might not succeed in eradicating corruption. As to crime, it should be obvious even to the people from the lower economic classes that crime is still rampant, even ascendant, as reflected in the news programs of major TV channels.
The SWS respondents' frame of reference in assessing his performance cannot, therefore, be Mr. Duterte's fulfillment of his campaign promises, for he himself has admitted that he has failed to fulfill many of them.
We cannot tell what their frame of reference is, as they were not asked why they were satisfied with Mr. Duterte's performance. It could be the performance of something unrelated to governance. Whatever those satisfied with the President's performance based their opinion on, it is not the same as that of the President's critics, as each individual in that camp has a different understanding of performance.
The critics should not be disturbed by Mr. Duterte's high satisfaction rating.
* * *
Oscar P. Lagman Jr. has long been a keen observer of Philippine politics. He was in charge of public opinion surveys of Robot Statistics, the Gallop Poll affiliate, in the early 1960s.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
JACK AND JILL bathrooms… or Jack 'n Jill bathrooms were a design that saved space by letting two users, or sets of users, have their own toilet and sink — and share the tub. Here, it's called a 2-1/2 bath. A famous Jack 'n Jill bathroom: The one shared by the Brady Bunch kids.
Susan writes:
"The Jack and Jill was to be the bathroom of the future! Many of the homes in our neighborhood have them (or had them. People tend to redo them). The bigger, more narrow side of the bathroom is the guest bath which is accessible from the hallway. The smaller one is attached to the master bedroom. We are pretty sure the star burst light fixtures are original. The tile is in sad shape but we think a good professional cleaning and sealing will make it almost new again."
Years ago while in college I used to housesit. I did so at a very unique house in Rochester Michigan for a couple of guys. They had a bathroom like this and they called it a honeymoon bathroom. Since it was not my house, and a third man lived upstairs and prowled around……I did not like the bathroom. I can see it as an alternative to a master bath though with his and her sides.
Now you have Jack and Jill bathrooms with just a usual bathroom with 2 bedrooms that access it.
The house my wife and I bought three years ago has a bathroom kind of like this. The house was built in 1958.
The "washroom" has two sinks side by side, to the left of the left sink is a door to a stall with a toilet and shower, to the right of the right sink is a door to a stall with a toilet and bath tub.
The left side of the washroom opens to the master bedroom, the right side of the washroom opens to the main hallway of the house.
Is this called a Jack & Jill, or a Divided Bathroom?
That photo is almost exactly like my bathroom! Same sliding shower doors and tile! We are getting ready to renovate our home and i was searching for some bathroom ideas. I was hoping to turn it into one big bath and leave the two entrances. Everyone loves our retro bath, maybe we should just restore it.
Imagine my surprise when my search for Jack-n-Jill bath designs took me to this site!!!


text:
Football: Grades 9-12
Fall Season|2019-2020
Day 1: August 12
State Tournament: QF Nov. 7-9, SF Nov. 14-16, Prep Bowl Nov. 29-30
Cost: $231
Register on Fee Pay: 07.18.19 - 09.02.19
Description: Please see www.poniesfootball.com
Head Coach:
Beau LaBore
Assistant Coach(es):
Athlete Meeting: 05.19.19
Parent/Guardian Meeting: 9th Grade: Thursday, August 22nd @ 6:00 PM/ Grades 10-12: Friday, August 23rd @ 6:00 PM
Day 1:
B/JV V: 8:30 AM @ SAHS Turf Practice Fields #2 & #3
9th Grade: 9:00 AM @ SAHS Turf Practice Fields #3 & #3
Additional Equipment Needed: Each player must have a five piece girdle (hip, tail, thigh), black cleats and a padlock.
Additional Expenses: Each player is asked to pay a team fee. This charge is minimal for grades 9-10 but larger for the varsity players as it includes team dinners. All families are encouraged to join the Ponies Touchdown Club, which helps support the program.
Team Captains: Hudson Day, Owen Prom, Andrew Weber
External Website: www.poniesfootball.com
This site will continue to be updated as more information is received from the head coach.


text:
Delicious entree or sophisticated snack: Thai fish cakelets
"I think it's worth investing in a food processor for these alone. They are so simple and fragrant and my boys eat them like blinkin' sweets. I love the fact that they are so utterly different from our English versions of fishcakes. I think if I had to choose to eat another country's food forever it might have to be Thailand's," says culinary expert and author Sophie Thompson.
These are lovely hot or cold, so can be prepped for a bit of a 'do' long before any guests rock up.
This is an edited extract from My Family Kitchen by Sophie Thompson, published by Faber. It is available now RRP$45.00 Get 11% off the RRP when you order your copy online.
1 stick of lemon grass, trimmed and roughly chopped
2 garlic cloves, roughly chopped
Thumb-sized piece of fresh ginger, peeled and roughly chopped
Handful of fresh coriander
Zest and juice of 1 lime
1 small red chilli, deseeded and chopped
1 small green chilli, deseeded and chopped
1 heaped tbsp desiccated coconut
1/2 red pepper, deseeded and chopped
3 kaffir lime leaves, fresh or dried
400g skinless and boneless white fish fillet, e.g. cod, haddock, roughly chopped
2 tsp vegetable oil
2 tsp toasted sesame oil salt and pepper
Sweet chilli sauce, lime wedges, chopped
Spring onions and cucumber, to serve
1. Put the lemon grass, garlic, ginger, coriander, lime zest, half the lime juice, red and
green chillies, coconut, red pepper, kaffir lime leaves and some seasoning in a food processor and blitz until chopped really fine. You may need to stop halfway through and scrape down the sides of the bowl to make sure it is well combined.
2. Add the chopped fish and pulse gently until it is all mixed together (don't overdo it with the fish, as you want the cakelets to have a good texture). Transfer your lovely, fragrant mixture to a bowl.
3. Rub the remaining lime juice over your hands and start shaping blobs of the mixture into little fishcakes. The mixture can be quite sticky but the lime juice will stop it sticking to your hands. You should get about 14-16 fishcakes; place them on a tray in a single layer and chill in the fridge for at least 15 minutes to firm up.
4. You'll need to fry these in two batches, so when you are ready to cook, heat half of each oil in a large non-stick frying pan over a medium heat. Cook the fishcakes for about 4 minutes on each side, or until golden on the outside and cooked through in the middle. Try to avoid fiddling with them too much while they are in the pan, as they are quite fragile.
5. Drain on kitchen paper and serve on a lovely wooden board with some sweet chilli dipping sauce, lime wedges. Chopped spring onions and cucumber are also a lovely addition.


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Superior Court of Maine, Oxford
April 25, 2018
PAULA COX, Plaintiffv.SUNDAY RIVER ESTATES OWNERS' ASSOCIATION, Defendant
W. Clifford, Active Retired Justice
Sunday River Estate Owners' Association has moved for
summary judgment in this action brought by the plaintiff
Paula Cox .
Cox is the co-owner of a condominium building located at 53
Sunday River Road in Bethel. Located next to plaintiffs
building and on the same lot is a second condominium
building. Both buildings are comprised of four units and each
unit owner is a member of the Sunday River Estates
Owners' Association.
November 16, 2011, plaintiff visited unit six of her
condominium building for the first time in a number of years.
In front of the entryway to unit six is a six-square-foot
wooden box containing gravel and stone which acts as a step
from the ground to the entryway. The wood beams enclosing the
gravel landing extend 1 and 3/4 inches above the gravel; the
distance from the top of the wood beam to the entryway is 8
and 3/8 inches. Defendant owns the land under the landing.
had never seen the gravel landing prior to her visit that
day, but it was "very clearly" visible when she
approached unit six. Plaintiff had no difficulty ascending
the gravel landing and stepping inside of unit six. Fifteen
minutes later, however, plaintiff fell as she stepped outside
of the entry way as she attempted to leave the unit. As a
result of her fall, plaintiff suffered injuries to her left
elbow, wrist, and hand. Plaintiff does not know how she fell
or what caused her to fall; she only knows that she
"step[ped] out the door one time-put one foot out,
walked out the door, and that was it, [she] was on the
ground." Plaintiff does not remember if it was the wood
or gravel portion of the landing that she stepped onto.
has brought this action against the defendant Association,
seeking to recover for her injuries. Defendant contends that
there is no liability here, and has filed a motion for
summary judgment.
National Fire Protection Association Life Safety Code 101
standards set the maximum stair riser height at seven inches.
Joelle Corey-Whitman, a building inspector and code
enforcement officer, believes that the height from the gravel
landing to the entryway was too high to safely navigate.
judgment is appropriate if the record reflects that there is
no genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled
to a judgment as a matter of law. M.R. Civ. P. 56(c). "A
material fact is one that can affect the outcome of the case,
and there is a genuine issue when there is sufficient
evidence for a fact-finder to choose between competing
versions of the fact." Lougee Conservancy v.
CitiMortgage, Inc., 2012 ME 103, ¶ 11, 48 A.3d 774
(quotation omitted). To survive a defendant's motion for
summary judgment, the plaintiff must establish a prima facie
case for every element of the plaintiffs cause of action.
See Savell v. Buddy, 2016 ME 139, ¶ 18, 147
A.3d 1179. When deciding a motion for summary judgment, the
court reviews the evidence in the light most favorable to the
non-moving party. Dyer v. Dep't of Transp., 2008
ME 106, ¶ 14, 951 A.2d 821.
order to prevail on a premises liability claim for
negligence, plaintiff must present evidence sufficient to
allow a finding that defendant owed her a duty to exercise
reasonable care, breached that duty, and that defendant's
breach caused plaintiffs injuries. See Estate of Smith v.
Salveseen, 2016 ME 100, ¶ 19, 143 A.3d 780.
Defendant contends that plaintiff has failed to establish a
prima facie case for the elements of breach and causation.
concedes that, as the owner of the land, it owed plaintiff, a
lawful entrant upon the land, and a duty to exercise
reasonable care to protect plaintiff from dangerous
conditions of which it knew or reasonably should have known
existed; see also Durham v. HTH Corp.,2005 ME 53,
¶ 8, 870 A.2d 577. Defendant, however, contends that
plaintiff has failed to establish evidence showing that the
entryway was dangerous or that the defendant knew or should
have known the entryway was dangerous. Plaintiff contends
that, because the height between the gravel landing and the
entryway was greater than the seven-inch standard set by the
National Fire Protection Association Life Safety Code, she
has met her burden to establish a prima facie ...
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text:
Victor Joecks: The union giveaways cometh in Nevada
Assembly Republican leader Jim Wheeler has an unusual strategy for being in the minority: preemptive surrender.
Assembly Republican leader Jim Wheeler has an unusual strategy for his minority position: pre-emptive surrender.
Democrats have full control in Carson City. They're going to reward their union allies with power and costly perks. Gov. Steve Sisolak has already promised to legalize collective bargaining for state workers. Democrats are also eager to roll back the modest collective bargaining reforms Republicans passed in 2015. Democrats pushed through a bill in 2017 repealing those changes, but then-Gov. Brian Sandoval vetoed it. Sisolak will sign that bill, and Republicans don't have the votes to stop him.
They should at least put up a unified front of opposition.
But, Wheeler, R-Gardnerville, is sponsoring a bill that would undermine restrictions on "union leave time," which was part of the measures Republicans passed in 2015. Union leave time occurs when the government pays union employees to work for their labor organization. A 2012 investigation by my former colleagues at the Nevada Policy Research Institute found union leave time cost Southern Nevada taxpayers more than $4.5 million a year.
The 2015 bill mandated that local governments could provide union leave time only if unions paid for it or gave concessions in negotiations. After the bill went into effect, local governments sought concessions from unions for existing leave time. The unions protested, claiming they should have to give concessions only for future increases in leave time.
Union leave time should be eliminated entirely. If a public employee is conducting union business, the union — not the taxpayers — should be responsible for compensation.
Wheeler's bill, Senate Bill 103, would clarify that if a union received leave time in 2015, it would be deemed to have already made concessions for leave time that existed when the bill passed. He sponsored a similar bill in 2017, but Sandoval vetoed it, saying it was a "rollback of important, compromise legislation."
If only the union giveaways stopped there. They won't. Senate Bill 111, sponsored by Senate Government Affairs, would reduce how much local governments can shield from collective bargaining. Currently, they can exempt three months of expenses. Under this bill, that would drop to two months. Not a great idea, especially when many economists see a recession coming within the next two years.
Assemblyman Ozzie Fumo, D-Las Vegas, wants to indoctrinate government employees about the benefits of union membership. Assembly Bill 108 would require that state agencies pay new employees to sit through a 30-minute presentation by a union official. As if that weren't enough, Fumo's bill would require state officials to give unions the name, job title and work contact information of new state employees. Unions would then be allowed to meet with them at their work sites.
If government employees want to join a union, they have the freedom to do so. But state officials shouldn't be actively tilting the playing field toward unions.
Democrats are going to pass many destructive labor policies this session. Republicans can't prevent them from doing so, but they also shouldn't be giving those bills even the slightest bit of support.
Contact Victor Joecks at firstname.lastname@example.com or 702-383-4698. Follow @victorjoecks on Twitter.


text:
Peter Gorman Archive
Award-winning investigative journalist (and dad) Peter Gorman has spent more than 20 years tracking down stories from the streets of Manhattan to the slums of Bombay. Specializing in Drug War issues, he is credited as a primary journalist in the medical marijuana and hemp movements, as well as in property forfeiture reform. His work has appeared in over 100 national and international magazines and newspapers.
Peter Gorman's love affair with the Amazon jungle is well-known to people in the field. Since 1984 Mr. Gorman has spent a minimum of three months annually there generally using Iquitos
Paraphernalia: Smokin' Hot Legal Issue Again
by Peter Gorman
At 11 AM, on March 6, three police officers from the Calgary Police Service entered the Bongs and Such store at 4829 Macleod Trail SW. in Calgary, Canada and presented a search warrant for all the glass, wood metal pipes, bongs and metal tubing on the store's shelves. Over the next 4-and-one-half hours they went through the inventory and bagged what one witness described as "almost everything in the store."
At the same time, on the same day, other officers were serving similar warrants on three other stores in Calgary, two in the 100 block of 7th Avenue SW and another on the 100 block of 8th Avenue, SW. All told, according to a press release provided by the City of Calgary, the police seized "Approximately 3,000 marijuana and crack cocaine pipes and hundreds of other pieces of drug paraphernalia…from the four businesses." Additionally, at one of them police found eight pounds of marijuana, just over four ounces of hash and an 45 grams of cannabis oil.


text:
County Public Records - Dawson County Official Website Edit
See news and public notices on Dawson County.
Physical Address:
Dawson County Commissioners 25 Justice Way, Suite 2313 Dawsonville, Georgia 30534
Contact: P: 706.344.3501 F: 706.344.3889
Property Records - Property Tax Records Edit
Pay your Dawson County property tax bills online.
Physical Address:
Dawson County Assessor Property Evaluation Office 78 Howard Avenue East, Suite 120 Dawsonville, Georgia 30534
Contact: P: 706.344.3590 F: 706.344.1342
Public Resources - County Directory Edit
Searching for a specific county department or local government information? Use the Dawson County Directory for find local government and administration information.
Criminal Records - Most Wanted Edit
Browse the Dawson County most wanted list.
Criminal Records - Inmates Edit
Browse the Dawson County current inmate list.
Criminal Records - Sex Offender Registry Edit
Property Records - Property Assessor Edit
Access Dawson County Board of Tax Assessors site for information regarding; records, tax estimates, exemptions, forms, GIS maps and general information.


text:
"It's a play about love. And kicking puppies."
Dr. Thought
I'd Kick Puppies For You
Yes, but would you kick Mike Fotis' puppy for me?
(Sorry, I've been waiting to make that joke ever since the battle of the dueling publicity puppies first appeared on the Fringe website this year)
I was tempted to say this is one of the worst marketing campaigns in the Fringe this year, but actually it's not. It's just one of the most frustrating for me. Because "I'd Kick Puppies For You" is actually a great title. And the tag line, "It's a play about love. And kicking puppies," is also pretty great. The photo of an adorable puppy surrounded by two pairs of canvas sneakers (one black, one multi-colored) just waiting for the kicking to begin, is also nice work.
But that's all. we. get.
Even the cast list just lists three people whose role is just "Actor" - one of whom is also the author
There's no additional website to refer to for more information, no bios, no pictures. Nuthin'.
The only other random piece of information I have is that Rebecca Sandell, author/actor, is the sister-in-law of Fringe funnyman Ben San Del.
I don't even know what the heck "Dr. Thought" means.
But am I gonna go?
Their Fringe-For-All preview was a hell of a lot of fun to watch. The Fringe's YouTube page has their clip up and running now (I've attached it below) so you can see for yourself.
Something you don't get in the preview is the fact that their set-up was damned efficient. Two little boxes they used to sit on also has lids that came off, and all the various props they needed for their bit came out of them. Smart work.
In the space of just about 2-1/2 minutes (they got done just as the green light was flipping over to yellow), and a genial pop ballad, a man, a woman, and a fairy (with wings, that kind of fairy - I know, during Fringe time, we need to be specific about our terms)...
Anyway, a man, a woman, and a fairy, in the space of a song, enact an entire sad little modern relationship.
Man takes woman out for flowers, dinner with wine, and then they hold up a sheet in front of them and... well, the motion under the sheet and the looks on their faces say it all.
Later, a movie with popcorn, then back to the sheets.
They go for a walk, the man waves off flowers this time from a vendor, much to the woman's dismay, they drink beer this time, and head straight for the sheets, a bit less enthusiastic.
Soon he's playing video games while she reads a magazine (probably with a quiz that rates how lousy a boyfriend you have), and now they're not even facing each other under the sheet - no movement at all.
The fairy starts looking pretty good to the guy. He and the woman begin to fold up the sheet for good, then just give up, drop it, and go their separate ways, the debris of their relationship scattered behind them.
I kinda loved this preview.
Even though I still don't know much of what the hell the show's about.
If this is the comic sensibility, I'm interested.
Their show page
Their funny Fringe-For-All preview...
Friday, July 24, 2009
Fringe 2009 - FFA 2 - I'd Kick Puppies For You
Posted by Matthew at 7/24/2009 09:46:00 AM
Labels: Fringe Archives 2009, Fringe For All
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text:
- Why do I need App Cleaner & Uninstaller, when I can just trash apps?
- What are service files?
- What are extensions?
- Is it safe to remove apps for macOS performance?
- Is it safe to remove extensions?
- What are Launch Agents?
- What are login items?
- What are installations?
- What are screen savers?
- What are Remains?
- Does App Cleaner & Uninstaller have any usage restrictions on apps?
- What does Trash monitoring mean?
- Can I recover the files, removed with App Cleaner & Uninstaller?
- What is Large & Old function used for?
- Can I use App Cleaner & Uninstaller to remove an application from another system?
- Can I uninstall Mac system apps with App Cleaner & Uninstaller?
- Can I uninstall apps that are outside the Application folder?
- How to change the language of App Cleaner & Uninstaller?
- How to activate the license key for App Cleaner & Uninstaller?
- How to uninstall App Cleaner & Uninstaller?
Why do I need App Cleaner, when I can just trash apps?
When you delete apps by just simply dragging them to the Trash some service and temporary files still remain on a Mac and take up much disk space. App Cleaner allows to uninstall apps with all cache files and even delete remains.
What are service files?
When applications run, they create files with the information about app preferences, logs, error reports and other supporting data. After you delete the app, no more these files are needed. More about Remove Service Files.
What are extensions?
Extensions are system files that extend the system's or app's functionality. Extensions allow users to add features.
Is it safe to remove apps for macOS performance?
Uninstalling apps with App Cleaner does not influence on system operating. App Cleaner finds and deletes service files, associated with the application, you want to uninstall only.
Is it safe to remove extensions?
When you remove User Extensions, it resets the system to default state. However, you have to be careful with Core Extensions because removal of them may harm your system.
What are Launch Agents?
Launch Agents are configuration files that control the automatic launching of each application. Many apps provide special agents that run when the system starts and work in the background. For example, Dropbox is opened at Login and works in the background to synchronize files in the cloud store with a Mac.
What are login items?
When you start your Mac, some programs and apps launch automatically. These services are login items.
What are installations?
Installations are disk image (DMG), package (PKG) files or files downloaded from iTunes for iOS, used for delivering software for installation or updating.
What are screen savers?
Screen savers are animation or image files that, after a set time, activate and replace an unchanging computer display. These files are stored in the hidden Library folder.
What are Remains?
Remains are service files left on a Mac even after the app has been removed (it happens when you delete an app by simply putting it to the Trash). More about Remove Remains.
Does App Cleaner have any usage restrictions on apps?
App Cleaner is not allowed to remove apps from Apple, due to security reasons. In such way Apple prevents damaging the system integrity and performance, as deleting of some apps, for instance, Terminal app, is not desirable.
What does Trash monitoring mean?
App Cleaner checks removed application for a complete cleanup. When an application is deleted in a regular way App Cleaner reminds you to get rid of its service files and related items. To enable this function go to Menu → Preferences and tick this function.
Can I recover the files, removed with App Cleaner & Uninstaller?
Since the version 4.7, by default App Cleaner & Uninstaller removes the apps and their service files to the Trash, so that you can recover them the deleted files. Please, make sure, this option is enabled in the Preferences → the Remove tab.
What is Large & Old function used for?
When you need to clean up a disk in a fast way (by deleting of unnecessary applications), it is rational to delete the largest applications at first. Use Large & Old as a fast algorithm to view and uninstall large and unused apps.
Can I exclude specific applications from being scanned?
Yes, App Cleaner provides such a possibility. Go to Menu → Preferences → Skip List tab. Add to the list all needed exclusions, for instance, applications that shouldn't be showed for a deletion. More details
Can I use App Cleaner to remove an application from another system?
No. App Cleaner removes the application from the active OS X operating system only. It doesn't uninstall applications on other hard drives.
Can I uninstall Mac system apps with App Cleaner?
App Cleaner doesn't allow you to uninstall system apps, such as Mail, System Preferences, App Store and others. Removing system apps is prohibited by Apple, as it can damage the system. Nektony follows Apple recommendations, does not collect data for system apps and doesn't allow you to cleanup or remove them.
Can I uninstall apps that are outside the Application folder?
By default, App Cleaner scans only the Application folder and shows the list of apps stored there. You can either delete the apps from the list provided under the Applications tab in App Cleaner or use the menu bar and go to File → Uninstall Application… where you can point directly to the apps that you need removed. Furthermore, for apps outside the Application folder, you can specify the path to the program and App Cleaner will find all its service files. For that, do the following: after the scan is completed go to Menu Bar → File → Reset Application… and select the needed app from any folder in Finder. In the list of scanned apps, you will see the chosen program. If you are not able to find and uninstall the app you need with any of the methods above, you can use the Drag & Drop feature and App Cleaner will automatically pull together all of the service-related files along with the core app for erasure.
How to change the language of App Cleaner?
App Cleaner supports English, German, French, Spanish, Russian, Japanese, Chinese. The application uses the preferred language you set up for your system. To change the language go to System Preferences → Language & Region → in the list of Prefered Languages drag the required language in first place. Then restart App Cleaner. More details.
How to activate the license key for App Cleaner & Uninstaller?
In the Menu Bar click on App Cleaner & Uninstaller → select License info…→ copy and paste your key in the key field and click the Activate button. In a moment, your license will be activated. More details.
How to uninstall App Cleaner & Uninstaller?
If you want to uninstall App Cleaner & Uninstaller on your Mac, take these simple steps:
- Go to the app's Preferences and switch to the Advanced tab.
- Scroll down and you will see the uninstalling section.
- Click on Remove. This will completely uninstall the app on your Mac and deactivate the license.
If you use version 6 and earlier of the app, you need to take these steps to uninstall the app:
- Quit App Cleaner & Uninstaller.
- Open Finder → Applications → find the App Cleaner.app file → remove it to the Trash.
- In the Finder's menu bar, click Go → Go to Folder → in the window that appears, type ~/Library, and hit Go.
Within the Library folder find and remove App Cleaner service files in the following directories:
~/Library/Application Support/com.nektony.App-Cleaner-Pro
~/Library/Application Scripts/com.nektony.App-Cleaner-Pro


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The answer is often followed with a compliment to my strength, let me be real, I am not strong. I grieve it, I never fully understand it and I never get used to it. In the grief of it all I am left choices and the result is overwhelmed by my desire to be more compassionate, kind, gracious, loving and Jesus like, to me it is simple I must do it.
The calls have started again as we await our next placement. The need is great. Daily calls turned down because the fit isn't right for our family currently. Those children, I fear becoming cast to the side as they wait for a loving forever home. May these truths forever break my heart, this brokenness should be greived. 450,000 in the United States alone, spending their days in the clutches of foster care. What a tragedy it all is.
Grieving a child who has left our home is part of it, I still ache, long and weep over Little One, the hole in my heart she made will never be closed. Those wounds keep me coming back to Jesus begging for healing in this all. I have discovered I have the coping skills, I can grieve, I have my network. These kiddos do not, many of them possess zero healthy coping skills, for they have never seen them. These are the truths that don't make it hurt less by any means but it does shift my perspective. I look at them and realize any amount of time, love, affection and truth I show them can change the course of their life, forever.
Our lives are made up of words and moments that forever affect our course. I think back to the words that shaped my life, some of them kind, some not. Let us not underestimate the reality of the weight our choices have. We are constantly living out and impacting the world around us, the ripple effects are unending.
We follow the path of life pursuing the end through a series of forks in the road. Constantly left to make a decision to go left or right, each one containing their very own experiences. We become different people on the paths we choose. Choosing to step towards foster care has changed me. I suddenly see the world through a different lens and have seen things I can't unsee. This world is hurting and broken, these babies need us to advocate for them, to love them, to open our homes and mostly our hearts to them.
I am thankful for the fact that I choose this path that December day almost three years ago, it was the path that wrecks my heart so healing can occur, the path that made me a mama, the path that opened my eyes to the brokenness of addiction and the price tag of love.
We are left with choices: we press in or run, heal or nurse our festering wounds, choose to open our hearts or keep them closed under the disguise of being sensible. I find myself desiring to choose the harder path, choosing to love well, love open and love wholeheartedly. To lay aside my self protection and sensibilities all for the hope that the ripple effect of my love will change even just one life. There must be balance within this life and we must not drain our cups or allow ourselves to be walked all over but when we feel the pull to press in, I urge us to do so. The journey is hard but the view is amazing.
We can spend our days waiting for the right moment, time or situation or we can leap and see what happens. We may surprise ourselves, we may see that we had within us the tools we needed all along. We may see just how capable we truly are. May we choose the path set before us that challenges us to do more, be more and see more.


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So, I kinda volunteered myself to compile a list of resources for people questioning their gender. When I hit this myself I kinda stumbled through it through reading Questioning Transphobia and other trans blogs linked from it and stumbling over things that fit my experiences and things that didn't.
But, well, I'm only a few months out of questioning my gender. So, while I know plenty about questioning genders, I don't have, y'know, the wisdom that people who've managed to put all this behind them do. I've also got a fairly "simple" gender1, as such things go, being binary-gendered. Because of my privilege in this, I don't even know enough about other genders to point people to where they can discover theirs.
So, I'm going to need help in this from people of all experiences of gender-questioning. What helped you figure out your gender? What did you wish you had?
I'll try to get a mission statement for this project up and so on at some point if it seems we need one.
1 Kinda 101 here, but no gender is simpler or more complex than any other. Finding one's way into a gender other than "male" or "female" might be more difficult than finding one's way into one of those two genders because of the omnipresence of binary identities and societal binarism (I wouldn't actually know), but that doesn't make any gender identity simpler or more complex than any other in and of itself.


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The Association of Banks in Singapore (ABS[1]) announced that a new peer-to-peer funds transfer service called PayNow will be launched at 8.00 am on 10 July 2017. It will enable customers of the participating banks to send and receive Singapore Dollar funds from one bank to another through FAST (Fast and Secure Transfers), using just their mobile number or Singapore National Registration Identity Card/ Foreign Identification Number (NRIC/FIN), almost instantly.
After logging into their bank account the sender will enter the recipient's mobile number or NRIC/FIN and the amount to be transferred at the PayNow transfer screen, press enter and verify the name of the recipient. The sender won't need to know the recipient's bank and account number when doing fund transfers, making the process more convenient and efficient. The service will be available free to customers 24/7, 365 days.
It will be available to customers of seven participating banks – Citibank Singapore Limited, DBS Bank/POSB, HSBC, Maybank, OCBC Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, and United Overseas Bank.
PayNow adopts the same high security standards established by the banking industry in Singapore for funds transfer including FAST. The sender will be able to see the recipient's name before confirming the transfer.
To receive funds using PayNow, customers have to link their mobile number and/or Singapore NRIC/FIN to their bank account, by logging into to their bank's existing internet banking platform or mobile banking app. The process involves SMS OTP (One-time password). This is a one-time registration step.
In case, customers change their mobile numbers, they should immediately report it to their bank. Upon notification, the bank will automatically de-link the old mobile number from the bank account. Customers should then re-register the new mobile number with PayNow.
The press release from ABS advises that in the event of an erroneous transfer, the customer should call the mobile number that was used to send money to, and advise them of the erroneous transfer and request a return of the funds. Under Section 403 of the Penal Code, it is a criminal offence to use money that does not belong to the person. They can call the bank if there is no response from the unintended recipient.
PayNow would be an important step towards achieving a cashless economy in Singapore. E-payments is one of the selected focus areas under the Singapore government's accelerated Smart Nation programme. In May, the Smart Nation and Digital Government Office (SNDGO) and Government Technology Agency of Singapore (GovTech) launched a pilot with four banks to enable people to use their registered profile on Singapore government's MyInfo service to apply for new bank accounts. In the same month, Today newspaper reported that the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) and other agencies are working on to achieve a government aim for half the food and beverage (F&B) establishments to adopt digital services by 2020.
[1]ABS is a non-profit organisation that represents the interests of the commercial and investment banking community. As at 31 Jan 2016, membership comprised 154 local and foreign banks/ institutions and representative offices operating in Singapore. ABS works closely with the relevant government authorities towards the development of a sound financial system in Singapore.


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IDA's Annual International Conference is the premier professional development conference dedicated to dyslexia. This year, the conference is being held at the Hyatt Regency Atlanta. The conference brings in experts from all over the world to educate attendees on the latest research, remediation, and more.
The Reading, Literacy and Learning Conference is held for both professionals and families and is attended by some 2,000 teachers, educators, and administrators, reading specialists, researchers, university faculty, psychologists, physicians, tutors, and parents.
Helping bright children meet their potential.
The dePaul School for Dyslexia is a specialized, independent school dedicated to the education of children in 1st-8th grades with dyslexia and related language-based learning difficulties, with the primary goal of enabling these students to achieve academic and personal success.


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Pacers 5K
Bankers Life Fieldhouse (Delaware Street entrance)
The inaugural Pacers 5K race is this Saturday, Oct. 20. Honorary starter Larry Bird will tip off the race with Boomer, the Pacemates, High Octane Drumline and Pacers alumni in attendance to cheer on participants. The 5K is for all ages and fitness levels, so the whole family is welcome to participate. The race will start at Bankers Life Fieldhouse, wind through downtown Indy and finish with a post-race party.
Covered Bridge Festival
Parke County
The Covered Bridge Festival (Indiana's largest festival) always starts on the 2nd Friday in October is nationally known as one of the largest of its kind. Head to Parke County to enjoy this year's festivities running through Oct. 21. Attendees will visit communities throughout Parke County with a wide array of shopping and a variety of food that is sure to please everyone.
Headquartered on the courthouse lawn in Rockville, Indiana, since 1957, you will find food served by many of the nonprofit organizations of the county that use funds from the festival to promote their organizations throughout the year. A large tent and streets around the courthouse filled with crafters and vendors are open daily from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. Free entertainment is scheduled on the south side of the courthouse throughout each day.
2018 Indiana Tour de Cure
Indianapolis Motor Speedway
Head to Indianapolis Motor Speedway this Saturday, Oct. 20, for this year's Indiana's Tour de Cure bike ride. Tour de Cure is more than just a ride–it is a celebration of the American Diabetes Association's mission and a chance to raise critical funds to help fight diabetes. The event is for people of all cycling abilities, featuring well-marked routes with safety marshals and safety vehicles, and fully stocked rest stops to fuel your journey! All participants are invited to a post-ride party celebrating the "Living Red" participants (those living with diabetes) with music, kids activities, lunch and more!
72nd Annual Historic Irvington Halloween Festival
For more than 70 years, the Historic Irvington Halloween Festival has brought together thousands of residents, dozens of neighborhood organizations, and countless east side businesses in a fun-filled celebration of our heritage and community. The festival and its associated events are designed to bring awareness to the community, to bring commerce to local business and sponsors, and to provide fun for the children of Irvington and Indianapolis. The celebration now encompasses a week of events running through Oct. 27, including a five-mile run, musicians, contests, Halloween-themed movies, storytelling, ghost tours, live theater, masquerade ball, a haunted puppet show and dozens of other events.
Pumpkin Express
Hamilton County
Take the train to the pumpkin patch this weekend and enjoy the complimentary fall festival put on by the Hamilton Heights FFA! Hay rides, pony rides, an obstacle course and much more are just part of the all-ages fun. The Nickel Plate Express transforms into the Pumpkin Express just in time for the Halloween season. The train will board in downtown Atlanta, Indiana, at 105 E Main Street. For guests ages 16+, who are looking for some spooky Halloween fun, you can also embark on the Ghost Express.
Broad Ripple Zombie Walk
Now in its 13th year, the Broad Ripple Zombie Walk has become Indiana's largest Zombie-themed flash mob. In 2017, the Broad Ripple Zombie Walk collected 3,600 lbs. of canned food for Gleaners Food Bank. This year will also include a zombie-themed carnival set up in the parking lot behind the Vogue Theatre. Enjoy a Zombie Feast with food trucks, a DJ, zombie dance-off, kids' games, vendors, and more. Adults can end their night at the Vogue for their 90s-themed Zombie Prom.


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5. Total Recall
Another dystopian work that fits the mantra of "don't ask, you don't want to know". Loosely based on a Philip K.Dick novel, this 1990 movie starred Arnold Schwarzenegger, some ropey special effects and a lot of 80s-style incidental music. It's set on the Earth of 2084, when Mars has been colonized and Arnie keeps dreaming about going there. In this society, you take a vacation by going to a processing plant and having virtual reality vacation memories stuck into your head, so Arnie plumps for a virtual trip to Mars and then realizes his dreams are his actual memories. If you've been paying attention so far, you'll know that questioning the norm never ends well…
As for the society itself, some things are different (the red light district is populated by mutants and people can do freaky things with their faces) but largely it looks like everyone's just dropped in from the 80s. Maybe it was actually meant to be set, not in 2084 but 1984…
4. 1984
Which could not lead more neatly onto our next dystopia. Big Brother is watching, your thoughts are dictated by the state and the world has been divided into three superpowers, who fight each other all the time and change sides entirely arbitrarily. In George Orwell's masterpiece, a classic novel of the "futuristic" genre, it is again the act of one man questioning the state that leads to his downfall and imprisonment in the dreaded Room 101. However, by the end of the novel he has once again become a state drone so it works out better for him than for some of our other protagonists. A chilling vision of a future society, but it did entirely fail to predict what actually happened in 1984 – not one mention of Van Halen's "Jump" and the duet between Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson seemed to be totally off Orwell's radar. Some shocking omissions.
3. Wall-E
And now for something slightly different – the future as imagined by Pixar. In this heart-wrenching animation, Earth has been rendered unusable, thanks to the actions of mankind. Garbage is piled in huge heaps everywhere, surrounded by abandoned outlets of the "Buy N Large" corporation. A soulful robot named Wall-E trundles around, shifting the rubbish into cubes and dreaming of having some company. Meanwhile, the human race are circling above the Earth in a giant luxury space cruiser, where every day is perfect. They have evolved so that they're too fat to move under their own power and just go everywhere on floating chairs but eventually have to learn to walk again. If you look ever so hard, you might spot a subliminal message or two in there…!
2. A Clockwork Orange
But bleak as Pixar's vision of the future is, it's nothing compared to Anthony Burgess' descriptions in his novel "A Clockwork Orange". In it, society is overrun by ultraviolent youths such as Alex and his "droogs". Wearing bowler hats and codpieces, they beat up the old and the vulnerable for fun, all the time talking in their cod-Russian dialect. The drink of choice is "Moloko" -a type of milk with "knives in it", preferably drunk off tables shaped like women. The book was made into a film by Stanley Kubrick, but he took it upon himself to ban it in case it incited the kind of violence contained within. A dark vision indeed.
1. Back to the Future
So, after so much violence, cloning, dictatorship and murder, it's refreshing to end on a positive, and not very serious, vision of the future. The future that Marty McFly visits in the iconic 80s movie "Back to the Future II" is all wacky technological advances – pizzas that come in dehydrated form and "rehydrate" in seconds, zero-gravity boots and, of course, hoverboards. As a kid growing up around the time the films were released, you felt pretty confident that, come 2015, this was how life would be. Sadly, that is just two years away and I'm yet to see a single hoverboard – apparently, I'm not alone in feeling cheated!


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Stair Chair
Our stair chair is designed to help EMTs transport patients through tight spaces and up or down stairs, safely and efficiently. Non-slip grips on the rear and front handles help rescuers maneuver the Aluminum EMS Stair Chair easily. Compact folding allows you to stow the stair chair in the ambulance without taking up a lot of space.


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Cloud Computing Options for Your Small Business
- Post by Janet Gehring
- May 24, 2018
You're using the cloud right now to read this blog post. Essentially, being "in the cloud" means you store and access data over the internet. The cloud isn't magical – it's composed of online managed data centers. A host of cloud computing options present new opportunities for your business.
Cloud computing services are ideal for storage and backup, email, file sync and share, marketing and social media, and line-of-business applications. These can include accounting software, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Professional Services Applications (PSA), or Electronic Health Records (EHR).
Using cloud computing, you have access to your data anytime, anywhere, on any device. Plus, regular updates and improved security may even keep your data safer.
There are three primary cloud computing options: public, private and hybrid. While the definitions can become a little murky, here's how these options compare.
The public cloud is defined as computing services offered by third-party providers over the public Internet, making them available to anyone who wants to use or purchase them. They may be free or sold on-demand, so you pay only per usage for the CPU cycles, storage, or bandwidth you consume. In a public cloud, you rely on someone else to manage the infrastructure and you share resources with other organizations.
For example, if you use Office 365, you're using a public cloud operated by Microsoft . In this case, Microsoft develops and manages both the software and the data centers that house it. All updates and security decisions are Microsoft's responsibility. This model allows you to benefit from the service without the hassle of maintaining the infrastructure.
Similarly, when you log on to Amazon, you're using Amazon Web Services (AWS). This is a public cloud managed by Amazon. AWS hosts everything from web applications to game development and data processing. AWS hosts platforms and apps for organizations of all sizes. This flexibility allows for a more custom approach to meet your business needs.
A private cloud is an IT infrastructure, ideally located in a data center, that's dedicated to your organization. You may own or lease the hardware, but it's dedicated to your company only. You access your private cloud over the internet and your IT provider manages all updates and security.
With a private cloud, you don't share resources with anyone else, and you control the changes to your network. This way, you don't have the responsibility of servers located in your office.
Hybrid cloud computing can represent the best of several worlds. Used by many small businesses, a hybrid system either allows companies to use both private and public cloud services, or on-premise services alongside a cloud system. Modeled to customer need, hybrid networks are considered very effective and can enhance convenience and security simultaneously.
Businesses typically like hybrid cloud computing because of its flexibility. Depending on your needs, you may decide you want some capability in an onsite server, some services in a private cloud collocated in a local data center, while still benefiting from other applications in the public cloud.
Whether you are considering a public, private, or hybrid cloud computing options, there are many advantages that apply to any user. Here are several key benefits of cloud computing:
Therefore, if your business has not yet jumped onto the virtual train known as cloud computing, consider it. With the variety of cloud computing options, there is sure to be one that suits your needs. Your IT provider can help.
If you'd like to know more about how CRU Solutions can help keep your business safer, contact us.


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- Did you mean
- wooster ag facilities consisted research farm
Search results
Wooster Entomology's New Home
Wooster Entomology will move to the new 60,000 sq ft Science Building in Fall 2020. Live camera ... feed: https://facilities.cfaes.ohio-state.edu/livefeed._self Marquee Slide Scarlet Marquee ...
Sentinel Plant Research
plant pathogens and pests by establishing research plots of plants from one part of the world in other ... controlled research plots to assess pest and pathogen susceptibility." Click here to read the BYGL ...
Ahmed Abdelhamid
Ahmed Abdelhamid Post Doctoral Researcher email@example.com 614-369-9006 211 Parker Food ...
Q&A with Dr. John Fulton
profitability. Technology and farm data are becoming more integral in producing food. Dr. John Fulton's research and ... project to determine the scale that yield monitor data can inform on-farm research. Finally, we are ... Agriculture production is challenged with the need to increase yields while maintaining farm ...
CD Wire- July 6, 2020
generally focus on research, outreach, and education on Lake Erie and its resources. As Fisheries Educator, ... Observer Student Scientists program, as well as the latest HABs research. For complete information and to ... register, click here. Featured Speakers: Emily Kinzinger, Graduate Research Assistant, MU Limnology Lab, ...
June 2020 Highlights
Dr. Barb Kowalcyk and the Center for Foodborne Illness Research and Prevention hosted over 200 ... an FST Outstanding Graduate Research Award. Congratulations to Phillip Eberly, Ariel Garsow, and ... coauthored by FST research scientist Dr. Kara Morgan titled "Assessing the Risks and Benefits of ...
Work in the Time of COVID: Catching up with Ellia La
found ways to keep her work going remotely. Her research focuses on different types of light treatments ... the food chemistry division, share her work at the New Research Showcase stage, and present in the ...
CD Wire- June 22, 2020
developing a youth in-patient facility, and was Director of the Athens City-County Planning and Development ... to register, click here. Event Reporting in Human Subjects Research Workshop- June 23: It is ... inevitable: research does not always go as planned. The Office of Responsible Research Practices and the ...
Ohio State Researcher Developing Polymer Face Mask
to support Puskas' research can donate to the CFAES Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological ... Engineering at https://go.osu.edu/puskas-mask Ohio State Researcher Developing Polymer Face Mask ...
Ethan Cockerill
grain farm. In one sentence, why did you become a Peer Mentor? I became a Peer Mentor because your ...


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We are officially Chinese Heroes aka we climbed the great wall today and apparently that is all it takes.
A surreal experience on a beautiful day. We are wearing coats and hats in the pictures but by the time we were done climbing, the hats were off and the coats unzipped.
Kory and Simon made it to the very top. Jonah and I were not as aggressive in our climbing.
Simon and Jonah both thought the wall was "great."
And Great it is.
They named it well.
The rest of our day in Beijing was packed. We made a stop at the Olympic Village, home of the 2008 summer games.
The kite vendors were out in mass. Offering us 2 kites for 10 RMB, then 3, then 4 and finally he made his final offer: 5 kites for 10. We passed, then said no again and continued to walk. It took at least 5 no's with zero eye contact before they would start to get the hint. One guy lowered his kite as I was walking towards him so I could not go around but had to go straight for him.
Sneaky kite vendor. In spite of his creativity, he still got a no.
We ended the day at a Chinese Acrobatic Show. As 10 girls climbed on one bike circling a small stage, we couldn't help but question the sanity of the idea, but they managed to pull it off. We were glad not to be sitting in the front row in case they didn't.
By the time we got back to the hotel, we were wiped and enjoyed probably our best night of sleep so far. Today was spent traveling to Zhengzhoa and prepping for the Zak-man.
Gotcha comes around 10ish tomorrow (8pm CST).
That means the next post features Zak!


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CARTIER Santos De Large Silvered Opaline Dial Men's Watch WSSA0009
Retail Price: $6,850.00
(You save $751.00)
- 7613268919200
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Product Description
- Stainless steel case with a stainless steel bracelet
- Fixed stainless steel bezel
- Silvered opaline dial with blue hands and Roman numeral hour markers
- Minute markers around an inner ring
- Dial Type: Analog
- Date display at the 6 o'clock position
- Cartier calibre 1847MC automatic movement with a 42-hour power reserve
- Scratch resistant sapphire crystal
- Octagonal crown
- Solid case back
- Rectangle case shape
- Case dimensions: 39.8 mm x 47.5 mm
- Case thickness: 9.08 mm
- Deployment clasp
- Water resistant at 100 meters / 330 feet
- Functions: date, hour, minute, second
- Interchangeable calfskin leather strap
- Watch label: Swiss Made
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Ministry pulls the plug from Failed IT project, Deloitte blames. 4.1 million pounds have already been invested in it, but Minister Cora van Nieuwenhuizen is taking her loss on its project that was not delivered on time by Deloitte.
Her patience with the company is up, and she has cancelled the contract.
It is an IT system that makes it easier for various government departments to hire external staff.
At the end of last year, it turned out that the construction of this project was by no means going as planned.
The construction of DigiInhuur, as the system is called,
went slower than planned and the costs had already risen.
Initially, the prices were budgeted at 3.9 million pounds,
which subsequently became 7.1 million pounds.
Project in danger
And so the independent judge of ICT projects at the government,
the BIT ICT Review Office warned that the project was 'in danger'.
On the advice of BIT, the plan was adjusted, and the project budget was cut,
which according to the latest public information amounts to 5-5 million pounds.
4.1 million pounds have already been spent.
The ministry was advised to make a quick decision to prevent 'unnecessary money' from being wasted.
Supplier Deloitte then promised that the project would be finished on March 22 of this year.
Two months of respite
That did not succeed, after which Van Nieuwenhuizen gave the company notice of default,
but also gave it an extra month to complete the project, she writes to the Lower House.
That extra month was not enough for Deloitte,
who affirmed that the beginning of May would be finished.
At that time, the ministry decided not to take 'steps',
but on June 4 Van Nieuwenhuizen was full, and it tore up the contract.
The ministry had already held Deloitte liable for the delay,
which steps it is taking further is unclear.
Deloitte states that it does not respond to 'client assignments'.
And a spokesperson for the ministry could not directly answer questions.


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Plants A-Z:
Image Library: Plantaginaceae
Antirrhinum (4)
Asarina (1)
Chelone (5)
Cymbalaria (1)
Digitalis (37)
Erinus (2)
Globularia (4)
Hebe (23)
Linaria (15)
Lophospermum (2)
Ourisia (1)
Parahebe (2)
Penstemon (53)
Plantago (5)
Rehmannia (2)
Rhodochiton (2)
Synthyris (1)
Veronica (41)
Veronicastrum (14)
Wulfenia (1)
Antirrhinum braun-blanquetii P05642
Antirrhinum majus P03461
Antirrhinum molle P05643
Antirrhinum sempervirens P03462
Asarina procumbens P04371
Chelone lyonii P07480
Chelone lyonii 'Hot Lips' P07624
Chelone obliqua P02171
Chelone obliqua P04274
Chelone obliqua P08488
Cymbalaria muralis P06394
Digitalis canariensis P04173
Small quantities of these images from the Image Library on this website may be used on other websites, newsletters etc. without charge provided the whole image is used and the watermark is not removed. They may NOT be used on greeting cards, pottery and other items that are offered for sale. Use on "home made" items that are not offered for sale is O.K. An acknowledgement of the Hardy Plant Society would be appreciated.
Larger, watermark free versions of these pictures are usually available. They may be used without charge by lecturers, authors and similar users in exchange for an acknowledgement of the Hardy Plant Society. Please contact the Photo Librarian with the name and "P" or "X" number of the pictures that you want, plus details of what you will use them for.
Copyright on all photos on this website remains with the Hardy Plant Society and the photographer.


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This page last updated on 04/21/2017
|(Fig. 01)
|(Fig. 02)
Description: The Gass Peak Road, is a bumpy dirt road that runs south from the Mormon Well Road west of the Sheep Range, then turns and runs east up a broad valley between major ridges in the Las Vegas Range. The road usually is a high-clearance road, but when maintained. Gass Peak Road provides access to Gass Peak, Gass Spring, Quail Spring Guzzler and Quartzite Mountain (see Fig. 02). There are two turnoffs that provide areas for camping.
04/19/2017 Trip Notes: Today, Jim Herring, Harvey Smith and I drove Gass Peak Road in search of Gass Spring and the Quail Spring Guzzler. 4.3 miles after leaving the Corn Creek Visitor Center we came to Gass Peak Road on the right. About 8 miles out on this well graded and bumpy dirt road you come to the parking area and trailhead for Gass Spring and Gass Peak trails. Driving up Mormon Road and this road we were presented will Great views of the surrounding mountains and ridges (Fig. 03), hundreds of gorgeous blooming cacti (Fig. 04) and wildflowers (Fig. 05), and thousands of Joshua trees (Fig. 10) at the higher elevations. This silence of this serene wilderness is only broken by the occasional fighter jets flying out of Nellis Air Force Base. Along the way we also had the opportunity to come across several long eared rabbits (Figs. 06 & 07). After nearly a mile hike down Gass Spring Road we were disappointed that there was no water to be found. We did have a nice view of Gass Peak (Fig. 08). The view in (Fig. 09) was on our way back to the trailhead. (note con't below)
|(Fig. 03)
|(Fig. 04)
|(Fig. 05)
|(Fig. 06)
|(Fig. 07)
|(Fig. 08)
|(Fig. 09)
|(Fig. 10)
We also saw a couple of lizards (Fig. 17). Read more here ... Great Basin Fence Lizard. Even though the "in-and-out" trip was a long, bumpy ride, it was a good day.
|(Fig. 11)
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|(Fig. 16)
|(Fig. 17)
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|(Fig. 19)
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