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Let's get straight to it.
My approach here is probably frowned upon. Although students were using an IDE (PyCharm for Python and IntelliJ for Java), I never taught them to use the debugger; instead, I relied entirely on printing. There's really no good reason for this, except perhaps for the rustication that students should be able to debug even without a debugger. At Michigan, where we did teach the debugger (in both Visual Studio and Xcode), students were often confused by the various stepping functionalities, and especially when loops are involved, they get tired of continuing until some particular state. Conditional breakpoints could solve the problem, but at that point using print statements were easier.
I think the biggest obstacle in debugging was not seeing what values the variables contained, but matching those values with the error descriptions. While Python error messages were relatively clear, they often required a deeper understanding of what is going on. One error that stumped many students on a quiz comes from a line such as
>>> a, b = '1 2 3'.split()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: too many values to unpack (expected 2)
You can argue that I shouldn't be teaching multiple assignment (… which is a valid point), but the general point here is that error messages can be cryptic even if they identify the buggy line in question. I don't know if there's any good way to teach that.
Test-Driven Development
The main way I have approached this is through crowd-sourced testing using the autograder. For grading, students' test cases accounted for 10% of their grade for an assignment, based on their two testcases that the most students failed. The testing score for the entire class is curved, so the student whose tests failed the most submissions always get 100%; this means that everyone will get 100% for the testing portion in the unlikely event that everyone submitted perfect code. Incorrect testcases subtract from their score.
One concern when I first proposed this approach to testing is that students won't necessarily learn to write good testcases. That's true, but I think it needs to be qualified. For one, I think we need to separate the habit of writing testcases at all from the ability to write good testcases. I think the autograder did a decent job at the former, as I've mentioned in a previous blog post.
I also think that whether students understood what "good" testcases are depends greatly on the domain. I did a lab where students had to determine whether a latitude-longitude pair was in the State of California (as defined by seven corner points). The lab was too math-heavy, but the heavily visual problem allowed students to use Google Maps to identify points just inside or just outside the boundary. These testcases actually identified a fundamental problem with the lab (namely, that we assumed the coordinates were on a plane and used straight lines instead of using great-circle distance) and, in that sense, they were exactly the right testcases that students should be writing. I don't think it's a strong habit by the end of the semester, but I was not pushing on testing particularly hard either.
This acumen, however, did not extend to more abstract problems. For a function that determines whether a date is part of the Gregorian calendar (ie. after 1752-09-14), most students were unable to come up with a comprehensive test suite. Similarly, for some of the more data-driven assignments, most students didn't think of creating simpler fake data for testing. This second oversight can probably be amended, but I think the fundamental problem is that writing good testcases is hard. As with debugging, some of the knowledge is not actually about the domain, but about more complicated aspects of computer science; in this case, what errors a stereotypical programmer might make. I can walk students through my own testcases (and in fact, I should do exactly that next time), but I suspect a lot of it comes down to experience.
Version Control
We only used Version control for the final project, where it was the easiest way to put a webapp on Heroku. I only taught the basics of version control (committing, pulling, merging, and pushing in git), and only in the GUI provided by PyCharm, and for the most part students had little trouble. To be fair, I mostly had students follow scripts of how to use git, but I think exposure is the right goal to aim for in CS1.
Structural/Procedural Abstraction
While I understand what I mean here at an, ah, abstract level, it is hard for me to say what this means concretely in a CS1 class. Perhaps the best example is one where the student did not abstract. For the course-directory webapp, one student wanted to list courses by the core requirement that they satisfied. Instead of writing a function that takes as argument the requirement, however, they wrote one function for every single requirement, duplicating the same several lines of code about a dozen times. I was honestly surprised by this, as the student had otherwise a good understanding of the concepts in the class.
I can tell a similar story about structural abstraction, about a different student who create multiple copies of a class that differed only in one hard-coded constant, which should instead have been an argument to the constructor.
I will be honest: this kind of abstraction never had a prominent place in my curriculum, mostly because I'm not sure what I have to say about it. The idea of abstraction itself is sufficiently abstract that I'm not sure what lecture to provide. I will try to give more worked examples of generalizing code, but I would appreciate any ideas for more directly getting students to thinking about/practice abstraction.
Functional Decomposition
This is another area where I struggled. I think there are several types of functional decompositions. One is actually with functions, where you find a part of the problem that seems self-contained and make it a function. I never wrote an assignment that emphasizes this. What my students did have trouble with is functional decomposition at the line-by-line level, where they can't figure out what variables they need and how they should change. This was the main conceptual obstacle that students faced with loops, and I tackled that through worked examples and a much more scaffolded assignment. Students got it by the end of the semester, although next time I will just start with the scaffolded examples.
Going back to the larger scale functional decomposition, some of that is part of the functional abstraction I've already talked about. Students did pick up on the fact that they would have trouble breaking down an intermediate into the functions that I did. Looking back, however, the benefits to those functions in the assignment was mostly conceptual. Each function is only used once in the execution of the program, so putting everything in one block would not have drastically increased code size. I'm not saying that reducing cognitive load is pointless, but I'm wondering if decomposition is best motivated if the code would otherwise be inefficient.
Space-Time Tradeoff
I don't think I talked about the space-time tradeoff specifically, other than a throwaway mention when I answered a student's question. Tradeoffs in general, however, I talked about a decent amount, most prominently in my representation lab. I am not sure what CS1 students need to take away regarding tradeoffs – should they only know that they exist? Maybe the goal here should be more specifically that students should be deliberate in selecting the compromise, which implicitly includes identifying tradeoffs. This general lesson is not one that I worked into my course at all, although I can now see places where it could be inserted. (For example, selecting between two lists, a dictionary, or a list of instances is a tradeoff in data representation.)
Connections with Other Disciplines
At first I thought interdisciplinary connections is something I emphasized, but look back now there are not a lot of places where I make these connections explicit. Students did spend two or three weeks on graphics as they learned object-oriented programming, but I would hesitate to call it art (although I would make an exception for some pieces). I hinted at some cognitive science/HCI/design work for the webapp as well, but I didn't force students to go through the design process.
I was originally going to do a lab on music visualization, which would have included a primer in the physics of sound, but I got swamped and canceled the assignment. For next semester, I'm currently planning a cellular automata/agent-based modeling assignment, in the spirit of the Parable of the Polygons (aka. the Schelling serration model), which could pull in sociological and economic concepts.
Connections with the Non-Technological Real World
I mean, more than usual. When I wrote this goal, I was thinking of identifying how computer science concepts are embodied in existing infrastructure, like how library book stacks are an unrolled linked list. These examples are harder to find for CS1, and I don't think I included any this semester. I will have to work harder to find cases where students can appreciate computation as a perspective and not just as a tool.


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This gallery contains 4 photos.
March 27th 2013 He was crazy. At least I thought so. At least at first. You see, I was standing on the subway train. In a green trench coat. Traveling home from Leah's midtown apartment after an evening chock-full of good conversations and chocolate-dipped bananas when . <<<<< A Pelham Bay Park 6 Train Was Approaching … Continue reading

subset: commoncrawl


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Lewis Leads Pepperdine Past Colorado State, 66-62
Forward Tom Lewis scored 20 points, including two free throws with two seconds remaining, to help Pepperdine to a 66-62 victory over Colorado State Monday night in the opening round of the 22nd Volunteer tournament.
The Waves (6-3) will play Tennessee for the tournament title tonight at 5 p.m. (PST). The Volunteers (6-1) defeated Army, 75-52, in the other first-round game. The Cadets (3-4) meet Colorado State (6-2) in the consolation game.
The lead in the Pepperdine game changed six times in the second half before Craig Davis made a three-point shot with 2:44 left to put the Waves ahead for good at 63-61. Davis made 4 of 8 three-point shots and finished with 16 points.
A free throw by Lamar Wilson with 15 seconds left and the pair by Lewis clinched the victory.
Pepperdine took a 17-5 lead in the first five minutes, but the Rams got back into the game on the outside shooting of David Turcotte, who finished with 20 points, including four three-point shots.
Colorado State, which had won four straight, forced Pepperdine to go to its inside game in the second half, and forward Levy Middlebrooks responded. Middlebrooks scored 12 of his 16 points and had 10 of his game-high 13 rebounds after intermission.


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As Casey leads Chuck and Sarah to the door they're looking for, Chuck asks Sarah questions from the book. It's not thrilling. They find the door, and are trapped between it and another door, when someone starts banging on the one they just came through. They worry, until they hear Ellie and Awesome giggling. Which might actually be worse than bad guys for Chuck, who's like, "Dear God, get me out of here." Sarah opens the door, and Chuck tells Ellie and Awesome he's sorry, mostly for himself. Awesome jokes that Costa Gravas must make everyone run a little caliente, since Chuck and Sarah are locked in a closet themselves. Back in the party, Amor and her men start shooting things up. Our intrepid gang runs back to watch from a doorway as Amor screams, "Bring me my husband's head! I want him, dead or alive." Chuck says they might not have the strongest marriage. Then someone shoots up the statue, and its head falls off. Awesome's not loving that. Ellie tells Chuck she knows he's not a spy, but she needs him to do some spy stuff now.
They head off to find the Generalissimo, and Chuck and Sarah fight a gang of rebels along the way. Awesome tells Chuck how awesome he is as they head out. Casey starts to lead them out by phone when Generalissimo comes in and says of course there's an escape plan. He's nonchalant about it, all "My wife and I have been fighting a lot lately. You know: Women." Generalissimo tells a "funny story" about the Angel of Death hiding in the walls for two weeks waiting to kill him, "I was in Havana with Castro the whole time!" And he laughs. Casey, still on the other end of the phone, grumbles that he heard that. Generalissimo leads them through the Soviet-era weapons room (where Sarah snaps some quick photos with a lipstick camera) to his private jet, where Awesome and Ellie thank Chuck for saving them. Then Ellie apologizes to Awesome for making them go there, but he tells her it's okay, since they do need time away. So they're going straight to Malibu when they get home. Chuck watches them in awe, what with the communication and everything. But Sarah's more interested in the homeless dictator. Turrini wants to take Generalissimo to the Embassy, but Generalissimo says he'll only trust his life to one person now: John Casey. Cut to Casey's apartment, where Generalissimo tells Casey the wheelchair's not that intimidating, but oh well. Casey seethes.
Buy More. Morgan gets a text from Alex that says, "Great seeing you. Movie marathon soon? Xo." He calls it a disaster, then asks Big Mike for advice. He explains he met this girl who might be "it," but there's this little detail of her being Casey's daughter. Big Mike agrees Casey's not the dad you want hating you, but there is no bodily limb worth the love of a good one. So Morgan needs to determine if she's worth it. In Castle, Sarah has the computer analyzing the photos of the weapons room while Chuck tries to move on to more questions from the book: The next ones are about sex. Sarah protests they have a mission, but Chuck think it's important to talk about the difficult stuff to your partner while they sleep. Sarah says she's not going to do that, and this book sounds ridiculous. Chuck says Dr. Fred is world-renowned and then accidentally beckons toward the monitor at the Buy More, where Dr. Fred's table is set up for signing autographs. Sarah zooms in and sees the title of the book. She thought they were going to take it slow, and Chuck says they are, but someday he'd like to talk about marriage. She wonders why they always have to talk and push and change things? Why can't they just be? Chuck flashes on one of the pictures from the Costa Gravan weapon as Sarah tries to keep talking. There's some minor confusion when he tells her it's nuclear.


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text:
Airic – My Journey ft. Manqonqo, Madanon & Character. My Journey is one of the many bangers on Airic's debut studio album Isgubh SA Airic, Vol.1. He links up with his allies Manqonqo, Madanon & Character to create an important Afro House joint.
Listen to the afro house joint below!


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On numerous occasions, cinema has resorted to classical music to reinforce particular narrative content or to prefigure a specific event. As happens, for example, in the beginning of 2001, A Space Odyssey, with the sound of the first bars of Also Sprach Zarathustra by Richard Strauss. Sometimes, composers appear in cinema as the objects of a biopic, as in the case of Mozart in the extremely famous Amadeus. However, it is less common to find composers in the actual production of a soundtrack, because it seems to be assumed that there is one type of composer for cinema and another for concert halls. Prime amongst the ranks of classical composers who have written music specifically for the cinema is Sergei Prokofiev, who composed the music for no less than six films, as well as two scores for films that were never made. Prokofiev's history as a soundtrack composer is also interesting because of his links, in the period before the Second World War, with two other important characters: Sergei Eisenstein and Josef Stalin.
When Stalin came to power in Russia, he subjected artistic creation to a politicised regime, according to which the artists were required to exalt their leaders and the people, showing the greatness of the working classes and of the state itself. All the artists were under an iron fist, made to produce works in a language accessible to the masses. In this order of things, foreign avant-garde influences were proscribed and Soviet art was isolated from international trends. To ensure the success of this enterprise, the authorities used terror, censorship, prohibition, condemnation and occasionally execution of anyone who did not comply with their demands.
One of the people most damaged by this process was Eisenstein, the lauded director of Battleship Potemkin. In 1937, Eisenstein was in the process of filming Bezhin Meadow when the authorities froze the project on grounds of it being "inartistic and politically without foundation". This was a disaster in the career of the director and of his composer, Gavriil Popov, whose symphonic music had already been criticised and attacked by the regime. Prokofiev also was harassed by the state. Travelling through Europe and the United States, Prokofiev had already gained his place amongst the most famous composers of the 20th Century. Having decided to return to Russia – with the intention, however, of continuing his international career – he set up shop in Moscow. In 1938, however, the Soviet authorities confiscated his passport, and with it his hopes of leaving the country and continuing his lucrative American tour. Both Prokofiev and Eisenstein were regarded with suspicion as a result of their travels abroad, most particularly for their sojourns in the United States.
But those were by no means the only questions which preoccupied Stalin in the late 1930s. The imminence of the Second World War and the dark menace of Germany required a major shoring up of the national spirit, and in the process of exaltation of the nation's leadership and peoples, Stalin focused his gaze onto film as the medium through which to call the masses to attention. There was now an obvious choice: Eisenstein had to rehabilitated. Without further ado, the Politburo entrusted him with the task of creating a film on the subject of one of the greatest Russian national heroes, Alexander Nevsky (1220-1263), whose great achievement was to repel the Teutonic Knights, with the use of both valiant soldiers and numerous peasants. Given that the Teutons were German warrior monks, the film was to serve as propaganda in advance of any possible aggression on the part of Germany. The production company Mosfilm resumed work with its team after the disaster of Bezhin Meadow, but as Popov had been dismissed as a composer, it was Sergei Prokofiev who received the commission to compose the soundtrack, for the not insignificant sum of 25,000 roubles.
Prokofiev was not new to the business of film music. During his stay in the United States, he had been given the opportunity to visit Disney Studios. There, the sound engineers were able to record dialogue, music and sound effects on different tracks, later to be assembled in perfect synchronisation with the picture. On another occasion, in the course of a visit to the filming of Henry Hathaway's 1938 Spawn of the North, Prokofiev had noted his impressions of the techniques for recording the soundtrack: the musicians played their scores closed in a soundproof booth, without listening to the rest of the orchestral music. This was knowledge not to be discarded lightly and accordingly, Eisenstein decided to involve Prokofiev in all aspects of the production of the film.
At the time, however, the Russian methods of recording and editing were substantially different from the American ones, and Prokofiev was not able to gain access to the possibilities available in the Hollywood studios. The poor recording quality is easy to hear in the original version of the film. Nevertheless, the composer managed to overcome the technical limitations to the greatest extent possible. For example, to intensify the repelling of the Teutonic knights, he placed the microphone immediately in front of the brass, producing a distorted sound which created highly dramatic effects.
Other aesthetic aspects were discussed during filming. Eisenstein thought that the era and the religious nature of the German invaders justified the inclusion of ancient liturgical chants for the scene of the Battle of the Ice. Prokofiev refused, considering that this ancient music was unknown to a 20th century audience and would therefore lack emotional impact. For describing the Russian defenders, he would compose music with which the people would identify, whereas the representation of the invaders required music that was repulsive, distorted; once again, he would achieve this by experimenting with instruments and microphones.
The première of the film on the 1st December 1938 turned the work of Eisenstein and Prokofiev (not to mention the superb director of photography Eduard Tisse) into a genuine blockbuster. Both received the approval of the regime and the film was one of the works honoured in the first set of Stalin Prizes, with Eisenstein himself receiving the award. Prokofiev did not win the prize; none the less, he later reworked the score into the form of a cantata, Alexander Nevsky, Op.78, which is now the version most commonly recorded and programmed in the concert hall.
After Alexander Nevsky, Eisenstein and Prokofiev worked together in two more films, the two parts of Ivan the Terrible, with contrasting results. The first part was much applauded, but the second did not receive Stalin's approval, representing as it did a leader afflicted by mental illness and tyranny: it was consequently censored, and neither filmmaker nor composer live to see the results of this collaboration. It is believed that the two masters began preparation to collaborate on a new work, entitled The Love of a Poet, but this project never came to fruition owing to Eisenstein's death on 11th February 1948. Boris Volsky, Eisenstein's sound technician and also a composer, noted in his "Memories of S. S. Prokofiev" that Prokofiev never again accepted a commission to compose a soundtrack considering that his film career had "ended forever after the death of Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein".
Translated from Spanish by David Karlin


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Meditation Before Mathematics
Teacher Voices | September 28, 2018
Every month we feature an opinion piece written by teachers in the MƒA community. Welcome to MƒA Teacher Voices.
By MƒA Master Teacher Michael London
As teachers we often fall into the trap of believing our subject area is the most important and fail to put ourselves in the shoes of our students. At my school, we've found that it's imperative to step back and look at the school day from a student's perspective. Getting into their mindset is important and necessary, especially in high school, where stress is often high.
With this in mind, my school decided to have all staff members be "students" for a day. This consisted of a week where each staff rotated following a student to all of their classes, including lunch, for one day. I chose to follow a 10th grade student who would often fly under the radar. By the end of this day, I was exhausted from trying to take in such a variety of content. It was also surprising to find out that the students barely got any time to themselves between classes. There was a two-minute passing time, and then as soon they walked into their next class, the teacher expected them to sit down quietly and begin working on their assigned task. After going through this experience, I noticed that this student was losing stamina as the day went along. To cope with this stress, the student would talk to his peers instead of beginning his work right away. I wanted to make some larger changes in working with my students to focus on mindfulness, helping them reset, relax and clear their minds before delving into the content of the day. I was very much inspired by a member of a program called "Brain Power Wellness" who visited my school. It uses many mindfulness techniques to improve student achievement, as well as emotional wellbeing. The presenter spoke of how he had come from a failing school where students would often fight one another. To improve the school, he developed a series of mindfulness activities, which led to improved relations among students as well an increase in academic achievements.
I have tried a variety of mindfulness activities inspired by Brain Power Wellness with students in the first few minutes of class. The goal of the activities is to help improve student's mood and confidence levels, and to help them clear their minds to prepare them for the tasks of the day. The great thing about many of these activities is that they are short and can be replicated on a daily basis. Here's what I've found works best.
I Can Do It
There is one activity that I conduct every day. As soon as the class sits down, rather than have them start working immediately, I ask them to smile then take a deep breath in and out and repeat a motivational phrase which often links to the objective of the lesson. The phrase will often change based on the content we are covering. If there is a day we don't go right into these exercises, I will often hear comments to the effect of "Mr. London, we didn't smile today." Students enjoy this exercise because it gives a chance to release some stress and feel good about themselves before class begins. The exercise shows I care about my students beyond their academic performance. In addition, the students are also reaping the physiological benefits of smiling and laughing. After modeling this a few times, the students then lead the activity themselves and add their own original spin to it. I found that this exercise improves students' overall mood and puts them into a working mindset.
Picture This
We've all had lessons that don't go as planned, where students feel like they're not understanding the content or losing confidence. On these occasions I use a different meditation activity at the beginning of the next class. Once my students are seated, I have them close their eyes and put their heads on their desks while I play soothing music in the background. They then do the following visualization inspired by the brain power program: Picture how you are going to be successful today. Picture how good it is going to feel after you solve a problem correctly. Picture how hard you are going to work. Breathe in and out. This activity has resulted in raising the students' level of focus, concentration, and greater ability to think critically. This technique of visualization is often used by athletes and theatre performers; it has been shown to boost their self-confidence and lead to major improvements in efficiency and effectiveness.
Work It Out
I often see my students appear physically exhausted at the end of the day, especially after a weekend or long break. In order to improve students' energy levels, we do basic physical activities such as arm stretches, toe touching, and synchronized clapping. These allow for the students' to re-energize, which is an essential component to learning. After conducting these physical activities with my high schoolers, (sadly these are often reserved for early education students instead), I have noticed an increase in the student's attentiveness and focus on completing the task given to them.
These mindfulness strategies help to create a student-teacher bond. After following my students for one day and seeing how much is being asked of them, I have become committed to helping them learn beyond teaching them content. I have a better understanding of them as complex individuals. Students need a mental refresh between classes. It sets the conditions that provide a greater chance for students to be successful in their learning endeavors for the day.
Michael London is an MƒA Master Teacher and high school mathematics teacher at The Queens School of Inquiry. He has presented at mathematics conferences, such as TIME 2000 events and LIMACON. Michael worked on the state-wide Standard Setting Performance Committee to determine the cut scores for the Common Core Algebra II Regents and will be included in a new book written by Dr. Alice Artzt entitled "The Untold Stories of Mathematics Teachers."


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Bata Shoe
Bata shoe Brand is deeply embedded with us. And it carries true-valued sentiment to all of us. We cannot ignore this Shoe Brand under any circumstances. We've heard about Bata Shoe Company from a very younger age. And it still remains within our soul. Just because they are continuously focusing on the development of the quality products for over 120 years. This is something amazing. Bata Shoes are really praiseworthy.
How it saves money? Simply, because of Quality and durability. Bata Shoe Company never compromise on their quality. A wide range of variety of shoes impresses people a lot. New designer shoes are attracting users significantly.
Products Range: Variety of Shoes are numerous. Sometimes it is very hard to decide which one is to buy. A wide range is available by keeping in mind of the user preferences. like Men, Women, Kid & Industrial.
Few Top Shoe Brands owned by Bata as;
- · Bata - Local Name for International world
- · North Star - Known as Urban Shoes
- · Weinbrenner - For Premium outdoor shoes
- · Bubblegummers - Special segment for Kids
- · Power - Typically made for Sports & Athletic activity
- · Bata Industrials – Very much known as Best Safety and Workmen Shoes.
Under the Brands few Levels are kept. As;
- · Ambassador (classic men's shoes) – It's all about Classic
- · Atletico & Tomy Takkies (urban shoes) – Urban Shoes
- · Bata Comfit (comfort shoes) – Notably Comfort segment.
- · Bata Flexible (comfort shoes) – Daily activity and Comfort
- · Insolia (comfort/women's shoes) – For Women shoe lover who loves comfort.
- · Marie Claire (women's shoes) – Women Shoes
- · SunDrops (women's shoes) – Again Women Shoe Segment.
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- · Patapata (flip flops) – Based on Flip flops
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Users can check at www.bata.in, www.bata.com and "amazon" may also be checked for the best offers and price comparison on Shoes.
A very short brief about BataShoe Company
In the year of 1918, Thomas Bata began the reconstruction of his work in a newly formed state of Czechoslovakia. In a war worry world, the company faces Serious new problems a shortage of raw materials irregular production and employment and payroll difficulties.
1922 post-war economic depression is affected badly. Agricultural produce prices dropped. The less fortunate people had little money to spend. And shoe sales dropped drastically. Thomas Bata reduced its shoe prices by 50% In the retail market. His advertising campaign was a big success.
1923 an age of reorganization begins and reproduction awaken. In the same year in 1923 also remembered as an introduction of a plan for profit sharing to the employees related to incentive, quality production, and effort. This plan helped Mr. Thomas to elevate employees both materially and morally. An employee should understand the business to be part of it and grow with it. That's a good beginning to the employee-employer relationship. Many young people began to take responsible positions and obtain higher income depending on their ability and performance.
Only a few years it passed the Enterprise grew up with the quality products and affordable prices and thus became a leader of the shoe industry.


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State formation
|Part of a series on
Political and
legal anthropology
Basic concepts
Case studies
Related articles
Major theorists
|Social and cultural anthropology
State formation is the process of the development of a centralized government structure in a situation where one did not exist prior to its development. State formation has been a study of many disciplines of the social sciences for a number of years, so much so that Jonathan Haas writes that "One of the favorite pastimes of social scientists over the course of the past century has been to theorize about the evolution of the world's great civilizations."[1] The study of state formation is divided generally into either the study of early states (those that developed in stateless societies) or the study of modern states (particularly of the form that developed in Europe in the 1600s and spread around the world). A number of different theories explain the development of early states and modern states, and many of the academic debates remain prominent in different fields of study.[2]
- 1 The state
- 2 Explaining early states and explaining modern states
- 3 Theories about early state development
- 4 Theories about modern state development
- 5 See also
- 6 Notes
- 7 Bibliography
- 8 Further reading
The state
There is no clear consensus on the defining characteristics of a state and the definition can vary significantly based upon the focus of the particular study.[3] In general though, for studies of state formation, the state is considered to be a territorially bound political unit with centralized institutions for the administration of governance, as distinct from tribes or units without centralized institutions.[4]
Explaining early states and explaining modern states
Theories of state formation have two distinct focuses, depending largely on the field of study:
- the early transition in human society from tribal communities into larger political organizations. Studies of this topic, often in anthropology, explore the initial development of basic administrative structures in areas where states developed from stateless societies.[5] Although state formation was an active research agenda in anthropology and archaeology until the 1980s, some of the effort has changed to focus not on why these states formed but on how they operated.[6]
- in contrast, studies in political science and in sociology have focused significantly on the formation of the modern state.[7]
Early state formation
|First State
|Approximate Year
|Indus River Valley
|North China
|Shang Dynasty[10]
|Moche, Tiwanaku, and Wari[11]
|Monte Albán[12]
Studies of early state formation focus on "primary states" (of which there may be few) and on early states (which formed in different parts of the world throughout history).
Primary states are defined by Anthropologists [9] However, the list typically includes the first states to develop in Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Indus river valley, North China, Peru, and Mesoamerica.[8] Cohen identifies six zones of independent state development:[13]
- a connected zone including Europe, North Africa, the Nile river valley, East and South Asia
- Mesoamerica
- Peru
- West Africa
- East Africa
- Polynesia
Studies on the formation of early states tend to focus on processes that create and institutionalize a state in a situation where a state did not exist before. Examples of early states which developed in interaction with other states include the Aegean Bronze Age Greek civilizations and the Malagasy civilization in Madagascar.[14] Unlike primary state formation, early state formation does not require the creation of the first state in that cultural context or development autonomously, independently from state development nearby. Early state formation causation can thus include borrowing, imposition, and other forms of interaction with already existing states.[15]
Modern state formation
Theories on the formation of modern states focus on the processes that support the development of modern states, particularly those that formed in late-medieval Europe and then spread around the world with colonialism. Starting in the 1940s and 1950s, with decolonization processes underway, attention began to focus on the formation and construction of modern states with significant bureaucracies, ability to tax, and territorial sovereignty around the world.[16][17] However, some scholars hold that the modern state model formed in other parts of the world prior to colonialism, but that colonial structures replaced it.[18]
Theories about early state development
There are a number of different theories and hypotheses regarding early state formation that seek generalizations to explain why the state developed in some places but not others. Other scholars believe that generalizations are unhelpful and that each case of early state formation should be treated on its own.[8]
Voluntary theories
Voluntary theories contend that diverse groups of people came together to form states as a result of some shared rational interest.[19] The theories largely focus on the development of agriculture, and the population and organizational pressure that followed and resulted in state formation. The argument is that such pressures result in integrative pressure for rational people to unify and create a state.[20] Much of the social contract philosophical traditional proposed a voluntary theory for state formation.[21]
One of the most prominent theories of early and primary state formation is the hydraulic hypothesis, which contends that the state was a result of the need to build and maintain large-scale irrigation projects.[22] The theory was most significantly detailed Karl August Wittfogel's argument that, in arid environments, farmers would be confronted by the production limits of small-scale irrigation. Eventually different agricultural producers would join together in response to population pressure and the arid environment, to create a state apparatus that could build and maintain large irrigation projects.[23]
In addition to this, is what Carneiro calls the automatic hypothesis, which contends that the development of agriculture easily produces conditions necessary for the development of a state. With surplus food stocks created by agricultural development, creation of distinct worker classes and a division of labor would automatically trigger creation of the state form.[19]
A third voluntary hypothesis, particularly common with some explanations of early state development, is that long distance trade networks created an impetus for states to develop at key locations: such as ports or oases. For example, the increased trade in the 1500s may have been a key to state formation in West African states such as Whydah, Dahomey, and the Benin Empire.[22]
Conflict theories
Conflict theories of state formation contend that conflict and dominance of some population over another population is key to the formation of the state.[23] In contrast with voluntary theories, these arguments believe that people do not voluntarily agree to create a state to maximize benefits, but that states are created by some form of oppression by one group over others. There are a number of different theories that rely on conflict, dominance, or oppression as a causal process or a necessary mechanism within certain conditions and they may borrow from other approaches. In general the theories include: Economic stratification, Conquest of other peoples, conflict in Circumscribed areas, and neoevolutionary growth of bureaucracy.
- Economic stratification
- One of the earliest theories based on anthropological evidence was Karl Marx on the Asiatic mode of production.[25] Engels then argued that the state developed as a result of the need to protect private property. The theory contended that surplus production as a result of the development of agriculture created a division and specialization of labor: creating classes who worked the land and those who could devote time to other tasks. Class antagonism and the need to secure the private property of those living on the surplus production produced by agriculturalists resulted in the creation of the state.[26]
- This argument was further developed by anthropologist Morton Fried who argued that social stratification was the primary dynamic underlying the development of the state.[27]
- Conquest theories
- Similar to the economic stratification theories, the conquest theory contends that the state was created by one city to control other tribes or settlements it had conquered. The theory has its roots in the work of Franz Oppenheimer (1864-1943).[28][29] Oppenheimer argues that the state was created to cement inequality between peoples that resulted from conquest.[30]
- Carneiro's circumscription theory
- Robert Carneiro created a theory aiming to provide a more nuanced understanding of state formation by accounting for the fact that many factors (surplus agriculture, warfare, irrigation, conquest, etc.) did not produce states in all situations. His answer was that while population pressure and warfare were mechanisms of state formation, they only created states in geographic regions circumscribed, or walled off from the surrounding area.[31] Geographic barriers (or in some cases barriers created by nomadic raiders or rival societies) create limitations on the ability of the people to deal with production shortfalls and the result is that warfare results in state creation.[27] In situations of unlimited agricultural land (like the Amazon or Eastern United States), Carneiro believes that the pressures did not exist and so warfare allowed people to move elsewhere and thus did not spur creation of the state.[32]
- Neoevolutionary theories
- A number of different theories, sometimes connected with some of the processes above, explain state formation in terms of the basic evolution of leadership systems. The basis of the argument is that human society evolved from tribes or chiefdoms into states through a gradual process of transformation that let a small group hierarchically structure society and maintain order through appropriation of symbols of power.[33] Groups that gained power in tribal society gradually worked towards building the hierarchy and segmentation that created the state.[34]
Other theories
Other aspects are highlighted in different theories as of contributing importance. It is sometimes claimed that technological development, religious development, or socialization of members are crucial to state development. However, most of these factors are found to be secondary in anthropological analysis.[39] In addition to conquest, some theories contend that the need for defense from military conquest or the military organization to conquer other peoples is the key aspect leading to state formation.[22]
Discredited theories
Some theories proposed in the 1800s and early 1900s have since been largely discredited by anthropologists. These include theories that early state formation resulted from racial superiority, historical accident, or from a shared consciousness of the people.[19] Similarly, [28]
Theories about modern state development
In the medieval period (500-1400 CE) in Europe, there were a variety of authority forms throughout the region. These included feudal lords, empires, religious authorities, free cities, and other authorities.[40] Often dated to the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, there began to be the development in Europe of modern states with large-scale capacity for taxation, coercive control of their populations, and advanced bureaucracies.[41] The state became prominent in Europe over the next few centuries before the particular form of the state spread to the rest of the world via the colonial and international pressures of the 1800s and 1900s.[42] Other modern states developed in Africa and Asia prior to colonialism, but were largely displaced by colonial rule.[43]
Political scientists, sociologists, and anthropologists began studying the state formation processes in Europe and elsewhere in the 1600s—beginning significantly with Max Weber. However, state formation became a primary interest in the 1970s. The question was often framed as a contest between state forces and society forces and the study of how the state became prominent over particular societies.[44] A number of theories developed regarding state development in Europe. Other theories focused on the creation of states in late colonial and post-colonial societies.[45] The lessons from these studies of the formation of states in the modern period are often used in theories about State-building. Other theories contend that the state in Europe was constructed in connection with peoples from outside Europe and that focusing on state formation in Europe as a foundation for study silences the diverse history of state formation.[46]
Warfare theories
Two related theories are based on military development and warfare, and the role that these forces played in state formation. Charles Tilly developed an argument that the state developed largely as a result of "state-makers" who sought to increase the taxes they could gain from the people under their control so they could continue fighting wars.[40] In the constant warfare of the centuries in Europe, coupled with expanded costs of war with mass armies and gunpowder, warlords had to find ways to finance war and control territory more effectively. The modern state presented the opportunity for them to develop taxation structures, the coercive structure to implement that taxation, and finally the guarantee of protection from other states that could get much of the population to agree.[47]
Michael Roberts and Geoffrey Parker, in contrast, finds that the primary causal factor was not the "state-makers" themselves, but simply the military revolutions that allowed development of larger armies.[48] The argument is that with the expanded state of warfare, the state became the only administrative unit that could endure in the constant warfare in the Europe of this period, because only it could develop large enough armies.[49] This view—that the modern state replaced chaos and general violence with internal disciplinary structures—has been challenged as ethnocentric, and ignoring the violence of modern states.[50]
Feudal crisis theories
Another argument contends that the state developed out of economic and social crises that were prominent in late-medieval Europe. Religious wars between Catholics and Protestants, and the involvement of leaders in the domains of other leaders under religious reasons was the primary problem dealt with in the Peace of Westphalia.[41] In addition, Marxist theory contends that the economic crisis of feudalism forced the aristocracy to adapt various centralized forms of organization so they could retain economic power, and this resulted in the formation of the modern state.[51]
Cultural theories
Some scholarship, linked to wider debates in Anthropology, has increasingly emphasized the state as a primarily cultural artifact, and focuses on how symbolism plays a primary role in state formation.[52] Most explicitly, some studies emphasize how the creation of national identification and citizenship were crucial to state formation. The state then is not simply a military or economic authority, but also includes cultural components creating consent by people by giving them rights and shared belonging.[45]
Outside Europe
Modern states were created without European influence in some parts of Africa, Latin America, and elsewhere before colonialism.[53] However, much of attention has focused on how states developed in Africa in the situation of post-colonial state formation.[54] Although warfare is primary in many theories of state formation in Europe, with the development of the international norm of non-interventionism this process of state formation has decreased in relevance[55] and other processes of state formation have become prominent outside Europe (including colonial imposition, assimilation, borrowing, and some internal political processes).[54]
One explicit theory of the expansion of the state formation outside Europe is John W. Meyer's World Society Theory, which contends that the state form was part of a diffusion from Europe, institutionalized in the United Nations, and gradually the nation-state became the basis for both those in power and those challenging power.[56] In addition, since the first modern states (the United Kingdom, United States, and France) took over significant empires in much of the rest of the world, it is sometimes argued that they set the institutional starts and that future developments were either imposed or copied from them because they were seen as successful.[56]
See also
- ^ Haas 1982, p. 1.
- ^ Barkey & Parikh 1991, p. 523.
- ^ Haas 1982, pp. 2-3.
- ^ Cohen 1978, pp. 2-5.
- ^ Spruyt 2002, p. 129.
- ^ Marcus & Feinman 1998, p. 3.
- ^ Spruyt 2002, p. 131.
- ^ a b c d Spencer & Redmond 2004, p. 174.
- ^ a b Wright 1977, p. 386.
- ^ Haas 1982, p. 90.
- ^ Stanish 2001, p. 56.
- ^ Spencer & Redmond 2004, p. 193.
- ^ Cohen 1978, p. 39.
- ^ Wright 2006, p. 306.
- ^ Cohen 1978, p. 50.
- ^ Southall 1974, p. 153.
- ^ Spruyt 2002, p. 132.
- ^ Blanton & Fargher 2008, p. 13.
- ^ a b c Carneiro 1970, p. 733.
- ^ Service 1978, p. 21.
- ^ Service 1978, pp. 21-23.
- ^ a b c Service 1978, p. 30.
- ^ a b Carneiro 1970, p. 734.
- ^ Claessen & Skalnik 1978, p. 6.
- ^ Service 1978, pp. 25-26.
- ^ Claessen & Skalnik 1978, p. 7.
- ^ a b Service 1978, pp. 28-29.
- ^ a b Service 1978, p. 24.
- ^ Gross 1999, p. 5.
- ^ Claessen & Skalnik 1978, p. 10.
- ^ Claessen & Skalnik 1978, p. 13.
- ^ Carneiro 1970, pp. 734-735.
- ^ Blanton & Fargher 2008, p. 8.
- ^ Blanton & Fargher 2008, p. 9.
- ^ Cohen 1978, p. 38.
- ^ Haas 1982, p. 73.
- ^ Cohen 1978, p. 51.
- ^ Wright 2006, p. 316.
- ^ Cohen 1978, pp. 61-68.
- ^ a b Barkey & Parikh 1991, p. 527.
- ^ a b Axtmann 2004, p. 260.
- ^ Barkey & Parikh 1991, p. 535.
- ^ Krohn-Hansen & Nustad 2005, p. 12.
- ^ Barkey & Parikh 1991, p. 525.
- ^ a b Barkey & Parikh 1991, p. 530.
- ^ Krohn-Hansen & Nustad 2005, p. 8.
- ^ Barkey & Parikh 1991, p. 527-528.
- ^ Thompson & Rasler 1999, p. 5.
- ^ Thompson & Rasler 1999, p. 6.
- ^ Krohn-Hansen & Nustad 2005, p. 19.
- ^ Barkey & Parikh 1991, p. 529.
- ^ Krohn-Hansen & Nustad 2005, p. 9.
- ^ Ejogu 2011, p. 595.
- ^ a b Southall 1974, p. 155.
- ^ Barkey & Parikh 1991, p. 531.
- ^ a b Wimmer & Feinstein 2010, p. 769.
- Axtmann, Roland (2004). "The State of the State: The Model of the Modern State and Its Contemporary Transformations". International Political Science Review 25 (3): 259–279. (subscription required)
- (subscription required)
- (subscription required)
- Cohen, Ronald (1978). "State Origins: A Reappraisal". In Claessen, Henri J.M. and Peter Skalnik. The Early State. New York: Mouton Publishers. pp. 31–75.
- Ejogu, E.C. (2011). "State Building in the Niger Basin in the Common Era and Beyond, 1000-Mid 1800s: The Case of Yorubaland". Journal of Asian and African Studies 46 (6): 593–616. (subscription required)
- Haas, Jonathan (1982). The Evolution of the Prehistoric State. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Krohn-Hansen, Christian; Nustad, Knut G. (2005). "Introduction". In Krohn-Hansen, Christian & Knut G. Nustad. State Formation: Anthropological Perspectives. London: Pluto Press. pp. 3–26.
- (subscription required)
- (subscription required)
- Spruyt, Hendrik (2002). "The Origins, Development, and Possible Decline of the Modern State". Annual Review of Political Science 5: 127–149. (subscription required)
- Stanish, Charles (2001). "The Origin of State Societies in South America". Annual Review of Anthropology 30: 41–64. (subscription required)
- Thompson, William R.; Rasler, Karen (1999). "War, the Military Revolution(s) Controversy, and Army Expansion : A Test of Two Explanations of Historical Influences on European State Making". Comparative Political Studies 32 (1): 3–31. (subscription required)
- Wimmer, Andreas; Feinstein, Yuval (2010). "The Rise of the Nation-State across the World, 1816 to 2001". American Sociological Review 75 (3): 764–790. (subscription required)
- (subscription required)
- (subscription required)


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Science & Technology
A drone is an unmanned aircraft that can fly by itself–autonomously or without direct human control. Drones are often called unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). A drone is essentially a flying robot! They can be controlled by software embedded in their onboard systems. They often interact with onboard sensors and GPS (geographic positioning system).
In Alabama 4-H, young people can learn about drone technology, safe operation, and how they can be used. In Drone Discovery, young people can begin to learn about drone technology first hand. Drone Discovery is a club and activity guide for learning about and flying drones in 4-H.
Contact your local Extension office to ask about getting involved.


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Infinite Lyrics Index
First Invasion (1st Mini Album):
01. Infinity
02. Come Back Again
03. She's Back
04. Wings
05. Fixed Star
06. Entrust
Evolution (2nd Mini Album):
01. Evolution (Intro)
02. BTD (Before The Dawn)
03. Can U Smile
04. Hysterie
05. Voice of My Heart
06. I Don't Know
Inspirit (1st Single Album):
01. Nothing's Over
02. Shot
03. Can U Smile (Remake)
Over the Top (1st Album):
01. Over the Top (Intro)
02. Be Mine
03. A Third Part
04. Tic Toc
05. Julia
06. Because
07. Time
08. Amazing
09. Crying
10. Real Story
Paradise (1st Repackaged Album):
01. Paradise
02. Cover Girl
03. Be Mine (Remix version)
INFINITIZE (3rd Mini Album):
02. The Chaser
03. Feel So Bad
04. In The Summer
05. Only Tears
06. I Like You
07. With…
Before the Dawn (1st Japanese Single):
01. Before the Dawn (Japanese version)
02. Can U Smile (Remake)
03. Before the Dawn (Korean version)
Be Mine (2nd Japanese Single):
01. Over The Top
02. Be Mine (Japanese Version)
03. Julia (Japanese Version)
She's Back (3rd Japanese Single):
01. She's Back (Japanese Version)
02. TO-RA-WA (Japanese Version)
1st Digital Single:
One thought on "Infinite Lyrics Index"
Wow. I never knew they had some other songs! Thanks for this!


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Bringing people together to improve communication of research findings
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James D. Purefoy
MSMF Communications
The Michael Scott Mater Foundation (MSMF) continues to make progress in the area of sustainability in the Iraqi higher education
system. Read the following article:…
Posted on August 12, 2010 at 14:19
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text:
The Homestead was opened in 1940, using a lodge referred to by that name on the grounds of the private Leelenau Schools. It is in the Sleeping Bear Dunes area, one of the most beautiful, scenic places in the US.
In 1963, The Leelanau School was reorganized from a privately owned school to a non-profit corporation and a portion of the original school property, including the Homestead Lodge, was transferred to the resort which was modernized and expanded at this time.
I do not know when skiing began on the property or when lifts were first installed. Winter activities were encouraged at the school, so likely the students and faculty were touring the dunes on skis and snowshoes long before 1940. The school was an early supporter of competitive alpine skiing and appears to have been, along with the public school in Traverse City, instrumental in the development of nearby Sugarloaf as a ski area.
The Homestead now offers skiing an snowboarding on their dune with 2 triple and one double chairlifts and one rope tow as well as x-c skiing, snowshoeing and ice skating.
If you have any information about the development of skiing at The Homestead, please post your comments here or send them to us via the directions on the About MILSAP page.


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Mainstream music has always had to struggle with the black cloud of commercialism that hands over some of its most lucrative artists, but even when the darkness becomes so powerful that there seems like there isn't a shred of originality left in our world, there's always a light to break through the clouds emanating from the depths of the indie underground. No one is shining the light brighter than Mikey See is right now, and in an overcast market of sound-alikes and wannabe gangsters, his new single "Love My Body" sits atop the creative shoulders of giants from an era all but forgotten.
"Love My Body" is a very danceable single, but Mikey See also packed the song full of plenty of intellectually stimulating fodder for music enthusiasts to pick over to their heart's content. There are countless layers of spellbinding rhythm crashing into a black and white beat that crushes any notion of boredom, and while See himself produces a jarring vocal that cuts through the melody like a hot knife through butter, this song is anything but inaccessible to the casual pop fan. In fact, this might just be the single to bring a little bit of wit and street smarts back to the charts.
Mikey See strikes me as an artist who could play almost any genre of music well, whether it be the glossy urban beat that he lays down in "Love My Body" or even something more ambitiously experimental and formless. His singing style isn't pinned down to one specific kind of music, and his reverent lyricism is intimate enough that it only needs a modest canvas to fill with more color than you'll find in a rainbow. Mikey See doesn't act like he wants us to relegate him to the same category as other pop musicians – his material is just too sprawling and ambitious.
Find Mikey See on INSTAGRAM
One of the most provocative takeaways from "Love My Body" that I personally felt was the fact that of all the songs See has released this year, this one is the boldest in its audiological spread. It comes at us full force like a tornado spit out of the heavens, and quaintly hints at See's desire to make even more expansive music in the future. I myself would love to see him front a larger group of musicians just to see the way he would direct their instrumentation and manipulate their sound into his own. His inventiveness is his best quality and will be the key to his inevitable ascent to the top.
Experimentalism is going to be the name of the game in the next decade, and in "Love My Body" Mikey See declares that he isn't just unafraid of trying new ideas that have never been played with before; he straight up intends on building his career around them. His willingness to go into the unknown with nothing to guide him but creative intuition is daring and very risky for an artist just starting out, but with such awesome results so far, I'm not going to be the one to tell him he should slow down anytime soon.
-review by Jodi Marxbury


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From July young riders can have a go at British Young Riders Dressage (BYRDS) tests with Dressage Anywhere!
Specifically for under 25s, BYRDS is a friendly and supportive way to get involved in dressage. Riders are encouraged to develop and improve their riding and horsemanship using tests that give a clear picture of understanding, level of work and the relationship with their horse or pony.
There are four levels:
The tests are quite different and have been designed to show the judge how well a rider can influence their horse's way of going through a supple and correct seat, good preparation, and a good a relationship with their horse. Although they may appear relatively simple, they are constructed in a way that requires a great deal of skill to be able to ride them fluently and easily.
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Test sheets are available from the BD Online Shop or Dressage Diagrams.


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• Other than the customary methods for being a tease, there are different, inconspicuous ways you can stand out enough to be noticed and told him that you are truly inspired by him.
• We've all been in the cumbersome circumstance where we needed to begin a discussion however no clue had how to be coy without "making a decent attempt".
• In spite of the fact that being a tease may appear somewhat hard when you give it a shot for initial couple of times (particularly if your squash's nearness makes you anxious immediately), however with the correct moves and state of mind, you will in a flash win his consideration.
Celebrities Without Makeup, Perused on to discover how to tease like a genius!
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Enjoy with your partner
We should begin at the earliest reference point: figuring out how to appreciate being a tease is presumably the most critical piece of it.
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Make it easy for both of you
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Prove yourself smarter than him
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Read More Today Celebrity News When a Married Man is Attracted Towards You


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According to the platform; "ICE Futures U.S., Inc. will list the new Bakkt Bitcoin Daily Futures (USD) Contract for trading on trade date Thursday, January 24, 2019, subject to regulatory approval.
ICE Futures U.S., Inc. is a company with the goal of providing consumers and institutions with the opportunity to buy, sell, store and spend digital assets around the world.
The goal is to provide a market for Bitcoin and storage solutions that conforms to regulatory approval, as well as applications for consumers and traders. The initial focus is on trading and converting BTC versus traditional fiat currency.
Read Also: Splitt Cloud Mining Makes Adjustment To Stay In Crypto Investment
The first product of the company is a 1-day contract with Bitcoin futures that will give a physical result. This implies that any future contract on the platform will be backed up with real Bitcoin.
The Bakkt Bitcoin Daily Futures platform was reported to launch on December 12, and that raised a high hope that the market will experience some growth before the New Year.
Read Also: Cryptocurrency Investment Is A Risk Taken By The Brave
However, the news that Bakkt Bitcoin Daily Futures platform launch is postponed to January 24, 2019, came as a surprise. The platform explains: The new, listing time-frame will provide additional time for customer and clearing member on boarding prior to the start of trading and warehousing of the new contract coupled with the need for additional testing of security systems and the instability of the cryptocurrency market".
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Carla Bruni-Sarkozy has gone way up in my esteem, despite the unfortunately waxy-like outcome of her many non-invasive cosmetic facial procedures.
I hope for her sake that it's not really true that husbands and wives (like owner and dog) eventually grow to resemble each other.
In the run-up to the birth, Bruni-Sarkozy insisted political considerations and timing - even the expectation of a birth in mid-financial crisis - had not been taken into account as the first family made its plans.She insisted any baby's arrival is "a happy carefree moment and that's how it's been since the dawn of time"."We're in a time of crisis, but if human reproduction was decided by thinking about whether you're going to have a perfect life, we wouldn't be here to talk about it, neither you nor I," the Italian-born heiress said."What's more, I think that the survival instinct is also expressed by the desire to have a child."
What a charming, delightful woman."Of course, I'll look after the baby, but I don't see that that should stop me working," she said, stressing that she receives a lot of help and does not have a difficult life."As to the duties related to my husband's job - and there are not so many - I do them willingly," she said.
I hope for her sake that it's not really true that husbands and wives (like owner and dog) eventually grow to resemble each other.


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This week's top offers include;
Turtle Bay Restaurant & Bar – 20% off the food bill
Come along and sample some authentic Caribbean cuisine in York and enjoy the bright and vibrant surroundings at one of Britain's fastest growing restaurant chains, with the totally tropical taste. This is available for a party of any size.
To take advantage of this offer please quote WwYTurtle17 and our staff must show their CYT payslip on arrival at their booking.
Brewtown Brewery Tours – 10% discount
Whether it's a chance to create memories with friends or family, a team building event for work colleagues or a Xmas gift, this is a fun, laid back touring experience with fellow beer lovers, sampling the best beer in Yorkshire.
It's as much about the journey as the destination – their tours will take you through some of the prettiest parts of God's own county, with beautiful views and historic scenery all part of the package. Work with York staff can get the discount of 10% online. Please contact Claire Leaver at email@example.com for the code. The discount covers their York and Leeds tours as well as Gift Vouchers. Bookings must be made via the website using a credit card.
We will have different staff offers every week so make sure you keep re-visiting our website for details of what they are and how you can claim them. If you have any queries on any of our offers, please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com


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Introduction: Knex FAMAS
Just a quick thing a made. It does not shoot, its just for looks. Sorry for wierd Picture angels.
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11 Discussions
Doesn't really look like a famas compared to other models.
sure it does DJRadigay
Who are you to pick on people. Look at your instructable.
Look at the FAMAS by Atlas. Then look at this. Which one is more realistic? If you said this one, you are stupid. This one has a rail that's too long, and the angles are off.
Oh and adding "Gay" to the end of my name is extremely cliche and doesn't do much for an insult. In fact, it just shows how dumb you are by trying (and failing) to insult people who are 100x better than you.
this famas looks better and more accrate than atlas's
it doesnt even look like a famas
To be honest i don't see why people need to compare it. It sucks, i made it very quickly a long time ago because i was bored. It wasn't supposed to be anything special
curve the handle and clip and make a smaller barrel then ill give u 5*
woow thats is realy good!
but make him shoot and post!
best famas on the site!5*
nice! 5*


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Board: Salomon Official
Size: 155
Camber Option: Traditional Camber
Bindings: K2 Indy
Stance: 22.5 Wide 18 Negative 15 Goofy
Boots: K2 T1 DB Size 10
My Weight: 170lbs
Resort: Breckenridge
Conditions: Sunny and slightly overcast to a storm moving in. The snow was fast with a mix of firm in the shade and a little softer in the sun.
Flex: While this board might be a directional twin it is most certainly not a directional flex. Over all the board is a stiffer flex. The tips have minimal play in them which reduces chatter at speed. Through the inserts and middle it's the same consistent flex. The torsional give to this board matches the flex as well which makes for a minimal amount. This board is aggressively stiff.
Stability: This is a highly stable ride. The traditional camber and flex pattern just make it as smooth as can be. Charging down steeper groomers there was never a sense of this board was going to buck me. Getting into choppy moguls and side hits the board cruised over them with no problem.
Ollies: Here's where this board stuck out. Traditional camber with an aggressively stiff flex pattern makes you work to get snap, but when you load up the tail and pop you are going to the moon. This board is designed for high speed fast ollies.
Pop On Jumps: Much like how it ollied off natural transitions and rollers this board can send it off a jump. Granted you have to be a bit more methodical with how you load up the tail to pop off a lip. This means you can't be lazy with your riding and have to be calculated.
Butterability: Unless you're a beast of a man that knows how to handle traditional camber with a stiffer flex pattern you won't be buttering this. The best way to butter is to go full speed and use your body mass to get the bend you want out of the board.
Jibbing: Well high speed 50-50's are great, presses not so much. You have to work twice as hard to hit the sweet spot on this board and even when you hit it, you're working over time. This is not the board for someone that wants to jib.
Carving: For such an aggressive board you would think the sidecut would match it. I found on numerous times that it was washing out on firmer snow. Trying to center flex the board and drive the tail through the arc of the carve would make it buckle and fold 1 out of every 5 tries. Mellow set up turns and long drawn out carves were not a problem though.
Rider in Mind: I would say this board is more for someone that is riding half pipe than anything else. Sure the traditional camber lover who wants to just carve and go fast will more than likely want this, the flex and shape just beg for it to be ridden in the pipe.
Personal Thoughts: It's been years since I rode this deck. In that time a lot has changed with board construction and we've seen a whole revolution in what traditional camber is like now. This board tends to remind me of a very meat and potatoes style deck in regards to how it rides. It is aggressive and most certainly not for everyone.
Comparable Boards: Capita DOA, Interior Plain Project Honalee, Ride Burnout
Support your local snowboard shop buy locally. Find a shop here.
This board was loaned to us for review by Salomon Snowboards marketing department.
*Disclaimer this board did not change for 2017 so we carried the 2016 review over.


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New Layer hatchery in Chili!
Hi-Line Chili has built a new layer hatchery in El Monte, Chili and will have a capacity of 20 mln layer chicks per year. The new hatchery is equipped with a Viscon chick processing line. Including a unique gender sorting station which can monitor the operator performance. The sorting station counts automatically the amount of sorted chicks per operator, this way the performance of the operators can be monitored.
More News
Save the date: OVUM 2019
Viscon will be present at the Latin America Poultry Conference – OVUM 2019!
Partnership MSD Animal Health
Vinovo partners with MSD Animal Health for Enhanced Poultry Health. This partnership brings together MSD's broad vaccine portfolio with in-ovo technology from Vinovo to…
Join us at SIAVS 2019!
Vinovo brings the Vinovo Flex Inject all the way from the Netherlands to Brazil! Check out this new machine at booth 28 during SIAVS – Salão Internacional de Avicultura e Suinocultura!
MSD Brasil participates in Vinovo training session
The team of MSD Saúde Animal and a number of respected hatchery owners, managers and veterinarians from Brasil came to visit Vinovo and showed great enthusiasm when talking about in ovo vaccination and the collaboration between Vinovo and MSD Animal Health.
Vinovo Flex – Fits any type of incubation tray
During the upcoming SIAVS show in São Paulo Viscon will showcase the Vinovo Flex. This new in-ovo vaccination device Inject is developed as a diverse alternative to the already existing Vinovo Select Inject.
Copacol's hatchery to double capacity
Brazilian poultry producer Copacol is installing the second phase of its hatchery expansion in Goioerê/PR to double production capacity to 3,5 mln eggs per week.


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It's so easy! Just follow this link, select personalize and upload your favorite photo and voila! You'll instantly see your photo design on real custom postage. Stamps are sold in sheets of 20 and come on adhesive photo paper. Just peel and stick on your envelopes. So easy – you'll love the way they look.
If you have a heavier mailing over one ounce (perhaps your wedding invitation) there are also other postage rates available to accomodate. Currently, the price for first class postage stamps is 50 cents and stamp prices are due to increase January 27 to 55 cents. Each additional ounce will cost 15 cents (a decrease from 21 cents currently). So if your mailing is over one ounce, the price to mail after January 27th will be 70 cents (less than the 71 cent rate in effect right now). So – you can go ahead and purchase the 71 cent rate now. You'll be fine whether you mail them before or after the planned postage increase in January of 2019.


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That book idea of yours? Where does it start? At the beginning? And… Then what? This, Ladies and Gentle-squires, is where most novel ideas begin andend. A charismatic protagonist, compelling premise, and possibly evena shapely opening sentence, do not a novel make. But they're most definitely the makings of a novel. The secret ingredient you're … Continue reading A Novel Recipe
Why I Wrote…Awful by Comparison
My first book, Awful by Comparison, was a bit of an experiment to see if a) I could write Comedy, and b) catch the attention of a Literary Agent. More than that, it was a story I couldn't leave unfinished, and I hoped real-life readers may feel the same way. So, to justify the time … Continue reading Why I Wrote…Awful by Comparison
Into the Blue
Keanu Reeves
A Thinking Man
Tyrion Lannister. Game of Thrones.
Why I Wrote…Girlfriend, Interrupted
2002: Step-girlfriending in full sh-wing!Girlfriend, Interrupted, was inspired after becoming part of a stepfamily at twenty-five. I'd been single for three years. Graduated from University the year before, and hadn't spent much time with children since my childhood... Overnight, weekends and holidays became strictly PG. I abandoned high heels and hangovers, in favour of cooking … Continue reading Why I Wrote…Girlfriend, Interrupted
The F Word
2000: Just a fun-loving Feminist. For the first time I can remember, it's cool to be a Feminist. In fact, it's a basic sign of evolution akin to the Opposable Thumb, and severely crushing on New York Times Political Correspondent, and frontline Feminist, Ronan Farrow. During my 20's, reading Girl Curriculum literature by the likes … Continue reading The F Word
UPDATE: Poetry-in-Motion. Novel-in-Progress…
Photo by Daria Shevtsova on Pexels.com I'm so glad you're here. I'm supposed to be writing a book, but the details have grown a bit fuzzy, and you're so much more fun to spend time with. So, while I pretend I'm working, instead, I'll write this little nonsense to you. Quick recap. I'm about halfway … Continue reading UPDATE: Poetry-in-Motion. Novel-in-Progress…
Victory V & The Active Wear Feminist
I've just bought my first pair of trainers. I'm wearing workout leggings, and I'm not even on a health-kick. I've never stepped foot inside a gym, apart from feigning interest on hotel arrival, and have no intention of joining one. I bought them to wear, just to wear, because I like feeling fully equipped to … Continue reading Victory V & The Active Wear Feminist
The Funny Thing is… Writing Comedy
Photo by Tirachard Kumtanom on Pexels.com I wouldn't have dared tell myself I was going to write Comedy until I wrote it. Working on my first novel, as I became more comfortable in the story-telling, humour became an inherent part of the mix. Initially, I didn't think about trying to make readers smile. I saw it as a way … Continue reading The Funny Thing is… Writing Comedy


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Rather than signing up to a restrictive lease, we offer flexible terms with the ability to dial up and down - as and when you need.
Get a private office that is entirely yours with all the amenities you need.
A Kitt workspace can be up to 35% more cost effective than traditional serviced offices or a self operated space.
But don't give up yet. We have more offices like this one that could be your perfect match.View Similar Offices
Our personal property advisors will manage your entire search for free


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You and your partner are connected by your adoration and love for one another. But, everything isn't all roses. The two of you definitely have some fundamental differences.
How can you maintain a harmonious relationship when you and your loved one have conflicting points of view? Stay open-minded and non-judgmental and discuss your differences. Make sure the two of you know where the other stands when it comes to family, finances, technology usage, problem-solving techniques, decision making and household management.
Here are some ways you can address your differences and create a stronger relationship:
The idea of family encompasses traditions, values and parenting. Your value system will greatly steer your relationship. If your partner has a different religion than you, try and understand his or her point of view and how he or she was raised with such beliefs. Discuss your own philosophical or religious convictions and find and acknowledge your common ground.
While the topic of children may not seem relevant, it is a subject that should be discussed at some point. Clarify long-term goals and familial hopes and dreams with your partner. Discuss how many children you wish to have, how you prefer to parent them and your timeline for starting a family.
Money is the topic most couples argue about. Perhaps you are frugal and your partner throws caution to the wind. How do you manage combined finances or deal with the differences of your financial habits? Talk about the reasoning behind indulgent versus conservative spending. If one partner is focused on long-term saving and the other is willing to deplete their accounts for a good time, find a way to compromise.
Seek out resources that will help guide these awkward conversations. "Financial Intimacy: How to Create a Healthy Relationship with Your Money and Your Mate" is an excellent resource that will help you resolve your financial differences.
Your partner is always on his or her phone. It takes every ounce of your patience to not blow up when his or her attention is on that hunk of technology and not you. Don't criticize or become upset. Join in on the smartphone fun. Purchase a smartphone like the LG G5 that will help bring the two of you closer together. Find one with a high-resolution screen, so you can watch videos together. A camera with high resolution is the perfect tool for taking adorable selfies. There are also many apps on the market that can provide entertainment for the two of you, be it games or creative video making.
Problem Solving
When it comes to conflict or tough decisions, one of you is a lion and the other a mouse. One is confident and will attack problems head-on without a second thought. He or she will advocate for themselves and get things done. The other runs away and hides from problems, avoiding conflict at any cost.
Team up together when things get tough, so you can solve issues together. This will strengthen your bond and help you tackle life's problems as they come along.
Household Management
Does your partner have a living space that looks like it has been hit by a tornado? Do they leave dirty dishes in the sink for days and rarely clean the house? Help clean up their act! Rather than insisting that your partner makes big changes in their cleaning habits, start small. Divide up household chores between the two of you, even if you aren't living together, so good habits can develop. Have your partner be in charge of little things like taking out the trash, washing dishes and folding laundry while watching television. Purchase cleaning supplies, like an easy-to-use mop or an apparel folding board.


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As a land financial specialist you may have methodologies set up that make it so you never need to go to the bank so as to buy a property. You may expect advances or discount houses for benefits. You may even pay money. In the event that you run over a property that is simply too great to even think about passing by and you have to finance it quick, at that point you may need to utilize hard cash.
Hard cash advances are otherwise called private advances. They are basically a money exchange that is supported by private financial specialists (hard cash banks). There are numerous reasons why you can profit by utilizing these advances and it tends to be a lifeline. Above all else, these loan specialists loan explicitly on the arrangement, not on you. They don't check your credit and they even loan you the cash for your redesigns. The best part is they can regularly shut in multi week!
Here is the manner by which a commonplace hard cash credit is organized. The loan specialist will arrange an evaluation of the house you expect to purchase and they will demand two qualities. They need to know the as-is an incentive just as the after-fixed worth (ARV). They will credit you a level of the ARV which is the manner by which they can repay you for fixes. For instance, the as-is worth is $100,000 and the after-fixed worth is $200,000. On the off chance that they advance you 65 % of the ARV, at that point they will advance you up to $130,000 dollars. This leaves you $30,000 to put towards fixes on the house.
The conditions of their credits are normally 4 to 5 points and the regularly scheduled installments are roughly 13 to 15 percent intrigue. These terms will be less alluring than your normal home loan moneylender's terms anyway it is an even exchange off when you think about the majority of the advantages these private advances bring to the table. Think about a private cash bank as your accomplice. In the event that you have discovered a lot and need to close quick, these loan specialists merit each penny.
I can give you a couple integral reasons with respect to why I would utilize a hard cash credit. I have utilized a few of these before. The principal enormous scale recovery venture I at any point performed required about forty thousand dollars in fixes and I didn't have that a lot of cash available to me. In the event that I needed the arrangement I would need to act quick and have money accessible. This credit gave me simply that. On this arrangement I figured out how to procure a benefit of more than forty thousand dollars. Wasn't that value making a couple of huge home loan installments? Another explanation you might need to utilize these advances is on the off chance that you are a distributer. Perhaps your purchaser isn't prepared to close yet anyway your vender is. On the off chance that you have to close and hold a property for a brief timeframe, possibly only for seven days, these advances can be useful.
Getting a cash loan in Singapore can be a solution you can have as long as you get it from the best money lender in singapore. Just ensure you understand the standard terms and conditions attached to your loan.


text: COSO Media developed a new feature for Competitor Swim that allowed their clients to design their own lane lines right from their website called "Lane Wizard". Here you are asked to select your lane type and lane option (standard or disconnect). From there you can choose the lane length, customize the color, and see what the lane will look like in real time. Once your lane length and colors are selected you get a list of lane specifications based on the options you have selected.


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Training Courses & Open Days
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HOUSEKEEPING RECRUITMENT OPEN DAY - FANTASTIC DOUBLE TREE HILTON HOTEL -LONDON WESTMINSTER!Training Courses & Open Days - Croydon - 03/11/2016 Free
Established in 1980, Omni Facilities Management is a leading provider of outsourced services to over 150 hotels across the UK and Singapore, employing over 4,000 people. We currently have vacancies for housekeeping Room Attendants in a fantastic Hote...
Scottish Personal Licence Training | SCPLH Courses in Glasgow Edinburgh Dundee Aberdeen ScoltandTraining Courses & Open Days - Sheffield - 03/11/2016 Free
Are you looking to pursue a career in hospitality and the bar industry in Scotland? Take the first step and book your Scottish Personal Licence course with us today. This SCPLH course will provide you with the relevant training and accreditation requ...
Personal Trainer – Guaranteed InterviewsTraining Courses & Open Days - Birmingham - 03/11/2016 Free
The DW Sports Fitness Personal Training Academy, managed by Club Training, are actively looking to recruit individuals who are passionate about health, wellbeing and fitness. If you're longing to launch yourself into an exciting and rewarding career ...


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GPs should give longer consultations to mental health patients, says RCGP
GPs should have more time for consultations with patients with mental health problems under new proposals put forward by the RCGP in collaboration with the Royal College of Psychiatrists.
The two colleges have said that more must be done to improve the physical health of patients with mental health problems, and have laid out their plans for achieving parity of esteem with physical health.
Amongst the proposals being put forward are calls for improving continuity of care so patients can see the same GPs if they wish, and better coordination of care between GPs, psychiatrists and other health professionals.
The colleges have made joint 'pledges' to share examples of good mental health care and will focus on supporting people with serious mental health issues in key areas like smoking cessation and emphasising the need for regular physical health screening.
They have also pledged to review shared care the training and prescribing for psychotropic medicines in conjunction with the College for Mental Health Pharmacy and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society.
NHS England has recently urged GPs to use new tools to evaluate physical health in patients with mental health issues, after a recent survey showed that half of GPs hadn't had any mental health training in the past 12 months.
And Pulse recently revealed how cuts to child mental health services were heaping pressure on GPs.
The colleges' statement says: 'People with serious mental health problems die on average 15-20 years earlier than the rest of the population, with over 33,000 dying prematurely every year.
'Reversing this situation will require a bold new approach – one which breaks down the boundaries between physical and mental health services in the community and offers patients with serious mental illness a package of care that is planned around their needs.'
It also stresses that it is 'vital' that funding for general practice and community mental health services is rebalanced to support the integration of mental and physical health services.
Readers' comments (8)
While this 'joint' pledges are politically correct(just tell me my mother is a woman, for instance), this should be part of the game plan to put more and more pressure on NHSE and DoH to provide more resources(time, manpower and money, just ask GP to use a tool is totally irresponsible). Merely saying GPs should do more without fighting this political battle is betraying all of us........
Mental health care providers, the psychiatrist decides when he / she wants to see the patient, in general medicine, the GP will see the patient on request, so mental health patients often get a better service via their GP. Some GP's may not be fully versed in the mental health problems but when the patient needs helps and support, they can always count on their GP who do make extra time available. GP's make time to talk, psychiatrist only issue prescriptions!


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Top 3 for 27 March 2018
1- Commencement Tickets. Graduating students may pick up tickets for University Commencement and GWSB Doctoral and Masters celebration beginning 2 through 27 April 2018. Pick up hours are from 9AM to 6PM, location is in GWSB Office of Events Duques Room 355. Completion of graduation survey is required prior to picking up your tickets. Please bring photo ID and proof of survey completion when retrieving your tickets. More information regarding ticket distribution is found on this link: https://business.gwu.edu/gwsb-commencement/ticket-distribution
2- Upcoming Events:
PMIWDC Washington Circle Luncheon: Going with Agile or Growing with Agile? Energile's Agile Ingredients to Build High Performing Teams and Organizations featuring Mahendiran Periyasamy
Thursday, March 29, 2018 | 11:30am networking, 12 – 1:00pm presentation
Duques Hall, School of Business
2201 G Street NW
Room: 453 Washington, District Of Columbia 20052
Agile Transformation has been the proven game-changer towards the positive transformation in building high performing Agile culture embedded teams and the high performing organizations. Agile and live coaching can lead to better methods of continuous improvements in the journey of building and scaling up the teams' high performance. This will help the organizations to enable high product development speed while maintaining a highly available service.
Study Abroad Project Management Applications: PyeongChang Olympics Project Planning Observations featuring Melody Peppard (MBA-MSPM student)
Friday 6 April 2018 | Duques Hall Room 258 2201 G Street NW Washington DC 20052 | 4:30-5:30 PM
This event will provide an overview of the Olympic Games planning cycle with experiences learned from attending 2018 PyeongChang winter games. Project management concepts and challenges will be discussed for each stage of the planning phases from a Host City of the Olympic Games perspective and an International Olympic Committee perspective. MSPM students are highly encouraged to attend this presentation. RSVP is required via email invitation sent on 26 March. Contact Agnes Socrates, email@example.com if you have not received your invite.
3- BNY Mellon is Seeking a Sr. Representative in Mutual Fund/Client Accounting! The person in this role will serve as a lead for the day-to-day operations of a small- to medium-sized fund accounting support team, providing work direction and technical assistance on complex matters. Application link can be found here.