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MoreiYah » Main, Torah Teaching » Speaking In Tongues
Speaking In Tongues
"And these signs shall accompany the ones who believe: In My Name they shall cast out demons, they shall speak with renewed tongues, (Mark 16:17)
Many Christians believe that speaking in tongues is the key evidence to receiving the Holy Spirit. Scripture will show that speaking in tongues was one of the signs (manifestations) of the spirit; But we will also find, the tongue speaking that is spoken about by Christendom is very different then what we find in scripture.
- "For he shall be great before YAH, and shall drink no wine and strong drink at all. And he shall be filled with the Set-apart (Holy) Spirit, even from his mother's womb. (Luke 1:15)
We will look at what Christianity promotes as a sign of the spirit and compare it to what is in scripture.
- Pursue love, and earnestly seek the spiritual gifts, but rather that you prophesy. For he who is speaking in a tongue does not speak to men but to Elohim, for no one understands, but in the Spirit he speaks secrets. (1 Corinthians 14:1-2)
This is one of the scriptures used to get the doctrine of a prayer language specifically given to speak to Elohim, that the adversary cannot understand? Lets keep scripture in context and continue the study.
- But now, brothers, if I come to you speaking with tongues, what shall I profit you unless I speak to you, either by revelation, or by knowledge, or by prophesying, or by teaching? (1 Corinthians 14:6)
What is the purpose of speaking in a unfamiliar language (tongue) if you don't receive understanding, knowledge, or teaching? So tongues would have to be a language that someone understands to be fruitful. Lets go to the next verse where Paul clarifies his statement.
- Nevertheless, lifeless instruments making a sound, whether flute or harp, if they do not make a distinction in the sound, how shall it be known what is played on the flute or on the harp? For indeed, if the trumpet makes an indistinct sound, who shall prepare himself for battle? So also you, if you do not give speech by the tongue that is clear, how shall it be known what is spoken? For you shall be speaking into the air. There are, undoubtedly, so many kinds of sounds in the world, and none of them is without distinct sound. If then I do not know the power of the voice, I shall be a foreigner to him who speaks, and he who speaks be a foreigner to me. (1 Corinthians 14:7-11)
A horn blower who plays notes haphazardly will get no one to respond to his battle call. A voice that doesn't speak a recognizable pattern, and doesn't follow basic grammatical rules of a language is confusing to the hearers. Lets go to Torah to see what trumpet Paul is speaking of.
- And YAH spoke to Mosheh, saying, "Make two silver trumpets for yourself, make them of beaten work. And you shall use them for calling the congregation and for breaking camp. "And when they blow both of them, all the congregation shall meet before you at the door of the Tent of Meeting. "And if they blow one, then the leaders, the heads of the thousands of Yisrael, shall gather to you. "And when you blow a shout, the camps that lie on the east side shall depart. "And when you blow a shout the second time, then the camps that lie on the south side shall depart – they blow a shout for them to depart. "And when the assembly is to be assembled, you blow, but do not shout. (Numbers 10:1-7)
So to reiterate, if trumpets are blown and they sound like a flute, will you know to march to war, take a journey, or attend the assembly? The trumpet makes a specific sound, yet if it is blown and is not recognizable wouldn't the hearer be confused? This is what point Paul is trying to make, but why? Lets continue where we left off in 1 Corinthians:
- So also you, if you do not give speech by the tongue that is clear, how shall it be known what is spoken? For you shall be speaking into the air. (1 Corinthians 14:9)
If we speak an unknown language we speak into the air! Doesn't scripture say that YAH fills heaven and earth?
- "If anyone is hidden in secret places, would I not see him?" declares YAH. "Do I not fill the heavens and earth?" declares YAH. (Jeremiah 23:24)
The only one who hears your words and understands them is YAH, if you are speaking to someone and they don't understand what you are saying. Perhaps now we can better understand what Paul is saying in I cor 14:2:
- For he who is speaking in a tongue does not speak to men but to YAH, for no one understands, but in the Spirit he speaks secrets.
Now perhaps it becomes clearer, follow with me as we continue to clarify this gift.
Unknown Tongue or Known Language
- So also you, if you do not give speech by the tongue that is clear, how shall it be known what is spoken? For you shall be speaking into the air. (1 Corinthians 14:9)
The point that Paul makes in scripture is there is only one tongue. Christianity has taught that there are two types, one which we use to speak directly to Yah and the other where we are speaking to men. There is just one type but many different styles. If you are speaking in a language that no one understand by default you are only being understood (heard) by YAH.
- There are, undoubtedly, so many kinds of sounds in the world, and none of them is without distinct sound. If then I do not know the power of the voice, I shall be a foreigner to him who speaks, and he who speaks be a foreigner to me. (1 Corinthians 14:10-11)
Paul is saying there are many different kinds of languages in the world and none of them is without distinction. So Paul is saying if someone is talking in Greek it is easily distinguishable from another language like English, Russian, German, etc…. All of the voices or languages have a distinct and significant interpretation and dialect. If you are speaking in a foreign (another) language (tongue) that no one understands then you appear to be a barbarian (foreigner) and vice versa. Christianity is promoting the unknown (tongue) language in there churches, which does not agree with what Paul is saying. But lets continue and see what else scripture says.
- Therefore, he who is speaking in a tongue, let him pray that he might interpret. (1 Corinthians 14:13)
So if you speak in an unknown tongue, pray that you can interpret (understand) the language you have spoken. Hmmm. if this is the case it will no longer be a secret language between you and YAH! Why would Paul tell you to interpret your secret to someone, if your speaking to God? This should only be your business no one else's right? Sounds like there is a problem with the secret language teaching, but lets continue.
- For if I am praying in a tongue, my spirit is praying, but my understanding is without fruit. (1 Corinthians 14:14)
If you pray in an unknown tongue your spirit is praying. Man is not a spirit he is a flesh and blood being. So what is Paul saying?
- If I speak with the tongues of men and of Angels (messengers), but do not have love, I have become as sounding brass or a clanging cymbal. (1 Corinthians 13:1)
What is the tongue of man? Isn't it languages that men speak according to their country? So what would tongues of Angels be? Isn't an angel a spirit? When Paul says "Your Spirit Is Praying" he is specifically speaking about what the angel is saying or doing! Not you. Lets prove this in scripture.
- And when the Day of the Festival of Weeks had come, they were all with one mind in one place. And suddenly there came a sound from the heaven, as of a rushing mighty wind, and it filled all the house where they were sitting. And there appeared to them divided tongues, as of fire, and settled on each one of them. And they were all filled with the Set-apart Spirit and began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit gave them to speak. Now in Yerushalayim there were dwelling Yehudim, dedicated men from every nation under the heaven. And when this sound came to be, the crowd came together, and were confused, because everyone heard them speak in his own language. And they were all amazed and marvelled, saying to each other, "Look, are not all these who speak Galileans? "And how do we hear, each one in our own language in which we were born? "Parthians and Medes and Eylamites, and those dwelling in Aram Naharayim, both Yehudah and Kappadokia, Pontos and Asia, both Phrygia and Pamphulia, Mitsrayim and the parts of Libya around Cyrene, visitors from Rome, both Yehudim and converts, "Cretans and Arabs, we hear them speaking in our own tongues the great deeds of Elohim." (Acts 2:1-11)
Now lets analyze this carefully to see if it agrees with Paul's writings and explanations on speaking in other languages.
- Acts 2:1-4
(1) And when the Day of the Festival of Weeks had come, they were all with one mind in one place.
(2) And suddenly there came a sound from the heaven, as of a rushing mighty wind, and it filled all the house where they were sitting.
(3) And there appeared to them divided tongues, as of fire, and settled on each one of them.
(4) And they were all filled with the Set-apart Spirit and began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit gave them to speak.
First we have 120 followers of Messiah coming together to adhere to the commandment to keep the feast of Pentecost, as written by Moses in Torah. The scripture says their was a rushing wind from heaven and there appeared cloven tongues as fire. Angels are likened to fire aren't they?
- Are they not all ministering spirits sent out to attend those who are about to inherit deliverance (salvation)? (Hebrews 1:14)
These were messengers (angel) that came on the day of Pentecost and rested on the one hundred and twenty Nazarenes who were being obedient to the commandments of YAH in keeping the feast day.
- Acts 2:5-11
(5) Now in Yerushalayim there were dwelling Yehudim, dedicated men from every nation under the heaven.
(6) And when this sound came to be, the crowd came together, and were confused, because everyone heard them speak in his own language.
(7) And they were all amazed and marvelled, saying to each other, "Look, are not all these who speak Galileans?
(8) "And how do we hear, each one in our own language in which we were born?
(9) "Parthians and Medes and eylamites, and those dwelling in Aram Naharayim, both Yehudah and Kappadokia, Pontos and Asia,
(10) both Phrygia and Pamphulia, Mitsrayim and the parts of Libya around Cyrene, visitors from Rome, both Yehudim and converts,
(11) "Cretans and Arabs, we hear them speaking in our own tongues the great deeds of Elohim."
When the spirit showed up on Pentecost it showed the gift that was about to be given to each person there. A cloven or forked tongue symbolizing different real languages that were only unknown to those who did not normally speak them. This was not a secret language given specifically to speak to God, but a language used by YAH to speak to people. The scripture says the Hebrews were confused because all of them heard the 120 speak in his own language, every man in his own tongue. Scripture goes on to tell us who was there in verse 2:9-11; Approximately 14 different countries from which Hebrews were coming from, Heard other Hebrews in Jerusalem speak in a language they thought they were the only ones that spoke it. This was the miracle sign to give evidence to the wonderful works of Elohim that were being spoke about by the 120 in the tongues of there kinsmen from different countries. The tongue was only unknown to the ones that spoke, they were just vessels used by the spirit to speak to the Hebrews from other countries in there own tongue.
- And having heard this, they were pierced to the heart, and said to Peter and the rest of the emissaries, "Men, brothers, what shall we do?" And Peter said to them, "Repent, and let each one of you be immersed in the Name of Yahshua Messiah for the forgiveness of sins. And you shall receive the gift of the Set-apart Spirit. "For the promise is to you and to your children, and to all who are far off, as many as YAH our Elohim shall call." (Acts 2:37-39)
After they heard the word of YAH being spoken in their tongue, they asked what they must do in order to receive eternal life. Peter explained to them what they must do so they too would receive the spirit. But notice, the spirit did not come just to hangout with the apostles; the spirit came to do a WORK which was to minister to the Hebrews through the apostles. This is the gift that would also be given to the other Israelites so that they would be able to teach others in another tongue (language) and would also be the sign that they had received the spirit. This is why Paul was explaining to the congregation at Corinth when foreign languages (tongues) should be used. Not that it was a secret tongue between them and God as Christianity teaches! Let's continue:
- What then is it? I shall pray with the spirit, and I shall also pray with the understanding. I shall sing with the spirit, and I shall also sing with the understanding. Otherwise, if you bless with the spirit, how shall he who fills up the place of the unlearned say "Amen" at your giving of thanks, since he does not know what you say? For you truly give thanks well, but the other is not built up. (1 Corinthians 14:15-17)
Paul in verses 16 and 17 is simply reiterating what he has been saying all along. If one prays in another language, how can one say he agrees seeing that he does not understand the tongue or language you have just spoken? If you speak English and someone prays over the food you are about to eat in Latin and you don't understand what was said". Why would you say amen to this prayer when you do not know what he said? Lets continue:
- In the Torah it has been written, "With men of other tongues and other lips I shall speak to this people. And even so, they shall not hear Me, says YAH." (1 Corinthians 14:21)
Notice, it says in Torah (law) it is written, "With men of other tongues and other lips I shall speak to this people". Yah said in the Torah he would speak to his people with other tongues (languages). This was quoted from the book of Isaiah and called Law (Torah)! Since Yah knows the beginning from the end, He knew His people would be scattered and that he would have to speak to them in another tongue (language) so they would fully understand and receive the message. Tongues is a New testament gift, why do you think that is? Because Israel was one nation with one language in old testament times. There was no reason to speak in other languages to communicate amongst the Hebrew people, they had not yet been scattered to other lands where they were raised speaking a foreign language. After the scattering's that occurred, by other nations driving Hebrews out of Israel by taking over there country through the victories of war. Hebrews were being raised in other nations with foreign tongues. As the generations passed the Hebrews adopted the language of the nation they were born and Hebrew was no longer there main language. In order for YAH to reach these people with a message that could be understood, he had to speak to them in there own languages (tongues). Lets look at the same verses in Acts again with some extra commentary in brackets.
- Acts 2:5-11
(5) Now in Yerushalayim there were dwelling Yehudim, dedicated men from every nation under the heaven. [They were from every nation because they had been scattered in 721 BCE and 606 BCE by the Assyrians and Chaldean's and other nations YAH brought against the children of Israel for there disobedience.]
(6) And when this sound came to be, the crowd came together, and were confused, because everyone heard them speak in his own language. [These people who were Hebrew Israelites that had been scattered hearing the word of YAH in there own tongue (language)]
(7) And they were all amazed and marvelled, saying to each other, "Look, are not all these who speak Galilean's? [The Galilean's were Hebrews who would have spoken Hebrew and or Aramaic, The Visiting Hebrews were amazed they could speak there tongue also]
(8) "And how do we hear, each one in our own language in which we were born?
(9) "Parthians and Medes and eylamites, and those dwelling in Aram Naharayim, both Yehudah and Kappadokia, Pontos and Asia,
(10) both Phrygia and Pamphulia, Mitsrayim and the parts of Libya around Cyrene, visitors from Rome, both Yehudim and converts,
(11) "Cretans and Arabs, we hear them speaking in our own tongues the great deeds of Elohim." [YAH said in Isaiah 28:11 with stammering lips and another tongue I will speak to this people]
The word of YAH has been presented as it is read not as some would interpret it. Many say they speak in tongues, and are using the tongue to speak to YAH. But YAH says in his word he will speak to you with another tongue, not that you will speak to him in and unknown tongue. This practice cannot be found anywhere in scripture so the false doctrine surrounding its practice needs to be corrected. Contemplate this; What can you possible have to say to YAH that you cant think in a thought you understand? Lets continue:
- Isaiah 28:1-11
- Woe to the proud crown of the drunkards of Ephrayim, and to the fading flower of its splendid comeliness that is on the head of the fertile valley, to those who are overcome with wine!Wine is the false doctrine and lack of true doctrine according to the fulfillment of YAH's word.
- See, YAH has one who is mighty and strong, like a downpour of hail and a destroying storm, like a flood of mighty waters overflowing, who casts down to the earth with the hand.
- The proud crown of the drunkards of Ephrayim, is trampled under foot;
- and the fading flower of its splendid comeliness that is on the head of the fertile valley, like the first fruit before the summer, which, when one sees it, he eats it up while it is still in his hand.
- In that day YAH of hosts is for a crown of splendour and a head-dress of comeliness to the remnant of His people,
- and a spirit of right-ruling to him who sits in right-ruling, and strength to those who turn back the battle at the gate.
- And these too have gone astray through wine, and through strong drink wandered about. Priest and prophet have gone astray through strong drink, they are swallowed up by wine, they wander about through strong drink, they go astray in vision, they stumble in right-ruling.Again, strong drink is false doctrine, and the doctrine promoted by the adversary himself. The false doctrine is that which teaches against the ordinances of YAH and describes a different plan of salvation.
- For all tables shall be covered with vomit, no place without filth.
- Whom would He teach knowledge? And whom would He make to understand the message? Those weaned from milk, those taken from the breasts!
- For it is: command upon command, command upon command, line upon line, line upon line, here a little, there a little.
- For with a jabbering lip and a foreign tongue He speaks to this people
Whom would He teach knowledge? And whom would He make to understand the message (doctrine)? Those who have put behind them the carnal things of the flesh, and have advanced in spiritual maturity.
- For those who live according to the flesh set their minds on the matters of the flesh, but those who live according to the Spirit, the matters of the Spirit. For the mind of the flesh is death, but the mind of the Spirit is life and peace. Because the mind of the flesh is enmity towards Elohim, for it does not subject itself to the Torah of Elohim, neither indeed is it able, and those who are in the flesh are unable to please Elohim. (Romans 8:5-8)
If we are to hear and understand the spirit, we must then be spiritually minded not carnally minded.
- So then tongues are for a sign, not to those who believe but to unbelievers, and prophesying is not for unbelievers but for those who believe. (1 Corinthians 14:22)
First off it is clear here that tongues are a sign for the unbeliever, not because they are hearing gibberish but because they are hearing a language they know by someone who could not normally speak it. So what would be the purpose of speaking in tongues in any church that is supposedly filled with believers? Think about this! Now it says the second reason is for prophesying which is for the believer not the unbeliever. Prophecy, which is nothing more than articulating the word of YAH in an unknown tongue or by a known tongue induced by the spirit Himself to edify those who are already believers. So unless some one can translate the unknown tongue (language) to the assembly there is no profit to the body and should not be done. To reiterate, tongues are how YAH speaks to us, it does not say we should use it to speak to YAH. Christendom teaches otherwise, this is not what scripture teaches.
- "After that go to the hill of Elohim where the Philistine watch-post is. And it shall be, when you have come there to the city, that you shall meet a group of prophets coming down from the high place with a stringed instrument, and a tambourine, and a flute, and a lyre before them, and they are prophesying. "And the Spirit of YAH shall come upon you, and you shall prophesy with them and be turned into another man. "And it shall be, when these signs come to you, do for yourself as your hand finds to do, for Elohim is with you. (1 Samuel 10:5-7)
Here Samuel a Judge and Prophet is telling King Saul that he will receive the Spirit of Elohim (Messenger, Angel) and should prophecy with the prophets he sees. Why? As a sign of His anointing to the people and that he was indeed chosen by YAH and blessed with the skills needed for his new office as King. This is why Samuel said that he would "Be turned into another man"
- And it came to be, when he had turned his back to go from Samuel, that Elohim gave him another heart. And all those signs came on that day. And they came there to the hill and saw a group of prophets, to meet him. And the Spirit of Elohim came upon him, and he prophesied in their midst. And it came to be, all who knew him formerly looked and saw that he prophesied among the prophets. So the people said to each other, "What is this that has come upon the son of Qish? Is Saul also among the prophets?" And a man there answered and said, "And who is their father?" That is why it became a proverb, "Is Saul also among the prophets?" (1 Samuel 10:9-12)
"Became a new man" – Sounds like what Christendom calls a born again experience, In the Old Testament! how can this be? But this is a study for another time. We can see in this verse Saul received the spirit and the ability to prophesy just as Paul spoke of in 1st Corinthians, and it convinced all the people he was a different man and that he to was among the prophets. This was a sign to the people because they heard him prophecy and understood what he said and were edified. If he had prophesied in an unknown tongue would the people still have been edified, or perhaps thought he was off his rocker? Lets look at 1 Corinthians 1-6 again only with additional commentary in brackets:
- 1 Corinthians 14:1-6
(1) Pursue love, and earnestly seek the spiritual gifts [Didn't Saul receive a spiritual gift?], but rather that you prophesy.[So you may edify, didn't Saul do this as well]
(2) For he who is speaking in a tongue does not speak to men but to Elohim, for no one understands, but in the Spirit he speaks secrets.
(3) But he who is prophesying speaks upbuilding and encouragement and comfort to men. [That's what happen with Saul, he edified the people when he prophesied]
(4) He who is speaking in a tongue builds up himself [He edifies himself because no one understands what he is saying], but he who is prophesying builds up the assembly. [Because everyone understands what is being said.]
(5) Now I wish you all spoke with tongues, but rather that you might prophesy, for he who is prophesying is greater than he who is speaking with tongues, unless he interprets, so that the assembly might receive upbuilding. [If you have the gift to speak in a foreign language and there are a mixed multitude among you, pray that you also have the ability to interpret your words so that everyone can be edified which are those who speak the language and those who don't]
(6) But now, brothers, if I come to you speaking with tongues, what shall I profit you unless I speak to you, either by revelation, or by knowledge, or by prophesying, or by teaching? [If Paul comes to you speaking tongues you will either receive, A revelation that he received from the spirit, Knowledge that he was blessed with by the spirit, prophesying of events that are to take place by the spirit, or the explanation and the clarity of doctrine which is of YAH. How would you know any of this unless you could understand the tongue (language)?]
Holy Spirit
Before we move on lets take a moment and look at some scripture that helps show the Holy Spirit is a Angel who is assigned in order to execute the commands which YAH had given them.
- And the Spirit of YAH turned aside from Saul, and an evil spirit from YAH troubled him. And the servants of Saul said to him, "Look, now, an evil spirit from Elohim is troubling you. "Please, let our master command your servants who are before you, to seek out a man who is a skilled player on the lyre. And it shall be that when the evil spirit from Elohim is upon you, that he shall play with his hand, and you be well." (1 Samuel 16:14-16)
If you recall we showed earlier that when Saul received the spirit he became a new man and prophesied. Wasn't this the Holy (Set-Apart) Spirit that Saul received, just like the apostles received it? Doesn't this sound like the exact same experience?
- And it came to be on the next day that an evil spirit from Elohim came upon Saul, and he prophesied inside the house, while David? was playing the lyre with his hand, as usual. And the spear was in the hand of Saul. (1 Samuel 18:10)
Pay attention, Saul no loner has the Holy Spirit and he is still able to prophesy under the influence of an unholy spirit (demon). We have just learned that the gifts of the spirit can come from either a Holy or Unholy spirit. Yes, Unholy spirits known as demons can give gifts.
- And an evil spirit from YAH came upon Saul as he sat in his house with his spear in his hand. And David? was playing the lyre with his hand, (1 Samuel 19:9)
The spirit or spirits that we entertain are Angels and they are either Holy Angels, which are Holy Spirits, or Unholy which are demons or unclean.
- And again the displeasure of YAH burned against Yisrael, and moved David? against them to say, "Go, number Yisrael and Yehudah." (2 Samuel 24:1)
Yah is still angry with Israel for their disobedience, and now David is moved to number the people which was against the will of YAH. Lets look and see how YAH moved David to number Israel in order to bring wrath on the nation.
- And Satan stood up against Yisrael, and moved David? to number Yisrael. (1 Chronicles 21:1)
We see that YAH was able to bring wrath on the children of Yisrael through David's transgression, which was provoked by Satan, whom YAH instructed Satan to fulfill. The point is simple, YAH is in control of all the spirits whether they be good or evil and he uses them to fulfill his will whatever it might be! It's obvious that the gift of the spirit can come by Angel or Demon. Remember, Moses cast a rod and it turned into a serpent and so did the Egyptians. How would the Egyptians know to cast a rod on the ground unless they new they had the gift to do the same thing but more importantly who gave them this GIFT?
- And it came to be, while Apollos was at Corinth, that Shaul, having passed through the upper parts, came to Ephesos. And having found some taught ones, he said to them, "Did you receive the Set-apart Spirit when you believed?" And they said to him, "No, we have not even heard that there is a Set-apart Spirit." And he said to them, "Into what then were you immersed?" And they said, "Into Yohanan's immersion." And Shaul said, "Yohanan (John) indeed immersed with an immersion of repentance, saying to the people that they should believe in the One who is coming after him, that is, in Messiah Yahshua." And when they heard this, they were immersed in the Name of the Master Yahshua. And when Shaul had laid hands on them, the Set-apart Spirit came upon them, and they were speaking in tongues and prophesying. And all the men were about twelve. (Acts 19:1-7)
We can see these disciples received the spirit and spoke in tongues. But what did they say? Paul was in the area of Corinth and Ephesus where Paul was writing to the Corinthians about tongues. There were many Gentiles (Indo-Eurasians) and the language was Greek. Luke said that the disciples received the Holy (Set-Apart) Spirit and spoke with tongues, it must have been a tongue Paul understood in order to for him to know they had Prophesied!
- I thank my Elohim I speak with tongues more than you all (1 Corinthians 14:18)
Paul thanked Elohim that he spoke in more languages than all. Look at this:
- And as Shaul was about to be led into the barracks, he said to the commander, "Am I allowed to say somewhat to you?" And he said, "Do you know Greek? (Acts 21:37)
The Chief captain was amazed that Paul could speak Greek, a Foreign Tongue. Most Hebrews spoke Hebrew. Speaking Greek was very common amongst the Hellenist (Hebrew converts to Grecian culture). Paul was not a Hellenist although he could speak the tongue.
- But Shaul replied, "I am a Yehudite (Jew) from Tarsos, in Kilikia, a citizen of no mean city. And I beg you, allow me to speak to the people." And having given him permission, Shaul, standing on the stairs motioned with his hand to the people. And when there was a great silence, he spoke in the Hebrew language, saying, (Acts 21:39-40)
Paul spoke Hebrew, Greek, Aramaic and perhaps another Syrian language. The point is this, Paul new exactly what the disciples at Ephesus had prophesied because he was familiar with whatever tongue they prophesied in. The purpose for the disciple's speaking in tongues was to show Paul that they had been endowed with the spirit and that they would spread the word of the New Covenant in Ephesus. What's important is Paul knew what had been prophesied! Now lets look at another example:
- While Peter was still speaking these words, the Set- apart Spirit fell upon all those hearing the word. And those of the circumcision who believed were astonished, as many as came with Peter, because the gift of the Set-apart Spirit had been poured out on the gentiles also, for they were hearing them speaking with tongues and magnifying Elohim. Then Peter answered, (Acts 10:44-46)
The Hebrews were astonished that the gentiles received the holy spirit. They knew they had received it because they spoke in tongues (a language foreign to the gentiles) but understood by the Hebrews, for it says "Hearing them speaking in tongues and Magnifying Elohim". If they could not understand the tongue they would not have known they were magnifying YAH, so most likely the gentiles (Greek speaking Eurasians) were speaking Hebrew as a sign of receiving the spirit. Again.. when they spoke in tongues we see they were speaking a language that was understood by someone present.
- If then all the assembly comes together in one place, and all speak with tongues, and there come in those who are unlearned or unbelievers, shall they not say that you are mad? But if all prophesy, and an unbeliever or an unlearned one comes in, he is reproved by all, he is discerned by all. And so the secrets of his heart are revealed. And so, falling down on his face, he shall worship Elohim, declaring that Elohim is truly among you. What then is it, brothers? Whenever you come together, each one has a psalm, has a teaching, has a tongue, has a revelation, has an interpretation. Let all be done for upbuilding. (1 Corinthians 14:23-26)
Paul is saying that if you are endowed with the spirit and speak in tongues without having an audience that can understand what your speaking, directly or by interpreter, then those who hear you would think your mad. Paul continues and says but if all are prophesying , and people come to hear you and you are speaking in a language that they understand, then they will praise YAH and say that the truth of YAH is being spoken through you. So again we see if you are speaking in a tongue that can be understood then you will have edified those who have come to hear.
- So also you, if you do not give speech by the tongue that is clear, how shall it be known what is spoken? For you shall be speaking into the air. (1 Corinthians 14:9)
Paul is giving clear instructions for those who speak in a unknown tongue (foreign language) induced by the holy spirit. He says those who speak in an unknown tongue; let him also have an interpreter so those who are present may be edified. But if there is no interpreted than don't speak out, keep silent and speak to Elohim if you desire, in a language that no one in the assembly can understand.
- And the spirits of the prophets are subject to the prophets. (1 Corinthians 14:32)
This is important, because Paul is telling us that the Spirit (Messengers, angels) are subject to you, and will do what you desire if it is the will of YAH. In this case it is speaking in tongues by the spirit.
- If I speak with the tongues of men and of messengers (angels), but do not have love, I have become as sounding brass or a clanging cymbal. (1 Corinthians 13:1)
This is what Paul spoke of when he said the Spirit of the Prophet is subject to the prophet. The Spirit Paul was speaking of was a messenger (Angel, agent of YAH) who would empower you with a foreign tongue or whatever gift he would confer upon you.
- And there are different kinds of gifts, but the same Spirit. There are different kinds of services, but the same Master. And there are different kinds of workings, but it is the same Elohim who is working all in all. And to each one is given the manifestation of the Spirit for profiting, for to one is given a word of wisdom through the Spirit, and to another a word of knowledge according to the same Spirit, and to another belief by the same Spirit, and to another gifts of healing by the same Spirit, and to another operations of powers, and to another prophecy, and to another discerning of spirits, and to another kinds of tongues, and to another interpretation of tongues. But one and the same Spirit works all these, distributing to each one individually as He intends. (1 Corinthians 12:4-11)
Paul says that there are many KINDS of gifts but the same spirit gives it. Then Paul says that the manifestation of the spirit is GIVEN to Everyman to profit everyone! Manifestation is defined as:
- The act of manifesting. The state of being manifested.
- An indication of the existence, reality, or presence of something.
- One of the forms in which someone or something, such as a person, divine being, or an idea, is revealed. The materialized form of a spirit.
Excerpted from American Heritage Dictionary.
So we see manifestation is the act of manifesting or the state of being manifested. The indication of the existence or presence of something. A form of someone being revealed.
So Paul is telling you that the Spirit (Angel) manifests HIMSELF through you by giving you a gift that he is actually doing. Didn't we see this earlier with the lying spirit in the mouths of the prophets and the evil spirit that Saul had? The work or action that the spirit is doing is a gift, because he is manifesting his actions through you while YOU receive the credit for his performance. This is why Paul told you that he spoke with the tongues of Angels (Spirit). In all actuality it is the spirit that speaks, but your mouth is the vessel that is used and is heard by man, seeing that the spirit himself is invisible; it manifests itself through you.
Now lets look at examples of a manifestations by divine possession and then by demonic possession.
- And when the Day of the Festival of Weeks had come, they were all with one mind in one place. And suddenly there came a sound from the heaven, as of a rushing mighty wind, and it filled all the house where they were sitting. And there appeared to them divided tongues, as of fire, and settled on each one of them. And they were all filled with the Set- apart Spirit and began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit gave them to speak. (Acts 2:1-4)
This is the first account in the New Testament of the Spirit, which was a messenger [Angel, YAH's agent] taking possession and using it as a vessel to speak the word of YAH just as the prophets did.
- for prophecy never came by the desire of man, but men of Elohim spoke, being moved by the Set-apart Spirit. (2 Peter 1:21)
Demonic Possession
- And it came to be, as we went to prayer, that a certain slave girl possessed with a spirit of divination, did meet us, who brought her masters much profit by foretelling. Having followed Sha'ul and us, she cried out, saying, "These men are the servants of the Most High Elohim, who proclaim to us the way of deliverance." And she was doing this for many days. But Sha'ul, greatly annoyed, turned and said to the spirit, "I command you in the Name of YAHshua Messiah to come out of her." And it came out that same hour. (Acts 16:16-18)
Here are two examples of Spiritual Possessions, one by the Holy Spirit and the other by an Unholy Spirit called a DEMON. Notice in the aforementioned scripture Luke said that HE (The demon) came out of HER (the woman who was the fortune teller) the same hour. The gift that this woman received was the gift to foretell future events, which is guess what? That's right prophesying by an unclean spirit or Demon! The same that King Saul received when he was entreated with an evil spirit! Demonic possessions by demons and divine possessions by angels (Holy Spirit) are all the same. The only thing that changes is the duties that they have. If a person is possessed with a Holy Spirit it is for the purpose of edifying the servants and worshippers of YAH. Maybe it is for prophesying, speaking in tongues, healing or teaching doctrine.
If a person is possessed by an Unholy Spirit it could be for the purpose of sorcery, witchcraft, speaking to the dead, trickery, deceit or fortune telling; all forms of LAWLESSNESS (To Violate the Commandments and processes of YAH).
- for to one is given a word of wisdom through the Spirit, and to another a word of knowledge according to the same Spirit, and to another belief by the same Spirit, and to another gifts of healing by the same Spirit, and to another operations of powers, and to another prophecy, and to another discerning of spirits, and to another kinds of tongues, and to another interpretation of tongues. But one and the same Spirit works all these, distributing to each one individually as He intends. (1 Corinthians 12:8-11)
Paul is describing what the spirit will do through you; included are Wisdom, Knowledge, Faith, Healing, Miracles, Prophecies, Ability to discern, Various kinds of tongues, and Interpretation of tongues.
Paul goes onto say the spirit gives to every man as he (the spirit or Angel) will. The question we should be asking at this point is there any prerequisite to receiving these gifts? Lets continue and see what scripture says.
The Purpose of The Gifts
- Then those, indeed, who gladly received his word, were immersed. And on that day about three thousand beings were added to them. And they were continuing steadfastly in the teaching of the emissaries, and in the fellowship, and in the breaking of bread, and in the prayers. And fear came upon every being, and many wonders and signs were being done through the emissaries. (Acts 2:41- 43)
- And through the hands of the emissaries (Apostles) many signs and wonders were done among the people. And they were all with one mind in Solomon's Porch. But of the rest no one had the courage to join them, however, the people made much of them. And more believers were added to the Master, large numbers of both men and women, (Acts 5:12-14)
Through the 30 years the book of Acts represents the Apostles continued to do signs and wonders.
- So they remained a long time, speaking boldly in the Master (Yahshua), who was bearing witness to the word of His favour, giving signs and wonders to be done by their hands. (Acts 14:3)
Notice it was the Master Yahshua that granted the signs and wonders to be done by the hands of the Apostles (emissaries). Lets see who was doing the works:
- And Elohim worked unusual miracles through the hands of Shaul (Paul) (Acts 19:11)
We see it is YAH that does the work, through the hand of one of His emissaries. Furthermore it is a Messenger (Angel, Agent of YAH) that does the work of showing the visions so the future can be foretold (Prophesying), its the messenger that Speaks in the appropriate tongues. But it is up to you, the emissary to use the gift to win people to the New Covenant. Lets look at and example of a Angel being sent:
- Revelation of Yahshua Messiah, which YAH gave Him to show His servants what has to take place with speed. And He signified it by sending His messenger (angel) to His servant John, who bore witness to the Word of Elohim, and the witness of Yahshua Messiah – to all he saw. Blessed is he who reads and those who hear the words of this prophecy, and guard what is written in it, for the time is near. (Revelation 1:1-3)
Lets break down this scripture into the process that occurred, then you will see how Yahshua granted these signs and wonders to be performed by the apostles:
- The Revelation or Vision that Yahshua received. Where did Yahshua receive the vision?
- Which YAH gave to Yahshua to show (Future events, Prophesy) unto his servants. How would Yahshua show it to his servant?
- And Yahshua sent an ANGEL or SPIRIT to communicate these words unto John
- The apostle John was the last known prophet who received the spirit of prophecy just as Paul had explained in 1st Corinthians. Yahshua sent his angel to him, and the spirit told John what Yahshua communicated to him from YAH. John used this spirit of prophecy to write to the 7 assemblies in Revelation the 2nd chapter and to all mankind.
This has been the process for all gifts in the Old Testament and the New Testament and this has not been changed!
- "And we are His witnesses to these matters, and so also is the Set-apart Spirit whom Elohim has given to those who obey Him." (Acts 5:32)
The Holy Spirit is an Angel (Agent of YAH) that gives gifts as he will, according to the will of YAH and his son Yahshua. Peter is clearly telling us that the Spirit is given to those who obey! What should we obey? The word of YAH, His Commandments! Here is a quick summary of key items:
- Weekly 7th day Sabbath
- Other Sabbaths, Passover & unleavened bread 1st & 7th day, Pentecost, Feast of Trumpets, Day of Atonement, Tabernacles 1st & 8th day.
- Clean and unclean food ordinances.
- Having no other gods means not celebrating holidays created around pagan gods such as Christmas, Easter, Halloween, and New years.
- No graven images means no crosses, Crucifixes, Symbols, etc… the list goes on.
These are just a few of the laws being broken in Christendom.
Can you truly say you are obeying YAH?
- This is not the wisdom coming down from above, but it is earthly, unspiritual, demonic. For where jealousy and self-seeking are, there is confusion and every foul deed. But the wisdom from above is first clean, then peaceable, gentle, ready to obey, filled with compassion and good fruits, without partiality and without hypocrisy. (James 3:15-17)
Now you be the judge on what has descended from on high. Here is the history of the start of the Pentecostal Movement which is now responsible for just over 2000 new denominations.
In 1901 a Holiness preacher named Charles Parham who lead a small 40 group organization called Bethel Bible School led a revival on January 1st in Topeka Kansas called "watch night" to pray for the Holy Spirit. Go figure that out. meeting on New Years Eve! Well according to sources the Holy Spirit showed up and endowed a lady named Agnes Ozman with the ability to speak in tongues. According to sources, which you will read in a moment, she spoke Chinese! Who was edified? Were any Chinese people in the congregation? No. Could this have actually occurred? Or was it a staged incident in order to increase the organizations popularity and to recruit new members? Here is the direct quote for you quoted from the American Religious Biography and the Holiness –Pentecostal Tradition by, Synan Vinson.
- And Yehoshua son of Nun was filled with the spirit of wisdom, for Mosheh had laid his hands on him. And the children of Yisrael listened to him, and did as YAH had commanded Mosheh. (Deuteronomy 34:9)
Laying on of hands is the transference of the spirit or commanding the spirit to endorse whomsoever you (the leader) approve. Notice, Moses approved Joshua to lead the children of Israel into the promise land by laying on of hands (transferring the spirit). Elijah endorsed Elisha by agreeing to give him more power than he had. Peter and John who received the spirit on Pentecost by approval of YAHshua when he breathed on them. Paul laid hands on disciples and approved them to receive the spirit. The common denominator with these occurrences is that they all had the spirit to give!
- Why wasn't there any documentation of speaking in tongues by the Catholics and Protestants in the 2nd century AD all the way up to the 19 century AD?
- Why was Agnes Ozman not in control of the Spirit she received? It says she could not speak anything but Chinese for three days. Scripture is clear in telling us the Holy Spirit will only work according to are will.
- Why would a language that could not be understood by the assembly be given by the Spirit? Scripture makes it clear that the gift is for the edification of the assembly, which means the language would have had to be understood. There is no way we can say Agnes was magnifying YAH, she could have just as easily been magnifying Satan.
- Again, why are these tongues which are spoken in churches different from what is found in the bible? And why do people who profess to speak in tongues not know the true name of the Father, neither do they (Christians) practice the laws and commandments of the Father as did the assemblies and congregants in the bible, which is a prerequisite for receiving the spirit?
Notice what Paul says:
- For such are false emissaries, deceptive workers, masquerading as emissaries of Messiah. And no wonder! For Satan himself masquerades as a messenger of light! It is not surprising, then, if his servants also masquerade as servants of righteousness, whose end shall be according to their works! (2 Corinthians 11:13-15)
Paul says this about the Torah:
- In the Torah it has been written, "With men of other tongues and other lips I shall speak to this people. And even so, they shall not hear Me, says YAH." (1 Corinthians 14:21)
Notice other tongues was a way for YAH to speak to his people. Isaiah tells us who YAH will use to speak his word to his people in either a foreign tongue or a known tongue.
- Bind up the witness, seal the Torah among my taught ones. (Isaiah 8:16)
YAH's disciples are those who keep his commandments and obey His Torah.
- Here is the endurance of the set-apart ones, here are those guarding the commands of YAH and the belief of Yahshua. (Revelation 14:12)
The origins of Pentecostalism
Although Pentecostals trace their origin to the Apostles, the modern-day Pentecostal movement has its roots in the late 19th century, a time of mounting indifference to traditional religion. Denominations that were known for revivalistic fervour became subdued. Emotional modes of religious expressionenthusiastic congregational singing, spontaneous testimonies, prayer in unison, and extemporaneous sermons on simple biblical themes by lay preachersgave way to ordered, formal worship services that were conducted by "reverends," ministers trained in homiletics (preaching skills), who were influenced by higher biblical criticism. Lecture centres and elegant sanctuaries replaced camp meetings and crude wood- frame tabernacles.
As the large popular Protestant denominations became the churches of the upper-middle class, people of limited means began to feel out of place. They yearned to return to a "heart religion" that would satisfy their spiritual desires and their emotional, psychological, and physical needs. Pentecostalism, like its precursor, the Holiness movement (based on the belief that a second work of grace following conversion would "sanctify" Christians and remove the desire to sin), fulfilled these needs for church goers and nonchurchgoers alike. Moreover, Pentecostal churches, though open to all levels of society, spoke to the special needs of the disaffected.
Notwithstanding the charismatic outbursts in some 19th-century Protestant churches, the watershed of contemporary Pentecostalism came in the early 20th century at Bethel Bible College, a small religious school in Topeka, Kansas. The college's director, Charles Fox Parham, one of many ministers who was influenced by the Holiness movement, believed that the complacent, worldly, and coldly formalistic church needed to be revived by another outpouring of the Holy Spirit. He instructed his studentsmany of whom already were ministersto pray, fast, study the Scriptures, and, like the Apostles, await the blessings of the Holy Spirit.
Their initial efforts were unsuccessful, and the movement nearly collapsed as it encountered disbelief and ridicule. In 1903 its fortunes were revived when Parham returned to the practice of faith healing. Borrowed from several Holiness churches, notably the Christian and Missionary Alliance, faith healing became a hallmark of Pentecostalism. Parham was the first in a long line of Pentecostal evangelists (Mary B. Woodworth-Etter, Charles Price, Aimee Semple McPherson, and, more recently Oral Roberts, Kathryn Kuhman, and Benny Hinn) who taught that Christ's atonement provides deliverance from sickness and is, therefore, the privilege of all who have the requisite faith. Attracting new converts, the movement enjoyed success in the American South and Southwest, especially in Texas, Alabama, and Florida. In Texas alone, 25,000 people had embraced the Pentecostal faith by 1905, according to Parham. Kansas and Missouri also became hotbeds for Pentecostalism.
Wider national and international expansion, however, resulted from the Azusa Street revival that began in 1906 at the Apostolic Faith Gospel Mission at 312 Azusa Street in Los Angeles. Its leader, William Seymour, a one-eyed Holiness church pastor and former member of the African Methodist Episcopal church, had been exposed to Parham's teachings at a Bible school in Houston, Texas. Under Seymour's guidance, the old frame building on Azusa Street became a great spiritual centre that for many years attracted rich and poor, blacks and whites, Anglos and Latinos, as well as many preachers whose own ministry had become staid.
Spiritually energized and convinced that they had been charismatically endowed, scores of men and women from Azusa and other Pentecostal churches began extolling the reality of speaking in tongues. Pentecostal Christians were linked only by an amorphous "spiritual union," in part because no thought was given to forming a separate "Pentecostal" branch of the Christian church. As members of the historic Protestant churches embraced Pentecostal beliefs and practices, they did so without any intention of withdrawing from their own churches. They merely wanted to be agents of reform and revival, helping to rid their churches of formalism and worldliness. They strove to transform their congregations into Spirit- filled communities like those described in the New Testament book Acts of the Apostles. Moreover, they fully expected the prophetically promised "latter rain" (from the Book of Joel, an outpouring of the Spirit of God before the final judgment) to fall upon their churches and make them wholly Pentecostal.
By the beginning of World War I, new congregations had emerged as storefront missions, small tabernacles in sparsely populated rural areas, and upper-story lofts in squalid urban neighbourhoods. These modest dwellings, found across North America, housed poor but lively groups of Pentecostal believers under such names as the Pentecostal, Apostolic, Latter Rain, or Full Gospel churches. Although many Pentecostals were wary of administrative institutions and unwilling to subject themselves to external ecclesiastical control, various divisive issues drove them into denominational fellowships.
Inspired by Acts of the Apostles 2:1–13, which speaks of God pouring out his Spirit in the last days, many Pentecostals believe that their revival is a sign of the Endtime, and hence a call to bring the world to salvation before Christ's Second Coming. Like the Apostles who spoke to people from many nations in their own tongues on the first Pentecost, Pentecostals believe that speaking in tongues facilitates the conversion of the world's peoples. Thus, Pentecostalism developed into an international missionary effort almost immediately. The movement spread first among ethnic communities in North America and was quickly transferred to Europe. By the end of 1906, missionary work had begun in Norway, and in 1907 it reached the rest of Scandinavia and Germany, Italy, and Holland. Latinos who took part in the Azusa Street revival helped spread the movement to Mexico, and a vital Spanish- speaking church movement developed there and in the southwestern United States. The Assemblies of God and the Church of God developed large Spanish- language branches, and completely new autonomous denominations formed in both Mexico and Puerto Rico. From these groups, Pentecostalism spread into the rest of Latin America, where it became especially popular in the latter decades of the 20th century.
Pentecostal missionaries reached South Africa in 1907 and found a home in the mission established only a few years earlier by representatives of the Christian Catholic church, an American church that emphasized healing. They were joined in 1914 by Assemblies of God missionaries. Nicholas B.H. Bhengu, a former Lutheran who joined the Assemblies of God, was the first great African-born Pentecostal evangelist. With the emergence of the African Independent church movement after World War II, Pentecostalism became a mass movement across sub- Saharan Africa.
Pentecostalism grew throughout the 20th century in North America, even though it was dismissed by mainstream denominations and denounced as heresy by conservative Evangelical groups that rejected the notions of faith healing and speaking in tongues. As segments of the movement became comfortable in their new faith and settled into less spontaneous worship, speaking in tongues and faith healing became somewhat routinized. In reaction to the loss of fervour, revitalization efforts periodically appeared that generally led to the creation of new Pentecostal denominations, more than 100 of which now exist. The growth of Pentecostalism in the late 20th century was not limited to its traditional constituency, however, and included members from the larger Protestant and Roman Catholic churches. This success with mainstream Protestants and Roman Catholics in the 1970s was one of the more important events in Pentecostal history and led to the formation of Charismatic (from Greek charis, "gift") fellowships in most of the major American denominations. While many welcomed the new life these fellowships represented, denominational leaders saw them as disruptive. As a result, most Charismatic members of mainline churches left to form new denominations.
Attempts to limit the multiplication of Pentecostal denominations and to heal divisions within the movement began with the Pentecostal World Conference, first held in Zürich, Switzerland, in 1947. The initial international gathering highlighted the need for a similar meeting in North America and led to the formation of the Pentecostal Fellowship of North America (PFNA) in 1948. The PFNA was limited to the larger, predominantly white Pentecostal churches until the 1990s, when an effort was made to build relationships with the major African American Pentecostal churches. In 1994 the PFNA formerly dissolved and was replaced by a new interracial organization, the Pentecostal/Charismatic Churches of North America.
Although statistics on Pentecostalism are difficult to obtain, it has been estimated that there are more than 10 million Pentecostals in the United States, including 5.5 million members of the Church of God in Christ and 2.5 million members of the Assemblies of God. There are a number of Pentecostal denominations with more than a million members in Latin America and Africa. The Assemblies of God probably constitutes the largest Pentecostal denomination worldwide with more than 25 million members and with congregations in more than 150 countries.
John Gordon Melton
Additional Reading
The primary reference work on Pentecostalism is Stanley M. Burgess, Gary B. McGee, and Patrick H. Alexander, Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements (1988, reprinted with corrections 1993). Other important surveys include Walter J. Hollenweger, The Pentecostals (1972, reprinted 1988; originally published in German, 1969); and Karla O. Poewe (ed.), Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture (1994). During the 1970s an effort to make sense of the very diverse Pentecostal movement resulted in a number of new histories, including Vinson Synan, The Holiness-Pentecostal Movement in the United States (1971, reissued 1987), and his more recent The Twentieth Century Pentecostal Explosion (1987). A major research sourcebook was compiled by Charles Edwin Jones, A Guide to the Study of the Pentecostal Movement, 2 vol. (1983). Fred J. Foster, Their Story: Twentieth Century Pentecostals, rev. ed. (1981, reprinted 1998), addresses the Apostolic Pentecostals.
Closing Comments
I believe it is very clear that the primary reason for the gift of Tongues is to provide YAH a way to speak to people of diverse languages and edify them. The few references that refer to speaking to YAH using an unknown tongue are secondary to the primary reason set forth by the prophet Isaiah and explained by Paul. It was the message being spoken through the spirit that was of primary importance, the ability to speak in diverse languages was the tool to accomplish it.
We also started to lay a foundation to show how YAH used both Holy and Unholy spirits to serve His purpose. In subsequent studies I will present a more detailed scriptural understanding of the Holy Spirit from both the old and new testament.
Lastly I think it is no small matter, how the current Pentecostal movement was started and what doctrine and spirit it was founded upon. I believe it is very clear the gifts that were demonstrated by a lawless (In violation of Torah) assembly in 1901 and 1906 has no bases of fact in scripture. It has all the signs of the unholy spirit.
Not only do we see it could not possible have been a Holy Spirit that is subject to the prophet that possessed Mrs Ozman, since she lost control of some of her faculties, there was absolutely no edification or message that went forth to the assembly. Where was YAH magnified like we see in all scriptural accounts? The answer is obvious he wasn't.
If a false revival started the movement can there be truth to any of the gifts that have been propagated in the last 106 years? Can a movement that started under a false premise all of a sudden become one of truth? Sadly, I think not. The reason there was no evidence of the operations of the Gifts for approximately 1800 years is because the Christian church has been lawless since the early second century, which started with the teachings of Ignatius. If we want to see the true gifts that were operating in the first 75 years of the ecclesia we must walk in obedience to YAH's word, and put are faith in YAHshua the anointed, and only then will we have qualified to receive the Gift Of The Spirit.
Filed under: Main, Torah Teaching


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William Buckley
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William is a corporate partner who advises on the full range of corporate transactions including public and private mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, equity and debt offerings as well as general corporate governance and other advisory work.
William is based in London but has spent time working in the firm's Shanghai and New York offices. His key clients include UK and international corporates and funds and he regularly advises clients on transactions in developing countries and markets.
William has experience across a variety of sectors, including real estate, infrastructure, FIG, professional services, industrials, retail, and investment trusts.
William was also previously a member of the Linklaters Partnership Board, the governance body for the firm which is responsible for making strategic and other major decisions.
Work highlights
William has led on a number of high-profile deals. A selection of these include advising:
- Brookfield on its initially unrecommended takeover with QIA of Songbird Estates and Canary Wharf
- A UK listed company on an activist shareholder's approach
- RB on its $16.5 billion acquisition of Mead Johnson
- Intu on its potential merger with Hammerson
- Barclays Bank on its £16.5bn acquisition of ING Direct UK
- various sovereign wealth and pension funds on their real estate and infrastructure investments throughout Europe
Professional experience
William was formerly chairman of Mosaic Clubhouse, a day care centre which provides support and opportunities to people living with a mental health condition.
He acts as a mentor within Linklaters and externally as part of the 30% club, a UK cross-business initiative committed to promoting gender diversity in the boardroom.
Education and qualifications
William studied both Classics and Law at Oxford.


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Small Business Saturday (Nationwide event)
Saturday, November 24 | ALL DAY
The Downtown Advisory Board and Pittsburg Area Chamber of Commerce are teaming up to promote SMALL BUSINESS SATURDAY!
Small Business Saturday is the annual holiday shopping tradition that gets communities everywhere out in support of their favorite locally-owned small businesses. Pittsburg shoppers are encouraged to "SHOP SMALL" and support local businesses this season when shopping for holiday gifts.
Many Pittsburg area retailers will be offering special sales and discounts for both Black Friday and Small Business Saturday.
While shopping, remember that for every $100 spent locally, $68 stays in our community. Money spent out of the area or online with non-local businesses hurts our local economy.
Downtown Small Business Saturday Passport Event
Saturday, November 24, 10:00 am – 12:30 pm
Downtown Pittsburg | Passport Pick-Up: Block22 Courtyard (4th & Broadway)
While you're shopping SMALL on November 24, don't forget to check out our downtown merchants during the Downtown Small Business Saturday Passport Event!
Passports will be available to pick up at the Downtown Pittsburg booth from 10:00 am – 12:30 pm, in the Block22 courtyard (at the east corner of 4th & Broadway St.). Shoppers must return passports to the booth by 12:30 pm to be entered to win some fun prizes!
The registration deadline (November 15) has passed for Businesses to sign up to be included on the passport. Be sure to join us next year!
Contact Information
Brittan Brenner
Planning Assistant
201 W. 4th St.
Pittsburg, KS 66762
(620) 240-5190


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Glen Ellis Falls – Pinkham Notch, NH
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I'm attempting to use Adobe Lightroom 3 to develop my photos. On this one, I used a graduated filter above the falls to tone down the sky and the green in the trees. I also used a graduated filter in the pool to bring out the green in the center and darken the bottom edge. I then used the brush tool to reduce the exposure on the falls, giving it a bluer tint than the original, which was slightly over exposed and very white.


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Are you considering using stop smoking hypnosis? Quays Clinic of Hypnotherapy can help you. When you have actually made the choice to stop smoking, you will find it might not be as easy as you think. Many people that try many of the stop smoking products like e cigarettes, nicotine patches or nicotine gum in the short term can be very successful in quitting smoking but in the long term tend to relapse and start again.
This is why you should consider using stop smoking hypnosis or hypnotherapy to quit smoking for good. A professional clinical hypnotherapist like Ian Smith at the Quays Clinic of Hypnotherapy will help you to eliminate the reasons as to why you smoke.
Smoking Facts
Take a look at some of the articles and facts online which will show you all about the effects of second hand smoking and the dangers. The statistics will also show you all of the reasons as to why you should quit. Using cigarettes is a really dangerous bad habit which can cause lung cancer, lip cancer and mouth cancer as well as many fatalities all around the world... Read More Link
Click Here To Learn How To Master The Dave Elman Hypnosis Induction


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The Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR) is carrying out an assessment of the 2021 Censuses for Scotland, England and Wales, and Northern Ireland. OSR will be assessing the extent to which the censuses meet the professional standards set out in the statutory Code of Practice for Statistics.
The Code of Practice covers a wide range of principles around meeting the 'public good' such as the quality of the statistics and their need to add value and insight to users. Capturing the views of users and potential users forms an important part of OSR's judgment about the statistics, including how they could be improved.
Please visit the OSR website for further information on how you can share your views and experiences of the 2021 Censuses.


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Pristatymas per 5 d.d.
A carefully designed and well spec'd 16" bike, designed to make those first years in the sport as fun as they can possibly be. This scaled down machine has been lightened up this year to make it as easy as possible for a younger rider to reach their goals. The Seed is packed full of the latest Salt components like a Salt (Junior) 40mm reach stem, and Salt (Tracer) tires as well as am integrated headset and tapered fork. Two fantastic colour schemes round off what is without a doubt the best 16" complete bike we've ever made.
Frame: 1020 hi-ten frame
Fork: SALT "AM 16" fork, 1020 hi-ten, 4130 crmo steerer, 28mm offset
Bars: SALT "Seed" bar, 1020 hi-ten
Grips: WETHEPEOPLE "Arrow 115" grips
Stem: SALT "Junior" top loading stem, 40mm reach
Headset: SALT "PRO" int. headset, sealed bearing
Gyro: holes for removable gyro tabs
Lever: SALT "Seed" alloy brake lever
Brakes: SALT "AM" alloy caliper brake front / SALT "AM" alloy u-brake rear
Cranks: SALT "Rookie" tubular 3pc, 8 spline, full crmo, 140mm
BB: SALT "Spanish" 19mm, press fit, sealed bearing
Pedals: SALT "Junior PRO" nylon/fiberglass pedals
Chain: SALT "AM" chain, 510h type
Sprocket: SALT "Comp" alloy 25t sprocket
Driver: 10t, 1pc cassette driver, sealed bearing
Front Hub: SALT "AM" alloy hub, loose ball 3/8"s axle, 28h
Rear Hub: SALT "AM" cassette hub, semi sealed,10t, 3/8"s, 28h
Hubguards: -
Front Rim: SALT "Fraction" rim, straight single wall, 28h
Rear Rim: SALT "Fraction" rim, straight single wall, 28h
Seat: WETHEPEOPLE "Seed" Pivotal seat
Seat Post: SALT "AM" pivotal seat post
Seat Clamp: SALT "AM" alloy seat clamp
Tires: SALT "Tracer" tires 2.2" front & rear
Pegs: -
Weight: 9.46kg / 20.87lbs
Plačiau: WETHEPEOPLE SEED 2019


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LeMoTong, one of the professional custom iPhone case manufacturers in China with 10 years' experience, offers custom iPhone cases bulk manufacturing service for global mobile accessories suppliers, wholesalers, brands, companies, and distributors at cell phone case factory direct price. (Main countries: the USA, UK, Canada, Australia, Korea, Japan…)
- Professional OEM/ODM service; Min order quantity: 500pcs
- Compatible mobile phone models: All iPhone models (iPhone XS MAX, iPhone XR, iPhone XS, iPhone X, iPhone 8 Plus, iPhone 8, iPhone 6 Plus, iPhone 6, iPhone 6s plus, iPhone 6s, iPhone 7, iPhone 7 Plus, iPhone SE, iPhone 5s, iPhone 5); Samsung; Huawei; LG; HTC, and other Android phones.
- Custom case material: PC, Aluminium, TPU, PU, genuine leather, wood, metal, rubber, plastic, etc.
- Custom iPhone cover designs: shockproof, waterproof, cool, cute, fancy, diamond, luxury, solid color, clear, Full-body transparent, soft, hard, custom liquid glitter case, custom printed phone cases wholesale, etc.
- Cell phone cases listed below are some of our past work. If you want to wholesale bulk iPhone cases in stock, contact LeMoTong mobile phone case manufacturer now and we will give you the list.


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It is official (not official)! I am allergic to work. However this allergy not only manifest itself in the skin condition on my face which has become so bad that I need to wear makeup. But it wipes out any
Oh shit! Sorry
At one time I thought my memory was rubbish because I come from a family of people with almost constant amnesia. However I realised today that my inability to remember names and appointments is inversely proportionate to how much I'm
TV Thick
Happy New Year! Or at least a bearable one. Frankly a year in which I don't die or find myself in the magistrate's court for non payment of debts will do me. That or a year of constant sex and


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Christmas 'elf and safety
Christmas 'elf and safety
Christmas is a special time for celebration, but with all the glimmering lights, extra cooking and festive mindset, it's also a time to be aware of fire hazards. The chance of accidental fire in the home increases over the Christmas period, with more occurring during December than any other time of year.
Check the halls
Twinkling lights adorn many homes over Christmas, but you want your Christmas tree to be the centrepiece of your home and not a fuel for fire. You can avoid an electrical fire by checking that your decorations meet safety standards, and not allowing them to overheat. Be careful not to overload plug sockets, you could even swap your candles for LED candles to reduce the risk of fire.
As well as electrical safety, make sure you have a clear escape route. This could help save a life if you have a fire, stay out and ring 999.
Cooking chaos
We know everybody wants to muck in with the cooking on Christmas Day, but try and keep your tipsy guests away from the kitchen and don't let the stress of Christmas dinner tempt you to have one too many proseccos!
Smoke kills
It may seem obvious, but it's an easy one to forget amidst the mayhem! Make sure that all of your smoke alarms are working before indulging in festivities, for the safety of you and your guests.
Turn off before turning in
Once all the partying is over, remember to turn off any Christmas decorations, put out any candles and make sure any internal doors are closed before collapsing into bed! Take extra care when smoking at home, you could easily fall asleep with a cigarette in your hand and accidentally start a fire.


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Mark as favourite
Ref 866
Fulmar House
Ocean Way
CF24 5HF Cardiff
To rent£10 per ft²
To buyPlease contact us
Size2,466 ft² / 229 m² (approx. 22 desks)
- Location and Transport
- More like this
Read more description
Modern Self Contained Offices With Dedicated Parking
- Available as a whole or in part (from 2,466 sq ft)
- Available by way of a new lease or virtual freehold
- 21 dedicated car parking spaces
The property provides a detached two storey modern office building. The property is currently split to provide two self contained ground floor office suites and one first floor office suite. The first floor has the ability to be split.
The building currently benefits from previous tenant fit out to include meeting rooms, board room, storage, open plan offices and kitchen facilities.


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INTERNATIONAL rugby has been played in all corners of the globe for generations and among the lesser-known nations to have been throwing the oval ball around for fun for over 80 years now is Sweden.
Needless to say, rugby union is a summer sport in their country, but they are FIRA and IRB members, having been founded in 1932 and joined the IRFB as full members in 1988.
They are currently ranked 34th in the IRB pecking order and boast 56 clubs and almost 3,500 male players, of which nearly 1,300 are in their teens.
A group of those young players will be visiting West Yorkshire shortly and have two matches on the programme after they arrive on next Friday (February 15).
Sweden Under 18s will train at Woodhouse Grove School and also play their first game at Apperley Bridge on Saturday, February 16 (10.30am), when they meet a West Yorkshire Under 17 Development XV.
The final match will take place on Monday, February 18, at 7pm where they are in action again at Heath RFC, when they face a West Yorkshire Under 18 Barbarians team drawn from a number of clubs in the district.
�We�re delighted that the Swedish under 18�s chose West Yorkshire and I�m sure they will have a fantastic time. I�m really grateful to Yorkshire RFU, Woodhouse Grove School, Heath RFC and the Stansfield Arms for supporting the tour and bringing it all together� said Paul Fountain, Chairman of the West Yorkshire Player Development Committee.
�One of our local boys, Max Green, who plays at Leeds Carnegie Academy, is also qualified to play for Sweden through his mum. The Swedish Rugby Union under 18�s were looking to develop their game and I was contacted by their team manager David Hanley to see if they could come over and play some games during their February tour. I was delighted to help and it�s a great chance to extend the rugby family and help them to develop their national game. Equally as important is the chance for our boys to test themselves against International opposition. It really is a thrill and an honour.
�The tourists are an elite group representing their country and will provide stiff opposition. I�m sure that irrespective of the result the whole experience will enshrine rugby�s core values of teamwork, respect, enjoyment, discipline and sportsmanship. I�m sure that it will leave everyone with great memories and be a fantastic life experience.�
For more information visit the West Yorkshire Rugby Website.


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In about a week, Carole and I are heading back to one of our favorite places where I'll finally get to do some decent hiking. We're going to stay at the Peaks of Otter Lodge. I've done a lot of hiking there, but there are still many peaks to summit within a few miles of the lodge.
I like this area for a lot of reasons, not least of which are the wonderful cove hardwood forests that seem to cloak just about every peak and valley in the vicinity. The hemlocks there are all dead, of course, as this was one of the first places where the adelgid ended up causing 100% mortality in the hemlock forests. You just won't find any living hemlock groves around there.
If you're ever considering a stay along that part of the Blue Ridge Parkway, I highly recommend the Peaks of Otter Lodge. The rooms are very comfortable, but you won't have a phone or a TV, much less cell service or cable. This place is for quiet and relaxation. That, you'll find in abundance.
At any rate, it's going to be a welcome break from work and an opportunity to bag some peaks that have been on my to-do list for some time.
It was late in the afternoon when we got settled in to our room. This was the view just outside our patio. I'm a very antsy person and I can't stand to hold still. So I decided to hike to the top of this peak and try to get back down before night fell. I told Carole I was going to summit Sharp Top, and headed off.
The trail to the summit of Sharp Top is really nice. I'm figuring it was engineered and constructed by FDR's wonderful CCC.
On some of the steeper sections there are stairs.
This was one of my first good views as I broke out of the trees onto some exposed rocks. The afternoon sun was beginning to tint the landscape whenever it would peek out from behind the clouds.
Finally I got my first look at the summit area. This is a sub-peak called Buzzard Rocks. One of probably thousands of places in North America called "Buzzard Rocks".
A sign near the very top. It explains, among other things, how this mountain was once considered the highest in Virginia. Not only is it more than 1600 feet shorter than Virginia's true highest peak, it's not even as high as one of its nearby neighbors, the weirdly named Flat Top.
From the summit, I look down more than 1500 vertical feet at the Peaks of Otter Lodge and the lake on which it sits (and from whence I'd started my hike).
Self portrait on the very highest speck of the summit.
I saw this deer as I got back to the patio. The place is quite literally lousy with white-tailed deer. They know they can't be shot in this area, and congregate here in vast herds during hunting season.
Blurry photo, yes. But I just wanted to show that I did not beat the fall of darkness back to the lodge. The sun set just as I reached the foot of the mountain and had to hike the trail around the lake back to our room.


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Kwadwo Nkansah also known as Lil Win and Kwaku Manu quash the beef between them.
It started when Top Kay an artiste of Boss Nation, a record label owned by Lil Win, and an alerged chief priest released a song jabbing some Kumawood actors. This infuriated some of the Kumahood actors including Kwaku Manu who also express his displeasure in a song.The actors threw shots at each other through songs.
but on Tuesday,October 17, Lil Win posted a photo on instagram with actress Emelia Brobbey and Kwaku Manu with the caption "For what shall it profit a man, if he gain the whole world, and suffer the loss of his soul? Peace ..Together we Can."
Kumahood lovers will be happy to see the beef between their two favourite actors quashed..
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Romero Small Shoulder Bag
Romero Hecho a Mano
Buenos Aires // Argentina
The Romero small shoulder bag is the perfect cross body when you have a light load. 100% leather with a Buffalo horn detail and magnetic snap closure, it also has a single inside pocket. The perfect example of Argentine high-design.
Product Details:
- Leather & Buffalo Horn
- 17 x 23 x 7 cm
- Handmade in Argentina
- * Due to the handmade nature of Romero products, and the use of horn details, each decorative closure varies slightly.
Romero is a slow-fashion company based in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Led by Josefina Romero, they work with the highest quality materials that have their origins in traditional handcrafted goods such as leather, horn, silver, alpaca and palm. All of their pieces are carefully handcrafted by specialized metal smiths, and indigenous communities. Their process combines ancestral knowledge with modern design creating timeless, high-quality, meticulously made fashion bags and accessories.


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"Because hunter-gatherer life did not require as much planning and memory for debts and duties as life in larger-scale societies with more complex divisions of labor, conscientiousness may have evolved to higher average levels only recently, ... . Only with the rise of activities like agriculture and animal herding would our ancestors have needed the sort of anxious obsessiveness and future-mindedness that characterize the highly conscientious."
Geoffrey Miller, Spent, 2009


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CFJ Using the English Language - DL
Order e-download:
You will be able to download this product immediately(includes supplementary document)
Getting the right words for the right story is a key part of journalism. This unit is at Level 2 (effectively GCSE) will help give your writing the maximum impact. Powerful writing attracts attention and can achieve results. Words are the tools of the job for a journalist. This unit will help you get them right.
Tutor support: 30 minutes
Learning hours: 10