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Source: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Dharani Sundarmurthy, Vijayalakshmi Devarashetty, Narayana Reddy S..
Background: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has been defined as a group of diverse healthcare systems, not considered to be a part of conventional (allopathic) medicine. Approximately 80% of general population use traditional medicines (WHO). Thus, patients using CAM and its associated adverse effects may be encountered in practice of modern medicine. Hence it is necessary to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of CAM among health care professionals (HCPs). Methods: After obtaining IEC approval, the cross-sectional study was conducted in doctors at Bangalore Medical College and its attached hospitals. 200 doctors who gave informed consent were included in the study. Results: 61.5% of the HCPs were aware that CAM includes AYUSH. 53% of the HCPs used CAM for self, especially for respiratory disorders (28.3%) and chronic painful conditions (21.6%). The common adverse effects attributed to use of CAM among patients which required consultation of the HCPs were hepatic (42.5%) and renal impairment (32.5%), allergy (10%), relapse (10%), and metal intoxication (5%). 71% didnt prefer suggesting CAM for patients. 70% opined that CAM therapies be subjected to clinical trials. Conclusions: HCPs had used CAM therapy for self at least once especially for respiratory disorders and chronic painful conditions. However majority of the HCPs didnt prefer suggesting CAM to patients and as many as 70% of the HCPs insisted that CAM therapies be subjected to scientific evaluation including clinical trials in view of patient safety before integrating them with conventional medicine.
Παρασκευή, 23 Σεπτεμβρίου 2016
Complementary and alternative medicine: practice and perspective of allopathic doctors at a tertiary care hospital
Price analysis of antianginal drugs available in Indian market
Source: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Vihang S. Chawan, Sagar V. Badwane, Kalpesh V. Gawand, Maheshi U. Chhaya.
Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the most common causes of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in developing countries like India. Initial management includes use of many antianginal drugs. There is wide variation in market prices of these drugs. This study was planned to analyse the percentage variation in prices amongst monotherapy and combination therapy of antianginal drugs manufactured and sold under different brand names in Indian market. Methods: Price of antianginal drugs manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies, in the same strength and dosage forms was obtained from "Current Index of Medical Specialties (CIMS)" January-April 2016 and "Indian Drug Review (IDR)" Vol. XXII, Issue No.1, 2016. The difference in the maximum and minimum price of the same drug manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies and percentage variation in price per 10 tablets was calculated. Results: Percentage variation in price for antianginal drugs marketed in India was found to be amlodipine (5 mg) 1128.57% followed by amlodipine (10 mg) 1040% and amlodipine (2.5 mg) 780% as a monotherapy. Whereas atenolol (25 mg), atenolol (50 mg) and nicorandil (10 mg) also showed significant percentage variation in prices 525%, 426.66% and 350.84% respectively. For combination therapy, percentage variation in prices were seen with amlodipine + atenolol (5 + 50 mg) 700%, followed by atenolol + hydrochlorothiazide (50 + 12.5 mg) 362.5% and Isosorbide dinitrate + aspirin (5 + 75 mg) 300%. Conclusions: There is a wide variation in the price of different brands of antianginal drugs available in India. The clinicians prescribing these drugs should be aware of these variations to reduce the financial burden of drug therapy.
A prospective cohort study to evaluate the correlates of polypharmacy and its association with depression among elderly patients
Source: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Shweta Srivatsa, Debdipta Bose, Sushma M, Jayanthi C.R..
Background: Polypharmacy is a reliable indicator of irrational prescribing particularly among elderly. Polypharmacy increases the risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) exponentially imposing higher economic burden. Addressing and evaluating the prescribing practices in elderly will rationalize the drug utilization leading to improvement in quality of health care. The present study was taken to evaluate the determinants of polypharmacy and its association with depression, defined as a 15 item geriatric depression scale (GDS) >6, in elderly patients. Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at department of medicine, Victoria hospital, Bengaluru 100 patients aged 60 and above years was enrolled. Relevant data regarding patients demographic details, smoking and alcohol consumption, medical diagnosis and drug details were collected. Geriatric Depression Scale was used to diagnose depression. Results: Out of 100 patients screened, 36% were males and 64% were females. Polypharmacy was noted in 73% of the elderly, of which 43% had cumulative co morbidity (≥4 diagnoses). 68% were found to have a GDS score of ≥6, which corresponded to Depression. Patients with depression (GDS score ≥6) had 1.54 (OR-1.54, 95% CI-0.59-4.01) times more risk of encountering polypharmacy (≥4 drugs). Cumulative co-morbidity (OR-1.52, 95% CI-1.082.11, p
Study to assess knowledge, attitude and practice regarding swine flu vaccine amongst medical students
Source: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Rajvardhan R. Solunke, Shrikant C. Dharmadhikari, Jugalkishore B. Jaju, Ganesh R. Pawar, Aruna Gurung.
Background: Due to recurrent outbreak and associated high mortality of swine flu there is panic amongst medical students also because of higher risk of getting infected. Vaccination for swine flu is the best preventive measure. So this study was undertaken. The aim of the present study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding swine flu vaccine amongst medical students of government medical college and provide data to improve awareness about swine flu vaccine Methods: This was a cross sectional observational study carried out amongst 250 medical students during period of April-June 2015. A pre designed and pre tested, multiple choice questionnaires was used to assess KAP regarding swine flu vaccine and descriptive analysis was done. Results: Knowledge of participants regarding Swine flu vaccine was high as the mean score of correct answers marked was 152.5. But Only 21.8% participants had knowledge about cost of vaccine and 33.2% about the adverse drug reactions to the vaccine. Internet was the most common source of information amongst participants. Attitude of participants toward vaccination was favourable (mean score -128.4) but attitude for vaccination during pregnancy (30.8%) and with other vaccines (32.8%) was unfavourable. Only 30(12%) candidates have taken the vaccine which shows very poor practice. Conclusions: This study shows high knowledge, favourable attitude but poor practice towards Swine flu vaccination amongst medical students. So there is need to increase awareness for vaccination of swine flu amongst medical students by continuous health education and also need to increase the availability of vaccine in government hospitals.
To study the pattern of adverse drug reactions among patients hospitalized in the medical wards of a tertiary care hospital
Source: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Anup Kumar, Dinesh Kansal, Parveen Kumar Sharma, Amit Bhardwaj, Sushma Sawaraj.
Background: ADRs have a major impact on public health, quality of life. ADRs are a recognized hazard of drug therapy. Although some ADRs are minor and resolve without squeal, others can cause permanent disability or death. Despite the methodological rigor of clinical trials, it is generally not possible to identify all safety issues associated with drugs during the pre-marketing research phase. The only way to find out such occurrences is to be on active-look out for adverse events over a long time horizon in large population and in different host conditions. The information may be useful in identifying and minimizing preventable ADRs, while generally enhancing the knowledge of the prescribers to deal with them more efficiently. Methods: This retro-prospective study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital for one year. Data of those patients who experienced ADRs was recorded in detail from internal Medicine ward. An assessment of causality was done. Data was evaluated to determine the class of drugs and the organ systems frequently associated with ADR within the settings of the institute. Results: The total incidence of ADRs was 7.59% in hospitalized patients with male predominance. Most common system involved was GIT followed by CNS and CVS. Antibiotics were most common culprits for ADRs followed by NSAIDS and hypoglycemic agents. In causality assessment probable ADRs were much more than possible ADRs. Severity of reaction in most of the patients was moderate. Majority of ADRs were Type A and maximum were probably preventable. Conclusions: There is need to explore the reasons for this relatively low incidence rate of ADRs in the Indian population. Underreporting is one of the major factors with a lack of proper pharmacovigilance system which is still in budding state in India.
Single dose metronidazole, tinidazole and ornidazole in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis - a comparative study
Source: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Banapura Ambika, Mamatha K. R., Geetha Shivamurthy.
Background: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge. There is a lack of consensus on the etiologic agents or agents associated with BV, due to polymicrobial nature. There is high recurrence rate of BV and it is difficult to treat. Metronidazole is the drug of choice but newer nitroimidazoles are better alternatives with long half-lives and better tolerability. Methods: This was a prospective, comparative, randomized, single blinded study on 120 diagnosed cases of bacterial vaginosis, with symptomatic or asymptomatic abnormal vaginal discharge. Amsel's criteria were used to diagnose bacterial vaginosis as well as to assess the response and classify the patients as cured, partially cured and not cured. Statistical analysis was done by Chi square test. The cure rate was compared considering metronidazole cure rate as gold standard. Results: At 1 week, the cure rate of tinidazole and ornidazole was 89.5% in both the groups, and at 4 weeks, it was 84.5% for both drugs (P
Comparative assessment of the pattern of anti-hypertensive drugs prescribed in medicine and cardiology outpatient department
Source: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Bhargav Gaikwad, Sagar Bhagat, Ketaki Patil.
Background:Hypertension or High blood pressure is one of the strongest modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular and renal diseases and is a condition that afflicts almost 1 billion people worldwide Objective: To compare the prescribing pattern of antihypertensive drugs in patient attending medicine and cardiology OPD Methodology: observational, cross sectional study conducted in the department of pharmacology in collaboration with the medicine and the cardiology department. Results :The present study which was conducted for a period of 6 months in the medicine and cardiology OPD showed unequal distribution of the patients in the medicine and cardiology OPD, with 223 patients attended medicine OPD while 434 patients attended cardiology OPD. Amongst the patients attending medicine OPD, majority of the patients (61.88%) were stage 1 hypertensive (>140/90mmHg) according to JNC VII classification whereas majority (69.38%) of those attending cardiology OPD were stage II hypertensive (>160/100). calcium channel blockers (CCB) were the most commonly prescribed drug in medicine OPD followed by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) whereas beta blockers (BB) were most commonly prescribed in cardiology OPD followed by ACEI.
A comparative prospective study to assess the clinical efficacy and safety of pantoprazole monotherapy versus pantoprazole and itopride dual therapy in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease in a tertiary care hospital
Source: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Pradeep Kumar BT, Mamatha KR, Nagesh NS, Jayanthi CR, Bharath Kumar VD.
Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common chronic, relapsing condition that carries a risk of significant morbidity and potential mortality from resultant complications. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) remained as the main stay in the therapy of GERD but they do not have any role in increasing the tone of lower esophageal sphincter which is the main pathophysiology of GERD. In this regard addition of prokinetic agent like Itopride may be beneficial in improving the symptoms associated with GERD. So the present study has been taken to compare the healing rates of esophagitis and reduction in symptom scores associated with GERD between Pantoprazole monotherapy and Pantoprazole plus Itopride combination. Methods: 100 patients diagnosed with GERD were randomly assigned into two groups, Group A and Group B. Group A received tablet Pantoprazole 40 mg twice daily alone and group B received tablet Pantoprazole 40 mg twice daily and tablet Itopride 50 mg thrice daily 30 minutes before food for 4 weeks. The patients were followed up at the end of 4 weeks and were given the questionnaire to assess the FSSG scores. Endoscopy and FSSG scores were recorded and then the percentage of responders in both groups was compared. Results: Endoscopic evidence of healing of esophagitis was similar in both the groups, 72% in Group A and 74% in Group B. The symptom relief was significantly more in Pantaprozole plus Itopride group 74.5% (4.2±1.6) than Pantaprozole alone 62.5% (6.4±1.1) after 4 weeks (p
To evaluate and compare antidepressant activity of Rosa damascena in mice by using forced swimming test
Source: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Hemapriya Tirupathi, Padmavathi Golla.
Background: Rosa damascene mill L (R. damascena) is an ornamental plant that has several therapeutic (such as sedative and hypnotic) effects. It also heals depression, grief, nervous stress and tension. In the present study we evaluated antidepressant-like effect of R. damascena using forced swimming test (FST). The forced swim test is a commonly used stressor test, where mice are forced to swim in specially constructed tanks for a particular period and looked for behavioural activation characterized by vigorous swimming and diving to search for alternate routes to escape. Animal health including human has been shown to be affected by the stressful events of the life inducing situation which alters cognition, learning memory and emotional responses, causing mental disorders like depression and anxiety and stress in mice. Methods: The experiment was carried out with 24 healthy albino mice of either sex weighing about 25-30 gm. These were acclimatized to their environment for one week prior to experimentation. Two doses of aqueous extract (20 and 40 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally. After 30 min of injection, immobility and swimming times were measured and compared with control (negative control) and imipramine (positive control). Results: In the present study R. damascena in the doses of 20 mg and 40 mg/kg significantly decreased the immobility time compared to the control than standard, thereby proving that it has antidepresssant activity. The dose of 40 mg/kg body weight showed anti-depressant activity almost similar to the standard dug imipramine (10 mg/kg). Conclusions: Antidepressant activity of R. damascena was studied by forced swimming test in mice in the doses of 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg .This test shows that R. damascena significantly decreased the immobility time in mice. The results suggest that R. damascena has dose dependent antidepressant activity comparable with imipramine.
To evaluate the creatinine clearance and compare nephrotoxic potential of Amikacin and Gentamicin, in post operative patients with normal baseline renal function
Source: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Subarna Bajracharya, Krishna Pandey, Ataul Haque.
Background: The majority of infections on any surgical ward are usually due to one or more of the gram-negative bacilli. Among the different groups of antimicrobials that have been used to treat these infections, Aminoglycoside antibiotics such as Amikacin and Gentamicin are the most commonly used. Methods: The study is 1 year, non-interventional, prospective study of patients administered either Amikacin or Gentamicin following surgery carried out in surgery ward in co-ordination with department of Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre Moradabad. Results: The mean difference in final and initial serum creatinine values were observed to be 0.32 and 0.52 with a standard deviation of 0.228 and 0.387 in AM and GM group respectively. This difference was statistically significant with p value of 0.007. The mean difference in final and initial creatinine clearance values were observed to be 18.82 and 24.76 with a standard deviation of 10.14 and 11.93 in AM and GM group respectively. This difference was also statistically significant with p-value of 0.013. Nephrotoxicity occurred in 9 out of 50 patients (18%) in AM group out of which 12% were male and 6% were female whereas in case of GM group nephrotoxicity occurred in 16 out of 50 patients (32%) in which 26% were male and 6% were female. Conclusions: From this study we can conclude that Gentamicin is more nephrotoxic and causes greater fall in creatinine clearance although the dose of Gentamicin administered is much lower compared to Amikacin.
A study of serum psedocholinesterase levels following diazinon poisoning in relation to liver function-prognostic and therapeutic value
Source: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
K. Swarnalatha, B. Surya Prakasa Rao, S. Sharon Sonia.
Background: To study serum pseudo-cholinesterase (PChE) levels as an index of liver injury in individuals with diazinon poisoning with or without alcoholism. It gives the knowledge of the therapeutic efficacy and severity of liver dysfunction. Methods: Blood samples were taken from normal male adults as control and PChE is estimated. Blood samples were taken from diazinon poisoning patients from local hospitals on the 1st day and on 5th day for pseudocholinesterase estimation. Another group of blood samples were taken on the 1st day and on the 5th day from diazinon poisoning patients with history of alcoholism serum PChE is estimated. Results: Serum PChE was estimated among the normal healthy male adults as the normal value of enzyme for the various levels for comparison. Among 30 normal adults, the control value of PChE ranged between 125 and 321 µmol/ml with 212 as the mean. Following the treatment with atropine, PAM and blood transfusion, blood samples were estimated by 5th day among patients with diazinon. Their mean value was found to be 200 µmol/ml. Among individuals with alcohol and diazinon poisoning, following the treatment, the serum PChE levels were raised comparatively on 1st day. The value is 100 µmol/ml. Conclusions: In diazinon poisoning without alcoholism, the prognostic and therapeutic efficacy of the drugs is better unlike in alcoholics. Hence a scope of necessitating the hepatoprotective measures is of consideration in the organophosphorous poisoning cases.
Knowledge towards antibiotic usage among paramedics and non-medical personnels of a tertiary care hospital
Source: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Pranjit Narzaree, M. C. Gupta.
Background: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, self-medication behaviour and attitudes toward antibiotic usage among paramedics and non-medical working staff of a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed using a self-administered questionnaire to access the knowledge, self-medication behaviour and attitude towards antibiotics usages among the two groups of participants from paramedics and non- medical working staff of PGIMS Rohtak administration. Results: All the participants from paramedics (100%) were aware of the term antibiotics and antibiotic resistance compared to the non-medical personnels. Non-medical staffs (86%) were aware of the term antibiotics but their understanding about antibacterial resistance was only 44 %. Majority of participants have self-medication experiences (86% and 84% for paramedics and non-medical staff respectively). Antibiotics were used by both the groups for symptomatic treatment of various clinical conditions without any rationale justifications. The major reason for not visiting medical practitioner was cost saving and convenience (non-medical staff 80% and paramedics 60%. Antibiotics were mainly obtained from the community pharmacist (non-medical staff 100% and paramedics 68%). Conclusions: Self-medication practice was prevalent among the participants and lack of up-to-date knowledge was the major areas of concern. Antibiotic awareness should reach every corner of our society for prevention of antibiotic resistance.
A comparative study of efficacy of atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and atorvastatin + fibrates as lipid lowering agents
Source: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Karunasree Nagarur, Yamini Vadlamannati, Narasimha Rao Raja.
Background: Hypercholesterolemia patients are at high risk of coronary heart disease. National cholesterol education programme (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines provide the option of aggressively lowering Low-density cholesterol in them. Presently the standard therapy of hypercholesterolemia is by HMG co-A reductase inhibitors. Present study shows that Rosuvastatin is better than Atorvastatin, Atorvastatin and Fibrate is better than Atorvastatin monotherapy in management of hypercholesterolemia. Methods: The present research was an observational study conducted at Government general hospital, Nizamabad. A total of 150 patients on treatment for hypercholesterolemia for more than one year were enrolled in our study. They were divided into three groups. Group I: Atorvastatin (20 mg) (n=96; 64%); Group II: Rosuvastatin 10 mg (n= 41; 27.33%); Group III: Atorvastatin (20 mg) + Fibrate (145 mg) (n=13; 8.66%). Results: Rosuvastatin is better than Atorvastatin and Atorvastatin with fibrates reduces LDL, TG more than Atorvastatin alone. Conclusions: Rosuvastatin is better than Atorvastatin and Combination of atorvastatin with fibrates reduces LDL-Cholesterol and triglycerides more than atorvastatin alone.
Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of orange peel extract against oral biofilm forming organisms: an in vitro microbial study and scanning electron microscopic assessment
Source: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Chetana Dilip Mankar, Mona Udayan Shah, Yogesh Sharad Doshi, Monika Bajaj, Vidhi Kevadia, Roshini Vinod.
Background: To evaluate in vitro antimicrobial activity of orange peel extract, 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and saline against dental biofilm-forming bacteria and their effect on plaque structure under SEM. Methods: Present study included 3 groups; Group A: Orange peel extract; Group B: 0.2% CHX and Group C: Saline. MIC of each group was determined by broth and well diffusion method. Reference strains of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.), Prevotella intermedia (P.i.) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.) were selected as being colonizers in dental biofilm. For SEM analysis, plaque retained orthodontic e-chains were subjected to each group for 60s and studied under SEM. Results: The MIC of Group A by broth diffusion method is 66.66 µg/ml for P. intermedia, 75 µg/ml for P. gingivalis and 33.33 µg/ml for A.a. MIC of Group B was 14.58 µg/ml for P.i., 7.29 µg/ml for P.g. and 20.83 µg/ml for A.a. MIC of Group C was 83.33 µg/ml for A.a. while P.i. and P.g. showed resistance to Group C. The determination of MIC by well diffusion showed increase in clear zone diameter with increasing concentrations. Greater zone of inhibition was seen in Group B with statistical significance for all 3 microorganisms. Morphologic changes in the SEM study showed maximum change in the surface characteristics and loss of adhesion of the clusters of microorganisms subjected to Group B. Conclusions: CHX and orange peel extract exhibited notable anti-microbial activity against biofilm organisms, but at varying concentrations. The plaque samples subjected to orange peel extract showed slightly shrunken and coarse form indicating its ability to disrupt the plaque biofilm.
Paradoxical nocturnal agitation associated with mirtazapine therapy
Source: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Olayinka A. Ogundipe, Zubaidat M. Oduniyi.
This report describes an 85 year old woman presenting with a mixed delirium with risk factors of hyponatraemia, polypharmacy, and bilateral frontal lobe atrophy with small vessel cerebrovascular disease. Treatment for depression with oral citalopram had been revised to oral mirtazapine, with the aim of reducing the risks of recurrent hyponatraemia noted with the former. She developed an evolving adverse drug reaction (ADR) symptom profile of insomnia, and later severe paradoxical nocturnal agitation. These symptoms were subsequently noted to correlate with both the night-time dosing pattern, and the increased dosing regimen of the mirtazapine. The symptoms settled rapidly following withdrawal of the mirtazapine. The report briefly reviews the relevant literature, and two previously validated causality assessment systems are applied to the index case to support the pharmacovigilance process. This is aimed at promoting objectivity in assessing for the likelihood that the suspected medication (mirtazapine) was the cause for the noted adverse drug reaction.
Evaluation of eslicarbazepine for its antidiuretic effect in albino wistar rats
Source: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Satish AM, Mohammed Sibgatullah, Lokraj Subedee, Shashi Kumar, Umme Salma, Varun Gupta.
Background: Diabetes insipidus is characterized by polyuria, polydipsia with hyposthenuria, causing dehydration and hypernatremia if the patient is deprived of water. Vasopressin analogues and drugs causing water retention are used in this condition. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antidiuretic effect of eslicarbazepine in albino rats. Methods: The animals were divided into 3 groups each containing 6 animals. The first group was constituted by the control group which received distilled water. The second was the standard group which received vasopressin. The third group was constituted by the test group which received the test drug eslicarbazepine. The test drug was given for a period of 5 days. On 5th day, one hour after administration of respective drugs in different groups, diuresis was induced in all groups of animals by Furosemide after they were loaded with normal saline after overnight fasting. The volume of urine collected was measured at the end of 5 hours from each of the group along with sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations. Results: There was significant water retention and urine was concentrated in the test group which received eslicarbazepine when compared to the control group. Conclusions: Eslicarbazepine has significant water retaining capacity in albino wistar rats. Further evaluation is required before using it in diabetes insipidus.
A comparative study of antinociceptive effect of fluoxetine with pentazocine in rodent model
Source: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Manjunatha C. H., Jagadishchandra S. Ratnakar.
Background: Chronic pain affects millions of people across the globe, commonly coexisting with depression. Antidepressants like fluoxetine have shown potential to have analgesic activity with superior safety profile and hence might be better suited in the treatment of chronic pain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of fluoxetine and to compare the antinociceptive effect of fluoxetine with pentazocine. Methods: Adult albino rats weighing 150-200 grams were used in this study. Screening method used was Acetic acid induced writhing method in rats. Rats were divided into three groups of 5 animals and drugs administered as follows: group-1: distilled water (control), group-2: Fluoxetine, group-3: Pentazocine. All drugs were administered 30 minutes before the onset of pain stimulus. Statistical analysis was done by using one way-analysis of variance (one way ANOVA) followed by Tukey-Kramer test. Results: Fluoxetine failed to show significant antinociceptive activity in Acetic acid induced writhing method. Conclusions: Fluoxetine is an SSRI and one of the most commonly prescribed drug for depression. It is proven to act at multiple sites like serotonin transporter and opioid µ receptor, both of which may play a role in its analgesic activity.
Evaluation of medication adherence patterns amongst anti-hypertensive drug users in a tertiary care hospital in north India
Source: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Mahesh Chander Gupta, Ankita Bhattacharjee, Harpreet Singh.
Background: Non-adherence to prescribed medications is a major barrier in management of chronic diseases like hypertension, which can lead to treatment failure and can increase morbidity, mortality and health care costs. The objective of this study was to assess the level of adherence of hypertensive patients to their anti-hypertensive medications and various factors influencing the adherence among these patients. Methods: A cross sectional, observational, questionnaire based study was carried out amongst 70 patients diagnosed with hypertension. Adherence was measured using Morisky medication adherence score questionnaire (MMAS-8). Co-relation of various factors like age, sex, education level, number of drugs taken, presence of concomitant diseases etc. were assessed. Univariate and multivariate analysis was done to determine the factors associated with adherence. Results: The mean age of 70 patients (35 male, 35 female) were 52.29±11.39 years. Using MMAS-8, high, medium and low adherence was seen in 58.6%, 20.0% and 21.4% patients respectively. Middle age group patients were more adherent (60.8%) than younger age group and elderly (37.5%) (p-value
Studies on the concept, knowledge and attitude of the rational use of medicines among the sixth semester 2nd MBBS student of Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences, Porompat, Imphal, Manipur, India
Source: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Varkung Valte, Premchand M. Singh, Indira Raleng.
Background: The present study was designed to accesses the concept, knowledge and attitude of rational use of medicine among the sixth semester 2nd MBBS students with the aim to install rational use of medicine amongst the prescriber right from the grass root level. Methods: The study has been conducted in Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences Porompat, Imphal, Manipur during 2015-2016 session. The studies has been organised in accordance with World Health Organisation (WHO) Good Prescribing Guide. The students were subjected to presented questionnaire on concept, knowledge and attitude on the rational use of medicine. The design of the study is simple cross sectional study. Percentage, proportions and means are used for descriptive statistics while the associations are calculated using corresponding tests for the associations. Results: The majority of the students have a clear cut concept in the present studies (96.7%); integration with other subject (80.3%); usefulness in the future practice (98.3%); initiative and willingness (91.0%); learning the topic in the MBBS course (95.0%); out of the total questionnaire of 61, only 7 questions on concept, knowledge and attitude have been selected for further analysis. 3.2% do not have the knowledge of RUMs; 13.1% do not feel necessary to integrate with other subjects; 8.1% are indecisive, 4.91% do not feel necessary to learn RUMs; 16.3% do not have any idea about the role of evaluation. Conclusions: The present study will enlightened the young energetic medical students to practice rational use of medicine and improves WHO Good prescribing method and rational pharmacotherapy skills in the future.
Antihypertensive and antiatherogenic effects of Tanopati a traditional recipe used for the treatment of high blood pressure
Source: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Amani Komenan Nazaire, Djyh Bernard Nazaire, Boga Gogo Lucien, Kouassi Konan, Severin Kouakou Konan, NGuessan Jean David.
Background: The objective of the present study was to investigate the possible effect of Tanopati on induced hypercholesterolemia in rats and hypertension in rabbits. Methods: Twenty wistar rats were divided into 4 groups each and then subjected to different treatments. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by induced dietary cholesterol; the rats are then treated with Tanopati and Questran®) Sixteen rabbits males, divided in four lots with four rabbits each, were used in this study. Hypertension was induced by adrenalin (1 mg/ml for 2 weeks intramuscularly) in the lots 2 to 4. After induction of hypertension in animals, they were treated with the extract of Tanopati. The cardiovascular parameters of rabbits (systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) was taken with an electric manometer. These three cardiovascular parameters were then compared to the witness group. Results: The treatment with the Tanopati and with Questran® significantly improved (p
Serum Iron, Zinc and its relationship with Blood lead levels among lead exposed worker from lead battery plant.
Source: Journal of Molecular Pathophysiology
Bhavani Shankara Bagepally, Ravibabu Kalahasthi, Tapu Barman.
Objective: Present study was conceived to examine the relationship between blood lead level (BLL) and serum Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) in lead-exposed workers from lead Battery plant. Methods: The study design was cross-sectional. Ninety seven male workers involved in the lead battery manufacturing plant were considered as study subjects. BLL, serum Zn and Fe were estimated using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Haematological parameters were determined by using an Fx-19E haematology analyser. The renal function tests - creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) determined by standard methods. The statistical analysis was performed on SPSS version 16. Results: The body mass index (BMI) of subjects was 25.8±3.0. The systolic blood Pressure (SBP) was 127.8±14.5 mm Hg while diastolic blood Pressure (DBP) was 77.8±10.8 mm Hg. The workers with >30 µg/dL BLL (Fe 1745 ± 723 µg/L) had significantly (P
Hypothyroidism and anemia in pregnancy
Source: International Journal of Advances in Medicine
Usha Agrawal, Preshant Shrivastava, Shweta Shrivastava.
Background: Hypothyroidism and anemia are widely prevalent in pregnant women. Due to better diagnostic facilities and increased awareness, more cases of hypothyroidism are seen. Using ATA trimester specific guidelines for diagnosis of hypothyroidism has also resulted in increased prevalence of hypothyroidism in pregnancy. This study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of hypothyroidism among pregnant women, and to study the correlation between the prevalence of hypothyroidism and anemia in pregnant women. Methods: A total of 110 consecutive antenatal women attending the antenatal clinic were included in our study. A detailed clinical and obstetric history was obtained from them. The cases underwent routine clinical and obstetric examination. Blood samples were sent to lab for routine haematology and fasting serum TSH testing. Results: Out of 110 cases, Raised S. TSH (>2.5mIU/L) suggestive of thyroid dysfunction was seen in 35 (31.81%) cases. Hb 2.5 mIU/L) was seen in 35 (31.81%) cases. Amongst the cases with anemia, 42.86% had S.TSH >2.5 mIU/L. Anemia and Hypothyroidism are very common in our country in pregnancy. It is likely, that hypothyroidism may add on to the severity of anemia. Early diagnosis and treatment of hypothyroidism during pregnancy will help in reducing anemia and adverse maternal and fetal outcomes
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Ear Nose Throat J. 2016 Sep;95(9):405-407
Authors: Cuthbertson DW, Punia JN, Owczarzak VL
Myeloid sarcoma is a rare extramedullary tumor composed of malignant myeloid cells that occur in the presence of myeloid leukemia. We report a case series of pediatric head and neck myeloid sarcomas representative of the epidemiology, symptomatology, laboratorial correlations, prognoses, and treatment of extramedullary leukemia. Presented are 3 cases involving patients ranging from 17 months to 11 years of age. Two patients were successfully treated with chemotherapy, and in the third patient, a large lytic lesion was treated palliatively with proton beam therapy. Knowledge and recognition of myeloid sarcomas is important as they can be locally invasive, and they may also be used as a diagnostic tool or a prognostic indicator for leukemia.
PMID: 27657319 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of TGF-β and receptor genes in the woodchuck model
Publication date: 20 December 2016
Source:Gene, Volume 595, Issue 1
Author(s): Lu Wang, Junzhong Wang, Yana Liu, Baoju Wang, Shangqing Yang, Qing Yu, Michael Roggendorf, Mengji Lu, Jia Liu, Dongliang Yang
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is an important cytokine with pleiotropic regulatory functions in the immune system and in the responses against viral infections. TGF-β acts on a variety of immune cells through the cell surface TGF-β receptor (University of Duisburg-EssenTGFBR). The woodchuck has been used as a biomedical model for studies of obesity and energy balance, endocrine and metabolic function, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and neoplastic disease. Woodchucks infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) represent an informative animal model to study hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. In this study, the cDNA sequences of woodchuck TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 were cloned, sequenced and characterized. The full-length TGFBR1 cDNA sequence consisted of 1305bp coding sequence (CDS) that encoded 434 amino acids with a molecular weight of 48.9kDa. The phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the woodchuck TGF-β family genes had a closer genetic relationship with Ictidomys tridecemlineatus. One antibody with cross-reactivity to woodchuck TGFBR1 was identified by flow cytometry. Moreover, the expression of these genes were analyzed at the transcriptional level. The quantitative PCR analysis showed that the TGF-β family transcripts were constitutively expressed in many tissues tested. Altered expression levels of the TGF-β family transcripts in the liver of WHV infected woodchucks were observed. These results serve as a foundation for further insight into the role of the TGF-β family in viral hepatitis in woodchuck model. Our work also possesses the potential value for characterizing the TGF-β family in other related diseases, such as obesity-related diseases, metabolic disorder, cardiovascular disease and cancer.
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Scientists demand halt to damming of Europe's last wild river
More than 200 researchers from 33 countries are urging the Albanian government to save the Vjosë, the continent's last surviving unexplored waterway
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High incidence and persistence of airborne allergen sensitization up to age 19 years
Longitudinal population-based studies about the natural history of allergic sensitization are rare. The aim was to study incidence and persistence of airborne allergen sensitization up to young adulthood, and risk factors for early and late onset of sensitization.
All children aged 7-8 years in two municipalities in Northern Sweden were invited to a parental questionnaire and skin prick tests (SPT) to ten airborne allergens, and 2,148 (88%) participated. The protocol was repeated at age 11-12 and 19 years, and 1,516 participated in all three examinations.
Prevalence of any positive SPT increased from 20.6% at age 7-8y to 30.6% at 11-12y, and 42.1% at 19y. Animals were the primary sensitizers at age 7-8y, 16.3%, followed by pollen, 12.4%. Mite and mold sensitization was low. Mean annual incidence of any positive SPT varied between 2.8-3.4/100/year, decreased by age for animal and was stable for pollen. Sensitization before age 7-8y was independently associated with family history of allergy, OR 2.1(95%CI 1.6-2.8), urban living, OR 1.9(95%CI 1.2-2.9), and male sex, OR 1.3(95%CI 1.0-1.7), and negatively associated with birth order, OR 0.8(95%CI 0.7-1.0) and furry animals at home, OR 0.7(95%CI 0.7-0.9). Incidence after age 11-12y was associated only with family history of allergy. Multi-sensitization at age 19y was significantly associated with early age at sensitization. Remission of sensitization was uncommon.
The increasing prevalence of allergic sensitization by age was explained by high incidence and persistence. After age 11-12y the factors urban living, number of siblings and male sex lost their importance.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Asthma is associated with reduced fibrinolytic activity, abnormal clot architecture and decreased clot retraction rate
The aim of this study was to assess whether steroid-naïve asthma modulates hemostasis. We evaluated the clot retraction rate (CRR), fibrinolysis rate (FR), clot density (CD) (by confocal microscopy), plasma levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), and factor XIII (FXIII), NO in exhaled breath (FENO), spirometry (FEV1) and eosinophil count (EOS), in 36 patients with allergic, steroid-naïve asthma and in 34 healthy controls. We observed significantly (p<0.001) reduced CRR, FR, FEV1; and increased FENO, EOS, PAI-1, FXIII, and CD in asthmatic patients compared with controls. In asthmatic patients FR negatively correlated with CD, FXIII, PAI-1, FENO and EOS, and positively with FEV1. FXIII positively correlated with CD. CRR negatively correlated with FENO and positively with FEV1 (all p<0.001). These novel findings suggest that asthma itself is associated with decreased CRR and reduced fibrinolytic potential resulting from alterations in clot architecture and elevated levels of plasma FXIII and PAI-1.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Assessment of children's nutritional attitudes before oral food challenges to identify patients at risk of food reintroduction failure: a prospective study
Inappropriate dietary eliminations may impair quality of life, affect children's growth, and unnecessarily impact on healthcare costs. Previous retrospective studies reported that around 25% of children continue a food-avoidance diet despite a negative oral food challenge (OFC). A definite pattern has not been found yet for patients not reintroducing the food. The present study aimed to examine the role of child's nutritional attitudes and maternal anxiety in reintroducing food after a negative OFC.
A prospective study was conducted involving 81 mothers of children with IgE-mediated food allergy. They completed a survey on nutritional behaviour and attitudes and the State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory on the day of OFC and 6 months later.
11.1% of children never or rarely ate the food after a negative OFC. Consumption of the reintroduced food is positively correlated to child's interest in tasting new foods before and after OFC and to changes in child's nutritional habits after OFC. It is negatively correlated to monotony of the diet after OFC. No correlations were found with other participants' characteristics, or maternal anxiety. State anxiety significantly decreased after the OFC. A correlation was found between trait and state anxiety and the degree of change in nutritional habits after OFC.
Evaluating child's approach toward food before the OFC is a promising approach to identify patients at risk of food reintroduction failure. Furthermore, it underlined the importance of reassessing food consumption in all patients after a negative OFC and supporting patients in the reintroduction of food.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Scientists demand halt to damming of Europe's last wild river
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Awakening tumour suppressors with CRISPR
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Comment on: "The Cost Effectiveness of High-Dose Versus Conventional Haemodialysis: A Systematic Review"
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Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis responding to withdrawal of gluten: a case report
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Toxoplasma gondii pseudocyst in a transbronchial biopsy: a case report
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Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome: a series of five cases among siblings
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Amyand's hernia with appendicitis masquerading as Fournier's gangrene: a case report and review of the literature
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The peri-esophageal connective tissue layers and related compartments: visualization by histology and magnetic resonance imaging
An organized layer of connective tissue coursing from aorta to esophagus was recently discovered in the mediastinum. The relations with other peri-esophageal fascias have not been described and it is unclear whether this layer can be visualized by non-invasive imaging. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive description of the peri-esophageal fascias and determine whether the connective tissue layer between aorta and esophagus can be visualized by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). First, T2-weighted MRI scanning of the thoracic region of a human cadaver was performed, followed by histological examination of transverse sections of the peri-esophageal tissue between the thyroid gland and the diaphragm. Secondly, pretreatment motion-triggered MRI scans were prospectively obtained from 34 patients with esophageal cancer and independently assessed by two radiologists for the presence and location of the connective tissue layer coursing from aorta to esophagus. A layer of connective tissue coursing from the anterior aspect of the descending aorta to the left lateral aspect of the esophagus, with a thin extension coursing to the right pleural reflection, was visualized ex vivo in the cadaver on MR images, macroscopic tissue sections, and after histologic staining, as well as on in vivo MR images. The layer connecting esophagus and aorta was named 'aorto-esophageal ligament' and the layer connecting aorta to the right pleural reflection 'aorto-pleural ligament'. These connective tissue layers divides the posterior mediastinum in an anterior compartment containing the esophagus, (carinal) lymph nodes and vagus nerve, and a posterior compartment, containing the azygos vein, thoracic duct and occasionally lymph nodes. The anterior compartment was named 'peri-esophageal compartment' and the posterior compartment 'para-aortic compartment'. The connective tissue layers superior to the aortic arch and at the diaphragm corresponded with the currently available anatomic descriptions. This study confirms the existence of the previously described connective tissue layer coursing from aorta to esophagus, challenging the long-standing paradigm that no such structure exists. A comprehensive, detailed description of the peri-esophageal fascias is provided and, furthermore, it is shown that the connective tissue layer coursing from aorta to esophagus can be visualized in vivo by MRI.
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TIP150-Cortactin Interaction Orchestrates Cell Migration [Signal Transduction]
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Kinesin-5 Mechanochemistry [Enzymology]
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Activated G{alpha}s Samples Intracellular Membrane Compartments [Membrane Biology]
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Regulation of Neuronal Viability by NPM1 [Cell Biology]
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PC4 Affects Memory Processes [Gene Regulation]
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Identification of a Single {alpha}-Helix Motif in MLV [Microbiology]
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Roles of PKA Subunits in Lipolysis [Cell Biology]
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I{kappa}B{zeta} Ankyrin Repeats Bind to NF-{kappa}B p50 and Promoter DNA [Signal Transduction]
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Fis1 Activity in Yeast Mitochondrial Fission [Protein Structure and Folding]
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Multiple cyclin kinase inhibitors promote bile acid-induced apoptosis and autophagy in primary hepatocytes via p53-CD95-dependent signaling. [Additions and Corrections]
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TMEM16A Regulates Pancreatic Luminal pH [Signal Transduction]
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Myeloid Cell Plasticity in the Oral Barrier Tissue and ONJ [Immunology]
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Molecular Basis of the RHOGAP Family Proteins [Molecular Biophysics]
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Transcriptional Regulation via HIF Hydroxylase Inhibition [Genomics and Proteomics]
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Coiled-coil Initiation in Kinesin Motors [Protein Structure and Folding]
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AMY3 Interferes with Starch Granule Initiation [Metabolism]
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Protease-mediated Damage of hERG [Molecular Bases of Disease]
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N-terminal Myristoylated Cargo Interaction with Unc119a/b [Signal Transduction]
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Ubiquitination and Degradation of the CaV Channel I-II Loop [Protein Synthesis and Degradation]
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Discovery of Dual Inhibitors of MDM2 and XIAP for Cancer Treatment
Source:Cancer Cell
Author(s): Lubing Gu, Hailong Zhang, Tao Liu, Sheng Zhou, Yuhong Du, Jing Xiong, Sha Yi, Cheng-Kui Qu, Haian Fu, Muxiang Zhou
MDM2 and XIAP are mutually regulated. Binding of MDM2 RING protein to the IRES region on XIAP mRNA results in MDM2 protein stabilization and enhanced XIAP translation. In this study, we developed a protein-RNA fluorescence polarization (FP) assay for high-throughput screening (HTS) of chemical libraries. Our FP-HTS identified eight inhibitors that blocked the MDM2 protein-XIAP RNA interaction, leading to MDM2 degradation. The compound-induced MDM2 downregulation resulted not only in inhibition of XIAP expression, but also in activation of p53, which contributed to cancer cell apoptosis in vitro and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vivo. Importantly, one of the MDM2/XIAP inhibitors, MX69, showed minimal inhibitory effect on normal human hematopoiesis in vitro and was very well tolerated in animal models.
Graphical abstract
TeaserGu et al. use chemical screening to identify inhibitors of the MDM2 protein-XIAP mRNA interaction and show these inhibitors lead to apoptosis by reducing XIAP protein, decreasing MDM2 stability, and increasing p53 levels. Animal testing of one of these compounds shows antitumor efficacy and minimal toxicity.
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IJERPH, Vol. 13, Pages 939: Polymorphisms in GEMIN4 and AGO1 Genes Are Associated with the Risk of Lung Cancer: A Case-Control Study in Chinese Female Non-Smokers
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IJERPH, Vol. 13, Pages 941: The Use of Exenatide in Managing Markers of Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review
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IJERPH, Vol. 13, Pages 943: Pesticide Residues on Three Cut Flower Species and Potential Exposure of Florists in Belgium
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IJERPH, Vol. 13, Pages 938: Trace Elements Contamination and Human Health Risk Assessment in Drinking Water from the Agricultural and Pastoral Areas of Bay County, Xinjiang, China
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IJERPH, Vol. 13, Pages 942: The Possibility of Decreasing 50-Hz Electric Field Exposure near 400-kV Power Lines with Arc Flash Personal Protective Equipment
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IJERPH, Vol. 13, Pages 940: Time Effectiveness of Ultraviolet C Light (UVC) Emitted by Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) in Reducing Stethoscope Contamination
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Five wild lionesses grow a mane and start acting like males
The unusual characteristics of a few lionesses in Botswana may be down to excess testosterone, making them male-like as well as apparently infertile
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Five wild lionesses grow a mane and start acting like males
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Evaluation of bio medical waste management practices in select health care facilities of Karnataka
Source: International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health
Suman Gadicherla, Hemanth Thapsey, Lalitha Krishnappa, Shivaraj N. Somanna.
Background: Health care sector has expanded to a great extent in both private and public sectors to cater to the needs of the increasing population of the country. Mismanagement of bio medical waste can expose health care personnel and public to various potential hazards. Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted during September- November 2014 to assess current practices of Bio- Medical waste management (BMW) among the health care facilities (HCF) that had participated the selected districts level training program. Two stage sampling method was used to select eight districts and 15 HCFs in each district of Karnataka. An observational check list was used to observe macro and process areas of BMW. Results: Efficiency of each of the process of waste management was calculated by using a scoring system. A total of 116 HCF were observed-9 large, 17 medium and 90 small. Segregation efficiency was poor in 22 (24.4%) small HCFs. Disinfection was practiced in 50% of the locations observed in small HCFs. The storage efficiency was excellent in 56.3% and 57.7% among medium and small HCFs respectively. No containment of sharps was observed in 34.7%, 23.4%, 26.8% locations of small, medium and large HCFs respectively. Final disposal of waste was managed by common treatment facility in 88.8% of large and 88.2% of medium sized hospital respectively. Conclusions: Practices of bio medical waste management need to be improved at all levels.
Resveratrol attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor B
Publication date: Available online 22 September 2016
Source:Free Radical Biology and Medicine
Author(s): Lei Yang, Yan Zhang, Mengmeng Zhu, Qiong Zhang, Xiaoling Wang, Yanjiao Wang, Jincai Zhang, Jing Li, Liang Yang, Jie Liu, Fei Liu, Yinan Yang, Licheng Kang, Yanna Shen, Zhi Qi
The objective was to examine the protective effect of resveratrol (RSV) on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury and whether the mechanism was related to vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) signaling pathway. Rat hearts were isolated for Langendorff perfusion test and H9c2 cells were used for in vitro assessments. RSV treatment significantly improved left ventricular function, inhibited CK-MB release, and reduced infarct size in comparison with IR group ex vivo. RSV treatment markedly decreased cell death and apoptosis of H9c2 cells during IR. We found that RSV was responsible for the up-regulation of VEGF-B mRNA and protein level, which caused the activation of Akt and the inhibition of GSK3β. Additionally, RSV prevented the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by up-regulating the expression of MnSOD either in vitro or ex vivo. We also found that the inhibition of VEGF-B abolished the cardioprotective effect of RSV, increased apoptosis, and led to the down-regulation of phosphorylated Akt, GSK3β, and MnSOD in H9c2 cells. These results demonstrated that RSV was able to attenuate myocardial IR injury via promotion of VEGF-B/antioxidant signaling pathway. Therefore, the up-regulation of VEGF-B can be a promising modality for clinical myocardial IR injury therapy.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
1-1/4" to 2" BRAD NAILS 18 GAUGE 304 STAINLESS 1.2M VarietyPak
quantity: 1,200 count
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1-1/4", 1-1/2", 1-3/4", 2" BRAD NAILS 18 GAUGE 304 STAINLESS 1.2M VarietyPak
Our V-Pak product line is conveniently packaged with a mix of popular sizes and great for the smaller jobs or the DIYer. Don't buy more than you need, prevent nail waste...order the V-Pak!
Applications include Moulding and decorative trim, furniture trim, casing, finish, base boards, window beading, blind pinning of upholstered and trim panels, rattan, scribe moulding, cabinets, drawers and picture frame assembly. Works great in the MAX NF255F/18 and other similar brad nailers.
• Universal fit for most 18 gauge brad nailers
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• Gauge: 18
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304 Grade Stainless Steel is best suited for typical outdoor applications to avoid nail corrosion and discoloration. ACQ-treated lumber, redwood, cedar, and acidic or oil-based exotic woods.
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text:
Yesterday afternoon the CNET News.com News Blog ran an interesting post by Zoë Slocum, which seems to involve an effort on the part of Encyclopaedia Britannica to challenge Wikipedia for Web eyeballs:
The popularity of free, anyone-can-edit Wikipedia has made academia's battle against encyclopedia referencing--and the publishing industry's efforts to sell reference material--tougher than ever. Encyclopaedia Britannica, which has embraced e-mail marketing to keep its hardback business in, well, business (I've received several promotional messages in the past few months), is now making Web moves to take back its authoritative presence in the industry.
The publisher's Britannica WebShare initiative, launched April 13 with Twitter streaming of a daily topic, announced on Friday a service called Britannica Widgets, with which bloggers can "post an entire cluster of related Encyclopaedia Britannica articles" for free.
Britannica also is offering "people who publish with some regularity on the Internet, be they bloggers, Webmasters, or writers," free access to Britannica's online content, with registration.
A couple of hours after this post appeared, reader Philips responded with the inevitable comment under the title "Who cares?" To avoid being accused of distortion, I shall reproduce this comment in its entirety:
In modern Internet, Wikipedia is The Encyclopedia.
Britannica might be more accurate or something, but unfortunately, Wikipedia links to Internet, while Britannica links only to itself.
End result is that bias of Wikipedia is very easy to spot and to check. Spotting bias or inaccuracy in Britannica? - well, good luck.
If nothing else, Wikipedia is good starting point for any research. Britannica will need years and years to integrate with Internet where more or less all information turned out to be.
This is the sort of language (I hesitate to say "reasoning") that makes excellent reinforcement for Andrew Keen's "cult of the amateur" arguments. It is rare to find a piece of text in which each sentence is saturated with misconception, but it provides a good opportunity to address what the Encyclopaedia Britannica has become in recent years and why that evolution may be more important to us than the radically more rapid growth of Wikipedia.
The most important part of that evolution is that the Encyclopaedia Britannica has become far more than a very large number of well-written (and edited) articles by authoritative sources all alphabetized by topic and internally cross-referenced. (Note, however, that those attributes of authorial and editorial quality and authority should be sufficient to differentiate it from Wikipedia, notwithstanding the conflicting opinions of Mary Spicuzza and Nicholson Baker.) All of those articles still constitute the "heart" of the Britannica; but that "heart," known as the "Micropaedia," is only one of three basic elements. What Wikipedia does not offer (and probably sees no reason to do so) are the other two elements. One is a "Propaedia," which is basically an outline of all the knowledge covered by the "Micropaedia," thus providing a structural framework for the entire contents, which, for example, facilitates identifying related topic areas not explicitly mentioned in the "Micropaedia" entries. The other is the "Macropaedia," which is a collection of expository articles intended to provide a "big picture" view of a topic area to be read before digging into the details of the "Micropaedia." (By the way the hyperlinks for these three elements are all Wikipedia entries!)
At the risk of sounding too reductive, I would suggest that Wikipedia has become one of the better ways to get straightforward answers to straightforward questions; but, if you really want to learn about something (particularly something highly unfamiliar to you), you need the kind of resource that the full Britannica package provides. Now I have no idea whether or not this whole package is covered by what Britannica now plans to make available for free to a blogger like myself. That is why I just submitted my registration for the service and hope to report on my pleasures and/or disappointments with what I find!