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Acta Universitatis Danubius. Communicatio, Vol 10, No 2 (2016)
Africa and The Philosophy of the New Partnership For Africa's Development (NEPAD)
Shittu Raji1
Abstract: This work examined the task of developing Africa within the framework of the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) with a view to evaluating the philosophical implications of the Programme for sustainable development in the continent. Findings from the research through exploratory technique showed that the NEPAD philosophy is primarily anchored on the African ownership and management of its development process owing to the continent's conviction that no development paradigm can succeed optimally unless it is built on what its people genuinely require, understand and overwhelmingly control. The paper therefore concluded that there is no country that can escape from the process because the contemporary global imperative to development is premised on sufficient funding, adequate knowledge of scientific and technological know-how, all of which are the drivers and hallmark of neo-liberalism and globalization process. Africa thus needs to align its development philosophy with the global best practices in order to achieve the best for its citizens. There is also the need for the continent to re-negotiate the neo-liberal contents in the NEPAD document to make the programme more relevant and more responsive to the development aspirations of Africans.
Keywords: New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD); Africa
1. Introduction
Over the past five decades, the desire for the sustainable development of Africa has been the key issue confronting African countries. The development aspirations of Africans, right from the early days of independence, basically revolved around the improvement of the quality of their lives and meeting their needs, which include adequate food intake, water, shelter, security, functional health facilities, amongst others (Adedeji, 1990). Africans further hoped for a life of reasonable accomplishment, opportunities and dignity that make life more purposeful and fulfilling. Africans' aspiration for dignified existence was further reinforced by the promises of many African nationalists in the years of the anti-colonial struggle and the campaign promises of many African leaders shortly after independence to better the lot of Africans.
In spite of the efforts of African leaders, the challenge of sustainable development in Africa has persisted for close to half a century. As noted by Obasanjo (2003), what is noticeable after almost half a century of independence in African countries is that the continent still remains the world's enduring development challenge, world's most highly indebted region, where poverty is endemic, pervasive and deep, where conflicts and socio-political crises still remain a recurring feature. Africa is also a region being ravaged by AIDS and tropical diseases. To buttress the above observation, available statistics shows that Africa has a debt burden of about $376 billion as of 2012 (Umeh, 2012). AIDS infected about 28 million Africans between 1986 and 2011; more than six million of this number has died (Umeh, 2012). Only 58 percent of the African population, which is estimated at more than 640 million people, has access to safe water (Joshua, 2013). About half of the African population lives on less than $1 per day while life expectancy at birth in Africa is only 54 years (Madu, 2011).
In spite of its socio-political and economic burdens, many African leaders have remained consistent in the task of developing the continent. Some of the previous development strategies designed to bail Africa out of its development problems include the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the United Nations Programme of Action for Africa's Recovery and Development (UNPAERD of 1986). Most of these efforts only achieved limited success. For instance, the oppressive and draconian policy of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) which borders on privatization and commercialization of public enterprises, withdrawal of product subsidy, job cut and devaluation of local currency, amongst others, worsens the material condition of many Africans.
Unable to achieve much from the North-South platform, African countries diversified their development effort by adopting what they believe to be "home grown" development strategies which place more emphasis on regional and sub-regional integration for socio-economic development of Africa. The continent was particularly encouraged by the "home grown" success of the South-East Asian nations which not only shared similar colonial experiences with the African continent, but has managed to chart a vigorously articulated path to development. The first major concerted effort towards the success of this development model was expressed in the OAU's Lagos Plan of Action (LPA) of 1980 (Venter, 1994). The main thrust of this Plan borders on the removal of Africa's dependence on the developed economies and its replacement with a self-reliant development strategy. This concept revolved around the application of Africa's huge human and raw material resources for meeting the development needs of the continent. Also established by the OAU was the African Charter for Popular Participation in Development and Transformation (ACPPD) in February 1990 in Arusha, Tanzania (Venter, 1994, p. 14). ACPPD was established for the development of Africa in realization that development crises in the continent was more political in nature but with serious economic and social consequences. Therefore, the enthronement of democracy in Africa was the main focus of ACPPD.
To support the effect of this Charter was the Kampala document emanating from the Conference on Security, Stability, Development and Cooperation in Africa (CSSDCA), held in Kampala (Uganda) in 1991 (Diop, 1997, p. 84). The CSSDCA was envisaged as a development process, which includes cooperative effort on security, stability, and cooperation to promote socio-economic development in Africa. The first element (security) borders on the promotion of peace and strategic defense of Africa which included the promotion of Africa's capacity for conflict prevention, management and resolution.
The second element (stability), borders on the promotion of robust economic policies and sufficient implementation in Africa for people's need to be met. The third element of CSSDCA (development) borders on the adoption of stronger political action, concrete policy measures and fiscal discipline by African leaders to give effect to the two elements earlier mentioned, to improve development process in Africa. The fourth element (cooperation) endorsed permanent conflict management institutional structures and a permanent secretariat to manage conflict in Africa. Despite the OAU's development efforts, through the LPA, ACPPD, CSSDCA and other platforms, the defunct Organization was not able to achieve much.
According to Adetula (1996), the LPA achieved limited success partly due to the non-dismantling of the oppressive and exploitative international structures within African states. Two of these structures include the World Trade Organization (WTO)'s unfavorable liberalization policy of opening up the weak economies of African countries to compete with the highly subsidized products from the developed world. Another emerging problem facing Africa from the regional effort borders on the observation that all the African sub-regional groupings have different origins, different geographical configuration, different needs and aspirations (in spite of the same objective of developing Africa). Each is therefore stressing their peculiar sub-regional development needs to the negligence of other sub-regions. Thus much effort has been concentrated on sub-regional leaning so much that this has almost left the African "project" in a vacuum. In order to address these shortcomings and in realization of her precarious position in a globalizing and new world order, coupled with mounting debt and aid fatigue from the previous development efforts, African leaders chose to diversify their development diplomacy through integration, hence the creation of the African Union(AU).
The OAU was formally transformed to AU on July 26th 2001 (Maya, 2001). The transition came through the Constituent Act of the AU which was signed at the final OAU meeting in Lusaka (Zambia) in July 2001. Unlike the OAU, the AU was conceived as an integrative effort to deal with the new global reality of interdependence of nations. Essentially, the AU was loosely fashioned along the lines of the European Union (EU) to tackle the political and economic problems of Africa (Maya, 2001). Its development plans consists of the joint central Bank, a central parliament and a centralized judicial system. Other designed important features of the AU include the crystallization of regional and continental trade and easier movement of Africans from one AU nation to another (AU, 2002). These features are expected to elevate Africans to a higher pedestal of political, economic and cultural progress. However, the most important AU policy initiative and framework to put Africa firmly on the path of socio-economic recovery and sustainable development is the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD).The primary responsibility of NEPAD is to plan and coordinate development programmes in Africa while the implementation of such programmes are mainly carried out by the national governments in collaboration with private sectors and sub-regional institutions (NEPAD, 2001). NEPAD programme is being implemented at the country level through the introduction of macro-economic reforms, controlled budget deficits and inflationary trends, improved infrastructural facilities and human capital development, all aimed at promoting good governance. At the regional level, the programme focuses on maximum and functional cooperation and integration in Africa and through credible and mutually rewarding partnership with the international community at the global level (NEPAD, 2002).
Understanding how NEPAD came about as a philosophical response to Africa's development challenges and the continent's response to the new world order requires a brief historical interpretation of the new world order itself in terms of its nature and character and the forces responsible for NEPAD's emergence in the first instance (Okpeh, 2005). The new world order is associated with the historical demise of the Soviet Union in 1991. The exit of the Soviet Union from providing leadership to a socialist sub-system and the subsequent weakness of socialist regimes globally have brought about the emergence of an ideologically unipolar world order; the important dimension of this process being the emergence of the United State of America (USA) as the strongest nation on earth. The USA is the only country with military, diplomatic, political and economic assets to be a decisive player in any issue it chooses to involve itself (Okpeh, 2005, p. 6).Another characteristic of the new world order that is important to the emergence of NEPAD is the consequence of globalization on the international political economy which increasingly integrates the world economy and promotes tremendous cross-border economic activities and remarkable expansion of human activities in the spheres of transport and communication, finance and exchange. The globalization process is thus characterized by sustained increase in the ratio of international trade, the rapid expansion of the financial market and the boom in the direct investment abroad. These attributes of globalization have brought tremendous opportunity and financial lifeline to those countries and continents that have the capability to be a major player in the globalization process.
The emergence of NEPAD, its assumptions, expectations and prospects can mainly be anchored on the global picture painted in the preceding paragraph. NEPAD came about first as Africa's response to the new world order; "a sort of compass for engaging and navigating the challenges" posted by the process of globalization (Okpeh, 2005, p. 10).The philosophy of NEPAD revolves around African ownership and control of its development programme, which is logical and compelling to a reasonable extent. It has been established from previous studies (Frank, 1971; Amin, 1979) that no development paradigm can succeed adequately in any society unless such paradigm is built on what its people genuinely require, know, understand and overwhelmingly control. However, NEPAD's philosophical adoption of a neo-liberal development framework, underlying an open economic regime that involves trade liberalization, removal of products subsidy, privatization and commercialization of public enterprise, deregulation et cetera, is quite worrisome and requires further examination and analysis.
More worrisome is the likely effect the Programme's adoption of open market economies (that is mainly characterized by structural adjustment policies) would have on the development efforts to eradicate absolute poverty and bring about sustainable development in Africa. For instance, NEPAD's adoption of neo-liberalism as a central development philosophy is an extension of the existing pattern of dependant relationship of Africa on the Western nations, which has a track record of marginalizing Africa and impoverishing vast majority of Africans. There is therefore the need for this research to study further, whether the NEPAD's integration of Africa into an asymmetric global system which is dominated by a few Western countries, can really be a genuine philosophical basis for Africa's development.
2 Review of Literature
Since the inception of NEPAD in 2001, the process of socio-economic and political transformation of Africa through the programme has become the subject of debate amongst the African leaders and development experts. As noted by Okpeh (2005) the constellation of debate over the relevance of the NEPAD programme to the development of Africa could be collapsed into two conflicting perspectives for a systematic review. These two development schools of thought are the Afro-optimists and the Afro-pessimists. The Afro-optimists consist of mainly the African leaders who believed that sustainable development in Africa is better achieved through the NEPAD instrument only if Africa's development philosophy relies on socio-economic and political reforms (NEPAD, 2001). As posited by the African leaders, it is through these reforms that Africa can redeemably insert itself in the current neo-liberal driven global agenda of the unipolar world order.
African leaders also believed that Africa development problems arise primarily because the continently has remained largely isolated from the benefit of the contemporary globalized economy. Africa's eluded benefits include the technological revolution and the tremendous financial resources inherent in the globalization process. The best way to address Africa's marginalization in the globalization process is the main-streaming of the continent into the globalization process through socio-economic reforms as demanded by global trade organizations and global financial development agencies. Based on this Afro-optimists position, many African nations have committed themselves to the International Monetary Funds (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) prescribed economic liberalization and reform programmes (Okpe, 2005).
The Afro-pessimists who are mainly the critics of integrating Africa into the globalization process through the NEPAD posited that the material conditions of Africans would be worse-off under the NEPAD programme except the programme divorce itself from its neo-liberal content and "de-link" Africa from the global capitalist system. This system was believed to have for centuries structuralized and perpetuated the peripheral and marginal status of the African continent. To the critics of the NEPAD, the programme's adoption of globalization as its primary philosophy ofsustainable development is a clear integration of Africa to the octopus of the new world order which is primarily characterized by global imperialism of the West (Opeh, 2005).
Ariole (2004) opined that although the goals of NEPAD at eradicating poverty in Africa is a noble one and much of the analyses of the causes of Africa's problems as enunciated by the document are correct, the programme philosophy and its programme of action to tackle these problems contradicts NEPAD's goals and strategies of combating poverty in Africa. For instance, even though one of the long term objectives of NEPAD is to ameliorate the suffering of women, the most glaring evidence of gender blindness of NEPAD is the fact that it ignores the devastating impact of the Structural Adjustment Policy (that is being promoted by the NEPAD) on women, as a major contributor to the impoverishment of African women.
Obada and Wandera (2003) opined that NEPAD is very insensitive to the environmental problem in Africa in the sense that, nonetheless the programme seeks to increase foreign investment in the continent in such priority sectors as energy, agriculture and communication, there is no reference in the NEPAD Document for effective codes of conduct to curtail environmental degradation in Africa and job security for Africans. On NEPAD's trade policies, which is largely based on market liberalization (NEPAD, 2002), the African Programme on Development (APD) posited that NEPAD is being used by the promoters of a new "Development Round" of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to serve as an implicit endorsement of the organization's wider agenda to promote further plundering of African resources by the developed countries through liberalized trade and foreign investment.
To the APD, such move would plunder Africa's labour force cheaply, while the Multi-national Corporations are mainly interested in unmitigated repatriation of African resources back to the developed countries rather than using such resources generated in Africa to develop the continent.
As argued by Ukpong (2003), privatization and liberalization as demanded by IMF and World Bank and as adopted by NEPAD has led to the total looting of people's resources, as it has opened up Africa's weak economy to the hegemony of the developed world. This negative development trend has bred poverty and underdevelopment in Africa. The key initiators of NEPAD are also being criticized for not adopting a bottom-up approach before the adoption of the programme by first propagating and popularizing the idea in their respective countries before its adoption in Lusaka in 2001 (Izeze, 2003). As a result of poor programme sensitization, NEPAD as a framework for the political and socio-economic development of Africa remains vague and least understood by many Africans including the elites and the academics since the concept entered the public domain in 2001.
3. Africa and the Philosophy of NEPAD
The philosophy of NEPAD to bring about sustainable development in Africa rests on four major pillars (NEPAD, 2001). These include a focus on African ownership and management of its development programmes based on the principle of self – reliance. African leaders are convinced that the continent possesses enough resources: capital, technology and human skills to end the scourge of underdevelopment that afflicts Africa (NEPAD, 2001). Some of these indispensable African resources that could be used for the development of Africa as noted by Ajakaiye (2003, p. 84) are about 10.5 Billion metric tones of crude oil reserves and more than 10.2 Trillion cubic meters of national gas reserve which represent about 7.2 percent of world reserve. Other reserved development resources of Africa includes about 432,000 metric tones of uranium deposit which represent about 6 percent of world reserves. This vital security raw materials are use in defense industry. Africa is also blessed with about 1,600 meters watts of exploitable hydrogen resources, which are about 33 percent of world hydro resources for power generation and a large deposit of renewable energy reserve from bio-energy and solar energy resources. The continent is also blessed with Over 60 shared international water basins for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes.
The population of Africa is another vital human resource asset to the continent. This population figure which is estimated at 640 million people (Madu, 2010) has the capacity to create good markets for goods produce in Africa and thus help the continent in its market integration efforts. With the above highlighted resources base of Africa, amongst others, NEPAD argued that the continent has what it takes to launch a war on poverty in Africa (NEPAD, 2001). What is required to mobilize these resources for proper utilization is a bold and imaginative leadership that is genuinely committed to a sustained human development and poverty reduction in Africa while the need to cooperate and negotiate a new relationship with Africa's development partners based on the principle of equal opportunities and mutual benefits is another development focus of NEPAD.
Evaluating the previous foreign input into the development process in Africa, such as the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), NEPAD observed that these development paradigms only provided partial solution to Africa's development problems. This is because most of the international financial agencies mainly promoted reforms that tended to remove serious price distortions but discouraged the provision of social services for the people at affordable prices (NEPAD, 2002). The previous accession to the financial institutions of international community has brought about aid binomial, which underlines the logic of African development. For example, previous loans granted have led to debt deadlock, compounded interest rate and hindrance to development process as much of the development funds are spent on loan repayment. According to the NEPAD (2001), the limit of this option (loan) to the African development process has been reached as it underlines the logic of African development. Africa is to enter into a new term of relationship with the developed world that will benefit both parties (NEPAD, 2002). The specific areas of concern to Africa in its relationship with the developed world are the issues of Africa's debt crisis and the path to debt relief, the need to enhance more international trade opportunities for the continent and the need to attract foreign direct investment into Africa (NEPAD, 2002, p. 7).
The NEPAD equally recognize the need to integrate African countries adequately into the global political economy because of the inherent benefits that awaits the continent from the process (NEPAD Document, paragraph 8).As noted in the above paragraph, even though globalization has created opportunities for lifting millions of people out of poverty, Africa is not in the best position to compete effectively in the globalization markets. One of the factors that militate against Africa in its effort to benefit maximally from the globalization process, noted the NEPAD, is the "absence of fair and just global rules". Thus globalization has increased the ability of the strong (developed world) to advance their interest to the detriment of the weak (Africa and other developing nations) especially in the areas of trade, finance and technology. These shortcomings have limited the opportunities for developing countries (including Africa) to control their own development programme, as globalization has no provision for compensating the weak (NEPAD Document Paragraph 33). Furthermore, Africa is unable to take advantage of globalization because of structural impediment (policy mismatches), resources out flows and unfavourable terms of trade (NEPAD, 2003). The Programme believed that it is within the capacity of the International community to create a fair and just condition to address unfair trade practices that have prevented Africa from competing effectively in the globalization process.
The programme equally placed more emphasis on what Africa need to do to improve its competitiveness in the global market since it cannot disengage from the globalization process. This primarily involves embracing greater liberalization (NEPAD, 2003). In order for the African continent not to miss out in the new millennium economic revolution, NEPAD believes globalization is a necessity for Africa to "slice up the value chain" (open up her development opportunities) to bring about massive investment in Africa. More so, since all borrowers must compete for fund at the global market (rather than at the national level), development in Africa can only be achieved through the philosophy of functional integration of Africa into the globalization process by addressing the investor's perception of Africa as a "high risk" continent, through the repairs of basic infrastructures and provision of a peaceful atmosphere for foreign investment to thrive in Africa.
A closer examination of the philosophy of NEPAD from the position of the African leaders as enunciated above shows that the programme basically rests on four fundamental pillars. They are:
African ownership and management of the NEPAD development process primarily by Africans because the leadership believed this is possible with bold and imaginative leadership in Africa;
ii. Re-negotiation of a new form of development strategy with the African development partners (especially the G8 and multilateral financial development agencies) based on the principle of equal partnership and mutual benefits;
iii. The decision of the African leaders to participate actively in the globalization process through the adoption of an "open market economy" because no nation could escape from the process;
iv. Africa's recognition of its own ability to use the continent's huge human and material resources to develop the continent.
However, a closer evaluation of the above fundamental philosophical foci of NEPAD indicates that although the fundamental philosophy of the programme centres on African ownership and management of its development process without external control, two major factors which borders on financial constraints and technical capacity inadequacy have seriously undermined Africa's overwhelming ownership and control of the NEPAD programme. For example, the bulk of filling annual resources gap of about $64 billion rests primarily not with Africa (because such huge amount cannot be generated internally) but with the continent's development partners, out of which only a grant of $11 billion Dollars has been released as of 2011 (NEPAD, 2012).
This was achieved under unfavourable "conditionality", such as the removal of product subsidy, retrenchment and reduction in public spending. In the area of technical capacity inadequacy, NEPAD is being confronted by lack of adequate indigenous experts to effectively manage and prosecute its projects, especially in the information, marine and petroleum engineering sectors.
As a result of shortage of the much needed indigenous human resource to execute the NEPAD flagship projects, much of its programmes are being prosecuted mainly by foreign experts and foreign companies while the bulk of resources for these projects are being provided by foreign investors and donor agencies. The primary motive of the investors is profit making while their production standard fall short of environmental safety. These two constraints (technicalcapacity inadequacy and financial problem) have curtailed the ability of African leaders to adequately manage and control the direction and the process of NEPAD implementation. Eze (2004) has raised three critical questions that are relevant to NEPAD's philosophy of self reliance and capacity to succeed:
(i) Can Africa own, control and lead what it does not substantially fund? (ii) Can self-reliance be achieved if the project funding is mainly derived from foreign sources? (iii) With the NEPAD's philosophy fundamentally relying on the application of the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules, which summarily open up the weak economy of Africa to the hegemony of free trade, can Africa be said to be self-reliant and in control of its development process under such hegemonic arrangement?
Since Africa is not in control of the foreign component of NEPAD programme, which is a critical foundation upon which the successful implementation of NEPAD programme is premised, and since Africa does not substantially fund the programme, the continent cannot be said to be in full control and management of the NEPAD project. Though the NEPAD philosophy centres around self-reliance, structurally, it operates essentially within the global dominant development framework of the World Bank, World Trade Organization and the International Monetary Fund. These institutions are seen by many critics as instruments of global dominance by the West. What this clearly shows is that the NEPAD philosophy tends to incorporate and further entrench African economies into the hegemony of the capitalist developed economies. Since the Western dominant forces are still in control of Africa's development paradigm with the same neo-liberal approach to development, many Africans, especially those living below the poverty line, are still worse- off under the NEPAD programme than they were before because NEPAD meant more structural adjustment policies, virtual removal of subsidy, more reduction in public spending, more job cuts et cetera.
Another philosophy of NEPAD centres on the need to re-negotiate a new form of favourable relationship with the African development partners especially the G8 and Multi-lateral financial development agencies, based on the principle of equal partnership and mutual benefits. This position is an indication that the previous development arrangement between Africa and its development partners has benefited the continent marginally. There is therefore the need to refocus Africa's relationship with its development partners in a more favourable manner. As noted by Bukarambe (2004), Africa's Partnership with some of its traditional development partners under the NEPAD simply translates more to seeking development fund from their erstwhile colonial powers to promote Africa's development transformation.
Africa has not and could not have derived maximum benefit from this partnership arrangement because the background upon which genuine equality and understanding could be based between the two parties is not neutral but tilted in favour of the former imperial masters. For instance, the ex-colonial masters, who are the core focus of the NEPAD partnership, have not shifted their positions over the preservation of an international economic order that is characterized by monopoly, multinational exploitation, highly technical advanced technology and enormous resources, and an institutional order that is predominantly neo-liberal in approach (in spite of its attendant hardship on vast majority of Africans). Secondly, African states, otherwise, have contended with the development limitations imposed by weak national infrastructure, weak governmental institutions (to implement policy properly) and weak industrial capacity among others.
These negative factors have given an involuntary hierarchical character to the partnership in which Africa only plays a peripheral role (of supplying the primary raw materials needs of the developed world) in a partnership it supposedly has overwhelming control. This arrangement has only bred a senior-junior or master-servant relationship and not equal partners as envisaged in the NEPAD Document. Although the demise of colonization, crumbling of former empires and proliferation of independence sovereign states in Africa has created an allure of the demise of old imperial order and enthroned supposed equal partnership between Africa and its development partners, the fact still remains that the old colonial order has only undergone a slight, inconsequential modification (Eze, 2004, p. 141).
The essential dynamics of the imperial order remain even more active in Africa, in form of neo-colonialism, unfavourable terms of trade, draconian "conditionalities" to secure funding for development projects from development agencies. These unfavorable terms of partnership led to the conclusion that an erstwhile imperial power still continues to set the scene and the pace of action in Africa's development paradigm contrary to NEPAD's claim of Africa's overwhelming control of the development process in the continent.
As noted by Eze (2004, p. 140), even though NEPAD is conceived within a partnership arrangement in which Africans are to take up their own destiny through internally inspired development paradigms, it is indeed lamentable that its development partners, especially the G8 do not perceive NEPAD in this light as they insist upon the dominance of market forces that are externally inspired as the central element of Africa's development process. The summary of this line of argument as suggested by Agwu (2004, p. 17) is that contrary to its assertion, NEPAD is not principally a "home grown" concept, but a G8 inspired and dominated concept and a reflection of the old "neo-liberal" economic thinking that has not and could not have developed Africa as previous neo-liberal approaches have failed the continent.
On the globalization process which Africa has adopted to participate in through "open market" economy (NEPAD Document, Paragraph 50), the African proponents of globalization support it because of its tendency to bring about open trade policies that encourage export of African goods elsewhere, tremendous financial flows and operational efficiency to Africa. But NEPAD has equally noticed the negative impact of globalization on Africa as it confirmed the absence of fair and just global rules under the globalization process, which has increased the ability of the strong and developed world to advance their development interest to the detriment of weaker nations in the area of trade, finance and technology (NEPAD Document, Paragraph 33).
In spite of the preparedness of Africa to participate in the globalization process, the continent has no immediate response to the unfair nature of the globalization process as it merely advised that it is within the capacity of the international community to create fair and just conditions to address issues that have prevented Africa from effective participation in the globalization process (NEPAD Document, Paragraph 33).The import of NEPAD's assertion is that It is a matter of political will (as it is not legally binding) on the developed world to respect the partnership between it and Africa on fair trade practices under the globalization process. It is in doubt if the developed world will respect Africa's advice that globalization should create fair and just conditions for international trade and investment, as they have not demonstrated that they would give the desired assistance to Africa to their own detriment. Giving Africa the lead to the source of the technological success of the advanced countries, which is one of the fair trade practices Africa is demanding, could promote cut-throat competition between Africa and the West.
The West is not ready for such "economic suicide". The Western caution is clearly demonstrated by their current economic relationship with Africa. For example, while the major industrial nations are very supportive of the NEPAD at least in principle, they have not shifted their prevailing unfavorable position on trade, aid, investment and subsidies. The United States of America, for instance still subsidizes its 25,000 cottons farmers with$3 billion annually than it does on its entire aid budget to Africa which stood at about $77 million in 2010 (Osagie, 2011, p. 14). In 2010 alone, Africa's cotton exporters lost US$ 301 billion as a direct consequence of the G8 subsidies of its cotton farmers (Osagie, 2011).
Okpeh (2005, p. 17) identified three flaws among others, inherent in NEPAD's philosophy of integrating Africa into the globalization process. The first flaw borders on the programme's misconception that the root cause of Africa's development crisis is the region's exclusion from the core international capitalist trading system and the exclusion of Africa from the benefits globalization bestows. This phenomenon noted NEPAD (Paragraph 4-9) has continued to impoverish the African continent and her people. Our finding rather reveals that Africa crisis is indeed the crisis of development resulting from centuries of exploitation and dependency perpetuated by the Western capitalist world who are now the promoters of globalization. The Corollary to the above assumption of the NEPAD is the programme's perception of the new world order and the globalization process as a voluntary phenomenon consistent with the logic of the new world order, to which all the countries of the world that are desirous of meaningful development must subscribe because of its inherent benefits and because, no nation has control over globalization. Within this context, the African continent has the option of engaging in the globalization process or risk being-de-linked from the dividends of global development process. Our study posits that the integration of the world into the globalization process is not some natural and voluntarily convergence process pursued and promoted by all countries, but the integration of countries arises from the dynamics within the most highly developed economics and powerful countries.
Globalization as confirmed by this study is thus a further imposition of the economic and broader strategic interest of the most highly industrialized economies using their financial, economic, political or military power to promote the internal and outward expansion of their transnational corporations throughout the world. Africa's economy rather than being gainfully integrated into the global system has rather been opened up further to the business operations of expansionary global corporations with marginal benefits to the region (Okpeh, 2005).
Globalization was equally presented in the NEPAD Document (2002) as a new development process. Our study captured the fact that globalization is neither new nor does it represent the victory of capitalism over socialism. It is rather the consolidation of the relations of exploitation, and marginalization existing between the developed and the underdeveloped world (including Africa) since the fifteenth century (Okpeh, 2005, p. 16). The consolidation of the existing exploitative relationship between Africa and the developed countries, explains why Akinterinwa (2004, p. 68) contended that in practical term, the relationship between globalization and the NEPAD could be linked to that between an oppressor and a resister, in which globalization and NEPAD (though contained in the same NEPAD document as a positive development partners) "are at the extreme ends of a continuum struggles". In this respect, globalization is increasingly becoming more synonymous with re-colonization through the use of global financial agencies and World Trade Organization (WTO) rules.
Conversely, NEPAD is a programme of action designed to resist any form of re-colonization of the above mentioned institutions through the concept of self-reliant and African renaissance, which borders on African ownership and control of its development process. Therefore, globalization and NEPAD are "strange bed fellows" (largely incompatible) in the NEPAD process. Akinterinwa (2004, p. 13) submits that the conception and design of NEPAD is quite good, but its adoption of globalization wholesale does not suggest any intention to change the international status quo, which centers on an economic system of inequality, and injustice. What the globalization process has produced in Africa includes plundering the resources of Africa by the developed world through trade liberalization, since the African economy is not competitive enough to play an active role in the globalization process. On Africa's ability to use the continent's huge human and raw material resources to develop the continent as envisaged in the NEPAD Document (Paragraph 52), it is pertinent to note that, though Africa is truly endowed with primary material resources, a negative feature of these resources is that they are unevenly distributed. The resources are also betrayed by lack of sufficient and highly qualified human resource, advanced technology and financial resources to harness them maximally for the benefit of Africans. The actual ability of Africans to use these resources to their advantage is therefore seriously curtailed due to the above-mentioned factors. Another dimension of Africa's resource base is its large population of about 640 million people (Sen, 2010) that could create a good market for the African products and help in the continent's integration efforts.
Africa's labour force is also derivable from its population base. However a closer evaluation of the African population shows that such a population is more of a liability than an asset to the internal development process. In fact, majority of Africa's population could best be described as a vulnerable one easily penetrated by hunger, disease, conflict, abject poverty, illiteracy and unsustainable growth. Such population status has not constituted an effective productive force and a market source for African products because Africans' disposable income and productive capability are low.
4. Conclusion
Having examined the task of developing Africa within the framework of the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) with a view to evaluating the philosophical implications of the programme on sustainable development in the continent, findings from the research reveals that the NEPAD philosophy is primarily anchored on the African ownership and management of its development process owing to the continent's conviction that no development paradigm can succeed optimally unless it is built on what its people genuinely requires, knows, understands and overwhelmingly controls. However, two major factors; financial constraints and indigenous technical capacity inadequacy have seriously undermined Africa's ownership and control of the NEPAD programme. The programme's adoption of a neo-liberal philosophical development framework and its main reliance on external funding have also imposed overwhelming hardship on vast majority of Africans owing to the draconian conditionality for the release of such fund by many development partners. Although the shortcomings of a neo-liberal development framework is well noted, further findings shows that there is no country that can escape from the process because the contemporary imperative to development is premised on sufficient funding, adequate knowledge of scientific and technological know-how all of which are the hallmark of neo-liberalism. Africa thus needs to align its development philosophy with the global best practices in order to achieve the best for its citizens. There is also the need for Africa to re-negotiate the neo-liberal contents in the NEPAD to make the programme more relevant and more responsive to the development aspirations of Africans.
5. References
Adetula, V. (1996). The Role of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in the Industrialization of West Africa. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Department of Political Science, University of Jos.
Agwu, Fred-Aja (2004). NEPAD and the G8: The Politics of Conditionalities. NIIA Series. NEPAD for Journalists. Lagos: Print Serve Limited.
Ann, Petffor.(2003). Debt and the Underdevelopment of Developing Countries. Southern African Economist. 26 (107).
Anonymous (2001). The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) Document.
Ariole, V.C. (2004). NEPAD: Time for Action. Daily Champion, May 20.
Bukarambe, Buka (2004). Historical Overview of Africa's Development Efforts. NIIA Series. NEPAD in Nigerian Dock. Lagos: Print Serve Limited.
Diop, Ahmad (1997). Africa in the Contemporary World. New Delhi: India: Har Anand Publication.
Eze, Osita (2004). Nigerian Perspectives to Policy and Advocacy. NIIA Series. NEPAD in the Nigerian Dock. Lagos: Print Serve Limited.
Frank, Andre (1971). The Sociology of Development and the Underdevelopment of Sociology. London: Review Press.
Gambo, A.N. (1999). The African Diaspora and the Crisis of Development in Africa: Reinforcing the Reparations Questions. In W.O Alli (ed.). Africa and the African Diaspora, Aspects of an Experience Jos. Mazlink Publications.
Izeze, Emeka (2003). Understanding NEPAD. This Day. Wednesday September 3.
Joshua, Elizabeth (2011). Why Nigerian Women are Not doing Well under the NEPAD Programme. NTA Interview, 5th November.
Maya, S. (2001). Distilling the Vision of the African Union (AU). Southern African Economics. 14(6).
Muriwo, Isaya (2004). NEPAD: Whose Development Agenda? Retrieved on July 6, from: www.allafrica.com.
Obasanjo, O.A. (2003). For the Record on Stability in Africa. Kaduna: New Nigerian, Monday, November 10.
Obada, A. & Wandera, O. (2003). NEPAD and Environmental Safety in Africa. Retrieved on July 3, from www.nepad.org.
Obikese, Rapheal (2003). Africa and Regional Initiatives to Sustainable Democracy. The Nigerian Social Scientists 5(1).
Okpe, Okpeh (2005). NEPAD and the African Crises: The Myth, Realities and Possibilities. Aboki Monographs. Makurdi: Aboki Publishers.
Omoweh, Daniel (2003). The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD): Another False Start? The Nigerian Social Scientist, 6(1), March edition.
Umeh, Rita (2012). A Baseline Assessment of Women on Drug Abuse and HIV/AIDS Issues in Nigeria. AIDS Awareness Campaign Programme. University of Jos.
Okpe, Okpeh (2005). NEPAD and the African Crises: The Myth, Realities and Possibilities. Aboki Monographs. Makurdi: Aboki Publishers.
Ogwu, Joy (2003). The African Union and the Challenges of Development in the 21st Century. Public lecture Series. No. 1. Department of Political Science, University of Ilorin.
1 PhD, Centre for Peace and Strategic Studies, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, Address: 1515, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria, Corresponding author: email@example.com.
AUDC, Vol. 10, no 2/2016, pp. 118-135
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The BFG (PG)
16/07/16 23:44 Filed in: 2016
Directed by: Steven Spielberg
Starring: Mark Rylance
July 2016
The below comments (in Black) were originally tweeted in Real-time from the back row of a movie theater and appear @BackRoweReviews. Though efforts were made to tease rather than ruin this movie's memorable lines and moments, some spoilers may exist in the following evaluation (in Red). For concerns over objectionable content, please first refer to one of the many parental movie guide websites. All ratings are based on a four star system. Happy reading!
Sophie is right, the #WitchingHour is 3 AM.
Sophie is breaking all of her "Never" rules.
"That's where you is, in Giant Country." #GiantCountry
A collection of #DreamJars.
"I catch dreams." Interesting occupation.
Beware of #SleepingGiants.
"All the secret whisperings of the world." Welcome to #DreamCountry.
A Golden #FizzWizard. Like a non-corporeal #Tinkerbell.
#Togglehumper. Bad dream.
Never knew that dreams entered through the mouth.
"Naked at my wedding." Interesting dream. #DreamJar
"Not in a month of Mondays." #GiantSpeak
"I am your humbug servant." Ha!
The #BFG doesn't like coffee. #PinkiesUp
"I believe in the BFG."
Sophie holds the #BFGs pinky. Sweet scene.
The bad giants get dropped off at #LukeSkywalker's island.
Final analysis: a charming adaptation of #RoaldDahl's story with a tremendous mo-cap performance by Rylance.
Rating: 2 1/2 out of 4. Spielberg's first film for #Disney is a magical adventure suitable for the whole family.
Every time I see the title of this film the first thing that pops into my mind is "Big F*!@ing Giant." As you might guess, that inappropriate moniker, despite being an accurate description of the titular titan's size, isn't even close to the proper designation for this family film. And not just any family film, mind you, but one based on the children's book of the same name by Roald Dahl (best known for writing Charlie and the Chocolate Factory), produced by Walt Disney Pictures and directed by Steven Spielberg—his first stint for the Mouse House. So what does BFG really stand for? Big Friendly Giant, but you already knew that. The BFG (Mark Rylance in an astoundingly lifelike motion capture performance) is so christened by a young orphan named Sophie (Ruby Barnhill), who catches a glimpse of the giant one night during her witching hour vigil…she suffers from insomnia. In order to preserve his anonymity, the BFG scoops up Sophie and whisks her away to giant country. As she adjusts to her new surroundings, Sophie must feel as if she were zapped by Professor Szalinski's diminution ray from Honey, I Shrunk the Kids (1989) since everything inside the BFG's cave dwelling is enormous to her—to aid in the visualization of such disparate proportions, Sophie can fit inside half of a snozzcumber, a slimy, bumpy version of a cucumber. Despite his fuddy-duddy mannerisms, Sophie quickly determines that the BFG is friendly, hence the name. However, she also learns that the other giants in the region are not so friendly because: 1. They're "bean" eaters (giant speak for "beings" i.e. "human beings") and 2. The BFG is only about half the size of the aggressive giants, which makes him a rather dubious protector for tiny Sophie. If this all sounds a bit overblown and silly, it is…what else would you expect from a kids' flick with a giant in it? Though scenes featuring the brutish behemoths may be a tad frightening for the wee ones, most of the movie will appeal to preteens—anyone older may struggle to enjoy the film due to its dearth of character complexity, genuine jeopardy and realistic action. Some scenes, like when Queen Victoria (Penelope Wilton), her retinue and two canines create a carminative chorus during a breakfast banquet, will only elicit laughter from youngsters. Even sequences like when the bullying giants shove the BFG on top of a car and send him hurdling down a slope on a collision course with a vehicle descending the opposing hillside—essentially a giant-sized game of chicken—seem utterly inane and fail to generate any suspense since we know the BFG, as the literal title character, will find a way out of his predicament. The climactic confrontation, where military officers on British choppers capture and transport the man-eating giants to a secluded island, is daffy to the extreme—the giants don't even put up a fight because any kind of graphic violence could tip the rating from PG to PG-13…and, poof, there goes half the audience. There's a colossal disparity, in content and quality, between this film and the other Disney (Pixar) movie that's out in theaters right now. Though Finding Dory is an animated film made for kids, it has many adult story elements. BFG, by contrast, is a live action (with CGI) movie that caters almost exclusively to kids. All of this to say that the movie's target audience will surely embrace BFG while adults may derive more entertainment from counting the theater's ceiling tiles than enduring the onscreen frivolity. None of these statements are meant to disparage the film's creative vision. To be sure, there's some real movie magic here—the sequence involving the Dream Tree is beautifully ethereal—and the direction, cinematography and production elements are all top-notch. However, despite its charm, whimsy and neck-craning, jaw-dropping scale, BFG will fail to service many adult spectators. So it turns out BFG does have an alternate meaning after all...Boring For Grownups.

subset: commoncrawl


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Oops! Cape Air blew tire after being cleared for take off @ TB Lettsome Airport!
BEEF ISLAND, VI- It was yesterday December 6, 2017 when a member of our Team of Reporters returned to the Virgin Islands that they noticed a Cape Air plane stuck on the runway at the Terrence B. Lettsome International Airport on Beef Island.
Debt incurred for airport expansion will be paid by airport- Premier
ROAD TOWN, Tortola, VI - Supporting the need for the runway at the Terrence B. International Airport at Beef Island to be extended, Premier and Minister of Finance Dr. D. Orlando Smith OBE said the expansion project would pay for itself through an improved fee structure at the airport.


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FTSE 250 movers: Galliford Try builds up, Entertainment One trots lower
London's FTSE 250 was up 0.46% at 19,424.86 in afternoon trade on Tuesday, with Galliford Try leading the index higher.
Merlin Entertainments
16:20 04/11/19
16:21 08/07/20
16:21 08/07/20
FTSE All-Share
16:25 08/07/20
The government contractor leapt after confirming that it was cutting 350 jobs at its troubled construction division after a strategic review, adding that it expected its full year results to be in line with its own forecasts.
Analysts from Canaccord said: "The market is likely to be relieved that the update does not contain any further negative surprises. Management is making a sensible decision to simplify and shrink the construction business. Less exposure to Scottish Infrastructure and a greater focus on core areas should result in a more stable performance going forward. Generally, underlying trading appears to be going well."
UDG Healthcare was on the rise as it announced two acquisitions and lifted its 2019 adjusted earnings per share guidance, while Electrocomponents rallied as it posted a 23.9% jump in full-year profit thanks to "strong" market share gains in EMEA and the Americas.
Home emergency repairs business HomeServe also made gains after it reported a 14% increase in full-year adjusted pre-tax profit on Tuesday, with a particularly pleasing performance in North America.
At the other end of the pitch, stock in Entertainment One retreated as the Peppa Pig owner said full-year pre-tax profit slumped 43% to £36.8m as it was hit by a one-off charge related to its home entertainment business.
Neil Wilson, chief market analyst at Markets.com, said: "Group reported underlying EBITDA rose 21% to £198m. Well done Peppa. But group reported profit before tax nearly halved to £37m from £65m a year ago. Revenues were also weaker, sliding largely because of a decline in Film. Peppa Pig is still the star attraction and driving the growth in Family & Brands. PJ Masks is doing its bit too, but you have to wonder just how long the Peppa Pig juggernaut lasts."
Merlin Entertainments was also on the way down after analysts at UBS cut the stock's target price from 275p to 295p, just a day after the stock fell sharply on the back of a downgrade to 'reduce' at HSBC, where analysts referenced the company's "sluggish" long term underlying performance as the reason behind their changed views.
Finally, convenience food producer Greencore edged lower after interim revenues dropped by 4.6% to £701.4m as it faced a "challenging" UK market, though adjusted pre-tax profits rose to £37.7m from £32.2m.
Market Movers
FTSE 250 - Risers
Galliford Try (GFRD) 613.50p 14.35%
UDG Healthcare Public Limited Company (UDG) 717.00p 9.38%
Electrocomponents (ECM) 656.80p 8.28%
Homeserve (HSV) 1,165.00p 6.68%
Saga (SAGA) 52.32p 6.51%
Funding Circle Holdings (FCH) 261.00p 5.45%
Metro Bank (MTRO) 689.00p 5.03%
Sophos Group (SOPH) 403.70p 4.59%
TI Fluid Systems (TIFS) 193.00p 4.32%
Acacia Mining (ACA) 155.80p 3.18%
FTSE 250 - Fallers
Entertainment One Limited (ETO) 425.60p -7.56%
Royal Mail (RMG) 217.00p -6.83%
Wizz Air Holdings (WIZZ) 3,190.64p -3.66%
Merlin Entertainments (MERL) 338.60p -3.26%
Meggitt (MGGT) 506.80p -3.17%
Ferrexpo (FXPO) 218.80p -2.67%
Sirius Minerals (SXX) 15.48p -2.64%
Stobart Group Ltd. (STOB) 111.00p -2.46%
Greencore Group (GNC) 217.50p -2.29%
Convatec Group (CTEC) 136.75p -2.29%


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Positional Traders can use the below mentioned levels
Close above 323 Target 333/340
Buy above 323 Tgt 326,329 and 333 SL 320
Sell below 319 Tgt 316,313 and 309 SL 321
Positional Traders can use the below mentioned levels
Close above 801 Target 827/841
Buy above 801 Tgt 808,816 and 827 SL 793
Sell below 790 Tgt 783,776 and 770 SL 795
Positional Traders can use the below mentioned levels
Close above 750 Target 784
Buy above 750 Tgt 756,765 and 772 SL 743
Sell below 739 Tgt 733,725 and 719 SL 745
How to trade Intraday and Positional Stocks Analysis — Click on this link
Performance sheet for Intraday and Positional is discussed for March Month, Intraday Profit of 3.60 Lakh and Positional Profit of 5.74 Lakh. Please note we do not have any "ADVISORY Service", I share this sheet to see how the system are performing and money can be made in Stock Market if Trading Systems are followed with discipline. Performance "Will differ" from trader to trader.
- All prices relate to the NSE Spot/Cash Market
- Calls are based on the previous trading day's price activity.
- Intraday call is valid for the next trading session only unless otherwise mentioned.
- Stop-loss levels are given so that there is a level below/above, which the market will tell us that the call has gone wrong. Stop-loss is an essential risk control mechanism; it should always be there.
- Book, at least, part profits when the prices reach their targets; if you continue to hold on to positions then use trailing stops to lock in your profits.
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With another year of pictures under our belt, it's time again to spotlight our Photo of the Year – an image that most captured the imagination of The Travel Word team and a group of external judges. Like our Photo of the Year 2010 and Photo of the Year 2011, we believe this year's winning image truly captures the imagination, a glimpse of something uncommon in a very familiar place.Read More >>
Posts Tagged 'gondola'
Photo of the Week: A Gondolier on the Job, Venice, Italy
This picture, showing a gondolier during a work break, was taken near St. Mark's Square, one of the main tourist spots in Venice, Italy. Although the area is always bustling, with people rushing around the place, this picture reflects one of those quiet moments that you can only glimpse when wandering a few corners off the beaten path, in Venice and elsewhere in Italy.Read More >>


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(Posted by Guest Blogger, Ian Turvill.)
An article in today's Insurance Networking News focuses on the outcomes of a conference this week that has been exploring "approaches to attracting and retaining customers in various market segments". There were several points raised in the article that made me think about the value of applying Enterprise Decision Management to address this business challenge.
"Panelists at the conference noted that insurance marketing programs must appeal to three distinct generational groups: Generation Y (ages 18-29), Generation X (ages 30-40) and baby boomers (ages 41-59). Each group has distinct demands for service; therefore, insurers must offer different Web-based services that address their consumers' varying levels of comfort with technology."
This sounds distinctly like a problem that EDM is able to solve. By controlling processes through centralized rules and analytics , and then controlling customer interactions through customer-facing operational systems, EDM allows organizations to readily treat their consumers in a segmented manner.
"Consumers are more comfortable with technology than ever before, but if potential customers on your Web site can't get a quote in seven to eight minutes, if it's too complicated or there are too many fields to fill out, they're going to bail. We need to make sure we have the internal talent or a third-party supplier that can continually streamline those processes," said Lori Lehmann, director of Legal Initiatives at Columbus, Ohio-based Nationwide Insurance Co
EDM can provide the ability to make decisions "on-the-fly" by adapting the questions that are presented to customers based on the responses given earlier. Where GEICO did this using Enterprise Decision Management, they were able to reduce the number of people dropping out of the online quotation process from 9 out of 10 to just 4 out of 10. In other words, six times more consumers were getting quotes from GEICO!
"As an industry we need to take a lesson from the fast-food restaurants by adopting more of a pilot approach," says Andrew MacDonald, vice president and CIO at The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc., Hartford, Conn. "Before a fast-food restaurant rolls out a new product, it is tested in at least one market to determine customer acceptance. To enable this, it is very important to have flexibility in our systems so we can quickly and easily pilot new products."
Yep, good idea. But what about going one step further. The predictive analytics that EDM offers through "Pre-Market Offer Testing" allow insurers to test many different new value propositions and get robust data even before they take it the test market phase. The outcome is even faster "speed-to-market" and much broader sense of consumer preferences and behaviors. See my recent article in Fair Isaac's ViewPoints online magazine to see how this can be achieved.
Technorati Tags: Andrew MacDonald, Baby Boomers, GEICO, Generation X, Generation Y, Insurance Networking News, Lori Lehmann, Nationwide Insurance, Pre-Market Offer Testing, The Hartford Financial Services Group


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Shop our collection of wholesale seasonal items for gift shops, including Mother's Day gifts, Easter gifts, and other holiday items.
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Your comments
This would be a great feature. I came onto to this site to suggest the same thing. It would be great if you could allow in settings to disable the two finger zoom that currently exists and let two fingers select the text. Even though I have the Apple Pencil I find it annoyingly slow to select text compare to my Mac and really want to use the iPad Pro as my main dev machine. I see it isn't an easy switch on from your comment, but would love for you to implement this :)
Customer support service by UserEcho


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- Slots for incisors
- Lip bumper
- Smaller and softer than LM-Trainer Medium
← Back to category
LM-Trainer Small
Product code LM 94100S
- Description
- LM-Trainer
LM-Trainers can be used in functional education, stimulation of the functional matrix as well as for habit correction (e.g. tongue trusting, reverse swallowing and mouth breathing). The mandible is repositioned for activating mandibular growth and class II correction.


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The elasticisied webbing single leg BFD Personal Energy Absorbing range reduces the overall length of the lanyard by 40cm (1,5mt version) and are designed to effectively arrest a fall whilst minimising the shock loads on the body. The 'Tear Tape' technology shock pack utilises a contolled tearing action that is initiated when the lanyard is 'loaded' during the fall and limits the fall arrest forces to below 6kN. The shock pack features a unique Velcro attach cover that provide 100% inspection as well as the potential to clean & dry the pack contents if necessary. The cover is also designed to protect the label pack, conveniently sewn into the tear tape material.
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3 in 1 make-up removerhttps://www.avene-me.com/en_MO/face/products-for-daily-use/essentials-face/3-in-1-make-up-remover
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The 3 in 1 make-up remover with cleansing, make-up removing and soothing power is specially designed to provide a refreshing sensation and comfort to sensitive skin. With its milky-white, refreshing, light and comfortable fluid texture, it soothes, cleanses and removes make-up from the face, eyes and lips in just one step. No-rinse. Alcohol-free.
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The Silvermine Shawl
Product Description
Short Description: Half-circle shawl with textured pattern, mini-bobbles, and a bobble bind-off.
Gauge: 23sts x 36 rows in Stockinette, blocked = 4" - 10cm
Finished Measurements: 66" -167.5cm wide, 28"-71cm long at center point
Materials Used: Fern Fiber Sky
Needle Size: US 3 – 3.25mm circular needle 32" or longer, US 4 – 3.5mm needle (optional, for binding off)
Pattern Includes: Instructions for bobbles, instructions for bobble bind-off, chart for texture pattern.
Skill Level: Intermediate.
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To address the complexity of state income tax for mobile workers, U.S. Senators introduced the Mobile Workforce State Income Tax Simplification Act of 2019.
The act would create a nationwide standard for the taxation of mobile workers.
A substantially similar bill passed the U.S. House of Representatives in 2017.
State Taxing Authority Limitation
The act states that wages and remuneration earned by an employee working in more than one state will only be subject to income tax in the state:
- of the employee's residence; and
- where the employee is present and performing employment duties for over 30 days during the calendar year.
Current State Taxing Authority
States can tax any income earned in the state. The states have each adopted their own standard for taxing nonresident employees.
Some states tax income, and require filing, when a nonresident works in a state for as little as one day. Other, states have adopted a set number of days a nonresident must work in the state before taxation. As an example:
Some states require that nonresidents must earn a certain amount of income before imposing tax:
- Georgia, once income exceeds the lesser of 5% of all income for services or $5,000;
- Minnesota, once the minimum filing threshold is crossed; and
- Oregon, once income exceeds the standard deduction.
There are also exceptions. States may not require a nonresident to pay tax if:
- the state has a reciprocity agreement with another state; or
- the nonresident is in the state for disaster recovery work.
Reciprocity Agreements
Reciprocity agreements are made between individual states. Under the agreements, nonresidents earning compensation in a state do not pay income tax if they are taxed in their home state.
For example, Pennsylvania has reciprocity agreements with:
- Indiana;
- Maryland;
- New Jersey;
- Ohio;
- Virginia; and
- West Virginia.
Alternatively, if the taxpayer is a Pennsylvania resident and works in any of the "reciprocal-agreement" states, the taxpayer pays income tax to Pennsylvania.
Disaster Recovery Work Exemptions
Many states exempt out-of-state companies that enter the state to perform disaster recovery work from many taxes. The work must be performed:
- in response to a state disaster or emergency; and
- during the disaster response period.
The exemptions apply to a range of taxes including withholding and personal income taxes.
Nonresidents traveling into a state for work need to research taxability each time they work in a new state. Complying with all these different requirements is not simple. The act would simplify compliance for mobile workers.
Employer Withholding
Under the act, employers will not need to withhold state income tax unless an employee is in a state for more than 30 days. In a state where the employee meets the 30-day threshold, withholding and reporting requirements would apply on the day employment began in the state.
Current Withholding Requirements
State withholding requirements vary. Most states require withholding on nonresident's wages earned in the state on the first day. Other states set specific thresholds, do not require withholding, or do not impose an income tax.
Sometimes the thresholds for withholding are like those imposed on taxpayers. However, they can also differ.
In Hawaii withholding does not apply to nonresident employees unless they work in state over 60 days. However, nonresidents must file tax returns when their gross income exceeds the amount of personal exemptions and the standard deduction.
There are also exceptions to withholding for nonresidents. As an example, Arizona has exceptions from withholding for nonresidents if they:
- engaged in motion picture productions in Arizona;
- are employed by an individual, fiduciary, partnership, corporation or limited liability company having property, payroll and sales in Arizona, or of a related entity that has more than 50% direct or indirect common ownership;
- are physically present for less than 60 days;
- are working for common carriers paid for service performed both in and outside the state; and
- can claim credit for tax paid to the state of residence.
Employee Defined
The act would allow states to define an "employee." However, the term "employee" will not include:
- professional athletes;
- professional entertainers;
- qualified productions employees; or
- certain public figures.
Having a nationwide standard would make it easier for employers to comply with state withholding requirements.
Senate Actions
Senators introduced the bill February 28.
The bill has 34 cosponsors:
- 16 Republicans; and
- 18 Democrats.
The bill was referred to the Senate Committee on Finance.
Andrew Soubel, J.D.
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For LSA International, sustainable design is a long-term ethos of which we're incredibly proud. From an intricately crafted flute to the most towering vase, each of our products is made with design integrity and specialist craft. We are dedicated to ensuring every item we create becomes a beautiful and integral part of both your special landmarks and your practical, day-to-day living.
As part of our celebration of this ethos we'd love to learn if our products have played a part in any of your special moments over the years. Whether it's a 50th wedding anniversary or breakfast with a friend - if your memories feature any of our products we'd love you to share them with us.
In return, we'll be inviting the winning entries to join the LSA Tribe, a group of hand-selected customers who will be the first to preview our latest collections on Instagram. To begin with, we'll be giving away items from the CANOPY collection.
1. Take a photo of your favourite LSA International product (or products) in your home.
2. In the caption, share a memory these products were part of. This could be anything from engagement flowers you displayed in one of our vases to the mug you use every morning for your coffee.
3. Tag us on Instagram using @lsainternational AND #LivingbyLSA
The author of the best shots and stories will join part of a very exciting digital community. Terms and conditions apply.
You can follow the journeys of our current #LivingbyLSA Tribe for inspiration:
Terms and Conditions:
1. All #LivingbyLSA Tribe members must be based in the UK
2. Tribe members must be over 18
3. The competition will take place on a monthly rolling basis. Winners will be announced on the last Friday of every month
4. Winners will be contacted via Instagram DM
5. As part of the Tribe, you agree to let LSA share your image on their Instagram feed


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The downside of moving overseasMay 26th, 2010 by The JetSetter Team | Comments Off on The downside of moving overseas
It's easy to get caught up in the hullabaloo and excitement of planning a move overseas. Thankfully, the human species tends to accentuate the positive and ignore the negative until it's staring them smack dab in the face. While Jetsetter is all for travel to wherever you like on this great globe and even move there if it seems right, sometimes it helps to take a step back and ponder the possible negatives in relocating overseas.
This list is not intended to snuff the candle of inspiration because each and every item can be overcome or turned into a positive, with persistence. The goal here is simply to offer a heads up about the possibilities.
1. Cultural Isolation: The lack of shared history shows up when you don't get dinner party jokes, aren't sure where the best grocery store is, and don't know which streets have hideous traffic during holidays.
2. Parenting: You might not realize how much you've come to rely on free child-care and emotional support from parents, grandparents, siblings, and friends until you're several thousand miles away. At that point, it's all you, baby!
3. New Career Credentials: Education systems are becoming more homogenous around the world but it's still fairly common for credentials you might have spent years acquiring not to transfer across the board, especially in legal, business, and medical fields. Are ready to spend the time and effort re-training?
4. Stereotype: Are you ready to be a living, breathing stereotypical American? Better be because it's going to happen. Everyone categorizes a new person until they get to known them. Traveling to a new country, you will be "The American.†The passage of time will allow you to prove yourself as a unique person but it won't happen all at once.
Perhaps the worst feeling of all will be when the homesickness strikes and it surely will. Maybe after a visit back to the States or in the dead of a sleepless night for no reason at all, or maybe when your car breaks down and you have no idea how to even begin finding a competent mechanic. Get ready for it. Realize it will pass soon. Most of all, enjoy the process. You're doing what most people are afraid of.
The Jetsetter Team
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Tags: expatriate, relocation, travel


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The Great Escape by Susan Elizabeth Phillips
My rating: 2 of 5 stars
My thoughts: This was a disappointing book for me. The basic story line is that Lucy is to marry the perfect man, Ted, and runs away. Conveniently, Tough Motorcycle Man who calls himself Panda (!) picks her up and they run away. He's rude, crude and inconsiderate. After a couple of weeks, he dumps her at the airport and tells her to go home. And so she does. She goes to HIS home. She has figured out at least that much. And that he has a great kisser. And that drives her to his summer home in Michigan.
Because she's a high profile figure, she reinvents herself. Those who have already read some of Phillips other novels, are already familiar with Lucy's story. For those who enjoyed the other books, I would suggest continuing with the story. Those stepping in, I suggest otherwise. There is nothing endearing about Lucy or Panda or Temple, Max, and just a little about Mike, Bree and Toby. Lucy and Panda are rude to one another, disrespectful, have lusty, carnal sex, and are drawn to one another while I have no idea why.
As a general rule, I avoid romance and erotica novels. This is neither. It's a story of two unlikable people who try to be something they are not and can't keep their hands off one another. Lucy tries out her alter ego she calls "Viper" and refers to herself in third person. It's boring and stupid. Sweet and privileged, she makes out a skanky bucket list and dresses the part. Meanwhile, Panda believes himself unworthy of this skanky character who, he believes (although there is little evidence to prove his theory) that she's really a sweet, innocent girl. I missed common sense dearly in this one. I also missed a reasonable story line.
As I said, if you are already a fan of the Jorik characters, keep reading. But I think you might be disappointed in dear, sweet Lucy. She loses credibility in this one. If you're just starting in on the family, you might just want to pass this one by. Not worth my time.
*I received a free copy of this book from publishing company in exchange for an honest review. The opinions expressed here are my own.
Wednesday, July 18, 2012
The Great Escape by Susan Elizabeth Phillips
1 comment:
- Patricia Eimer said...
oh that's disappointing-- it has a great cover.
- July 19, 2012 at 6:18 AM
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Scrabble & Words with Friends Word Unscrambler
Definition of Avoutrer
0 Definition of Avoutrer
The definition of avoutrer, the meaning of word Avoutrer
Is avoutrer a scrabble word? Yes!
0 Synonym of Avoutrer
Avoutrer is worth 11 points in Words with Friends
There are 8 letters in avoutrer: A E O R R T U V


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Description Edit
Makes 2 servings
Ingredients Edit
- 8 to 10 peaches, peeled and sliced
- 2 tablespoons lemon juice, divided
- ⅓ cup Sauternes wine
- ⅓ cup sugar
- 1 cup frozen light whipped topping, thawed
- 2 cups cooked rice, chilled
- ½ cup part-skim ricotta cheese
- 2 tablespoons grated lemon peel
- 2 tablespoons chopped crystallized ginger
- ½ cup sliced almonds, toasted and coarsely chopped
- fresh blackberries or blueberries
Directions Edit
- Place peaches and 1 tablespoon lemon juice in blender container; cover and process until smooth.
- Transfer mixture to medium saucepan and stir in wine and sugar.
- Place over medium-high heat and bring to a boil; reduce heat and simmer, uncovered, for 10 minutes, stirring occasionally.
- Cool to room temperature.
- Gently fold in whipped topping.
- Cover and refrigerate until chilled.
- Combine rice, cheese, remaining 1 tablespoon lemon juice, lemon peel and ginger in large bowl; blend well.
- With dampened hands, roll mixture into 1-inch balls; roll in sliced almonds.
- Spoon peach puree into individual serving bowls.
- Place gingered fruit balls in center.
- Garnish with fresh berries.
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Home > News > Cushman & Wakefield are further strengthening their Hamburg team
The property consultants Cushman & Wakefield are expanding their Office Agency in Hamburg. Mina Dadgostar will be joining as an Associate from March 2017. She will be responsible, in particular, for advising national and international clients in the team led by Matthias Huss, who has been managing the Hamburg Office Agency team since the beginning of the year.
Mina Dadgostar's background is with Savills, also in Hamburg, where she worked for three years as Associate Director of Office Agency and as a Senior Consultant prior to that . Other posts include Eurokaution and Strabag. The business school graduate studied Business Administration at the Rheinische Fachhochschule in Cologne.
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text: Just like Gabby's first birthday sneaked up on me, so did our 1 year breastfeeding anniversary. I was one of those people who didn't know where to look when faced with a breastfeeding mother. I was one of those people who thought people who breastfed their babies beyond 6 months are weird. I was


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eBook Title for Download :Wanted: One Sexy Night (Format : pdf , Language : English)
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Author(s) Book :Judi McCoy
Publish Year :2005 Publisher : Avon
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Saying goodbye has never been easy for me. Writing about it doesn't make it any easier. This post is about my goodbye to my Celebrity family after 5 beautiful and amazing years. It was not an easy decision but deep down I feel and I know it is the right move for myself and my … Continue reading Goodbye Celebrity
Tag: changes
Hello everyone! I hope you all enjoy the new changes on the blog, including the new top menu. It is a work in progress so bare with me. I think I tried all available themes before deciding on this one. Well, we have lots to talk about and I am preparing some interesting posts related … Continue reading Changes


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Personal Identity Girl's Nina Pink/Glitter Flip-Flop Sandal, Extra Large - (Youth)
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Show her affinity for off-shore fun with these Personal Identity girl's Nina flip-flops. Sparkling with glittery straps and cushioned with thick foam, these sandals have an Sun Kissed palm tree design on the insole. Small = 11/12; Medium = 13/1; Large = 2/3; XLarge = 4/5 Size: Extra Large - (Youth). Color: Pink/Glitter. Gender: Female.
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Kingsley Idehen wrote: > [2] a WebID SHOULD be an HTTP hash uri > [4] a WebID MUST be an HTTP uri . +1 To be even more specific, I believe the SHOULD is a waste of space, but would like to see the examples for authors use #hash URIs, and non normatively. For Consumers, in the normative bits: MUST be an HTTP (http(s):// scheme) uri. We need to be interoperable with both common patterns, but we are also free to offer guidance by way of words or examples. Best, NathanReceived on Wednesday, 21 November 2012 16:53:26 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.4.0 : Friday, 17 January 2020 19:05:46 UTC


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PJRC160 Max Rebar Cutter
Cuts up to #5 rebar
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Cutting up to #5 rebar this Rebar Cutter is battery operated with a 25.2V Lithium Ion battery. Cuts up to #5 rebar, weighs 16.8 lbs, averaging 3.3 seconds per cut on #5 rebar, average 176 cuts per charge, battery charge time is approx 30 minutes. Cutting blade life is approximately 10,000 cuts. Standard equipment includes 1 - PJRC160 Rebar Cutter, 1 - JPL925 lithium ion Li-ion battery, 1 - JC925 battery charger, and a hard shell case. Limited warranty from Max Co. Ltd. covers product to be free from defects in workmanship and material for a period of one (1) year from date of original purchase. Fastener USA is an Authorized Warranty Service Center for MAX Co. Ltd.
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| 5th July 2017
Spectacular: Paragliding in Albania
Welcome to a small country with undiscovered tradition, Albania.
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National parks such as Blue Eye, 7 lakes of Lura , the paradise of fairytales Thethi and Valbona, and Llogara the place of clouds.
The history of Gods, written deeply in the mountain of Tomorri.
Albania doesn't need a lot to describe it, if only needs visitors to come and visit its popular tourism hotspots throughout the 12 months of the year.


text:
|Topic Review (Newest First)
|First thing I would I would do is build a rotisserie on wheels, making it into a one-man shop. You might not always have access to several guys to help you move things around. You'll also need a hoist if you don't have one already. I've done 99.9% of all my work by myself.
|MoJo's A
I have a Model A In the Project/ Build thread.
Separate the body from the frame.
I started with the frame doing a little at a time.
Go to the body and do some work there.
Main thing is to switch it up so you don't fry your brain working in just one area.
And make sure you take your time.
Measure one two three times to get it right.
I can tell from a three year project, there will be many nights scratching your head as to what to do next.
And also Remember, There are many fine people on U Tube that are going threw the same thing and can give good advise on what they came up with.
The problem is when you do the drive train first and you find the body has fit problems your not carving on a finished body. If you do body first then fit issues occur you're either going back to compromise the drive train or carving on a finished body. The latter usually proves to be the more difficult and expensive.
There....I fixed your pic.
I saw your post on another forum and most recommended to complete all the bodywork first. That's one perspective. I, on the other hand like to complete the chassis/drivetrain first, then move on to the body. But that's just me.
Looks like you have a great starting platform, straight body and a well built frame! If it were me and since the body is currently mounted to the frame, I would set all the body gaps and adjustments first then make yourself a body cart, transfer the body to that and set it in a corner for the time being. As stated above, a solid plan is paramount before any construction takes place. Figure out and mount a front suspension. Figure out and mount a rear suspension. Mount the motor/trans/driveshaft. Cooling system/braking system/fuel system and all associated plumbing. Don't forget choice of wheel/tire combo. Now you can move on to bodywork and paint. Put it all together, toss in an interior and you're good to go!
Just my 2 cents.
The first place to start is looking at a similar rides (the body shape more then the brand) stance that appeals to you for what you plan on using the thing for. Then looking at what others have done with that stance and room provided by that stance.
You can run that thing traditional (beach) with 8" of under body clearance with full fenders and the body completely on the frame
You could run a truck/sports car frame for a lower stance and interdependent coil front suspension with the body channeled over the frame for a lowered look keeping fenders
You could run wishbones for a independent sprung suspension with the body channeled over the frame going open wheel with the rear of the frame raised running coils
This will give you your stance to determine your steering and suspension layout choices.
Once you know your stance and suspension/steering you will be left with the amount of room you have to play with to run a drive train.
Do you want a traditional looking engine or is this something where a non traditional engine is going to be a better choice. Maybe you want to be totally different by going full electric enjoying the simplicity of the clearance that provides.
But start with the stance and overall look you want the final thing to be. A massive big block engine is going to sit different then a electric motor and that all goes back to stance. That big block may require you to modify your frame or frame choices. That electric means you need to find room for a battery pack and the weight of that battery pack(modern packs are fairly light).
Have a schedule and a budget. A realistic schedule and a realistic budget with a good 20% variance.
I would say 5-7 forward hours a week with one to two hours a night 4 dedicated days a week or 4 hours on Saturday and another 4 on Sunday.
Get in a schedule and stick to it. Working on something little by little for a hour or two every night is far better then putting it off and trying to make up with a 10 hour push on the weekend. It makes going to the parts store runs that will kill your forward production on that 10 hour push much easier by working on it 4 days for a hour or two every night.
Know your tools, skill level, and what you will need to build this thing. Be honest with yourself and willing to send stuff out if you know the final product will be better. I am not saying don't try new things. Like if your welding is good but not perfect you can do things like the floor modifications yourself. But something like the fuel tank or suspension components you may want to send out. On the note of fabrication look around to see if someone makes something before you make it from scratch. Often the end result is not only better in appearance or quality the overall cost of time and sometimes money is less.
Look at the top of this page, on the right hand side, you will see "eBook": click on it, it is "the scratch built hot rod", basically how to build your own hot rod. You could start there, and see what you learn (or need to learn!).
Then depending on your skills, you might want to look into kits to assemble your rod, or parts of it: you, know, ready-to-install front end kit, rear end kit, cross-member with engine mounts... That could be an easier way to go than trying to figure and scratch build everything...
|39 master
I don't know of a flow chart but you could make your own. I start with the foundation (frame) and go from there. First is to make the frame stout and worthy of the speeds and horsepower of today. Read, no twist. This requires boxing the frame and adding a K member. I like to use 1 x 2 tubing for the K member and do it top and bottom of the frame to prevent twist and will also support the floor. Next come suspension front and rear...your choice here from solid axle to independent front end and rear from leafs to 4 bar and bags. Once that's done drivetrain is next, again your choice from Iron Duke to V12. Trans to match the engine of choice...etc. Now you have a solid foundation for the body. All you lack now is finishing up!!!
|Got it and the plan is in place... I was a mechanic before getting into the electrical field so at least from that perspective I'm not too crippled. With that being said, is there a basic high level flow chart to follow?
|39 master
With any project the first place to start is have a PLAN. This requires as much research as you can so that each step is clear and well planned out. Once you have this plan STICK TO IT. Nothing cost more than starting over or redoing step (x). Go to car shows, build a network of contacts that do builds and assemble the necessary tools to do the jobs. In the plan you must decide what the vehicle is going to be used for (drags, family cruise..etc) then build to that goal. Don't rush the project but don't, whatever you do, drop the project.
Trying to add picture! Newer to forms also 🙄
What direction to go??
Hello I am new to building hot rods and the first is a 32 ford Tudor. I bought the body on the frame that was started by the previous owner. Question is where to start? Body? Chassis? Thanks in advance!
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Sofiane Sylve and Tiit Helimets, "The Infinite Ocean" choreography by Edwaard Liang, music by Oliver Davis, costume design by Mark Zappone from "Dance Innovations" ("The Infinite Ocean" by Edwaard Liang and Oliver Davis, "The Big Hunger" by Trey McIntyre and Sergei Prokofiev Сергей Прокофьев and "Etudes" by Harald Lander, Knudåge Riisager and Carl Czerny), San Francisco Ballet, War Memorial Opera House, San Francisco, California, USA (february 13 to 23, 2020).
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