text:
Ethoxylated amines as solution promoters
The invention relates to the use of one or more ethoxylated fatty amines corresponding to the following general formula ##STR1## in which n is an integer of from 2 to 30,R.sup.1 is a C.sub.8-24 straight-chain or branched-chain, saturated or unsaturated alkyl, andR.sup.2 has the formula--(CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --O).sub.m --H (II)or the formula ##STR2## where R.sup.3 is a C.sub.2-6 alkylene, andm, x, and y are each an integer of from 0 to 30, as solution promoters in detergent concentrates for detergent solutions.
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1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method for using ethoxylated fatty amines as solution promoters or solubilizers in surfactant or detergent concentrates for detergent solutions, more especially in detergent concentrates for automatic bottle washing.
2. Statement of Related Art
In general, substances which are sparingly soluble or insoluble in water may be dissolved by adding solution promoters or solubilizers to the aqueous solutions. In many cases, the solution-promoting effect of additives such as these is based on the fact that the molecules of the substance added as solubilizer have a surfactant-like structure, i.e., a hydrophilic part and a hydrophobic part. In aqueous solutions, the solubilizer molecules form micelles in which the hydrophilic molecule ends are directed outwards to the water while the hydrophobic molecule ends are directed into the interior of the micelles. During solubilization, substances insoluble in the aqueous phase are incorporated in the interior of the micelles and are thus apparently dissolved in the aqueous phase. The quantity of solubilizer required to obtain a clear solution depends not only upon the quantity of substance to be dissolved, but also upon the solubilizing power of the solution promoter.
In the washing of beverage bottles, the various types of soil present in the bottle have to be removed to enable the bottle to be hygienically refilled. The keeping properties of the bottled beverage depend, inter alia, upon the complete removal of mechanical, biological or microbiological soil.
In addition, bottles are generally relabelled as part of the refilling process. Accordingly, not only external soil, but also labels and glue residues have to be completely removed to establish the proper conditions for labelling.
The washing of bottles intended for the beverage industry is often carried out using alkaline detergent solutions containing a plurality of components which (apart from relatively large quantities, for example 1 to 2%, of alkali metal hydroxides, more especially sodium hydroxide) contain other components, of which the quality and quantity are coordinated with the particular washing problem. At the present time, the detergent solutions are prepared in the corresponding bottle washing plants by addition of a detergent concentrate which contains all the necessary additives for problem-free washing to the plant water, and by subsequent addition of sodium hydroxide. However, in addition to readily water-soluble additives, such as inorganic salts and also inorganic and organic acids, most detergent concentrates also contain components sparingly soluble in water which, in the event of prolonged storage under adverse storage conditions, separate from the liquid detergent concentrates, thereby preventing the detergent from developing its full effectiveness in the in-use solutions. Components such as these are in particular the wetting agents and foam inhibitors present in the detergent concentrates, whose absence from the detergent solution results in defective operation of the washing plant and hence in unacceptable stoppages. Stoppages such as these frequently are caused by overfoaming of the bottle washing plant or even by labels which have not been removed. In order to keep these sparingly water-soluble detergent constituents in solutions, it has previously been standard practice to add to the detergent concentrates relatively large quantities of sodium cumene sulfonate which acts as a solution promoter and keeps even poorly soluble detergent components in solution. Although sodium cumene sulfonate enables the detergent concentrates to be stabilized, the use of this compound as a solution promoter has distinct disadvantages. On the one hand, the cost of detergent concentrates containing sodium cumene sulfonate is considerably increased by the high price of the solution promoter used in large quantities (in some cases detergent concentrates contain up to 25% of this compound), so that on economic grounds alone there is a need for a less expensive compound capable of acting as solution promoter. In addition, it is known that, particularly in the washing of beverage bottles, sodium cumene sulfonate as a detergent ingredient does not increase or assist the cleaning power of the prior art solutions. Accordingly, its sole function is to keep other poorly soluble components present in the detergent concentrates stably dissolved in the aqueous solution.
In addition, lower, generally branched alcohols, for example isopropanol, are known as solution promoters from the prior art. However, the disadvantage of isopropanol is that its handling involves special safety measures because isopropanol is not only readily inflammable, it also has a low flash point. In addition, its effect as a solution promoter is distinctly poorer than that of sodium cumene sulfonate.DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients or reaction conditions used herein are to be understood as modified in all instances by the term "about ".
The present invention provides a method for using new solution promoters or solubilizers by which even poorly soluble components of the detergent concentrate may be brought stably into solution and which therefore guarantee unlimited stability in storage of detergent concentrates comprising components containing strongly hydrophobic groups. Since the stability of solutions such as these is also jeopardized at relatively high temperatures such as occasionally occur in stock rooms, the detergent concentrate has to be stabilized for an indefinite period both for temperatures below freezing point and also for temperatures of up to 50.degree. C. In addition, the solution promoters provided by the invention are inexpensive and, in addition to stabilizing the detergent concentrates, also perform other functions in the washing process. These additional functions include primarily an acceleration of the removal of bottle labels, fast and better removal of soiling residues, and better emulsification of the soil residues removed in the detergent solution after use.
Accordingly, the present invention relates to a method for using one or more ethoxylated fatty amines corresponding to the following general formula ##STR3## in which n is an integer of from 2 to 30,
R.sup.1 is a C.sub.8-24, preferably C.sub.12-18, straight-chain or branched-chain, saturated or unsaturated alkyl,
R.sup.2 has the formula
--(CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --O).sub.m --H (II)
or the formula ##STR4## where R.sup.3 is a C.sub.2-6 alkylene, and
m, x and y are each an integer of from 0 to 30,
as solution promoters in detergent concentrates for detergent solutions, more especially in detergent concentrates for washing bottles.
Fatty amines corresponding to formula II may be prepared from natural sources by methods known per se. They may be used either individually or in naturally occurring mixtures containing alkyl radicals of different chain lengths, for the ethoxylation reaction.
The ethoxylation reaction is also known per se and is preferably carried out in known manner on fatty amines obtainable from natural sources. Mixtures containing a different number (n+m) of ethoxy radicals are also formed during the ethoxylation reaction. According to the invention, preferred compounds are those in which the average degree of ethoxylation (n+m) is 2 to 15. Ethoxylated fatty amines having an average degree of ethoxylation (n+m) of 10 to 15 are particularly preferred.
According to the invention, ethoxylated diamines corresponding to formula III may also be used in active-substance concentrates for detergents. In the present context, "alkylene" is understood to mean alkyl radicals containing free valencies at each of the terminal carbon atoms (also called "polymethylene").
Diamines such as these have a degree of ethoxylation of preferably 2 to 15 and more preferably of 10 to 15, the total number of ethoxy groups being meant in this case. This means that, in general formula (I), the sum (n+x+y) is in the above-mentioned range of 2 to 15 and preferably of 10 to 15.
As mentioned above, preferred fatty amines are obtainable from natural sources, for example from natural fats and oils, and may be used for the ethoxylation either directly from the natural sources or after further chemical processing, for example hydrogenation of unsaturated side chains. Fatty amines such as these are, in particular, cocosamine, tallow fatty amine, oleylamine, octadecylamine, tallow fatty oleylamine, stearylamine and, in the case of diamines, tallow fatty propylenediamine. The average degree of ethoxylation is preferably 2 to 15 and is largely determined by the consistency and solubility in water of the ethoxylated fatty amines so obtained. Thus, pasty or even solid products are less preferred because of their poorer incorporability in liquid concentrates and fatty amines having relatively high degrees of ethoxylation are also less preferred because of their poorer solubility in water. However, the tendency of the fatty amine ethoxylates towards (undesireable) foaming decreases with an increasing degree of ethoxylation.
The quantity in which the ethoxylated fatty amines of general formula (I) are used in accordance with the invention is 1 to 15% by weight of one or more fatty amines, based on the total weight of the detergent concentrate. Even where several fatty amines are used together, the total amount should not exceed the concentration value of 15%.
The advantage of using at least one ethoxylated fatty amine corresponding to general formula (I) in accordance with the invention over known compounds used for the same purpose lies in the fact that the ethoxylated fatty amines mentioned may be favorably obtained from abundant starting materials by simple process steps which may be carried out conveniently and with high yields on an industrial scale. In addition, their favorable effect in aqueous detergent concentrates is not confined to their solution-promoting function. On the contrary, it has also been found that, where the ethoxylated fatty amines of general formula (I) are used in accordance with the invention, the labels glued on beverage bottles are removed more quickly. In addition, residues in the bottles, more especially large mold patches or other soiling residues, may be removed more quickly and completely, enabling the invention compounds to be used in industrial bottle washing plants. The low tendency of the invention compounds towards foaming is another advantage in this regard.
Another advantage of using the ethoxylated fatty amines corresponding to general formula (I) (which if desired may also be used together with other compounds known as solubilizers, such as isopropanol), is that even aluminum labels fastened on the necks of certain beverage bottles can be removed more easily and, in addition, colored pigments which become detached from the surface of the labels removed are emulsified in the detergent solution and do not float on its surface.
The solution-promoting effect of the invention's ethoxylated fatty amines is demonstrated by the fact that the detergent concentrates containing a number of detergent components remain stable for indefinite periods both at high temperatures (50.degree. C.) and at low temperatures (-18.degree. C.). Another notable effect of using the ethoxylated fatty amine solution promoters in accordance with the invention is that even after freezing and defrosting of the detergent concentrates a clear product is obtained in which even the organic components, such as wetting agents and foam inhibitors, remain clearly dissolved.
The detergent concentrates are otherwise conventional and contain other components in addition to the ethoxylated fatty amines and are prepared by methods known per se, the individual components being mixed together in any order. However, an aqueous solution of the inventive ethoxylated fatty amine solubilizers is advantageously introduced first and the other detergent components added afterwards. The pH of the detergent concentrates is adjusted to from 1 to 7.
Where used in the industrial washing of beverage bottles, the aqueous detergent compositions which are made up as concentrates are added to the process water of the bottle washing machine in concentrations determined by the degree of soiling of the bottles to be washed, by the hardness of the water and possibly by other parameters. In general, the concentration of detergent in the washing solutions is from 0.1 to 0.5% by weight. However, higher concentrations are also possible, particularly when the hardness of the process water or the high degree of soiling of the bottles necessitates a higher concentration of one of the detergent components. Detergent concentrations below 0.1% by weight or above 0.5% by weight, based on the total cleaning solution, are also possible for other applications.
Alkali metal hydroxides, preferably sodium hydroxide, are then generally added separately to the process or detergent solutions. In automatic bottle washing, the concentrations of sodium hydroxide in the washing solutions are normally in the range of from 1 to 3% of the total solution.
In principle, however, it is also possible directly to add the quantities of sodium hydroxide required for washing to the detergent concentrates containing the ethoxylated fatty amines according to the invention.
The invention is further illustrated by the following Examples.1. Preparation of the detergent concentrate
Detergent concentrates having the composition indicated in Examples 1 to 4 and in the comparison Examples were prepared by methods known per se. To this end, the water and the ethoxylated fatty amine acting as solution promoter or the corresponding comparison compound were initially introduced and the remaining detergent components successively added thereafter.
In the formulation examples, EO stands for ethylene oxide and PO for propylene oxide.2. Assessment of the stability of the detergent concentrate
The detergent concentrates prepared in accordance with (1) were visually assessed
(a) immediately after preparation,
(b) several times a week over a storage period of more than 1 year at 5.degree. C. and 50.degree. C. and
(c) after freezing and defrosting.
In every case, the detergent concentrates were clear. It was not possible to observe any formation of different phases, thus indicating that the solutions useful in the inventive methods are extremely stable.3. Label removal
Extensive label removal tests were carried out with beverage bottles on a laboratory scale. The period of time for which the bottles must be in contact with the detergent solution to obtain complete removal of all the labels adhering to the bottles was measured. The removal times for the particular tests in minutes and seconds are shown in Example 1, Table 1 and Example 5, Table 3.
In this connection, the corresponding detergent solutions were also tested for their ability to discharge the labels from the detergent solution satisfactorily.
In this test, the labels must not disintegrate into fibers during the test period, i.e., before they have been completely removed from the bottle surface, and must not show any sign of adhering, i.e., adsorbed, surfactants after removal from the detergent solution.4. Washing of heavily soiled bottles
Washing tests were carried out on a laboratory scale at 75.degree. C. on bottles containing dried-on, firmly adhering fruit flesh residues (tomato flesh) and on bottles coated with mold. In this case, too, detergent concentrates containing the ethoxylated fatty amines according to the invention proved to be superior to the state-of-the-art products.5. Removal of aluminum bottle neck labels
Laboratory tests were carried out on bottles containing aluminum labels on the bottle neck beneath the opening. The removal times are shown in Example 1, Table 2.6. Saving of energy
Washing processes for beverage bottles frequently require high temperatures of the wash liquor when the bottles are heavily soiled or carry firmly adhering labels on their outer surface. This gives rise to high energy expenditures for generating steam and for heating the wash liquor. In addition, in view of the high alkalinity of the wash liquor, large quantities of fresh water are required to rinse the bottles free from alkali after washing. At the same time, the previously heated bottles are also cooled down again to a lower temperature. High temperatures of the wash liquor also necessitate relatively high intermediate spraying and warm water temperatures which in turn results in more scale in these zones of the washing plant. Accordingly, improved removal through constituents present in the detergent solutions means that energy is saved for producing hot water or steam and less fresh water is required for the bottle washing process. The label removal times at different process temperatures are also shown for the individual detergent formulations (cf. Example 1, Table 1 and Example 5, Table 3).7. Foaming behavior
Foaming behavior was assessed in accordance with Germany industrial Norm (DIN) Draft 53,902. To this end, the wash liquors containing a fatty amine ethoxylate were tested in a foam beating apparatus (DIN 53,902, Part 1). Increasing quantities of a test foamer ("P3 Optenit", a product of Henkel KGaA) were added to the liquors and the foam volumes measured after 5.times.100 beats. The values obtained are shown in Table 4, Example 6.
The smaller the foam volumes, the better the foam-inhibiting effect of the detergent concentrate. Foam interferes very seriously with the bottle washing process.EXAMPLE 1
A detergent concentrate for use in accordance with the invention was prepared by mixing the following components together (all percentages in % by weight):
______________________________________ 31.75% water of condensaton, 0.25% potassium iodide, 10.00% phosphoric acid (75%), 10.00% gluconic acid (50%), 6.00% amino-tris(methylenephosphonic acid) (50%), 2.00% 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (60%), 3.00% 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (50%), 2.00% adduct of nonylphenol with 9.5 mols EO, 13.00% adduct of ethylenediamine with 30 mols EO and 60 mols PO, 11.00% adduct of propylene glycol with 4.5 mols EO and 29.8 mols PO, and 11.00% adduct of cocosamine with 12 mols EO. (INVENTIVE SOLUTION PROMOTER) 100.00% ______________________________________Assessment of stability
This detergent concentrate remained clear and, hence, stable over the entire test temperature range; no phase separation was observed. The product obtained in the absence of the adduct of cocosamine with 12 mols EO was neither clear nor stable.Label removal
Label removal tests were carried out on various beverage bottles all of which were provided with "Chromalux" (a trademark of Fa. Zanders Feinpapiere AG) labels. To this end, detergent solutions containing 1.5% by weight NaOH and 0.2% by weight active detergent concentrate were applied to the various bottles.
The removal times are shown in Table 1 below for the various test conditions and types of bottles. Detergent solutions containing 1.5% by weight NaOH and 0.2% by weight active detergent concentrate having the composition shown in Comparison Examples 1 and 2 below (using sodium cumene sulfonate and isopropanol as solution promoter) were used for comparison.
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Removal times in the label removal test Water Removal times (secs.) using Temp. hardness the solution of Bottles.sup.1 (.degree. C.) (.degree.G. h) Ex. 1 Comp. Ex. 1 Comp. Ex. 2 ______________________________________ A 65 18 260 277 511 B 65 18 232 -- 491 C 70 18 202 283 -- D 70 18 245 -- 365 E 70 18 125 -- 410 D 70 18 290 328 453 F 70 18 283 425 650 C 70 18 333 383 431 ______________________________________ Remarks: .sup.1 Bottle material: A: 1liter bottle apple juice, "Fanta", "Cappy", B: 1liter bottle "LiftZitrone", "Sprite", C: 1liter bottle "Sprite D: 1liter bottle "CocaCola E: 1liter bottle "CocaCola" light F: 0.5 liter bottle "CocaCola "Fanta", "Cappy", "Sprite", "Lift", "CocaCola" are trademarks of the CocaCola Bottling Corp.
As can be seen from the values in Table 1, labels can be removed considerably better and faster with the detergent solutions used in accordance with the invention than with state-of-the-art detergent solutions under comparable conditions.COMPARISON EXAMPLE 1
A detergent concentrate was prepared as in Example 1 by mixing the following components together (all quantities in % by weight):
______________________________________ 29.25% water of condensation, 0.25% potassium iodide, 10.00% phosphoric acid (75%), 10.00% gluconic acid (50%), 6.00% amino-tris-(methylenephosphonic acid) (50%), 2.00% 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (60%), 3.00% 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (50%), 2.00% adduct of nonylphenol with 9.5 mols EO, 5.00% adduct of ethylenediamine with 30 mols EO and 60 mols PO, 0.50% adduct of cetyl/oleyl fatty alcohol ("Ocenol", a trademark of Henkel KCaA) with 2 mols of EO, 8.00% adduct of ethylenediamine with 8 mols EO and 52 mols PO, and 24.00% sodium cumene sulfonate (40%). (PRIOR ART SOLUTION PROMOTER) 100.00% ______________________________________
A detergent solution was prepared from this concentrate in the same way as described in Example 1, containing 0.2% of the concentrate and, in addition, 1.5% by weight of NaOH. The removal times in the label removal test are shown in Table 1 above.COMPARISON EXAMPLE 2
A detergent concentrate was prepared from the following components in the same way as described in Example 1, being added in a quantity of 0.2% to a detergent solution for an automatic bottle washing plant containing 1.5% by weight NaOH.
______________________________________ 11.25% water of condensation, 0.25% potassium iodide, 40.00% phosphoric acid, 75%, 12.00% amino-tris-(methylenephosphonic acid), 50%, 5.00% 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid, 50% 5.00% 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid, 60% 6.50% isopropanol, 80% (PRIOR ART SOLUTION PROMOTER), 19.00% C.sub.12-18 fatty alcohol ("Lorol", a trademark of Henkel KCaA)-9.1 mols EO-butylether, and 1.00% adduct of cetyl/oleyl fatty alcohol ("Ocenol", a trademark of Henkel KCaA) with 2 mols EO. 100.00% ______________________________________
The removal times in the label removal test obtained with a detergent solution containing this concentrate are also shown in Table 1 above.Removal of bottle neck labels of aluminum foil
Detergent solutions were prepared using the detergent concentrates of Example 1 and Comparison Examples 1 and 2 (0.2% detergent concentrate and 1.5% sodium hydroxide in each solution) and the time taken by aluminum-foil labels to separate from bottle necks was determined (test conditions: water 0.degree. G.h temperature 75.degree. C.).
TABLE 2 ______________________________________ Separation time in minutes Test Detergent solution containing concentrate of No. Ex. 1 Comp. Ex. 1 Comp. Ex. 2 ______________________________________ 1 4.93 6.15 6.38 2 6.27 7.08 7.52 ______________________________________
The comparison shows that, in this case, too, the use of the fatty amines according to the invention in the detergent concentrate led to shorter separation times and therefore to a better result.EXAMPLES 2 TO 4
Detergent concentrates were prepared as in Example 1 by mixing the following components together:
______________________________________ 50.75% water of condensation, 0.25% potassium iodide, 25.00% phosphoric acid (75%), 2.00% 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (60%), 1.00% amino-(trimethylenephosphonic acid) (50%), 1.00% 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (50%), 16.00% C.sub.12-18 fatty alcohol ("Lorol", a trademark of Henkel KCaA)-9.1 mols EO-butylether, 1.00% adduct of fatty alcohol with 2 mols EO, and 3.00% adduct of cocosamine with 12 mols EO (INVENTIVE SOLUTION PROMOTER) 100.00% 38% water of condensation, 22% 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-dicarboxylic acid (50%), 22% C.sub.12-18 fatty alcohol ("Lorol", a trademark of Henkel KCaA)-9.1 mols EO-butylether, 15% isopropanol (80%) (PROIR ART SOLUTION PROMOTER), and 3% adduct of cocosamine with 12 mols EO (INVENTIVE SOLUTION PROMOTER) 100% ______________________________________
This detergent concentrate is a phosphate-free concentrate.
______________________________________ ______________________________________ 31.75% water of condensation, 0.25% potassium iodide, 10.00% phosphoric acid (75%), 10.00% gluconic acid (50%), 6.00% amino-tris-(methylenephosphonic acid) (50%), 2.00% 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid, 3.00% 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (50%), 2.00% adduct of nonylphenol with 9.5 mols EO, 13.00% adduct of ethylenediamine with 30 mols EO and 60 mols PO, 11.00% adduct of 1,2-propylene glycol with 4.5 mols EO and 29.8 mols PO, and 11.00% adduct of cocosamine with 12 mols EO (INVENTIVE SOLUTION PROMOTER) 100.00% ______________________________________
Immediately after their preparation, the detergent concentrates were clear and did not show any separation of individual components. Even after prolonged storage (3 months to 1 year) at 5.degree. C. and at 50.degree. C., the solutions remained clear and did not show any change in appearance after freezing and defrosting.EXAMPLE 5 Inventive Compositions
Detergent concentrates having the following composition were prepared using the individual fatty amine ethoxylates of Table 3:
______________________________________ 10.0% phosphoric acid (75%), 10.0% gluconic acid (50%), 6.0% amino-tris-(methylenephosphonic acid) (50%), 2.0% 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (60%), 3.0% 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (50%), 2.0% adduct of nonylphenol with 9.5 mols EO, 13.0% adduct of ethylenediamine with 30 mols EO and 60 mols PO, 0.5% potassium iodide, 11.0% adduct of propylene glycol with 4.5 mols EO and 29.8 mols PO, 31.5% water, and 11.0% fatty amine ethoxylate according to Table 3 (INVENTIVE SOLUTION PROMOTER) 100.0% ______________________________________
The label removal tests were carried out with hand-labelled bottles.
Label type: "Sprite" (a product of Coca-Cola Bottl. Corp.) "Chromalux" (a product of Zanders Feinpapiere AG)
Label glue: "Optal" 350 (a product of Henkel KGaA)
The test procedure and the apparatus used are as described in the Article "Zur Frage der Etikettenablosung von Getrankeflaschen, Teil II (On the Question of Label Removal from Beverage Bottles, Part II)", Brauweit 120 (1980), no. 41, pages 1492 to 1499. Liquor composition:
1.5%: NaOH,
0.2%: detergent concentrate,
balance: Water 0.degree. G.h, 70.degree. C.
The removal times are shown in Table 3 below.
TABLE 3 ______________________________________ Average removal times (mins.) Inventive Solution Promoter Time ______________________________________ Adduct of cocosamine with 2 mols EO 5.40 Adduct of cocosamine with 5 mols EO 5.47 Adduct of cocosamine with 12 mols EO 4.70 Adduct of cocosamine with 15 mols EO 3.71 Adduct of tallow fatty amine with 2 mols EO 4.92 Adduct of tallow fatty amine with 15 mols EO 4.17 Adduct of oleylamine with 5 mols EO 5.52 Adduct of oleylamine with 15 mols EO 4.31 Adduct of octadecylamine with 5 mols EO 5.27 ______________________________________EXAMPLE 6 Foaming behavior
Detergent solutions containing ethoxylated fatty amines in different concentrations were tested for their foaming behavior in the same way as described above. The test foaming agent used was "P3 Optenit" (a trademark of Henkel KGaA). The composition of the liquor was as follows:
1.5%: NaOH,
0.2%: detergent concentrate containing the particular ethoxylated fatty amine,
balance: water (0.degree. G.h),
Test temperature: 65.degree. C.
The results are shown in Table 4 below.
TABLE 4 __________________________________________________________________________ Testing of foaming behavior Foam volumes (ml) Addition of Octadecyl- Tallow fatty test foaming Cocosamine Tallow fatty amine Oleylamine amine propylenediamine agent (ppm) +2 EO +5 EO +12 EO +15 EO +2 EO +15 EO +5 EO +15 EO +15 EO +10 +15 __________________________________________________________________________ EO 0 10 10 5-10 5-10 5 5-10 5-10 5-10 5 5-10 0 100 20 20 15 20 5-10 15 5 10 5 10 5-10 200 20 20 20 20 5-10 20 5-10 15 5-10 15 10 300 20 20 20 20 15 20 5-10 20 5-10 15 15 400 20 20 30 30 15 25 15 15 15 20 25 600 20 20 30 30 15 25 20 25 25 30 30 800 25 20 35 35 20 30 20 30 25 30 30 1000 30 25 40 40 20 30 20 30 30 40 40 1200 25 20 40 40 20 30 20 40 30 40 40 1400 25 25 40 50 25 40 20 40 30 40 40 1600 25 30 50 50 30 40 20 40 30 40 40 1800 25 30 50 50 30 50 30 40 35 40 40 2000 25 50 50 60 50 50 90 50 60 50 50 2200 25 140 60 70 140 50 220 50 220 50 50 2400 40 290 90 100 290 70 >300 60 >300 60 60 2600 100 >300 100 100 >300 80 70 90 70 3000 >300 >300 280 190 170 150 130 3200 >300 >300 >300 >300 280 3400 >300 __________________________________________________________________________ 1
1. A method for promoting the water solubility of detergent components in an aqueous concentrate wherein said detergent concentrate is formulated for the machine washing of bottles, comprising incorporating in said concentrate a solubility-promoting-effective amount of one or more ethoxylated fatty amines corresponding to the following general formula ##STR5## in which n is an integer of from 2 to 30,
- R.sup.1 is a C.sub.8-24 straight-chain or branched-chain, saturated or unsaturated alkyl, and
- R.sup.2 has the formula ##STR6## where R.sup.3 is a C.sub.2-6 alkylene, and
- x, and y are each an integer of from 0 to 30.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein R.sup.2 is formula III and at least one of x or y is an integer of at least one.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the sum of n+x+y is an integer from 2 to 15.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the sum of n+x+y is an integer from 10 to 15.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said one or more ethoxylated fatty amine is at least one adduct of cocosamine, tallow fatty amine, oleylamine, octadecylamine, tallow fatty oleylamine, stearylamine, or tallow fatty propylenediamine, with 2 to 15 mols of ethylene oxide.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein said one or more ethoxylated fatty amine is incorporated in said concentrate in a quantity of about 1 to 15% by weight, based upon the weight of said concentrate.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein R.sup.1 is a straight-chain alkyl.
|August 1967
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|Dekker et al.
|January 25, 1977
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|December 22, 1981
|March 6, 1984
|Gerritsen et al.
|December 4, 1984
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|May 17, 1988
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Type: Grant
Filed: Feb 6, 1987
Date of Patent: Feb 7, 1989
Assignee: Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien (Duesseldorf)
Inventor: Thomas Wershofen (Monchen-Gladbach)
Primary Examiner: Paul Lieberman
Assistant Examiner: Ronald A. Krasnow
Attorneys: Ernest G. Szoke, Wayne C. Jaeschke
Application Number: 7/12,102
International Classification: C11D 330; C11D 100;


text:
2. Thou shalt seek God early in the morning, at noonday and in the evening.
If you have an inner life, you may protect yourself against a double life.
If you spend any time with media you are most likely aware of the famously fallen. This space is definitely not dedicated to deepen their suffering nor to enjoy their demise.
Instead, we can and will say there are people who recognize our talents and push us forward, sometimes beyond our abilities to follow God through life. Egocentrism is the turbo booster.
Walter Wangerin, Jr., writes, "The proud look down on people because they do not look up to God" (Preparing for Jesus, p. 87).
Verticality is the perfect domain of God. It is the funnel shaped tunnel to the human heart, the place where God disciples man. Devote yourself to the vertical. Get perspective on earth by the skyward search. Get lost in the high places and so find your way in the lower steppes.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Place-Based Drivers of Mortality: Evidence from Migration
74 Pages Posted: 26 Jun 2019 Last revised: 1 Aug 2019
Date Written: June 2019
We estimate the effect of current location on elderly mortality by analyzing outcomes of movers in the Medicare population. We control for movers' origin locations as well as a rich vector of pre-move health measures. We also develop a novel strategy to adjust for remaining unobservables, based on the assumption that the relative importance of observables and unobservables correlated with movers' destinations is the same as the relative importance of those correlated with movers' origins. We estimate substantial effects of current location. Moving from a 10th to a 90th percentile location would increase life expectancy at age 65 by 1.1 years, and equalizing location effects would reduce cross-sectional variation in life expectancy by 15 percent. Places with favorable life expectancy effects tend to have higher quality and quantity of health care, less extreme climates, lower crime rates, and higher socioeconomic status.
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation


text:
Frozen Samoa Pie
- 50 Nilla buttermilk
- 6 Tbsp. semisweet chocolate chips, melted
- ¼ Cup INGREDIENTS:
- Pie Filling
- 4 oz. mini chocolate chips
- 1 can baking soda or baking powder
- 1 tsp. Wafers
- 1/2 tsp. pure vanilla extract
- 1 c. melted Butter (real)
- 4 c. butter (no substitutes!)
- 2 c. kosher salt
- 1 c. Sweetened Condensed Milk
- 1 c. all-purpose flour
- Directions Make crust: In a food processor, pulse Nilla wafers until they are fine crumbs
- Transfer crumbs to a bowl, then add butter and sugar and stir until combined
- Grease a 9" pie plate and press in the crust mixture
- Make filling: In a large bowl using a hand mixer, beat cream cheese until smooth
- Mix in sweetened condensed milk, vanilla and salt until fully incorporated
- Fold in Cool Whip
- Make middle layer: In a medium bowl, mix 2 cups toasted coconut with 1 cup caramel
- Pour half the cream cheese mixture into the pie pan and cover with coconut caramel
- Smooth to the edges to make a layer
- Top with the remaining cream cheese mixture, then add the remaining 2 cups toasted coconut and mini chocolate chips
- Drizzle with remaining caramel and melted chocolate and freeze until firm, about 4 hours
- Serve
Recipe Notes
Samoa Girl Scout cookies are my absolute favorite! A co-worker several years ago gave me this recipe after a work luncheon and now I can enjoy the flavor of Samoa cookies year round.
Share this Recipe


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Guild Chat
From LoadingReadyWiki
Graham interviews members of The Guild.
Vital Statistics
Airdate: December 2, 2009
Accent Word: Indeed
Job Description: Kung Fu Fighters
Written, Performed and Photoshopped by: Kathleen De Vere, Jeremy Petter, Paul Saunders, Graham Stark
Appearing: Jeff Lewis, Sandeep Parikh, Robin Thorsen
- Shigeru Miyamoto announces that he will be leaving Nintendo
- New York State's emergency broadcast system will soon interface with Xbox Live
- Nintendo survey reveals that Wii is the preferred console of 80% of female gamers
- Microsoft plans service to emulate the New Super Mario Bros. Super Guide
Feature Story
Guild Chat - Graham takes a trip to GameX to interview comedy group The Guild. This attempt to boost ratings is. . . poorly planned, to say the least.
- Jer took Graham's place in this episode, to simulate Graham's actually being at GameX.
- Both the Job Description and Jer's sign-off line ('Son, we are very appoint') may be references to Desert Bus 3
◀ ●∙∙∙ Pictodicks Counter-Active Gaming ∙∙∙● ▶
Watch Guild Chat Discuss Guild Chat Discuss Guild Chat on the Escapist


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Cambodian PM Receives Finnish Minister for Development Cooperation
Samdech Akka Moha Sena Padei Techo Hun Sen, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Cambodia, held talks with Minister for Development Cooperation and Foreign Trade of Finland, H.E. Ville Skinnari in Geneva, Switzerland yesterday, on the sidelines of the Aid-for-Trade Global Review 2019.
According to H.E. Kao Kim Hourn, Minister Attached to Prime Minister, in the meeting, H.E. Ville Skinnari said Finland is seeking to open a honorary consulate in Cambodia to promote the relations and cooperation between the two countries.
H.E. Ville Skinnari congratulated Cambodia on its economic progress and expressed Finland's interest to help the Kingdom in waste management.
For this part, Samdech Techo Hun Sen thanked Finland for its support to Cambodia's energy and encouraged the Finnish side to study investment opportunity in other sectors, including the small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
Cambodia wants to see Finnish investments in the country and Finland expand its markets for Cambodian products, he underlined.
Samdech Techo Prime Minister welcomed Finland's interest to invest in waste management in Cambodia, but, he said, the interested company must respect the Royal Government's policy of not importing waste from other countries and of converting local waste into energy or paper, etc.
Samdech Techo Hun Sen extended an invitation to Finnish leaders, though H.E. Ville Skinnari, to attend the ASEM Summit to be hosted by Cambodia in 2020.
Source: Agency Kampuchea Press


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Based upon a breakthrough passive capillary pump, Calyos' High Efficiency Platform Solutions significantly reduce the total cost of ownership (TCO) of its final users by enabling cleaner, more reliable, more powerful and energy efficient customer electronic applications. They offer significant improvements over existing cooling solutions.
Rue de l'Industrie, 24
B-1400 Nivelles


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Age at time of Dissection: 36
Type of Dissection: Descending
Date of Aortic Dissection: 8 April 2010
Tell Us Your Story:
Hi my name is Brenda Roberson I was a cna working for hospice ,I Started my day as any day ,had been working over time and we had been short handed lift heavy pts. on that life changing day me and my ass. had 12 pt to see that day! we done 4 i think and had lunch and went to our next pt and pt refused so we talked with the pt and family on our way out i felt like someone had hit me in the back with a ball bat! my partner was like are you Ok . I said i need to set down so we got in her car and i thought I'm having a stroke i got sick ,hot etc she rushed me to a place like north point .
I was vomiting the had me then in a ambulance and the next thing I knew I was in ICU .I thought it was a dream I'm 36 and have been dealing with high BP since I was 17 in and out of hospitals it got better at times.but this has been LIFECHANGING FOR ME. I was very active a go getter I've been married 18 years . and have 1 daughter So on April 8 2010 i was told i had thoracic abdominal aortic dissection that wasn't repairable at this point in time.
80 %blockage to my right kidney.it reads aortic dissection flap is present just distal to the origin of the left sub-clavian artery making this a type b. it descends through the remaining length of the thoracic an abdominal aorta,into bilateral common iliac arteries,clot at right proximal iliac artery narrows the remaining right iliac lumen to a thin crescent, narrowing 80% I could go on and on but if you have had this happen you no what I'm talking about.the doc have put me off work ,its been awful and i feel like i should bee getting better but i can only walk 30 yards and I'm give out i guess from all the meds I have filed for disability and got turned down twice , if this is so life threat n why is it so hard to get disability and mine has not ruptured so they say if it does i have less than 5 min. and i will bleed out and die ,I'm not to lift over 5 pounds the docs tell me just to keep walking ,
I've got no pulse in my right leg they think they might be a blockage in that leg but nobody in East Tenn has a clue they all are like it just takes time well if I sat around every day and thought this could rupture at any time i would b e nuts! So can any body offer any advice PLEASE!
Thanks for stopping by to view our stories. Please help me keep the site going by shopping at Amazon.com-It's very much appreciated. Brian Tinsley founder of AorticDissection.com (please book mark the link once you get to Amazon.com for future purchases!)


text: A North Devon school has been recognised as one of the best in the country for progressing students. Great Torrington School were presented with an Educational Outcomes award by the Schools Students and Teachers Network (SSAT) on Wednesday. The award is given to schools in the top 10 per-cent for progress between pupils leaving key stage two and completing their GCSEs.Sue Williamson, chief executive of SSAT, said: Great Torrington School is an outstanding school with a relentless focus on meeting the needs of all young people. The head teacher, Tracey Amos, has a clear vision of education and has a staff team that are committed to challenging students of all abilities to do their best.


text:
Something Exciting is Happening in Costa Rica
Dear Friends,
Ownership opportunities of private branded residences will soon be available for those seeking an adventurous lifestyle. These residences boast oversized terraces which will bring the outdoors inside your luxury home. A fitness center, outdoor pools, tennis courts, international restaurants, spas, sport fishing and countless eco-adventure tours are just a few of the services and amenities that will make The Sanctuary at Osa Peninsula the premier property in Costa Rica.
The private residences will be managed by one of the most renowned and respected hoteliers in the world; and they will provide a full suite of extraordinary services to all residents; whether they participate in their rental program or not.
I look forward to working with you.


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Page 334on July 24, 2019 at 12:00 am
Chapter: Montreal
THE WAIT IS ALMOST OVER!!! Volume 1 is going to the printer this week! You can still pre order your copy right now!
The book is now on presale on Etsy!
A little bit more patience! It's coming soon!
We are finally making the final layout and the book will be printing within the next 2 weeks!
You missed the preorder campaign? Well you can now preorder your copy of Ponto's first book on our Etsy store!


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The mystery of the baleen whale
More whales mysteriously wash up on the shores of South India
The carcasses of short-finned, baleen whales line the shores of Tiruchendur beach in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Last night, another 30 foot whale washed ashore. So far, more than 38 whales have met a similar fate, with 250 total stranded on the sand. Why this is happening remains a mystery to researchers
Marine scientists speculate that this has to do with the type of whale, and various environmental factors. Short finned whales are highly social. It could be that a group of them found themselves stuck in shallow water after playing together, and were eventually washed ashore.
Local fishermen, residents and marine researchers have offered their support by pouring water over the whales bodies to keep them cool. They have even managed to drag some of the stranded whales back into the sea, but even more whale bodies keep returning.
It is difficult to rescue stranded whales. Whales, are humongous mammals, and quickly become distressed once out of the water. Once they become beached, the longest they can survive on land is eight hours.
#Whales have washed up on British beaches this week. But why do whales strand? Read more >> https://t.co/Nr6dSnmAa5pic.twitter.com/1g3arVplqe
— Greenpeace UK (@GreenpeaceUK) January 26, 2016
BBC whale expert Kumaran Sathasivam goes into further detail, stating that whales will call to other whales for help when in this state.
"They (other whales) will return to be with the (beached) whale that is in distress. The whales emanate a sound that is not audible to human beings and that makes them return to the shore."
This behavior further shows the emotional complexity of whales. And this emotional complexity may be why this isn't the first time there was a massive problem of washing ashore. According to local records, many washed up on the South Indian beaches of Tuticorin back in 1973. 147 whales died.
It could be microscopic...
Cyanobacteria, a primitive aquatic microorganism that oxygenates the Earth's atmosphere. Due global warming, the cyanobacteria population is exponentially increasing in size and emitting toxins into the waters. Death rates of wild fauna in oceans, lakes, rivers and reservoirs have increased as the consequence.
But how does this affect whales?
A whale's diet mainly consists of small shellfish and plankton, both contain high levels of cyanobacteria. When a whale ingests high levels of the cyanobacteria (and they will, a baleen whale eats up to 80 kg of krill a day) fatty tissue is destroyed and the whale develops cancer.
Meaning, that this abnormal behavior might be due to the toxins in the whale's diet.
Or it could be YOUR TRASH!
One word: plastics.
They are polluting our oceans, and are beginning to outnumber the other fish, most notably, plankton.
There is now six times more plastic than plankton in our oceans. Guess what whales also eat a ton of, yes you guessed it plankton. Guess what they're eating now? Yup, PLASTIC.
Eating plastic plus loads of cyanobacteria would mess up anyone.
This mystery of the sea should serve as a warning:
According to the Blue Marine Foundation, overfishing, exploitation and unsustainble practices have resulted in the depletion of 90% of large fishpopulations. People everywhere depend upon the ocean. Fish and seafood are the main sources of food for nearly a billion people. When it is overrun by toxic microorganisms and plastic not only does sealife suffer, but we will suffer. There are many ways to make a difference, but you have to know who to go to. You can start off by holding corporations responsible, creating an economy for sustainable packaging and collect plastic move effectively. (more tips here.)
As global citizens, we can take action and hold fishing corporations accountable. Supporting the Blue Marine Foundation,for one, means helping conserve the world's oceans and calling upon companies and corporations to practice sustainable forms of fishing.


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In recent years, the food and catering industries integrated ever more technological solutions into their daily activities.
You certainly read about the use of drones in deliveries and you have already seen or even used applications for booking and check-out.
In some cases, however, we are far beyond the most bizarre ideas of science fiction. There is a restaurant in Shanghai completely entrusted to the management of robots: a combination of conveyor belts, robotic arms and automatic trolleys. There are no human waiters, and a software system guides the robots using QR codes sent by the customer.
There is also a vending machine that cooks instant pizza kneading it with fresh ingredients and cooking it, day and night. There are even vending machines that cook cakes, simply by inserting coins.
For the handling of food products it is therefore necessary to use gripping hands for the speed of new robots and the needs of the market. Resistant and flexible vacuum cups, suitable for many applications.
Bernoulli vacuum cups are ideal for handling and gripping porous and irregular products in the food industry: biscuits, crackers, pizza or piadine, semi-finished products and much more.
Bernoulli vacuum cups allow picking and lifting, without any contact and at an incredible speed. They are made of anodised aluminum, with a central stainless steel contrast disk and they are generally useful when dealing with very delicate or fragile materials.
To find out more: www.vuototecnica.net


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- Home
- Our CSA
- Our Farm
- News & Events
- Contact Us
- d9904cf7.html
Corn Salad
It might be the first time you have come across Corn Salad or Lamb's Lettuce. Corn salad (Valerianella locusta) is a hardy low growing annual plant from the Caprifoliaceae family. It is also known as Lamb's Lettuce, mâche, fetticus, field salad and rapunzel. It grows wild in many areas of the world including the British Isles and Europe.
Corn salas is considered very beneficial to your health and it contains a range of vitamins and minerals.
The whole plant is edible and is halfway between lettuce and spinach in taste and texture. Its leaves can be used raw in salads or cooked as you would spinach. The melt-in-the-mouth leaves are excellent in salads and can be used as a straight substitute for lettuce or spinach. Leaves are mild and have a slight nutty flavour. Some say the plants become bitter when they flower but we don't find this the case and eat the flowers alongside the leaves.
Storage: Corn Salad should be wrapped in a damp paper towel, placed in a plastic bag and stored in the refrigerator crisper. It can be kept in the refrigerator for several days, and keeps its texture and taste for that time.
General Use: Before eating or cooking, wash the crop thoroughly under cool running water to remove any sand or dirt that may remain in the leaves. The whole crop is edible.
Salad Ideas:
- with toasted pecans, crumbled goat cheese and sherry vinaigrette, an elegant and delicious salad
- with celeriac, apples and toasted nuts in a white vinegar, mustard and shallot dressing.
- raw in your sandwich with your favourite sandwich fillers.


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Kennis Music and Effyzzie Music lead acts, Joel El and Yemi Alade resp. team up for this celebration tune tagged "Celebrate".
It's time to Celebrate as Joel Amadi brings life back to music with an electrifying sound featuring Yemi Alade titled Celebrate, Produced by Hak Samadhi (Sunland Music), with Acoustic guitar by Fiokee.
Enjoy the new record below, like, share and hit the comment section with your views.


text: To celebrate this scooter-mad young man achieving double figures on his birthday, he was due to enjoy his first visit to a skate park. To mark the occasion, his mum wanted a simple Victoria sponge that I then transformed in to a mini skate park, complete with a 'half-pipe', rails and grass. The smooth asphalt-coloured icing is set off nicely by the green of the park and each blade of grass is clearly visible. A model version of the birthday boy and his scooter are faithful recreations of the real ones, much to Macaulay's delight! The cake is personalised with some funky, graffiti style lettering of his name and age. This design perfectly suited the event and was a very individual and tasty way to finish off his special day.


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Yesterday, Diablo Canyon Nuclear Generating Station shut down after a leak was detected.
"At 2158 PDT, plant personnel identified a through-wall leak in a Diablo Canyon Power Plant Unit 1 socket weld inside containment that provides a flow path to a relief valve that protects a common portion of both trains of the Residual heat Removal (RHR) system. The as-found condition did not comply with the requirements of equipment control guideline 7.6 and the ASME acceptance criteria. PG&E accordingly declared both Unit 1 trains of RHR inoperable and initiated plant shutdown at 2237 PDT in accordance with requirements of Technical Specification 3.0.3.
"PG&E will complete shutdown to Mode 4 and will perform repairs to restore compliance with ASME code requirements."
The licensee notified the NRC Resident Inspector.
The Residual Heat Removal (RHR) system is a safety-related system relied on to remove decay heat from the reactor core during normal shutdown operations and in the event of an accident. Because the RHR system is safety-related, technical specifications are applied to the system to specify the limiting conditions the systems must meet in order for the plant to legally keep the air conditioning running in our homes. (I refer to this state of powering our homes as being "at power." Is it hot in here?)
The RHR system can be inspected, tested, and worked on while the plant is at power because the RHR does not need to operate in order to make power. Per the plant's Technical Specifications, in order for the plant to produce power to charge my greedy cell phone at least one "train" of RHR must be operable – meaning the RHR must still be able to perform it's safety functions even if part if the system is not working or is taken down for maintenance. Because the part of the RHR that leaked was part of the system that is shared between "trains," and the leaking crack meant that the system couldn't meet its design code standards, the minimum conditions the plant had to meet to keep our lights on were not met and the plant operators began an orderly shutdown of the plant.
Many people don't realize – or in the case of nuclear DIS-informers, won't admit – that a nuclear plant is a very clean place. If you visit a nuclear plant, you'll notice a lot of freaking noise, and shiny, clean, dry floors, clean equipment and bright lights. We don't keep up the cleanliness to impress visitors. A clean plant is also a plant where it is easier to detect when something mechanical has failed.
Think of a used car. If you look under the hood, and there's lots of crud and black stuff everywhere, does it make you feel all warm and fuzzy about the next 100k miles? I think not! If your car is filthy under the hood, you are much less likely to notice if something is starting to fail. (It's pretty hard to notice miniscule ethylene glycol deposits on a leaky, black engine block.) The same logic applies to a nuclear plant. In a clean plant, little deposits of born crystal are easier to spot.
The leak was discovered during routine maintenance. Diablo Canyon plant personnel discovered boron deposits on the outside of the RHR piping (where it should never be) and knew it was not supposed to be there thanks, in part, to their plant cleanliness programs. Undoubtedly, a timeout was called to investigate why such cruddy deposits would be there. This is absolutely the right thing to do. Diablo Canyon personnel performed well by keeping the safety performance of their plant in the highest priority; and demonstrating the robust nuclear safety culture of their organization.
Politicians like Barbara Boxer (who was instrumental in delaying restart and ultimately shutting down San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station) may try to turn events like this into examples of nuclear plant failures. But in doing so, she does her constituents and all of us a disservice. Events such as the event at Diablo Canyon yesterday demonstrate how serious safety is to PG&E, to Diablo Canyon staff and to the nuclear industry.
Diablo Canyon personnel shut the plant down. Now they'll repair the leak, study it's root cause (how the leak happened), bring the plant back online (Turn the ac on, it's hot in here!) and share their findings with the rest of the nuclear industry so that we can learn from it and prevent it happening again.
Keep up the good work guys.


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Great deeds continue to be the characteristic seal of the aerospace and defence industry, a pioneer in airline and space travel.
The same spirit shapes modern challenges, which include ensuring the operation of the project and attracting new generations of experts, seeking out new markets and dealing with new competitors. The key of innovation lies in assuming these challenges in a scalable, sustainable and profitable manner.
Dassault Systèmes has its origins in the aerospace and defence industry and has been the precursor to numerous innovations that have transformed the work of engineers, designers and experts. Our role consists of providing these professionals with the technology required to define, communicate, collaborate and predict the production of designs in order to optimise them even before they build them. By focussing on performance, the industry has been able to face the challenges of the past.
To face the challenges of the future, a different focus – one based on interaction between professionals – is required. The 3DEXPERIENCE solutions of Dassault Systèmes designed exclusively for the aerospace and defence industry eliminate the barriers that have traditionally existed between teams, departments, partners, suppliers, clients and society, facilitating collaboration to create better and truly innovative products.


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Osgathorpe, Lynne M, Park, Kirsty, Goulson, Dave, Acs, Szvetlana and Hanley, Nick (2011) The trade-off between agriculture and biodiversity in marginal areas: can crofting and bumblebee conservation be reconciled? Ecological Economics, 70 (6). pp. 1162-1169. ISSN 0921-8009Full text not available from this repository.
Crofting is a low intensity agricultural system restricted to the Highlands and Islands of northern Scotland typified by small scale mixed livestock production and rotational cropping activities. As with other low intensity farming systems across Europe, crofting is changing in response to a range of socio-economic factors. This is having a negative impact on the populations of rare bumblebees that are associated with this agricultural system. In this paper we use an ecological-economic modelling approach to examine the likely impacts of introducing two different management options for conserving bumblebees on croft land-use and income. Two linear programming models were constructed to represent the predominant crofting systems found in the Outer Hebrides, and varying constraints on bumblebee abundance were imposed to examine the trade-off between conservation and agricultural incomes. The model outputs illustrate that in some instances it is likely that both agricultural profits and bumblebee densities can be enhanced. We conclude that policy-makers should take into consideration the type of farming system when designing cost-effective agri-environment policies for low intensity farming systems, and that improvements in bee conservation are not necessarily in conflict with maintaining farm income. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
|Item Type:
|Schools and Departments:
|School of Life Sciences > Evolution, Behaviour and Environment
|Depositing User:
|Catrina Hey
|Date Deposited:
|24 Nov 2014 09:35
|Last Modified:
|24 Nov 2014 09:35


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Over the weekend, we moved the chicks into a bigger brooder box. Dan put together a box using leftover siding from the coop. They love it! It gives them much more room and they are much more active. Some of them have taken to flying as well.
We have to figure out a little roosting set up. As you can see Ebony, our black Australorp, enjoys hanging out on the EcoGlow.
I've been working with them daily on being handled and being people friendly. So far, so good! We also had them out in the yard last week for some outside time and they had a ball. The dog did well with watching them as well.
And this weekend, Kole and I went out and dug some earth worms for them. I really don't think there is anything more entertaining than watching chicks quarrel over a worm :-)


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What is web hosting?
Web hosting is a requirement for any website — it's the location of your website on the Internet, an internet storage center which houses the data, pictures, video, and content that contains your site. Web hosting service providers assert the server where the data resides, and manage the technology which makes your site connected to the web.
Website hosting is usually measured in the total amount of disk space you're allotted on the server and the amount of information transfer or"bandwidth" you need for accessing the host. For instance, in case you've got a good deal of customer interaction at your site, the server will be accessed by you frequently, and you're going to need more Web hosting transfer distance than someone who puts text. The more"items" or"articles" you have on your site (i.e., photos, maps, PDF files, etc.), the more disk space you will want for hosting.
Many Web hosting services include FrontPage® extensions, which permit you to create your website from FrontPage®, and File Transfer Protocol (FTP), which allows you to easily upload files from your computer to the Internet hosting service.
How does web hosting work?
Web hosts are companies that rent out their technologies and services to host sites online. When the hosting company hosts your site, users may get it by typing into your web address (domain name) in their browser. When they do so, their personal computer connects to the host your site is hosted on. The server subsequently functions (sends the documents you've stored on the storage to show ) the site to your visitor within their internet browser.


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From Uncommon Descent. I think Rhodes mistakenly left this out.
"If creation science– with all its muddled inconsistencies– is imposed today, what will be required tomorrow? A pre-Copernican universe? Spontaneous generation? Darwinian evolution? Who knows? These once established the limits of human speculation and were required by those who controlled the curriculum.
7 Responses to "The Former President of Cornell"
I note the mention of spontaneous generation with amusement. This is a reference to the fact that at one time it was thought that ripe bananas could spontaneously generate fruit flies or that food scraps could spontaneously generate rats.
The irony is that contemporary Darwinists would have us believe in spontaneous generation. The story goes like this:
"Once upon a time, inanimate matter spontaneously generated life. However, this happened a long time ago and things have changed since then, so spontaneous generation no longer works."
If anyone is interested, I will write a short essay about how I believe the anti-ID crowd is exhibiting the characteristics of religious fanaticism. It is fascinating to observe how the roles have reversed.
Welcome brother Gil, I am so glad to see you here. Darwinian science is an oxymoron. Please feel free to start any subject matter that you want.
Just go to "Site Admin" at the bottom of the sidebar to "Write" a new topic posting. I would be interested in your comparison.
Spontaneous generation or abiogenesis was first disproved by Redi, next by Spallanzani and finally by Pasteur. Nevertheless it remains the sine qua non of the Darwnian chance-based mythology. They are even willing to tell us that life was created only once, although there is absolutely no reason to believe that and several reasons not to.
Consider the conclusions of Leo Berg, in my opinion the greatest student of evolution that ever lived. Comparing the mono or oligo-phyletic Darwinian view with his own:
"Organisms have developed form tens of thousands of primary forms, i.e, polyphyletically."
Nomogenesis, page 406
Who among us can prove he was wrong? I say speak up.
The simple truth is that no one knows when, how many times, where or how life was created. All that is now known for certain is that chance played no role in that event or, of course, those events. A little humility might be appropriate but will it ever be? Apparently not.
"Nothing is so firmly believed as what we least know."
A little humility might be appropriate but will it ever be? Apparently not.
"Nothing is so firmly believed as what we least know."
Now those are words of wisdom if I ever saw one. Thanks John
You are very welcome.
As for my feelings toward the cowardly Darwinians, I paraphrase Elizabeth Barrett Browning:
"How do I loathe thee? Let me count the ways."
"I shall loathe thee better after death."
A delayed reply…
Yes, I'm aware of the new Disney Narnia production and am looking forward to it with great anticipation. As Teleologist knows, C.S. Lewis (and The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe in particular) were instrumental in freeing me from the darkness of 43 years of atheism. It is wonderful that Lewis is still laying up treasures in heaven, half a century after his passing.
I'll write my little essay this weekend and post it here.
Sorry, the comment form is closed at this time.


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30 Oct Lauren + Gavin | 09.19.15 | Aulani, A Disney Resort & Spa | Ko'olau Ballrooms
Lauren + Gavin's Disney inspired wedding was the perfect reflection of their personalities. They both love Disneyland, Lauren is a huge Kate Spade fan, and Gavin plays basketball. These two met while they were in college, and have grown more and more in love ever since. Lauren and Gavin also incorporated several fun elements into their wedding including bubble guns at their ceremony, games for their guests, and a "basketball" garter toss! We had a blast with these two over the last year, and wish them both all the happiness in the world!
Wedding Coordinator: Easley Designs
Pre-Wedding Venue: Aulani, A Disney Resort & Spa
Ceremony Venue: Ko'olau Ballrooms
Reception Venue: Ko'olau Ballrooms
Hair & Make-up Artist: Beverly Kaneshige
Videographer: Envol Cinema
Officiant: John Moran
Floral Design: Easley Designs
Wedding Cake: A Baked Romance
Groom's Cake: Mad Cakez
Favors: Kahala Cakery
Linen & Chair Covers: Chair Covers Express
Emcee: Dynamic Sounds
Musician: Amanda Frazier
DJ: Sounds Unlimited Hawaii
Photo Booth: Party Pix
Lion Dance: Gee Yung Lion Dance Association
Transportation: Platinum Limousine


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Rahul Gandhi condoles deaths in Rae Bareli NTPC boiler blast
Related Articles
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New Delhi, Nov 1 (IANS) Congress Vice President Rahul Gandhi on Wednesday expressed sadness at the boiler blast in the NTPC unit in Rae Bareli, the Lok Sabha constituency of his mother and party President Sonia Gandhi, and condoled the deaths. He also urged the administration to help the injured.
"I am saddened by the incident at the Rae Bareli's NTPC plant. My heartfelt condolences with the family of the dead. I request the administration to help the injured immediately," Rahul Gandhi said in a tweet.
At least eight persons were killed and more than 40 injured in an explosion at a boiler unit of the National Thermal Power Corporation in Uttar Pradesh's Rae Bareli district on Wednesday evening.


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General Info
Hello! I am a current Emory Law student looking for some babysitting opportunities this summer on weekends or weekday evenings. (Starting in May.) I am the oldest of four children, so I grew up looking after my three younger brothers. I also have a lot of experience babysitting, nannying, and tutoring children from ages 3-12. After graduating from the University of Texas and before coming to law school, I took a gap year. I spent that spent that year working as an Au Pair (live-in nanny) in Paris, France. I looked after three children, ages 3, 7, and 9. I also taught them English, as they did not speak any English when I arrived. It was a wonderful experience!
arts and crafts, baking and cooking, sports, board games, creative games, playing outdoors, help with homework
artistic experience, proficient French, experience tutoring elementary/middle schoolers, experience with children with disabilities
Date Nights Weekends
Emory University School of Law
Alpha Phi
Certifications & Willing To Do
Cooking House Sitting Organizing Overnight Sitting Pet Sitting Tutoring


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I saw hummingbirds, lots of hummingbirds, but not one possible photo op. And I know that each time I got distracted and watched a different bird the hummers probably arrived in droves, sat still, and made faces at me behind my back. The second I turned around they were gone.
Sometimes I'm not sure what I've seen. It's only after I get the images into the computer and study the birds on the monitor that the ID changes from "A something" to a specific. I knew I saw a warbler, but didn't know it was the female chestnut-sided warbler till it was on the monitor. This was a first for me. I knew the redstart female, saw lots of them, but never before resting on a branch and preening, so pretty. The other creatures were simply beautiful things to see, but I really wanted hummingbird pictures. No luck. Sulk. And time now is short. I'm on assignment most of this coming week and can't be searching for hummers. Sometimes work is a real conflict.
As for turtles, three's cozy. Four's a mob.


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Washakie Renewable Energy to pay $25.3M to Lifetree in legal battle
In New York, a federal court jury recommended that Utah-based Washakie Renewable Energy pay over $25.3 million to Lifetree Trading PTE for breaching a $90 million deal agreement with Lifetree. The lawsuit began in 2014 after Washakie officials signed a contract with Lifetree to import 90,000 metric tons of Argentine soy methyl ester for biofuel, but when the first shipment arrived, Washakie refused to accept it and Lifetree lost millions, according to court documents.
According to the Salt Lake Tribune, Washakie Renewable Energy associates admitted they lied when saying they had Turkish holdings and made other deals with similar verbal conditions. The jury then no longer had to decide if they breached their contract, but now just had to decide if Lifetree suffered damages.
Category: Producer News


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Search News
IDB announces winner of the 2019 Superheroes of Development Award
September 16, 2019
The winning IDB-financed project developed a new solution to monitor public infrastructure works and to empower citizens to evaluate the use of public resources in Honduras. WASHINGTON D.C., September 12, 2019. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) announced the winner of the Superheroes of Development contest, an award given to executing agencies that have successfully implemented innovative solutions in projects financed by the IDB.
IDB launches Superheroes of Development contest to recognize executing agencies
March 04, 2019
In its second edition, the call for proposals will be open from March 4th to May 17th, 2019. The Superheroes of Development Award will recognize executing agencies of IDB-financed projects that have successfully addressed challenges during its implementation. The contest will identify eight finalists from across Latin America and the Caribbean who will travel to IDB's Headquarters in Washington, D.C. to present their solutions.
Sustainable growth, infrastructure focus of IDB Annual Meeting in Chengdu, China
February 19, 2019
The media accreditation form is available for journalists
Inter-American Development Bank Group to hold Annual Meeting in Chengdu, China
December 20, 2018
Online media registration is available for March 26-31 gathering of Latin American and Caribbean leaders Spotlight on small and mid-sized firms, green financing, sustainable infrastructure investing The Inter-American Development Bank Group will hold its Annual Meeting in Chengdu, China, on March 26-31.
Government spending waste costs Latin America and Caribbean 4.4% of GDP: IDB study
September 24, 2018
Inefficiencies and fraud in procurement, civil service and targeted transfers could be as large as $220 billion a year Report includes policy recommendations to improve spending in healthcare, education, infrastructure and public safety
Panama to improve its territorial connectivity with IDB support
July 19, 2018
US$87 million loan will strengthen the country's transportation network at regional level Panama will strengthen its road transport network, boost productivity in the country's central and western regions, and increase access of the Ngäbe-Buglé indigenous rural communities to basic services with a US$87 million loan from the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).
Caribbean leaders launch plan to make region a "climate-smart zone," with IDB support
December 11, 2017
Paris — The Inter-American Development Bank Group (IDB Group) announced its support for the newly formed Caribbean Climate-Smart Coalition, a public-private initiative aimed at funding an $8 billion investment plan to transform the region into the world's first "climate-smart" zone and benefit an estimated 3.2 million households in the region.
Brazil's Santa Catarina State will improve productivity and reliability of electricity supply with IDB support
November 23, 2017
The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) has approved a multiple-works investment loan in the amount of US$276.05 million to Centrais Elétricas de Santa Catarina–Distribuição S.A. (CELESC-D), the electric power distribution utility serving Brazil's state of Santa Catarina. The program's overall objective is to help boost productivity throughout the state of Santa Catarina by providing a higher quality and more reliable supply of electric power.
Argentina and Chile get $280 million in IDB loans for first stage of the Agua Negra international tunnel
October 18, 2017
A $130 million loan for Argentina and a $150 million loan for Chile, expandable to a total $1.5 billion, will help both countries begin construction of new cross-border tunnel The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) has approved two loans totaling $280 million –$130 million for Argentina and $150 million for Chile– to help start the construction of the Agua Negra tunnel connecting the two neighboring nations.
IIC finances Aela Energía wind projects in Chile
August 14, 2017
The Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC), the private sector arm of the Inter-American Development Bank Group, closed a $135 million project finance loan to Aela Energía for the construction, operation and maintenance of three wind projects located in the Atacama, Los Lagos and Bio-Bio regions of Chile.


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In my work as the leader of the Linux initiative at my lovely university I've started to look at other "interesting" distributions. Its always good to keep folks on their toes and to make sure that I'm not missing an important bit of technology I should know about or be using.
I've been reading about SuSE's AutoYast. Somebody's definitly on the XML crack. Look at this mess.
Does that not make your eyes bleed?


text: Organic Discipleship Our goal is to meet people where they're at in their spiritual journey and help them discover Jesus, grow closer to Him and follow Him, and to understand the Bible and how to apply it practically in their life. To state it shortly, we want to help people grow in their faith. Our desire is to invest in peoples' lives in the natural rhythms of everyday life. That's why we call it organic discipleship. That doesn't mean it doesn't have structure – a body is structured but still very dynamic and alive. Much of what we do could be described as mentoring with a spiritual focus, or coaching in faith. The content and process is customized to each individual. The growth process should be practical, interactive and authentic and a mixture of spontaneous and structured. Discipleship & OutreachCampus MinistryCounseling In Salzburg, Austria, Danny and Rebecca are regularly sharing the Gospel & discipling others, including refugees, as they live life on mission. Contact Danny for more info. … and men's discipleship – going on in Ohio at Cedarville University. Contact Grant to know more. Insa offers small groups using the materials of SaveOne and Mending the Soul as well as individual counseling. Contact Insa if you have questions or would like more information.


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With reference to an article about a dangerous bus stop in High Street/Harbour View Road...
If drivers who approach the bend slow down and don't go on the opposite side of the road they would see a bus, it is big enough.
Also, stop Cab 64 taxis parking along there as their base is in Glebe Street.
The bus is a great thing for people who have not got cars.
Especially going to the hospital.
No one is complaining about people driving fast after the pubs close or going too fast down Queens Road and lorries getting stuck because it is too narrow
The bus is okay where it parks. Drivers should slow down and take care in light of what is ahead of them.
If it is permitted, put a bus sign on the road. It won't stop drivers parking there but at least the bus driver has a chance to park there.
M Jones,
Queens Road,


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Just So You Know
1) Log-in using (drop down menu for those registered with those services)
2) Nickname and URL - allows you to choose any name and/or link your site to it
3) Anonymous (you can use it but I still have the right to decide if it gets published publicly or not - GOOD FOR ME - YAY!!)
So there ya go. Send me $49.99 if you use these instructions in your own BlogSpot. Cash, cashier's check, money order and Western Union accepted 24/7. :D
Sunday, May 9, 2010
Saturday, May 8, 2010
Gumball 3000 Rally 2010 - Times Square, New York
Here's some pics. Still trying to find a couple more but the event was DOPE!!
Here's the Official site so that you can read more on what the event is about.
Sunday, May 2, 2010
'Mr Scott McKnight' Brings It 'Just Wright' To The DMV
Actually he brought posters and a very warm persona along with his support team. No security, no huff nor puff nor fluff. Just a 'Calm Common Collected' (an actual CD title) guy dressed in jeans, sneakers and a t-shirt that read 'Great Scott'. Arriving a lil off the scheduled time of 3pm, 'Mr Scott McKnight' came right in and sat right down for the 2+ hours Meet n Greet session. He was cordial and polite to each and every person as they stepped up for their time with him. Pleasantly smiling and being very grateful for the support, he managed to get thru the session despite the warmth in the mall and Lane Bryant in Pentagon City, Virginia.
I was grateful that I was able to show him (via my cell phone) the one CD I had on me which he really liked. Prior to his arrival, I had tweeted to 'him' that it was warm in the mall prior to his arrival. While I was still talking to him about this, he pointed to Sean, his assistant?? and told him I was the one who sent the tweet about it being warm. See, Twitter can be very effective. I could not get the nerve to ask for a pic with him as I was just glad he took the time to come to the DMV. It's not been my normal self to ask more of a person once they're already giving you something you know. I took as many pics as I could from inside and outside the store. I also managed to speak to other supporters which made this a really neat experience.
I started feeling a lil ill so I trekked on over to my favorite pretzel spot (Auntie Annie's), chowed it down and was going to leave afterwords. A tweet came in that made me return and show 'Scott' what was said. Staying around a lil longer proved beneficial as I received a film T-Shirt, a HUGE poster and was named 'biggest Twitter fan' by Sean. Man, that was icing on the cake so much that I am still stoked.
Now, can you believe after reading all of this that I JUST picked up Common's CDs last week?? Can you believe I had not heard one song by him prior to them? Can you believe I had not done any more than seen him in the films he's been in? Can you believe I so slept on him? Neither can I but my Moms always said "it's never too late to learn". Common loves supporters who come on board today as much as those who've been there since the umbilical cord was cut. Not literally YOU. It means since his first release to allow us to even know who he or 'Mr Scott McKnight' is.
Thank you Common for giving up pieces of your life to do what you do and love most besides being a father/son/family man/man of GOD. And definitely thank you for allowing that which you love to have brought 'Mr Scott McKnight' to the DMV.
Here's a link to more of my photos. Do ENJOY!!
PS - as I said on Twitter - $2 parking. $3 Aunt Annie's Pretzel. $5 returnable footies from Macy's. Meet n Greet with Common AKA 'Mr Scott McKnight' = PRICELESS!!
Actor/Recording Artist Common in the DMV
Thanks to a tip from "Mr Scott McKnight" (AKA Common's character via the new film featuring Queen Latifah, Paula Patton and many others including NBA players 'Just Wright'), I will be trekking it to Pentagon City later today. I hope I can get some good shots in as I'm taking the cell with it's newly updated camera features.
Off to rest...


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The great thing about you is that you yourself are the expert about your own life. But at the same time, how do you tap into that expertise, as your mind is so strong it will easily make you lose track.
No matter what your goal is or what your dreams are, as your Coach I will support and guide you through your process, free of any judgement. I strongly believe in solution focussed coaching. By talking about solutions, we will find them. We don't change the things that are good. When we discover the things that work well, you try to do them more often and we find out if you can use them in other areas. And of course, if something doesn't work, we make sure you change them.
Coaching will always take place keeping in mind the following four core values designed by the International Coach Federation:
When we start working together we will make a clear agreement about structure, fees and your goals. As you will develop your goals might also. That can be a fluid process, but of course I will make sure to keep you on track. Without trust there is no relationship and coaching cannot take place. You will have my full attention and I will listen actively to what you say. Be ready for powerful questioning & direct communication without ever being offensive.
The actual result of coaching takes place when you go home. By creating awareness, designing the right actions and do a realistic planning and goal setting we can manage the progress and accountability.


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Special Correspondent
NEW DELHI: Leading construction and infrastructure company Kamdhenu Ispat has earmarked nearly Rs. 100 crore for its massive expansion and diversification plans which include increasing the number of franchise units. The company also launched two new products, including packaged drinking water, 'Kamdhenu Fresh', and eco-friendly paints, 'Kamolite Premium', as part of this process. Speaking at the foundation day ceremony of the company here on Monday, Satish Kumar Agarwal, Managing Director, said the company had planned diversification through franchisee network, retail marketing network and by adding more products related to the construction segment.
Mr. Agarwal said the packaged water bottle and enamel base will be available in the market from next month.


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