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Kion: "Makuu, these Flood Plains aren't yours!"
Nala: "You're welcome to use them, as are all the animals of the Pride Lands."
Kion: "And if you're not willing to share, then it's time to leave."
- Never Roar Again
The Flood Plains is a location in the Pride Lands.
The Flood Plains contain several small patches of land surrounded by a vast water supply. There are several areas where vegetation is stunted thanks to the Hippo Lanes, whilst others have large bodies of grass reaching out. Much of the area is covered in dry cracked ground, with rocks of varying shapes and sizes scattered around. Some trees also overlook certain parts of the Flood Plains.
The Search for Utamu
When Female Duck warn Fuli about the Oryxes fighting each are to close their nests they past the Flood Plains.
Never Roar Again
When Kion decides not to use his Roar of the Elders again, Makuu overhears. He and his float then proceed to drive out every animal in the Flood Plains, settling in and declaring the land as their own.Fuli hears what has happened as a mongoose scatters away, and runs back to The Lair of the Lion Guard to retrieve the rest of the Lion Guard. With Ono leaving to find Kion, she, Bunga and Beshte enter the Flood Plains to take on Makuu's Float. Whilst Fuli deals with Makuu, Bunga and Beshte tackle the rest of the crocodiles. Although Fuli is able to avoid getting injured by Makuu, he ultimately gains the upperhand in the battle and forces her into the water. When she joins Beshte and Bunga in the center, they find that they are surrounded by crocodiles.
Kion arrives with his mother, Nala, and they inform the crocodiles that they are welcome to share the Flood Plains with the other animals, but they cannot claim the entire Flood Plains for themselves. Makuu gets his crocs to drop Nala into the water and taunts Kion, who is hesitant to use his Roar in anger. With encouragement from his mother, Kion finds the confidence to use the Roar again without anger, this time in a unique way that pushes each of the crocodiles away from his mother, one by one. After he gets down to Makuu, he asserts his order, using the Roar of the Elders to blast him away.Nala is proud of her son, and his team is impressed with his new skill. Ono settles nearby, revealing that his crest feathers are already growing back. A member of his flock call over, and reveal that they have removed their crest and tail feathers. Beshte comments that Ono has started a trend, which surprises Ono.
Beshte and the Hippo LanesFollowing a rainstorm, Basi and Beshte start to create some Hippo Lanes for the animals of the Pride Lands. Basi explains to his son that they must be "straight and true", so that everyone can get to the other side quickly. They are interrupted by a cry for help, and discover Young Rhino trapped in the reeds. Makuu and Male Crocodile appear, but are warned away by the two hippopotamuses. They help Young Rhino break free, but not before he accidentally slashes Basi with his horn. Although Basi tries to continue his work, he fails. He has no option but to pass the responsibility onto his son and, with a bit of persuasion, he agrees.
While Basi rests, Beshte continues creating Hippo Lanes. However, he becomes distracted while offering rides across to Laini, Young Aardvark, Female Wagtail, Chura, Female Hare and others. After singing Makin' Hippo Lanes and getting the animals to their destinations, his paths end up twisted. When Ono finds him, he shows him the Hippo Lanes he has created, which disappoints Beshte. Despite Ono's attempts to cheer him up, Beshte decides to speak with his father about the situation.As another storm hits, Beshte returns and apologises for letting his father down, but Basi assures him that he was the one letting him down. The pair agree to help each other make a new Hippo Lane, with Beshte supporting his still wounded father.
Meanwhile, Kion and Ono venture into the Flood Plains to locate Boboka and her son, who entered the Flood Plains under the belief that the Hippo Lanes were straight and true. Kion manages to save her son first, before eventually managing to find and save his mother shortly after. Beshte soon finishes the new lane, but re-enters when he notices his father's absence. Kion then guides Boboka out after Beshte has gone and reunites her with her son, before watching them all cross Beshte's new Hippo Lane safely.
Halfway across, Basi wishes to rest, and urges Beshte to continue. He does so, but Makuu and his float return with the intention of taking out Basi. Before they can, Beshte returns and defends his father. He then guides his father around with a new lane. Makuu's float follow him, but end up falling for his trick, getting trampled by Bupu's Herd when they cross as a result. Beshte then orders Makuu to use the lanes and get out, and the crocodiles do as they are told.Later, when the the storm has cleared, the animals are seen using the new Hippo Lane to cross the Flood Plains. Bunga comments how everyone loves the new Hippo Lane, and Beshte is complimented by Ono for his work. Basi adds that he never had any doubt.
Ono the Tickbird
When the guard is looking for Mwenzi. Beshte pulls a trick on him and says that he's a rhino. Mwenzi finds out that he isn't and Bunga catches him before he can fly off.
The Morning Report
During the song "I Do Have a Great Deal to Say" Simba is shown walking past the Flood Plains greeting Pride Landers.
The Wisdom of Kongwe
During the song "The Faster I Go" Fuli races arcoss the Flood Plains.
Battle for the Pride Lands
Flood Plains can be seen on a cave painting in the Lair of the Lion Guard.
- Basi
- Beshte
- Chura
- Female Hare
- Female Wagtail
- Kwato
- Laini
- Male Mongoose
- Makuu
- Thurston
- Thurston's Herd
- Young Aardvark
- Kion
- Bunga
- Fuli
- Ono
- Nala
- Makuu's Float
- Male Crocodile
- Young Rhino
- Hamu
- Bupu
- Boboka
- Boboka's Son
- Young Rhino's Mother
- Sable Antelope 1
- Bupu's Herd
- Mwenzi
- Simba


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Clinical Assistant Professor of Architecture Greg Delaney and his students were presented with the inaugural Studio Prize for Excellence in studio curricula by Architect magazine in April 2017. The studio, entitled 'Good Grids', drew inspiration from a 1913 Chicago City Club competition focused on re-energizing an urban grid in turn-of the century America.
Assistant Professor Julia Jamrozik presented the paper 'Bringing play into the architecture curriculum' at the 2017 US Play Coalition Conference at Clemson University. Professor Jamrozik was also invited to present the paper at the 43rd. Annual Conference of the Association for the Study of Play (TASP) at the Strong Museum in Rochester, NY in Spring, 2017.
Adjunct Professor Virginia Melnyk was awarded a 2017 Woodstock Byrdcliffe Guild Summer Artist in Residency.
Assistant Professor Jin Young Song's proposal Metabolic Evolution was awarded first prize on the One Idea Competition for the Self-Evolving City of the Future. The competition was sponsored by the Seoul Museum of Art. http://selfevolving.org/?c=45/46, http://dioinno.com/Connected-Living-Metabolic -Evolution-through-Prefabrication-and.
Assistant Professor Jin Young Song was awarded a 2017 Techne Faculty Fellowship by UB's Techne Institute for Arts and Emerging Technologies.

subset: commoncrawl


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On July 3, the Senate Intelligence Committee issued a report saying it has found "further details" to support the intelligence agencies' conclusion that Moscow did interfere into the 2016 election. According to it, Russia's efforts were greater than reported previously. As Democratic Senator Mark Warner, the Vice-Chair of Intelligence Committee, put it "The Russian effort was extensive, sophisticated, and ordered by President Putin himself for the purpose of helping Donald Trump and hurting Hillary Clinton." The report does not say that the president or his aides were personally involved in any kind of collusion but it concludes that the interference into election was ordered by the Russian president and this fact is beyond doubt. The main source of information is open sources, not hard evidence. The investigation will continue.
The House Intelligence Committee, which is also dominated by Republicans, concluded in April that Russia ran an information warfare campaign to influence the election results but it did not say President Putin was personally involved or that the effort's goal was to support Donald Trump. Unlike the Senate Committee's report, it said there were flaws in intelligence agencies' work, which is praised by the Senate's paper.
The independent inquiry conducted by Special Counsel Robert Mueller still continues without any sensation to produce.
Actually, the Senate panel's report says nothing new compared to intelligence report putting the blame on Russia. It offers no details to prove that Moscow is an evildoer. It goes into the same old song and dance about its hacking, spying and propaganda to sway election results and a lot of other nefarious things allegedly done by Russia. This harping on the same string has never been backed by anything like serious evidence to consider. There is little difference between "information from open sources" and concoctions that should hardly be wasted time on.
It's the timing that matters. The Senate investigation had lasted for 16 months. The report accusing the Russian president personally saw light less than two weeks before the Trump-Putin summit in Helsinki. It was also the time a team of Republican congressmen were in Russia on the most significant congressional visit to come in about a decade. And they sounded a newly conciliatory tone. Sen. Richard C. Shelby (R-Ala.) told Russia's Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov that while Russia and the United States were competitors, "we don't necessarily need to be adversaries."
Evidently, the time of the report's publication was carefully chosen. This is an attempt to spoil the things before the top-level meeting. Any new Senate report hits headlines. It willy-nilly complicates the things for those who are involved in re-establishing contacts with Russia. They know that it's useless to discuss the "Russiagate" during the event. This is a topic to be set aside so that the negotiating teams could concentrate on the issues where they can get a real result. But the Senate committee's report cannot be ignored. It makes the negotiators raise the issue and devote more time to it than planned, whether they want it or not.
If the Trump-Putin summit fails, Democrats will use it to their advantage before the November midterm election. President Trump's position regarding "Russia's meddling in elections" irritates many in the intelligence community. After all, he refuses to share the opinion of CIA, FBI, NSA and Office of the Director of National Intelligence directors. Many top officials of the intelligence community would like to prove him wrong. The opposition to Trump's idea of taking Russia back to the G7 to make it the group of eight again is strong. Those who oppose the idea of Russia-US dialogue revival will grab the opportunity to say that any effort is futile once even Donald Trump, the president who tried to normalize the relationship against all odds, failed to cope with the task and his announced intention to hit it off with President Putin was nothing more but shortsightedness. If progress is achieved, Donald Trump will be accused of being soft and going too far while making concessions and getting nothing in return. That's when the Senate panel's report will come handy to tarnish the president's reputation before the midterm election.
There may be other steps taken before July 16 to create an atmosphere not conducive to achieving positive results. This is something to be expected. Despite that, the meeting can be a step forward to boost the president's ratings and increase the Republicans' chances to gain more seats in November. Americans want no wars and tensions. The best way to ease suspicions over alleged meddling into elections is discussing cyber security and confidence-building measures.


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Ten NSW-based filmmaker teams have been selected to attend an expert masterclass in conjunction with the Half Hour Drama development partnership between Create NSW and ABC. This partnership will see the launch on the development 30-minute drama series 'Heart and Humour'.
The masterclass will be headed by key creators and show-runners of both local and international productions, taking place in mid-2018. Up to four projects will then be selected to share $100,000 in funding from both Create NSW and ABC to aid the development of the selected half hour drama projects.
During this time, Create NSW, ABC TV and production company Jungle Entertainment have announced eight new projects chosen for development under the banner of Cli-Fi, a new genre focused on dealing with issues associated with both climate change and global warming.
The eight projects will cover a variety of themes including mysteries, dramas, thrillers and comedies, with leading NSW writers discovering new and inventive narratives in order to tell engaging climate based stories.
Acting Executive Director of Create NSW Grainne Brunsdon commented on the news, stating "The call for Half Hour Drama pitches received a phenomenal level of interest and it was extremely difficult in selecting our masterclass teams. However, combined with our strong and creative final Cli-Fi projects, we are very excited about the fantastic mix of diverse stories we are taking forward for further development.
Sally Riley, Head of Scripted (Drama, Comedy and Indigenous) at the ABC also commented "Distinctive Australian stories are core business for the ABC and these two partnerships with Create NSW present an exciting opportunity to unearth new talent and authentic voices. We are looking forward to working with the selected creators."
Chloe Rickard, Jungle COO added "Investigating the topic of climate science from a position of fictional drama has been an extremely revealing way to get people thinking laterally about such a critical issue. Jungle Entertainment are extremely excited by the breadth of talented writers and range or genres we've been able to unite under our Cli-Fi theme."
The list of Half Hour Drama Masterclass attendee projects/teams are as follows:
Amy is a liar
Writer: Monica Zanetti
Producer: Nicole Coventry
Director: Natalie van den Dungen
Writer/Director: Brooke Nora Goldfinch
Writer/Director: Corrie Chen
The Disappearance
Writer: Paula Abood
Writer: Randa Abdel-Fattah
Producer: Alissar Gazal
Double Identity
Writer: Charlotte McConaghy
Writer: Cyrus Bezyan
Producer: Kris Wyld
Producer: Antony Ginnane
Producer: Lucy Rennick
Producer: Joel Hagen
Director/Writer: David Burrowes
Writer: Stuart Page
Writer/Producer: Jane Allen
Director: Catriona McKenzie
Co-Creator/Co-Producer/Writer: Alice Bell
Co-Creator/Co-Producer: Imogen Banks
Writer: Romina Accurso
The S-word
Writer: Brooke Wilson
Writer: Hamilton Budd
You Fucking People
Writer: Rebekah Holt
Producer: Linda Micsko
Director: Jonathan Brough
The Cli-Fi projects are as follows:
Captain Barry – Space Explorer
Writers: Bjorn Stewart and Kodie Bedford
Anthology series (seven projects):
- Equilibrium
Writer: Matthew Dabner
- Exit the Dragon
Writer: Damien Power
- Lepers
Writer: Dr Anita Campbell
- Look for the Helpers
Writers: Anya Beyersdorf and Natasha Pincus
- Offset
Writer: Alana Valentine
- The Doomsday Machine or Haley's Choice
Writers: Bryan Cockerill and Robert Adams
- The World Without Us
Writers: Blake Ayshford and Mireille Juchau
For more information on the Half Hour development initiative, click here.


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Earn points toward FREE PIZZA with Piece of the Pie Rewards
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At Domino's near 20759, it's never been easier to get the fast and fresh pizza you want. Stop by the Domino's nearest you to place a carryout order, or order your pizza over the phone or online.
Get started by picking one of our homemade crusts, including a fluffy, garlic-seasoned hand-tossed crust, a pan crust featuring two whopping layers of cheese, a crunchy thin crust, or even a gluten-free pizza crust! And next, select your sauce and start loading up on pizza toppings. Pick as many or as few as you want! Whether you want to combine sausage, bacon, salami and green peppers, or stick to a blend of cheddar, mozzarella, feta, and asiago cheese, you can count on your nearby Domino's to deliver.
We've got slices to suit any taste. How do we know? Because there are more than 34 million ways to craft a single Domino's pizza. Build your own pizza from scratch or choose from one of our specialty pizzas, like the ever popular Ultimate Pepperoni, MeatZZa™, or Cali Chicken Bacon Ranch, and have it delivered hot and fresh to your doorstep, today!
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At your Domino's near 20759, we take pizza delivery pretty seriously. In fact, we're so serious about it that we'll make you a promise. We guarantee that your pizza will arrive toasty hot and fresh at your doorstep, straight from our oven! Want to know what's happening with your order like, right now? Use our expertly engineered Domino's TrackerⓇ to follow along as your order is prepped, baked, checked for quality, and sent out our door for delivery... and in the meantime, try not to drool on your phone or computer.
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Hello everyone,
so, about the leaked missions for December. Earlier, it was announced that between 24.12. and 15.1. or so, a "marathon" would take place on EU server. Okay, that's nice, I thought. But then, Evilly, WoT producer on RU server, announced that the Russians would have a different vehicle – something "that was available until now only on Chinese server". He also added that it's possible that the T-34-85M will be sold in the premium shop (on RU server, anyway).
Basically, looking at the Chinese server offers, Russian community came up only with 2 candidates: first, the WZ-111 heavy tank (first Chinese vehicle to be introduced in the game, really, REALLY old stuff). Or… M56 Scorpion, which is sold on Chinese server as we speak. Both are tier 8′s. At that point, I told Evilly that if we (Europeans) get a tier 6 and the Russians get tier 8, there will be butthurt on forums (well, I mean, there might be, but honestly, how many people can really complete the hardcore grind, right?). He replied that "everything's gonna be fine :)"
Well – that leads me to think, maybe the leaked version of missions contains placeholders, I mean – WG EU had to know they would get leaked, as they did months before. Maybe we will have a nice Christmas surprise and instead of… let's say good, but lackluster T-34 clone, we'll get a chance to win the WZ or the Scorpion :)
That would be awesome. Not holding my breath, but it would.


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Rustenburg City Guide
Opening times
Avis Mini Guide - RustenburgYou won't wonder what to do while visiting the North West Province if you keep our nifty Avis mini guide to hand.
Whether you are visiting for business or pleasure, and regardless of your available time, you will find ways to entertain yourself within reach in your Avis hire car.
Let's see what North West Province has to offer.
North West Province 101
We have Avis branches suited to your safari or sightseeing needs all over the North West Province. Check out the products and services available at the following branches, and start planning your trip today:
- Mmabatho International Airport
- Pilanesberg International Airport
- Potchefstroom
- Rustenburg
- Vryburg
Our Avis Pilanesberg International Airport branch is the most convenient for those who need to get to Rustenburg, Sun City or the Pilanesberg National Park, and this tiny airport offers nothing to stop you from getting underway, straight away. Pick up the keys to your Avis hire car from one of our welcoming Avis rental agents within the main building of this one-terminal airport, and you are good to go.
Pleasures of Pilanesburg
The most famous places in the Pilanesberg are without a doubt the two below, but trust us when we say that there are other lesser known but just as memorable ways to spend your day.
Sun City Entertainment World
This massive complex provides fun-, sun- and fortune-seekers every opportunity to eat drink and be merry; as well as an onsite casino, water park, golf courses, and a reptile park for the kids, listed among the attractions.
Pilanesberg National Park
Go in search of the Big Five, either on a guided drive or in the comfort of your Avis hire car, in the unique environment of this ancient volcanic crater.
About 50km drive south, Rustenburg is the closest town to Pilanesberg International Airport. Located close to the Magaliesberg tourist area, this town has much to offer the in-transit traveller, such as:
- Magaliesberg Canopy Tours
- Kgaswane Mountain Reserve
- Paul Kruger Country House Museum
- Historic Monuments
- Waterfall Mall
Driving around in your Avis hire car
The Buffelspoort Route touches on the Magalies Meander at points, and has a number of attractions dotted amongst the picturesque hills and thornveld savannah along the way. Plan to include these in a scenic trip with your Avis rental.
- Olifantsnek Dam
- The Dinie Estates Road to Kroondal for mountain views
- Brauhaus Am Damm
- Hartbeespoort Dam
- Harties Cable Way
- Animal farms and rehabilitation centres
- Margaret Roberts' herb nursery
- Roadside shopping at farm stalls
- Bergheim Resort
- Buffelspoort Dam
- Breedt's Nek Pass
- Mountain Sanctuary Park
You're right! You can't fit it all into just one day. Make plans to stay a little longer, and you will find budget accommodation available at Mary's B&B or Valley View Guest House, while The Kingdom Lodge and Kwa Maritane are more luxurious options.
To make the most of your visit to this bustling destination plan ahead. Make sure you choose your activities and arrange an Avis hire car to suit your travelling needs before you depart.


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- Globaltherm® MXT Heat transfer oil contains a highly resilient blend of additives resistant to sludging and ensures long-lasting and trouble-free service when managed correctly
- This heat transfer oil is a mineral based liquid phase heat transfer oil used for operating at bulk temperatures between -7°C and 320°C in both open and closed circulation.
- Globaltherm® MXT heat transfer oil is resistant to the oxidation and thermal cracking found in many industrial processing environments, including; chemical, pharmaceutical, plastics, paper, wood and textiles.
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Talk to us about our all-inclusive reprocessing services.
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Thermal Fluid Analysis Kit
You draw the sample and we'll test, report and interpret the results.More on Thermal Fluid Analysis Kit


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It all started with a stiff neck and headaches and sore shoulders. Neither Mulletman nor I were sleeping well and we were both waking each morning "all bunged up" as Mm liked to call it.
This gave us cause to look up the word, "bung" to see if Mulletman was using it correctly.
According to all of our dictionaries (he insisted we search them all) bung means "to stop up a cask or barrel with a cork." This occasioned much laughter at my non-wordsmith husband until he pointed out an entry in our World Book Dictionary (1987). The final memorandum for bung says, "Slang. to bruise (as in "He tripped, fell, and bunged up his arms and knees.")"
So "bunged up" it was.
We arose each morning feeling bruised, stiff and achy, miserable and grouchy and old. We tried yoga (minus the meditation), popped OTC meds and herbs, researched stress and its effects on the human body, and we paid large sums of money to our chiropractor, Dr. Bob.
Bob is now so wealthy that his office is only open one day a week. The rest of the time he power-lifts heavy weights and eats whole steers so he is strong enough to de-bung folks like us.
Finally, after much analysis, we came to the conclusion that all this painful bunging was caused by keeping house and having children.
Just kidding! We actually deduced that all our discomfort was caused by our lousy, cheap mattress and our equally second-rate hand-me-down pillows. It was time to shell out some bucks for an upgrade. And so the search began…
My next installment will feature my groovy tips for purchasing a bed.


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Kieran Cooke
Kieran leads STEM Learning's UK regional network. Supported by a unique partnership of Government, charitable trusts and employers, STEM Learning aims to achieve a world-leading STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) education for all young people across the UK. Prior to STEM Learning, Kieran worked on national education reform programmes with governments globally, including in the UK, Rwanda and Brunei. He began his career as a secondary school mathematics teacher with Teach First. Kieran holds a Masters in Civil Engineering and a Masters in Educational Leadership.


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I enjoy speaking to groups about my background as a journalist, Latina, child of immigrants, and as a woman growing up in a man's world. I share my experiences to empower and educate others.
I speak on various topics to any types of groups. Whether it's talking to journalists on surviving in a very competitive business or encouraging other professionals to always have a "Plan B." I have many stories and experiences to share for those searching for that one message that will make them have the confidence to move forward in life.
Public Speaking Events
- Texas State University Mass Communications Week. Do's and Don'ts of Social Media
- Irving Hispanic Chamber of Commerce
- Dallas Immigrants Entrepreneurs
- Latina Style Business Series
- American Association of Women in Community College- Dallas Chapter
- Peacemakers Inc. of Dallas
- Broken Dolls
- Hispanic Women's Network of Texas


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Rumored Buzz on Home Investment Guide Exposed
Tim desires to know what measurements Dave considers before investing in residential real estate. The rub is that you may want cash to become profitable. Many of these platforms are open solely to accredited investors, outlined by the Securities and Alternate Fee as individuals who've earned income of greater than $200,000 ($300,000 with a spouse) in each of the final two years or have a web value of $1 million or more, not including a main residence. Alternatives for many who cannot meet that requirement embody Fundrise and RealtyMogul.
Should you're looking at a great property with a high likelihood of revenue, contemplate securing a down fee or renovation cash by a house equity line of credit score , from bank cards or even through some life insurance insurance policies, says Ben Spofford, an Ohio house remodeler and former real property investor.
You would possibly get excited by the potential for a big sum of monthly hire from tenants, however you should also issue in the mortgage payment (if there may be one) and any utilities, taxes, homeowners association fees, repairs, and maintenance that you will have to pay on a month-to-month or annual foundation.
No shock there. Why aren't savvy locals investing?
Prepare for long-time period funding challenges, with time-examined projections that will help you build stronger portfolios. That implies that should you were to spend money on AvalonBay communities, you would be buying a fractional possession in the condo complexes and tasks held by them. You'd also be entitled to a fraction of the rental income they generate from their properties in proportion to the full funding you make in it.
The concept of investing in vacation rental properties has gained considerable momentum in recent times, and for good reason: the growth of the financial system, in addition to the arrival of the private lodging sector, has made it considerably simpler for families to go on more holidays of their very own. Getting back to conventional property-primarily based REITs, as you'll be able to see from the above list there is a huge universe to doubtlessly own, each with its personal nuances that traders want keep in mind. However, all REITs share widespread characteristics in that they derive nearly all of their money circulation, which is what secures and grows the dividend, from actual estate properties and rental revenue from tenants.
I hope to pay the first house off in three-four years.
Mortgage REITs (mREITS) present financing for earnings-producing actual estate by buying or originating mortgages and mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and incomes earnings from the curiosity on these investments. All REITs by legislation, should distribute the rental income generated by the real property properties inside the fund (in the form of dividends) to the traders of the REIT. What this implies is that REITs, in comparison to traditionally structured companies, cannot simply hold profit for the future. They are required to go rental income (after management charges) to its buyers.
The Florida Housing Mortgage Credit score Certificates (MCC) Program may help first time homebuyers get monetary savings each year that they dwell of their newly bought residence. Low Return on Funding: A house mortgage is probably going the cheapest money you'll ever borrow – and the curiosity is often deductible, further reducing the efficient cost. For example, when you're in a combined state and federal tax bracket of 35%, then a 6% mortgage might have an effective value underneath 4%. This implies two issues: (1) Higher value, non-deductible debt needs to be paid off first, and (2) long-term funding returns will possible provide a better return in your capital as evidenced by Ibbotson and Associates analysis displaying a diversified portfolio returning within the 8% vary.
For the small quantity of latest investors all in favour of different types of property, this e-book lacks strong recommendation. However that is positive, since 95% of first-time buyers buy single-household properties. John is de facto simply spending his time wisely by teaching the most effective advice to the most individuals.


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5 Things to Remember on Your Very Worst Day
The Holmes and Rahe stress scale lists the most stressful life situations in order of "life-change units." These life-change units affect the chance that various events will negatively impact your health. At the top of the list with 100 units is "death of a spouse."
Here's where it gets tricky. You might think that, if you've already walked through the hell of a top-tier stress, you now have the strength to endure everything below it on the list. But that's just not true. Each life crisis is unique and doesn't always give us the stamina for the next one.
Just because you've made it through a divorce (73 life-change units), it doesn't necessarily mean you're emotionally prepared to lose your job (47 units). Your brain may be able to recall abstract facts from past experiences, but it usually does a pretty good job of shielding you from reliving the trauma. This is generally a good thing, but it also means you can't compare the stress of past experiences against the stress of new ones.
This means that, no matter what you've gone through, your worst day ever is probably right around the corner.
Here are some things to remember on that day:
1. You're not the only one to have walked this road
On one level, this is hardly solace. When you've lost a loved one, it doesn't help knowing that others have gone through it too. But there are moments of clarity where you can stop, look at those who have been down this road and see that, yes, they made it though—and you will, too.
2. You're going to discover who your true friends are
Most of us have a lot of "friends." But there's something about tragedy that makes the cream rise to the top. At first you're going to be surprised (and probably hurt) at who doesn't call and check up on you, but you're going to be astonished at who rises to the occasion. This is important for two reasons:
- When all's said and done, we may want to reprioritize our friends
- We need to remember what kind of friends we want to be when others are in crisis
3. Don't make decisions based on your current emotional state
When you're handed your severance check you may think to yourself, "Wow. I am taking this exceptionally well." Give it time—in two hours you're probably going to be crying into your second pint of Ben & Jerry's. Next thing you know, you'll be having a heated, one-sided argument into a bathroom mirror.
Simply put something in your mouth so that you don't choke on your tongue, buckle up, and ride it out. Don't make any decisions or take any actions during this period—you'll probably regret them. Trauma's a roller coaster, just hold on.
4. Be mindful of those around you
One of the worst things about stress is the effect is has on those around you. Be mindful of the spouse, children, siblings, parents, church members, etc. who have to walk through this with you. You don't always have the luxury of crawling into bed and waiting until the pain has subsided.
If you lose someone close to you, the stress ripples outward to those around you. While it's important to not stuff your feelings, it's also important not to be indulge yourself in them at the expense of your loved ones. As inhumane as it sounds, sometimes it's important to soldier on for the sake of those around you.
With that in mind, you will need one or two confidants and it may be wise to make them people outside of trauma's wake.
5. God is already at work redeeming this crisis
While I don't subscribe to the theological idea that God has preordained our suffering, I do take heart that God's more interested in bringing good out of my situation than even I am. There is probably more comfort in this fact than any other condolence (but hearing it from you isn't going to be as helpful as remembering it myself).
Lastly remember, in the immortal words of M. Scott Peck:
"Life is difficult. This is a great truth, one of the greatest truths. It is a great truth because once we truly see this truth, we transcend it. Once we truly know that life is difficult—once we truly understand and accept it—then life is no longer difficult. Because once it is accepted, the fact that life is difficult no longer matters."
Image by Bryan
Reading your post about being aware that even in our worst moments, we can trust that God is working to bring good out of it… yep. He said, "so are my ways higher than your ways and my thoughts than your thoughts." (Isa 55:9). When times are bad for us personally, it's so easy to get caught thinking about the next 10 days of our life, and no further.
I share a story on my own site titled "During job search, God showed Himself in a totally unexpected way" that shows how that happened during a time of unemployment.
And another story titled, "It was like there was an orchestra conductor in the sky", when there was a distinct strong feeling of God's presence during the horrible last week of my mother's life. She died, but I ended up having a stronger trust in God after that. It most certainly gave me a time-perspective that made me start thinking along God's timeline rather than this earthly one.
I firmly believe that after coming to grips with the meaning of Jesus coming to die for our sins, the second best eye-opener (and soul-maturer) that I find in the Bible is the concept that acceptance of the inevitable suffering has a spiritual value. Not only to us immediately, but to us into eternity, because if we have the will, we share in the suffering of Jesus. And also for the church community and humankind in general. Because it morphs us from beings who place the highest importance on our own personal comfort into beings who are willing to 'die to self' for the sake of others. (John 12:24 and John 15:13)
Bill Schaef, Managing Editor, WTNESS.ORG http://www.wtness.orgJune 19, 2014


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Here's How to Win the War in Your Own Head
We have so many outside influences on our personal lives these days that it's often difficult to distinguish personal from private. But what about self-imposed assault on ourselves—our inner thoughts? Here, psychologist and poet Owen Fitzpatrick explains how the wild voices in our heads control more than we realize.


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Kim, I notice you haven't sent me any of your sure-fire publishing tips yet. What's wrong? Is it because I make constant jokes at your expense? No, it can't be that. Ah! I see. We're on the internet, right? I keep forgetting how things are done in this age of "tweets" and "likes" and all that crap.
::clears throat:: Kim, please tell me your most worthy secrets! I will gladly check your Twitter at https://twitter.com/byKimAHoward for any advice! Or perhaps you can tell me all about what you've learned on your amazing blog over at http://kimberlyahoward.com! I also liked your Facebook page and sent five dollars to your Paypal account.
I'll shut up now before I lose all hope of receiving a real answer, ha,ha. On to chapter 2!
2 – The Attack
The two conjoined statues left an inverted, blurred image across the surface of the river as they hovered forward.
"Captain, I just received a message from the enemy base. They are taking our intrusion as an aggressive action." The port hawk paused, listening to a video image on the console before him. "They are warning us to retreat or face attack."
Elder Sain held up his hand to silence Cougo's chuckling. "Tell them to either fight or retreat while they can; they will not have long."
Cougo beat his fist on the armrest of the captain's chair. "Sain! Don't let them speak for you!"
Elder Sain hummed. "But Cougo, you trained them to be so polite. If I have something to say I will say it in person."
"Captain!" the bow hawk announced. He was at the front of the disk, looking out at the pyramid displayed on the wrap-around monitor. The building has ceased its slow rotation; one triangular side was facing the ship. Rows of long windows slid open on the twentieth, twenty-third, and twenty-seventh floors. Starting from one end and moving straight along down the row, a succession of massive spiked missiles were launched. They flew through the air at the tall, chiseled ship.
"Deflector is working," the bow hawk confirmed. The spread of cannonballs parted as they drew close. They whizzed past both sides of the room.
"Missiles heading astern," the hawks on the left and right edges announced. Sharp cracks and flashes of light lit up parts of the screens as several of the bombs collided with each other. The rest continued past.
"Pathetic," Cougo stated, watching them go.
"They're coming back around," the stern hawk said.
Darrow, Jelk, Dark, and Tenny were watching the attack from the pyramid's roof. The wail of the sirens was still swelling out from the hills. The volley of missiles had doubled back to the ship, and they fought to get at it: zipping along the length and breath in tight orbits while small, spherical shadows darted across the statues' white surface.
"What are you all still doing out there!?" King called from the stairwell. "It's too dangerous! Get back!"
"Something else is coming out of it now," Tenny said. "What are those?"
"I don't know," Dark replied.
They peered down at where the river circled the base of the pyramid, and the ship had reached the curved edge of the coast. The scorched orb below the statues' feet had opened a crack, and a torrent of white objects was spilling out. Each one was furry and long, and as they came to rest on the ground they began to change. Legs with padded paws extended out from the thick fur, followed by a head with a pointed muzzle, wide eyes, and triangular ears. The beasts sniffed at the air, moving aside as more of their kind fell from the ship. The cascade of furred bodies continued, with the new-fallen ones squirming to extend their limbs in an effort to hurry away.
With a thump a great mass fell all at once upon the grassy coast. Out from the white clumps of fur a tall woman emerged. The beasts fell aside, their legs popping out; they stood taller than the others: as tall as any man. The woman stood at least twice as tall as that. She moved ahead and the ones that fell with her flanked her sides. The rain of bodies went on at her back.
She turned her head to the pyramid. High above more missiles were flying out from the side facing the ship. Below, where the four sides of the pyramid merged, machines were being lowered by tethers to the ground.
"They come out to meet us!" the woman boomed. Her teeth were all pointed, sharp, and black. A round helmet covered her upper face with a opaque visor that was splattered with red. She wore combat armor, leggings, and thick plates on her shins. Thick, silver hair stuck out from the back of her helmet and the gaps in her clothing. It hung from her forearms in long locks, braided around thick, dirty bones.
"Listen, pets!" she called out. "Spread out in every direction! Wound and maim every creature you find! Claim this valley for me; make it mine!"
She flung her arms out and the bones there clattered. The army of beasts dashed off. Some galloped across the land, others dove into the river and swam. As they blanketed the surface of the valley more kept falling from the ship.
"Slaberdashia has landed," the bow hawk confirmed.
"I'm sure she'll have a great time," Cougo drawled.
"Clance, be ready to help her if she gets in trouble," Elder Sain spoke aloud as he walked to the front of the disk. He watched the ground beneath the pyramid, where the machines were gathering. They were rectangular, hovering boxes with bronze casing: with long, segmented arms set at each corner. In a display of precise movement every arm lifted in unison and fired a bright stream of flares. A wide cone of color burst from the pyramid's base, sending shimmering trails across the monitor's screens. They flew over the heads of the charging beasts to the the hills on each side of the ship: from the peaks all the way down to the bases. As they touched down they split into six smaller flares, marking circles.
"They're some kind of receivers!" the port hawk announced. At each flare soldiers appeared with a flash. They came armed with bladed weapons and guns, dressed in camouflaged gear that matched the hills' brown and green shades. The soldiers marched out of the hex doors and took position, bracing themselves as the white-furred beasts pushed out toward them.
"Meet them! Push through the hills!" Slaberdashia cried. She marched to the pyramid with her escort. The horde of beasts on her right reached the far side of the river; the wave of beasts on her left had crossed the valley. Each creature on that side singled out a soldier and rushed him.
The human forces let out a cry and struck with whatever weapon they had. One with a sword lunged at a beast's face. The head retracted into the body, vanishing into the mass of white fur. Momentum carried the blade into the beasts body, and it kept sinking in; the soldier let go as the sword's hilt vanished into the fuzz.
He reached for a sheath on his leg, bringing out a knife next. The sword reappeared out of the beast: its sharp edge coming first, attached to the head of the creature. It gored the soldier and flung him aside.
Along the base of the hill the scene repeated; every soldier was losing their weapons as they collided with the thick fur. And every beast joined the weapon to its own body: some with blades as antlers; others with tails tipped with flails and serrated batons. Gun shots from further up the hill sounded, felling some of the beasts.
"Show them what you can be; show them what I made of you!" Slaberdashia cried. A bomb circling the ship buzzed from its orbit and landed in the valley, sending up dust and beasts with a sharp crack. Slaberdashia rose a thick arm and grabbed one of the creatures as it dropped to her.
"Get back over there!" she told him and she swung him around, whipping his singed body off into the fray once more. She steadied herself and with a great huff between her black teeth she spoke a command.
"Grenades!" One of the beasts following her pushed past the others. There were two brown spots on its shoulders. Slaberdashia plunged her arm in between the spots, her hand sinking in and bringing out a long belt. It was lined with egg-shaped bombs, and they were all detailed with criss-crossed, glowing patterns. She plucked one grenade from its spot, aimed her great thumb at the hill, and flicked it. It flew off in a trail of colored light, zipping into the trees in an instant. She took another grenade and sent it off, moving down the line until she had launched them all.
A sequence of explosions ran along the length of the hill, sending up entire tree branches as they were blasted apart. Clouds of blue smoke rose from the leaves, flickering with light as long arcs of electricity lashed out. The arcs snapped to the surrounding trees: catching them on their tops and running the length of their trunks. Soon the hill was alight with fire and clouded with ash. Slaberdashia chuckled and pulled another grenade belt out of her pet.
On the pyramid rooftop Jelk groaned as he saw the opposite hill light up.
"Remember when I said I'd come with you guys?" he said. "I think what I meant was that I wanted to go home and never come outside again."
"It does look pretty bad, Dark," Darrow said. "But the safest place to be is with you guys." He glanced around. "Although I wish Tome were here. Or Vornis. Or Trisk."
"Or Mean," Dark finished. "She's probably wishing we were there too." Smoke rose from both sides of the pyramid now. "Look, once we get there it will be much easier. I know my way around and there shouldn't be that many of them looking for us."
"Yeah no kidding–they're all here!" Jelk cried. He swept his arm out at the army of creatures. They still fell from the bottom of the ship, and Darrow watched them with unease. A glint through the falling lumps of fur caught his eye.
"Hey, what's that thing out there? It looks like there's something way down the river."
Jelk lowered his arm, squinting. King hurried out of the stairwell, a pair of glasses in his hand.
"Let me take a look," he said, holding the lens to his eyes. The ship and the creatures fell out of focus; the far end of the river grew in clarity and magnification. Two giant arms were sticking out of the bank, their fingers stretched toward the sky. Between them a tall needle hovered. There were stiff, metallic wings on the top, shining in the sun.
"It's one of those monsters," King said. "One of those things–like Hellzoo. Like the one that showed up at the end of the tournament." He held the glasses over Darrow's eyes next.
Tenny flinched as several more cracks sounded from the ship. Anti-air rockets were streaming from the hollowed-out woman's face, seeking the pyramid's missiles that continued to orbit. "So they dropped it off on the way here? Why? What's it doing back there?"
"Perhaps the ship isn't the real threat," King proposed.
The bronze machines had gathered at the pointed base of the pyramid. They were hard at work swinging their arms; directing their pincers. Large, bronze boxes winked into existence and fell atop each other, stacking to form a short wall. The thunder of hundreds of heavy paws came from the other side. The machines rose their arms again. With a thump Slaberdashia fell from the sky. She landed from her leap, took her long, hairy arms, and seized the closest machine. She squeezed it with a gleeful bear hug, interlocking her fingers and gritting her foul, black teeth. The casing warped inward and the hard muscles in Slaberdashia's body flexed.
"ERROR THIRTY," the machine announced. "RUN–"
The bronze casing split apart and red vein spilled out.
"Yes, run!" Slaberdashia said. She took the ruined husk in her giant hands and flung it at the wall, sending rows of the bricks toppling outward and crashing to the ground. The beasts funneled through the opening and leapt over the top, joining her.
"Gun!" she barked, pulling a cannon-sized pistol from the beast that obeyed her command. She leveled the barrel with her visor and fired at the nearest bronze machine.
"ERROR: UNKNOWN SUBJECT," it said. A hole was blasted into its front and it burst into pieces a split second later. Slaberdashia aimed and fired again; this machine rose its arms, creating a hex door. The bullet vanished, yet four of the beasts assaulted it next, leaping from all sides and grabbing its segmented arms. They yanked them in every direction until they popped loose.
"Smash these things! Find a way in!" Slaberdashia said. The four sides of the pyramid hung over her, converged at one point nearby. A noise came from the long, slanted walls: the windows on the first floors were sliding open. Slaberdashia and the beasts snapped their heads toward the sound of two hundred automated turrets clacking into place.
"Oops," she squeaked through her black teeth. The beasts braced themselves, their eyes flicking between her and the guns. The turret barrels, all aimed at different targets, drooped in unison with a whir.
"She's safe; I took their power," Clance's voice told the command center of the ship.
Cougo pointed at the pyramid on the screen. "Ha! I told you the bottom would be defended like that! Four walls! Perfect trap!"
The captain coughed. "I was the one that said–" He trailed off, made a face, and took off his marred hat. He scratched his head. "I said–"
Cougo twisted around in the captain chair. "What was that? You said–what? What exactly?" He awaited an answer with a flat smile.
"I don't know," the captain said. He looked away from Cougo to the front part of the monitor. The flat roof of the pyramid was tilting into view as its side tipped toward the ship in a steady decline.
Cougo spun back around. "Clance, you took all the power!?" He pressed his back into the chair. "Full reverse! Evasive actions!"
Elder Sain flicked a glance over at Clance's immobile body. "Clance, don't go crushing your sister under buildings, now."
Tenny was knocked into Darrow as the roof slanted further; the shadows of the stairwell and monuments were stretching as the building continued to pitch toward the ground.
"Oh we're all gonna die!" Jelk screamed. Both of his arms were wrapped around the railing. The beasts on the plains below were thinning; they had ceased coming out of the ship and were pressing into the hills.
"Calm down; I have you!" Dark said. His rory kept him stable as he hovered over to grab Jelk by the waist. King was braced on the rail, ready to catch Tenny and Darrow as they slid over to him. As they thumped into his wide belly his crown was knocked from his head. It toppled off the roof and fell into the great shadow of the pyramid. With a heavy lurch the building became still.
"I've given them just enough power to stand," Clance's voice said. "Sorry about that; their power networks are so primitive."
"Nice work," Elder Sain told him. On the monitor the pyramid was making a slow recovery to upright position. Cougo was relaxing, pulling at the collar of his turtleneck shirt. To his left the port hawk was muttering at his console.
"Why is that going off?" he wondered at a pinging noise. He looked down at an indicator, his eyes went wide, then he spun in his chair. "Captain! Two hostiles: exceeding supersonic speed, non-magical!"
"Are you sure?" the captain replied. The port side of the screen flashed, followed by a boom that resonated through the chamber. Cougo stood up, watching the ceiling.
"We've been hit," the port hawk confirmed. "Energetic weapons of some kind have pierced the port hull. No vital systems have been damaged."
Two white jets flew at the screen and split, veering around each side of the ship.
"They aren't supposed to have those," Cougo whined.
Elder Sain chuckled. "They must be from the other world. And they damaged the ship? Well, I guess we'd better retreat, then."
Cougo and the captain laughed. Elder Sain paced toward them with a firm expression on his face.
"I'm not kidding. We've finished unloading the ground force and I don't want to damage the Nameless any more than I need to. Captain, take us back to Arsiling. Clance, kill those jets if they come back into your range."
"No!" Cougo exclaimed. "We can't run from them! What happened to showing them our power!?"
Elder Sain snapped his gaze up at him. "For someone with such a good memory you seem to be forgetting who's in charge here. Now sit in your chair and take this ship back to your angle."
Cougo's flat teeth disappeared as he shut his mouth. Looking away from Sain's face, he lowered himself back into the chair with a sniffle.
King released Tenny and Darrow, setting them firm on the level roof. The roar of the jets was still in the air, and a wide hole had been punched into the female statue's stomach. Smoke trailed from the hole, leaving dark wisps in the sky as the entire ship retreated away from the pyramid.
"It's moving off–just like Dark said it would," King stated. Dark nodded, his rory setting him down again.
"Just get me over there, then get as far away from here as you can."
"And take me far away, too!" Jelk chimed in. He had red marks on his arms from where he held the railing.
"I wish you luck, Dark," King said. "I think I found a good spot to send you."
"A good spot for what?" Elder Sain asked. He stood at their backs as they looked out at the ship. His boots were planted on the pyramid roof and his armor stood as a stark silhouette in the sun. The three spokes were edged with a glimmer as they radiated out from his back to the thin wheel tipped with gear teeth.
"Dark, he looks like you did!" Darrow said.
"King, now!" Dark shouted. "He's with them!"
King shoved Tenny and Darrow over, flicking his hand behind them. A yellow array of light blazed in a hexagon at their feet and they vanished along with Dark and Jelk. There was a pop and Elder Sain flinched.
"How astute," he commented. "Just who was that?"
King straightened himself. "You're the one that attacked my pyramid; I'm not telling you anything."
Elder Sain walked toward him. "Well if you won't talk to me then how about your people? You are the one called 'King' are you not?"
King ran his plump fingers through the sparse hair atop his head. Sain hooked his arms around the two metallic spokes on his back and leaned forward.
"You don't have to be so frightened," he said. "This sort of thing happens on the other worlds, too. Just accept this odd, sudden event. Find the humor in it."
He straitened up, watching the Nameless shrink into the horizon. The white beasts were leaving bodies in their wake as they spread out in every direction. A black haze rose from the valley's hills as they burned.
Super-Short First Draft Notes:
– Man, these first draft chapter titles have been pretty crappy. Chapter one's "Advent of the Nameless" sounds cool, but it's really just a rip-off of some Tenchi Muyo episode I saw on Toonami one time. And this chapter's title of "The Attack" is just boring.
Ah well! As I always say: It's better to have a bland title and a thrilling chapter than a thrilling title and a bland chapter. It's way better for BOTH of them to be thrilling, though.
– I need to work on Slaberdashia's description; I don't have her look and movements down yet. I also need to have her come in contact with a normal-sized person so that the reader can put her large body into perspective.
Man, I should write a scene where she climbs the side of the pyramid, punches her fist through a window, and drags some poor sucker out: Rampage-style.
!!!! That's it! RAMPAGE! That's what I should call this chapter! How exciting it must be for you to watch the creative process at work.
– Speaking of creative process and rampages––I was going to have this entire attack take place in one chapter. But once I get going my onslaught of ridiculous ideas can't be suppressed by any known force. That's what first drafts are for, after all; I can always cut out some of this junk later.
– I also wasn't going to give Elder Sain a sense of humor. I was actually surprised that he could make jokes! Once again, it's true: some things about a character aren't revealed until I actually start writing their dialog.


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A few days ago we removed the telescoping cover of the Mountain View Hive during the heat wave and my dad noticed a few larvae crawling around on the side of the inner cover. That was a bad sign as there could be a wax moth infestation inside. But only weak or weakened hives aren't able to protect themselves against wax moths. A healthy well populated hive has no problems defending themselves of any attempt to ruin their home by these wax destroying pests.
So today the weather cooled to mid-70's and we got into our bee suit for a full inspection. We removed the inner cover to discover no signs of wax moths but remember we still have the sprinkler control valve cover in this top medium. I looked through all the cracks and gaps I could but found nothing.
We lifted the top medium off which was filled with brood, eggs, larvae, tons of bees, and honey. My dad said it was heavy as he was the one who lifted the hive box off for us to inspect the bottom. Again we found no signs of wax moths or its larvae on the bottom hive body. We were very happy that the wax moth only laid on the interior of the telescoping cover and didn't make it inside the hive itself.
Here's a worm's eye view of the combs built on the sprinkler control valve cover. It's going to be a mess to cut these out in the Spring but hey, at least it'll be the size of a medium frame but just a tad taller. Should be simple but just time consuming as we will want to save all the combs during this transfer.


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Residents of Carno have voted on the proposal to reopen the railway station. Click here for the storyContinue reading
Category: Wales
Calls to reopen Aberystwyth and Carmarthen
AM Simon Thomas has received cross party support for proposals to reopen the line between Aberystwyth and Carmarthen. The line would run from Carmarthen via Alltwalis, Llandysul or Pencader, Llanybydder, Lampeter, Tregaron,Continue reading
Abertillery Petition reaches 1,000 signatures
Over 1,000 people have signed the online petition to open the railway station in Abertillery, South Wales. The town would be served by a branch off the Ebbw Vale line.Continue reading
Group aims to raise £40k for Magor feasibility study
Magor with Undy Action Group on Rail (MAGOR) is planning to raise £40k to fund a feasibility study into opening a railway station at Magor and Undy. Click here forContinue reading
AM calls for Carmarthen rail line reopening
AM Simon Thomas has called for the reopening of the Aberystwyth to Carmarthen railway line at a debate in the Welsh Assembly, with a debate entitled: "Build it and they willContinue reading
Cardiff Metro plans discussed
Tram Trains could be operating on the former Fairwater – Creigiau – Llantrisant railway line if phase three of the proposed Cardiff Metro is constructed. Phase 1 and 2 wouldContinue reading
Landore Station call as part of Stadium expansion calls
BRUCE Roberts, president of Swansea Bay Business Club, has appealed for those behind the stadium expansion to consider the former Landore railway station Click here for the storyContinue reading
Pye Corner plans to be discussed
The plans for a railway station to be located at Pye Corner is recommended for approval when Newport Council meets on 5th February. Click here for the story Click hereContinue reading
AM advises that Ebbw Vale line must come before Abertillery
BLAENAU Gwent AM Alun Davies has advised that the rail link to Abertillery cannot come before upgrades to the Ebbw Vale line. Click here for the petition for the AbertilleryContinue reading
Llangollen Railway pushes towards Corwen
The Llangollen Railway is on target to open its extension towards Corwen this year. Click here for the storyContinue reading
Ffestiniog Railway has no plans to extend to Bangor
The Ffestiniog and West Highland Railway has advised that it has no plans to reopen the line between Caernarfon and Bangor. Click here for the storyContinue reading
Abertillery Residents launch station petition
A resident in Abertillery has launched a petition to open a railway station in Abertillery after the town was not included in plans to upgrade the Ebbw Vale Line. AntonyContinue reading
AM supports Pye Corner
AN AM has said that a proposed new railway station in a Newport suburb would provide huge benefits for the local community. Mohammad Asghar, South Wales East AM, said PyeContinue reading


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A retreat for the family. Are you looking for the perfect lake holiday house get away? If so, then this is the house for you! This wonderful property has the charm of a rustic lodge, offering you all of the comforts of home.
Please contact the owner for the latest prices.
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The Sea Gypsies (aka Shipwreck
A man and a woman and 3 children start to sail around the world. They are shipwrecked near an uninhabited isle. This island is full of wild animals and it is very dangerous for them in the begining. They live through a lot of wonderful adventure together and they become a big family.
Director: Stewart Raffill
Actors: Cjon Damitri Patterson, Heather Rattray, Mark Litke, Mikki Jamison, Nancy Kyes, Robert Logan, Shannon Saylor
Duration: 102
Release: 1978
IMDb: 6.4
Keywords:Abandonados en la isla perdida Gli zingari del mare Haaksirikko Hajótöröttek Kohti seikkailua Les naufragés de l'île perdue Modern Robinson és családja Naufragio Navagoi sti mystiriodi niso Oi tsiganoi tis thalassas Shipwreck Strandet på en øde ø


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Skull-mask robber hits bank in far East El Paso
El Paso police detectives and FBI agents are trying to identify a man wearing a silver skull mask who robbed a bank late Thursday morning in the far East Side, police officials said.
The masked man approached a bank teller and demanded cash at about 11 a.m. at the First Savings Bank at 1701 N. Saul Kleinfeld Drive near Zaragoza Road, police said.
The man was wearing a light gray sweatshirt with a hood that was turned inside out, sweat pants and white shoes, police said.
Anyone with information on the robbery may call police at 832-4400 or may anonymously call Crime Stoppers of El Paso at 566-8477.
— Daniel Borunda
Read or Share this story: http://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/crime/2016/11/03/skull-mask-robber-hits-bank-far-east-el-paso/93261768/


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Lumière Bronzée Shimmer Body Oil by French Girl
Lumière Bronzée Shimmer Body Oil by French Girl Organics
2 oz
Inspired by the timeless je ne sais quoi spirit of french girls everywhere, French Girl offers efficacious, luxury-apothecary products made with potent, natural ingredients - perfect for everyday self-care and effortless indulgence.
A luxurious body oil lightly infused with sensual, floral notes of Rosa Gallica and Amyris Sandalwood and a touch of mineral oxides and pigment to give you a subtle sun-kissed glow.
Key Benefits:
Argan Oil sourced from North Africa contains rich, fatty acids essential for skin health.
Camellia Oil & Sunflower Oils contain youth-boosting high oleic and omega fatty acids.
Coconut & Palm Kernel OilS (sustainable) contain antibacterial properties and provide deep hydration.
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Shake well. Massage into skin until well absorbed.
Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil*, Camellia Oleifera (Camellia) Seed Oil*, Argania Spinosa (Argan) Kernel Oil*, Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter*, Cetyl Alcohol (from coconut), Limnanthes Alba (Meadowfoam) Seed Oil, Euphorbia Cerifera (Candelilla) Wax* Amyris Balsamifera (Amyris) Bark Oil* Rosa Gallica Flower Oil* [+/- May Contain/Peut Contenir: Tin Oxide, Mica, Titanium Dioxide (CI 77891), Iron Oxides (CI 77491, CI 77492, CI 77499)] *Certified Organic/Wildcrafted


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Houston, Texas recording artist Tedy Andreas is a hot prospect in today's music. His new video, "Diamonds," is a loosey track, done creatively just to keep fans enticed and excited for his full project.
Tedy has been recording heavily. The song itself was produced by VHS. The video was shot around the way in Queens, NY, by Lawrence Raines. Tedy Andreas is becoming a name within the industry, his east coast influence of underground hip-hop submerges in every track.
Check out the new video above.
Follow Tedy Andreas on Twitter: @TedyAndreas


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Juggling plates and Herding Cats
by, 02-03-2011 at 10:52 AM (2995 Views)
It's been a while since my last blog (and the weekly update promise rapidly went out of the window (though in my defence I did predict it would!). I suppose I'm still catching up from the Christmas period.
The plan was to go over the whole site during the holidays; update everything, fix all those little glitches that don't really affect things but you know they are there. It's like the scratch on the car - its tiny, no-one can really see it but you can. You know its there , it stands out like a sore thumb goading you every time you go near it. It might as well have pink flashing lights surrounding it and a fanfare when you get within 10 metres of it, its that obvious to you!
Anyway I digress a little! The point was I aimed to get all those little things out of the way. The site had been around for 10 months and lots of functions added but small things were left to one side. A concerted effort on my part was to rid the site of these. Alas this didn't quite happen as planned. A long drawn out internet problem (well actually a telephone exchange problem) meant I had around 3 hours internet in a 2 week period. Once things finally got under way my initial assessment of how long it would take was soon shown to be a little short. It's those small niggly jobs that often take the longest to do. Coupled with my very limited web design and non-existent programming experience meant that jobs that would take some one in the know 5 minutes became hours for me as I made much use of the power of google, reading up on how to do something then another hour of finding out what the hell cmod is or how to start dreamweaver. Then of course it takes another hour to try and fail the process before it actually works!
But in the end it got done. Theres a couple of things that didnt get resolved but I had to put aside for now and a couple of major site features that I want to implement further down the line. There was even the costly misatke of buying software that doesnt do what i need it too. Still we live and learn and generally things run ok.
All that aside it was also time to start getting the year ahead planned, namely the sponsored contests and WAMP2011. The sponsored contests are always fun to sort out. I generally know months in advance who we will be using but that doesnt always make things easier. These companies need to be contacted again to confirm dates and prizes and it can take months and numerous emails to get a response from some of them. There have even been one or two that have sponsored contests in the past and promised another but I have had to drop as I cant get a reply. Scheduling isn't as random as it first appears. I try to take into considerations major events like Golden Demon,Gencon and Salute and I try and schedule contest during this month form manufacturers that are different from those aimed at for the aforementioned events. For example lots of Games Workshop fans like Avatars of War stuff due to their similarity (well they did share the same sculptor!) so I don't want to run a contest aimed at these folks when they are all painting furiously for Golden Demon. I also like to try and balance the type of contests out so one month may be a fantasy focussed contest so I will try and get a historical or sci-fi focussed event for the month after. This varies thing and also covers those that pick and choose contests. After all most people won't want to enter all the contests so varying the content means there's not to long to wait for a contest that you want to participate in. Obviously it doesn't work for everyone but I'm a humble man not the Messiah (I'm just a very naughty boy!)
I have also been planning WAMP2011 and hope to announce the details of this in the next Portal issue. So many things to think about and so many choices to make. What categories do I have? What prizes? What will the rules be? and those are just the obvious questions, there's also other things that can easily slip the mind. What time will the event start and finish? Will there be other activities? How will the entries be registered and displayed? There will no doubt be another 100 things I have'nt even thought about but I'm trying to get things all sorted now before the new arrival appears!! I am looking forward to it though I am terrified too. Will anyone turn up? Will the contest be a success? WIll people enjoy the event? I am excited about a couple of features for the event and should add an extra element to things.
Turning into a long blog this isn't it but I wanted to mention a couple of things that have blown me a way this month. The first was the sucess of The Wamp Awards 2010. Having people and companies be so excited about winning an award from us is very humbling for me. When you get the likes of Ali McVey, Hasslefree or GenCon emailing you to thank you it shows Wamp must mean something.
Portal has also blown me away this month. The Christmas period is always quiet (well I say quiet, it was actually as busy as it was 6 months ago but the site has more activity these days so its all relative) and so the ai of this Portal was just to get things picking up again after the lull. Well it far exceeded that expectation! At the time of writing is is just about to become our 2nd most popular issue of Portal. To put it into context it has had more downloads in 2 weeks than other issues have had in 2,3,4, and even 5 months! It also pushed our total Portal downloads to over 13,000. That's nearly 2,000 downloads a month! I doubt this month will be so popular but even if its half as strong we will do well. It is actually going to be a great issue. There's all the Wamped! results and winners to show off as well as some great articles.
On a lesser note but also as cool (to me anyway!!) we reached 200 facebook fans and passed the 800 members mark on course for 900 this month. This place has come a long way!
If your still reading this then well done and I shall 'reward' you with a couple of little 'teasers':
I shall soon be launching a scheme where you can earn free supporter status.
Tomorrow I shall see the first glimpse of a Wamp miniature...........


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Carole Lyne Robin is an impressive and inspiring woman and we love that she has designed her life around what is most important to her.
She's a freelance photographer who helped build her own tiny house so that she could afford to live where she wants (off-grid in the bush!) and spend more time with the people and projects she loves.
She Built Her Dream Tiny House To Live Life Her Way
Image © Exploring Alternatives
Carole has been living in her tiny home for over 2 years in a rural area in Northern Ontario. She has a solar power system to provide electricity from April to October, and from November to March she uses a generator. She uses propane for her stove, hot water, heat, and for her washer/dryer.
Image © Exploring Alternatives
Her tiny home is beautifully decorated and has many amenities, including a soaker bathtub, a full-size washer and dryer, a 4-burner stove, 2 lofts, a cat walk ramp (so her cat can access the loft), and a full-sized closet with loads of storage space.
Image © Exploring Alternatives
The ladder to Carole's loft is a modified painter's ladder that has been cut in half with an additional plate welded to the top so that it hooks onto a rail for safety. We love this idea because it's super compact and lightweight, so it's easy to move back and forth.
Image © Exploring Alternatives
Exploring Alternatives recently shared a full video tour and interview with Carole if you want to hear more about her story and tour her tiny home.
VIDEO: Woman Living Off-Grid in Her Tiny House in Northern Canada
Additional Resources
Latest posts by Danielle Chabassol (see all)
- Handcrafted Tiny House with Beautiful Design and Woodwork - April 29, 2020
- 2 Years Living in a Box Truck Tiny Home Conversion - February 21, 2020
- Couple Pays Off $125K Debt While Living in a Tiny House! - February 20, 2020


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Short-Path Distillation For Pure Cannabis Distillate
Producing high-quality and pure cannabis distillate is a complex process with multiple stages that require different equipment. That being said, the process of distillation is a crucial part of the cannabis manufacturing process. That being said, it is hardly exclusive to cannabis extraction; for example, it is also commonly used in alcohol production. But short-path distillation (also known as molecular distillation) is a specific distillation process that is especially useful and effective for cannabis production, albeit for a smaller-scale operation.
What Exactly Is Distillation?
Let's take a moment to explore what distillation is. In order to fully understand this chemical process, let's discuss what "distillation" means outside of this context. When not referring to chemical extraction, it refers to the act of extracting the fundamental meaning or most important aspects of something. For example, the phrase "to distill something down to its essence" means breaking something down to its essential parts.
Well, in the context of chemical extraction, distillation is essentially the same thing. If you have a liquid solution, then its distillation is the act of purifying it via heating (vaporizing) and cooling (condensation). If we break this down into fundamental steps, they look something like this:
Liquid solution → Vaporization → Condensation → Collection of distillate
That is a basic breakdown of how distillation works. Notice that the final product is known as distillate; this means that a solution with multiple compounds gets "purified" (or "distilled") into a final product known as a "distillate".
Now that we have a general notion of what happens during distillation, let's take a moment to discuss some basic chemistry. Remember that matter can be divided into states. Technically, there are five, but there are only four that can be observed in everyday life:
- Solid
- Liquid
- Gas
- Plasma
For the purposes of this discussion, let's only consider the first three: solid, liquid, and gas. As you probably remember, adding heat to a solid turns into a liquid and adding heat to a liquid turns into a gas. This process of vaporization can be reversed via condensation, in which cooling a gas turns it into a liquid and cooling a liquid turns it into a solid. For the purposes of this discussion, it's also crucial to remember that vapor means gas.
Keeping this in mind, let's expand those steps of distillation and look at them in a little more detail:
- Add heat to a liquid solution or mixture that has at least two different constituent compounds.
- As this solution heats up, the compounds that have lower boiling points will begin to vaporize first and rise up through the distillation column. Another way to say this is that substances with high volatility will vaporize first.
- The higher these vapors climb, the purer the distillate becomes. This is because the heavier molecules will "fall off" and return back to the liquid stage. That means that at any given point in the column, there will be vapors rising and liquid falling back down. It should be noted that the height of the column will affect the percentage separation; imagine that a higher column will naturally result in more stages of separation.
- Once these vapors reach the top of the column, a condenser cools them back down to a liquid form. This distillate is then piped to some kind of collection tank or storage.
- Any substances that remain in the column continue the process of distillation. Some systems use a continuous process (more base solution is added on a continual basis) while others use a batch system (one batch is completed and another is then added).
Distillation can be performed multiple times to increase the purity level; it simply depends on what the manufacturer is looking for in terms of the final product.
Furthermore, short-path distillation (or molecular distillation) is a kind of distillation done in a vacuum (also known as vacuum distillation), although the separation is not executed via solvent affinity but by differences in boiling points of the constituent compounds. We'll examine this process more closely below, but first let's go over some relevant concepts.
Which Comes First: Extraction or Distillation?
There is some confusion about where distillation falls in the overall order of production for cannabis distillates. Is distillation the same thing as extraction? No, it's not. Does extraction come before distillation? Yes, it does. In fact, let's just quickly break down the basic steps as follows:
Extraction → distillation (short-path) → chromatography (reverse chromatography) → analytics → distillation (multiple passes that are optional)
As you can see, extraction comes first. As far as cannabis extraction, it could be alcohol (usually ethanol), carbon dioxide (CO2), or hydrocarbon (like butane or propane). Each of these extraction methods have their respective pros and cons, but it's important to note that short-path distillation is a distinct step and can be implemented with different extraction methods.
What Exactly Are Volatility, Vapor Pressure, and Boiling Points?
Before we dive into discussing short-path distillation specifically, let's just take a quick moment to discuss the concepts of volatility, vapor pressure, and boiling points. These are crucial when discussing short-path distillation, as these specific properties are what allow this process to be so effective and efficient for the production of cannabis distillate.
First, let's start with a few formal definitions:
Volatility is the likelihood that a specific substance will exist as a vapor at a given temperature or pressure. A substance with high volatility is more likely to be a gas while a substance with low volatility is more likely to be a liquid or solid. You can also break it down like so: the higher the volatility, the faster it will vaporize out of a solution that is being heated.
The vapor pressure (or equilibrium vapor pressure) is the pressure at which the gas state of a compound is in equilibrium with its more condensed phases (liquid or solid). This occurs in a closed system (like a piece of distillation equipment under a vacuum) and it is ultimately an indication of the rate of evaporation of a liquid solution.
The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the surrounding pressure, thereby enabling bubbles to form and release vapors. The boiling point is highly dependent on the atmospheric pressure (or the surrounding pressure).
But what does all this mean for the operating principles of short-path distillation? Well, let's break this down into a few key concepts, laid out simply and concisely:
- A compound with higher vapor pressure will be more volatile.
- Higher vapor pressure/volatility equals a lower boiling point.
- Increasing temperature will increase the vapor pressure.
Remember that a successful distillation process requires the vaporization of the solution in order to actually distill it down its constituent compounds. Therefore, a distillation system operating in a vacuum with higher vapor pressure will have lower boiling points for its constituent compounds. A solution of cannabis material, post-extraction, is made up of a series of constituent compounds that are sensitive to heat. As a result, any system that decreases boiling points would be preferable for this type of distillation.
What Is Short-Path Distillation?
So now that we've covered the overall process of distillation, let's focus in on short-path distillation, also known as molecular distillation. This is one of the most efficient distillation processes to use for cannabinoids, resulting in final cannabis distillates that can reach 99% purity. Short-path distillation gets its name from the fact that the cannabis distillate only has to travel a very short distance between vaporization to condensation. This is usually a distance of only a few centimeters; in other words, the vapors travel a very "short path".
The use of this short path effectively means that the heated evaporation surface is in close proximity to the condensing surface. This also means that the short-path apparatus is generally quite compact, making it especially useful for smaller-scale distillation operation. Furthermore, since all of this is happening in a vacuum, the entire process can be conducted at:
- Lower temperatures – The boiling points of various compounds are reduced by 300 K when compared to their boiling points in standard atmospheric conditions.
- Lower operating pressures – These can be as low as 1 to 0.001 millibars (mbar). Remember that standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mbar, so these operating pressures are vastly lower!
The short path between the evaporation surface and the condensing surface also means that pressure drop is minimized. This makes it easier to maintain a vacuum and keep those operating pressures so low. Additionally, the overall temperature (also known as the operating temperature or operation temperature) is kept lower as well, thereby preserving the structural integrity of the volatile compounds in cannabis.
What Are the Parts of a Short-Path Apparatus?
These will vary, depending on the specific equipment manufacturer and the fact that many cannabis producers customize their equipment, but the most basic parts of a short-path apparatus include:
- Heating/evaporating component (also known as a heating mantle) – This is usually a magnetically stirred hot plate used to heat up the initial solution.
- Distillation head – Vapors rise through this passage before condensation.
- Condenser – This can be just one or multiple condensers used to condense the vapors boiling off of the heated solution.
- Chillers – These are usually recirculating chillers and are used to cool the condensers.
- Multi-position receiving/collection vessels (also known as evaporating flasks or cow receivers)– These can be adjusted to collect the different cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, or contaminants that are being condensed.
- Vacuum pump – A pressure vacuum is maintained by sucking out and trapping the air present in the system, thereby keeping it a closed system.
Basically, the heating mantle vaporizes the solution, those vapors travel upwards through the distillation head until they reach the condensers and then drip down into the collection vessels. It's really quite simple! But the simplicity of the system is what makes it so efficient, easy, and cost-effective. For example, the most basic short-path apparatus is known as a kugelrohr and consists of an electric heater, glass bulbs joined via ground glass joints, and a bulb condenser cooled by ice. Simple!
Furthermore, at various intervals the vapors can be collected post-condensation with one or more of the collection vessels. For example, THC has a lower boiling point than CBD. So, if you are looking to create a final product that is rich in CBD but not THC, then you can easily vaporize the THC before the CBD reaches its boiling point. If you want to save the isolated THC for a different product, then you can easily collect the condensed vapors by clicking one of the multi-position receivers into place.
As a result, the operator will have to monitor the temperature and pressure gauges to keep track of what is vaporizing so they can collect it at various intervals. Remember, this is a closed system and it must maintain a vacuum in order for the boiling points to stay low. However, short-path distillation is best for producers working with lower volumes; a distillation system that would work better with high volumes would be wiped film distillation.
How short-path Distillation Work On A Molecular Level?
This method is also known as a liquid-liquid separation technology, because both the initial extract solution and the final distillate are liquids. It relies on the different boiling points of the constituent compounds, but it also relies on the different molecular mean free paths to perform full separation at the molecular level (hence the term molecular distillation).
In physics, mean free path refers to the average distance that is travelled by a moving molecule in between two collisions or impacts, with each of these successive impacts modifying the energy and direction of these molecules.
Furthermore, let's consider that the constituent compounds will have different molecular weights, so when they are vaporized they will not travel the same distance because they have different mean free path values. This is because there is a simple correlation between these two values: the heavier the molecule, the slower it will move as a vapor.
That's how molecular separation is achieved! These different compounds will reach the condenser at different times, thereby allowing for complete separation between constituent compounds. This allows cannabis producers to have tremendous control in which constituent compounds they choose to be collected in the final product. Furthermore, the low operating temperatures and pressures have tremendous benefits for the overall production process.
Why Should Cannabis Distillation Be Done At Lower Temperatures?
Now that we've established that short-path distillation allows for a closed system to operate at lower temperatures, let's examine why that's so important in cannabis production. Many of the constituent compounds in cannabis have high boiling points (see section below), making distillation at atmospheric pressure highly undesirable.
Consequently, cannabis distillation is best performed at lower temperatures because:
- Cannabis is made up of constituent compounds that are volatile/unstable at higher temperatures.
- Exposure to oxygen at higher temperatures (like the boiling points at standard atmospheric pressure) can result in oxidation.
- Prolonged exposure to heat can result in thermal decomposition.
Let's take a moment to discuss oxidation. This is the chemical process by which the addition of oxygen results in a compound losing electrons. We can see this process all the time in our daily lives; metal will rust or fat will turn rancid when exposed to oxygen for prolonged periods.
Oxidation can also alter the chemical makeup of the cannabis solution. For example, the cannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is arguably the most desirable constituent compound in cannabis distillate. It is the primary psychoactive component and, aside from cannabidiol (CBD), it has the most medicinal benefits.
However, THC that has been oxidized will lose its four hydrogen atoms. Once this happens, THC becomes cannabinol (CBN); "tetra" means four in Greek, so "tetrahydro-" means "four hydrogen. CBN is not psychoactive, so a distillate made up of CBN will not have the same effects. Although CBN has various benefits itself, it is emphatically not the same as THC.
Additionally, thermal decomposition, also known as thermolysis, is a form of chemical decomposition created by heat. Basically, this means that the chemical bonds which make up these various compounds are broken by the heat energy. Because a certain threshold of temperature energy is needed to cause this decomposition, it does not occur right away. Rather, prolonged exposure to heat will cause thermolysis, especially in substances that are more volatile, like cannabis.
Constituent Compounds: Cannabinoids, Terpenes, Flavonoids, and Contaminants
Following extraction, you will have a solution of raw cannabis extract that needs to be distilled and purified. Short-path distillation can individually isolate and concentrate the constituent compounds that are present in this cannabis extract. Because certain cannabinoids can be targeted, many manufacturers will create final products like CBD distillate or THC distillate.
But let's take a step back: what exactly are these constituent compounds? What are the various parts to a solution of cannabis extract? Let's break them down into three categories:
- Cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids) – Controlling temperature and pressure allows individual extraction of the various cannabinoids. Essentially, you can choose which cannabinoids you want present in the final product after you condense the vapors back into a final solution.
- Terpenes (terps or terpenoids) and flavonoids – These also have unique boiling points, meaning they can be collected individually as well.
- Contaminants – Distilling the cannabis extract can also remove unwanted byproducts like pesticides that have been used in the cultivation of the original cannabis plant. Also, you can remove any amount of solvent, both in large volumes or residual amounts.
Each of these various compounds will vaporize individually and can then be condensed and collected. Furthermore, here are the boiling points of the major phytocannabinoids:
- CBD: 160 C to 180 C
- Delta-8-THC: 175 C to 178 C
- THCV: less than 220 C
While here are the boiling points of some of the major terpenes in cannabis:
- Limonene: 177 C
- Caryophyllene: 119 C
- Linalool: 198 C
- Myrcene: 166 C to 168 C
- Pinene: 156 C
- Eucalyptol: 176 C
As you can see, many of these constituent compounds have similar boiling points. That means that the distillation will have to occur at precisely controlled temperature and pressure intervals in order to be highly selective in the vaporization/condensation process. Short-path distillation is particularly useful for cannabis as the short distance between vaporization and condensation allows for quick and easy collection under finely tuned temperature and pressure levels.
Furthermore, mean free path also factors into molecular separation. That means if two constituent compounds have the same boiling point, then their separation will occur due to their differing molecular weights. Remember, they will hit the condenser at different times, thereby allowing the short-path operator to still effectively select which compounds are to be collected and separated.
The Great Terpene and Flavonoid Debate
There has been an ongoing debate rumbling about whether or not to include terpenes and flavonoids in the final distillate. There is a growing body of research indicating that these constituent compounds have a variety of health benefits, especially terpenes. Furthermore, when all of the constituent compounds in cannabis are consumed together, then their beneficial effects are magnified (or potentiated) in a biochemical process known as the entourage effect. Additionally, a distillate that has had its terpenes preserved has what is known as a terpene profile.
It's important to remember that short-path distillation allows for the cannabis producer to individually collect these compounds. These can then be:
- Distilled further for additional purity.
- Consumed/sold separately, like THC/CBD distillates. These are known as isolates.
- Recombined into a final product that is known as full-spectrum.
Isolates that have had the terpenes and flavonoids removed do not have the telltale color or smell of cannabis. Some consumers do not like the bitter taste of cannabis and consider a distillate free of terpenes and flavonoids to be "purer". Ultimately, this is still a source of debate and is essentially a matter of personal taste and depends on what the consumer is looking for.
What Are The Advantages to Short-Path/Molecular Distillation?
Short-path/molecular distillation has several distinct advantages, including:
- Pressure is kept low, resulting in lower boiling points.
Operating/operation temperature is kept low. This is lower than the boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure.
Heating time is kept short (usually a few seconds) due to the short-path between vaporization and condensation.
The efficiency and degree of separation is high, especially when compared to traditional methods of distillation.
- It is especially easy to maintain high quality from the raw extract because the process of separation is physical (occurring on a molecular level).
- Contaminants and pollutants can be easily removed via vaporization and then collected via condensation.
- Specific constituent compounds can be collected individually (like THC or CBD) and then recombined or sold separately.
- The standard equipment/apparatus is small and compact, making it easy to add to a pre-existing extraction system.
Consequently, this distillation method is especially useful for isolating the constituent compounds of heat-sensitive liquids or for solutions that have high boiling points. Since it is a liquid-liquid separation method, cannabis producers can also use various extraction methods as long as the raw extract is a solution (in liquid form). Remember that the short-path/molecular distillation process is best when working with lower volumes. If a producer is looking to distill higher volumes or scale up their production, then wiped film distillation would be the better option.
Ultimately, innovative extraction/distillation methods are giving cannabis products a bright and promising future. By using a precise distillation method that preserves the purity and structure of the original extract while selectively removing various constituent compounds, cannabis producers can then recombine these various parts into exciting new products.
For example, the use of short-path/molecular distillation coupled with reverse chromatography has resulted in a full-spectrum cannabis oil that is CBD-rich but does not have THC. If a consumer is looking for a powerful cannabis oil with all the health benefits but none of the intoxication, this kind of product will meet that specific demand in the marketplace. As the cannabis market continues to grow and expand, an increasing number of consumers will be looking for products that are tailor-made for their specific needs.


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This is interesting:
"State computer with confidential medical data put up for sale.
A state computer put up for sale as surplus contained confidential files naming thousands of people with AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, the state auditor said Thursday."
I've been trying to buy up some old hardware from Texas A&M's surplus auctions myself. Wonder what info I'll find…