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In order to protect invested funds, when selecting a company for a long-term partnership a professional trader should consider not only a company's specific trading conditions but also, most importantly, the existence of documents confirming that the company's operations comply with the relevant countries' legal requirements and that the company complies with internationally recognized financial standards.
IQ Option has obtained the necessary licenses to operate in the financial services industry.
CySEC monitors the activities of companies rendering financial services to ensure their compliance with the laws and regulations of the Republic of Cyprus and the European Union.
IQ Option has License No. 247/14, issued by the Cyprus Security Commission, an independent public oversight agency responsible for regulating the investment services market in Cyprus.
IQ Option places special emphasis on matters related to protecting invested funds. We guarantee the security of our clients' funds and prompt fulfillment of our financial obligations.
IQ Option services comply with the basic financial directives of the European Union (MiFID) and are licensed and regulated by the Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission (CySEC, License No. 247/14)
Another guarantee that clients' interests will be protected during trading is IQ Option' participation in compensation funds, which have been created specifically to provide protection and secure clients' claims in instances where brokers are not capable of fulfilling their financial obligations.
IQ Option participates in the Investor Compensation Fund (ICF, Cyprus)
Our business model is based on pure exchange rule - at any moment and for any price there are traders willing to buy and there are traders willing to sell. In an ideal situation the positions of those who buy and of those who sell are equal.
The clearing is done inside our system and we get our commission out of the trading volume.
In cases where there are differences between the buyers and the sellers we pass this risk to the market maker which covers the risk.

subset: commoncrawl


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Hello people! I'm earlier than usual with my Friday Fictioneer story, but I'm having a super busy week and I didn't want to take the chance of missing it. It's a hard one too this week, well for me it is. I really had to think about it.
If you would like to read more great stories based on the same picture or maybe participate, click here to read the few rules we try to follow and don't forget to read our hostess's great story too! If you just want to read more stories, click here and enjoy!
One more thing, if you like FF's, Michael from Morpethroad and I did a longer story based on a couple of our Friday Fictioneer flash stories. If you would like to read it, please click the name The Cat People of Kagir Manor and we would be happy to have you read it. Thanks!
Write a one hundred word story that has a beginning, middle and an end. (No one will be ostracized for going a few words over the count.)
Genre: Fiction (99 words)
"That old hotel had some pretty good lamps left Helen."
"Sure did Sam! We should make one more run, 'fore it gets blown up today."
"Was talking to those demolition guys yesterday. It's not scheduled till 3 pm."
"Lot's of time left. We should stop for a burger first."
After burgers and cokes Helen and Sam snuck unnoticed into the old hotel to grab the rest of their loot.
A few blocks away the demolition boss spoke to his men.
"I know its early Bill, but it's all clear, might as well get it done."
Minutes later the hotel was just dust and rubble.


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January is prime time for the auto industry due to the launch of hundreds of new or newly-tweaked cars and trucks at the Detroit Auto Show. So why am I going to Chicago mid-February to attend that city's auto show instead? Because no one who covers the auto industry, including me, wants to go to Detroit, especially in January when icicles threaten to form on your appendages after walking a few frigid blocks. Leaving cold aside, though – Chicago is cold, too – some of us wonder why the auto industry still launch their spankin' vehicles in a town that lost its spank somewhere in the 70s when GM started cranking out unreliable, ugly garbage on wheels. Even in spring or summer, Detroit's got all the charm of…well, Detroit. My first auto-related trip to Detroit was in 2005, to test drive a bunch of sweet prototype cars (GM's) on a closed track, and to enjoy being put up in a more-than-decent hotel. When I ventured out at night, though, I had to kick garbage out of my way more than once, and no matter where I wandered, a poor soul would suddenly appear next to me, hand out. The sheer numbers of down-and-out reminded me parts of India, where I lived for five months.
There is something to be said for not abandoning a city just because it's fallen to abysmal decrepitude – I guess – but let's look at the facts: between December 2000 and December 2010, 48 percent of the manufacturing jobs in Michigan were lost. Two million people used to live in Detroit and now, according to the 2010 census, that number's plunged to 713,000, the lowest since 1910. The grimmest statistic, though, is the financial one. In 1960, Detroit had the highest per-capita income in the United States, but today the unemployment rate hovers around 20 percent. According to a 2013 report, approximately 60 percent of all children in Detroit live in poverty. Forbes.com named Detroit one of "America's Most Miserable Cities" in 2013. The Detroit auto show, with its gleaming, shiny beacons of hope for the coming year, is surrounded by symbols of a once-mighty metropolis, a decades-long symbol of American can-do, but one which fell about as far as a city can fall, and remains there. I'll still play songs born in Detroit, like "96 Tears," "What's Goin' On" and "Runaway," on my iPod. But I'll get my new car fix in Chicago.


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Chase County, Kansas
Chase county was organized on February 11, 1859, by M. R. Leonard; B. McCabe; J. Lane; M. Coyne; A. Howell; C. T. Hegwer; William Osmer; William Dixon; Walter Watson; A. B. Wentworth; Milton Ford; James Fisher; Nathan Curey; Daniel Holsinger; Gabriel Jacobs; Willie Shart; and Samuel N. Wood. It contains the cities of Cedar Point, Cottonwood Falls, Elmdale, Matfield Green and Strong City. It was named for Salmon P. Chase, Governor and U. S. Senator from Ohio, and later Chief Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court.
The Methodist church of Cottonwood Falls was founded on January 12, 1859. The first fair was held in October 1881, at Cottonwood Falls and is still being held on the same site as the original. The first school, a subscription school, was founded in Cottonwood Falls in 1859. The first public school district was formed at Elmdale in the latter part of 1861.
Samuel N. Wood, of Cottonwood Falls, laid-out and platted the south part of the town, and had the county named for his friend Salmon Chase. Wood, who led a colorful life, was finally disbarred as an attorney and shot to death during the Stevens County Seat War. Also from the county was Congressman Dudley Doolittle (1913-1919).
In 1980 a TV film was made based on the life of Julia Breese, daughter of Lafe (Bud) Breese, entitled "Blessed, Blessed, Mama."
Interesting sites in the county include the Chase County Courthouse, the Spring Hill Ranch House on the Z-Bar ranch, the Samuel N. Wood House, the Lower Fox Creek School, the Clements Stone Arch Bridge, the Chase County National Bank Building the Carter Building, the Clover Cliff Ranch House, the Crocker Ranch Buildings and the Cottonwood River Bridge, at north edge of Cottonwood Falls.
- See our Kansas Counties database for statistics in the county.
- Search our Register database for historic sites in the county.
- Search Kansas Memory for historic items from the county.
For more information see the Chase County website. Chase County Historical Society, Cottonwood Falls, has a four volume set of family histories available, and additional volumes due out in the near future. The Historical Society also has microfilm of all available Chase County newspapers.
Entry: Chase County, Kansas
Author: Kansas Historical Society
Author information: The Kansas Historical Society is a state agency charged with actively safeguarding and sharing the state's history.
Date Created: February 2010
Date Modified: October 2015
The author of this article is solely responsible for its content.


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Sheriff cites 'breakdown' of system as Aaron Hernandez questions take over Congressional endorsement
NEW BEDFORD — Bristol County Sheriff Thomas Hodgson arrived at the Cotali Mar restaurant in New Bedford's Near North End neighborhood Wednesday morning to endorse a Republican candidate for Congress.
Instead, Hodgson ended up talking for almost 10 minutes about former Patriots star tight end Aaron Hernandez getting into a fight with another inmate Tuesday at the Bristol County House of Correction in Dartmouth.
"I'm not happy that there might have been a breakdown in our system," Hodgson said as John Chapman, a former Romney administration official and a Republican candidate in the 9th Congressional District race, stood next to him silently.
Hodgson said an internal jailhouse investigation will determine whether Hernandez, 24, and the other unnamed inmate will be disciplined at the jail or face possible criminal assault charges.
The brief altercation happened early Tuesday afternoon while Hernandez and the other inmate were both outside their cells. Several correctional officers were nearby and immediately broke up the fight, Hodgson said, adding that neither Hernandez nor the other inmate required medical treatment.
Hodgson did not say what the fight might have been about. Celebrity news website TMZ reported Tuesday that the inmate might have been taunting Hernandez, and that Hernandez beat up the inmate "pretty good" in a hallway.
Hodgson said there is no hallway in the cell unit, but rather an open common area in front of the cells. Hodgson said it is not unusual for inmates to taunt each other by yelling outside their cells, but he added that he was not sure what prompted the fight.
Since last summer, Hernandez had been placed in a segregated unit where only one inmate is allowed to be out of his cell at any given time. The inmates and pretrial detainees in that unit can spend three hours a day outside their cell for recreation, showers and phone calls, officials said.
Hodgson said it is standard policy to move inmates to a different area of the jail after a physical altercation, though he declined to say where in the jail Hernandez is now located. Hodgson said the internal investigation will seek to learn how both inmates were outside their cells at the same time.
"It was a breakdown," Hodgson said, adding that Hernandez's possible jail sanctions could include losing his commissary privileges.
Hernandez has been held without bail at the Dartmouth jail since his arrest last summer on murder and firearm charges. Prosecutors allege he orchestrated the June 2013 murder of Odin Lloyd in the North Attleborough Industrial Park two days after they had a disagreement in a Boston nightclub.
On Wednesday, while fielding several Hernandez-related questions from reporters, Hodgson said, "We're here to talk about a congressional race."
After about 10 minutes, Chapman's campaign director cut off questions to allow Hodgson and Chapman to discuss local business and economic development issues with Carlos A. Madeira, the owner of Cotali Mar.
While explaining his position on immigration reform — assist legal immigrants before undocumented immigrants — and the Affordable Care Act — he would vote to repeal it — Chapman said he did not feel overshadowed by the morning's impromptu Hernandez press conference.
"I think the sheriff's endorsement for me was huge," Chapman said.


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The day starts with a diversion to Clapham Junction. My partner is on a business trip abroad and has forgotten her phone. Having made the rendezvous and said a second farewell, it is only a short distance to Chelsea College. The college is located near Tate Britain and is hosting an MA fine art student show, the last of the season. Two painters on display are of particular note. Naoya Inose has produced fantastical landscapes incorporating architectural structures with enormous walls, bathed in the glow of a low sun which has simultaneously illuminated vast ranges of clouds. In contrast Mikolaos Panagiotopoulos has created a much more intimate space populated with variously wrought figures that are lifelike though suggesting in places a more cartoon-like idiom.
Next door the Tate has a grand retrospective of Rachel Whiteread and although it is a pay show, a large display has been installed in the Duveen Galleries, the enormous central space reserved primarily for sculpture. The pastel lozenges, which the sculptor has cast from coloured resin, bare the imprints of legs and chair bottoms and suggest that these are solid embodiments of the empty spaces beneath seats. A moment of reflection on the nature of chairs follows before noticing too, the glow of light that is trapped and preserved in the resin forms, the source being the sun of course, which is wending its way round the skylights above the gallery.
Close by in this central space, Lynda Benglis has produced what looks like a pile of molten metal cast into a generic corner. This pile finds its particular fit amongst the London stone of Tate Britain flanked by occasional classical columns.
Then it is a short jog through St James' Park to Pace Gallery where Jean Debuffet's late collage works are on display from a private collection. They demonstrate a striking use of juxtaposition as hundreds of drawings appear to have sought each other out as though by a natural force and collected into several perfectly ordered groups. Each framed cluster is rich in narrative through its varied fragments, but yet is unified through similarities of colour, theme and other parameters far too subtle to even put into words.
Finally at Sadie Coles HQ, TJ Wilcox has produced three films using an interview style done with great sensitivity. The restauranteur Fergus Henderson describes the joys of food with engaging anecdotes and slowly one becomes aware too, through the direct and honest replies, about the interviewee's illness and treatment for Parkinson's disease. Though the speech is sometimes hard to follow, necessitating subtitles, the interview is full of life. I stand there for a full twenty minutes simply enjoying the story, the images and the slow revelation of someone's fascinating life.
Naoya Inose at Chelsea MA Fine Art, with great landscapes.
Mikolaos Panagiotopoulos at Chelsea MA Fine Art with elegantly combined images of figures.
Rachel Whiteread of Gagosian Gallery on show at Tate Britain.
Lynda Benglis of Thomas Dane Gallery with a piece on show at Tate Britain.
Michael Fullerton of Carl Freedman Gallery with a portrait of John Peel in Tate Britain.
Jean Dubuffet at Pace London with images built up from drawings collages onto the canvas.
Lucy McKenzie and Paulina Olowska with a striking piece up for auction.
Danh Vo of Marian Goodman Gallery with a piece up for auction.
TJ Wilcox at Sadie Coles HQ interviewing charismatic restaurateur Fergus Henderson. There was too much salt in a friend's batch of cucumber soup.


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Daumier, Honoré
Daumier, Honoré ônôrā´ dōmyā´ [key], 1808–79, French caricaturist, painter, and sculptor. Daumier was the greatest social satirist of his day. Son of a Marseilles glazier, he accompanied his family to Paris in 1816. There he studied under Lenoir and learned lithography. He soon began to contribute cartoons to the weekly Caricature. In 1832 his representation of Louis Philippe as Gargantua caused him six months' imprisonment. Two outstanding lithographs of 1834, Rue Transnonain and Le Ventre législatif [the legislative paunch] testify to his early direct and bitterly ironic approach. After the suppression of Caricature his work appeared in Charivari, where he mercilessly ridiculed the bourgeois society of his day in a highly realistic graphic style. Relished as cartoons in his time, Daumier's lithographs, of which he produced almost 4,000, are now considered masterpieces. He also painted about 200 small canvases of power and dramatic intensity that were stylistically similar to his lithographs. Among these are Christ and His Disciples (Rijksmus.); Republic (Louvre); Three Lawyers (Phillips Gall., Washington, D.C.); the romantic Don Quixote and The Third-Class Carriage (both: Metropolitan Mus.). Daumier's sculpture includes over 30 small, painted busts. An example of his work in this medium is a statuette in the Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore. In his last years he suffered from increasing blindness. His financial condition was perilous. Corot put at his disposal a cottage in Valmondois, and it was there that Daumier died.
See his Teachers and Students (tr. 1970); catalogue raisonné ed. by K. E. Maison (2 vol., 1968); biography by R. Rey (1985); studies by K. E. Maison (1960), O. Larkin (1966), H. P. Vincent (1968), and J. L. Wasserman (1969).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2023, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: European Art, 1600 to the Present: Biographies


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America's founding foodies. November 19, 2012Posted by ourfriendben in Ben Franklin, wit and wisdom.
Tags: Benjamin Franklin, book reviews, Colonial cooking, early American cooking, James Hemings, pre-revolutionary French cuisine, Sally Hemings, Thomas J. Craughwell, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Jefferson's Creme Brulee
Silence Dogood here. All of us at Poor Richard's Almanac are fans of America's Founding Fathers, especially our hero and blog mentor, the great Benjamin Franklin. So I was thrilled to find a book on a recent shopping expedition that combined my love of the Founders with my love of cooking. It's Thomas Jefferson's Creme Brulee (Thomas J. Craughwell, Quirk Books, Philadelphia, 2012, $19.95). The subtitle says it all: How a Founding Father and His Slave James Hemings Introduced French Cuisine to America.
Jefferson is revered by many as the drafter of the Declaration of Independence, and viewed by many as the most intellectual of the Founders. (We think they've somehow forgotten Dr. Franklin.) He's seen by others as the Founding Hypocrite, the man who preached liberty for all while holding (and selling) slaves. He is widely believed to have fathered six children on his slave, his wife's half-sister Sally Hemings (a claim hotly disputed by his legitimate descendants), yet he freed neither Sally nor her children. He was so addicted to personal luxury that at his death, his descendents had to sell Monticello to settle his debts.
This is hardly the profile of a man who lived by principle. And yet it is Jefferson, his Louisiana Purchase, his Lewis and Clark Expedition, who made America the great nation it became. (Credit also goes to Jefferson's old political rival, Alexander Hamilton, who envisioned the strong central government that forged the United States rather than a federation of individual states.)
James Hemings, another of Martha Jefferson's half-siblings, was Sally Hemings's older brother. Thomas Jefferson thought all the Hemings family were unusually talented, and when he was appointed ambassador to France, he took James Hemings with him. He made a most unusual deal with James: If James learned to cook French cuisine and taught the skill to another Monticello slave, Jefferson would grant him his freedom. It was a promise that Jefferson, if belatedly and reluctantly, kept: James was the only slave he ever freed.
In France, James Hemings learned fluent French and apprenticed with France's finest chefs. He was chef de cuisine at Jefferson's mansion in Paris and later at his home in New York (then the capital of the U.S.) when Jefferson became Secretary of State. He taught his brother Peter Hemings the art of French cooking, and after gaining his freedom, cooked professionally in Philadelphia and Baltimore.
James's story, and his role in bringing French cuisine to America, is given as much play in Thomas Jefferson's Creme Brulee as the author could give them, drawing on every surviving account to sketch a portrait of the man and his times. The book is obviously also about Thomas Jefferson's years in France and his lifelong love affair with French food and wine. (One of the most interesting passages is about Jefferson's tour through France and northern Italy, seeking out and spending time with the great wine producers and wine merchants, and learning everything he could about wine.)
But ultimately, Thomas Jefferson's Creme Brulee is about French cooking during the reign of the ill-fated Louis XVI, the 32-course dinners, the delicate fare. (A specialty of the time was disguising dishes so they looked like something else, creating an apparently delightful surprise for diners when they cut into a peacock and discovered it was actually a rabbit or fish.) The author's discussion of the presentation of food (by the time it was ceremoniously paraded to the upper-class table, it was invariably cold) and table manners (forks weren't adopted by most Americans until the mid-1800s) is the real heart and hook of the book.
If you're thinking of cooking a la Jefferson, you won't find much to go on here. You'll discover the dishes Jefferson and James Hemings introduced to America, such as French fries (known simply as fried potatoes, pommes de terre frites, in France), macaroni and cheese, creme brulee, and a recipe for making coffee. But to find usable recipes, you'll need to refer to Marie Kimball's Thomas Jefferson's Cook Book (1938, reprinted Garrett and Massie, Richmond, VA 2004).
When we think of French food today, we don't tend to picture mac'n'cheese, French fries, and coffee. Rather than picturing McDonald's fries, Cracker Barrel's mac'n'cheese, and Starbucks' or Dunkin' Donuts' coffee, we'll at least imagine Julia Child and her boeuf bourguinon, famous Michelin-starred French restaurants or their American cousins like The French Laundry and Le Bernardin, baguettes and croissants, or luscious French cheeses like Roquefort, Camembert and Brie.
But clearly, while potatoes may have originated in the Americas, those pommes frites dished up by the ton at Mickey D's, and their trans-Atlantic cousins of fish and chips fame, originated in pre-revolutionary France and were served to royalty at Versailles.
Strange but true: Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were responsible for popularizing potatoes in France. They not only ate potatoes, they wore potato flowers in their lapels and hair, creating a rage for all things potato. Fried potatoes really were French fries. If Marie Antoinette had said "Let them eat potatoes" rather than "Let them eat brioche" (an expensive, "refined" bread; she didn't actually say "Let them eat cake"), perhaps the French revolution would have been averted.
But I digress. If you love food history or early American history, you'll enjoy a romp through Thomas Jefferson's Creme Brulee. And if you'd like to see at least one Hemings get his due, this book is a great place to start.
'Til next time,


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I have a confession to make,
*deep breath*
As an "Aff for life!" warlock this feels almost like a betrayal to all I have ever known and loved.
For a while the dirty secret was kept on my baby warlock that I was leveling for the classy trolls guild cheeve. I decided that I was going to learn to destro because I was so unhappy with the new aff rotation. It ended up being so much fun that I thought about changing my PvP off spec on Lyssi to destro to play around but I never went through with it.
I mean, I wrote posts rhapsodizing over affliction and my love for it. I said I would NEVER play destro. It was just a mage with a pet. Etc, etc, etc.
Now I've switched and love it.
When I was testing things out on the Beta I spent quite a long time at the dummies just trying to get my fingers into the swing of a new rotation while trying to keep the basic buttons that I had grown accustomed to. I moved all of the spells around until I had a flow going. It was starting to look up for me and affliction for MoP. I won't lie. For a while I was honestly looking at my stable of alts and wondering which one I could happily switch to and raid on for MoP. Before the Beta changes to affliction went through it was looking as though I would be playing my Priest or Druid, as a healer.
That's right.
I was thinking of switching my role COMPLETELY!
Which is kind of odd considering I hadn't healed full time since Wrath. This was also the time in which resto druid healing was spamming wild growth and rejuv on any person taking any tiny amount of damage. Hell, I was still angry tree at that time. The most I had healed since then was in 5 mans or alt runs with the guild. I even did LFR on my priest a time or two. Other than that, no real raiding.
What was I thinking in becoming a healer again?
Yes I am insane, if you didn't believe me (or Slice for that matter) prior to this then you should have no doubts left.
So when the changes came down that helped the aff rotation I was happy again. I could keep my main, I could keep playing the spec I loved so much.
Fast forward to last night and the 5.0.04 patch.
I hopped online on Lyssi and first hit the trainer to change my off spec from aff (aff pvp prior to the changes) to destro then I flew up to the dummies.
I was dumb at first because I hadn't put the glyphs in. So after some toon swapping I got my glyphs I needed for both specs and went back to testing my rotation.
Yeah I had problems.
I already knew from the Beta that I would have to re-organize my keys and bars, even if I hadn't read the reminder from Cynwise. Even after switching my buttons around and practicing for quite a while as aff, I just couldn't get back into the flow I had found on the Beta.
Then I switched my spec . . .
The rotation flowed.
I can't explain it any other way.
I was just hitting the buttons with the same ease that I had from years of playing affliction, only I wasn't playing affliction. It was a scary thought that I could so easily transition to something I had never played before.
After I messed around with the rotation for a little while longer I decided that I needed to reforge my gear to better optimize destro. Affliction loves haste, Demo loves mastery and Destro loves crit. Since I lost my stat stick in my wand and the hit cap was lowered I thought I would go reforge and see how much more crit I could squeeze out of my haste heavy gear. Off to Mr. Robot!
First of all, when did AskMrRobot become such shit? I loved that site when it first came out. I haven't used it since it updated to the new format, which was around Firelands. I stopped using it then because it kept putting the wrong stat levels on my gear. Which meant that it wasn't optimized. I went there last night to see if they had fixed it, and no. It told me to take my haste enchant off and put on an expertise enchant.
Excuse me?
Why the hell would a caster need expertise?
Ok fine I checked the stat weights. Expertise was at ZERO and yet 4 different pieces of gear were being told to be enchanted or reforged to expertise.
I just gave up at that point.
I can hear Sorak chiming in with "Why are you relying on some silly website?"
Yeah, yeah, yeah.
So I logged back in and just did the reforging myself. I am slightly over hit cap but I don't know what else I could do with what I had. Unfortunately I wasn't able to raise my crit any higher since I didn't have anything to reforge away other than haste. I don't know about you but I still love haste way too much to want to get rid of it. Especially now that DI has been changed. Lots of haste is awesome!
Anyway I logged off pretty happy with what I had set up. New keybinds, new spec, new pet. It is golden!
Tonight we are going to raid to see how everyone handles their new rotations, etc. I am eagerly anticipating it! Hopefully I will get a chance tomorrow to make an update on how things went. If not, I am sure Arv or Rep or Slice will post something.
Sorry for being so quiet for so long! I miss you guys!


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Cleveland (Reuters) – A range of musicians from rockers Guns N' Roses to R&B legends Smokey Robinson and the Miracles where inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on Saturday in a night as notable for who was not there as who was.
Axl Rose, frontman for 1990s band Guns N' Roses, earlier this week refused to be honored by the Cleveland-based Rock Hall after years of bitter feuding with his former "Appetite for Destruction" bandmates, and his name earned catcalls from the crowd when it was mentioned.
Boos rang out from some of the 6,000 in attendance early in the evening when Billie Joe Armstrong, lead singer of Green Day, asked the crowd "who was missing" as members of Guns N' Roses were up on stage accepting their award.
"Most singers are crazy. I can vouch for that," Armstrong told the audience. He praised Rose: "He is one of the best front man to ever touch a microphone." Then added: "Sometimes you have to look back at chapters of your life to move forward."
Rose was the first artist to publicly snub the honor since surviving members of punk rockers the Sex Pistols, inducted in 2006, refused to attend the ceremony.
Earlier in the week, Rose issued open letter to the public saying he would "respectfully decline my induction as a member of Guns N' Roses to the Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame" at Saturday's 27th Annual ceremony in Cleveland.
Two other notable absences were Rod Stewart, inducted Saturday with other band members from the Faces/Small Faces and the Beastie Boys' Adam Yauch, who was diagnosed with cancer in 2009 and couldn't accept his award with band members, Mike D (Michael Diamond) and Ad-Rock (Adam Horovitz).
Stewart, previously inducted as a solo performer, couldn't attend because he was ill with the flu and had to stay away under doctor orders.The Rock Hall, which has been criticized in the past for inducting lead performers over the iconic groups they led, appointed a committee to choose six additional overlooked groups this year.
Those groups included The Miracles led by Smokey Robinson; The Crickets, backing band to Buddy Holly; Bill Haley's The Midnighters; Gene Vincent's the Blue Caps; and the back-up band for James Brown, the Famous Flames.
Robinson told Reuters on Saturday he was at the ceremony to support his group. "I always thought that the Miracles should be in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. I am absolutely elated this is actually happening," he said.
Performances during the more than four-hour ceremony included Green Day and Kid Rock, as well as inductees Donovan, Faces and the Red Hot Chili Peppers.
The artists and bands inducted at the ceremony were chosen by 600 music industry professionals. Inductees are represented in a permanent exhibit at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum in Cleveland.
(Reporting by Kim Palmer; Editing by Bob Tourtellotte and Todd Eastham)


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Catherine of Aragon
|Catherine of Aragon
Portrait by Lucas Hornebolte
|Queen consort of England
|11 June 1509 – 23 May 1533
|24 June 1509
16 December 1485
Archbishop's Palace, Alcalá de Henares, Castile
7 January 1536 50) (aged
Kimbolton Castle, England
|Peterborough Cathedral, Peterborough, England
Arthur, Prince of Wales (m. 1501; d. 1502)
Henry VIII of England (m. 1509; annulled 1533)
among others...
|Mary I of England
|Ferdinand II of Aragon
|Isabella I of Castile
|Roman Catholic
Catherine of Aragon (Castilian: Catalina; also spelled Katherine, 16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536) was the Queen of England from June 1509 until May 1533 as the first wife of King Henry VIII; she was previously Princess of Wales as the wife of Henry's elder brother Arthur.
The daughter of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, Catherine was three years old when she was betrothed to Arthur, Prince of Wales, heir apparent to the English throne. They married in 1501, and Arthur died five months later. In 1507, she held the position of ambassadress for the Aragonese Crown in England, becoming the first female ambassador in European history.[1] Catherine subsequently married Arthur's younger brother, the recently ascended Henry VIII, in 1509. For six months in 1513, she served as regent of England while Henry VIII was in France. During that time the English won the Battle of Flodden, an event in which Catherine played an important part with an emotional speech about English courage.[2]
By 1525, Henry VIII was infatuated with Anne Boleyn and dissatisfied that his marriage to Catherine had produced no surviving sons, leaving their daughter, the future Mary I of England, as heir presumptive at a time when there was no established precedent for a woman on the throne. He sought to have their marriage annulled, setting in motion a chain of events that led to England's schism with the Catholic Church. When Pope Clement VII refused to annul the marriage, Henry defied him by assuming supremacy over religious matters. In 1533 their marriage was consequently declared invalid and Henry married Anne on the judgement of clergy in England, without reference to the Pope. Catherine refused to accept Henry as Supreme Head of the Church in England and considered herself the King's rightful wife and queen, attracting much popular sympathy.[3] Despite this, she was acknowledged only as Dowager Princess of Wales by Henry. After being banished from court, she lived out the remainder of her life at Kimbolton Castle, and died there on 7 January 1536. Catherine's English subjects held her in high esteem, and her death set off tremendous mourning among the English people.[4]
The controversial book The Education of Christian Women by Juan Luis Vives, which claimed women have the right to an education, was commissioned by and dedicated to her. Such was Catherine's impression on people that even her enemy, Thomas Cromwell, said of her, "If not for her sex, she could have defied all the heroes of History."[5] She successfully appealed for the lives of the rebels involved in the Evil May Day, for the sake of their families.[6] Catherine also won widespread admiration by starting an extensive programme for the relief of the poor.[7][6] She was a patron of Renaissance humanism, and a friend of the great scholars Erasmus of Rotterdam and Thomas More.[7]
Early life
Catherine was born at the Archbishop's Palace in Alcalá de Henares near Madrid, on the night of 16 December 1485. She was the youngest surviving child of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.[8] Catherine was quite short in stature[9] with long red hair, wide blue eyes, a round face, and a fair complexion.[10] She was descended, on her maternal side, from the English royal house; her great-grandmother Catherine of Lancaster, after whom she was named, and her great-great-grandmother Philippa of Lancaster were both daughters of John of Gaunt and granddaughters of Edward III of England. Consequently, she was third cousin of her father-in-law, Henry VII of England,[11] and fourth cousin of her mother-in-law Elizabeth of York.
Catherine was educated by a tutor, Alessandro Geraldini, who was a clerk in Holy Orders. She studied arithmetic, canon and civil law, classical literature, genealogy and heraldry, history, philosophy, religion, and theology. She had a strong religious upbringing and developed her Roman Catholic faith that would play a major role in later life.[12] She learned to speak, read and write in Spanish and Latin, and spoke French and Greek. She was also taught domestic skills, such as cooking, dancing, drawing, embroidery, good manners, lace-making, music, needlepoint, sewing, spinning, and weaving.[13] The great scholar Erasmus later said that Catherine "loved good literature which she had studied with success since childhood".[14]
At an early age, Catherine was considered a suitable wife for Arthur, Prince of Wales, heir apparent to the English throne, due to the English ancestry she inherited from her mother. By means of her mother, Catherine had a stronger legitimate claim to the English throne than King Henry VII himself through the first two wives of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster: Blanche of Lancaster and Constance of Castile. In contrast, Henry VII was the descendant of Gaunt's third marriage to Katherine Swynford, whose children were born out of wedlock and only legitimised after the death of Constance and the marriage of John to Katherine. The children of John and Katherine, while legitimised, were barred from inheriting the English throne, a stricture that was ignored in later generations. Because of Henry's descent through illegitimate children barred from succession to the English throne, the Tudor monarchy was not accepted by all European kingdoms. At the time, the House of Trastámara was the most prestigious in Europe,[11] due to the rule of the Catholic Monarchs, so the alliance of Catherine and Arthur validated the House of Tudor in the eyes of European royalty and strengthened the Tudor claim to the English throne via Catherine of Aragon's ancestry. It would have given a male heir an indisputable claim to the throne. The two were married by proxy on 19 May 1499 and corresponded in Latin until Arthur turned fifteen, when it was decided that they were old enough to be married.[15]
When Catherine of Aragon travelled to London, she brought a group of her African attendants with her, including one identified as the trumpeter John Blanke.[16] They are the first Africans recorded to have arrived in London at the time, and were considered luxury servants. They caused a great impression about the princess and the power of her family.[17]
As wife and widow of Arthur
The couple met on 4 November 1501 at Dogmersfield in Hampshire.[20][21] Little is known about their first impressions of each other, but Arthur did write to his parents-in-law that he would be "a true and loving husband" and told his parents that he was immensely happy to "behold the face of his lovely bride". The couple had corresponded in Latin, but found that they could not understand each other, since they had learned different pronunciations.[22] Ten days later, on 14 November 1501, they were married at Old St. Paul's Cathedral.[11] A dowry of 200,000 crowns had been agreed, and half was paid shortly after the marriage.[23]
Once married, Arthur was sent to Ludlow Castle on the borders of Wales to preside over the Council of Wales and the Marches, as was his duty as Prince of Wales, and his bride accompanied him. The couple stayed at Castle Lodge, Ludlow. A few months later, they both became ill, possibly with the sweating sickness which was sweeping the area. Arthur died on 2 April 1502; Catherine recovered to find herself a widow.[24]
At this point, Henry VII faced the challenge of avoiding the obligation to return her 200,000 ducat dowry, half of which he had not yet received, to her father, as required by her marriage contract should she return home.[25] Following the death of his queen, Elizabeth of York, in February 1503, Henry VII initially considered marrying Catherine himself, but the opposition of her father and potential questions over the legitimacy of the couple's issue put paid to the idea.[26] To settle the matter, it was agreed that Catherine would marry Henry VII's second son, Henry, Duke of York, who was five years younger than she was. The death of Catherine's mother, however, meant that her "value" in the marriage market decreased. Castile was a much larger kingdom than Aragon, and it was inherited by Catherine's mentally unstable elder sister, Joanna. Ostensibly, the marriage was delayed until Henry was old enough, but Ferdinand II procrastinated so much over payment of the remainder of Catherine's dowry that it became doubtful that the marriage would take place. She lived as a virtual prisoner at Durham House in London.[27] Some of the letters she wrote to her father complaining of her treatment have survived. In one of these letters she tells him that "I choose what I believe, and say nothing. For I am not as simple as I may seem." She had little money and struggled to cope, as she had to support her ladies-in-waiting as well as herself. In 1507 she served as the Spanish ambassador to England, the first female ambassador in European history.[1] While Henry VII and his councillors expected her to be easily manipulated, Catherine went on to prove them wrong.[1]
Marriage to Arthur's brother depended on the Pope granting a dispensation because canon law forbade a man to marry his brother's widow (Lev. 18:16[28]). Catherine testified that her marriage to Arthur was never consummated as, also according to canon law, a marriage was not valid until consummated.[29][30]
Queen of England (1509–1533)
Catherine's wedding took place on 11 June 1509,[31] seven years after Prince Arthur's death. She married Henry VIII, who had only just acceded to the throne, in a private ceremony in the church of the Observant Friars outside Greenwich Palace. She was 23 years of age. The king was just days short of his 18th birthday.[32][31]
On Saturday 23 June 1509, the traditional eve-of-coronation procession to Westminster was greeted by a large and enthusiastic crowd. As was the custom, the couple spent the night before their coronation at the Tower of London. On Midsummer's Day, Sunday, 24 June 1509, Henry VIII and Catherine were anointed and crowned together by the Archbishop of Canterbury at a lavish ceremony at Westminster Abbey. The coronation was followed by a banquet in Westminster Hall. Many new Knights of the Bath were created in honour of the coronation.[31] In that month that followed, many social occasions presented the new Queen to the English public. She made a fine impression and was well received by the people of England.[24]
Pregnancies and children
Catherine was pregnant six times altogether:[33][34]
- In August 1509, two months after the wedding, Catherine's first pregnancy was announced. On 31 January 1510 she gave birth prematurely to a stillborn girl.
- In May 1510, four months after the loss of her first child, Catherine announced her second pregnancy. A son, Henry, Duke of Cornwall, was born on 1 January 1511. In his honour, guns were fired from the Tower of London and the city bells were rung, beacons were lit and free wine was distributed to all the population. Five days after his birth, on 6 January 1511, the prince was christened at Richmond Palace, his godparents being the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Earl of Surrey and the Countess of Devon. On 22 February 1511, after only 52 days of life, the young prince died suddenly. It was said that he died of an intestinal complaint.
- By early 1513, Catherine was pregnant again.[35] On 30 June 1513, Catherine was left as regent in England when Henry VIII went to fight in France. In November 1513, she went into labour prematurely and gave birth to a son, the second Henry, Duke of Cornwall. The child died shortly after birth and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
- In June 1514, Catherine announced her fourth pregnancy. On 8 January 1515, she gave birth to a stillborn boy.
- In the summer of 1515, Catherine announced her fifth pregnancy; however, less hope was placed on an heir resulting her previous failed pregnancies. On 18 February 1516, Catherine delivered a healthy girl at 4 a.m. at Greenwich Palace, Kent.[36] She was named Mary and christened three days later (21 February) with great ceremony at the Church of Observant Friars. Despite his evident disappointment, Henry VIII said that if it were a girl this time then surely boys would follow.
- In February 1518, Catherine announced her sixth pregnancy. In March, she visited Merton College, Oxford and also made a pilgrimage to the shrine of St Frideswide, asking for a healthy son. On 10 November 1518 she gave birth to a daughter, but the child was weak and lived either only a few hours or at most a week.
On 11 June 1513, Henry appointed Catherine Regent or Governor of England while he went to France on a military campaign.[37] When Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville, was captured at Thérouanne, Henry sent him to stay in Catherine's household. She wrote to Wolsey that she and her council would prefer the Duke to stay in the Tower of London as the Scots were "so busy as they now be" and she added her prayers for "God to sende us as good lukke against the Scotts, as the King hath ther."[38] The war with Scotland occupied her subjects, and she was "horrible busy with making standards, banners, and badges" at Richmond Palace. The Scots invaded and on 3 September 1513, she ordered Thomas Lovell to raise an army in the midland counties.[39]
Catherine rode north in full armour to address the troops, despite being heavily pregnant at the time. Her fine speech was reported to the historian Peter Martyr d'Anghiera in Valladolid within a fortnight.[40] Although an Italian newsletter said she was 100 miles (160 km) north of London when news of the victory at Battle of Flodden Field reached her, she was near Buckingham.[41] From Woburn Abbey she sent a letter to Henry along with a piece of the bloodied coat of King James IV of Scotland, who died in the battle, for Henry to use as a banner at the siege of Tournai.[42]
Catherine's religious dedication increased as she became older, as did her interest in academics. She continued to broaden her knowledge and provide training for her daughter, Mary. Education among women became fashionable, partly because of Catherine's influence, and she donated large sums of money to several colleges. Henry, however, still considered a male heir essential. The Tudor dynasty was new, and its legitimacy might still be tested.[43] A long civil war (1135–54) had been fought the last time a woman, (Empress Matilda), had inherited the throne. The disasters of civil war were still fresh in living memory from the Wars of the Roses.[44]
In 1520, Catherine's nephew Holy Roman Emperor Charles V[45] paid a state visit to England, and she urged Henry to enter an alliance with Charles rather than with France. Immediately after his departure, she accompanied Henry to France on the celebrated visit to Francis I, the so-called Field of the Cloth of Gold. Within two years, war was declared against France and the Emperor was once again welcome in England, where plans were afoot to betroth him to Catherine's daughter Mary.
The King's great matter
| The Six Wives of
Henry VIII
|Catherine of Aragon
|Anne Boleyn
|Jane Seymour
|Anne of Cleves
|Catherine Howard
|Catherine Parr
In 1525, Henry VIII became enamoured of Anne Boleyn, a lady-in-waiting to Queen Catherine who was 11 years younger than Henry. Henry began pursuing her;[46] Catherine was no longer able to bear children by this time. Henry began to believe that his marriage was cursed and sought confirmation from the Bible, which he interpreted to say that if a man marries his brother's wife, the couple will be childless.[47][7] Even if her marriage to Arthur had not been consummated (and Catherine would insist to her dying day that she had come to Henry's bed a virgin), Henry's interpretation of that biblical passage meant that their marriage had been wrong in the eyes of God.[30] Whether the Pope at the time of Henry and Catherine's marriage had had the right to overrule Henry's claimed scriptural impediment would become a hot topic in Henry's campaign to wrest an annulment from the present Pope.[30] It is possible that the idea of annulment had been suggested to Henry much earlier than this, and is highly probable that it was motivated by his desire for a son. Before Henry's father ascended the throne, England was beset by civil warfare over rival claims to the English crown, and Henry may have wanted to avoid a similar uncertainty over the succession.[48]
My tribulations are so great, my life so disturbed by the plans daily invented to further the King's wicked intention, the surprises which the King gives me, with certain persons of his council, are so mortal, and my treatment is what God knows, that it is enough to shorten ten lives, much more mine.
It soon became the one absorbing object of Henry's desires to secure an annulment.[49] Catherine was defiant when it was suggested that she quietly retire to a nunnery, saying, "God never called me to a nunnery. I am the King's true and legitimate wife".[50] He set his hopes upon an appeal to the Holy See, acting independently of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, whom he told nothing of his plans. William Knight, the King's secretary, was sent to Pope Clement VII to sue for an annulment, on the grounds that the dispensing bull of Pope Julius II was obtained by false pretences.
As the Pope was, at that time, the prisoner of Catherine's nephew, Emperor Charles V, following the Sack of Rome in May 1527, Knight had difficulty in obtaining access to him. In the end, Henry's envoy had to return without accomplishing much. Henry now had no choice but to put this great matter into the hands of Thomas Wolsey, and Wolsey did all he could to secure a decision in Henry's favour.[51]
Wolsey went so far as to convene an ecclesiastical court in England with a representative of the Pope presiding, and Henry and Catherine herself in attendance. The Pope had no intention of allowing a decision to be reached in England, and his legate was recalled. (How far the pope was influenced by Charles V is difficult to say, but it is clear Henry saw that the Pope was unlikely to annul his marriage to the Emperor's aunt.[52]) The Pope forbade Henry to marry again before a decision was given in Rome. Wolsey had failed and was dismissed from public office in 1529. Wolsey then began a secret plot to have Anne Boleyn forced into exile and began communicating with the Pope to that end. When this was discovered, Henry ordered Wolsey's arrest and, had he not been terminally ill and died in 1530, he might have been executed for treason.[53] A year later, Catherine was banished from court, and her old rooms were given to Anne Boleyn. When Archbishop of Canterbury William Warham died, the Boleyn family's chaplain, Thomas Cranmer, was appointed to the vacant position.[54]
When Henry decided to annul his marriage to Catherine, John Fisher became her most trusted counsellor and one of her chief supporters. He appeared in the legates' court on her behalf, where he shocked people with the directness of his language, and by declaring that, like John the Baptist, he was ready to die on behalf of the indissolubility of marriage. Henry was so enraged by this that he wrote a long Latin address to the legates in answer to Fisher's speech. Fisher's copy of this still exists, with his manuscript annotations in the margin which show how little he feared Henry's anger. The removal of the cause to Rome ended Fisher's role in the matter, but Henry never forgave him.[55][56] Other people who supported Catherine's case included Thomas More, Henry's own sister Mary Tudor, Queen of France - though as a member of the Tudor family and of royal blood, she was safe from any punishment and execution - María de Salinas, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Pope Paul III and Protestant Reformers Martin Luther[57] and William Tyndale.[58]
Banishment and death
Upon returning to Dover from a meeting with King Francis I of France in Calais, Henry married Anne Boleyn in a secret ceremony.[59] Some sources speculate that Anne was already pregnant at the time (and Henry did not want to risk a son being born illegitimate) but others testify that Anne (who had seen her sister Mary Boleyn taken up as the king's mistress and summarily cast aside) refused to sleep with Henry until they were married. Henry defended the legality of their union by pointing out that Catherine had previously been married. If she and Arthur had consummated their marriage, Henry by canon law had the right to remarry.[60] On 23 May 1533, Cranmer, sitting in judgement at a special court convened at Dunstable Priory to rule on the validity of Henry's marriage to Catherine, declared the marriage illegal, even though Catherine testified she and Arthur had never had physical relations. Cranmer ruled Henry and Anne's marriage valid five days later, on 28 May 1533.[61]
Until the end of her life, Catherine would refer to herself as Henry's only lawful wedded wife and England's only rightful queen, and her servants continued to address her by that title. Henry refused her the right to any title but "Dowager Princess of Wales" in recognition of her position as his brother's widow.[59]
Catherine went to live at The More castle in the winter of 1531/32.[62] In 1535 she was transferred to Kimbolton Castle. There, she confined herself to one room (which she left only to attend Mass), dressed only in the hair shirt of the Order of St. Francis, and fasted continuously. While she was permitted to receive occasional visitors, she was forbidden to see her daughter Mary. They were also forbidden to communicate in writing, but sympathizers discreetly ferried letters between the two. Henry offered both mother and daughter better quarters and permission to see each other if they would acknowledge Anne Boleyn as the new queen. Both refused.[62]
In late December 1535, sensing her death was near, Catherine made her will, and wrote to her nephew, the Emperor Charles V, asking him to protect her daughter. She then penned one final letter to Henry, her "most dear lord and husband":[63]
My most dear lord, king and husband,
The hour of my death now drawing on, the tender love I owe you forceth me, my case being such, to commend myself to you, and to put you in remembrance with a few words of the health and safeguard of your soul which you ought to prefer before all worldly matters, and before the care and pampering of your body, for the which you have cast me into many calamities and yourself into many troubles. For my part, I pardon you everything, and I wish to devoutly pray God that He will pardon you also. For the rest, I commend unto you our daughter Mary, beseeching you to be a good father unto her, as I have heretofore desired. I entreat you also, on behalf of my maids, to give them marriage portions, which is not much, they being but three. For all my other servants I solicit the wages due them, and a year more, lest they be unprovided for. Lastly, I make this vow, that mine eyes desire you above all things.
Katharine the Quene.
Catherine died at Kimbolton Castle on 7 January 1536.[64] The following day, news of her death reached the king. At the time there were rumours that she was poisoned,[65][66][67] possibly by Gregory di Casale.[68] According to the chronicler Edward Hall, Anne Boleyn wore yellow for the mourning, which has been interpreted in various ways; Polydore Vergil interpreted this to mean that Anne did not mourn.[69] Chapuys reported that it was King Henry who decked himself in yellow, celebrating the news and making a great show of his and Anne's daughter, Elizabeth, to his courtiers.[70] This was seen as distasteful and vulgar by many. Another theory is that the dressing in yellow was out of respect for Catherine as yellow was said to be the Spanish colour of mourning. Certainly, later in the day it is reported that Henry and Anne both individually and privately wept for her death. On the day of Catherine's funeral, Anne Boleyn miscarried a boy. Rumours then circulated that Catherine had been poisoned by Anne or Henry, or both, as Anne had threatened to murder both Catherine and Mary on several occasions. The rumours were born after the apparent discovery during her embalming that there was a black growth on her heart that might have been caused by poisoning.[71] Modern medical experts are in agreement that her heart's discolouration was due not to poisoning, but to cancer, something which was not understood at the time.[72]
Catherine was buried in Peterborough Cathedral with the ceremony due to a Dowager Princess of Wales, not a queen. Henry did not attend the funeral and forbade Mary to attend.[72][73]
Catherine was a member of the Third Order of Saint Francis and she was punctilious in her religious obligations in the Order, integrating without demur her necessary duties as queen with her personal piety. After her divorce, she was quoted "I would rather be a poor beggar's wife and be sure of heaven, than queen of all the world and stand in doubt thereof by reason of my own consent."[74]
The outward celebration of saints and holy relics formed no major part of her personal devotions,[75] which she rather expressed in the Mass, prayer, confession and penance. Privately, however, she was aware of what she identified as the shortcomings of the papacy and church officialdom.[75] Her doubts about Church improprieties certainly did not extend so far as to support the allegations of corruption made public by Martin Luther in Wittenberg in 1517, which were soon to have such far-reaching consequences in initiating the Protestant Reformation.
In 1523 Alfonso de Villa Sancta, a learned friar of the Observant (reform) branch of the Friars Minor and friend of the king's old advisor Erasmus, dedicated to the queen his book De Liberio Arbitrio adversus Melanchthonem denouncing Philip Melanchthon, a supporter of Luther. Acting as her confessor, he was able to nominate her for the title of "Defender of the Faith" for denying Luther's arguments.[76]
Catherine was of a very fair complexion, had blue eyes, and had a hair colour that was between reddish-blonde and auburn like her mother and sister Joanna. In her youth she was described as "the most beautiful creature in the world"[77] and that there was "nothing lacking in her that the most beautiful girl should have."[9] Thomas More and Lord Herbert would reflect later in her lifetime that in regard to her appearance "there were few women who could compete with the Queen [Catherine] in her prime."[78][79]
Legacy, memory, and historiography
The controversial book "The Education of Christian Women" by Juan Luis Vives, which claimed women have the right to an education, was dedicated to and commissioned by her. Such was Catherine's impression on people, that even her enemy, Thomas Cromwell, said of her "If not for her sex, she could have defied all the heroes of History."[5] She successfully appealed for the lives of the rebels involved in the Evil May Day for the sake of their families.[6] Furthermore, Catherine won widespread admiration by starting an extensive programme for the relief of the poor.[6] She was also a patron of Renaissance humanism, and a friend of the great scholars Erasmus of Rotterdam and Saint Thomas More. Some saw her as a martyr.[80][81]
In the reign of her daughter Mary I of England, her marriage to Henry VIII was declared "good and valid". Her daughter Queen Mary also had several portraits commissioned of Catherine, and it would not by any means be the last time she was painted. After her death, numerous portraits were painted of her, particularly of her speech at the Legatine Trial, a moment accurately rendered in Shakespeare's play about Henry VIII.
Her tomb in Peterborough Cathedral[82] can be seen and there is hardly ever a time when it is not decorated with flowers or pomegranates, her heraldic symbol. It bears the title Katharine Queen of England.
In the 20th century, George V's wife, Mary of Teck, had her grave upgraded and there are now banners there denoting Catherine as a Queen of England. Every year at Peterborough Cathedral there is a service in her memory. There are processions, prayers, and various events in the Cathedral including processions to Catherine's grave in which candles, pomegranates, flowers and other offerings are placed on her grave. On the service commemorating the 470th anniversary of her death, the Spanish Ambassador to the United Kingdom attended. During the 2010 service a rendition of Catherine of Aragon's speech before the Legatine court was read by Jane Lapotaire. There is a statue of her in her birthplace of Alcalá de Henares, as a young woman holding a book and a rose.[83]
Catherine has remained a popular biographical subject to the present day. The American historian Garrett Mattingly was the author of a popular biography Katherine of Aragon in 1942. In 1966, Catherine and her many supporters at court were the subjects of Catherine of Aragon and her Friends, a biography by John E. Paul. In 1967, Mary M. Luke wrote the first book of her Tudor trilogy, Catherine the Queen which portrayed her and the controversial era of English history through which she lived.
In recent years, the historian Alison Weir covered her life extensively in her biography The Six Wives of Henry VIII, first published in 1991. Antonia Fraser did the same in her own 1992 biography of the same title; as did the British historian David Starkey in his 2003 book Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII.[84][85][86] Giles Tremlett's biography Catherine of Aragon: The Spanish Queen of Henry VIII came out in 2010, and Julia Fox's 2011 dual biography Sister Queens: The Noble, Tragic Lives of Katherine of Aragon and Juana, Queen of Castile.
Places and statues
- In Alcalá de Henares, the place of Catherine's birth, a statue of Catherine as a young woman holding a rose and a book can be seen in the Archbishop's Palace.
- Peterborough is twinned with the Spanish city of Alcalá de Henares, located in the wider Community of Madrid. Children from schools in the two places have learned about each other as part of the twinning venture, and artists have even come over from Alcalá de Henares to paint Catherine's tombstone.
- Many places in Ampthill are named after Catherine. Also in Ampthill there is a cross in Ampthill Great Park named "Queen Catherine's Cross" in her honour. It is on the site of the castle where she was sent during her divorce from the King.
Spelling of her name
Her baptismal name was "Catalina", but "Katherine" was soon the accepted form in England after her marriage to Arthur.[75] Catherine herself signed her name "Katherine", "Katherina", "Katharine" and sometimes "Katharina". In a letter to her, Arthur, her husband, addressed her as "Princess Katerine". Her daughter Queen Mary I called her "Quene Kateryn", in her will. Rarely were names, particularly first names, written in an exact manner during the sixteenth century and it is evident from Catherine's own letters that she endorsed different variations.[87] Loveknots built into his various palaces by her husband, Henry VIII, display the initials "H & K",[88] as do other items belonging to Henry and Catherine, including gold goblets, a gold salt cellar, basins of gold, and candlesticks. Her tomb in Peterborough Cathedral is marked "Katharine Queen of England".[89][90]
In art and media
Over the years, numerous artistic and cultural works have been dedicated to Catherine, have been written about her, or have mentioned her, including some by her husband Henry VIII, who wrote "Grene growth the holy"[92] about and for her, and Juan Luis Vives, who dedicated The Education of Christian Women to her.[93]
Catherine of Aragon has been portrayed in film, television, plays, novels, songs, poems, and other creative forms many times, and as a result she has stayed very much in popular memory. There has never been a film or television series in which she is the main character, the nearest is the first episode of The Six Wives of Henry VIII, which is told from her point of view (and in which she is portrayed by Annette Crosbie). William Shakespeare's play Henry VIII succeeds in recreating with great accuracy Catherine's statement about the legitimacy of her marriage at the court in Blackfriars before King Henry, and Shakespeare's portrayal of Catherine is remarkably sympathetic; however, most of the rest of the play is an attempt to absolve many, especially Henry VIII, and the timing of key incidents (including Catherine's death) is changed and other events are avoided (the play makes Henry nearly an innocent pawn in the hands of a dastardly Cardinal Wolsey, and the play stops short of Anne Boleyn's execution).
Although Catherine is often portrayed in film and on stage as having possessed stereotypically Spanish dark hair and eyes and olive complexion, existing portraits and contemporary descriptions depict her with blue eyes, fair skin, and reddish-blonde hair, not uncommon for Spaniards from the northern regions of Spain, including her father's land of Aragon. And she was part English, through her ancestresses Katherine of Lancaster and Philippa of Lancaster, who were daughters of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster.
Catherine often is played with a Spanish accent. From most reports, this is accurate, as she never fully mastered the English language.
In January, 2013, the National Portrait Gallery in London revealed that its curators had recently discovered that a portrait at Lambeth Palace formerly believed to have been a portrait of Catherine Parr in fact shows Catherine of Aragon. The National Portrait Gallery announced that the painting, which had hung in a private sitting room of the Archbishop of Canterbury since at least the 19th century, would be paired with a portrait of Henry VIII already in the museum's collection, and would remain at the museum on loan.[94]
Music and rhymes
- The song "Green groweth the holly" is said to have been written for her by Henry VIII.[95]
- In the children's nursery rhyme "I Had a Little Nut Tree" she is the "King of Spain's Daughter."[96]
- In Rick Wakeman's album The Six Wives of Henry VIII, "Catherine of Aragon" is listed as Track no. 1.[97]
Catherine is the main character in:
- Katharine, The Virgin Widow, The Shadow of the Pomegranate, and The King's Secret Matter (later published in an omnibus Katharine of Aragon) by Jean Plaidy
- My Catalina by Maureen Peters
- The King's Pleasure, by Norah Lofts;
- The Constant Princess, by Philippa Gregory (a novel about Catherine's younger years);
- Patience, Princess Catherine by Carolyn Meyer (young adult novel);
- Isabella's Daughter by Charity Bishop.
- Catherine of Aragon/My Tudor Queen" by Alison Prince.
- Katherine of Aragon, The True Queen by Alison Weir
- Falling Pomegranate Seeds: The Duty of Daughters (The Katherine of Aragon Story Book 1) by Wendy J. Dunn
- "Catherine of Aragon: An Intimate History of Henry VIII's True Wife" by Amy Licence.
Catherine is a character in:
- Murder Most Royal by Jean Plaidy;
- The Trusted Servant by Alison Macleod
- The Other Boleyn Girl by Philippa Gregory (a novel about Mary Boleyn's life)
- The Dark Rose, Volume 2 of The Morland Dynasty, by Cynthia Harrod-Eagles
- Wolf Hall by Hilary Mantel
- I, Elizabeth by Rosalind Miles
- Keeper of the King's Secrets by Michelle Diener
Theatre, film, stage, and TV
Catherine was portrayed by:
- Sarah Siddons in the 18th century, in Shakespeare's Henry VIII. She told Samuel Johnson that the role of Queen Catherine was her favourite of all the Shakespearean roles she had played, as it was "the most natural".[98]
- Violet Vanbrugh in the 1911 short film production of William Shakespeare's play Henry VIII (first film portrayal).
- German actress Hedwig Pauly-Winterstein in the film Anna Boleyn.
- Rosalie Crutchley in The Sword and the Rose, an account of Mary Tudor's romance with the Duke of Suffolk in 1515. (Crutchley later played Henry's sixth queen Katherine Parr in The Six Wives of Henry VIII.)
- Greek actress Irene Papas in Hal B. Wallis' acclaimed film Anne of the Thousand Days (1969).
- Frances Cuka in the 1972 film Henry VIII and His Six Wives. Keith Michell reprised his role as Henry VIII. A scene was incorporated between Frances Cuka and Charlotte Rampling (playing Anne Boleyn) to show their quiet, glacial enmity.
- Claire Bloom in a 1979 adaptation of Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
- British actress Annette Crosbie in a 90-minute television drama titled "Catherine of Aragon", the first part of the BBC series The Six Wives of Henry VIII.
- Annabelle Dowler in Dr. David Starkey's 2001 documentary series on Henry VIII's Six Wives.
- Spanish actress Yolanda Vasquez, a brief appearance in the British TV version "The Other Boleyn Girl" (January 2003), opposite Jared Harris as Henry VIII and Natascha McElhone as Mary Boleyn.
- Assumpta Serna in the October 2003 ITV two-part television drama, "Henry VIII" which starred Ray Winstone in the title role. Part 1 chronicled the king's life from the birth of his bastard son, Henry Fitzroy until the execution of Anne Boleyn in 1536. David Suchet co-starred as Cardinal Wolsey.
- Marge Simpson (voiced by Julie Kavner), as "Margerine of Aragon" in The Simpsons episode "Margical History Tour."
- Maria Doyle Kennedy in the Showtime 2007 television series, The Tudors opposite Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Henry. For her performance, Kennedy won an IFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role Television, and a Gemini Award for an Actress in a Featured Supporting Role in a Dramatic Series.
- Ana Torrent in the 2007 film adaptation of the novel The Other Boleyn Girl by Philippa Gregory, with Eric Bana as Henry VIII.
- Virginia Weeks portrayed her in the play Six Dead Queens and an Inflatable Henry, and is one of only three productions that show Catherine with the correct colouring.
- In 2008 she was played by Victoria Pelro in the film The Twisted Tale of Bloody Mary.
- She is played by Siobhan Hewlett in the 2009 documentary Henry: Mind of a Tyrant. This documentary is one of the few portrayals of Catherine to get her appearance correct.
- Kate Duchêne in a 2010 adaptation of Shakespeare's Henry VIII at Shakespeare's Globe Theatre.
- Joanne Whalley in Wolf Hall.
- Natalia Rodríguez Arroyo in the Spanish historical series Isabel.
- Mélida Molina in the Spanish historical series Carlos, Rey Emperador.
- Jessica Ransom in the CBBC series Horrible Histories
|Ancestors of Catherine of Aragon
See also
- 1 2 3 Weir 1991, p. 59.
- ↑ Catherine of Aragon, Queen of England.
- ↑ Catherine of Aragon (1485–1536).
- ↑ Lehman 2011, p. 295.
- 1 2 Chapuys 1533, p. 737.
- 1 2 3 4 Deutscher & Bietenholz 1987, p. 283.
- 1 2 3 Catherine of Aragon Biography.
- ↑ Lehman 2011, p. 283.
- 1 2 Fraser 1992, p. 24.
- ↑ Weir 1991, p. 15.
- 1 2 3 Lehman 2011, p. 284.
- ↑ Fraser 1992, p. 12.
- ↑ Weir 1991, p. 20.
- ↑ Dowling 1986, p. 17.
- ↑ Sanders & Low 1910, p. 235.
- ↑ John Blanke.
- ↑ Goodwin 2008, p. 166.
- ↑ "KHM Bilddatenbank — KHM Bilddatenbank". Bilddatenbank.khm.at. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
- ↑ "KHM Bilddatenbank — KHM Bilddatenbank". Bilddatenbank.khm.at. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
- ↑ Starkey 2003, pp. 45-46.
- ↑ Tremlett 2010, p. 73.
- ↑ Fraser 1992, p. 25.
- ↑ "Catherine of Aragon Timeline". Historyonthenet.com. 15 October 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
- 1 2 Lehman 2011, p. 285.
- ↑ Maria Elizabeth Budden (1841). True Stories from English History. Chronologically Arranged from the Invasion of the Romans to the Present Time. By a Mother, Author of "True Stories from Ancient History", "Modern History", Etc. 5th Ed ... John Harris. p. 202.
- ↑ J. Madison Davis (2012). The Shakespeare Name and Place Dictionary. Routledge. p. 266. ISBN 978-1-136-64035-3.
- ↑ Williams 1971, p. 15.
- ↑ Canon law took this verse out of context, and Deuteronomy 25:5-10 required levitrate marriage
- ↑ Weir 1991, p. 34.
- 1 2 3 Lehman 2011, p. 290.
- 1 2 3 Lehman 2011, p. 287.
- ↑ Eagles 2002, p. 194.
- ↑ Lehman 2011, p. 288.
- ↑ The Tudors - Catherine of Aragon Timeline in: historyonthenet.com [retrieved 5 July 2015].
- ↑ Rymer 1741, p. 48.
- ↑ Eagles 2002, p. 195.
- ↑ Rymer, Thomas, ed., Foedera, vol. 13 (1712), p. 370, Catherine was appointed "Rectrix" and "Gubernatrix" of England.
- ↑ Ellis 1846, p. 152-154.
- ↑ Rymer 1741, p. 49.
- ↑ Letters & Papers vol. 1 (1920), no. 2299: Catherine was issued with banners at Richmond on 8 September, Letters & Papers, vol.1 (1920), no.2243
- ↑ Letters & Papers Henry VIII vol. 1 (1920) no. 2278: Calendar State Papers Venice, vol.2, no. 340: Hall, Edward, Chronicle, (1809), 564.
- ↑ Ellis 1846, p. 82-84, 88-89.
- ↑ Lehman 2011, p. 288-289.
- ↑ Wilkinson 2009, p. 70.
- ↑ Lehman 2011, p. 291.
- ↑ Scarisbrick 1997, p. 154.
- ↑ Leviticus 20:21
- ↑ Lacey 1972, p. 70.
- ↑ Brigden 2000, p. 114.
- ↑ Farquhar 2001, p. 61.
- ↑ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Henry VIII". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ↑ Morris 1998, p. 166.
- ↑ Haigh 1993, p. 92.
- ↑ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Clement VII". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ↑ Jestice 2004, p. 277.
- ↑ Rex 2003, p. 27.
- ↑ Brecht 1994, p. 44.
- ↑ Rees 2006, p. 77.
- 1 2 Lehman 2011, p. 292.
- ↑ Starkey 2003, pp. 462-464.
- ↑ Williams 1971, p. 124.
- 1 2 Lehman 2011, p. 293.
- ↑ Sharon Turner, The History of England from the Earliest Period to the Death of Elizabeth (Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green,1828)
- ↑ Eagles 2002, p. 202.
- ↑ Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII, vol. X, no. 190
- ↑ Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII, vol. X, no. 59
- ↑ Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII, vol. X, no. 230
- ↑ Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII, vol. X, no. 200
- ↑ Warnicke 1991, p. 187.
- ↑ Warnicke 1991, p. 188.
- ↑ Lofts 1979, p. 139.
- 1 2 Lehman 2011, p. 294.
- ↑ Bietenholz & Deutscher 2003, p. 284.
- ↑ Bent, Samuel Arthur (1887). Familiar Short Sayings of Great Men (Sixth ed.). Boston: Ticknor & Co. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
- 1 2 3 Davies, C. S. L.; Edwards, John (January 2008), "Katherine (1485–1536)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4891
- ↑ Fraser 1992, p. 95.
- ↑ Weir 1991, p. 81.
- ↑ Weir 1991, p. 104.
- ↑ Strickland, p. 493.
- ↑ Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, vol. X, no. 212
- ↑ Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, vol. X, no. 232
- ↑ Froude 1891, p. 389.
- ↑ cubamagica (18 January 2009). "Catalina de Aragon on Flickr – Photo Sharing!". Flickr.com. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
- ↑ Starkey 2003, p. 1.
- ↑ Weir 1991, p. 1.
- ↑ Fraser 1992, p. 1.
- ↑ Catherine's endorsement of different spellings can be identified in numerous letters, signing herself as 'Katharine the Quene' in a letter to Wolsey in 1513 and as 'Katharine' in her final letter to Henry VIII dating to Jan 1536.
- ↑ As Latin inscriptions were used in structures, a "C" represented the numeral 100, so a "K" was used instead. The same was applied during the time of Henri II and his wife Catherine during her state entry in Paris on 18 June 1549.
- ↑ Fraser 1992, pp. 57-58.
- ↑ "Find A Grave". Find A Grave. 23 November 2002. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
- ↑ Maclagan 1999, p. 27.
- ↑ Early Sixteenth Century Lyrics - Frederick Morgan Padelford - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
- ↑ Weir 1991, p. 123.
- ↑ Brown, Mark (24 January 2013). "National Portrait Gallery reunites Henry VIII with Catherine of Aragon". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
- ↑ Weir 1991, p. 78.
- ↑ Morton 1955, p. 35.
- ↑ Sigman 2011, p. 135.
- ↑ Boswell, James. Life of Samuel Johnson. May 1783.
- ↑ She was the daughter John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster to his first wife Blanche of Lancaster, making her half-sister of Katherine of Aragon's maternal great-grandmother Katherine of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster to his second wife Constance of Castile.
Book sources
- Weir, Alison (1991). The Six Wives of Henry VIII. Grove press. ISBN 0-8021-3683-4.
- Rymer, Thomas ed. Foedera, vol.6 part 1, Hague (1741). letter to the treasurer John Heron.
- Lehman, H. Eugene (2011). Lives of England's Reigning and Consort Queens. AuthorHouse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4634-3057-3.
- Thomas B. Deutscher, Peter G. Bietenholz (1987). Contemporaries of Erasmus. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-2575-3.
- Wilkinson, Josephine (2009). Mary Boleyn: the True Story of Henry VIII's Favourite Mistress. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 0-300-07158-2.
- Sigman, Mitchell (2011). Steal This Sound. Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-1-4234-9281-8.
- Goodwin, Stefan (2008). Africa in Europe: Antiquity into the Age of Global Exploration. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-1726-2.
- Warnicke, Retha (1991). The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-40677-3.
- Ellis, Henry, ed. (1846). Original Letters Illustrative of English History, 3rd Series, vol.1. Richard Bentley.
- Frederick Sanders, Sir Sidney Low (1910). The dictionary of English history.
- Fraser, Antonia (1992). The Wives of Henry VIII. Vintage. ISBN 0-679-73001-X.
- Strickland, Agnes. Lives of the queens of England: from the Norman conquest, Volume 2.
- Lacey, Robert (1972). The Life and Times of Henry VIII. Book Club Associates.
- Chapuys, Eustace (Imperial Ambassador) (1533). Calendar of State Papers, Spanish IV.
- Froude, James Anthony (1891). The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon. NEW YORK, CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS.
- Maclagan, Michael (1999). Line of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe. Little, Brown & Co.
- Haigh, Christopher (1993). English Reformations. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822162-3.
- Rees, Fran (2006). William Tyndale: Bible Translator And Martyr. Compass Point Books. ISBN 978-0-7565-1599-7.
- Dowling, Maria (1986). Humanism in the Age of Henry VIII. Other. ISBN 978-0-7099-0864-7.
- Scarisbrick, J. J (1997). Yale English Monarchs - Henry VIII. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07158-0.
- Lofts, Norah (1979). Anne Boleyn. ISBN 0-698-11005-6.
- Brecht, Martin (1994). Martin Luther: shaping and defining the Reformation, 1521–1532. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-2814-7.
- Brigden, Susan (2000). New Worlds, Lost Worlds The Rule of the Tudors, 1485–1603. Penguin (Non-Classics). ISBN 0-14-200125-2.
- Morris, T. A (1998). Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-15041-5.
- Morton, Henry Vollam (1955). A stranger in Spain. Methuen. ISBN 978-0-413-52200-9.
- Eagles, Robin (2002). The Rough Guide History of England. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-85828-799-7.
- Rex, Richard (2003). The Theology of John Fisher. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54115-2.
- Jestice, Phyllis G. (2004). Holy People of the World: A Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-355-1.
- Starkey, David (2003). Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII. ISBN 0-06-000550-5.
- Williams, Neville (1971). Henry VIII and His Court. Macmillan Pub Co. ISBN 978-0-02-629100-2.
- Bietenholz, P. G.; Deutscher, Thomas B. (2003). Contemporaries of Erasmus: A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation. University of Toronto Press.
- Farquhar, Michael (2001). A Treasury of Royal Scandals: The Shocking True Stories History's Wickedest, Weirdest, Most Wanton Kings, Queens, Tsars, Popes, and Emperors. Penguin. ISBN 978-0140280241.
- Tremlett, Giles (2010). Catherine of Aragon: Henry's Spanish Queen. Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0571235117.
Internet sources
- "Catherine of Aragon (1485–1536)". BBC. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
- "Catherine of Aragon Biography". Biography Channel. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
- "John Blanke-A Trumpeter in the court of King Henry VIII". Blackpresence. 12 March 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2011. (Broken link)
- "Catherine of Aragon, Queen of England". King's College, Pennsylvania. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
|Wikisource has original text related to this article:
- John E. Paul (1966) Catherine of Aragon and Her Friends. Fordham University Press ISBN 978-0-8232-0685-8
- Mattingly, Gareth (2005) Catherine of Aragon. Ams Pr Inc. ISBN 978-0-404-20169-2
- J.O. Hand & M. Wolff, (1986) Early Netherlandish Painting, National Gallery of Art, Washington (catalogue) ISBN 0-521-34016-0
- Tremlett, Giles. (2010). Catherine of Aragon: The Spanish Queen of Henry VIII. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-23512-4
- Cahill Marrón, Emma Luisa (2014). "Medieval or Modern Queen? Catherine of Aragon's role in the Anglo-Spanish alliance and her contribution to the introduction of New Learning in England". https://www.academia.edu/29822600/Medieval_or_Modern_Queen_Catherine_of_Aragon_s_role_in_the_Anglo-Spanish_alliance_and_her_contribution_to_the_introduction_of_New_Learning_in_England
- Williams, Patrick. (2012). Catherine of Aragon. Amberley. ISBN 978-1-84868-325-9
- Gardner, Laurien. (2008). The Spanish Bride: A Novel of Catherine of Aragon (Tudor Women Series).Berkley Trade. ISBN 0-425-21996-8
- Prince, Alison. (2010). Catherine of Aragon (My Royal Story). Scholastic; 1 edition. ISBN 978-1-4071-2071-3
- Froude, James Anthony. (2009). The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 978-1-113-68865-1
- Luke, Mary M. (1967). Catherine, The Queen, a biography of Catherine of Aragon, first wife to Henry VIII. Coward-McCann, Inc.
- Lofts, Norah. (2008). The King's Pleasure: A Novel of Katharine of Aragon. Touchstone. ISBN 978-1-4165-9089-7
- Plaidy, Jean (1968). Katharine of Aragon. Robert Hale Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7091-0511-4.
- Hearne, Thomas ed., John Leland's De rebus Britannicis collectanea, vol. 5 (1774) pp. 356–373, festivities at Catherine's arrival in England
- Yorke, Philip, ed., Miscellaneous State Papers, vol.1 (1778) pp. 1–20, instructions for her wedding to Arthur.
- Lindsey, Karen. (1995). Divorced Beheaded Survived: A Feminist Reinterpretation of the Wives of Henry VIII. ISBN 0-201-40823-6
- Coates, Tim. (2001). Letters of Henry VIII 1526–29.Tim Coates Books. ISBN 978-0-11-702453-3
- Ashley, Mike. (2002). British Kings & Queens. ISBN 0-7867-1104-3
- Meyer, Carolyn (2009). Patience, Princess Catherine. Graphia. ISBN 978-0-15-205447-2.
- Bernard, G.W. (2007). The King's Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church. ISBN 978-0-300-12271-8
External links
- "Catherine of Aragon". Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 (11th ed.). 1911.
- Catherine of Aragon's divorce papers and other Tudor treasures online to mark the 500th anniversary of Henry VIII's accession
- tudorhistory.org – An overview of her life, accompanied by a portrait gallery
- englishhistory.net – An in-depth look at her life and times
- A geo-biography of the Six Wives of Henry the VIII on Google Earth
- Guardian unlimited, letter from her to Pope Clement VII
- Katharine of Aragon.com – An Official Website For Her Cause
- Project Continua: Biography of Catherine of Aragon
Catherine of AragonBorn: 16 December 1485 Died: 7 January 1536
|English royalty
Title last held byElizabeth of York
|Queen consort of England
Lady of Ireland
11 June 1509 – 23 May 1533
Title next held byAnne Boleyn


text:
DETROIT – After many recent and failed attempts to lure a prized free-agent defenseman to come to Detroit, the Red Wings finally got one to agree to sign on the dotted line.
Western Michigan defenseman Danny DeKeyser agreed on a two-year, entry-level deal Friday afternoon to join the squad.
'We're going to keep him on our NHL roster for the rest of the season,' Wings general manager Ken Holland said during a phone interview. 'We go to an expanded roster after the trade deadline, so we think it's real good. He'll be available to play, but it's also an opportunity for him to experience what life is like on an NHL roster on a day-to-day everyday basis.'
DeKeyser will practice with the Wings on Saturday after signing his deal. He however won't play either Sunday or Monday according to Holland.
'He hasn't skated for about two weeks,' Holland said. 'If Mike Babcock chooses to use him in a game along the way it's Mike's decision. Certainly Danny understands we're fighting for a playoff spot and we're not holding tryouts. It's a competition.
'Is he going to play, I don't know,' Holland continued. 'We need wins. We're not putting people out there in position where they're quite not prepared for the opportunity. He needs to practice every day. Let's put him on the ice every day, practice him for four or five days and let Mike Babcock decide if he's going to play. We think the experience of being in the NHL, practicing every day with the likes of (Henrik) Zetterberg and being with Mike Babcock and somewhere down the road if he goes into the lineup, like we're hoping, and then from there we'll see.'
DeKeyser, 23, was one of the NHL's most sought-after free agents last year before deciding to stay at WMU.
That again was the case this year where DeKeyser's representatives met with a number of teams over this past week, including Toronto, Anaheim, St. Louis, Edmonton, Philadelphia, Ottawa and Nashville.
And with money not being a factor, since he was limited to a two-year, entry-level contract, the Wings felt good about their chances for many reasons.
First, he's a Macomb County native.
Second, he attended one of the Wings' prospects camps in Traverse City.
Third, he was coached for one season at WMU by Jeff Blashill, a former Detroit assistant who is now the head coach of Detroit's top farm club in Grand Rapids.
Finally, he played youth hockey with Trevor Nill, son of Red Wings assistant general manager Jim Nill.
'Anytime you can add a young, Grade A prospect to your team, it's pretty good,' Jim Nill said. 'He's a free agent that could go anywhere and he decided to come to us. If you can add a young defenseman that doesn't cost you any assets, that's important.
'I think a lot of it is he's from here,' Nill added about why he thought DeKeyser chose Detroit. 'He grew up here. The Detroit Red Wings have always been his favorite team. To be able to play in front of your family and friends, that's huge. That's got a lot to do with it.'
In three seasons at WMU, DeKeyser, who was undrafted, appeared in 118 games and had 12 goals, 37 assists and 107 penalty minutes.
'We're excited,' Holland said. 'He's 6-foot-3. He's a great skater, very mobile. At the pro level we see him as a real good defensive solid D-man. He's gotten better every year in college hockey. He was the CCHA defenseman of the year. He can pass the puck. And like all the younger players he's got to get stronger.
'We've got Xavier Ouellet coming and Ryan Sproul turning pro next year so we're slowly trying to turn our defense from the Nick Lidstrom era to maybe not superstars, but certainly a lot of defensemen that are really good and solid NHL D-men,' Holland added.
Over the summer the Wings made pitches for a number of prized free agent defenseman including Ryan Suter.
'We're in the process of developing another corps of D after losing the Rafalskis, Lidstroms and Stuarts so there's better opportunity here,' Holland said. 'He's a year older. He's more mature and it's a great fit. I'm happy we're able to land him. Giving the relationships that were involved I was really hopeful that he would choose to stay home and play for his hometown team and he has done just that.'
This and that Holland didn't know if forwards Johan Franzen (lower-body) or Mikael Samuelsson (broken index finger) would be available for Sunday's home game with the Chicago Blackhawks.
Franzen will see a doctor Saturday after getting injured in Thursday's 2-0 loss to the San Jose Sharks and missing the entire third period.
Samuelsson has been cleared to return, but now it's just a matter of conditioning.
The Wings sent defenseman Carlo Colaiacovo to Grand Rapids for a conditioning stint.
Colaiacovo, who was cleared to play last week, has missed the last 29 games after suffering a shoulder injury in the second game of the season.
Detroit will honor Gordie Howe during warmups prior to Sunday's game with Chicago, all wearing a No. 9 jersey. Each jersey will have that player's number on the upper right crest along with a patch that reads 'Gordie Howe's 85th birthday.'
Send comments to email@example.com and visit his blog at redwingsfront.wordpress.com


text:
I think I've redeemed my Nest project. It wasn't going so well. But I found this pattern on CrochetMe.com, which I love. And its actually looking good. Its basically a paper chain you used to make when you were a kid, but with yarn. And because I'm using such bulky yarn, it looks more like a braid than a chain. I love that. I'm really excited about it.
Whoops! I wrote that in the middle of July and thought I posted it. I was probably waiting until I had some images to go along with it. And now I do!
Anyhow. I finished it:
And I think it looks great. Its too short to tie, ( its a scarf-lette after all,) but you just take one end and tuck it through one of the loops and you're all set to go. Actually I think its nice its not too long– this way it keeps you warm without getting in the way. I hope it makes someone happy. I'm going to try my hand at a cowl hood again and then send them off to Nest.
The pattern is by torirot design. Besides this one, she has lots of other great patterns on Ralvery— check out those lizard mittens!


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FOXBOROUGH, Mass. (AP) — The New England Patriots have played all season without their top two tight ends and wide receivers from last season's high-scoring team.
And, in a way, without the quarterback who threw them the ball.
Yes, that's still Tom Brady taking the snaps. But his play hardly resembles the way he performed last year when he led the best offense in the NFL.
"We've got to start making the plays that NFL players make," Brady said Monday during his weekly appearance on WEEI radio. "If we don't, we're going to continue to struggle and not score points and put too much pressure on our defense."
The NFL's two-time MVP had his worst game in several seasons in Sunday's 13-6 loss to the Cincinnati Bengals.
Brady's passer rating of 52.2 was his lowest in 59 games and his completion rate of 47.4 was his lowest in 117 games.
For the season, his rating and completion percentage are lower than they were at the end of any season since he became a starter in 2001. And he's on pace for his fewest touchdown passes and most sacks since 2002.
Bad numbers, to be sure, but the Patriots still lead the AFC East with a 4-1 record going into Sunday's game against the unbeaten New Orleans Saints.
And it's not as if Brady is surrounded by an all-star cast.
Tight ends Rob Gronkowski, recovering from forearm and back surgery, and Aaron Hernandez, who was cut and is in jail and has been charged with first-degree murder, combined for 106 catches last year. Without them, the Patriots' tight ends have five catches.
Wide receivers Wes Welker and Brandon Lloyd are gone after totaling 192 catches last season.
Their top two running backs are banged up with Shane Vereen out for at least four more games with a broken wrist and Stevan Ridley missing the Bengals game with a knee injury.
So the Patriots have tried to get by with a bunch of newcomers — rookie receivers Kenbrell Thompkins, Aaron Dobson and Josh Boyce and veterans Matt Mulligan at tight end and LeGarrette Blount at running back.
But coach Bill Belichick dismissed the idea that it would be unrealistic to expect consistency early in the season from first-year Patriots.
"Everybody that's out there has been out there, played a lot of football for us this year," he said. "We just didn't overall offensively perform to the level that we did last week or that we're capable of doing. I think everybody is accountable for that, the coaching staff, the players.
"We put ourselves in too many long-yardage situations. We couldn't convert in the red area and had some consistency running the ball but not nearly enough in the passing game, and not in any critical situations."
The Patriots led the NFL last season with 34.8 points and 427.9 yards per game. This season they were 23rd with 19.0 points and 19th with 358.6 yards after Sunday's games.
Cincinnati's pass rush sacked Brady four times. The Bengals also sacked Aaron Rodgers four times this season.
But Brady's other numbers were worse than the other four quarterbacks Cincinnati faced this season — Jay Cutler of Chicago, Ben Roethslisberger of Pittsburgh, Rodgers of Green Bay and Brady's former backup Brian Hoyer of Cleveland.
"They have a good rush," Brady said. "They rush you into quick throws and things you don't want to make. That's why they are a good defense, because they rush, cover and have good athletic linebackers."
The Patriots wasted an excellent chance to cut the lead to 13-10 midway through the fourth quarter.
With a first-and-10 at the Bengals 17-yard line, Danny Amendola caught a pass thrown behind him then fell near the goal line as he tried to run. He nearly rolled into the end zone, but safety Chris Crocker touched him at the 1.
"I knew I was close," said Amendola, who missed the previous three games with a groin injury.
On second down, Blount ran for no gain. On third down, right tackle Nate Solder lined up at tight end, a position he played in 2007 at Colorado, but Brady overthrew him in the end zone.
"It's been a long time since I've been a tight end," Solder said with a laugh. "I think I'm more of a tackle now."
On third down, Brady's pass to Julian Edelman in the end zone was incomplete. So the Patriots settled for a field goal.
"We're not putting up 50 points per game," Brady said. "When we do get that chance to put seven on the board we have to be able to do it."
AP NFL website www.pro32.ap.org
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