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|Business administration
|Management of a business
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is the integrated management of core business processes, often in real-time and mediated by software and technology. These business activities can include:
ERP is usually referred to as category of business-management software—typically a suite of integrated applications—that an organization can use to collect, store, manage and interpret data from these many business activities.
ERP provides an integrated and continuously updated view of core business processes using common databases maintained by a database management system. ERP systems track business resources—cash, raw materials, production capacity—and the status of business commitments: orders, purchase orders, and payroll. The applications that make up the system share data across various departments (manufacturing, purchasing, sales, accounting, etc.) that provide the data.[1] ERP facilitates information flow between all business functions and manages connections to outside stakeholders.[2]
Enterprise system software is a multi-billion-dollar industry that produces components supporting a variety of business functions. IT investments have become the largest category of capital expenditure in United States-based businesses over the past[which?] decade. Though early ERP systems focused on large enterprises, smaller enterprises increasingly use ERP systems.[3]
The ERP system integrates varied organizational systems and facilitates error-free transactions and production, thereby enhancing the organization's efficiency. However, developing an ERP system differs from traditional system development.[4] ERP systems run on a variety of computer hardware and network configurations, typically using a database as an information repository.[5]
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The Gartner Group first used the acronym ERP in the 1990s,[6][7][third-party source needed] where it was seen[by whom?] to extend the capabilities of material requirements planning (MRP), and the later manufacturing resource planning (MRP II),[8][9] as well as computer-integrated manufacturing.[citation needed] Without replacing these terms, ERP came to represent a larger whole that reflected the evolution of application integration beyond manufacturing.[10]
Not all ERP packages developed from a manufacturing core; ERP vendors variously began assembling their packages with accounting, maintenance, and human-resource components.[citation needed] By the mid-1990s ERP systems addressed all core enterprise functions.[citation needed] Governments and non–profit organizations also began[when?] to use ERP systems.[11]
ERP systems experienced rapid growth in the 1990s. Because of the year 2000 problem and the introduction of the euro that disrupted legacy systems, many companies took the opportunity to replace their old systems with ERP.[12]
ERP systems initially focused on automating back office functions that did not directly affect customers and the public. Front office functions, such as customer relationship management (CRM), dealt directly with customers, or e-business systems such as e-commerce, e-government, e-telecom, and e-finance—or supplier relationship management (SRM) became integrated later, when the Internet simplified communicating with external parties.[citation needed]
"ERP II" was coined in 2000 in an article by Gartner Publications entitled ERP Is Dead—Long Live ERP II.[13] It describes web–based software that provides real–time access to ERP systems to employees and partners (such as suppliers and customers). The ERP II role expands traditional ERP resource optimization and transaction processing. Rather than just manage buying, selling, etc.—ERP II leverages information in the resources under its management to help the enterprise collaborate with other enterprises.[14] ERP II is more flexible than the first generation ERP. Rather than confine ERP system capabilities within the organization, it goes beyond the corporate walls to interact with other systems. Enterprise application suite is an alternate name for such systems. ERP II systems are typically used to enable collaborative initiatives such as supply chain management (SCM), customer relationship management (CRM), and business intelligence (BI) among business partner organizations through the use of various e-business technologies.[15][16]
Developers now make more effort to integrate mobile devices with the ERP system. ERP vendors are extending ERP to these devices, along with other business applications. Technical stakes of modern ERP concern integration—hardware, applications, networking, supply chains. ERP now covers more functions and roles—including decision making, stakeholders' relationships, standardization, transparency, globalization, etc.[17]
ERP systems typically include the following characteristics:
An ERP system covers the following common functional areas. In many ERP systems these are called and grouped together as ERP modules:
(Government resource planning) (GRP) is ERP for public sector, and an integrated office automation system for government bodies.[19] The software structure, modularization, core algorithms and main interfaces do not differ from other ERPs, and ERP software suppliers manage to adapt its systems to government agencies.[20][21][22]
Both system implementations, in private and public organizations, are adopted to improve productivity and overall business performance in organizations, but comparisons (private vs public) of implementations shows that the main factors influencing ERP implementation success in the public sector are cultural.[23][24][25]
Most ERP systems incorporate best practices. This means the software reflects the vendor's interpretation of the most effective way to perform each business process. Systems vary in how conveniently the customer can modify these practices.[26] Companies that implemented industry best practices reduced time–consuming project tasks such as configuration, documentation, testing, and training.[27] In addition, best practices reduced risk by 71% compared to other software implementations.[28]
Use of best practices eases compliance with requirements such as IFRS, Sarbanes-Oxley, or Basel II. They can also help comply with de facto industry standards, such as electronic funds transfer. This is because the procedure can be readily codified within the ERP software, and replicated with confidence across multiple businesses who share that business requirement.[citation needed]
ERP systems connect to real–time data and transaction data in a variety of ways. These systems are typically configured by systems integrators, who bring unique knowledge on process, equipment, and vendor solutions.
Direct integration—ERP systems have connectivity (communications to plant floor equipment) as part of their product offering. This requires that the vendors offer specific support for the plant floor equipment their customers operate. ERP vendors must be experts in their own products and connectivity to other vendor products, including those of their competitors.
Database integration—ERP systems connect to plant floor data sources through staging tables in a database. Plant floor systems deposit the necessary information into the database. The ERP system reads the information in the table. The benefit of staging is that ERP vendors do not need to master the complexities of equipment integration. Connectivity becomes the responsibility of the systems integrator.
Enterprise appliance transaction modules (EATM)—These devices communicate directly with plant floor equipment and with the ERP system via methods supported by the ERP system. EATM can employ a staging table, web services, or system–specific program interfaces (APIs). An EATM offers the benefit of being an off–the–shelf solution.
Custom–integration solutions—Many system integrators offer custom solutions. These systems tend to have the highest level of initial integration cost, and can have a higher long term maintenance and reliability costs. Long term costs can be minimized through careful system testing and thorough documentation. Custom–integrated solutions typically run on workstation or server-class computers.
ERP's scope usually implies significant changes to staff work processes and practices.[29] Generally, three types of services are available to help implement such changes—consulting, customization, and support.[29] Implementation time depends on business size, number of modules, customization, the scope of process changes, and the readiness of the customer to take ownership for the project. Modular ERP systems can be implemented in stages. The typical project for a large enterprise takes about 14 months and requires around 150 consultants.[30] Small projects can require months; multinational and other large implementations can take years.[citation needed] Customization can substantially increase implementation times.[30]
Besides that, information processing influences various business functions e.g. some large corporations like Wal-Mart use a just in time inventory system. This reduces inventory storage and increases delivery efficiency, and requires up-to-date data. Before 2014, Walmart used a system called Inforem developed by IBM to manage replenishment.[31]
Implementing ERP typically requires changes in existing business processes.[32] Poor understanding of needed process changes prior to starting implementation is a main reason for project failure.[33] The difficulties could be related to the system, business process, infrastructure, training, or lack of motivation.
It is therefore crucial that organizations thoroughly analyze business processes before they implement ERP software. Analysis can identify opportunities for process modernization. It also enables an assessment of the alignment of current processes with those provided by the ERP system. Research indicates that risk of business process mismatch is decreased by:
ERP implementation is considerably more difficult (and politically charged) in decentralized organizations, because they often have different processes, business rules, data semantics, authorization hierarchies, and decision centers.[36] This may require migrating some business units before others, delaying implementation to work through the necessary changes for each unit, possibly reducing integration (e.g., linking via Master data management) or customizing the system to meet specific needs.[37]
A potential disadvantage is that adopting "standard" processes can lead to a loss of competitive advantage. While this has happened, losses in one area are often offset by gains in other areas, increasing overall competitive advantage.[38][39]
Configuring an ERP system is largely a matter of balancing the way the organization wants the system to work with the way it was designed to work. ERP systems typically include many settings that modify system operations. For example, an organization can select the type of inventory accounting—FIFO or LIFO—to use; whether to recognize revenue by geographical unit, product line, or distribution channel; and whether to pay for shipping costs on customer returns.[37]
Two-tier ERP software and hardware lets companies run the equivalent of two ERP systems at once: one at the corporate level and one at the division or subsidiary level. For example, a manufacturing company[who?] uses an ERP system to manage across the organization. This company uses independent global or regional distribution, production or sales centers, and service providers to support the main company's customers. Each independent center or subsidiary may have its own business models, workflows, and business processes.
Given the realities of globalization, enterprises continuously evaluate how to optimize their regional, divisional, and product or manufacturing strategies to support strategic goals and reduce time-to-market while increasing profitability and delivering value.[40] With two-tier ERP, the regional distribution, production, or sales centers and service providers continue operating under their own business model—separate from the main company, using their own ERP systems. Since these smaller companies' processes and workflows are not tied to main company's processes and workflows, they can respond to local business requirements in multiple locations.[41]
Factors that affect enterprises' adoption of two-tier ERP systems include:
ERP systems are theoretically based on industry best practices, and their makers intend that organizations deploy them as is.[45][46] ERP vendors do offer customers configuration options that let organizations incorporate their own business rules, but gaps in features often remain even after configuration is complete.
ERP customers have several options to reconcile feature gaps, each with their own pros/cons. Technical solutions include rewriting part of the delivered software, writing a homegrown module to work within the ERP system, or interfacing to an external system. These three options constitute varying degrees of system customization—with the first being the most invasive and costly to maintain.[47] Alternatively, there are non-technical options such as changing business practices or organizational policies to better match the delivered ERP feature set. Key differences between customization and configuration include:
Customization advantages include that it:
Customization disadvantages include that it:
ERP systems can be extended with third–party software.[50] ERP vendors typically provide access to data and features through published interfaces. Extensions offer features such as:[citation needed]
Data migration is the process of moving, copying, and restructuring data from an existing system to the ERP system. Migration is critical to implementation success and requires significant planning. Unfortunately, since migration is one of the final activities before the production phase, it often receives insufficient attention. The following steps can structure migration planning:[51]
The fundamental advantage of ERP is that the integration of myriad business processes saves time and expense. Management can make decisions faster and with fewer errors. Data becomes visible across the organization. Tasks that benefit from this integration include:[citation needed]
ERP systems centralize business data, which:
The term "postmodern ERP" was coined by Gartner in 2013, when it first appeared in the paper series "Predicts 2014".[56] According to Gartner's definition of the postmodern ERP strategy, legacy, monolithic and highly customized ERP suites, in which all parts are heavily reliant on each other, should sooner or later be replaced by a mixture of both cloud-based and on-premises applications, which are more loosely coupled and can be easily exchanged if needed.
The basic idea is that there should still be a core ERP solution that would cover most important business functions, while other functions will be covered by specialist software solutions that merely extend the core ERP. This concept is similar to the so-called best-of-breed approach[57] to software implementation, but it shouldn't be confused with it. While in both cases, applications that make up the whole are relatively loosely connected and quite easily interchangeable, in the case of the latter there is no ERP solution whatsoever. Instead, every business function is covered by a separate software solution.
There is, however, no golden rule as to what business functions should be part of the core ERP, and what should be covered by supplementary solutions. According to Gartner, every company must define their own postmodern ERP strategy, based on company's internal and external needs, operations and processes. For example, a company may define that the core ERP solution should cover those business processes that must stay behind the firewall, and therefore, choose to leave their core ERP on-premises. At the same time, another company may decide to host the core ERP solution in the cloud and move only a few ERP modules as supplementary solutions to on-premises.
The main benefits that companies will gain from implementing postmodern ERP strategy is speed and flexibility when reacting to unexpected changes in business processes or on the organizational level.[58] With the majority of applications having a relatively loose connection, it is fairly easy to replace or upgrade them whenever necessary. In addition to that, following the examples above, companies can select and combine cloud-based and on-premises solutions that are most suited for their ERP needs. The downside of postmodern ERP is that it will most likely lead to an increased number of software vendors that companies will have to manage, as well as pose additional integration challenges for the central IT.
This article uses material from the Wikipedia article "Enterprise resource planning", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0. There is a list of all authors in Wikipedia
procurement,maverick buying,sourcing,resource,planing,enterprise company


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The Five Questions series returns this week with Jeff Stauch '05, Assistant Director of Principal Gifts. Check back throughout the year for more Five Questions posed to our staff and faculty colleagues.
1. As Assistant Director of Principal Gifts, you get to travel around the country and to other parts of the world to ask alumni and friends of the College for their support. How do you get over the awkwardness of asking others for money?
I'm not going to lie: part of me gets enjoyment out of the discomfort engendered in fundraising, and I think that helps me professionally. By the nature of my work, I am always, at some level, bringing people out of their comfort zone by asking them to engage in a significant philanthropic relationship with the college. The other thing to keep in mind is that when you're actually in front of the donor, they know why you're there, at least on some level, so it's easier just to address it. Believe me, I still get the jitters sometimes, but I take that as a sign that I care about the outcome of the conversation. You also have to remind yourself that fundraising on certain days is the art of getting rejected, and that while you are responsible for making the best case for giving, you cannot control how the donor will respond. You have to remember that when the donor says "no," they aren't saying, "No, and I hate you," they're just deciding that now isn't the right time to give to Middlebury. The awkwardness part, though, that's actually kind of fun. It's like dating: both nightmarish and exhilarating. And generally uncomfortable for both parties at different points in the conversation. And both parties leaving the conversation somewhat bewildered at what just happened.
2. Next spring, you will demonstrate for your shodan (first-degree black belt) in Aikido. Why do you practice Aikido?
Dangerous question, if only because I could talk about Aikido for hours. I got into Aikido completely by accident, actually; it's been an interest path since I randomly showed up at a dojo in Paris, France, in 2003, during my year abroad. I really fell in love with it in 2005, during my graduate studies at the University of Chicago, where I used it to keep my life in balance. I continue to study it for a lot of reasons, the least significant of which is the 'practical' reason of being able to hold my own in a fight; if anything, the more one studies the art, the less we seek out conflict. Aikido brings with it a code of ethics and an opportunity for spiritual exploration. You often find yourself stuck in any technique, and it's a matter of finding out where you are erring, not your partner. It teaches you about the body, both your own and the body of others. Mitsugi Saotome Sensei, one of the great practitioners of the art, called Aikido, "a philosophy of action," which I think hits the nail on the head. It teaches you both how to move and how to channel your own desires to respond to conflict violently in a more productive manner. Another teacher, not my own, said that for him, "Aikido is about the chipping away of the ego, not fueling it," which is another great way to summarize the beauty of the art.
I would be remiss if I didn't give credit to my two teachers, Jonathan Miller-Lane Sensei right here in Middlebury and Kagan Arik Sensei in Chicago who have both encouraged and challenged me in my training. It is impossible to overstate the importance of good teachers in Aikido and I'm very fortunate to have two of them.
Lastly, I should note that I find myself using the lessons of Aikido in professional settings, too. That's not to say that I end up throwing a colleague or a million-dollar prospect across the room or break their wrist, but rather I use the principles of centeredness and calm resolution to stand my ground if a donor (or colleague!) is particularly riled up about something. It's been of great use to me in non-martial situations that are nonetheless conflictual.
3. You have been known to ask first-year students during orientation, "What's your favorite part about college so far?" What's the most interesting ice-breaker question you have ever been asked? What's the answer?
Well, in Boston, when I was managing a canvassing crew that raised money for political non-profits, we had a question of the day every day before we went out to canvass for five hours, so there are a few different ones that come to mind. The one that backfired on me big time was "What was the name of your first pet," which turned into a sob session in which everyone told us the name of their first pet, all of its relevant and endearing features, and then how it died. So we all went out onto the streets that day thinking about the death of puppies, kittens, parakeets, and guinea pigs. I'll also make the suggestion that you not ask what someone's nickname was in high school, as not all nicknames, I learned, were necessarily terms of endearment.
4. Tell us about Pamplemousse.
Ah yes, Pamplemousse. Pamplemousse, or Pampy for short, is my pet rabbit. And whenever I tell people I have a rabbit, they always seem to think it's a euphemism for something far more sinister; sadly, or happily, the Pampy is an actual, literal rabbit. I've had her since March of 2009. I made the decision to get a rabbit while on a business trip with severe food poisoning, which is when all important decisions should be made. She is a mixed breed, all black number who continues to expand. She is excellent at many things, including eating, quickly excreting what she has eaten, chewing wires, cardboard, windowpane envelopes and rubber bands, looking bewildered, and washing her face. I have tried to teach her math and ASL, but to no avail. Singing lessons have also gone unappreciated. I've told her she won't improve without practice, but her passions seem to lie more in eating parsley and tipping over her small, wooden house. On occasion, I take her outside for walks (sporadic hopping, really); she has a bright pink harness/leash. She's good to have around in my life; she tears around the apartment when I'm home in the evening and before I go to work. She guards the place during the day. I catch myself talking to her a little too often sometimes. Also, I'm of the opinion that all things manly that I do in life are instantly discounted when I tell people that I have a pet rabbit.
5. In Sex & the City 2, Carrie says, "I'm more Coco Chanel than coq au vin." We hear you're just the opposite. What's your favorite thing to cook?
The funny thing is that I was a terrible cook until after I graduated from College. The summer between undergrad and grad school, I was selling shoes in Southern Vermont, living in the barn of a family friend, and the only rent that they charged me was cooking on my days off, so I figured I better learn a thing or two. It's such a hard question to answer, because I really love cooking (and eating) all manner of things with equal amounts of joy. Given that I run a fair amount, I'm somewhat of a carb freak, so I guess I'll have to answer by saying that I really love baking my own bread and making my own pasta and then immediately gorging myself on the product I've just managed to create.

subset: commoncrawl


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Flashback Friday: The Upside Down Canadian Flag at the 1992 World Series
O Canada. Our home and native land. And apparently the home of the upside down maple leaf?
Depending on who you talk to, it was either a great sign of disrespect or a simple mistake. Regardless of your stance, it still stands as one of the most memorable moments of the 1992 World Series, and it had nothing to do with anything that happened during the game.
For this Flashback Friday, we take a look back at the upside down Canadian flag from the 1992 World Series.
The date was October 18, 1992, and the series remained in Atlanta going into Game 2 against the Braves. Atlanta took the opener 3-1 on the back of a complete game four-hitter by Tom Glavine.
Spirits weren't exactly flying high for the Blue Jays entering Game 2 at Turner Field, and their home flag wasn't flying properly either. Due to a bit of miscommunication, the Canadian flag was flown upside down.
During the singing of the national anthems, the U.S. Marine Corps flew both the U.S. and Canadian Flags, but due to a gaffe by the flag holder, the Canadian maple leaf was upside down.
To add insult to injury, Canadian singer Tom Cochrane stumbled through signing the Canadian national anthem as he messed up a few lines. All in all, not a good night for Canada.
The explanation of the upside down flag was that the Marine Corps only had the standard issue American and Marine Corps flags prepared to fly, and that the Canadian flag was provided by stadium officials mere moments before the marines were to go on the field.
Interestingly enough, an upside down flag is an international sign of distress, but it didn't seem to affect the Blue Jays as they won Game 2 of the World Series 5-4.
|Image courtesy of Toronto Star Archives (hat tip to @Minor_Leaguer)
As the series turned to Toronto, vendors took to the streets selling t-shirts with upside down American flags.
In fact, it seemed as though it was an international concern as George Bush had to do a bit of damage control. He assured Canadians that the United States would never do anything to hurt the national Flag of Canada.
Bush Sr. issued two official apologies, and as a sign of goodwill, a New York Marine unit paraded a Canadian flag into the Skydome as the Royal Mounted Canadian Police carried in the American Flag.
Just to make sure that the Canadian flag was flow right side up for Game 3 of the World Series, baseball deputy commissioner Steve Greenberg received a fax of the Canadian flag with the word "TOP" across the top of the page.
It may have been an honest mistake, but the upside down Canadian flag is one thing I'll always remember about the Blue Jays playing in Atlanta. That and winning a World Series.
Image courtesy of Getty Images


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Beth Hubbard, manager at Corey Lake Orchards in Three Rivers, standing beside tall greenhouse tomato plants. Courtesy Corey Lake Orchards
Tomato lovers know Michigan tomatoes are ripe from July through October, but some also know there are greenhouse-grown tomatoes ready year round in the Mitten State.
Now, thanks to Mastronardi Produce's state-of-the-art hydroponic greenhouse in Coldwater, fresh, vine ripened Michigan-grown tomatoes are available any time of the year at Meijer stores.
The technology at the Coldwater greenhouse allows for fresh, high quality fruit regardless of outdoor conditions. The Coldwater greenhouse is the first of its kind in the Midwest, utilizing unique grow lights, water filtration systems and alternative energy sources that create an internal climate that ensures optimal growing conditions 12 months a year, according to Meijer.
"We're proud to give Meijer customers what they'd been missing: fresh, vine-ripened Michigan-grown tomatoes in the winter," Mastronardi Produce President Paul Mastronardi said. "Meijer is one of our oldest customers in the USA and has been a great partner for over 40 years. We have collaborated on many new items and projects like this. We talked a few years back about our idea of the Coldwater greenhouse project and Meijer was on board before we built."
"Meijer has a longstanding commitment to buying locally-grown produce when available as long as the quality meets our high standards," said Jerry Suter, a vice president at Meijer, which has its headquarters in Walker.
At Corey Lake Orchards near Three Rivers, tomatoes have been ready to eat in May for about the last 15 or 20 years, according to Beth Hubbard, daughter of the farm founder and owner Dayton Hubbard.
Their tomatoes are grown the old fashioned way — in dirt — which the Hubbards maintain gives their Biltmore and Rocky Top varieties "that great tomato flavor that everyone just craves."
The seeds are started in a Kalamazoo greenhouse to save the cost of heating their greenhouse those extra weeks at the start.
This month, with the wind and snow whipping by outside, a small crew was at work in the balmy Corey Lake Orchards greenhouse transplanting 912 seedling tomato plants into pot-bags. The plants are trained to grow straight up, some eventually to a height of 10 to 12 feet or more.
The Hubbards sell their greenhouse crop direct to consumers through their farm stand.
"We have such a following, because we've been doing this 15 or 20 years," said Beth Hubbard. "Starting in May, our phone rings off the hook from people wanting to know if our real tomatoes are ready yet."
"By May, we'll be giving someone their first BLT," she said.
Meijer has purchased produce from local growers since the company's inception, but the retailer's effort to buy local has expanded over the past five years as the focus on local became more important to customers.
Meijer is currently the largest purchaser of local produce in the markets it serves and locally-grown produce accounts for 30 percent of all produce sold at Meijer stores during the peak season.
A recent survey of Meijer shoppers found that 51 percent said that supporting local farmers is the biggest benefit of buying local produce at the grocery store. Nationally, 48 percent of shoppers report looking for locally-sourced products when shopping, according to the Food Marketing Institute's U.S. Grocery Shopper Trends Report.
Meijer works with more than 100 local growers and businesses — up 25 percent over the past five years — within its five-state footprint, representing an economic impact of more than $80 million annually.
By purchasing local, Meijer is able to cut fuel consumption, which is not only good for the environment, but also helps reduce transportation costs and keeps fresh produce prices lower for customers.
Meijer began purchasing tomatoes from Mastronardi Produce, which is based in Ontario, Canada, more than 40 years ago and was excited about the unique opportunity to give customers Michigan-grown tomatoes in the winter. The Markets of Meijer tomatoes on the vine grown in the Coldwater greenhouse have a sticker on the packaging that states "Grown in Michigan."
The Coldwater facility was completed in December 2011 and features 30 acres of greenhouses. Mastronardi plans to double the acreage over the next two years — providing more locally-grown produce for customers.
Ontario greenhouses have been growing a large amount of tomatoes in the winter months, in dirt, for at least 40 years.
"They're pretty amazing in Canada," said Hubbard.
Meijer operates 199 supercenters and grocery stores throughout Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Kentucky.


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The witty woman behind the People of Wal-Mart music video has a musical take on the declining newspaper industry.
Ken Paulson's Freedom Sings programs are a popular feature of the First Amendment Center, where he is president and CEO. On his last evening as American Society of News Editors president last week, Ken hosted an evening program at the Newseum examining parallels between the music and news businesses, starting with Robert Levine, author of Free Ride, and then turning to musicians.
While I enjoyed the veteran songwriters on the program, original Cricket Sonny Curtis ("I Fought the Law" and the Mary Tyler Moore theme) and Jim Peterik ("Vehicle," "Eye of the Tiger"), the highlight for me was Jessica Frech, a young musical entrepreneur who has made her name with humorous songs on YouTube. Her most famous tune is "People of Wal-Mart," a clever music video viewed by 6 million people. She entertained the editors with the premiere of her new song, "Where Have All the Newspapers Gone?"
It's a silly song, but a fun one, with lines like, "I don't understand how they can get all the news from the palm of their hand." The "Subscribe" pitch at the end could be part of her newspaper humor, but I think it's actually a pitch to subscribe to Frech's YouTube channel.


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It was a safe and peaceful place with much interesting photos to share.
The highlight of this town Yala is their past notorious communist camps and activities during the reign of Chin Peng's era.
It was such a low, dark, damp and foul-smelling tunnel where I had to stoop my head all the way. I think the communists would never recruit a 6 footer like me who would pose as a threat instead.


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If you have any more suggestions I'll gladly try them out but, if not, thanks for trying to help anyway.


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Portion Police: Burritos
Why just a slightly wider tortilla can add a lot more calories to your dinner than you might think.
Credit: Randy Mayor
If it's burrito night at home and you upgrade from a 6-inch-wide tortilla to an 8-inch-wide tortilla, that's a 2-inch difference; 2 is a third of 6 so the burrito will be one-third bigger, right? Ah, not so fast, grasshopper. Long-forgotten math insists that when diameter gets a little bigger, area gets a lot bigger. (You must take half the diameter, the radius, square it, and multiply by pi.) The area increases by much more than a third, and so do the calories if you fill that area with tasty filling. Below, we reveal the math for a chicken, black bean, salsa, and cheese burrito.
- Tortilla: 94 calories + 4 oz. filling: 138 calories = 232 calories
- Tortilla: 146 calories + 7 oz. filling: 241 calories = 387 calories
With 78% more surface area and fillings, the calories in a bigger burrito jump by 67%.
- Tortilla: 218 calories + 11 oz. filling: 379 calories = 597 calories
Surface area, fillings, calories up by another 55%.


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Lowe, Sir Hudson
Lowe, Sir Hudson lō [key], 1769–1844, British general. He fought with credit throughout the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, mainly in the Mediterranean region, and served (1815–21) as governor of St. Helena and custodian of Napoleon I. He was criticized severely for his alleged mistreatment of the French exiles on St. Helena. His later years were largely spent in controversy on this score, and he wrote a self-vindication.
See W. Forsyth, History of the Captivity of Napoleon at St. Helena (1853); R. C. Seaton, Napoleon's Captivity in Relation to Sir Hudson Lowe (1903).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2023, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: British and Irish History: Biographies


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Last week, I predicted that President Obama's primetime speech to Congress would fail to have a significant effect on public opinion. While it's too early to reach a definitive conclusion, the early indications are largely consistent with that conclusion. An ABC News/Washington Post poll conducted Sept. 10-12 shows no statistically significant change in Obama's approval on health care or support for health care reform compared with a poll conducted August 10-12 (see also the Post story on the poll -- via Kaus). At best, Obama might have regained the ground he lost in late August -- a CBS News poll (PDF) conducted Sept. 10 showed a 12 point increase in approval of the president on health care compared with a poll conducted August 27-31, but that poll also showed no change in the percentage of Americans who think health care reform would help them personally. (In addition, the CBS poll re-surveyed respondents from the August 27-31 poll -- a format that is useful for comparing opinions before and after the speech, but may not be fully representative.)
Update 9/16 8:36 PM: Nate Silver calls me and George Stephanopolous out, falsely stating that both of us "[concluded] that there is no bounce on the basis of the ABC poll... while ignoring the other polling." That's wrong on two counts. First, at the time I posted, I had not seen any post-speech polls other than the ones cited in the post. Second, I didn't say "there is no bounce" -- I said the speech would most likely "fail to have a significant effect on public opinion" and that, "While it's too early to reach a definitive conclusion, the early indications are largely consistent with that conclusion." (Note also the post title: "Obama's health numbers: Not moving much" [emphasis added].)
Since I wrote that post, Rasmussen and CNN have released polls showing what Mark Blumenthal describes as "[s]mall, nominal increases in approval for Obama or support for health reform." In particular, the observed increases in support for health reform in the two polls were not statistically significant (Rasmussen's has seemingly dissipated already). Despite preliminary evidence of a small uptick in Obama's approval, I'll stand by my claim.
(Cross-posted to Pollster.com)


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New England Helps Lead the Nation in Energy Star Home Construction ++ Conn., N.H., Vt. Lead Regional Efforts
A recent analysis shows that In 2006, the percentage of newly constructed single family homes earning the governments Energy Star label for superior energy efficiency exceeded 12 percent in 15 states, with three New England states at the forefront of that list.
Connecticut, New Hampshire and Vermont are among the leaders which host the greatest percent of Energy Star certified homes, alongside Alaska, Arizona, California, Delaware, Hawaii, Iowa, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Texas and Utah.
New England is once again leading the nation on energy conservation and environmental issues, said Robert Varney, regional administrator of EPAs New England office. Consumers dont have to limit their smart energy choices to energy efficient cars and appliances, but more and more can choose high-efficiency, low-emission systems in their homes.
Homes that earn the Energy Star offer homeowners all the features they want in a new home, plus energy-efficiency improvements that deliver better performance, greater comfort, and lower utility bills, all while helping to protect the environment.
To earn the Energy Star, homes must be independently verified as meeting EPAs strict guidelines for energy efficiency. Once these standards are met, homes are at least 15 percent more efficient than homes built to the 2004 International Residential Code and typically, they include energy-saving features which make them 20 to 30 percent more efficient than standard homes.
As a percentage of new home construction in 2006, the three New England states show impressive amounts of energy efficient Energy Star certified homes: Connecticut - 23%; New Hampshire - 17%; and Vermont 24 percent. Elsewhere in New England, both Massachusetts and Rhode Island had between three and 11 percent of new homes constructed according to Energy Star standards, and Maine had less than three percent.
Nearly 200,000 new homes nationwide earned the Energy Star in 2006, bringing the total number of Energy Star qualified homes across the nation to almost 750,000. To date, these homes have locked in annual savings of more than $180 million for homeowners by saving over 1 billion kWh of electricity and 100 million therms of natural gas.
EPA started the Energy Star program in 1992 as market based approach to reducing greenhouse gas emissions through energy efficiency. In 2006, Americans, with the help of Energy Star, saved $14 billion and prevented greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to those from 25 million vehicles.
Home energy use accounts for nearly 17 percent of the total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and 21 percent of energy consumption nationwide. For more than a decade, EPA has been working with the housing industry, utilities, states, and independent energy efficiency home ratings professionals to bring increased energy efficiency to the homebuilding industry. Today, more than 3,500 builders are committed to building Energy Star qualified homes and there are Energy Star qualified homes in every state across the country.
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• 2008 LA AUTO SHOW: All of Our Updates and Analysis in One Place
The Los Angeles Auto Show offered a glimpse of what our world would be like without GM or Chrysler. The show was quieter and less energized than it had been in recent years. In fact, the mood was downright eerie at moments. Sure, we had world debuts from close to a dozen automakers. And as the sole representatives from our domestic auto industry, Ford and Lincoln premiered four new products, including the new Mustang. But the show felt off. And it wasn't just showgoers and automakers feeling the shockwaves of the economic downturn.
GM's usual slot as the first press conference of the day went to Nissan this year. The Japanese automaker showed the new Nissan 370Z and the Nissan Cube—two smart products that are sure to be hits. But as talented as the morning's presenter, Nissan design boss Shiro Nakamura is, he's no Bob Lutz.
In the past, there was a palpable excitement when the lights dimmed, the music came up and a confident Lutz strode across the stage to unveil the latest GM vehicle. And that's especially true when that product was close to Lutz's heart. It was difficult not to get enthused about the 2004 GTO, "I gotta tell ya, I love driving this car," he told PM at the time. The GTO may not have been a sales success, but the idea of GM resurrecting such a storied nameplate was not only exciting, it presented a feeling of optimism about the domestic auto industry.
More From Popular Mechanics
That optimism was missing yesterday. Bob Lutz was not on stage, reassuring the media that the 2011 Volt was on track for its 2010 launch. You did not see him reveal the latest GM midsize sedan or listen to him tell the world that GM is building the best cars in its 100-year history. Lutz wasn't there. And the production Volt sat at its very first auto show debut in the GM booth alone, uncovered and without fanfare, much like GM itself. The brightest light in GM's future product arsenal—and perhaps the first vehicle in years from the automaker to truly pioneer propulsion technology—raised as many eyebrows from attendees at the show as would a common Cobalt. It was, in short, depressing.
Chrysler didn't have a press conference at LA this year either. On the floor, we brushed shoulders with Frank Klegon, Chrysler's VP of Product Development as he and his entourage passed by the GM booth. Klegon, a normally affable, inspiring voice for the automaker's engineers wore the serious problems of his company on his face. This was not a time to discuss V8 muscle cars or the new electric vehicles Chrysler has promised. Will those EVs come at all?
The pundits on cable news channels argue nightly about whether the bailout of our auto industry makes sense for the country. There are certainly valid points on both sides. We outline a few reasons why the beleaguered GM got to this point here. But if the LA Auto show this year was any indication, a world without the major players from Detroit is not only sad, it's downright spooky. —Ben Stewart


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Egypt. Refugees face brutal treatment, kidnapping for ransom, and human trafficking.
Click Here to Save a Christians Life Now!
It was in the Sinai desert that the nation of Israel received God's law. Consequently we tend to think of the Sinai as a place of law-giving. Today, however, under Egyptian control, the Sinai (particularly the north-east) is absolutely lawless — a place of law-breaking. Not only has al-Qaeda established a presence, but Bedouin criminal gangs and human traffickers operate with impunity.
The Egyptian government knows that the clusters of concrete buildings dotting the Sinai desert are being used as torture chambers by human traffickers. The traffickers relay their victims' agony to family members or diaspora groups via mobile phone to facilitate payment of ransom. Even when ransom is paid it is not uncommon to find that victims are subsequently sold on to other traffickers who repeat the process. Failure to pay will result in death by torture, including through the extraction of sale able organs. New York Times (NYT) estimates that some 7,000 refugees have been abused this way in the past four years and that 4,000 of them may have died.
The victims, mostly Eritrean (99 per cent), Somali and Sudanese refugees, include many Christians who have fled persecution in their homelands. Most of the victims have been kidnapped from the Shagarab refugee camps in eastern Sudan, home to tens of thousands of Eritrean refugees, and then transferred to the Sinai where they are sold to criminals. Eritrean opposition groups are demanding that Sudan improve security at the camps.
Click Here to Save a Christians Life Now!
Chairman of the Ethiopia-based Eritrean Democratic Alliance (EDA), Tewelde Gebresilase, says human trafficking is carried out by a highly organised network that stretches from Eritrea to the refugee camps in Sudan and to the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt. It is a highly lucrative business, not only for the Bedouin, but for the Eritrean, Sudanese and Egyptian officials who are involved either directly or indirectly through taking bribes. According to intelligence sources, it is a major form of revenue for the corrupt and wicked regime ruling Eritrea.
On 1 April Amnesty International (AI) released a report entitled 'EGYPT/SUDAN: refugees and asylum seekers face brutal treatment, kidnapping for ransom, and human trafficking'. (Index: AFR 04/001/2013). AI is appealing that Egypt and Sudan should 'make urgent and concerted efforts to stop asylum-seekers and refugees being kidnapped from camps in Sudan, forcibly transported to Egypt, and being severely abused in the Sinai desert'. Reporting on a typical case, AI writes, 'On 22 January 2013, two Eritrean women living in the Shagarab camps set out to go to church, but did not arrive at their destination. Camp residents believe they were kidnapped.'
Recently five Eritreans escaped from their captors during a fierce night storm. Whilst two perished en route, three made it to safety. Mhretab (27) is frail and heavily scarred. 'We had barely anything to eat or drink,' he explains. 'And we weren't allowed to sleep. If we did, they burned us. They scorched the skin on our arms or backs with burning plastic, or they burned us directly with lighters. They hung us from our feet and hit us. If we cried, they called our families and we had to beg them over the phone to pay for us.' By selling everything they owned and taking up a collection at church, Mhretab's family raised the ransom. But instead of releasing Mhretab, his kidnappers sold him on to other human traffickers. Lemlem (15) is totally traumatized. Wearing only a sweater, she asks the home owner if there is any underwear she can put on.
In another case, Ahlam (8) saw her 'parents' brutalized and other hostages murdered. On 12 March her captors put her on the phone to Swedish-Eritrean radio journalist Meron Estefanos. After recalling the horrors she had witnessed, Ahlam confirmed that the traffickers were threatening to take her from her 'parents' and sell her on to another gang. Fortunately for this family, they were released alive in late March after payment of ransom. Ahlam's uncle Adem, who had posed as Ahlam's father so he could stay with the women of the family to afford them some protection, has been hospitalised with serious torture injuries. Ahlam's father negotiated their release from Canada while claiming to be 'a distant relative in Saudi Arabia'. Ms Estefanos told NYT last year that Eritrean relatives sell land and possessions to raise ransoms. 'They borrow money from people, go from church to church,' she said.
This evil thrives because nobody is prepared to act against it. Egyptian President Morsi would say it is not in his interests to pick a fight with criminals who are hurting only non-Arabs and mostly non-Muslims anyway, posing no threat to him personally or politically. The Arab-supremacist, Islamist President Bashir in Khartoum, Sudan, would say the same. As for the Eritrean regime at the source of the problem, it is certainly not in its interests to see its refugees protected or its human trafficking revenues cut off.


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- Pincode
- Shop
- Sofa
- Wooden Furniture
- Mattress
- Recliners
- Chairs
- Gallery
- Learn
- Flash Sale
1. Which material is best for sofa set?
Ans.The material contributes more to the durability and appearance of the sofa. There are lots of materials for the sofa set. You can buy fabric sofa, leather, wood, steel, etc. When you look for the proper sofa manufacturer or dealer, you can also buy the customized sofa with the material you are looking for.
2.What makes a sofa comfortable?
Ans.One of the reasons for having the sofa at home is to enhance convenience and comfort. When you want to add the comfort features, you can look for the material, cushion, fabric, sofa, etc. You can also look to buy online sofa come bed from the reputed company to have a comfortable sofa.
3.Which sofa is better wooden or fabric?
Ans.A sofa is the best furniture that will make you comfortable after the long working hours. Commonly, you can look for the fabric and wooden sofa in the sofa shops. Both have pros and cons in their perspective. You can look to buy sofa come bed online in wooden or fabric to enjoy the comfort of both the sofa and the bed.
4.How often should you change your couch?
Ans.Changing the couch will be based on several factors like the value, model, type, material, nature of the space, etc. Generally, a sofa in the home will last from 7 to 15 years. However, you should maintain it following the recommended procedure. Once you feel you have to change the couch, you can buy wooden bed online.
5.Which type of sofa is good?
Ans.There are various types of the sofa like English or club sofa, chesterfield sofa, sectional sofa, corner sofa, sofa with different seater types, recliner sofa, sofa cum bed and several others. All these types are the best in their own way. You can order bed online or buy the sofa considering the cost, features, size of the room, functionality, etc.
6.Which is best leather or fabric sofa?
Ans.The leather and fabric are the common sofa materials you can opt for. Both leather and fabric are a good option on various basis. You have to do some research and choose the one that will be suitable for your living room or bedroom. You also have an option called one seater sofa to comfort you.
7.How much does a sofa set cost?
Ans.Not all the sofa comes with the exact cost. It will be dependent on various factors like the material, type, number of capacity, design, etc. Generally, when you visit the sofa shop, you can find the sofa from 7000 and even up to lakh. To analyze more, you can also look for the one seater sofa online and its cost.
8.Which sofa set is best in India?
Ans.India, being a country with diversities, different people opts for additional sofa. You can commonly find people showing more interest in the wooden sofa, steel sofa, designer sofa, leather sofa, fabric sofa, etc. The modern people also love to adopt the sofa cum bed as well. So, you can check for the online bed price and choose accordingly.
9.Which brand is best for sofa?
Ans.Choosing the sofa considering the brand is one of the best ways to choose the perfect sofa with good durability. There are many brands on the sofa list, and you look at online bed purchase in Furny brands. It is one of the brands that offer the various types and designs of sofa that is highly effective for regular use.
10.How do you buy a good sofa set?
Ans.Buying the sofa set is simple, with the availability of the online sofa. Look for the online bed shop or online sofa dealers and get into their website. Look for the features and the kinds of sofa they deliver. Go through the description entirely and look for the cost. Once you are satisfied with the couch, you can place an order for the sofa or bed.
11.How long should a sofa last?
Ans.The durability of the sofa will be based on lots of factors. You have to maintain it well, caring for the leather or fabric. Also, it will be based on the various features of the sofa you buy. Commonly, the durable period of the couch will be from 7 years. It is better to know about durability and buy single sofa or any other sofa type.


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This is my go-to everyday side dish recipe. It is quick, easy, and only requires three ingredients that I try to keep on hand at all times. These potatoes go with just about any meat dish and are great made on the grill as well as baked.
This is the baked version since the weather is a little too cool for the grillin' version. Try these and I think you will love them! Also, you don't have to use the grilling seasoning. Try any kind of seasoning you like…I have used Italian seasoning, seasoning salt and black pepper, and sometimes I just used plain kosher salt and black pepper. Adapt this to your taste!
This recipe will feed about 6 or 7 people. I generally plan for one potato per person and one tablespoon of butter per potato.
7 potatoes
7 tbsp unsalted butter, melted
1/2 tsp grilling seasoning (You can add more if you like the taste really strong.)
Preheat oven to 450 degrees. Line a baking sheet with aluminum foil and spray with non-stick cooking spray. Slice the potatoes into 8 wedges each and set aside. Melt the butter in a large microwave safe bowl. I set the microwave on 50% power for 1 minute. Check the butter and microwave for an additional 30-45 seconds on 50% power if needed. Add the seasoning to the melted butter.
Dip the wedges in the butter and place on the baking sheet. Bake for 15 minutes and then flip the wedges over. Bake for an additional 12-15 minutes. (If you are only baking 2 or 3 potatoes, you will only need about 12 more minutes. Watch them after that time so they don't overcook and become hard and dry.)
Come join the fun at the My Baking Addiction and GoodLife Eats Holiday Recipe Swap sponsored by Kerrygold


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The Department of Justice, which has said that at least 53 finance chiefs have been convicted in the five-year life of the President's Corporate Fraud Task Force, has provided CFO.com with a list of 53 people who either pleaded guilty or were found guilty. After recalculating to include other cases, CFO.com has confirmed another 10, bringing the total to 63 ex-CFOs who either pleaded guilty or were convicted by juries since July 9, 2002.
The government's list excludes the names of some well-known former finance chiefs who wound up in jail, including Enron's Andrew Fastow, WorldCom's Scott Sullivan, Tyco International's Mark Swartz, and Rite-Aid's Frank Bergonzi. Fastow's and Sullivan's cases, for example, were handled by the fraud team of the U.S. Attorney's office, which is why they were not included on the list, according to the DoJ. Likewise, Swartz was prosecuted by Manhattan District Attorney Robert M. Morgenthau. The list provided by the DoJ was assembled by collecting cases from U.S. Attorneys' offices around the country that had tried corporate fraud cases.
The DoJ list actually contains more than 70 names, although research by CFO.com shows that a number of those listed were not officially CFOs of their companies; some were company presidents, CEOs, or COOs. On its list, the government also included James Doyle, the former CFO of Mercury Finance, who died before being charged with a crime. Although prosecutors expected to convict Doyle, who was cooperating with them as part of a plea agreement, his appearance on the list is a reminder that the government lost one of its biggest convictions when the death of Enron's Kenneth Lay caused his record to be posthumously cleared.
In its July 18 announcement, the DoJ said it counted 214 chief executives, 23 corporate counsels or attorneys, and 128 vice presidents as having been convicted since July 2002, in addition to "at least 53" CFOs. The government list did include other ex-CFOs who were convicted or pleaded guilty in highly publicized trials, including Adelphia Communications's Timothy Rigas and four of the five former HealthSouth CFOs: Aaron Beam, Michael Martin, William T. Owens, and Weston L. Smith (it did not include Malcolm McVay, who also was convicted).
Through news reports, court filings, press releases, and CFO.com's own Website, 53 ex-CFOs on the DoJ list were confirmed as having been convicted of charges that included conspiracy; insider trading; money laundering; racketeering; embezzlement; accessory to fraud; and bank, mail, wire, and securities fraud. CFO.com also confirmed the charges of the 10 other ex-CFOs.
The Justice Department noted the role of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in leading to the five years of enforcement, citing it as one of the tools Congress has given prosecutors to target corporate fraud. However, only three ex-CFOs on its list, Steven Garfinkel of DVI, and Smith and Owens of HealthSouth, were convicted of direct violations of Sarbanes-Oxley. Most cases ended in a plea agreement, with more than 75 percent of defendants pleading guilty to charges brought against them.
The task force, created after a storm of corporate scandals, also gave itself unusual credit for the convictions in the July 18 press conference, saying that it "has compiled a strong record of combating corporate fraud and punishing those who violate the trust of employees and investors." Actually, the task force's main role has been to coordinate various federal enforcement efforts. Chaired by Deputy Attorney General Paul J. McNulty, the task force includes senior DoJ officials and seven U.S. Attorneys, along with the head of the Departments of Treasury and Labor, the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, the Federal Communications Commission, the U.S. Postal Inspection Service, and the Department of Housing and Urban Development's Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight.
|63 CFOs Convicted of Corporate Fraud in Five Years
July 9, 2002, to July 9, 2007
|Plea or Jury Trial
|July 2002 to December 2002
|Peter Bromberg
|Motorcar Parts and Accessories
|Making false statements
|Plea Agreement
|Joseph Shew
|Conspiracy to commit securities fraud
|Plea Agreement
|Steven Allan
|Media Vision Inc.
|Securities fraud
|Jury Trial
|Gary Duane Schultz
|Lund Boats
|Mail fraud, money laundering
|Plea Agreement
|Thomas Lambach
|Quaker Alloy Inc. (Atchison Casting Corp.)
|Wire fraud, conspiracy
|Plea Agreement
|Aaron Beam
|Bank fraud
|Plea Agreement
|Michael Martin
|Conspiracy, filing false financial statements
|Plea Agreement
|Weston Smith
|Conspiracy to commit wire fraud and securities fraud, filing false statements, violating the certification provision of Sarbanes-Oxley
|Plea Agreement
|William Owens
|Conspiracy to commit wire and securities fraud, violating the certification provision of Sarbanes-Oxley
|Plea Agreement
|Malcolm McVay*
|Conspiracy to commit wire and securities fraud, filing false financial reports
|Plea Agreement
|Jay Gilbertson
|McKesson Corp.(HBO and Co.)
|Securities fraud
|Plea Agreement
|Donna Richardson
|Craig Consumer Electronics
|Bank fraud
|Plea Agreement
|Matthew Gless
|Conspiracy, securities fraud
|Plea Agreement
|Steven Lash
|FPA Medical Management
|Wire and mail fraud
|Jury Trial
|Gary Atnip
|Franklin American Corp.
|Money laundering, racketeering
|Plea Agreement
|Lawrence Simon
|Lying to investigators, conspiracy to inflate earnings and revenues
|Plea Agreement
|Edward Stein
|American Tissue
|Securities and bank fraud
|Plea Agreement
|Stephen Lowber
|Cutter & Buck Inc.
|Accessory after the fact to wire fraud
|Plea Agreement
|Frank Bergonzi
|Rite Aid
|Making false statements to the SEC, obstructing justice, witness tampering
|Plea Agreement
|Thomas Sebastian
|Conspiracy to commit securities fraud
|Plea Agreement
|Kirk Dischino
|Measurement Specialties Inc.
|Insider trading
|Plea Agreement
|Ira Zar
|Computer Associates
|Conspiracy, securities fraud, obstruction
|Plea Agreement
|Timothy Rigas
|Adelphia Communications
|Conspiracy, bank fraud, securities fraud
|Jury Trial
|Jon Clark
|Vari-L Company Inc.
|Fraudulently inflating earnings
|Plea Agreement
|James Cutler
|Tollman-Hundley Hotels
|Conspiracy to commit bank fraud, bank fraud, making false statements to banks
|Jury Trial
|Scott Sullivan*
|Conspiracy, fraud, and making false statements
|Plea Agreement
|John Howard Daws*
|Cylink Corp.
|Conspiracy to falsify accounting records, securities fraud
|Plea Agreement
|Thomas Bray*
|Network Technologies Group
|Wire fraud
|Plea Agreement
|Lawrence Teodoro
|Timeless Toys Inc.
|Wire fraud
|Plea Agreement
|John Garitta
|PinnFund, USA
|Conspiracy to commit wire fraud and money laundering, tax evasion, filing false statements
|Plea Agreement
|Robin Szeliga
|Insider trading
|Plea Agreement
|John Jacobs
|Hamilton Bank
|Securities and wire fraud, false filings with the SEC
|Plea Agreement
|Steven Davis
|Berkeley Risk Administrators Co., LLC
|Mail fraud
|Plea Agreement
|Kent Kalkwarf
|Charter Communications
|Wire fraud
|Plea Agreement
|David Cammarata
|Conspiracy, securities fraud, bank fraud, making false statements to the SEC, soliciting proxies with false proxy statements
|Plea Agreement
|Wakon Redcorn
|Heritage National Insurance Co.
|Embezzlement, wire fraud, money laundering
|Jury Trial
|Rondal Cavender
|Safescript Pharmacies
|Conspiracy to commit securities fraud, money laundering
|Plea Agreement
|Mark Swartz***
|Tyco International
|Grand larceny and conspiracy, securities fraud, falsifying business records, violating business law
|Jury Trial
|Rudolph Terry
|Terry Manufactoring
|Plea Agreement
|Joseph Zumwalt
|Mail fraud
|Plea Agreement
|William Scott DeLoach
|PBSJ Corp.
|Conspiracy to commit wire fraud, the unlawful reimbursement of federal campaign contributions
|Plea Agreement
|Donald Welchko
|Anicom Inc.
|Falsely inflating sales and profits
|Plea Agreement
|William Rauwerdink
|Conspiracy to commit mail, wire, and bank fraud; making false statements to the SEC
|Plea Agreement
|Greg Gadel
|Buca Inc.
|Mail and wire fraud
|Plea Agreement
|Marion Markle
|National School Fitness Foundation
|Misprison (failure to report) of a scheme to defraud
|Plea Agreement
|Robert Gagalis
|Conspiracy, wire, and securities fraud
|Jury Trial
|Michael Resnick
|U.S. Foodservice Inc.
|Plea Agreement
|Patrick Buttery
|Computer Personalities Systems Inc.
|Wire and mail fraud, money laundering
|Plea Agreement
|John Monteclavo
|Hillside Health Center
|Embezzlement, money laundering, Medicare fraud
|Plea Agreement
|Andrew Fastow*
|Conspiracy to commit wire fraud, conspiracy to commit securities fraud
|Plea Agreement
|Keith Howard*
|Enron Broadband
|Fraud, conspiracy, falsifying records
|Plea Agreement
|David Kreinberg*
|Comverse Technology
|Conspiracy to commit securities, mail, and wire fraud; securities fraud
|Plea Agreement
|Steven Garfinkel
|Mail fraud, violating the certification provision of Sarbanes-Oxley
|Plea Agreement
|Robert Gordon
|TeleServices Internet Group
|Securities fraud, money laundering
|Jury Trial
|Victor Suglia
|Friedman Jewelers
|Plea Agreement
|Michael Suhadolnik
|HealthCare Financing Administration
|Wire fraud
|Jury Trial
|Joseph Connors
|Kleinert's Corp.
|Fraud, making false statements
|Jury Trial
|Samuel Sacco
|Spectra Systems Inc.
|Mail and wire fraud
|Plea Agreement
|Prahbat Goyal
|McAfee (Network Associates)
|Securities fraud, filing false reports with the SEC, making false statements to auditors
|Jury Trial
|Jack Grace
|Conspiracy; bank and wire fraud; falsifying bank reports
|Jury Trial
|Eric McCracken
|Aerosonic Corp.
|Conspiracy to commit wire fraud, wire fraud
|Plea Agreement
|Steve Venechanos
|Supreme Specialties Inc.
|Conspiracy; mail, bank, and wire fraud; making false statements to the SEC
|Jury Trial
|John Boultbee*
|Mail fraud
|Jury Trial
|Sources: Department of Justice press releases, various news reports, and court filings. *Name not provided in the list from the U.S. Department of Justice.**Case prosecuted in state court.


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Basically, as a Christian, I think we, myself included, all ought to be able to show that there is a case for the resurrection on historical grounds. Even if Christians know that the resurrection is true by the inner testimony of the Holy Spirit, you cannot use that when persuading and defending it to other people. So you have to make a case using the available evidence and the normal rules of historical investigation. You can't assume the Bible is inerrant with your co-workers and you can't focus on Christian-ese or peripheral issues, either. So how can you do it?
Part A: Historical methods
The way I normally start is with the standard rules used by all scholars who analyze ancient biographies. Basically, there is a list of criteria that scholars across the spectrum use for deciding which parts of ancient literary sources are more likely to be true. It's amazing when you see debates on this because both sides basically agree on the methodology.
And, if you apply the methodology carefully, then both sides actually agree on what facts in the biographies are authentic. I am talking about agreement on authentic facts by atheists and fundamentalists alike!
Here are some of the rules used for analyzing ancient biographies:
1) multiple attestation – if the fact about X is asserted by two or more
sources, then the fact is likely authentic.
2) dissimilarity – if a teaching of X is different from popular teachings
and concepts of that time and place, it is likely authentic.
3) embarassment – if a fact is embarassing to X or X's community or the
writers of the biography of X, then it is likely authentic.
4) enemy attestation – if a fact about X is corroborated by enemies of X,
or X's community, then that fact is likely to be authentic.
5) early attestation – if a fact about X is in an early source, then that fact
is likely to be authentic.
And there are others.
So, if you want to talk about the resurrection at work without being laughed at or fired, you can use these criteria to identify historical facts.
Part B: Minimal facts
Using the historical methods above, you won't be able to recover MOST of what the New Testament writings say about Jesus. For example, the guard at the tomb is only in Matthew, so you cannot use that as a minimal fact. And John is a pretty late gospel, so most of that can't be used. So what parts can be used?
Well, here is William Lane Craig's list of facts:
1) the empty tomb
2) the appearances experienced by various people, including Paul
3) early belief in the resurrection emerged in Jerusalem
And, here is Gary Habermas' list of facts:
1) death by crucifixion
2) early belief in resurrection
3) appearances experienced by disciples
4) Paul's appearance and change of heart
5) James's (Jesus' brother) change of heart
6) the empty tomb
Probably the most celebrated defender of the resurrection writing today is N. T. Wright. He makes a bit of a different case where he asks what sort of historical occurrence would be adequate to explain the changes in theology and practice that occurred when 1st century Jews in Jerusalem became Christians. His argument is that the changes ("mutations") require a historical resurrection. Here is Wright's list:
1) the empty tomb
2) the appearances to various people
and 7 mutations (changes) in the way that early Christians changed
their views of the meaning and centrality of the Jewish doctrines of
the Messiah, resurrection, eschatology, etc.
You'll be surprised to know that few of these facts are disputed by atheistic historians like Gerd Ludemann, Marcus Borg and John Dominic Crossan. The only one that's sometimes disputed is the empty tomb, but some guys will give it to you. I just read N.T. Wright's debate against John Dominic Crossan, who is on the far-left fringe. He gave up the appearances AND said he was "OK" with the empty tomb.
So, once you apply the historical criteria, and you hammer out your list of facts, what comes next?
Part C: Inference to the best explanation
Once you have the list of facts, you need to explain why the hypothesis that God raised Jesus from the dead is the best explanation for the facts. This is done by showing that the hypothesis is consistent with all of the available data.
The atheist is likely to jump in at this point with an alternative explanation of the facts. Their explanations will not involve any miracles – instead, they try to account for the facts by proposing a naturalistic hypothesis. Here is a list of a few together with my defense against them.
1) Jesus wasn't really dead
– crucifixion is lethal and you can't fake being dead
– this doesn't explain the early belief in the resurrection, since
a half-dead Jesus would not inspire a belief in the resurrection
2) Jesus' disciples moved the body and lied about it
– it doesn't explain the appearance to Paul, etc.
– it doesn't explain why the early church was willing to be persecuted
3) The Jews moved the body and lied about it
– they had no interest in helping a rival sect
– it doesn't explain the appearance to Paul, etc.
4) The Romans moved the body and lied about it
– they had no interest in helping a trouble-making sect
– it doesn't explain the appearance to Paul, etc.
5) Somebody else moved the body
– it doesn't explain the appearance to Paul, etc.
– there is no evidence to support the claim
6) The early church hallucinated the appearances
– group hallucinations are impossible
– it doesn't explain the empty tomb
– it doesn't explain the theological mutations about "resurrection", since seeing a ghost does not imply a bodily resurrection
Keep in mind that when judging explanations, the simplest explanation is usually the best. If a skeptic has to join together multiple hypotheses, then this weakens the appeal of their explanation, because it's "ad-hoc".
I wrote another post on the resurrection here, with some links to debates. Here is a list of the virtually indisputable facts about Jesus, from respected, skeptical, non-Christian scholars like Norman Perrin and E. P. Sanders. More debates are here.
UPDATE: Welcome, visitors from Robert P. Murphy's blog Free Advice. Please take a look around – the purpose of my blog is to help Christians to integrate their faith with other areas of knowledge, especially economics! For those of you who don't know, Dr. Murphy is the author of the greatest book on economics ever written (and I've read The Road to Serfdom!). This is a book for everyone – and it's the first book laymen should read on economics.


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FortiAnalyzer's Indicator of Compromise Overview
Attacks are getting more complex as the attack surface area increases. Tools for detect attacks have increased exponentially leaving many administrators confused as to how to handle breach detection. This video will help explain how to enable the IoC History Rescan service in FortiAnalyzer. The service helps administrators compare past IoCs with new threat intelligence to help detect and gather intelligence on compromised hosts previously missed.马上观看


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Spring 2020
Spring 2020
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A theme of understated simplicity runs through Pollack's introduction for Spring 2020. Icon builds on the success of our recent collections that are known for their gorgeous, usable fabrics in a variety of qualities—with less of a focus on motif and more on fibers, construction and color. This grouping is no exception, with five sumptuous Pollack PURE fabrics in soft textures; a trio of Indoor + Outdoor textiles with a fresh take on the stripe; and a gathering of signature designs that focus on abstract geometry and luxe surface. Three new upholsteries and two new window fabrics round out the growing Hospitality line.
"For this collection, we really wanted to go deep into the idea of tactile quality. Of course pattern and color are big factors, but texture is equally important. Everything here is as appealing to the hand as it is to the eye. "
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Welcome to class! Let's get started!
This is undoubtedly one of the most exciting times of your life! We are delighted to share your journey with you. You have been automatically placed into a group of other parents with a similar delivery date. This way you can experience the support of others going through exactly the same things you are, day by day, week by week.


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Because we perceive print and electronic media differently. Because Marshall McLuhan was right about some things.
In case you don't recall one of the more influential thinkers of the late 20th century: McLuhan was an academic media theorist who ended up being called a "high priest of popular culture." He was big enough to be a standing joke on Laugh-In ("Marshall McLuhan, what are you doin'?") to appear in a cameo in Annie Hall, to get interviewed in Playboy. One of the fundamental things McLuhan said was that new media change us and change the world. We see that principle in every kind of technology. When films started to talk, we started to talk in their phrases and cadences. When musical notation was invented, it took music into new dimensions of complexity and length. When computers started to link up on the Internet … You get the idea.
McLuhan declared that the two epochal cultural developments of the last millennium were, first, the invention of movable type in the 15th century, which proliferated data in print and finally took humanity out of its primeval tribal culture (a culture that had already been shaken, millennia earlier, by the invention of writing). Second, the epochal change of the last two centuries was the advent of electric media, starting with the telegraph. From that point on, data started to blanket the globe at close to the speed of light.
Relatively few prophecies pan out, and plenty of McLuhan's haven't. His peaceful, neo-tribal "global village" hasn't worked so well. He predicted the end of politics, parties, and elections. Yeah, right. Still, he was the first to realize the transformation TV wrought on politics. From the pioneering Kennedy/Nixon debates to rampant political advertising and the 24-hour news cycle, TV has become the strongest force in political life. It's long been understood that a prime reason Kennedy beat Nixon for the presidency was that Kennedy looked better on TV. Now a politician's image outstrips his or her ideas—outstrips his or her politics. Which is just what McLuhan predicted: TV is about gut feeling, not reason.
One of McLuhan's central concepts is still intensely relevant in the age of Internet and e-books: his dichotomy of hot and cool media. "A hot medium," he said, "is one that extends one single sense in 'high definition.' " The less audiovisual information we have to fill in ourselves, the hotter the medium. Books and movies are "hot" because they supply a high level of information to the eye. Telephone and TV are "cool" because the telephone gives the ear "a meager amount of information," and a TV screen is less high-def than a movie. The video image, in contrast to film, is constantly being redrawn as we watch it. In the cool medium of TV, our eye and brain have to create the illusion of a complete picture; that process sucks us in, starting at the level of our synapses.
Obviously, high-definition television, which McLuhan foresaw and mused about, complicates the distinction between hot and cool media. But I'd argue that his dichotomy endures. There is a difference in how we perceive things in print and on an electronic screen. Watching TV has an innately mesmerizing effect that goes beyond whatever happens to be on. TV is addictive, druglike, in a way that movies and print aren't. Recall McLuhan's most famous aphorism: "The medium is the message." To a large extent, we respond to any medium as medium, quite apart from the content. I add that language reflects that: We "go to the movies"; we "watch TV"; we "read a book." If you're a book reader, you care more about reading itself than about any particular book.
McLuhan didn't think content was unimportant, but he believed the delivering technology is what ultimately involves and evolves us. "The 'message' of any medium or technology is the change of scale or pace or pattern that it introduces into human affairs." TV changed the world, in ways good and bad. And a computer screen is essentially a TV. Have you noticed the blank absorption on the faces of people watching TV (except, of course, for sports and politics)? It's much the same as people watching a computer screen.
(McLuhan's oracular prophecies about mass media led to his status as a pop-culture guru, which was largely a matter of misunderstanding him. TV is cool! he proclaimed. A generation grooved on that without having any idea what he meant by the word "cool." Likewise the medium is the message. Way cool! TV gets you stoned! Who cares what's on? In his Playboy interview, McLuhan, a voracious consumer of print and a lover of literature, confessed his dismay at the revolution he prophesied: "As I view the reprimitivisation of our culture … I view such upheavals with total personal dislike and dissatisfaction.")
McLuhan saw the first glimmers of the Internet and seemed to sense what was coming. He spoke of "a mosaic world in which space and time are overcome by television, jets, and computers—a simultaneous, 'all-at-once' world in which everything resonates with everything else in a total electrical field." But he may never have imagined the phenomenon of millions of people staring at a screen, not looking at TV shows but reading words on their computers, as you're doing now. That further blurs his cool-hot dichotomy. But I say again: We perceive words on-screen differently than in print. In the process of writing and teaching writing, I engage in regular experiments testing this theory.
Here's how it works, with me and with most writers I know (because I've asked). I've used computers for more than 25 years. I draft prose on-screen, work it over until I can't find much wrong with it, then double-space it and print it out. At that point I discover what's really there, which is ordinarily hazy, bloated, and boring. It looked pretty good on-screen, but it's crap. My first drafts on paper, after what amount to several drafts on computer, look like a battlefield. Here, for example, is a photo of the initial first page printout of this article.
I've taught college writing classes for a long time, and after computers came in, I began to see peculiar stuff on papers that I hadn't seen before: obvious missing commas and apostrophes, when I was sure most of those students knew better. It dawned on me that they were doing all their work on-screen, where it's hard to see punctuation. I began to lecture them about proofing on paper, although, at first, I didn't make much headway. They were unused to dealing with paper until the final draft, and they'd been taught never to make hand corrections on the printout. They edited on-screen and handed in the hard copy without a glance.
Handwriting is OK! I proclaimed. I love to see hand corrections! Then I noticed glitches in student writing that also resulted from editing on-screen: glaring word and phrase redundancies, forgetting to delete revised phrases, strangely awkward passages. I commenced an ongoing sermon: You see differently and in some ways better on paper than on computer. Your best editing is on paper. Try it and see if I'm right.You'll get a better grade. The last got their attention. The students were puzzled and skeptical at first, but the ones who tried it often ended up agreeing with me.
Still, none of this is black and white. For years, after I got a computer I held onto my romantic attachment to writing first drafts by hand on long legal sheets. Then halfway through a book-for-hire I got in deadline trouble and for the sake of time had to start drafting on computer. I discovered, to my chagrin, that drafting first on computer tended to come out better than by hand. Computer drafts were cleaner and crisper. But, after that, I also discovered, paper rules. The final polish, the nuances, the pithy phrases, the tightening of clarity and logic—those mostly come from revising on paper.
Mind, this is not a screed against e-media and their potential. Readers like the links in Slate articles, and so do I. My next book, on Beethoven, is planned on the one hand as a traditional text between covers with analytical endnotes and on the other as what I'm calling a "three-dimensional book." The text will be amplified by the endnotes and further amplified by a Web site, which adds more ideas and information, musical examples in sound and score, a blog, and what have you. In the e-book version, footnotes will become links, either to the Web site or to background content downloaded along with the text.
This kind of e-medium, I suspect, will be the future of history, biography, scholarship. Among other things, it makes possible a book on, say, music that is in theory available to everybody: The text for general readers, links providing instant musical illustrations for nonmusicians, other links adding technical and glossing material for scholars and musicians. The possibilities are dazzling to contemplate. They're cool in every sense of the word.
But e-book Beethoven will of course be a much different experience than the same guy between covers. Garrison Keillor has said, "On the Internet we're all hummingbirds." We flit from place to place, taking a sip here and a sip there. That's swell, but it isn't the way to read Austen *, Yeats, and Joyce. My book on an iPad or whatever will be richer in worthwhile ways, but it will be less absorbing and probably less emotionally compelling. (I'm making another prophecy of my own, that the iPad, a TV screen, will win out over the Kindle and its "e-ink," because the iPad and its clones will be far more flexible.)
So real books and e-books will coexist. That has happened time and again with other new technologies that were prophesied to kill off old ones. Autos didn't wipe out horses. Movies didn't finish theater. TV didn't destroy movies. E-books won't destroy paper and ink. The Internet and e-books may set back print media for a while, and they may claim a larger audience in the end. But a lot of people who care about reading will want the feel, the smell, the warmth, the deeper intellectual, emotional, and spiritual involvement of print.
The über-message Marshall McLuhan proclaimed is another idea of his that stands the test of time. New media change us, not only our ideas and lifestyles but our very nervous systems. "The basic thing to remember about the electric media is that they inexorably transform every sense ratio and thus recondition and restructure all our values and institutions." That's overstated maybe, but there's something to it. We should not be blind to those kinds of changes. "Understanding is half the battle," McLuhan said. To understand media is to get a handle on them, to direct them in better ways, personally and publicly. When a new medium comes on the scene, we have to be aware and beware.
P.S. OK, this is an online piece, so it's got to have links. I didn't do them above because I wanted you to read the article first without distractions. There's been a flurry of articles on this topic lately, a lot of it sparked by Nicholas Carr's passionate defense of print and his new book The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains. You can read Carr's blog. In the Wall Street Journal, Carr and Clay Shirky have a back-and-forth on "Does the Internet Make You Dumber/Smarter?" Tufts reading researcher Maryanne Wolf talks about her concerns with children and computers here. None of these mentions McLuhan, but he must be chuckling in his grave, because a lot of the ideas, and the research behind them, echo what he said.
All right. Whew! All this reading and writing has strained the old attention span. I'm going to make a cup of coffee and Google myself.
Correction, July 15, 2010: This sentence originally misspelled the name of Jane Austen. (Return to the corrected sentence.)
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Pelosi, Nancy Patricia
Pelosi, Nancy Patricia pəlō´sē [key], 1940–, U.S. congresswoman, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (2007–11, 2019–), b. Baltimore as Nancy Patricia D'Alesandro. The daughter of Thomas J. D'Alesandro, Jr., who served as Baltimore's mayor and a congressman, she moved to California, where she became active in the Democratic party. In 1987 she was was first elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in a special election. A liberal from San Francisco, she became minority whip in 2001 and, succeeding Dick Gephardt, minority leader in 2003, becoming the first woman to hold high-ranking leadership positions in the U.S. Congress. Democratic victories in the 2006 and 2008 congressional elections led to her election as Speaker of the House; she became the first woman to hold the post. After the Democrats lost their majority in 2010, Pelosi again was minority leader (2011–19); she again became speaker after the Democrats won a majority in 2018.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2023, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies


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Hannah Anderson discusses kidnapping, texts to abductor
The California teenager who was abducted by a family friend suspected of killing her mother and brother tried to explain Thursday why she had once exchanged letters with him and even sent text messages just before she was kidnapped.
A tearful Hannah Anderson, 16, discussed her relationship with 40-year-old James DiMaggio in an exclusive interview on NBC's Today.
DiMaggio was killed by FBI agents Aug. 10 at a remote wilderness campsite in Idaho where he had taken the 16-year-old Hannah during a six-day, multistate ordeal.
Investigators say DiMaggio, known by the family as "Uncle Jim," killed 44-year-old Christina Anderson and her son, Ethan, whose bodies were discovered after DiMaggio set fire to his home in Boulevard, a tiny town 65 miles east of San Diego.
Hannah, whose only public comments on the kidnapping until now had come in a series of online postings, told Today that she had exchanged text messages with DiMaggio prior to her abduction to arrange for him to pick her up at a cheerleading camp.
"And he didn't know the address or what — like, where I was. So I had to tell him the address and tell him that I was gonna be in the gym and not in front of the school," she said. "Just so he knew where to come get me."
Although she says the exchanges were text messages, according to search warrants, Anderson had exchanged about 13 phone calls with him. The San Diego County Sheriff's Department said it could not immediately explain the discrepancy, the Associated Press reported.
Hannah also said that she had exchanged letters a year ago with DiMaggio because she and her mother weren't getting along and DiMaggio helped her work through the difficulties.
"Me and him would talk about how to deal with it," she said. "And I'd tell him how I felt about it. And he helped me through it. They weren't anything bad. They're just to help me through tough times."
Hannah did not go into much detail in the interview about the abduction itself, which ended after four campers on horseback spotted the pair in the Idaho backcountry and alerted police.
She said she was not aware there was a nationwide search for her, nor had she even heard of an AMBER alert, which had been issued in at least five states.
"I know it helped people find me," she said. "And it made them, like, realize that it's hard to find people out there. But with everyone's support, it can help a lot.
Authorities have said that Hannah also was not aware that her mother and brother were dead. In her emotional interview with Today, Hannah recalled that Ethan "had a really big heart" and said her mother had instilled a strong spirit in her that is helping her cope.
"My mom raised me to be strong," she said.
On other points, she told Today:
•"I got my nails done to help support my mom and brother. The blue is for Ethan and the pink's for my mom. And my toes - They say Ethan and Tina on them."
•Her father, who lives in Tennesse, had been by her side since her rescue. "He flew out to Idaho to the hospital to come and visit me .. It was helpful and, it got us closer."
•Using social media to communicate with her friends helped her during this difficult period: "I connect to them through Facebook and Instagram -- it just helps me grieve, like, post pictures and to show how I'm feeling. And I'm a teenager. I'm gonna go on it."
In a bizarre twist to the story, DiMaggio had switched the beneficiary of his $112,000 life insurance in 2011 from his sister to Hannah's grandmother, Bernice Anderson, in order to provide for Hannah and Ethan.
A spokesman for the DiMaggio family said this week that the family wanted DNA tests conducted to find out if DiMaggio was the biological father of Hannah and Ethan.
A spokesman for Hannah's father, Brett Anderson, who lives in Tennessee, issued a statement Wednesday denying suggestions that DiMaggio could have been the children's father, noting that Brett Anderson provided DNA that helped identify Ethan's body in the burned out home.
San Diego County Sheriff Bill Gore has called Hannah "a victim in every sense of the word."
He has declined to discuss a possible motive and investigators haven't publicly addressed other aspects of the case, including why the family went to DiMaggio's home, how Christina and Ethan Anderson died, the nature of letters from Hannah that were discovered in DiMaggio's home and how Hannah was treated in captivity.
Contributing: Associated Press


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Postings by and for Patient advocacy organizations,
Healthcare activists, Physicians, Nurses, Health & wellness experts, Patients, their families & friends—anyone who wants to learn, teach, or share personal experience about health-and-wellness topics.
A click will tell why you should join the cosmic community for health
and wellness. . . even start your own health community.
Here are four HealthCosmos fundamentals.


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1 definition by genzripps
Get the geek food mug.
Food that, stereotypically, computer geeks, specifically programmers, eat. The food falls into three categories: high in calories, easy to make, and high in caffeine. The idea of geek food comes from programmers staying late into the night, well, programming. In order to waste no time, they need sustinence that can be made quickly and can give them a caffeine boost. Some typical foods include hot pockets, ramen, bawls/jolt cola, take-out chinese, and various chips.
Man, I've been programming day and night, get me some geek food.
by genzripps January 30, 2006


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Best of 2013 by Christopher Buff
A collection of my best images from 2013. This turned out to be a challenging year for aviation photography as many airshows and aviation events were downsized or cancelled due to government cutbacks. This meant that opportunities for capturing aircraft in-flight would be limited and shots of military aircraft almost impossible. That said, there were still numerous photo opportunities to be found. Prints are available for all images in this gallery. Feel free to comment and thanks for visiting.Read More