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SEATING CHARTS: I think one of the most stressful tasks in planning a wedding is establishing the seating chart. Personally, I think it's easiest to forgo the seating chart and just let everyone sit where they want. You know there will be a few guests who didn't RSVP but still show up, and then others who do RSVP but don't show. Arranging this seating last-minute (usually when you arrive at the reception) can be even more stressful when you should be focusing on having fun. But I completely understand the idea and some of the advantages of having a seating chart. A seating chart can make your reception more organized and make mingling much easier when you know where important guests are located. It also helps keep elders from noisy children, essential parties together and gives each guest a permanent place to keep their belongings So here are a few tips to help you get through the task with as little hassle as possible.
Get a layout of your reception room from your venue that shows the placement of all the tables, band, buffet, etc. Use this chart along with your confirmed RSVP list of guests and a pencil for lots of erasing to start setting up the assigned seating. A general rule of thumb is to attempt to place 1-2 married or dating couples with 2-4 singles, trying to make sure some of these people know each other (mixing family and friends here is fine too). Of course these numbers may vary depending on how many people you can seat at each table, but it's a good starting point. If children are attending, try to have one large table just for the children who can sit independently from their parents, seating the parents nearby tables if possible. If you have some guests that don't know anyone at the wedding, place them with family or outgoing friends that will make them feel comfortable. Once you are satisfied with seating arrangements, name or number your tables and provide place cards for the guests with the matching table name/number. Guests will need the place cards when they arrive at the reception so they can find their seats. This is a great opportunity to follow through with your theme, get creative and infuse a lot of personality into your wedding, but numbering is just as easy, effective and elegant, too.
The whole project can be time consuming, so don't wait until the last minute to get it done, and don't be afraid to recruit your fiancé or a friend to help you figure it out. If you have any tips for seating arrangements, email us at firstname.lastname@example.com
TIPS FOR WEDDING-GOWN ALTERATIONS: "You don't alter Vera to fit you; you alter yourself to fit Vera." – Bride Wars
The reality is most wedding gowns need some type of alteration. Seldom does a bride find a perfect-fitting wedding gown, and it's important to pay as much attention to the alterations as it is the selection. When alterations are needed it's imperative to solicit professional help in making your dream dress look like it was made especially for you. Bridal boutiques usually offer alteration services, but you do have the option to find your own seamstress to make the updates to your gown. Here are a few tips I always pass onto brides needing major or minor alterations at a bridal boutique or an outside seamstress:
Make sure to give your seamstress ample time for alterations, especially if the changes are significant or time consuming, and enough time for any tweaks. On the other hand, you don't want to allow too much time if something like weight loss could affect the outcome. Talk with your tailor to determine the best time for you to submit for alterations if you are trying to lose significant weight before your wedding. Typically, a dress should be submitted for alterations 6-8 weeks before your wedding date, especially if the work needed is highly complex and time-consuming. The main types of alterations include hemming, bodice work and shortening of sleeves. Note that the cost will depend on the style of the dress and the complexity of work – and rush jobs can double that amount.
Hire a professional: Make sure the boutique/seamstress has the expertise, precision and experience of working on wedding gowns. Most boutiques have in-house tailors, but if not, ask for recommendations, then ask the tailors for samples of their work. Be clear with your expectations and costs upfront – you may need to compromise on some of your requested changes in order to stay within budget. Make sure to bring all of your undergarments, shoes, head dressings, etc. to the fitting, so the seamstress can appropriately mark the alterations. If you don't bring the shoes you're going to wear on wedding day, for example, you run the risk of having your dress too short or too long. Even the smallest undergarment can cause the dress to lay differently.
Finally, once you are picking up the gown, inspect it thoroughly to make sure there are no damages, stains, etc. If there are, you need to address your concerns at that time or the seamstress/boutique might not take responsibility for the damages. For some local alteration experts, visit the Orlando Wedding resource guide online at OrlWedding.com


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Local property data for 11 Ash Grove. Market analytics including house price growth, long-let gross rental yield and buyer demand
The following data is for the HMO (House of Multiple Occupation) rental market in cf41, looking at the monthly cost-per-room across different room styles. Here, we compare the per-week cost to rent a single room with a shared bathroom, a double room with a shared bathroom, a single room with an ensuite bathroom and a double room with an ensuite room.
HMO room rental data for postcode district cf41. *Spread calculated at a range of 90pc
Find out council tax bands and local authority information of 11 Ash Grove
Find out unique property reference number, and deliver point reference number of 11 Ash Grove
Find out how much other properties have sold for in the CF41 EH54 5JQ postcode, on Ash Grove
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by Howard Bell
Sometimes it really is all in the genes. Knowing your family's medical history can alert you to potential problems and help you take safety measures. As researchers discover new genetic markers, certain individuals and families may be identified as having a higher than average risk for a variety of diseases. When it comes to your health, the apple does not fall far from the tree. Knowing your family medical history may save your life or the lives of your children and grandchildren.
Certain types of cancers run in families. Sometimes it's because the family members have common risk factors, but in some cases it's because the family members share a genetic trait that is being passed down through the generations. Some cancers that are linked to family history include breast, ovarian, prostate, and colon cancer.
Conditions like heart disease, stroke, asthma, diabetes, arthritis, and Alzheimer disease also tend to run in families. You might not be affected just because someone else in your family was, but under certain circumstances your risk might be increased. Inherited risk involves complex interactions among several genes and your environment. Your behaviors—smoking, weight management, dealing with stress, heavy drinking, exposure to toxins—influence whether you'll get a disease.
Your family medical history is valuable to you and to future generations of your family. Medical histories for your first-degree relatives are most important. First-degree relatives include:
You probably already know a lot of your family medical history. For the rest, talk to relatives. If you explain the good deed you are doing for the whole family, they may be more open to discussing dates of diagnoses and causes of death. Death certificates are available at your county records department for a reasonable cost. To request a medical record from a hospital or doctor, you must have written permission from the person whose record you want. If they are deceased, you must get written permission from the closest living relative.
Researching your family medical history is like genealogy. You can keep it simple or get completely carried away. Consider including the following information:
If you can, collect the same information about your second-degree relatives:
As you build your family medical tree, remember these tips:
Be as specific as possible about cause of death and major illnesses. Knowing grandpa had cancer is a start. But what kind of cancer? At what age was he diagnosed? Did he develop a second cancer? Was it related to the first? Be wary of the cancer spread trap. Many cancers start in one organ but spread to another, often the brain, liver, lung, or bone. If you conclude that your relative had lung cancer when she really died of ovarian cancer that had spread to the lung, you will likely have misleading family history information. Unfortunately, sometimes it is hard or impossible to find out the true origins of a cancer.
Take it a step further if you would like. Include significant habits and any unusual physical characteristics. Grandma Nelson's dowager's hump may mean her daughter and granddaughter are at risk for osteoporosis. Uncle Fester's 3-pack-a-day habit—not heredity—may be why he died of cancer.
A visual representation of your family medical tree can help you organize the information you collect. On the bottom of the tree, put your name, along with your sisters and brothers. On the row above, put your parents and their brothers and sisters. On the top row, put your grandparents. Put a square around each man and a circle around each woman. Leave enough room in each to summarize the information you've collected. Indicate marriages by connecting with lines.
Here are a few general guidelines for interpreting the medical information of your relatives:
If you suspect you are at risk for a disease, show your doctor your family medical history. Your doctor may suggest you undergo screening exams sooner than is normally recommended.
Your doctor may refer you to a genetic counselor. Genetic counselors can talk to you about genetic testing and about banking your DNA.
You can collect your DNA and save it for testing at a later date. Genetic tests are already available for many inherited diseases. Even if there is not a genetic test for your disease, there may be one in the future. Your sample may save the life of your grandchildren or great-grandchildren.
Banking your DNA is easy. You can purchase a kit and collect and store the samples yourself. You can store these samples in envelopes wherever you keep important documents. Or, you can deposit your sample with a commercial gene bank—for a fee—for indefinite storage.
Genetic testing is a complex matter. It does not offer 100% predictability. It may give you a peace of mind, but it also can be a source of significant anxiety for some people. Before deciding, weigh all the benefits and risks, and talk to your doctor or a genetic counselor. Ultimately, you have the final decision.
My Family Health Portrait—US Department of Health and Human Services
National Human Genome Research Institute
Health Canada
Public Health Agency of Canada
Alzheimer's disease genetics fact sheet. National Institute on Aging website. Available at:
...(Click grey area to select URL)
Updated October 20, 2016. Accessed February 10, 2017.
Beery TA, Williams JK Risk reduction and health promotion behaviors following genetic testing for adult-onset disorders. Genet Test. 2007;11:111-123.
DNA banking. Genetics Home Reference website. Available at:
...(Click grey area to select URL)
Published February 7, 2017. Accessed February 10, 2017.
Family history and heart disease, stroke. American Heart Association website. Available at:
...(Click grey area to select URL)
Updated August 30, 2016. Accessed February 10, 2017.
Family cancer syndromes. American Cancer Society website. Available at:
...(Click grey area to select URL)
Updated June 25, 2014. Accessed February 10, 2017.
Inheriting genetic conditions. Genetics Home Reference website. Available at:
...(Click grey area to select URL)
Published February 7, 2017. Accessed February 10, 2017.
Is asthma inherited? Partners Healthcare website. Available at:
...(Click grey area to select URL)
Accessed February 10, 2017.
Where to write for vital records. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Available at:
...(Click grey area to select URL)
Updated September 16, 2015. Accessed February 10, 2017.
Wolf SM, Kahn JP; Working Group on Genetic Testing in Disability Insurance. Genetic testing and the future of disability insurance: ethics, law & policy [review]. J Law Med Ethics. 2007;35(suppl 2):6-32.
Your medical records. US Department of Health and Human Services website. Available at:
...(Click grey area to select URL)
Accessed February 10, 2017.
Last reviewed February 2017 by Michael Woods, MD, FAAP
Last Updated: 3/7/2013


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Climate and Flood Resilience
501 East State Street
Trenton, NJ 08625-0419
Division of Coastal Engineering
1510 Hooper Avenue
Suite 140
Toms River, NJ 08753
New Jersey's 127-mile long coastline along the Atlantic Ocean and 83 miles of shoreline along the Raritan and Delaware Bays provides an unsurpassed combination of ecological riches, economic opportunity and quality of life for both residents and visitors alike. Miles of sandy beaches, bustling boardwalks and busy coastal waterways provide New Jersey with a robust tourism industry estimated to be worth over $16 billion annually. Over 1.5 million migratory shorebirds call New Jersey's pristine wildlife refuges and tidal wetlands home. Our bays, rivers, marine estuaries and oceanic habitat contribute to a commercial fishing industry that harvests over 50 different species of finfish and shellfish annually, and boasts world-class recreational fishing, clamming and crabbing.
New Jersey's Shore Protection Program was created to provide for the protection of life and property along the coast, preserve the vital coastal resources of New Jersey, and maintain safe and navigable waterways throughout the State. Operating under the Department of Environmental Protection's Climate and Flood Resilience Program, the Division of Coastal Engineering is responsible for administering beach nourishment, shore protection and coastal dredging projects throughout the State. Additionally, the Division maintains the State's aids to navigation, provides 24-hour operation of the Raritan Bayshore Floodgate and is responsible for conducting storm surveys, damage assessments and emergency repairs for coastal storms impacting New Jersey.
The Division of Coastal Engineering also partners with the Richard J. Stockton College of New Jersey's Coastal Research Center and the Stevens Institute of Technology's Davidson Laboratory of Marine Hydrodynamics and Coastal Engineering.
Division of Coastal Engineering: Home | Beach | Structures | Dredging | Aids | Bayshore | Storms | Current Proj. | Completed Proj. | Funding | Contact
Department: NJDEP Home | About DEP | Index by Topic | Programs/Units | DEP Online
Statewide: NJ Home | Services A to Z | Departments/Agencies | FAQs
Copyright © State of New
Jersey, 1996-2022
Last Updated:
September 2, 2022


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Social Hour: Kwaanza Celebration
Thursday, December 20, 2012, 6:30 pm to 8:00 pm (rain or shine)
Join the Conservancy and Abdel Salaam, the founder and Artistic Director of Forces of Nature Dance Theater Company, as we learn about and celebrate the tradition of Kwanzaa. Forces of Nature will share the meaning and inspiration behind each of the seven principles (the Nguzo Saba) of Kwanzaa as they are used throughout the year by African descendants worldwide. Co-presented by the Museum for African Art. Ages 18+.
Free. No advance registration. For ages 18+. For more information, call 212-860-1370. Click here to learn more about the Conservancy's monthly Harlem Meer Social Hour series.


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Posts Tagged 'Stave Falls Dancers'
2014 Tartan Day Dinner and concert
April 15, 2014 Leave a comment
The RCMP E. Division Pipe Band had a very successful, and fun, evening of piping, dancing, scotch tasting and general merriment on Saturday, April 5. The Tartan Day event was hopefully the first of many more to come. The crowd was appreciative, the food was great and of course the music and dancing fantastic. Here are a few photos from the evening, courtesy of Sgt. Ed. MacKenzie.
Categories: Uncategorized Fraser McRae, Hugh Pedin, Mike Guillimin, RCMP E. Division Pipe Band, Stave Falls Dancers, Tam O'Shanter Dancers


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The Tri-Bento Lunch box. Yes you can have vegan mac & cheese (coming on the blog in 2014), a lovely little salad, some honeycrisp apples and homemade cashew yogurt (also coming on the blog in 2014) on the go.
I first found Eco Lunch Boxes while I was searching for unique and beautiful cloth napkins to feature in my food photography (If you follow this blog, you know that's about as detailed as it gets when I come to props). And boy do they ever have gorgeous ones! Their hand printed textiles are made by artisans and come in so many designs and colors.
I also happened to be looking for a lunchbox, that was, ahem, dog proof. My dog is a sweetheart, but my kids aren't good about putting backpacks or lunchboxes away when they come home from school and I can't count the number of lunchboxes our pup has chewed through when we weren't looking. Too bad the lunchboxes don't come with a tracking device. This model is currently somewhere at my kids school.
There are so many options for lunchboxes on their site with various shapes and sizes to suite your individual needs. As the company name suggests, the lunchboxes are super environmentally friendly! The stainless steel bentos, lunch boxes & artisan lunchbags are plastic-free, waste-free, BPA-free, PVC-free, petroleum-free and vinyl-free. They also offer stainless steel utensils, stainless steel straws and pretty artisan knapsacks on the site here.
The Tri-Bento Three Tiered Lunch Container, all wrapped up in its lovely Persimmon Cloth Cover
This is the Giveaway Package a lucky winner will receive from Eco-Lunch Boxes. The Tri-Bento Three Tiered lunch container with a beautiful Cloth Cover, plus the Eco Dipper Snack Container.
Lunch all ready to go! For those of you who take lunch to work or have children that take lunch to school, you need these awesome lunchboxes! Head on over to Eco Lunch Boxes to get something for yourself or for your child!
a Rafflecopter giveaway
Or for a chance to win this amazing Giveaway, Click on the link below to enter the Giveaway! This contest is open to entrants in the USA only! You must also follow this blog by email or RSS feed to qualify. You have until Sunday December 22nd! I will notify the winner by email on Monday the 23rd of December. GO!!
Day 1: Free Vegan Lifestyle Magazine. Day 2: Free Case of Butler Soy Curls. Day 3: Alternative Outfitters Vegan Boutique $25 Gift Card and Free Messenger Bag. Day 4: Sunwarrior Raw Vegan Protein Powder or Product of Choice Giveaway. Day 5: Tropical Traditions 1 Gallon Gold Label Virgin Coconut Oil Giveaway. Day 6: Sweet Debbie's Organic Treats, Allergy Free & Vegan Recipes. Cookbook Giveaway. Day 7: Extraordinary Vegan Cookbook Giveaway. Day 8: Emaline Delapaix, Music Download Giveaway. Day 9: Jazzy Vegetarian Classics Cookbook Giveaway. Day 10: Bring Joy Totes & Field Roast Celebration Roast. Day 11: Elianni Huge Gluten-Free Vegan Gift Box.


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Karl Dönitz
Karl Dönitz (German: [ˈkaɐ̯l ˈdøːnɪts]; 16 September 1891 – 24 December 1980) was a German admiral who played a major role in the naval history of World War II. Dönitz succeeded Adolf Hitler as the head of state of Germany.
He began his career in the Imperial German Navy before World War I. In 1918, while he was in command of UB-68, the submarine was sunk by British forces and Dönitz was taken prisoner. While in a prisoner of war camp, he formulated what he later called Rudeltaktik[2] ("pack tactic", commonly called "wolfpack"). At the start of World War II, he was the senior submarine officer in the Kriegsmarine. In January 1943, Dönitz achieved the rank of Großadmiral (grand admiral) and replaced Grand Admiral Erich Raeder as Commander-in-Chief of the Navy.
On 30 April 1945, after the death of Adolf Hitler and in accordance with Hitler's last will and testament, Dönitz was named Hitler's successor as head of state, with the title of President of Germany and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. On 7 May 1945, he ordered Alfred Jodl, Chief of Operations Staff of the OKW, to sign the German instruments of surrender in Reims, France.[3] Dönitz remained as head of the Flensburg Government, as it became known, until it was dissolved by the Allied powers on 23 May. At the Nuremberg trials, he was convicted of war crimes and sentenced to ten years' imprisonment; after his release, he lived quietly in a village near Hamburg until his death in 1980.
Early life and career
Dönitz[Note 2] was born in Grünau near Berlin, Germany, to Anna Beyer and Emil Dönitz, an engineer, in 1891. Karl had an older brother. In 1910, Dönitz enlisted in the Kaiserliche Marine ("Imperial Navy").[4]
On 27 September 1913, Dönitz was commissioned as a Leutnant zur See (acting sub-lieutenant). When World War I began, he served on the light cruiser SMS Breslau in the Mediterranean Sea.[4] In August 1914, the Breslau and the battlecruiser SMS Goeben were sold to the Ottoman navy; the ships were renamed the Midilli and the Yavuz Sultan Selim, respectively. They began operating out of Constantinople, under Rear Admiral Wilhelm Souchon, engaging Russian forces in the Black Sea.[5] On 22 March 1916, Dönitz was promoted to Oberleutnant zur See. When the Midilli put into dock for repairs, he was temporarily assigned as airfield commander at the Dardanelles. From there, he requested a transfer to the submarine forces, which became effective in October 1916. He served as watch officer on U-39, and from February 1918 onward as commander of UC-25. On 5 September 1918, he became commander of UB-68, operating in the Mediterranean. On 4 October, after suffering technical difficulties, this boat was sunk by British forces and Dönitz was taken prisoner on the island of Malta.
Interwar period
The war ended in 1918, but Dönitz remained in a British camp near Sheffield as a prisoner of war until his release in July 1919. He returned to Germany in 1920.
During the interwar period, he continued his naval career in the naval arm of the Weimar Republic's armed forces. On 10 January 1921, he became a Kapitänleutnant (lieutenant) in the new German navy (Vorläufige Reichsmarine). Dönitz commanded torpedo boats, becoming a Korvettenkapitän (lieutenant-commander) on 1 November 1928.
On 1 September 1933, he became a Fregattenkapitän (commander) and, in 1934, was put in command of the cruiser Emden, the ship on which cadets and midshipmen took a year-long world cruise in preparation for a future officer's commission.
On 1 September 1935, he was promoted to Kapitän zur See (naval captain). He was placed in command of the first U-boat flotilla Weddigen, which included U-7, U-8 and U-9.
During 1935, the Weimar Republic's navy, the Reichsmarine, was replaced by the Nazi German navy, the Kriegsmarine.
Throughout 1935 and 1936, Dönitz had misgivings regarding submarines due to German overestimation of the capabilities of British ASDIC intelligence. In reality, ASDIC could detect only one submarine in 10 during exercises. In the words of Alan Hotham, British Director of Naval Intelligence, ASDIC was a "huge bluff".
German doctrine at the time, based on the work of American Admiral Alfred Mahan and shared by all major navies, called for submarines to be integrated with surface fleets and employed against enemy warships. By November 1937, Dönitz became convinced that a major campaign against merchant shipping was practicable and began pressing for the conversion of the German fleet almost entirely to U-boats.[6] He advocated a strategy of attacking only merchant ships, targets relatively safe to attack. He pointed out that destroying Britain's fleet of oil tankers would starve the Royal Navy of supplies needed to run its ships, which would be just as effective as sinking them. He thought a German fleet of 300 of the newer Type VII U-boats could knock Britain out of the war.[7]
Dönitz revived the World War I idea of grouping several submarines together into a "wolfpack" to overwhelm a merchant convoy's defensive escorts. Implementation of wolfpacks had been difficult in World War I owing to the limitations of available radios. In the interwar years, Germany had developed ultrahigh frequency transmitters which it was hoped would make their radio communication unjammable, while the Enigma cipher machine was believed to have made communications secure. Dönitz also adopted and claimed credit for Wilhelm Marschall's 1922 idea of attacking convoys using surface or very-near-the-surface night attacks. This tactic had the added advantage of making a submarine undetectable by sonar.[8]
At the time, many – including Admiral Erich Raeder — felt such talk marked Dönitz as a weakling. Dönitz was alone among senior naval officers, including some former submariners, in believing in a new submarine war on trade. Dönitz and Raeder constantly argued over funding priorities within the Navy, while at the same time competing with Hitler's friends, such as Hermann Göring, who received greater attention at this time.
Since the surface strength of the Kriegsmarine was much less than that of the British Royal Navy, Raeder believed any war with Britain in the near future would doom it to uselessness, once remarking all the Germans could hope to do was to die valiantly. Raeder based his hopes on war's being delayed until the Kriegsmarine's extensive "Z Plan", which would have expanded Germany's surface fleet to where it could effectively contend with the Royal Navy, was implemented. The "Z Plan", however, was not scheduled to be completed until 1945.[9]
Dönitz, in contrast, was not constrained by such fatalism, but set about intensely training his crews in the new tactics. The marked inferiority of the German surface fleet left submarine warfare as Germany's only naval option once war broke out.
On 28 January 1939, Dönitz was promoted to commodore (Kommodore) and Commander of Submarines (Führer der Unterseeboote).
World War II
In September 1939, Germany invaded Poland. Britain and France declared war on Germany, and World War II began. The Kriegsmarine was caught unprepared for war, having expected that war would break out in 1945, instead of 1939. The Z Plan was tailored for this assumption, calling for a balanced fleet with a greatly increased number of surface capital ships, including several aircraft carriers. At the time the war began, Dönitz's force included only 57 U-boats, many of them short-range, and only 22 oceangoing Type VIIs. He made do with what he had, while being harassed by Raeder and with Hitler calling on him to dedicate boats to military actions against the British fleet directly. These operations had mixed success; the aircraft carrier HMS Courageous and battleship Royal Oak were sunk, battleships HMS Nelson damaged and Barham sunk at a cost of some U-boats, diminishing the small quantity available even further. Together with surface raiders, merchant shipping lines were also attacked by U-boats.[7]
Commander of the submarine fleet
On 1 October 1939, Dönitz became a Konteradmiral (rear admiral) and "Commander of the Submarines" (Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote, BdU); on 1 September the following year, he was made a Vizeadmiral (vice admiral).
With the fall of France, Germany acquired U-boat bases at Lorient, Brest, St Nazaire, and La Pallice/La Rochelle. A communication centre was established at the Château de Pignerolle at Saint-Barthélemy-d'Anjou.[10]
By 1941, the delivery of new Type VIIs had improved to the point where operations were having a real effect on the British wartime economy. Although production of merchant ships shot up in response, improved torpedoes, better U-boats, and much better operational planning led to increasing numbers of "kills". On 11 December 1941, following Hitler's declaration of war on the United States, Dönitz immediately planned for implementation of Operation Drumbeat (Unternehmen Paukenschlag)[Note 3] This targeted shipping along the East Coast of the United States. Carried out the next month with only nine U-boats (all the larger Type IX), it had dramatic and far-reaching results. The U.S. Navy was entirely unprepared for antisubmarine warfare despite having had two years of British experience to draw from, and committed every imaginable mistake. Shipping losses, which had appeared to be coming under control as the Royal Navy and Royal Canadian Navy gradually adapted to the new challenge, skyrocketed.
On at least two occasions, Allied success against U-boat operations led Dönitz to investigate. Among reasons considered were espionage and Allied interception and decoding of German naval communications (the naval version of the Enigma cipher machine). Both investigations into communications security came to the conclusion espionage was more likely, or else the Allied successes had been accidental. Nevertheless, Dönitz ordered his U-boat fleet to use an improved version of the Enigma machine (one with four rotors, which was more secure than the three-rotor version it replaced), the M4, for communications within the fleet, on 1 February 1942. The Kriegsmarine was the only branch to use this improved version; the rest of the Wehrmacht (German armed forces) continued to use their then-current three-rotor versions of the Enigma machine. The new system was termed "Triton" ("Shark" to the Allies). For a time, this change in encryption between submarines caused considerable difficulty for Allied codebreakers; it took 10 months before Shark traffic could be read (see also Ultra codebreaking and Cryptanalysis of the Enigma).
By the end of 1942, the production of Type VII U-boats had increased to the point where Dönitz was finally able to conduct mass attacks by groups of submarines, a tactic he called Rudel (group or pack) and became known as "wolfpack" in English. Allied shipping losses shot up tremendously, and serious concern existed for a while about the state of British fuel supplies.
During 1943, the war in the Atlantic turned against the Germans, but Dönitz continued to push for increased U-boat construction and entertained the notion that further technological developments would tip the war once more in Germany's favour, briefing the Führer to that effect.[11] At the end of the war, the German submarine fleet was by far the most advanced in the world, and late-war examples such as the Type XXI U-boat served as models for Soviet and American construction after the war. The Schnorchel (snorkel) and Type XXI boats appeared late in the war because of Dönitz's personal indifference, at times even hostility, to new technology he perceived as disruptive to the production process.[12] His opposition to the larger Type IX was not unique; Admiral Thomas C. Hart, commander of the United States Asiatic Fleet in the Philippines at the outbreak of the Pacific War, opposed fleet boats like the Gato and Balao classes as "too luxurious".[13]
Dönitz was deeply involved in the daily operations of his boats, often contacting them up to 70 times a day with questions such as their position, fuel supply. and other "minutiae". This incessant questioning hastened the compromise of his ciphers by giving the Allies more messages to work with. Furthermore, replies from the boats enabled the Allies to use direction finding (HF/DF, called "Huff-Duff") to locate a U-boat using its radio, track it and attack it (often with aircraft able to sink it with impunity).
Dönitz wore on his uniform the special grade of the U-Boat War Badge with diamonds, his U-Boat War badge from World War I and his World War I Iron Cross 1st Class with World War II clasp.
Commander-in-chief and Grand Admiral
On 30 January 1943, Dönitz replaced Erich Raeder as Commander-in-Chief of the Navy (Oberbefehlshaber der Kriegsmarine) and Großadmiral (grand admiral) of the Naval High Command (Oberkommando der Marine). His deputy, Eberhard Godt, took over the operational command of the U-boat force[14] Dönitz was able to convince Hitler not to scrap the remaining ships of the surface fleet. Despite hoping to continue to use them as a fleet in being, the Kriegsmarine continued to lose what few capital ships it had. In September, the battleship Tirpitz was put out of action for months by a British midget submarine, and was sunk a year later by RAF bombers at anchor in Norway. In December, he ordered the battleship Scharnhorst (under Konteradmiral Erich Bey) to attack Soviet-bound convoys, after reconsidering her success in the early years of the war with sister ship Gneisenau, but she was sunk in the resulting encounter with superior British forces led by the battleship HMS Duke of York.
President of Germany
In the final days of the war, after Hitler had taken refuge in the Führerbunker beneath the Reich Chancellery garden in Berlin, Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring was considered the obvious successor to Hitler, followed by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler. Göring, however, infuriated Hitler by radioing him in Berlin asking for permission to assume leadership of the Reich. Himmler also tried to seize power by entering into negotiations with Count Bernadotte. On 28 April 1945, the BBC reported Himmler had offered surrender to the western Allies and that the offer had been declined.[15]
From mid-April 1945, elements of the last Reich government and the Commander of the Navy, Admiral Karl Dönitz, moved into the buildings of the Stadtheide Barracks in Plön. In his last will and testament, dated 29 April 1945, Hitler named Dönitz his successor as Staatsoberhaupt (Head of State), with the titles of Reichspräsident (President) and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. The same document named Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels as Head of Government with the title of Reichskanzler (Chancellor). Furthermore, Hitler expelled both Göring and Himmler from the party.[16]
Rather than designate one person to succeed him as Führer, Hitler reverted to the old arrangement in the Weimar Constitution. He believed the leaders of the air force (Luftwaffe) and SS (Schutzstaffel) had betrayed him. Since the Kriegsmarine had been too small to affect the war in a major way, its commander, Dönitz, became the only possible successor as far as Hitler was concerned more or less by default.[17]
On 1 May, the day after Hitler's own suicide, Goebbels committed suicide.[18] Dönitz thus became the sole representative of the crumbling German Reich. He appointed Finance Minister Count Ludwig Schwerin von Krosigk as "Leading Minister" (Krosigk had declined to accept the title of Chancellor), and they attempted to form a government.
On 1 May, Dönitz announced that Hitler had fallen and had appointed him as his successor. On 2 May, the new government of the Reich fled to Flensburg-Mürwik before the approaching British troops. That night, Dönitz made a nationwide radio address in which he announced Hitler's death and said the war would continue in the east "to save Germany from destruction by the advancing Bolshevik enemy". However, Dönitz knew Germany's position was untenable and the Wehrmacht was no longer capable of offering meaningful resistance. During his brief period in office, he devoted most of his effort to ensuring the loyalty of the German armed forces and trying to ensure German troops would surrender to the British or Americans and not the Soviets. He feared vengeful Soviet reprisals, and hoped to strike a deal with the western Allies.[17] In the end, Dönitz's tactics were moderately successful, enabling about 1.8 million German soldiers to escape Soviet capture.[19]
Flensburg government
The rapidly advancing Allied forces limited the Dönitz government's jurisdiction to an area around Flensburg near the Danish border. Dönitz's headquarters were located in the Naval Academy in Mürwik, a suburb of Flensburg. Accordingly, his administration was referred to as the Flensburg government. The following is Dönitz's description of his new government:
These considerations (the bare survival of the German people), which all pointed to the need for the creation of some sort of central government, took shape and form when I was joined by Graf Schwerin-Krosigk. In addition to discharging his duties as Foreign Minister and Minister of Finance, he formed the temporary government we needed and presided over the activities of its cabinet. Though restricted in his choice to men in northern Germany, he nonetheless succeeded in forming a workmanlike cabinet of experts.
The picture of the military situation as a whole showed clearly that the war was lost. As there was also no possibility of effecting any improvement in Germany's overall position by political means, the only conclusion to which I, as head of state, could come was that the war must be brought to an end as quickly as possible in order to prevent further bloodshed.— Karl Dönitz, Ten Years and Twenty Days[6]
Late on 1 May, Himmler attempted to make a place for himself in the Flensburg government. The following is Dönitz's description of his showdown with Himmler:
At about midnight he arrived, accompanied by six armed SS officers, and was received by my aide-de-camp, Walter Luedde-Neurath. I offered Himmler a chair and sat down at my desk, on which lay, hidden by some papers, a pistol with the safety catch off. I had never done anything of this sort in my life before, but I did not know what the outcome of this meeting might be.
I handed Himmler the telegram containing my appointment. "Please read this," I said. I watched him closely. As he read, an expression of astonishment, indeed of consternation, spread over his face. All hope seemed to collapse within him. He went very pale. Finally he stood up and bowed. "Allow me," he said, "to become the second man in your state." I replied that was out of the question and that there was no way I could make any use of his services.
Thus advised, he left me at about one o'clock in the morning. The showdown had taken place without force, and I felt relieved.— Karl Dönitz, as quoted in The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan[20]
On 4 May, German forces in the Netherlands, Denmark, and northwestern Germany under Dönitz's command surrendered to Field Marshal Sir Bernard Law Montgomery at Lüneburg Heath just southeast of Hamburg, signalling the end of World War II in northwestern Europe.
A day later, Dönitz sent Admiral Hans-Georg von Friedeburg, his successor as the commander in chief of the Kriegsmarine, to U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower's headquarters in Rheims, France, to negotiate a surrender to the Allies. The Chief of Staff of OKW, Generaloberst (Colonel-General) Alfred Jodl, arrived a day later. Dönitz had instructed them to draw out the negotiations for as long as possible so that German troops and refugees could surrender to the Western powers, but when Eisenhower let it be known he would not tolerate their stalling, Dönitz authorised Jodl to sign the instrument of unconditional surrender at 1:30 on the morning of 7 May. Just over an hour later, Jodl signed the documents. The surrender documents included the phrase, "All forces under German control to cease active operations at 23:01 hours Central European Time on 8 May 1945." At Stalin's insistence, on 8 May, shortly before midnight, (Generalfeldmarschall) Wilhelm Keitel repeated the signing in Berlin at Marshal Georgiy Zhukov's headquarters, with General Carl Spaatz of the USAAF present as Eisenhower's representative. At the time specified, World War II in Europe ended.
On 23 May, the Dönitz government was dissolved when Großadmiral Dönitz was arrested by an RAF Regiment task force under the command of Squadron Leader Mark Hobden.[21][22] The Großadmiral's Kriegsmarine flag, which was removed from his headquarters can be seen at the RAF Regiment Heritage Centre at RAF Honington. Generaloberst Jodl, Reichsminister Speer and other members were also handed over to troops of the King's Shropshire Light Infantry at Flensburg. His ceremonial baton, awarded to him by Hitler, can be seen in the regimental museum of the KSLI in Shrewsbury Castle.
Dönitz's relationship to Jews and Nazism
Despite his postwar claims, Dönitz was seen as supportive of Nazism during the war.[23] Several naval officers described him as "closely tied to Hitler and Nazi ideology."[23] On one occasion, he spoke of Hitler's humanity.[23] Another event, in which he spoke to Hitler Youth in what was defined as an "inappropriate way", earned him the nickname of "Hitler Youth Dönitz".[23] He refused to help Albert Speer stop the scorched earth policy dictated by Hitler,[23] and is also noted to have declared, "In comparison to Hitler we are all pipsqueaks. Anyone who believes he can do better than the Führer is stupid."[23]
Several antisemitic statements by Dönitz are known.[23] When Sweden closed its international waters to Germany, he blamed this action on their fear and dependence on "international Jewish capital."[23] In August 1944, he declared, "I would rather eat dirt than see my grandchildren grow up in the filthy, poisonous atmosphere of Jewry."[23]
On German Heroes Day (12 March) of 1944, Dönitz declared that without Adolf Hitler, Germany would be beset by "the poison of Jewry", and the country destroyed for lack of National Socialism, which, as Dönitz declared, met an uncompromising ideology with defiance.[Note 4] At the Nuremberg trials, Dönitz claimed the statement about the "poison of Jewry" was regarding "the endurance, the power to endure, of the people, as it was composed, could be better preserved than if there were Jewish elements in the nation." Initially he claimed, "I could imagine that it would be very difficult for the population in the towns to hold out under the strain of heavy bombing attacks if such an influence were allowed to work."
Author Eric Zillmer argues that, from an ideological standpoint, Dönitz was anti-Marxist and antisemitic.[24] Later, during the Nuremberg trials, Dönitz claimed to know nothing about the extermination of Jews and declared that nobody among "[his] men" thought about violence against Jews.[Note 4]
Dönitz told Leon Goldensohn, an American psychiatrist at Nuremberg, "I never had any idea of the goings-on as far as Jews were concerned. Hitler said each man should take care of his business, and mine was U-boats and the Navy".[25] Dönitz also told Dr. Goldensohn of his support for Admiral Bernhard Rogge, who had one Jewish grandparent, when the Nazi Party began to persecute him.
Nuremberg war crimes trials
Following the war, Dönitz was held as a prisoner of war by the Allies. He was indicted as a major war criminal at the Nuremberg Trials on three counts: (1) conspiracy to commit crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity; (2) planning, initiating, and waging wars of aggression; and (3) crimes against the laws of war. Dönitz was found not guilty on count (1) of the indictment, but guilty on counts (2) and (3).[26]
Dönitz was, for nearly seven decades, the only head of state to be convicted by an international tribunal until the conviction of Liberia's Charles Taylor in April 2012.[27]
During the trial, Gustave Gilbert, an American Army psychologist, was allowed to examine the Nazi leaders who were tried at Nuremberg for war crimes. Among other tests, a German version of the Wechsler-Bellevue IQ test was administered. Dönitz and Hermann Goering scored 138 which made them equally the third-highest[28] among the Nazi leaders tested.[29]
Dönitz disputed the propriety of his trial at Nuremberg, commenting on count (2) "One of the 'accusations' that made me guilty during this trial was that I met and planned the course of the war with Hitler; now I ask them in heaven's name, how could an admiral do otherwise with his country's head of state in a time of war?"[30] Over 100 senior Allied officers also sent letters to Dönitz conveying their disappointment over the fairness and verdict of his trial.[31]
At the trial, Dönitz was charged with:[26]
- Waging unrestricted submarine warfare against neutral shipping
- Permitting Hitler's Commando Order of 18 October 1942 to remain in full force when he became commander-in-chief of the Navy, and to that extent responsibility for that crime (his defence was that the order excluded men captured in naval warfare, and that the order had not been acted upon by any men under his command).
- Knowing that 12,000 involuntary foreign workers were working in the shipyards, and doing nothing to stop it
- Advice in 1945 when Hitler asked Dönitz whether the Geneva Convention should be denounced. Hitler's motives were twofold. The first was, reprisals could be taken against Western Allied prisoners of war; second, it would deter German forces from surrendering to the Western Allies (as was happening on the Eastern Front where the Geneva Convention was in abeyance). Instead of arguing the conventions should never be denounced, Dönitz suggested it was not currently expedient to do so, so the court found against him on this issue; but as the Convention was not denounced by Germany, and British prisoners in camps under Dönitz's jurisdiction were treated strictly according to the Convention, the Court considered these mitigating circumstances.
Among the war-crimes charges, Dönitz was accused of waging unrestricted submarine warfare for issuing War Order No. 154 in 1939, and another similar order after the Laconia incident in 1942, not to rescue survivors from ships attacked by submarine. By issuing these two orders, he was found guilty of causing Germany to be in breach of the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936.[26] However, as evidence of similar conduct by the Allies was presented at his trial, and with the help of his lawyer Otto Kranzbühler, his sentence was not assessed on the grounds of this breach of international law.[26]
On the specific war crimes charge of ordering unrestricted submarine warfare, Dönitz was found "[not] guilty for his conduct of submarine warfare against British armed merchant ships", because they were often armed and equipped with radios which they used to notify the admiralty of attack[26][Note 5] but the judges found, "Dönitz is charged with waging unrestricted submarine warfare contrary to the Naval Protocol of 1936 to which Germany acceded, and which reaffirmed the rules of submarine warfare laid down in the London Naval Agreement of 1930... The order of Dönitz to sink neutral ships without warning when found within these zones was, therefore, in the opinion of the Tribunal, violation of the Protocol... The orders, then, prove Dönitz is guilty of a violation of the Protocol.... The sentence of Dönitz is not assessed on the ground of his breaches of the international law of submarine warfare."[26][32]
His sentence on unrestricted submarine warfare was not assessed, because of similar actions by the Allies: in particular, the British Admiralty on 8 May 1940 had ordered all vessels in the Skagerrak sunk on sight; and Admiral Chester Nimitz, wartime commander-in-chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, stated the U.S. Navy had waged unrestricted submarine warfare in the Pacific from the day the U.S. entered the war. Thus, although Dönitz was found guilty of waging unrestricted submarine warfare against unarmed neutral shipping by ordering all ships in designated areas in international waters to be sunk without warning, no additional prison time was added to his sentence for this crime.[26]
Dönitz was imprisoned for 10 years in Spandau Prison in what was then West Berlin.[33]
Later years
Dönitz was released on 1 October 1956, and retired to the small village of Aumühle in Schleswig-Holstein in northern West Germany. There, he worked on two books. His memoirs, Zehn Jahre, Zwanzig Tage (Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenty Days), appeared in Germany in 1958 and became available in an English translation the following year. This book recounted Dönitz's experiences as U-boat commander (10 years) and President of Germany (20 days). In it, Dönitz explains the Nazi regime as a product of its time, but argues he was not a politician and thus not morally responsible for much of the regime's crimes. He likewise criticizes dictatorship as a fundamentally flawed form of government and blames it for much of the Nazi era's failings.[34]
In 1973, he appeared in the Thames Television production The World at War, in one of his few television appearances.
Dönitz's second book, Mein wechselvolles Leben (My Ever-Changing Life) is less known, perhaps because it deals with the events of his life before 1934. This book was first published in 1968, and a new edition was released in 1998 with the revised title Mein soldatisches Leben (My Life as a Soldier).
Late in his life, Dönitz made every attempt to answer correspondence and autograph postcards for others. Dönitz was unrepentant regarding his role in World War II,[35][36] as he firmly believed that he had acted at all times out of duty to his nation. He also maintained the belief that to betray military secrets, even when working with the enemy, is a despicable act of treachery; he was firmly convinced that nobody should or would respect an individual who did not share such a conviction. The West German government argued he should receive only the pension pay of a captain because all of his advances in rank after that had been because of Hitler, but he won a court case demanding the pension for his final rank.
Dönitz lived out the rest of his life in relative obscurity in Aumühle, occasionally corresponding with collectors of German naval history, and died there of a heart attack on 24 December 1980. As the last German officer with the rank of Großadmiral (grand admiral), he was honoured by many former servicemen and foreign naval officers who came to pay their respects at his funeral on 6 January 1981. He was buried in Waldfriedhof Cemetery in Aumühle without military honours, and soldiers were not allowed to wear uniforms to the funeral.[37] However, a number of German naval officers disobeyed this order and were joined by members of the Royal Navy, such as the senior chaplain the Rev Dr John Cameron, in full dress uniform. Also in attendance were over 100 holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.[38]
Wife and children
On 27 May 1916, Dönitz married a nurse named Ingeborg Weber (1894–1962), the daughter of a German general Erich Paul Weber (1860–1933). They had three children whom they raised as Protestant Christians: daughter Ursula (1917–1990) and sons Klaus (1920–1944) and Peter (1922–1943).
In 1937, Karl Dönitz's daughter Ursula married U-boat commander Günther Hessler.
Both of Dönitz's sons were killed during the Second World War.[39] The younger, Peter, was killed on 19 May 1943, when U-954 was sunk in the North Atlantic with all hands. After this loss, the elder son, Klaus, was allowed to leave combat duty and began studying to be a naval doctor. Klaus was killed on 13 May 1944 while taking part in an action contrary to standing orders prohibiting his involvement in any combat role. He persuaded his friends to let him go on the torpedo boat S-141 for a raid on Selsey on his 24th birthday. The boat was sunk by the French destroyer La Combattante and Klaus died, though six others were rescued.
In popular culture
Karl Dönitz has been portrayed by these actors in film, television, and theatre productions:[40]
- Gert Hänsch in the 1976 Czechoslovak film Osvobození Prahy
- Richard Bebb in the 1973 British television production The Death of Adolf Hitler[41]
- Raymond Cloutier in the 2000 Canadian/U.S. TV production Nuremberg
- Peter Rühring in the 2005 German TV miniseries Speer und Er
- David Mitchell in the 2006 British TV sketch comedy That Mitchell and Webb Look
- Simeon Victorov in the 2006 British television docudrama Nuremberg: Nazis on Trial
- Thomas Kretschmann in the 2011 Anglo-German TV production, The Sinking of the Laconia
- Philip Rham in the 2013 U.S. TV PBS production Nazi Mega Weapons episode 2
- Karl Dönitz is a figure in Neal Stephenson's "Cryptonomicon"
Summary of career
|Kaiserliche Marine
|1 April 1910:
|Seekadett (Officer Cadet)[42]
|15 April 1911:
|Fähnrich zur See (Midshipman)[42]
|27 September 1913:
|Leutnant zur See (Acting Sub-Lieutenant)[42]
|22 March 1916:
|Oberleutnant zur See (Sub-Lieutenant)[42]
|10 January 1921:
|Kapitänleutnant (Lieutenant), with rank age dated on 1 January 1921[43]
|1 November 1928:
|Korvettenkapitän (Corvette Captain – Lieutenant Commander)[43]
|1 October 1933:
|Fregattenkapitän (Frigate Captain – Commander)[44]
|1 October 1935:
|Kapitän zur See (Captain at Sea – Captain)[44]
|28 January 1939:
|Kommodore (Commodore)[44]
|1 October 1939:
|Konteradmiral (Rear Admiral)[44]
|1 September 1940:
|Vizeadmiral (Vice Admiral)[44]
|14 March 1942:
|Admiral (Admiral)[44]
|30 January 1943:
|Großadmiral (Grand Admiral)[44]
Decorations and awards
- This article incorporates information from the equivalent articles on the Italian Wikipedia and the German Wikipedia.
- Iron Cross (1914)
- General Honor Decoration (Allgemeines Ehrenzeichen) (7 June 1913)[42]
- Friedrich Cross, 1st class (Duchy of Anhalt, 17 January 1916)[42]
- Ottoman War Medal ("Gallipoli Star", "Iron Crescent") (7 November 1916)[42]
- Order of the Medjidie, 4th class (13 March 1917)[43]
- Knight of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords (10 June 1918)[43]
- Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 (30 January 1935)[44]
- Sudetenland Medal (20 December 1939)[44]
- Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939)
- Military Order of Savoy
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
- Knight's Cross on 21 April 1940 as Konteradmiral and Befehlshaber der U-Boote (B.d.U.)[46][47]
- 223rd Oak Leaves on 6 April 1943 as Großadmiral and Oberbefehlshaber der Kriegsmarine and Befehlshaber der U-Boote[46][48]
- Golden Party Badge of the National Socialist German Workers Party
- Special U-boat War Badge with Swastika and laurel branches with diamonds
- Order of Michael the Brave, 1st class (Romania)
- Order of Medjidié, 1st class (Ottoman Empire)
- Mentioned in the Wehrmachtbericht, twice (14 March 1942 and 5 May 1945)
- Order of Michael the Brave, 2nd and 3rd class (Romania, 7 April 1943)[44]
- Order of the Rising Sun, First Class (Japan, 11 September 1943)[44]
- Order of Naval Merit in white (Spain, 10 June 1940)[44]
See also
- B-Dienst
- Glossary of German World War II military terms
- Glossary of Nazi Germany
- Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler
- List of Nazi Party leaders and officials
- ↑ "On 30 January 1944, Dönitz received from the Führer, as a decoration, the Golden Party Badge; Dönitz would later assume that he "thereby became an honorary member of the Party." The Avalon Project at Yale Law School
- ↑ Sometimes spelt Doenitz in English.
- ↑ Commonly known as Drumbeat, it has connotations of "tattoo" or "thunderbolt" in German.
- 1 2 "What would have become of our country today if the Fuehrer had not united us under National Socialism? Divided along party lines, beset with the spreading poison of Jewry and vulnerable to it, because we lacked the defense of our present uncompromising ideology, we would have long since succumbed under the burden of this war and delivered ourselves to the enemy who would have mercilessly destroyed us." The Avalon Project at Yale Law School
- ↑ Dönitz in Ten Years & Twenty Days and Edward P. von der Porten in The German Navy in World War Two argued, by being armed and reporting the position of submarines to Royal Navy forces, British merchantmen placed themselves beyond the protection of international law;
- ↑ Grier 2007, p. 256, Footnote 8, Chapter 10.
- ↑ Dönitz, Karl. Memoirs.
- ↑ Hamilton 1996, pp. 285, 286.
- 1 2 Zabecki 2014, p. 354.
- ↑ Theodor Kraus, Karl Doenitz, Die Kreuzerfahrten der Goeben uns Breslau, Ullstein, Berlin, 1933
- 1 2 Dönitz, Karl, Grossadmiral, Zehn Jahre und Zwanzig Tage, translated by R. H. Stevens as Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenty Days (Cleveland: World Publishing, 1959)
- 1 2 Dönitz, Memoirs.
- ↑ Otto Kretschmer preferred to fight on the surface for exactly that reason. Robertson, Terrence. The Golden Horseshoes. (London, Pan, 1957).
- ↑ Dönitz, Ten Years and 20 Days.
- ↑ "Pignerolle dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale".
- ↑ "Military History Online". Military History Online. 2002-12-15. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
- ↑ von der Porten, op. cit.
- ↑ Blair, Silent Victory
- ↑ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Eberhard Godt". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
- ↑ Kershaw 2008, pp. 943–946.
- ↑ Steinweis, Rogers & Grier 2003, p. 182.
- 1 2 Shirer 1983.
- ↑ Beevor 2002, pp. 380–381.
- ↑ Kershaw 2008, p. 962.
- ↑ Dollinger 1997, p. 242.
- ↑ Oliver, Kingsley M. The RAF Regiment at War 1942-1946. Great Britain 2002: Pen & Sword. p. 118.
- ↑ "Daily Telegraph".
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Steinweis, Rogers & Grier 2003, pp. 186–188.
- ↑ Zillmer 1995, p. 141.
- ↑ Goldensohn 2004.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Judgement: Dönitz the Avalon Project at the Yale Law School.
- ↑ Washington Post article: http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/international-court-to-deliver-verdicts-in-trial-of-former-liberain-president-charles-taylor/2012/04/26/gIQAJ7gGiT_story.html
- ↑ https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-were-the-IQ-scores-of-the-high-ranking-Third-Reich-officials-tried-at-Nuremberg
- ↑ Mosley 1974.
- ↑ Dönitz, Karl. Memoirs: Ten years and Twenty days
- ↑ Blair 1998, pp. 704–705.
- ↑ Ronzitti 1988, p. 359.
- ↑ "Dönitz case for the defence at Nuremberg trials". Tercer-reich.com. 2011-02-27. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
- ↑ Dönitz p. 477
- ↑ Cowley & Parker 2005, p. 139.
- ↑ iPad iPhone Android TIME TV Populist The Page (1956-09-24). "The Lion Is Out – TIME". Time.com. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
- ↑ DAMON STETSON (26 December 1980). "Doenitz Dies; Gave Up for Nazis :Admiral Doenitz Is Dead; Surrendered for the Nazis.". New York Times.
- ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/07/world/war-veterans-come-to-bury-and-to-praise-doenitz.html
- ↑ Miller 2000, p. 145.
- ↑ "Karl Dönitz (Character)". IMDb.com. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
- ↑ "The Death of Adolf Hitler (1973) (TV)". IMDb.com. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Busch & Röll 2003, p. 26.
- 1 2 3 4 Busch & Röll 2003, p. 27.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Busch & Röll 2003, p. 28.
- 1 2 3 4 Thomas 1997, p. 123.
- 1 2 Scherzer 2007, p. 275.
- ↑ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 162.
- ↑ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 68.
- Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin – The Downfall 1945. Viking-Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5.
- Blair, Clay (1998). Hitler's U-boat War: Vol. II, The Hunted, 1942–1945. Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-45742-8.
- Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (2003). Der U-Boot-Krieg 1939–1945 — Die Ritterkreuzträger der U-Boot-Waffe von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 [The U-Boat War 1939–1945 — The Knight's Cross Bearers of the U-Boat Force from September 1939 to May 1945] (in German). Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn Germany: Verlag E.S. Mittler & Sohn. ISBN 978-3-8132-0515-2.
- Cowley, Robert; Parker, Geoffrey (2005). The Reader's Companion to Military History. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-547-56146-2.
- Dönitz, Karl, Grossadmiral. Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenty Days. Da Capo Press, USA, 1997. ISBN 0-306-80764-5. (reprints 1958 German-language Athenäum-Verlag edition).
- Dollinger, Hans (1997). The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, Library of Congress Catalogue Card # 67-27047. London: Bounty Books. ISBN 978-0-7537-0009-9.
- Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
- Goldensohn, Leon (2004). The Nuremberg Interviews. New York. ISBN 1-4000-3043-9.
- Grier, Howard D. (2007). Hitler, Dönitz, and the Baltic Sea. The Third Reich's last hope. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-345-4.
- Helgason, Guðmundur. "Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote (BdU) Karl Dönitz.". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net.
- Hamilton, Charles (1996). Leaders & Personalities of the Third Reich, Vol. 2. San José, CA: R. James Bender Publishing. ISBN 978-0-912138-66-4.
- Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6.
- Mosley, Leonard (1974). The Reich Marshal: A Biography of Hermann Goering. Garden City: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-04961-0.
- Miller, David (2000). U-Boats: The Illustrated History of the Raiders of the Deep. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's. ISBN 978-1-57488-246-9.
- Padfield, Peter, Dönitz: The Last Führer. Cassell & Co, UK, 2001
- Ronzitti, Natalino (1988). The Law of Naval Warfare: A Collection of Agreements and Documents with Commentaries. Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN 90-247-3652-8.
- Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
- Shirer, William (1983). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Fawcett Crest. ISBN 0-449-21977-1.
- Steinweis, Alan E.; Rogers, Daniel E.; Grier, David (2003). The Impact of Nazism: New Perspectives on the Third Reich and its Legacy. Harris Center for Judaic Studies. ISBN 0-8032-4299-9.
- Thomas, Franz (1997). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2299-6.
- Zabecki, David T. (2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History [4 volumes]: 400 Years of Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1598849813.
- Zillmer, Eric A. (1995). The Quest for the Nazi Personality: a Psychological Investigation of Nazi War Criminals. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 978-0-8058-1898-7.
Background information
- Cremer, Peter. U-Boat Commander: A Periscope View of the Battle of the Atlantic. 1984. ISBN 0-87021-969-3.
- Davidson, Eugene. The Trial of the Germans: Account of the Twenty-two Defendants Before the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. 1997. ISBN 0-8262-1139-9
- Hadley, Michael L. U-Boats Against Canada: German Submarines in Canadian Waters. McGill-Queen's University Press: 1985. ISBN 0-7735-0801-5.
- Macintyre, Donald. U-boat Killer. 1999. ISBN 0-304-35235-7
- Thompson, H.K. & Henry Strutz. Doenitz at Nuremberg, a reappraisal: War crimes and the military professional. Amber Pub. Corp. 1976.
- Herwig, Holger H. Innovation ignored: The Submarine problem in Murray, Williamson and Millet Allan R. ed. "Military Innovation in the Interwar Period". Cambridge University Press 1998
- Failure to Learn: American Anti-submarine Warfare in 1942 in Cohen, Eliot A. and Gooch, John. Military Misfortunes Vintage Books 1991
Further reading
- Re-birth of the U-boat
- O'Keefe, David "One Day In August – The Untold Story Behind Canada's Tragedy At Dieppe", Alfred A. Knopf Canada, 2013, ISBN 978-0-345-80769-4, 471 pgs
External links
- Works by or about Karl Dönitz at Internet Archive
- Karl Dönitz at Find a Grave
- Historical Enigma message Grand Admiral Dönitz announcing his appointment as Hitler's successor.
|Military offices
|Preceded by
Erich Raeder
|Commander-in-Chief of the Kriegsmarine
| Succeeded by
Hans-Georg von Friedeburg
|Political offices
|Preceded by
Adolf Hitler
(as Führer and Reich Chancellor)
|President of Germany
| Succeeded by
Allied military occupation 1945–1949
Divided into East and West in 1949
West Germany: Theodor Heuss
East Germany: Wilhelm Pieck
|Awards and achievements
|Preceded by
Hein ter Poorten
|Cover of Time Magazine
2 February 1942
| Succeeded by
Robert A. Lovett
|Preceded by
Kenneth Arthur Noel Anderson
|Cover of Time Magazine
10 May 1943
| Succeeded by
Harold L. George
- ↑ Oliver, Kingsley M. The RAF Regiment at War 1942-1946. Great Britain 2002: Pen and Sword. p. 118.


text:
Moms warned about buying breast milk online
The online ad came from a woman in Iowa. But it's intended audience might have been anywhere: "I am a healthy mother of 4 looking to sell my extra breast milk. I charge $2 oz plus shipping ... I am non-judgmental. I am just looking for a way to supplement my family's income."
Several hundred such postings can be found on onlythebreast.com, including a few from New England, and scores of other websites like Craigslist. Despite copious warnings from health officials, the number of such online ads hawking breast milk has grown since first appearing five years ago, according to health experts.
Many ads are straightforward, saying simply a woman is selling her breast milk. They consistently point out the mother is healthy and doesn't have bad habits, with some even offering up health records to prove it.
The Web is not the only place – nor the safest, say experts – where parents can get breast milk. But it's typically the cheapest. The price is $1 to $2 an ounce, versus $4 to $4.50 from nonprofit milk banks that extensively screen mothers and test the milk they offer before shipping it frozen.
When Danielle Civale heard that people were selling breast milk on the Internet, the young mother said she wasn't surprised. You can find just about anything online these days, she said, but added, "It seems crazy."
"I wouldn't order anything online if I didn't know what I was getting and where it was coming from," said the 30-year-old Plymouth mother. "It's certainly not something I would feed to my baby."
That's exactly the problem: mother's milk sold online is unregulated, said Cindy Hoar, a nurse and lactation consultant at Jordan Hospital. "It is scary people are doing that; it's dangerous and not appropriate. There are milk banks – we have one right here in New England – where people can get milk that has been screened and pasteurized."
Health experts say breast milk bought online – or even from a well-meaning friend, with all sorts of assurances – cannot be considered safe, as babies have especially vulnerable immune systems. Human breast milk can, like other bodily fluids, transmit HIV, hepatitis and other viruses.
Yet regardless of the risk, the practice is legal: The state Department of Public Health defines milk only as coming from cows or goats, for purposes of regulation.
Civale, who gave birth on May 31 and began breastfeeding, is able to produce an ample supply herself. But other parents cannot – perhaps for medical reasons, or because they have adopted. Some cancer patients believe breast milk can boost their immune systems. Whatever their reason, perhaps cost or convenience, some are tempted to turn to the Internet.
The first such listings – on eBay in 2005 – became national news. "Then eBay quickly took them down," said Naomi Bar-Yam, executive director of the Mothers Milk Bank of New England based in Newtonville.
Bar-Yam's nonprofit group began two years ago, as one of just 12 in the United States in addition to two in Canada. Its milk is donated by mothers, is tested, and then given to other parents with a doctor's prescription.
"How do you know (milk bought online) has been stored properly?" said Hoar. "It could be contaminated at any point along the supply chain, tampered with."
As head of the La Leche League in Massachusetts, Morgan Henderson is among the biggest advocates for breast milk, which the American Academy of Pediatrics deems preferable to formula. But not so much that it is worth buying online, she said.
"You don't know what's in the other mother's system," she said. "Did she take recreational drugs and not think to mention it? What medications did she use? Some things transmit to the baby's system, and some don't, but how do you know unless it is tested."
READ MORE about motherhood and babies.
Sue Scheible may be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Naomi Bar-Yam, with Mothers Milk Bank of New England,
on the risks of online sales.Click center arrow to listen.
Q: Who is selling breast milk on the Internet? Why?
A: Nursing mothers who have an excess of milk and do not want it to go to waste. Some want to help other mothers, while others are interested in making extra money.
Q: How common is the practice?
A: Lactation consultants and those at milk banks say people have been selling breast milk – online, often from far away to total strangers – since 2005. And the practice appears to be increasing, experts say.
Q: Why is it controversial?
A: Because lactation experts say unscreened and untested milk isn't safe, potentially imperiling infants whose immature immune systems are vulnerable. Milk is a bodily fluid that can transmit bacteria, some viruses and illnesses – even if an unsuspecting mother thinks she is healthy. Medicines and illegal drugs can also pass through milk.
Q: Who buys breast milk online? Why?
A: Often, it's mothers who aren't producing enough of their own milk, who cannot use breast pumps, or who have twins, triplets or more and can't keep up. Some such mothers may be on medications or recovering from surgery and can't make milk themselves. Adoptive parents, who prefer breast milk to formula, may also buy it. And some parents seek it out since their children are allergic to formula. Lastly, some cancer patients believe that breast milk boosts their immune systems.
Q: How long has the sharing of human milk been going on?
A: Women have shared milk for thousands of years. It is a long tradition in some cultures, seen as an honorable way to earn a living. Before the Internet, though, at least parents knew the woman who was supplying their child's milk. Yet some cultures have ethical qualms with selling or buying human milk, similar to other body tissues or organs.
Q. What is a mothers' milk bank?
A. Nonprofit organizations collect, process, test and distribute donated human milk. Some milk banks are affiliated with hospitals; others are independent.
Q: How many are there and where?
A: There are 12 in the United States, two in Canada. Mothers Milk Bank of New England, in Newtonville, is nonprofit, independent and follows guidelines of the Human Milk Bank Association of North America.
Q: Why do mothers want human breast milk and not specialized formulas?
A: Human milk's main purpose is to nourish human babies, with pediatricians seeing it as the best option because it is easy to digest, gives immunity protection and has optimal nutrition. Specialized formulas for premature babies are modified from cows' milk, and they can be harsh on the digestive systems of premature newborns.
Q: What is a specific example of a benefit of human milk over the formula milk?
A: Necrotizing enterocolitis, a severe diarrhea that can be fatal, is 10 to 17 percent more likely to arise if a premature infant receives formula. This illness can lead to lifelong gastrointestinal problems and is largely preventable by feeding babies human milk.
Q. In milk banks, you don't know where the milk is coming from. Why is it safer?
A: Many steps are taken to ensure banked milk is safe. A donors is screened through an interview regarding their health behaviors (such as drug use), letters from their physician and their baby's physician, and blood tests to detect communicable diseases.
The milk is heat-treated (pasteurized) and must show no bacterial growth. It is shipped frozen overnight.
In more than 40 years, there has never been a case of an infant being harmed by donor milk that's affiliated with the Human Milk Banking Association of North America.
Q. How much does banked milk cost? Who pays for it? Do donors profit from it?
A: Donors are not paid for their milk. Milk banks pay for donor blood tests, processing and shipping of milk to the bank. Processing fees are $4 to $4.50 per ounce for banked milk, plus shipping.
Q: Will health insurance cover it?
A: Insurance companies in New England do not routinely pay for banked milk. However, sometimes they cover the milk on a case-by-case basis.
Q. Is it cost effective?
A: Milk bank advocates insist it is, if compared to what it would cost to treat, for instance, severe diarrhea or necrotizing enterocolitis – which could increase a baby's hospital stay by two weeks at an additional cost of $128,000 to $238,000.
Q. How do you get banked milk?
A: Banked milk is given out if a patient has a doctor's prescription or a hospital buys it. Once the milk bank receives the order, it is shipped frozen over night packed in dry ice.
Q: What must donor mothers do?
A: Donor mothers are women who are currently lactating and have surplus milk. They must: Give a short medical history on the phone; complete a written health history; drop off their first donation of milk at the milk bank; take a blood test.
They must be in good general health, non-smokers, willing to undergo a blood test at the milk bank's expense and not regularly use medication or herbal supplements (with exceptions, like progestin-only birth control, insulin and prenatal vitamins). They must be willing to donate at least 100 ounces of milk and have a baby under one year old.
Those interested in giving can call 781-535-7594 or e-mail email@example.com.
Q: What would disqualify a donor mother?
A: A woman would not be a suitable donor if she has a positive blood test result for HIV, HTLV, hepatitis B or C, or syphilis; if she or her sexual partner is at risk for HIV; if she uses illegal drugs; if she smokes or uses tobacco products; if she has received an organ or tissue transplant or a blood transfusion in the last 12 months, or if she regularly has two ounces or more of alcohol per day.
Q: Can a donor mother live anywhere?
A: A donor mother is ruled out if she has been in the United Kingdom for more than three months or in Europe for more than three years since 1980, or if she was born in or has traveled to Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Niger or Nigeria.
Q: Is it safe to buy or borrow used breast pumps?
A: Used breast pumps are advertised online, but experts do not feel they are safe to use. That is because the equipment can also transmit bacteria and viruses (much like shared breast milk) if not properly sterilized.
Source: Mothers Milk Bank of New England; Human Milk Bank of Northeast America; Jordan Hospital Lactation Center; Dr. Kathleen Marinetti; Naomi Bar-Yam; Cindy Hoar


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1. Information about the collection of personal data
(1) In the following we inform you about the collection of personal data when using our website. Personal data comprise all data that can be personally related to you, such as name, address, e-mail addresses, user names, user behavior. (2) The person responsible according to Art. 4 para. 7 EU Data Protection Basic Regulation (GDPR) is
EMUGE-Werk Richard Glimpel GmbH & Co. KG,
Nürnberger Straße 96-100,
91207 Lauf,
Germany (see our imprint).
You can contact our data protection officer at firstname.lastname@example.com or at our postal address with the addition "Data Protection Officer". (3) When you contact us by e-mail or via a contact form, the data you provide (your e-mail address, if applicable your name and your telephone number) will be stored by us in order to answer your questions. We will delete all data received within this context once storage is no longer necessary, or restrict processing if legal retention obligations exist. (4) If we use contracted third-party service providers for individual functions of our offer or use your data for marketing purposes, we will inform you in detail about the respective processes below. We will also specify the defined criteria for the storage period.2 Your rights
(1) You have the following rights vis-à-vis us with regard to personal data relating to you:
- Right to information,
- Right to correction or deletion,
- Right to restriction of processing,
- Right of opposition to the processing,
- Right to data transferability.
(2) You also have the right to complain to a data protection supervisory authority about our processing of your personal data.
3. Collection of personal data when visiting our website
(1) When using the website for information purposes only, when you do not register or otherwise provide us with information, we only collect the personal data that your browser transmits to our server. If you wish to view our website, we collect the following data, which are technically necessary for us to display our website to you and to guarantee stability and security (legal basis is Art. 6 Para. 1 S. 1 lit. f GDPR):- IP address
- Date and time of the request
- Time zone difference to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
- Content of the request (specific page)
- Access status/HTTP status code
- Amount of data transferred in each case
- Website from which the request comes
- Browser
- Operating system and its interface
- Language and version of the browser software.
(2) In addition to the aforementioned data, cookies will be stored on your computer when you use our website. Cookies are small text files that are stored on your hard disk in the browser you use and through which certain information is transmitted to the place that sets the cookie (in this case:by us). Cookies can not run programs or transmit viruses to your computer. They are used to make the Internet offer more user-friendly and effective overall. (3) Use of cookies: (a) This website uses the following types of cookies, the scope and function of which are explained in the following: Transient cookies (see (b)), Persistent cookies (see (c)). (b) Transient cookies are automatically deleted when you close your browser. This includes in particular the session cookies. These store a so-called session ID, with which different requests of your browser can be assigned to the common session. This allows your computer to be recognized, when you return to our website. Session cookies are deleted when you log out or close your browser. (c) Persistent cookies are automatically deleted after a specified period, which may vary depending on the cookie. You can delete cookies at any time in the security settings of your browser. (d) You can configure your browser settings to suit your preferences and, for example, refuse the acceptance of third party cookies or all cookies. Please note that you may not be able to use all functions of this website.4. Additional functions and offers of our website
(1) In addition to the purely informational use of our website, we offer various services which you can use if you are interested. Normally, you must provide further personal data, which we use to provide the respective service and to which the aforementioned data processing principles apply.
(2) In some cases, we use external third-party service providers to process your data. These have been carefully selected and commissioned by us, are bound by our instructions and are regularly checked.
(3) Furthermore, we may pass on your personal data to third parties if we offer participation in promotions, conclusion of contracts or similar services together with partners. For more information, please provide your personal data or see the description of the offer below.
(4) If our service providers or partners are based in a country outside the European Economic Area (EEA), we will inform you of the consequences of this circumstance in the description of the offer.
(5) If we use your data for marketing purposes, we store your data as long as you wish to receive information on the respective advertising topics or as long as we wish to remain in contact with you.
5. Opposition or revocation against the processing of your data
(1) If you have given your consent to the processing of your data, you can revoke this at any time. Such a revocation influences the permissibility of processing your personal data after you have given it to us.
(2) If we base the processing of your personal data on the balance of interests, you may object to the processing. This is the case if processing is not necessary in particular to fulfil a contract with you, which is described by us in the following description of the functions. When exercising such objection, we ask you to explain the reasons why we should not process your personal data as we have done. In the event of your justified objection, we will examine the situation and either stop or adjust data processing or point out to you our compelling reasons worthy of protection, on the basis of which we will continue processing.
6. Use of Matomo
(1) This website uses the web analysis service Matomo (formerly Piwik) to analyse and regularly improve the use of our website. We can improve our offer and make it more interesting for you as a user by means of the statistics obtained. The legal basis for the use of Matomo is Art. 6 para. 1 sentence 1 lit. f DS-GMO.
(2) Cookies (see above 3) are stored on your computer for this evaluation. The information collected in this way is stored exclusively on the responsible person's server in Germany. You can set the evaluation by deleting existing cookies and preventing the storage of cookies. If you prevent the storage of cookies, we point out that you may not be able to use this website in its entirety. The prevention of the storage of cookies is possible through the setting in your browser. To prevent Matomo from being used, uncheck the following box to activate the opt-out plug-in:Your visit data to this website is currently collected by Matomo Webanalyse. Click here, so that your visit data will no longer be collected.
(3) This website uses Matomo with the extension "AnonymizeIP". This shortens the IP addresses so that they cannot be directly related to persons. The IP address transmitted by your browser using Matomo will not be merged with other data collected by us. (4) The Matomo program is an open source project. Information of the third party provider on data protection is available at https://matomo.org/privacy-policy/.
7. Use Facebook as a social media plug-in
(1) We currently use the social media plug-in Facebook. We use the so-called two-click solution. This means that when you visit our site, no personal data is initially passed on to the provider of the plug-in (face-book). You can recognize the provider of the plug-in by the marking on the box above its initial letter or the logo. We offer you the possibility to communicate directly with the provider of the plug-in via the button. Only if you click on the marked field and thereby activate it, the plug-in provider receives the information that you have accessed the corresponding website of our online offer. In addition, the data mentioned above under No. 3 of this statement will be transmitted. According to Facebook, the IP address in Germany is made anonymous immediately after it is collected. By activating the plug-in, your personal data will be transmitted to Facebook and stored in the USA. Since the plug-in provider collects data mainly via cookies, we recommend that you delete all cookies before clicking on the grayed-out box using your browser's security settings.
(2) We have no influence on the data collected and data processing processes, nor are we aware of the full extent of data collection, the purposes of processing, the storage periods. We also have no information on the deletion of the data collected by the plug-in provider.
(3) The plug-in provider stores the data collected about you as user profiles and uses these for the purposes of advertising, market research and/or demand-oriented design of its website. Such an evaluation takes place in particular (also for not logged in users) for the representation of demand-oriented advertisement and in order to inform other users of the social network about your activities on our website. You have a right of objection to the creation of these user profiles, whereby you must contact the respective plug-in provider to exercise this right. Through the plug-ins we offer you the possibility to interact with social networks and other users, so that we can improve our offer and make it more interesting for you as a user. The legal basis for the use of the plug-ins is Art. 6 para. 1 sentence 1 lit. f DS-GMO.
(4) The data is passed on regardless of whether you have an account with the plug-in provider and are logged in there. If you are logged in with the plug-in provider, your data collected by us will be directly assigned to your existing account with the plug-in provider. If you click the activated button and, for example, link the page, the plug-in provider also stores this information in your user account and shares it publicly with your contacts. We recommend that you log out regularly after using a social network, especially before activating the button, as this way you can avoid being assigned to your profile with the plug-in provider.
(5) Further information on the purpose and scope of data collection and its processing by the plug-in provider can be found in the following data protection declarations of these providers. They will also provide you with further information about your rights in this regard and setting options to protect your privacy. (6) Address and URL of the plug-in provider Facebook with its privacy policy:Facebook Inc., 1601 S California Ave, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA; http://www.facebook.com/policy.php; further information on data collection: http://www.facebook.com/help/186325668085084. Facebook has agreed to comply withthe EU-US Privacy Shield, https://www.privacyshield.gov/EU-US-Framework.
8. Integration of YouTube videos
(1) We have integrated YouTube videos into our online offer, which are stored on http://www.YouTube.com and can be played directly from our website. These are all integrated in the "extended data protection mode", i.e. no data about you as a user will be transmitted to YouTube if you do not play the videos. Only when you play the videos will the data referred to in paragraph 2 be transmitted. We have no influence on this data transmission.
(2) By visiting the website, YouTube receives the information that you have accessed the corresponding subpage of our website. In addition, the data mentioned under point 3 of this staement are transmitted. This is independent of whether YouTube provides a user account through which you are logged in or whether no user account exists. If you are logged in to Google, your information will be directly associated with your account. If you do not wish to be associated with your profile on YouTube, you must log out before activating the button. YouTube stores your data as user profiles and uses them for purposes of advertising, market research and/or demand-oriented design of its website.Such an evaluation takes place in particular (even for unlogged-in users) to provide demand-oriented advertising and to inform other users of the social network about your activities on our website. You have the right to object to the creation of these user profiles, although you must contact YouTube to exercise this right.
(3) Further information on the purpose and scope of data collection and its processing by YouTube can be found in their data protection declaration. There you will also find further information about your rights and setting options to protect your privacy: https://www.google.de/intl/de/policies/privacy. Google also processes your personal data in the USA and has agreed to comply with the EU-US Privacy Shield, https://www.privacyshield.gov/EU-US-Framework.


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Wolf Blitzer delivers the most important breaking news and political, international, and national security stories of the day. Tune to The Situation Room weekdays 5-7pm ET on CNN.
President Obama stirs up a hornets' nest with a comment about California's attorney general. CNN's Rene Marsh explains.
RELATED STORY: Obama apologizes for quip, which some called sexist
What's going on?? Every word that President says
Media immediately jump on it
Has been impossible to compliment a woman?? So a woman looks good so what???!!!!
Wow it's getting where a guy can't even compliment a woman for her appearance, without people trying to castrate him for it. The irony is here that good looking people do get better jobs on average, rather than homely looking people. Just look a the News Medias and I mean all of them. The women co hosts or hosts are all very pretty or attractive. Sure there are a couple not so good looking(Greta,Cathy) I can only think of two, where as I can't even begin to list the pretty ones because there are so many. This is the world we live in and you just can't fault a guy or even a President for stating the obvious. Now if someone asked me who the prettiest News Woman was, I would have to say at this time Robin Mead. If someone were to ask me who the prettiest and the smartest was, I would have to say Rachael Maddox. These are just preferences and everybody should be allowed their thoughts...even the President. Let the man be human !
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Though it's commonly said that social conservatives would force us to live under theocratic rule if they could, these days the group most successful in imposing its worldview on others happens to be called the Democratic Party.
Just ask more than 40 Catholic organizations -- the Catholic University of America, the University of Notre Dame, the archdioceses of New York and Washington, etc. -- that filed suit against Obamacare's contraception mandate. Churches and other private institutions are impelled by government to break conscience in the name of state.
Religious freedom is, of course, limited to the interests of public health, but because contraception is relatively cheap, available in five minutes wherever you happen to be standing at this moment and covered by nearly every insurance plan, the only reason the administration mandates contraception is to coerce everyone to abide by left-wing orthodoxy.
At some point, contraception was transformed from a -- and I hope my Catholic friends will excuse the wording -- godsend to those wanting to avoid unwanted pregnancy to a "public health" concern to a moral societal imperative that must be mandated, lest we abandon our daughters, science, decency, "choice" and freedom.
Vice President Joe Biden once claimed that this debate is about "the right of women to decide for themselves, whether or not they want to use contraception" -- but not, you should note, allowing women to decide what kind of health insurance they can buy.
How does coercion become "choice"? I ran across a headline on the website of the left-wing think tank ThinkProgress that illustrates the awkward logic of this assertion: "Missouri Legislature Approves Bill Allowing Employers To Deny Access To Birth Control."
What could this possibly mean? Are these dastardly priests, archbishops and nuns forming a human blockade in front of the doors of St. Louis area pharmacies, denying men and women their "right" to purchase condoms? Does one deny access by failing to supply that something to another person? But let's transpose this logic to other areas of government that already exist.
We don't need a "State Legislature To Approve a Bill Allowing Employers To Deny Access to iPads" or a "State Legislature To Approve a Bill Allowing Employers To Deny Access to Cupcakes." For the most part, legislators are reacting to intrusions from the federal government. They aren't denying anything to anyone. (By the way, the correct headline should have read: "Missouri Legislature Approves Bill That Doesn't Allow Employees To Force Employers To Give Them Birth Control -- Not To Mention Sterilization Drugs and Abortifacients.")
Perhaps the Catholic Church, which often seems to back economic "fairness" rather than market freedom, will be more sensitive to the intrusions of the state in economic choice. This episode exhibits how economic freedom is intricately tied to all other liberties. When the state creates virtual monopolies through regulatory regimes, it also gets to decide what is moral and necessary and compels everyone to act accordingly.
And though I'm not interested in having the Catholic Church dictate the moral contours of my life, I am equally uninterested in having the Obama administration do it. And the dogmatism of the left -- though not driven by God and though, culturally speaking, I may occasionally agree with it -- is no less intrusive, whatever you might make of contraception.


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Nanoscale Pillars Could Have a Big Role in Future Batteries
Tin, silicon, and a few other elements have long been languishing on chemists' list of electrode materials that could, in theory, help lithium-ion batteries hold more energy. A new way of structuring these materials could at last allow them to be used in this way.
Researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory made tin electrodes by using layers of graphene to protect the normally fragile tin. These first tin electrodes are a sign that materials scientists have made a great deal of progress in using nanoscale structures to improve batteries.
Making battery electrodes from tin or silicon can boost the battery's overall energy storage. That's because such materials can take in more lithium during charging and recharging than carbon, which is normally used. But silicon and tin tend to be unstable as electrodes. Tin takes up so much lithium that it expands in volume by a factor of two to three during charging. "This forms cracks, and the tin leaks into the electrolyte and is lost," says Yuegang Zhang, a scientist at Lawrence Berkeley.
Zhang's clever solution is to layer the tin between sheets of graphene, single-atom-thick sheets of carbon mesh. Graphene is highly conductive, and while it's flexible, it's also the strongest material ever tested.
The tin-graphene electrode consists of two layers of tin nanopillars sandwiched between three sheets of graphene. The pillars help the electrode remain stable: instead of fracturing, the tin expands and contracts during charging without breaking. The space between the pillars means there's plenty of room for the battery's electrolyte to move around, which ensures fast charging speeds.
Zhang's group has made prototype batteries featuring these electrodes. The prototype tin-graphene batteries can charge up in about 10 minutes and store about 700 milliamp-hours per gram of charge. This storage capacity is maintained over 30 charge cycles. The batteries will ultimately need to hold their performance for hundreds of charge cycles. "The performance they have is quite reasonable, and this has a pretty clear application in existing batteries," says Yi Cui, associate professor of materials science at Stanford University. Cui was not involved with the work.
Several other research groups are working on promising battery materials that include nanoscale structures. Cui has founded a company called Amprius to commercialize another kind of battery anode that features silicon nanowires. The nanostructure of these wires also helps the fragile material remain stable as it takes up and releases lithium. Another group, led by Pulickel Ajayan at Rice, recently built a nanostructured battery that incorporates a tin electrode, in this case integrating the electrodes and the electrolyte on individual nanowires. Arrayed together, these nanowires could make long-lasting microbatteries for small devices such as sensors.
Zhang is working to demonstrate the use of the nanopillar structure with other fragile electrode materials, including silicon. The process may add to the cost of battery production, but the performance gains could offset the potential additional cost. "People typically assume that a fancy nanoscale structure will cost more, but it may not," says Zhang.
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Roxie's of Quincy is a one of a kind meat market that prides itself on fresh, high quality meat and produce at affordable prices. Looking for something you can't find, need advice on a purchase, just ask – customer service is a top priority.
Established in 1957, Roxie's has over 50 years of experience and many loyal customers. Our variety of products along with our convenient location has made Roxie's a destination grocer for many shoppers. We carry all the ingredients you need to put together a complete meal in just minutes.
Holidays, BBQs, Special Occasions or everyday shopping - you'll always find what you need at Roxie's.
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