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Michael Feinstein
Michael Feinstein has built a dazzling career over the last three decades bringing the music of the Great American songbook to the world. From recordings that have earned him five Grammy Award nominations to his Emmy nominated PBS-TV specials, his acclaimed NPR series and concerts spanning the globe – in addition to his appearances at iconic venues such as The White House, Buckingham Palace, Hollywood Bowl, Carnegie Halland Sydney Opera House – his work as an educator and archivist define Feinstein as one of the most important musical forces of our time.
In 2007, he founded the Great American Songbook Foundation, dedicated to celebrating the art form and preserving it through educational programs, Master Classes, and the annual High School Songbook Academy. This summer intensive open to students from across the country has produced graduates who have gone on to record acclaimed albums and appear on television programs such as NBC's "America's Got Talent." Michael serves on the Library of Congress' National Recording Preservation Board, an organization dedicated to ensuring the survival, conservation and increased public availability of America's sound recording heritage.
Feinstein earned his fifth Grammy Award nomination in 2009 for The Sinatra Project, his CD celebrating the music of "Ol' Blue Eyes." The Sinatra Project, Volume II: The Good Life was released in 2011. He released the CDs The Power Of Two – collaborating with "Glee" and "30 Rock" star Cheyenne Jackson – and Cheek To Cheek, recorded with Broadway legend Barbara Cook. For Feinstein's CD We Dreamed These Days, he co-wrote the title song with Dr. Maya Angelou.
His Emmy Award-nominated TV special Michael Feinstein – The Sinatra Legacy, which was taped live at the Palladium in Carmel, IN, aired across the country in 2011. The PBS series "Michael Feinstein's American Songbook," the recipient of the ASCAP Deems-Taylor Television Broadcast Award, was broadcast for three seasons and is available on DVD. His most recent primetime PBS-TV Special, "New Year's Eve at The Rainbow Room" – written and directed by "Desperate Housewives" creator Marc Cherry – aired in 2014. For his nationally syndicated public radio program "Song Travels," Michael interviews and performs alongside of music luminaries such as Bette Midler, Neil Sedaka, Liza Minnelli, Rickie Lee Jones, David Hyde Pierce and more.
Feinstein was named Principal Pops Conductor for the Pasadena Symphony in 2012 and made his conducting debut in June 2013 to celebrated critical acclaim. Under Feinstein's leadership, the Pasadena Pops has quickly become a premier orchestral presenter of the Great American Songbook with definitive performances of rare orchestrations and classic arrangements. He launched an additional Pops series at the Kravis Center for the Performing Arts in Palm Beach, Florida in 2014.
Michael's book The Gershwins and Me – the Los Angeles Timesbest-seller from Simon & Schuster – featuresa new CD of Gershwin standards performed with Cyrus Chestnut at the piano.
Feinstein serves as Artistic Director of the Palladium Center for the Performing Arts, a $170 million, three-theatre venue in Carmel, Indiana, which opened in January 2011. The theater is home to diverse live programming and a museum for his rare memorabilia and manuscripts. Since 1999, he has served as Artistic Director for Carnegie Hall's "Standard Time with Michael Feinstein" in conjunction with ASCAP. In 2010 he became the director of the Jazz and Popular Song Series at New York's Jazz at Lincoln Center.
Feinstein's at the Nikko, Michael's nightclub at San Francisco's Nikko Hotel, has presented the top talents of pop and jazz since 2013. He debuted at Feinstein's/54 Below, his new club in New York, late in 2015. His first venue in New York, Feinstein's at the Regency, featured major entertainers such as Rosemary Clooney, Glen Campbell, Barbara Cook, Diahann Carroll, Jane Krakowski, Lea Michele, Cyndi Lauper, Jason Mraz and Alan Cumming from 1999 to 2012.
He has designed a new piano for Steinway called "The First Ladies," inspired by the White House piano and signed by several former First Ladies. It was first played to commemorate the Ronald Regan centennial on February 6, 2011. In 2013 Michael released Change Of Heart: The Songs of Andre Previn in collaboration with four time Oscar and eleven time Grammy Award-winning composer-conductor-pianist Andre Previn. The album celebrates Previn's pop songs and motion picture classics. Earlier album highlights include Hopeless Romantics, a songbook of classics by Michael's late friend Harry Warren, recording with legendary jazz pianist George Shearing. His album with songwriting icon Jimmy Webb, Only One Life – The Songs of Jimmy Webb, was named one of "10 Best CDs of the Year" by USA Today.
Feinstein received his fourth Grammy nomination for Michael Feinstein with the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, his first recording with a symphony orchestra. The year before, Rhino/Elektra Music released The Michael Feinstein Anthology, a two-disc compilation spanning 1987 to 1996 and featuring old favorites and previously-unreleased tracks.
Michael was born and raised in Columbus, Ohio, where he started playing piano by ear as a 5-year-old. After graduating from high school, he moved to Los Angeles when he was 20. The widow of legendary concert pianist-actor Oscar Levant introduced him to Ira Gershwin in July 1977. Feinstein became Gershwin's assistant for six years, which earned him access to numerous unpublished Gershwin songs, many of which he has since performed and recorded.
Gershwin's influence provided a solid base upon which Feinstein evolved into a captivating performer, composer and arranger of his own original music. He also has become an unparalleled interpreter of music legends such as Irving Berlin, Jerome Kern, Johnny Mercer, Duke Ellington and Harry Warren. Feinstein has received three honorary doctorates.
Through his live performances, recordings, film and television appearances, and his songwriting (in collaboration with Alan and Marilyn Bergman, Lindy Robbins, Bob Merrill and Marshall Barer), Feinstein is an all-star force in American music.


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RCDD Test Preparation Course (Version 14)
... BICSI RCDD Online Test Preparation Course is more than just you, a computer, and a series of questions. BICSI has designed this comprehensive package to give you access to the highest quality training materials available--from flash cards to videos and more. The RCDD Online Test Preparation Course provides ...Learn More
BICSI Connect
Digging Holes and Planting Poles
... Dunton (RCDD, OSP, NTS) and Jeff Noble (RCDD, OSP, TECH) will discuss how perspective (designer vs installer) can affect the overall design of an outside plant (OSP) project. Both have the same goal in mind: to construct an optimized OSP infrastructure-safely, correctly and at a minimal cost. Come see ...Learn More
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subset: commoncrawl


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We were so excited to be invited to come out and cover the early morning event to help support the NAACP Theatre Award Nominees!!
This morning our correspondent, Jamaal Murray spoke with Kim Coles and Tia Boyd on the red carpet about the upcoming ceremony in August.
Be sure to mark your calendar! The 2010 NAACP Theatre Awards will be held at the Director's Guild of America (DGA) Theatre on Monday, August 30, 2010, at 7:00pm (PST)
This year's event will be hosted by NAACP Image Awards nominated actress LisaRaye McCoy (UPN's "All of Us") and the honorees list includes Kenny Leon (Director and Broadway actor) for the Trailblazer Award, Mr. Wren T. Brown (American film, theatre, and television actor) for the Community Service Award, and Kim Sentovich (Sr. VP Pacific Region, on behalf of Wal-Mart) for the President's Award, and special performance from Bobby Valentino (Capitol Records recording artist, NAACP Images and Soul Train Nominee). The Spirit Award and Lifetime Achievement Award will be announced at a later date.
Without further delay… we'd ike to Congratulate the 2010 NAACP Theatre Nominees:
Best Set Design—Equity
The First Wives Club—Peter J. Davidson Stormy Weather—James Noone Eclipsed—Sibyl Wickersheimer
Best Set Design—Local
Sticky Fly—John Lacovelli The River Niger—John Paul Luckenback Tree—Brian Sidney Bembridge
Best Sound—Equity
The First Wives Club—Jon Weston Baby It's You!—Martin Carrillo Sammy—John H. Shivers and David Patridge
Best Sound—Local
Schoolhouse Rock Live Too!—Fionnegan Justus MurphyChicago Club Rumboogie—Lloyd Reese Blues for Central Ave—Christian Cook
Best Director—Equity
Sarafina! A Story of Liberation—Denise Dowse Eclipsed—Robert O'Hara Black Women—State of the Union—Nataki Garrett and Ayana Cahrr
Best Director—Local
Sticky Fly—Shirley Jo Finney Bronzeville—Ben Guillory Coming Home—Stephen Sachs
Best Playwright—Equity
Eclipsed—Danai Gurira Sarafina! A Story of Liberation—Mbongeni Mgema Sammy—Leslie Bricusse
Best Playwright—Local
Bronzeville—Timothy Toyama and Aaron Woolfolk Mutiny At Port Charles—Paul Leaf Someone's Somebody—Regina Louise
Best Lead Male—Equity
The First Wives Club—Kevyn Morrow Sammy—Obba Babatubde The Cherry Orchard—Steven Matt
Best Lead Male—Local
Coming Home—Thomas Silcott The Caterer—Levar Burton Laws of Sympathy—Joshua Wolf Coleman
Best Choreographer—Equity
Sarafina! A Story of Liberation—Cassie Crump and Alfred Johnson Baby It's You!—Brigitte Mutrux Sammy—Keith Young
Best Choreographer— Local
Schoolhouse Rock Live Too!—Rick Sparks Chicago Club Rumboogie—Chester Whitmore Howlin' Blues and Dirty Dogs—Pysa Noel
Best Costumes—Equity
Monty Python's Spamalot—Tim Hatley Ain't Misbehavin—Randy Barcelo Crowns—Dana Rebecca Woods
Best Costumes—Local
Bonita & Billie—Kevin James Mutiny At Port Charles—Sarah Figoten Toni Morrison's—The Bluest Eye—Maisie Klompus
Best Music Director—Equity
The First Wives Club—Ron Melrose Sarafina! A Story of Liberation – Stephan Terry
Sammy – Ian Fraser
Best Music Director— Local
Howlin' Blues and Dirty Dogs – Barbara Morrison "WWWJD…What Would Jimi Do?" – Felicia D. Henderson Blues for Central Ave – Lou Briggs
Best Lighting— Equity
The First Wives Club – Mark McCullough Monty Python's Spamalot – Hugh Vanstone Baby It's You! – Howell Binkley
Best Lighting— Local
Bronzeville – Luke Moyer Mutiny At Port Charles – Rachel Fishman Toni Morrison's – The Bluest Eye – Will Sammons
Best Director of a Musical— Equity
The First Wives Club – Francesca Zambello Sarafina! A Story of Liberation – Stephan Terry Sammy – Keith Glover
Best Director of a Musical— Local
Howlin' Blues and Dirty Dogs – Carla Dufree Clark Bonita & Billie – Denise Dowse Chicago Club Rumboogie – Lloyd Reese
Best Supporting Female— Equity
Baby It's You! – Erica Ash Baby It's You! – Berlando Drake Sammy – Ann Duquesnay
Best Supporting Female— Local
Jitney – Shonni Albritton One Woman, Two Lives – Sharon Munfus Tree – Tessa Thompson
Best Supporting Male— Equity
The Cherry Orchard – Marc Ewing Stormy Weather – Phillip Attmore Stormy Weather – Cleavant Derricks
Best Supporting Male— Local
Coming Home – Matthew Elam Battle Hymn – Robert Manning, Jr. One Woman, Two Lives – Sammie Wayne
Best Lead Female— Equity
Monty Python's Spamalot – Marle Dandridge Stormy Weather – Nikki Crawford Stormy Weather – Leslie Uggams
Best Lead Female— Local
Coming Home – Deidric Henry Tree – Sloan Robinson One Woman, Two Lives – Kellita Smith
Best Ensemble Cast— Equity
Sarafina! A story of Liberation Eclipsed Crowns
Best Ensemble Cast— Local
Stick Fly Bronzeville The River Niger
Best Producer— Equity
The First Wives Club – The Old Globe Eclipsed – Center Theatre Group Sammy – The Old Globe
Best Producer— Local
The River Niger – Robey theatre Company and Ben Guillory Coming Home – Simon Levy and Deborah Lawlor Toni Morrison's – The Bluest Eye – Jack Rowe, Associate Dean (USC School of Theatre)
Best One Person Show
Someone's Somebody – Regina Louise Manish Boy – Ralph Harris Did You Do Your Homework? – Aaron Braxton
If you're in Los Angeles, please come out and support and honor thespians of color among the best in the field of entertainment, the Theatre! The award show and three-day festival provides a platform for thespians to express their craft and share their contributions with an audience of their peers, the community, and other individuals who crave live theatre in the 'City of Angels'.


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Here's a number you're not likely to hear from the nightly news: According to the CNW Marketing Research Automotive Consumer Spending & Attitudes Survey of 9/09, one in six people who traded in their car during the cash-for-clunkers program already regret their decision, mostly because of the new or higher monthly car payments and insurance costs they're burdened with. Under normal circumstances, only about 6 percent of new car buyers express such regret a month or two after their purchase.
That means nearly 300 percent more new car buyers pushed to purchase by cash-for-clunkers are remorseful and unhappy with their decision than are normal new car buyers. And there's more regret to come, as many of these buyers will default on payments, have cars repossessed, credit ruined. And just wait until all these already unhappy cash-for-clunkers buyers discover that the $4,500.00 "gift" from the government is taxed as income by the same federal government (and their state), and that refund check they count on each April has a big bite taken out of it. Whether it's pushing people into homes or cars they can't afford, government's meddling has negative consequences.
On the other hand, Thomson Reuters has found that 80 percent of Americans are satisfied with their health care providers, 70 percent satisfied with their health insurance coverage, and 53 percent are satisfied with the amount of money they have to pay out of pocket for care. Further, the most common complaints or requests for reform have to do with portability of health insurance, which can obviously be cured without the big-footed destruction of every aspect of American health care proposed by the President and Democrats in Congress.
But why would you do that when you can create 50+ new federal bureaucracies and who can guess how many czars? How can they pass up the chance to preside over a certain quagmire of insufficient supply, shortages of doctors and nurses, and the departure of private insurers forcing tens of millions of people to the so-called public option? Why opt for responsible, rational reform when you can have care rationing, cost controls at the expense of patient-doctor autonomy, and skyrocketing costs and deficits – not to mention theft from the Medicare, which is already racing headlong toward bankruptcy.
These two scenarios tell us much. First, wherever government intrudes, even with something as simple as cash-for-clunkers, it creates chaos, costs taxpayers a fortune buying nominal results, and winds up with dissatisfied, unhappy "customers" once the heady, intoxicating ether of something-for-nothing chicanery wears off. Second, where Obama is crying "crisis" to justify intrusion, there actually is no crisis at all. With 70 percent satisfied with the insurance they have, the need for "reform" of that insurance system can hardly be called a crisis. If it can, given about 20 percent fewer "buyers" happy with Obama, the most pressing need for reform is at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, not in the offices of Blue Cross or Aetna.
There are but two true crises of the moment, domestically. One legitimate crisis is the rampant, unchecked, unaccountable, socialist-leaning takeover of private sector companies and whole industries. It is done via dictatorial actions and the imposition of czars, and fueled by an unprecedented and wildly reckless deficit spending binge. It's an expansion of the federal government in every imaginable direction simultaneously, macro and micro, beyond anything ever attempted or even imagined in our nation.
Second authentic crisis: jobs. We have a nonsensically named 'jobless recovery' from recession. This jobs crisis includes record unemployment and, more significantly, record extended unemployment. Yet the administration has poured umpteen billions into dead corpses and dry holes like GM with excuse of job creation. Meanwhile, it's pushing Congress to pass cap and trade, express-lane unionization, and destruction of the private insurance industry and much of the health care industry – all three acts of epic job destruction.
Knit these two crises – government power expansion, private enterprise – together and you will see the only possible objective revealed: as close to everyone as possible working for the government or government owned or controlled entities, as many people as possible on some form of government dispensed dole; an utterly dependent population.


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As the disappointing May job numbers confirm, this is still an exceptional time — a time in which many of the normal rules of the Dismal Science are changed and transformed. It is a time for not normal economics but rather "depression economics." The terms on which the U.S. government can borrow now are exceptionally advantageous. And because of high unemployment the benefits of boosting government purchases and cutting taxes right now are exceptionally large.
The result is that the costs of borrow-and-spend policies are overturned for the short run — indeed, for as long as the current economic crisis of high unemployment lasts, which may well mean that the short run is not very short.
In normal times, a boost to government purchases or a cut in taxes produces a limited increase in production and employment while adding a substantial increase to the national debt. The increase in debt raises interest rates, which crowds out productivity-increasing private investment spending and, dollar for dollar, leaves us poorer after the effect of the stimulus ebbs.
The borrowing must then must be financed at a significant interest rate, and thus paid for with higher taxes, which reduce incomes by increasing the wedge between the private rewards and the social benefits of expanded production.
It's nasty business.
Normally, only government spending initiatives or tax cuts that promise a high value for the dollar are worth undertaking, but things are different now.
However, right now, as best we can tell, an increase in federal spending or a cut in taxes will produce (in the short run) no increase in interest rates and hence no crowding-out of productivity-increasing private investment. Indeed, government spending that adds to firms' current cash flow may well boost private investment and so leave us, dollar for dollar, richer after the effect of the stimulus ebbs.
Because our debt today can be financed at extremely low interest rates — 1.83 percent if financed via 30-year TIPS, and even less in expected real interest if financed over a shorter horizon.
In normal times, only government spending initiatives or tax cuts that promise a high value for the dollar are worth undertaking. Now, however, things are very different. Let's run through the arithmetic.
Normal Economic Arithmetic
Consider a $100 billion boost to government purchases or cut in taxes financed by borrowing from abroad. In a normal year, the Federal Reserve will worry about inflation, and raise interest rates somewhat to offset the inflationary impact of the fiscal boost. The multiplier will thus be something like 0.4 — we will spend $100 billion on government purchases or tax cuts and gain perhaps $40 billion in extra production and associated employment out of it.
But there are costs. First, the added national debt. The national debt will not rise by the full $100 billion: Those who earn that extra $40 billion will pay taxes — perhaps $16 billion. Thus the net impact on the government debt will be that by spending an extra $100 billion we will have added some $84 billion to the national debt. That debt must then be amortized. At a 4 percent per year long-run real rate of interest on government bonds, amortizing that debt will cost Americans $3.4 billion a year.
Second, the higher tax rates needed to raise the extra $3.4 billion will also exert a cooling supply-side effect on economic activity. With higher tax rates, people will have greater incentive to spend time and energy dodging their taxes rather than doing useful work. If this effect amounts to roughly one-third of the revenue raised, then we have to add to the total cost an additional $1.1 billion shortfall from the time and energy that would have been used to produce stuff but that will instead be devoted to dodging taxes.
Third, there is another effect. The Federal Reserve's fight against inflation, which demands an increase in interest rates, will have reduced investment. Due to the $100 billion in government purchases, perhaps $40 billion of private investment that would have been made won't be made — it will be crowded out. As a result of the lower capital stock, some $4 billion a year of income that would have been earned won't be. Thus the net cost of the $100 billion in government spending will be a reduction in Americans' disposable incomes of $7.4 billion per year.
That's an unattractive bargain. It would allow us to purchase $40 billion of extra production and income this year at the cost of a reduction in incomes of $11.9 billion — call it $12 billion — in every year in the future. That is a usurious annual real interest rate of 30 percent. No sane economist would recommend a policy with such high costs and meager benefits. Expansionary deficit-boosting fiscal policy is, or ought to be, simply a non-starter in normal times.
Depression Economic Arithmetic
But right now that arithmetic doesn't apply. We have instead depression economic arithmetic. And in depression economic arithmetic things are very different.
First, more government spending does not lead the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates to fight inflation. The Federal Reserve has pushed interest rates to the floor and wishes it could drive them into the basement — to –5 percent per year or so. Thus the multiplier on the government's spending is not 0.4 but more like 1.5. We do not get $40 billion of additional production and employment for $100 billion; we get something closer to $150 billion. And there is no crowding out of private investment; on the contrary, there is likely to be crowding in. If one-third of the extra production flows through to corporate profits, and if one-quarter of those extra corporate profits are then invested in projects paying a pretax net real rate of return of 8 percent per year, then future productivity is boosted to the tune of $1 billion a year.
Second, that boost to production creates a substantial reflow in taxes that makes the spending program a bargain. We get $150 billion of added production leading to $60 billion of additional tax revenue, leading to only $40 billion in increased debt.
Third, the financial crisis has created a configuration of interest rates that means that the government can borrow at uniquely favorable terms. Suppose we borrow at 1.83 percent – we'll round it to 2 percent — per year in real terms for the next 30 years. On those terms, amortizing the $40 billion of additional government debt requires only $0.8 billion a year in additional interest payments and taxes. Even adding in our one-third excess burden brings us only to $1.07 billion a year in amortization costs.
Now, net all this out.
The increased cash flows to businesses boost future private-sector incomes by $1 billion a year. The costs of amortization reduce them by $1.07 billion a year. The net cost? $70 million per year. So to gain $150 billion of increased production and incomes this year we incur a $70 million a year cost going forward. That means that using expansionary fiscal policy to boost output today is an investment worth doing at any interest rate greater than 0.05 percent per year.
That is not quite a free lunch — they take away my union card as an economist if I start claiming that free lunches exist. But it is certainly a value meal. We are getting more income and employment now — when we really need it — in return for sacrificing only a tiny bit of production each year in the future, when we believe that we will be richer and will mind the reduction significantly less.
The Limits of Depression Economics
Thus it is a no-brainer that we ought to be doing more fiscal stimulus. Each dollar of missing production and each unemployed worker right now is much, much more painful to the country and a much greater loss to human welfare than a dollar of missed production and an unemployed worker in normal times.
The argument for more spending is airtight as long as the arithmetic holds out. That is, until:
• further increases in the deficit lead to rising expectations of inflation, leading the Federal Reserve to raise short-term interest rates, which then crowds out private-sector investment spending;
• further increases in the deficit lead to pressure on the federal government's debt capacity, so that we can no longer finance additional federal government debt at such extraordinarily advantageous interest rates.
Back in December 2008 the incoming Obama National Economic Council feared that an increase in the proposed size of the Obama stimulus program, the ARRA, from $800 billion to $1.2 trillion would bring these factors into play. It is now clear that they were overly pessimistic, in large part because they were overly optimistic about the state of the economy.
Right now, bad politics is undermining good policy, hurting the American economy and legions of unemployed workers. It is long past time for another stimulus package.


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David Elgena created this beautiful Braun/Dieter Rams inspired weather iphone app called Wthr. The app is very nicely done and I'd say it's definitely worth downloading from the App Store.
David Elgena created this beautiful Braun/Dieter Rams inspired weather iphone app called Wthr. The app is very nicely done and I'd say it's definitely worth downloading from the App Store.
Apple's 1986 clothing line was known as "The Apple Collection". Thankfully Apple found their logo sooner than later because readability on most of these t-shirts is very low. Although, I'm all for sporting that blue Apple tracksuit.
This is amazing. Palais Bulles was designed by architect Antti Lovag in the 80s for fashion designer Pierre Cardin. The home only uses curved shapes to form the structure—this place has to be a haven for ideas. The organic nature of its design greatly suggests it. This home feels like such a great merge between mid-century design and some of Verner Panton's work. Via honestlywtf.
Csepel Royal really did their lookbook right by creating these colorful spreads. Being a fan of all kinds of bikes, seeing parts laid out like this and coordinated by color is really cool.
The Castlecrag Residence is a beautiful home located in Sydney, Australia. The home was wonderfully designed by CplusC Architects. Here are a few words talking about the design:
The Kitchen is the pivotal room in the home, with Western Red Cedar doors disappearing seamlessly behind recycled brickwork allowing the internal living space to extend to a double-volume outdoor living space where spotted gum decking leads to the garden and swimming pool. The external use of timber for seating, decking, fencing and screening terminates in a garden pavilion and transforms the yard into an intimate, peaceful oasis within a dense suburban context for the enjoyment of the Client and their young family.
The Architect has drawn upon the functional and aesthetic qualities of timber to heighten the experience of the home. The natural warmth of timber has been utilised in all applications of the home from structure, cladding, the internal finishes and external amenities.
Found on Contemporist
Barcelona Studio Lo Siento built a 4D typeface out of paper shapes. This special typeface allows for the viewer to read from multiple angles. Via Newgrids.
An observer searching to enjoy a particular architecture, is forced to move around and through it. The change in perspective generates new spaces in which light acts in different ways. In this case, it is the typography who makes the effort of abandoning its two dimensions to approach the architectural sense. It does not resign with a third dimension; a fourth one is necessary to complete the reading possibilities. By hanging the typography, the reader is allowed to surround the characters in order to understand all their shapes.
After NASA shut down the Space Shuttle Program, the remaining shuttles and replicas were divided among several cities to be put on display. The Enterprise shuttle was sent up the Hudson River to be placed on the deck of the U.S.S Intrepid aircraft carrier and the second shuttle, The Explorer, was sent to the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.
View more photos of the journey on The Atlantic.
Simone Rosenberg photographed these wonderful stone refuges tucked high up in the Swiss Alps. The views are breathtaking. To be able to stay in one of these would be a dream come true.
Jessica Jones created these Pantone Easter Eggs. First she boiled the eggs then typed up the labels backwards and printed them on temporary tattoo paper.
Arch11 Architects tucked this remote residence in the mountains of Boulder county in Colorado. The structure of the home is a hybrid: a wood frame combined with the traditional log stacks of a cabin. Perhaps one of the most interesting things about the house is its "remote" features. The owners installed a system that allows them to monitor security, lighting and the heating system remotely so it's nice and cozy when they return home.
Yulia Brodskaya is a Russian born artist whose work ranges from fine art to origami and what you see here. Below are two excerpts from Yulia talking about her paper work:
I believe that one of the main reasons I enjoy the paper craft, is due to my love of the material: paper. Although I've always had a special fascination for paper, it has taken me a while to find my own way of working with it; and then it took a little longer to find out that the technique I have been using so intensively is called quilling – it involves the use of strips of paper that can be rolled, shaped, and glued to the background.
Being a three dimensional object, the artwork offers multiple views depending on the angle of perception and the intensity and direction of lighting. These things can drastically change the visual experiences and emotional message of the same artwork. The rough snaps below should not only help to see some work in progress stages, but also demonstrate the versatility that can be achieved by playing with lighting and angles:
Shared via Lustnation
While most of us have been reading books, Brian Dettmer has been carving them for over ten years. His choice of blade ranges from knives to tweezers; each cut exploring a different meaning or truth to the book.
In this work I begin with an existing book and seal its edges, creating an enclosed vessel full of unearthed potential. I cut into the surface of the book and dissect through it from the front. I work with knives, tweezers and surgical tools to carve one page at a time, exposing each layer while cutting around ideas and images of interest. Nothing inside the books is relocated or implanted, only removed. Images and ideas are revealed to expose alternate histories and memories. My work is a collaboration with the existing material and its past creators and the completed pieces expose new relationships of the book's internal elements exactly where they have been since their original conception.
Read more about his process here.


text: Try a culinary trust fall with friends and family this season at Loyal Nine. Each night, you can opt out of A la Carte in favor of the Shared Supper, a multi-course dinner featuring highlights from the regular menu as well as special off-menu items. The meal will vary night to night (and table to table), so gather some adventurous friends and head to East Cambridge for a family-style meal from the mind (and kitchen) of chef Marc Sheehan. Supper costs $60 per person, and the whole table must participate. For reservations, call 617.945.2576.


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Photographer: Steve Stoessel
Taken: February 9, 2020
Town of Canaan War Memorial
Submitted: February 9, 2020, by Steve Stoessel of Niskayuna, New York.
Database Locator Identification Number: p509801
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Copyright © 2005–2023, Some rights reserved.


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June 25, 2009— -- Farrah Fawcett, the 1970s "It Girl" who was known for her cascading golden hair, has been given her last rites, sources close to the actress tell Barbara Walters.
Enduring a two and half year battle with cancer, those closest to Fawcett warn that these could be her final hours.
"I'm not sure if she's going to make it through the day," Walters said on "Good Morning America." "She's had her last rites."
As Fawcett clings to life, members of her inner circle, Dr. Lawrence Piro and longtime love Ryan O'Neal are gathered at her hospital bedside.
"This is all he wants to do is be with her," Walters said of O'Neal.
From her glory days as a pinup girl whose figure graced a generation of teenagers' walls, to her valiant fight against cancer, at 62, Farrah Fawcett has become a symbol of the will to live.
Those who know and love Fawcett spoke exclusively to Barbara Walters, during what appear to be the actress's final days.
Watch a special edition of "20/20" TONIGHT at 10 p.m. ET for the Barbara Walters special "Farrah's Love."
"An amazing woman, with simple roots that ... took on challenges that others wouldn't try. I always admire women that are independent, that ... have a dream and look as good as she does," longtime love Ryan O' Neal told Walters.
In 1976, Fawcett was the pinup girl who launched a million fantasies. The iconic poster with her dazzling smile, cascading golden hair and bombshell body sold an unprecedented 12 million copies, catapulting Fawcett into a sex symbol, idolized by both men and women.
As the decade's "It Girl," her hair, which became known as the "Farrah Do," was emulated by millions around the world.
"That signature hair will definitely be remembered forever and ever and ever ... It was an easy carefree haircut, windblown, but also very sexy and very feminine. Everybody wanted it," legendary hairstylist Jose Eber, who has known and worked with the actress for over 30 years, told Walters.
"...But I think that Farrah ... represented to me what a woman was in the 70s," Eber said. "Woman's lib ...There was a freedom about Farrah's look. There was something healthy about her."
In a 1980 interview, just as her career was beginning to blossom, Fawcett opened up to Walters about her self-regard, ranking herself on a scale of one to 10.
"A nine. ... Barely a nine. I was going to say eight-and-a-half but I thought fractions aren't good," Fawcett told Walters.
"I think you have to have all of me in order to think that I'm beautiful. In other words, it's not just my looks. I think I have to speak and move and relate for you to feel that ... for you to feel beauty from me."
Known for her good looks, the actress later told Walters she was "exasperated" by those who seemingly ignored her intellectual side.
"I think it's a little bit of a curse," Fawcett said of her looks.
Farrah's Road to Fame
Growing up in Texas, that so-called "curse" always lingered. In 1969, as a college beauty queen, Fawcett's looks earned her a ticket to Hollywood where she was discovered by a talent scout. At first, she was one more model and actress surviving on guest parts and commercials, selling everything from shampoo to toothpaste.
In 1973, she married actor Lee Majors, who was starring in "The Six Million Dollar Man." Three years later, everything changed when posters of Fawcett in her red one-piece bathing suit flew off store shelves and she entered the world of television with a starring role on "Charlie's Angels."
"She wasn't a great actress then, but she was learning," said Leonard Goldberg, who created the hit, along with partner, producer Aaron Spelling. "She just had that way about her. When she would turn and look at you, you were mesmerized."
Fawcett played one of three undercover, underclothed crime fighters and "Charlie's Angels" became an enormous hit and cultural phenomenon, working to redefine gender roles.
"What we had for the first time were women operating in what was heretofore a man's world," Goldberg said.
But after only one year, Fawcett walked away from the show at the height of her fame to explore a career in film -- a move, the star told Walters, she did not regret.
"I would do it over again ... I felt that I needed to grow," Fawcett said in 1980. "I find that, for me, personally -- and this is in everyday life -- if I'm not growing, if I can't be stimulated in a conversation, then I am bored. And I'm not good when I'm bored."
Jaclyn Smith, one of Fawcett's "Angels" co-stars, told Walters, "I was sad because it was not an actress leaving, it was my friend," but says her friend didn't make a mistake. "When Farrah makes up her mind to do something, uh, it's well thought out, it's well ordered and planned, and it's right for her."
Her career faltered, but Fawcett was determined to take charge of her life. Firing her manager, her publicist and separating from Majors, the sweet blond from Texas revealed to Walters that she was no more.
"I think that when you're kind of just shoved out there and you have to be tough and you're facing tough people and people are saying bad things about you, that all of a sudden, you have to become a little less sweet. ... And with this surge in strength, you lose a little of the softness, I guess," she said.
Tired of being the sex symbol, Fawcett wanted to be taken seriously, so she dove into an unrecognizable role, playing an abused wife, Francine Hughes, driven to kill her husband in the 1984 movie "The Burning Bed."
"I knew that if I wanted to stay in the business, I had to change. I mean, I wanted to change," she told Walters in a later interview.
The TV movie became one of the most highly-rated in history and earned the actress the first of three Emmy nominations.
But if her acting career was finally the triumph she always knew it could be, her personal life wasn't.
Farrah and Ryan: A Hollywood Love Story
After she and Majors parted ways in 1979, Fawcett became romantically involved with actor Ryan O'Neal, who rose to stardom in the 1970 film "Love Story," ironically playing the husband of a woman dying of cancer.
Fawcett and O'Neal carried on a turbulent relationship that spanned two decades. Their first major milestone was the celebrated birth of their son Redmond in 1985.
Though the two never married, they remained one of Hollywood's great love stories.
"I used to ask her to marry me all the time," O'Neal told Walters in an exclusive interview. "But ... it just got to be a joke, you know. We just joked about it."
After 17 years together, Fawcett and O'Neal broke up in 1997.
Four years later, after O'Neal was diagnosed with leukemia, the couple reunited.
"She came right to my side, which I loved her for. And we gradually started to rebuild our relationship," he told Walters.
As Fawcett helped O'Neal to heal, in 2006, she was struck by the devastating death of her mother and diagnosed with anal cancer -- a relatively rare disease that only affects about 5,000 Americans a year.
"I panicked. I didn't let her know, but I panicked," O'Neal told Walters. "I've been living with cancer for eight years at this point and ... I saw lots of what cancer can do. And I just knew one thing, that Farrah Fawcett was hard to kill."
"Farrah had symptoms for only a fairly brief time before her cancer was diagnosed," said Dr. Lawrence Piro, president of The Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, who began treating Fawcett after her cancer did not respond to the first course of treatment. "So there really wasn't an opportunity to find it earlier, it unfortunately just progressed."
Piro told Walters that Fawcett's cancer was treatable, but not curable.
"We had to use the best tools that we could to try to suppress the tumor, but that we would never get rid of it. So, eventually, the likelihood is that she would succumb to her tumor," he said.
With the 2006 diagnosis, Fawcett and O'Neal moved in together.
At her side for the past three years, O'Neal traveled with Fawcett to Germany for more aggressive treatments and, in recent months, was often Fawcett's voice to the media, making it clear that he will always be a constant and steadfast fixture in her life.
O'Neal told Walters that Fawcett is the only woman he's ever really loved.
"He loves her so much," Farrah's longtime friend Alana Stewart told Walters. "When he walks in the room, her face just lights up."
Watch a special edition of "20/20" TONIGHT at 10 p.m. ET for the full Barbara Walters special "Farrah's Love."


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Contact: Jim Sliwa email@example.com 202-942-9297 American Society for Microbiology
Probiotic possibilities loom
Too much antibiotic can decimate the normal intestinal microbiota, which may never recover its former diversity. That, in turn, renders the GI tract vulnerable to being colonized by pathogens. Now researchers from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, and Centro Superior de Investigación en Salud Pública, Valencia, Spain, show that reintroducing normal microbial diversity largely eliminated vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) from the intestinal tracts of mice. The investigators showed further that the findings may apply to humans. The research is published in the March 2013 issue of the journal Infection and Immunity.
The reduced diversity of microbiota wrought by antibiotics "allow[s] VRE to invade and thrive in the intestine, suggesting that bacterial species that are wiped out by antibiotics are key to preventing colonization by VRE," says first author Carles Ubeda of the Centro Superior de Investigacion en Salud Publica, Valencia, Spain. "We hypothesized that repopulating the mice' intestines with the missing bacteria would promote clearance of the VRE."
In the study, the researchers treated mice with antibiotics. They then gave the mice fecal transplants from untreated mice, or aerobic or anaerobic cultures from the fecal transplants. Following the latter treatments, mice receiving the fecal transplant or the anaerobic culture were able to clear the VRE, while those receiving the aerobic culture failed to do so. The researchers compared the microbiota in each group. The big difference: the mice that had cleared the VRE contained bacteria from the anaerobic genus, Barnesiella, while those that had failed to clear the VRE did not.
The researchers then analyzed the fecal microbiota from human patients who had received bone marrow transplants, who were at high risk of being colonized by vancomycin-resistant enterococci. "The presence of Barnesiella in fecal samples was associated with protection against VRE, suggesting that in humans, Barnesiella may also confer protection against dense VRE colonization," says Ubeda.
"The findings could be very useful for development of novel probiotics," says Ubeda. Additionally, "scientifically, this is a major finding that will help us to understand how the microbiota confer resistance against intestinal colonization by pathogens, an important question that remains incompletely answered."
(C. Ubeda, V. Bucci, S. Caballero, et al. Intestinal microbiota containing Barnesiella species cures vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium colonization. Infect. Immun. 81:965-973)
Infection and Immunity is a publication of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). The ASM is the largest single life science society, composed of over 39,000 scientists and health professionals. Its mission is to advance the microbiological sciences as a vehicle for understanding life processes and to apply and communicate this knowledge for the improvement of health and environmental and economic well-being worldwide
Categories: Missed - Medical Breakthroughs


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This isn't the first time Kristen Simmons (not her real name) has stood before a judge in Philadelphia's criminal court. In the 26 years she's worked as a prostitute, she's been arrested 16 times and served four stints in jail.
Nothing has come easy for the 47-year-old (not pictured), who says she would "constantly relapse" when it came to her addiction to cocaine, crack, crystal meth-and life on the streets.
Still, Kristen radiates with pride when attorney Mary DeFusco, of the Defender Association of Philadelphia, tells her it's time to address the court. Clad in a plain, white T-shirt and denim skirt, she faces a tough-talking, no-nonsense Judge Lydia Kirkland, who says she has no problem sentencing repeat-offender prostitutes to SCI-Muncy, a women's prison in upstate Lycoming County, Pa. "There's no escaping Muncy," she'll say. "I'm going to make sure they have a jumpsuit your size."
But Kristen has good news to report: She's 10 months sober, off the streets and living in a residential facility. She volunteers on the community council at her treatment center. Soon, she says she wants to help women still zigzagging between turning tricks and copping highs on the street.
Instead of another jail sentence, Kristen receives a round of applause.
"Congratulations," says a smiling Kirkland as she eyeballs Kristen for a few seconds before nodding approvingly and adding, "You look so good."
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"Ms. [Simmons] is on Stage III of Project Dawn Court," DeFusco says, handing Kristen a certificate and giving her a tight hug. Everyone in the courtroom claps.
Project Dawn Court is Philadelphia's newest problem-solving court, designed for women with repeat prostitution offenses. The first of its kind in the country, it's modeled on the nationally lauded Philadelphia Treatment Court, established in 1997 to reduce both drug possession recidivism rates and the cost of jailing drug addicts by providing rehabilitative services under close court supervision.
Like Philly's Mental Health and Treatment problem-solving courts, the goal of Dawn's Court is three-fold: connect nonviolent repeat offenders with therapeutic and re-entry services; make the community safer by reducing recidivism of a particular crime; and lessen the financial burden of taxpayers paying to keep minor offenders in jail.
"In county prison, if you eliminate violent offenders, the second single largest block of women at the prison are in on prostitution and prostitution-related events," says DeFusco, who led the way getting Project Dawn Court rolling with the collaboration of many people at various agencies (The Defender's Association; District Attorney's Office; The Philadelphia Adult Probation and Parole Department). "The way the city budgets it, that's $95.90 a day per inmate." By DeFusco's estimate, the city wastes almost $10,000 a day housing prostitutes in jail-even more if the inmate has kids who must be placed in foster care. DeFusco calls this a no-brainer.
"The DAs don't want to see these women in jail. The judges don't want to see them in jail. They just want them to stop [prostitution]," says DeFusco. "[We] want them to get help, so they're able to stop because the women themselves want to stop."
Though prostitution is technically one of the lowest-rated crimes, offenders serve the highest percentage of their maximum sentence than any other type of inmate other than lifers. DeFusco says she's seen prostitutes serve 13 months of a 12-month maximum sentence. "It's completely crazy," she says.
DeFusco calls traditional criminal justice "one size fits all." And because 10 times as many men are in prison than women, that one size is "the male mode."
"Criminal justice has one view of these women. First it's like, 'Here's a nuisance crime, pay a fine and we'll make this case go away.' Then they found [the same women] keep coming back, so it's almost like they're saying, 'We don't mind you having sex for money, we mind you getting arrested for it,' because they just raise the fine."
DeFusco says "we've got to give [offenders] something other than the prison and the punishment that they have come to expect, because we know by now that prison does not work if we want to change behavior."
With so little formal research on the lives of street prostitutes in the U.S., DeFusco's a relative expert. Her perspective is culled from 28 years as a public defender, eight years working directly with prostitutes in municipal courts and lessons learned while helping establish and working with Treatment Court and Dawn's Place-a refuge for prostitutes she co-founded in 2008.
From those experiences, DeFusco has drawn two main conclusions that Project Dawn Court is designed to address.
The first: the "backward" assumption that prostitutes start out as drug addicts. In DeFusco's experience, the reverse is true.
But because the courts echo the cultural assumption, there was no intervention for women struggling to exit commercial sex work before Project Dawn Court. Instead, there was only fines, jail or drug rehab-which in DeFusco's view, is treating a symptom of the problem and not the problem itself.
DeFusco offers a telling example. She recalls a young girl just out of high school who she recruited for the program back in January. Without Project Dawn Court in place, the system did the only thing it knew to do.
"They sent her to a drug rehab," says DeFusco. "She didn't have a drug problem."
Before long, the girl fled the facility and slipped back into the ether.
"By the time we see her again, they'd know what to do with her," says DeFusco. "Because by then, she'll have a drug problem."
DeFusco says that mindset puts "the cart before the horse."
Project Dawn Court coordinator Laura Hokenson interviews women for the program, and confirms that this pattern is reflected in the records of candidates.
"A lot of women are going into prostitution without these substance abuse problems, then developing them, so usually we'll see possession of controlled substances [on their record] but usually later," she says. Of the 20 or so women Hokenson has interviewed so far, she says that's the case for all of them.
"You get women who got stoned in high school, but none that were full-blown addicts before they get into prostitution and that's what's crazy," says Hokenson, who says she was surprised by the discovery. "It becomes a whole convoluted cycle with the drugs. It's the only way of escaping the prostitution they then do to fund their drug habit."
Project Dawn Court is customized for each woman; her program is based on the results of the mandatory Forensic Intensive Recovery (FIR) evaluation-which determines treatment providers. Because the paperwork to order a FIR can take up to six weeks to process, women who enter the program sometimes sit in jail longer than they would have if they didn't join Project Dawn Court.
The program is rigorous. It requires a commitment to at least three months of in-house therapy and, as necessary, counseling for post-traumatic stress disorder, childhood sexual abuse, drug addiction, parenting classes, tutoring prep for the GED, job training and therapy specifically designed to address the repercussions of the commercial sex business.
"I don't want to say prostitutes anonymous, but they're specifically working on the exploitation," Hokenson says.
Once a woman enrolls in Project Dawn Court, her plea is held in abeyance while she undergoes the program. If a woman fails, she faces an escalating series of sanctions that can include writing an essay or sitting in the juror's box in a courtroom listening to prostitution cases all day. Messing up means slipping back to the beginning of that phase.
There are four phases to the program: the first lasts 30 days, the second lasts 90 days, and the third and fourth are 120 days each. At the successful completion of each phase, a woman receives a certificate and applause.
"For some of these women, it's the first round of applause they've ever had in their lives," says DeFusco.
Women usually live at a residential facility during Phases I and II. Then, like Kristen, they return home during III and IV. Throughout, they appear in court monthly to update Kirkland. If the woman fails out entirely-when the judge is sick of giving her chances-she goes to jail.
At graduation out of the program, possible after one solid year, their last case is formally dismissed with prejudice.
It's a system DeFusco refers to as "the carrot and the stick."
Today is Kristen's sixth appearance in the Project Dawn Court program. Her will has stayed strong since she signed up. After all, she learned about the program while sitting behind bars-then stayed an extra month just for the opportunity to get clean.
"I said you know what? I want to do it. I had no chance. I need the help." She adds: "I've been running from this thing for years, not wanting to look inside myself. I was scared to."
Of the dozen women enrolled so far, she's at the head of her class. [...]
For Kristen to start over, to resist the familiar rhythm of life in the street, she has to work hard. She says it's not just about staying off drugs; it's about dealing with all of it. She says she shares everything in therapy now, she doesn't hold back.
"I got a lot of guilt, you know?"
Though she's said that she split her parents' house and "never looked back," that's not entirely true.
Kristen's parents died a few years ago. She cries as she talks about them dying. She says though she was in jail at the time, she was able to say good-bye to her mother on the phone. She visited her father on his deathbed.
"I said, 'Daddy, I love you, I forgive you. I know it [the abuse] was the alcoholism.'"
He died the next day. "I feel like they waited for me," she says.
Kristen says she finally understands that she can't outrun the shame, no matter how many cars she hops in and out of, no matter how high she gets.
"My whole life, that's the only thing I knew, from the age of 14," she says. "You look for love in all the wrong places and you just get caught up."
Kristen says she needs to help others in order to feel important. She helped get her son off heroine. She dreams of teaching handicapped kids and looks forward to doing outreach next.
She wants very badly to break the cycle.
"I looked at myself and realized this ain't the life I want to live," she says. "I got a grandson … and I don't want to live that life no more."
Kristen's next appearance for Project Dawn Court is at the end of August. At that point, she'll have been working the program for 120 days, with 240 more go to become the first graduate.
"You can't ever give up on anybody," she says. "Because nobody gave up on me. And here I am … It's beyond my wildest dreams."
This article originally appeared (in longer form) at the Philadelphia Weekly. Republished with permission.
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|Revision History
|Revision 2.4.0
|Revised by: PBS
|Converted from LaTeX to DocBook along with some other additions and changes.
This document describes how to install, setup, and configure the necessary drivers and tools to support ATM networking under Linux.
For the latest information, please check the ATM on Linux home page.
This document is largely derived from the
Usage Instructions document that was included with the
ATM on Linux distribution up until version 0.79. That
previous document was written by Werner Almesberger
<email@example.com> while he was at the
Institute for computer Communications and Applications (ICA).
The section
Running Two ATM NICs Back-to-Back
was primarily written by Richard Jones
Copyright 2001 IBM Corporation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license can be found at http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html.
A large portion of this document is derived from the Usage Instructions included with the ATM on Linux distribution up to version 0.79 which was released under the BSD License, GNU General Public License (GPL), and GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).
There is also a mailing list on which to discuss ATM on Linux. If you have any comments, questions, suggestions, or would just like to get involved, please join the list. You can subscribe and unsubscribe to it at http://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/linux-atm-general.
The mailing list is archived at http://www.geocrawler.com/lists/3/SourceForge/6487/0/.
Users are encouraged to continue to use the releases instead of automatically assuming they should grab the latest version out of CVS. However, if you like living on the edge, here is how to do it.
First, log in anonymously:
% cvs -z6 -d:pserver:email@example.com.:/cvsroot/linux-atm co -r V2_5_0 linux-atm
After you have checked out the source tree, you will need to run the autotools script in the top level directory before you can configure, build, and install from that source tree:
# ./autotools Running aclocal... Running autoconf... Running autoheader... Running automake... automake: configure.in: installing `./install-sh' automake: configure.in: installing `./mkinstalldirs' automake: configure.in: installing `./missing' configure.in: 26: required file `./ltconfig' not found automake: Makefile.am: installing `./INSTALL' automake: configure.in: installing `src/lane/ylwrap' Finished... Now run './configure' and 'make'...
If you wish to create a tarred, gzipped distribution file or a RPM distribution file, run make dist or make rpm respectively. The tarred, gzipped file will be placed in the top level of the source tree and the RPM file will be placed in the src/extra/RPMS directory.
The CVS archive may also be browsed on the web at: http://cvs.linux-atm.sourceforge.net/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/linux-atm/linux-atm/.
Finally, if you would like to receive email including every diff that is committed to the repository as they go in, there is a mailing list called "linux-atm-commits": http://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/linux-atm-commits.
This mailing list should be treated as receive-only. NO discussion or questions are allowed (even of patches which are sent through that list). All discussion should be kept on the linux-atm-general mailing list.
In order to install this package, you'll need
the package itself from http://linux-atm.sourceforge.net/dist.php
the Linux kernel, version 2.4.x, e.g. from ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.4/
Perl, version 4 or 5
if you want memory debugging: MPR, e.g. from ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/devel/lang/c/
If you do not wish to futz with extracting and building the source yourself, the ATM tools are also distributed in RPM format. The RPM can be installed as follows:
First, extract the ATM on Linux distribution:
Documentation (including this HOWTO) in SGML DocBook format
UNI 3.0, UNI 3.1, and UNI 4.0 signaling demon: atmsigd
Signaling AAL library (SSCOP, SSCF, and SAAL)
Q.2931-style message handling
ILMI address registration demon: ilmid
ATM maintenance programs: atmaddr, atmdiag, atmdump, atmloop, atmtcp, enitune, esi, sonetdiag, saaldump, and zntune
Test programs: align, aping, aread, awrite, br, bw, isp, ttcp_atm, window
ATMARP tools and demon: atmarp, atmarpd
LAN Emulation demon: zeppelin
LAN Emulation servers: bus, lecs, les
Multi-Protocol Over ATM demon: mpcd
Debugging tools: delay, ed, encopy, endump, svctor, zndump, and znth
Libraries for applications and demons
Miscellaneous man pages
Extra packages and RPM spec files.
Configuration and rc file examples
Switch fabric control (under construction)
If you are not familiar with building and installing a new kernel, please see the The Linux Kernel HOWTO
After unpacking the kernel distribution, do the usual make config, make menuconfig, or make xconfig in the top-level of your Linux kernel source tree. First, enable
Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers (CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL)
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM, EXPERIMENTAL) (CONFIG_ATM) Use "new" skb structure (CONFIG_ATM_SKB) Classical IP over ATM (CONFIG_ATM_CLIP) Do NOT send ICMP if no neighbour (CONFIG_ATM_CLIP_NO_ICMP) LAN Emulation (LANE) support (CONFIG_ATM_LANE) Multi-Protocol Over ATM (MPOA) support (CONFIG_ATM_MPOA) ATM over TCP (CONFIG_ATM_TCP) Efficient Networks ENI155P (CONFIG_ATM_ENI) Enable extended debugging (CONFIG_ATM_ENI_DEBUG) Fine-tune burst settings (CONFIG_ATM_ENI_TUNE_BURST) Enable 16W TX bursts (discouraged) (CONFIG_ATM_ENI_BURST_TX_16W) Enable 8W TX bursts (recommended) (CONFIG_ATM_ENI_BURST_TX_8W) Enable 4W TX bursts (optional) (CONFIG_ATM_ENI_BURST_TX_4W) Enable 2W TX bursts (optional) (CONFIG_ATM_ENI_BURST_TX_2W) Enable 16W RX bursts (discouraged) (CONFIG_ATM_ENI_BURST_RX_16W) Enable 8W RX bursts (discouraged) (CONFIG_ATM_ENI_BURST_RX_8W) Enable 4W RX bursts (recommended) (CONFIG_ATM_ENI_BURST_RX_4W) Enable 2W RX bursts (optional) (CONFIG_ATM_ENI_BURST_RX_2W) ZeitNet ZN1221/ZN1225 (CONFIG_ATM_ZATM) Enable extended debugging (CONFIG_ATM_ZATM_DEBUG) Enable usec resolution timestamps (CONFIG_ATM_ZATM_EXACT_TS) IDT 77201 (NICStAR) (CONFIG_ATM_NICSTAR) Use suni PHY driver (155Mbps) (CONFIG_ATM_NICSTAR_USE_SUNI) Use IDT77015 PHY driver (25Mbps) (CONFIG_ATM_NICSTAR_USE_IDT77105) Madge Ambassador (Collage PCI 155 Server) (CONFIG_ATM_AMBASSADOR) Enable debugging messages (CONFIG_ATM_AMBASSADOR_DEBUG) Madge Horizon [Ultra] (Collage PCI 25 and Collage PCI 155 Client) Enable debugging messages (CONFIG_ATM_HORIZON_DEBUG) Interphase ATM PCI x575/x525/x531 (CONFIG_ATM_IA) Enable debugging messages (CONFIG_ATM_IA_DEBUG)
The burst settings of the ENI driver can be fine-tuned. This may be necessary if the default settings lead to buffer overruns in the PCI chipset. See the on-line help on "CONFIG_ATM_ENI_TUNE_BURST" for a detailed discussion of the implications of changing the burst settings.
Note that the file drivers/atm/nicstar.h contains a few configurable settings for the IDT 77201 driver.
Some drivers can also be used with certain compatible cards. The latest information about compatible cards can be found at ATM on Linux information page.
Then build your kernel and reboot.
If you've configured the ENI155p-MF driver, you should see two lines like these (512kB for the -C version, 2048kB for the -S version.):
If you've configured the ZN1221/ZN1225 driver, you will get something like:
zatm(itf 0): rev.3,base=0xf800,irq=11,mem=128kB,MMF (00-20-D4-10-2A-80) zatm(itf 0): uPD98401 0.5 at 30.024 MHz zatm(itf 0): 16 shapers, 32 pools, 2048 RX, 3958 VCs
Note that if you've configured only the ATM over TCP driver, there are no messages at startup, because ATM over TCP devices are created later using the atmtcp command.
If you want to enable debugging for options for memory allocations, you need to install MPR before compiling the ATM tools.
If you chose to download the binary RPM package, you can install MPR like so:
If you chose to download the source, extract mpr-x.x.tar.gz like so:
Detection of some general mis-use of
malloc and
free is
automatically performed if the program was compiled with MPR present.
Tracing of allocations is enabled by setting
MPRPC and
See doc/mpr.html or doc/mpr.ps in the
MPR distribution for details.
Only little run-time overhead is incurred if memory debugging is included, but those environment variables are not set.
Now, as the final step, configure and build the ATM tools. Configuration is only necessary if your switch uses UNI 3.1 or 4.0, or if it has certain bugs. The configuration options selected by passing the appropriate options to the ./configure script in the linux-atm distribution.
Issue ./configure --help from the top-level directory of the linux-atm distribution to view all possible options.
The ATM tools are built with the following commands:
Some programs are based on large packages that are already distributed outside of the ATM context. For some packages, patches are contained in the ATM on Linux distribution. They are contained in the src/extra directory of the ATM on Linux distribution.
Currently, the following extra packages are available:
dumps network traffic (enhanced for ATM)
ATM name server (based on named 4.9.5)
Note that text2atm automatically uses ANS if available, so ans only needs to be installed on systems providing name server functionality or if ATM-aware maintenance tools nslookup, etc.) are needed.
A script hosts2ans.pl to convert a /etc/hosts.atm file to ANS zone files are provided in the src/extra/ANS/ directory. Its use is described at the beginning of the file.
This section describes device-specific configuration operations, and general diagnostic procedures at the ATM or SONET level. Please see the adapter documentation for details on hardware installation and diagnosis.
If you have no real ATM hardware, you can still exercise the API by using the ATM over TCP ``driver''. It emulates ATM devices which are directly wired to remote devices (i.e. there is no VPI/VCI swapping).
To establish one (bidirectional) ``wire'', become root on both systems (or run both sides on the same system to create two connected ``interfaces'') and run the following command on one of them (let's call it ``a''):
Both atmtcps will report on their progress and the kernel should display messages like:
Multiple ``wires'' can be attached to the same machine by specifying a port number (default is 2812). Note that no AAL processing is performed. It is therefore not possible to receive data using a different AAL (e.g. AAL0) than the one with which the data was sent.
The ZeitNet ZN1221 and ZN1225 adapters use pre-allocated pools of free memory buffers for receiving. Whenever a VC with a certain maximum SDU size is opened for receiving, the corresponding pool is filled with free buffers by the device driver. The adapter removes buffers while it receives data. When the number of remaining buffers falls below a certain threshold, the device driver replenishes the pool again.
The lower and the upper limits for the number of free buffers, and the threshold for adapting to a new data offset (see below for details), can be set using the zntune program. Usage:
zntune [-l low_water] [-h high_water] [-t threshold] itf [pool]The changes are applied to all pools if no pool number is specified. Pool 2 stores 64 bytes packets, pool 3 stores 128 bytes packets, etc. Pools 0 and 1 are currently unused.
The current settings and some usage statistics can be obtained by invoking zntune without specifying new parameters:
zntune [-z] itf [pool]
The ``Size'' column shows the buffer size in Bytes. The ``Ref'' column shows the number of open VCs using that pool. The ``Alarm'' column shows how many times the number of free buffers has fallen below the low-water mark since the counters were reset. Similarly, the ``Under'' column shows how many times an incoming PDU had to be discarded because the corresponding pool was empty.
The columns ``Offs'', ``NxOf'', ``Count'' and ``Thres'' show the alignment adaption status. ``Offs'' is the offset of user data the driver currently expects in incoming PDUs. For single-copy, receive buffers are aligned accordingly so that data is received at page boundaries. ``NxOf'' is the user data offset of the most recently received PDU, where the offset differs from the currently assumed offset. ``Count'' is the number of PDUs that have been received in sequence with an offset of ``NxOf''. Finally, ``Thres'' is the threshold value ``Count'' has to reach for ``NxOf'' to become the new current offset.
Use the
-z option to reset the ``Alarm''
and ``Under'' counters.
Some status information about the ATM subsystem can be obtained through files in /proc/net/atm/. The file /proc/net/atm/arp contains information specific to Classical IP over ATM, see section CLIP.
All active ATM devices are listed in /proc/net/atm/devices. For each device, the interface number, the type label, the end system identifier (ESI), and statistics are shown. The statistics correspond to the ones available via atmdiag.
Individual ATM devices may register entries of the form type:number (e.g. eni:0) which contain device-specific information.
The files /proc/net/atm/pvc and /proc/net/atm/svc list all PVC and SVC sockets. For both types of sockets, the interface, VPI and VCI numbers are shown. For PVCs, this is followed by the AAL and the traffic class and the selected PCR for the receive and the transmit direction. For SVCs, the SVC state and the address of the remote party are shown. SVCs with the interface number 999 are used for special control purposes as indicated in the ``State'' column.
Furthermore, /proc/net/atm/vc shows buffer sizes and additional internal information for all ATM sockets.
Various counters of the ATM device drivers can be queried with the atmdiag program. See the corresponding man page for details.
The SONET diagnostics tool can be used to monitor link performance and to simulate errors. In order to get current SONET statistics, run it with the ATM interface number as the argument, e.g.
The counters can be reset with the
The following network failures can be simulated:[1]
insert section errors (B1)
insert line errors (B2)
insert path errors (B3)
force (RX) frame loss
insert loss of signal
insert line alarm indication signal
insert path alarm indication signal
insert header checksum errors
A failure is enabled by adding the corresponding keyword on the command line. The failure is cleared by prefixing the keyword with a minus sign, e.g.
a# sonetdiag -z 0 >/dev/null b# sonetdiag -z 0 >/dev/null a# sonetdiag 0 los a# sonetdiag 0 -los b# sonetdiag 0 | grep BIP Section BIP errors: 56200 Line BIP errors: 342 Path BIP errors: 152 a# sonetdiag 0 | grep FEBE Line FEBE: 342 Path FEBE: 152
If any diagnostic error insertions are active, their keywords are shown when sonetdiag is used to obtain statistics. Note that some error insertions may be automatically switched off by the hardware.
PVCs can be used for machines that are either connected back to back or via a switch. In the latter case, the cell forwarding has to be manually set up at the switch.
aread/awrite and br/bw are simple programs to access the ATM API. awrite sends the text string passed as its second argument in an AAL5 PDU. aread receives one AAL5 PDU and displays it in hex. Both programs also display the return values of the corresponding system calls and the current values of errno.
bw either sends its standard input or a stream of blocks containing arbitrary data (if a number is passed as its fourth argument) in 8 kB AAL5 PDUs. br receives AAL5 PDUs and writes them to standard output.
The first argument of aread, awrite, br and bw is always the PVC address, i.e. the ATM interface number, the VPI and the VCI number, with a dot between elements. The interface number can be omitted if it is zero. Example:
Note that some adapters only support VPI == 0. Also, the VCI range may be limited, e.g 0 to 1023. The interface number can be obtained from the initialization message the driver printed during startup. atm0 is interface 0, atm1 is interface 1, etc. If the system is equipped with a real ATM adapter (e.g. not only atmtcp), that adapter is normally at atm0.
aping receives and sends small AAL5 PDUs on a PVC. It expects that messages it sends are either echoed back or that a similar program on the other side generates a stream of messages. aping reports an error if no messages are received for too long. aping is invoked by specifying the PVC, like aread.
For "real" tests, you should use the modified version of ttcp that comes with this package. The original is available at ftp://ftp.sgi.com/sgi/src/ttcp/. The following options have been added:
use native ATM instead of UDP/TCP. The address must be in
the format
for PVCs, or a
valid ATM end system address for SVCs.
-P num
use a CBR connection with a peak cell rate of num cells per second. Default is to use UBR.
disable (UDP) checksums
On adapters where the device driver supports access to raw cells (``AAL0''), individual cells can be composed and received with the atmdump program. Here is an example:
Because ATM addresses are inconvenient to use, most ATM tools also accept names instead of numeric addresses. The mapping between names and numbers is defined in the file /etc/hosts.atm. The structure of this file is similar to the /etc/hosts file:
47.0005.80FFE1000000F21A26D8.0020EA000EE0.00 pc2-a.fqdn pc2-a 47.0005.80FFE1000000F21A26D8.0020D4102A80.00 pc3-a.fqdn pc3-a
The numeric address can be specified in any of the formats described
in [api].
The numeric address(es) of a Linux system can be
determined with the command atmaddr
(see also section
Manual Address Configuration).
Many ATM tools also attempt to find the corresponding name when displaying an address. When translating from the numeric form to a name, the first applicable name in the file is used.
In addition to ATM addresses for SVCs, also PVC addresses can be stored in /etc/hosts.atm. If different address types are stored under the same name, the first suitable one will be chosen, i.e. if an application explicitly requests only SVC addresses, any PVC addresses will be ignored.
If you have access to the ATM Name Service (ANS, e.g because you've installed the ANS extension), you can use it instead of or in addition to the hosts file by specifying the host that runs ANS in the /etc/resolv.conf file.
For performing reverse lookups of E.164 addresses, the list of telephony country codes needs to be known. That list can be obtained from the International Telecommunications Union. The List of ITU-T Recommendation E.164 Assigned Country Codes is currently available in PDF and Word document formats.
Should the URL become out of date, the document should easily be found by searching for the document's title at the ITU web site.
The script src/lib/pdf2e164_cc.pl in the atm-linux distribution can be used to create the E.164 county codes table with the PDF version of the country code list, e.g.pdftotext needs to be available in order to run the script above. It can be obtained with xpdf.
Man pages: atmsigd(8) atmsigd.conf(4)
Note that atmsigd's support for point-to-multipoint is very limited: only operation as a single leaf of a point-to-multipoint tree works.
By default, atmsigd is configured to conform to
dynamically configure the UNI version. It can be
compiled for UNI 3.0, 3.1, or 4.0 specifically by passing the
--with-uni=VERSION to the
./configure script in the top-level directory of the
linux-atm source distribution.
Note that atmsigd is configured to be paranoid. If it detects unusual problems, it frequently terminates. This will (obviously) change in the future.
atmsigd also looks for a configuration file at the
location specified
with the
-c option.
The default location is /usr/local/etc/atmsigd.conf.
ILMI provides a mechanism for automatic address configuration. If there is no switch or if the switch doesn't support ILMI, the ATM addresses must be configured manually (see section Manual Address Configuration). Note that the ILMI demon should not be used on interfaces where addresses are manually configured.
The ILMI demon is started as follows:
ilmid [-b] [-d] [-i local_ip] [-l log_file] [-q qos] [-u uni_version] [-v] [-x] [itf]
background. Run in a forked child process after initializing.
enables debugging output. By default, ilmid is very quiet.
-i local_ip
IP address to tell switch when asked for one. Can be in either dotted decimal or textual format. By default, ilmid uses some heuristics to select a local IP address.
-l logfile
write diagnostic messages to the specified
file instead of to standard error.
The special name
syslog is
used to send diagnostics to the system logger.
-q qos
configures the ILMI VC to use the specified quality of service. By default, UBR at link speed is used on the ILMI VC.
-u uni_version
set UNI version. Possible values are
3.1, and
4.0. The dot can be omitted. The default
value depends on how ilmid was compiled.
Typically, it is
enables extensive debugging output.
disable inclusion of variable bindings in the ColdstartTrap. Some switches (e.g. the LS100) only work if this option is set.
If no interface number is specified, ilmid serves interface 0. You can check whether address registration was successful with the atmaddr command (see below).
The agent supports only the address registration procedures specified in section 5.8 of the ATM Forum's UNI 3.1 specification. These procedures involve the switch registering the network prefix on the host and the host registering the final ATM address back on the switch. The host accomplishes this by appending an ESI (End System Identifier) and a null selector byte to the network prefix registered by the switch. The ESI is the physical or MAC address of the ATM interface.
If your switch doesn't support ILMI, you have to set the ATM address manually on the switch and on the PC(s). On the Linux side, make sure that ilmid doesn't interfere, then use the atmaddr command to set the address(es).
Man pages: atmaddr(8)
Manual configuration of ATM addresses on the switch depends on the brand. On a Fore ASX-200, it can be done with the following command:
conf nsap route new 47000580ffe1000000f21510650020ea000ee000 152 1a2 0 |<---- NSAP prefix ----->||<--ESI--->|^^ SEL
The entire NSAP address always has to have a length of 40 digits. Note that you can also use addresses with a different prefix and an ESI that doesn't correspond to any ESI your adapters have. The value of the selector byte (SEL) is ignored.
It is also possible to run with two ATM NICs connected back-to-back, and no switch in between. This is great for simple test environments.
First, if you're using UTP or STP-5, you need a suitable cable. Our experience with standard 100Base-T back-to-back cables was not good. It appears that the pin-out they use is different. After some false starts, we found that the following cable works:
RJ45 RJ45 1 ------------ 7 2 ------------ 8 7 ------------ 1 8 ------------ 2 Pins 3, 4, 5, 6 unconnected.
RJ45-1 1 - Brown 2 - White/Brown 3 - Unconnected 4 - Unconnected 5 - Unconnected 6 - Unconnected 7 - Orange 8 - White/Orange
RJ45-2 1 - Orange 2 - White/Orange 3 - Unconnected 4 - Unconnected 5 - Unconnected 6 - Unconnected 7 - Brown 8 - White/Brown
You can also make up a loopback cable with 1 -- 7 and 2 -- 8 connected for ultra-cheap setups.
Here we have two machines called ``virgil'' and ``nestor''. Substitute your own names as necessary.
One side of the ATM connection needs to use the network version of atmsigd and the other side should use the normal user version. So here on nestor we start atmsigd with:
Without a switch, you won't be able to use ILMI. Instead, create a /etc/hosts.atm file containing two dummy addresses. Our ATM hosts file contains:
47.0005.80FFE1000000F21A26D8.0020EA000EE0.00 nestor-atm 47.0005.80FFE1000000F21A26D8.0020D4102A80.00 virgil-atm
These are completely spurious addresses, of course, but as long as you're not connected to a public or private ATM network, I don't think it matters. To set the address correctly in the driver, we use:atmarpd on both machines in the normal way. Now you (should) have a working ATM set-up. To get IP over ATM working, just follow the instructions in section IP Over ATM.
The Q.2931 message compiler also generates a pretty-printer for Q.2931 messages. The executable is called q.dump is stored in the src/qgen directory. Note that it is not copied elsewhere by make install.
q.dump expects a sequence of whitespace-separated hex bytes at standard input and outputs the message structure if the message can be parsed. Example:
% echo 09 03 80 00 05 5A 80 00 06 08 80 00 02 81 83 00 48 \ 00 00 08 | ./q.dump _pdsc = 9 "Q.2931 user-network call/connection control message" _cr_len = 3 call_ref = 8388613 (0x800005) msg_type = 0x5a "RELEASE COMPLETE" _ext = 1 _flag = 0 "instruction field not significant" _action_ind = 0 "clear call" msg_len = 6 (0x6) _ie_id = 0x08 "Cause" _ext = 1 cause_cs = 0 "ITU-T standardized" _flag = 0 "instruction field not significant" _action_ind = 0 "clear call" _ie_len = 2 (0x2) _ext = 1 location = 1 "private network serving the local user" _ext = 1 cause = 3 "no route to destination"
IP over ATM is supported with Classical IP over ATM (CLIP, defined in RFC1577 [RFC1577], LAN Emulation (LANE, defined in [lanev1] and [lanev2]) and Multi-Protocol Over ATM (MPOA, client only, defined in [mpoav1]).
A demon process is used to generate and answer ARP queries. The actual kernel part maintains a small lookup table only containing partial information.
Man pages: atmarpd(8), atmarp(8)
atmsigd and ilmid
must already be running when atmarpd is
started. Use the
option to make sure they're properly synchronized,
The atmarp program is used to configure ATMARP. First, you have to start atmsigd, ilmid, and atmarpd, then create an IP interface and configure it:
If only PVCs will be used, they can now be created with a command like
NULL encapsulation is used if the
keyword is specified.
Note that ARP requires LLC/SNAP encapsulation. NULL encapsulation can
therefore only be used for PVCs.
When using SVCs, some additional configuration work may be necessary. If the
machine is acting as the ATMARP server on that LIS, no additional
configuration is required. Otherwise, the ATM address of the ATMARP
server has to be configured. This is done by creating an entry for the
network address with the option
set, e.g.
Note that the ATMARP server currently has to be started and configured before any clients are configured.
The kernel ATMARP table can be read via \path{/proc/net/atm/arp}. The table
used by atmarpd
is regularly printed on standard error if atmarpd
is started with the
-d option.
If atmarpd is invoked without
-d, the table is written to the file
atmarpd.table in the dump
directory (by default /var/run; can be
changed with
-D), and
it can be read with atmarp -a.
Besides Classical IP over ATM, LAN Emulation (LANE) can be used to carry IP over ATM. LANE emulates the characteristics of legacy LAN technology, such as support for broadcasts. LANE server support is described in the src/lane/USAGE file in the linux-atm distribution.
Man pages: bus(8), lecs(8), les(8), and zeppelin(8)
If you plan to run more than one LANE clients, LANE service or LANE clients and LANE service, you need to specify different local ATM addresses for each demon. Since all the LANE demons use similar service access points (SAPs) they need different ATM addresses to differentiate between connections.
Just as with CLIP, the LANE client consists of two parts: a demon process called zeppelin which takes care of the LANE protocol and kernel part which contains LANE ARP cache.
atmsigd and ilmid must already be running when zeppelin is started. When zeppelin starts, the kernel creates a new interface which can then be configured:
In the example below, two LANE clients are started. The first client
uses default interface lec0,
default listen address and tries to
join the default ELAN. The other LANE client gets interface
assigned to it, binds to local address
mybox3, tries to join
ELAN called
and will bridge packets between ELAN and
Ethernet segments. Address
is defined in
/etc/hosts.atm. Rest of the bridging can be configured
by reading the Bridging mini-HOWTO. [bridge-howto]
# zeppelin & # ifconfig lec0 10.1.1.42 netmask 255.255.255.0 \ broadcast 10.1.1.255 up # # zeppelin -i 2 -l mybox3 -n myelan -p & # ifconfig lec2 10.1.2.42 netmask 255.255.255.0 \ broadcast 10.1.2.255 up
By default, zeppelin uses interface lec0, binds to local ATM address using selector byte value 0, tries to contact LECS using Well-Known LECS address, joins the default ELAN as defined by the LECS, accepts the MTU size as defined by the LES and will not act as an proxy LEC. These parameters can be tailored with command line options which are defined in zeppelin(8).
zeppelin will automatically join any ELANs which use higher MTU than the default MTU of 1516 bytes. The MTU of the LANE interface will adjust itself according to the MTU of the current ELAN.
The state of the LANE ARP cache entries can be monitored through /proc/net/atm/lec. For each entry the MAC and ATM addresses and status is listed. If the entry has an active connection, the connection identifiers are also listed.
The LANE service ( lecs(8), les(8), and bus(8)) is configured using configuration files. The configuration file syntax is listed on the respective manual pages.
A more detailed description of Linux LANE services is discussed in Marko Kiiskil�'s Master's Thesis [kiis].
The Linux MPOA client continues the tradition of user space -- kernel divided ATM services. The demon process called mpcd processes MPOA control packets while the kernel holds MPOA ingress and egress caches and does the packet forwarding.
Man page: mpcd(8)
atmsigd and ilmid must already be running when mpcd is started. Since MPOA detects IP layer flows from LANE traffic, you need to have zeppelin running before MPOA can function. However, the order in which zeppelin and mpcd is started is not fixed. You can kill any of the demons at your will and restart it later without need to restart the other demon. The easiest way to disable MPOA is to kill the running mpcd.
Below is the example from Section LAN Emulation which starts two LANE clients. The configuration has been augmented with two MPOA clients which the LANE clients will serve.
# zeppelin & # ifconfig lec0 10.1.1.42 netmask 255.255.255.0 \ broadcast 10.1.1.255 up # mpcd -s mybox1 -l mybox2 & # # zeppelin -i 2 -l mybox3 -n myelan -p & # ifconfig lec2 10.1.2.42 netmask 255.255.255.0 \ broadcast 10.1.2.255 up # mpcd -i 2 -s mybox4 -l mybox5 &
The MPOA demon needs two different local ATM addresses which it uses when initiating and receiving data and control connections. The addresses can be the same as with e.g. zeppelin but must be different among other mpcd demons. By default, mpcd does not retrieve configuration information from the LECS. The necessary command line options and an example of using LECS are shown on the mpcd manual page. The manual page also lists the rest of the available options.
The contents of MPOA ingress and egress caches can be monitored through the /proc/net/atm/mpc file.
The Linux MPOA client also supports CBR traffic class for shortcuts SVCs instead of default UBR. The QoS specifications for future shortcuts can be set and modified using /proc/net/atm/mpc.
# echo add 126.96.36.199 tx=80000,1600 rx=tx > /proc/net/atm/mpc # # generate enough traffic to trigger a shortcut # cat /proc/net/atm/mpc QoS entries for shortcuts: IP address TX:max_pcr pcr min_pcr max_cdv max_sdu RX:max_pcr pcr min_pcr max_cdv max_sdu 18.104.22.168 80000 0 0 0 1600 80000 0 0 0 1600 Interface 2: Ingress Entries: IP address State Holding time Packets fwded VPI VCI 188.8.131.52 invalid 1160 0 188.8.131.52 resolved 542 151 0 109 ...
was established with
the parameters shown above. There also exist patches which extend the
flow detection to fully support layer 4 flows. The layer 4 flows are
expressed as a 5 tuple (proto, local addr, local port, remote addr,
remote port) and they identify application to application flows. If
you are interested, see
for the latest
[api] Linux ATM API, Werner Almesberger, http://linux-atm.sourceforge.net/API/ , July 1996.
[bridge-howto] Bridging mini-Howto, Christopher Cole, http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/mini/Bridge.html , March, 2001.
[kiis] Implementation of LAN Emulation Over ATM in Linux, Marko Kiiskil�, ftp://sunsite.tut.fi/pub/Local/linux-atm/misc/ , October 1996.
Some adapters may only support a subset of this.


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text:
Last week, Net Applications released their monthly numbers on OS and browser usage. According to their methodology of surveying some "40,000 sites," the Mac platform is at 6.21 percent. Today, Gregg Keizer writes for Computerworld about a second Internet metrics firm confirming an apparent trend in web browsing.
"The amazing story since last summer has been how well the Mac is doing," said Geoff Johnston, an analyst at WebSideStory Inc. in San Diego. "For the longest time, Mac hung around 3% of the operating systems using the Web. But it picked up around last summer, and has nearly doubled its market share."
This "web share" of 6 percent would be approximately double the actual market share of the Mac, which makes for interesting discussion on why the surge began last year and the difference between web share and market share today. Regarding the surge, it's likely the transition to Intel CPUs can be credited. The last major consumer Mac, the MacBook, was released in May of 2006, and the transition was complete by August.
The issue of the higher web share is more complex. A recent report from Forrester Research, "Social Technographics," shows greater participation by Mac users in content creation and social interaction using the Internet, which might be described less charitably as wasting time. Either way, increased usage of the Mac platform in conjunction with the Internet means something.
"When you see Mac, or any browser, like Firefox, moving past 5%, you just can't turn them away," said Johnston. Web site designers and Web application developers, he said, had better pay attention to the Mac.
It looks like the platform wars, though lost in 1995, may have simply shifted platforms to the Internet. While greater web site compatibility is an unequivocal positive for Mac users, it remains to be seen whether Apple can turn increased web share into more market share in the future. One idea might be to increase Mac sales by creating a companion device, a very small, portable tool for accessing the Internet wirelessly, but that also played music and videos, even ran OS X—I've got it!
The UMPC Mac: because it worked so well for Microsoft.


text:
When we first see Lisbeth Salander (Noomi Rapace) in The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet's Nest, the final adaptation of Stieg Larsson's "Millennium" trilogy, she is being transported to a hospital in Gothenburg, bloodied almost beyond recognition, the result of a bullet put in her brain by Zalachenko, her barbaric father, at the very end of Part II, The Girl Who Played With Fire. Her pummeled, gore-covered body was a recurring image in Hornet's Nest predecessors, particularly the first, The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo, which seemed to get more sick kicks out of depicting the sexual and physical violence done to Lisbeth by the Men Who Hate Women (Larsson's indelible original title for Dragon Tattoo) than condemning it. Hornet's Nest quickly dispenses with the obligatory scenes of its tiny heroine's traumatized body, including extreme close-ups of a small rectangle being cut out from her noggin on the operating table. Its bloated running time is filled up instead by a convoluted procedural whose plot hinges on the opening and closing of MacBooks, and an abundance of indistinguishable old and middle-aged evil, pale patriarchs in ties and sweater vests.
As in Played With Fire, which, like this film, was directed by Daniel Alfredson, the heroes of the trilogy—bi computer hacker Lisbeth and her infatuated savior, Mikael Blomkvist (Michael Nyqvist), co-editor of the muckraking Millennium journal—are apart for almost all of Hornet's Nest's 148 minutes. Lisbeth recovers in her hospital room, where she narrowly escapes being killed by the First Sinister Old White Man, before resuming friendly chats with her benevolent doctor ("It's understandable that you're tired") and makeshift strength training with a surgical glove. Once better, she's remanded to a prison cell in Stockholm, awaiting trial for attempting to murder Zalachenko; Lisbeth and her attorney, Annika (Annika Hallin), Mikael's sister, will plead self-defense. And Mikael will insist to the three other people on Millennium's masthead, when they aren't deciding what kind of sushi to order for lunch, that they print the latest issue—which will uncover the vast conspiracy that led to Lisbeth's repeated abuse by the state—before the judges hear her case.
That malevolent network, called "the Section"—a rogue group of politicians, law enforcers, and psychiatrists formed 30-plus years ago, dedicated to protecting Soviet defector Zalachenko—committed Lisbeth to a mental institution at age 12 and would now like to return her there for good so that they can continue raping, sex-trafficking, and consuming child pornography with impunity. "It's like a classic Greek tragedy," someone not wearing a sweater vest says about the increasingly implausible plot threads (which also includes Lisbeth's jumbo half-brother, still at large and out for blood, and Serbian assassin brothers).
Those who have been stirred by Lisbeth's wrath and wiry might in the past will this time have to settle for a few minutes of her doing calisthenics while in stir, a bit of nastiness with a nail gun, and her biggest fuck-you to Scandi propriety: dressing in full leather fetish wear with Aqua-Netted mohawk and Clockwork Orange–inspired eye makeup during her trial. Limited to the facial expressions of perma-hate throughout the trilogy, Rapace has given her chiseled cheeks and coal-black eyes, burning with the intensity of a million midnight's suns, a thorough workout. (If The Social Network's Rooney Mara, who will play Lisbeth in David Fincher's Dragon Tattoo remake, can't scowl as effectively, she at least comes with brand recognition: The Girl Who Inadvertently Inspired Facebook.)
Having never read a page of Larsson's books, I can make no claims to Hornet's Nest's fealty to its original source. But, like the first two Millennium movies, this final installment feels thoughtlessly put together, its script unpruned and rushed through, all to capitalize on the staggering worldwide popularity of its dead author. "We have not been able to process all this new information," the judge overseeing Lisbeth's case says after Annika lays out the Section's evils. Maybe she's speaking on the filmmakers' behalf.


text:
Aaron Bunch
(Australian Associated Press)
A Kingswood and a Monaro are among five classic Holden car models depicted on a new series of Australia Post stamps.
Motoring enthusiasts are expected to race into post offices to buy the series, which will also feature the 2006 Holden VE Commodore SS V.
The stamps take a nostalgic look back at Holden cars, which have been loved by many Australians for generations, Australia Post manager Nicole Sheffield said on Monday.
"Through our stamp releases, we're in a unique position to highlight and honour important Australian icons," she said.
"This stamp issue recognises the incredible impact that Holden had on the Australian cultural fabric."
Depictions of the 1948 Holden 48-215 sedan, the 1963 Holden EH Premier, the fast and flashy 1968 Holden HK Monaro GTS 327 and the 1971 Holden HQ Kingswood Ute are also included in the series.
Holden made about 7.6 million vehicles for Australia and the world over more than 70 years following the launch of "Australia's Own Car" in 1948.
About 1.6 million Holdens remain on roads across the country.
The five $1.10 stamps are available from Monday along with additional postage products, including a first-day cover and stamp pack.
Medallion covers will be available from April.


text:
I was a bit too quick on my praise of Niedersachsen's CDU education minister Aygül Özkan. She's backtracking under intense pressure from her own (Christian Democrat) party.
Niedersachsen's new minister for education, Muslim Ayguel Özkan, calls for crucifixes to be taken away from classrooms, where female teachers are barred from wearing the veil. At least she's coherent, more than one can say about her CDU party comrades.
Neo-con Weekly Standard takes a stand against the right of schoolgirls to wear hijab.Funny that: neo-cons usually argue, both at home and abroad, in favor of religious freedom.
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