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9 Nov 2010
Can Totnes and District House Itself? The potential of local building materials to build resilience
Here is a section from my recently completed thesis, which is available here, which looks at the potential of local building materials in the relocalisation process.
"The process of building with bales includes the possibility of making a profound change in the fabric of human societies around the world. In fact this vision is not exclusively a matter of straw bales: the questions we are trying to pose…. are basic: how do we build, and how does that process occur in relation to the community and to the life around us? Straw bales happen to be the material that has inspired many to look at the process of building in a different light". (Steen et al.1994: xvi).
In the same way the local food movement shifts its focus from out-of-season, long supply chain, high embodied energy foods towards more locally sourced, low impact foods rooted in the local region or 'foodshed' (Kloppenberg et al. 1996), an emerging branch of architecture and construction examine similar transitions with building materials. The 'natural building movement' (e.g. Kennedy et al. 2001, Kennedy 2004, Woolley 2006, Broome 2007, Bevan & Woolley 2008, Jones 2009) argues that an architecture based predominantly on local materials is the most appropriate for a lower-energy context. Seyfang (2009) noted the evolution of the natural building movement from the ideas of Schumacher's (1974) concept of 'appropriate technology', through to the Vales' (Vale & Vale 1975) concept of the 'Autonomous House', to Pearson's (1989) term the 'natural house'.
She observed how, given the need for reductions in carbon emissions from buildings (around 50% of total emissions), there is a need to go beyond focusing solely on energy efficiency and building performance, and to look at the materials and techniques developed/rediscovered by the natural building movement to scale up. However, she noted "fundamentally different discourses, practices and governance of sustainability between the mainstream system of housing provision and green builders" (Seyfang 2009a:1), adding that "the challenge therefore is to better understand and therefore harness the creative energies of community-led solutions and adapt them for wider mainstream setting" (ibid).
The concept of using local building materials in a modern context is not novel. Seyfang (ibid.:3) wrote that "there has been a resurgence in traditional building materials which could be locally sourced from renewable or recycled materials such as strawbale, wool, cob (mud and straw mixtures), reed and thatch, as well as alternative formulations of concrete-using natural materials such as 'papercrete' and 'hempcrete'", due in part to an emerging recognition of the potential of such materials to lock up carbon, rather than to emit it (see Figure 5.7). A number of architects working in the developing world now argue that the use of local building materials offers the advantage of sustainable materials which produce healthier buildings while also strengthening the local economy. One of these is award-winning German architect Anna Heringer who has worked in Bangladesh to build a school, predominantly from earth and bamboo (Ashraf 2007:114).
Some commercial projects in the UK that feature local materials are already underway. The first Council houses built using straw bale construction, by North Kesteven District Council, are soon to be completed (Shah 2009), two Council houses were built by the Suffolk Housing Society in 2002 using hemp and lime construction (Clarke 2002) and a new school in Newquay, Cornwall, is to be built from cob (Yeoman & Taylor 2006). The challenge though, is that although these building techniques and materials have undeniable advantages in terms of embodied energy and healthy building, what is lacking, according to Seyfang (2009a:8) is "scaling up the existing small-scale, one-off housing projects to industrial mass production". Also, most of the techniques require intense manual labour and tend to be built on one-off cheap rural sites rather than in urban development contexts. What is required, as Seyfang put it, is the natural building niche "adapting itself to resemble the regime" (Seyfang 2009a:8). This is starting to emerge with examples including prefabricated straw bale panels (MacKeown 2008), offsite construction (Sassi 2008) and hemp/lime construction (Bevan & Woolley 2008), although they still have some way to go before becoming a feature of mainstream construction. It is instructive to note, from the oral history interviews, how the shift from traditional natural building materials to modern industrial materials did not necessarily bring the benefits that it was hoped they would (see Text Box 5.8.).
Alan recalls his grandmother, with whom he and his mother lived, keenly moving out of an old house that was a converted cider press. "She just wanted modern. She wanted electric fires, electric cookers, electric everything. She wanted automatic this, that and everything. So we moved, at my grandmother's insistence, from this wonderful rambling old building…. to a brand new house, typical of its time. Wooden framed, single glazed windows, open fire for a chimney which she quickly replaced with an electric fire, "I'm not having any more of that dirty coal business". The winters were actually colder than the previous house! You'd wake up in the morning, and your breath would have condensed on the window, frozen on the inside. Inside it was cold, outside it was cold. Eventually my mother paid for an electric fire to be put in so you could reach out of the bed and turn it on. Electricity was cheap in those days".
Text Box 5.8 The Energy Efficiency of Modern Housing in the early 1960s. (Source: author's oral history interview with Alan Langmaid)
A recent paper by the Prince's Foundation (Hulme & Radford 2010) explored the economic and social impacts on local economies that the move to building systems that utilised local building materials would deliver, in particular in relation to using locally manufactured aerated clay blocks. As well as analysing the potential of this one product, the authors reflect on the potential of scaling up the approach;
"Although this study only explored a single element of the building supply chain – structural clay blocks – these findings suggest that certain general lessons include tailoring construction techniques to local skills, designing building components which provide a range of secondary and tertiary benefits, and taking advantage of the positive impacts of simplified, generalisable approaches to complex, high-tech, specialised ones" (ibid:18)
The paper identifies a range of benefits that such an approach would bring:
- The simplicity of the systems means "it enables a local workforce to be used … this ensures that a greater proportion of economic value is captured in the local economy"
- Jobs would be created by the manufacturing of the materials
- It would also result in "professional skills development, a heightened sense of personal dignity and respect resulting from long-term professional employment, enhanced social well-being, improved social capital, healthier buildings, a more resilient building supply chain, reduced CO2 emissions, and increased longevity of the building stock" (ibid:15).
While many of the natural and local building materials and techniques outlined above have advantages from a Transition perspective, what has almost never been mentioned in the natural building literature is the potential for local materials in the retrofitting of existing buildings. Given that, of the country's approximately 24 million homes, at least 87% are projected to still be standing by 2050 (Kemp 2010), and that retrofitting existing homes saves 15 times more CO2 than demolishing and rebuilding them (Jowsey & Grant 2009), this is clearly an important future focus. This theme of retrofitting is, however, picked up in the Prince's Foundation paper; "beyond new build construction, a natural approach to materials sourcing means many of the products identified are equally suitable to retrofit in buildings of traditional construction" (ibid:19).
Rob Scott McLeod, Technical Manager for the Building Research Establishment in Wales and the South West has been developing the concept of the 'local passivhaus'. A passivhaus has been defined as "a building in which thermal comfort is guaranteed solely by re-heating (or recooling) the fresh air that is required for satisfactory air quality" (NBT 2009:2). McLeod is taking the idea one step further, seeking to build homes that reach passivhaus standard, but use predominantly local materials (McLeod 2007). Currently under construction in South Wales are two houses built to passivhaus standard, one of them using 80% local materials (mostly timber and recycled newspaper, 'local' here being defined as from within South Wales), and one aiming to go beyond 90%. The approach is one of on-site construction, site-specific design, minimisation of waste, and of a close coupling of design and materials (McLeod 2010:pers.int.). Some of the 'natural' building materials discussed above are not, as yet, felt appropriate for inclusion in such buildings, hempcrete due to not demonstrating sufficiently high levels of insulation, and strawbale due to not yet having sufficient certification to satisfy insurers. The key to reaching and exceeding 90% is training local companies to build windows to passivhaus standard using local timber, and this is already happening in South Wales as part of these projects.
The area of building and housing was explored in the TTT EDAP. It suggested how the current building standards could be improved and used to not just address carbon emissions but also to build resilience and strengthen local economies. One key element of this is what was called the 'Transition Code for Sustainable Homes'. This suggests that by 2014, SHDC has taken a proactive stance of low carbon building, developing the Transition Zero Carbon Homes Code (see Table 5.4.).
|Table 5.4 The Totnes Transition Zero Carbon Homes Code (Source: Hodgson & Hopkins 2010)
Such an approach would lead to a more vernacular building style and opening up of a potential market for local manufacturing and processing of building materials. This principle of what Shuman (2008) called 'import substitution' would mean that money currently leaving the area for imported building materials would be retained in the local economy, creating new livelihoods and new small-scale industries. Some of the building materials that could potentially be produced within Totnes and district are identified in Table 5.5.
|Table 5.5. A list of building materials that could be derived from the Totnes and district area (Source: the author, drawing from Clifton-Taylor 1987, Brunskill 2000 and from current natural building projects in the Totnes area and from historical precedents)
|for construction grade timber, internal studwork, window and door frames, roofing shingles, laths, panelling, flooring, wattles, wood fibre insulation.
|for rammed earth construction, cob walling, daubs, clay plasters, cob bricks, clay paints
|for use in hemp/lime construction, to make insulation, for hemp/lime or hemp/clay plasters and bricks
|for roofing
|for foundations, walls
|for thatching roofs, and also to make 'reedboards', an alternative to plasterboard
|for plasters, mortars, renders, as well as in construction systems such as hemp/lime
|baled, and used in 'straw bale building', chopped as an ingredient in plasters
|Horse hair/other fibres
|used to strengthen plasters
|Recycled Materials
|newspaper processed as an insulation product, car tyres, recycled bricks
SP1 reflected on the practicality of such an approach of deliberately promoting and prioritising local materials through the planning process. He argued that, in the current context of planning driven by land availability and commercial viability, such restrictions would be unfeasible. "That's quite a challenge", he argued, "because the planning system isn't all-powerful. It has to work within the government framework (i.e. Building Regulations, the Appeals process and so on), and of course you can set all those targets. However, you have to be confident that if a developer says "no, I'm not doing it", you are able to defend it at a planning appeal, because if you make a hash of it you're going to get pretty big costs against you". He continued;
"[We can't] say "you must use…." because then you almost create a ransom for the developer to be tied in with those local businesses. Now I don't think you'd ever get that through the planning system, where you actually created a complete local monopoly because the developer would still want to go for value".
Simon Fairlie, a planning consultant specialising in low impact development agrees that imposing 'green' conditions through the Planning System is close to impossible. According to Fairlie;
"At the moment even conditions imposing Code 3[1] are being overturned at appeal, because government guidance is so weak. Local materials would be resisted by builders as being "anticompetitive" and both a Tory or a Labour government would see it that way" (Fairlie 2010 pers.comm).
Some recent developments however offer the prospect of a more proactive, but less problematic approach to insistence on local building materials. The first is "the Merton Rule" introduced by Merton Borough Council in 2003, and widely copied in other council plans. It demands that at least 10% of energy needs must come from on-site generation, and comes into force at a threshold of 10 homes (residential) or 1,000m2 (non-residential). North Devon chose to demand 15%, and Kirlees Council are currently considering 30% by 2011, and the Merton Rule is now part of Plymouth's Local Development Framework. The Merton Rule was sustained on appeal from the Building Federations which argued that it made developments commercially unviable. The Merton Rule is now endorsed in PPS1 Climate Change[2] which requires all UK local planning authorities to adopt a 'Merton Rule' policy. As Fairlie (ibid) points out, renewables are different from local materials, given that renewables can be sourced from anywhere in the world and hence circumnavigates concerns about 'protectionism' and lack of 'competitiveness'.
The Merton Rule has since been incorporated into the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH), which sets out the stages of the UK's move towards zero-carbon housing by 2016. It includes the requirement for on-site generation which rises as the Code level rises, with the expectation that Code 6 buildings install "on or near-site zero carbon generation for all energy needs" (Hall 2008:89). In terms of building materials however, CSH is disappointing. It defines a 'zero carbon home' as one in which "net carbon emissions resulting from ALL energy used in the dwelling is zero" (DCLG 2008a:46), focusing on the performance of the final building rather than the carbon embodied in the materials.
If a legislative approach to scaling up the use of local building materials looks unfeasible, how about a criteria-based system? This, Fairlie (2010:pers.comm) argues, would "create an opening for best practice in places where conventional development would not be allowed". The best current example of this is the Welsh Assembly's '(Draft) Technical Advice Note 6. Planning for Sustainable Rural Economies', published in July 2009. This presents the concept of 'One Wales: One Planet'. It states that:
"the Sustainable Development Scheme, "One Wales: One Planet" includes an objective that within the lifetime of a generation, Wales should use only its fair share of the earth's resources, and our ecological footprint be reduced to the global average availability of resources – 1.88 global hectares per person" (Welsh Assembly Government 2008:21).
This objective is then linked to planning, and in particular to the criteria that "planning applications should be accompanied by supporting information confirming that the development will be zero carbon in construction and use" (ibid:23). Fairlie notes that "priority for local, renewable building materials can be quite easily written into a policy like this, there are no anticompetitive issues, because it is a "consumer choice" rather than a trade restriction, and builders and other vested interests do not object" (Fairlie 2010: pers.comm).
There is a chicken and egg situation here though of course. If SHDC tomorrow were to pass a policy enshrining that a given percentage of materials were mandatory in all new buildings, there would not currently be capacity to meet demand. Conversely, nobody would invest in setting up such businesses without the knowledge that those markets will be in place. Hence the suggestion of a change in planning policy, flagged now, to come into effect in, say 2014. Perhaps the key is to begin developing buildings in the area that utilise these materials, in order to start creating demand and to lead by example, an idea explored in more depth in 7.4 in an exploration of the role social enterprise might play in Transition.
In terms of what is emerging through TTT and other local initiatives, some initiatives are starting to gain momentum in modelling this approach to construction. As with energy, housing projects are much higher capital and longer term, although some strong projects have begun to emerge. These include;
- The Totnes Sustainable Construction company, set up to pioneer these kinds of development
- Transition Homes, which is proposing to build a small settlement of low impact houses on the Dartington Estate
- ATMOS Project (see Section 7.9.), which aims to convert the derelict Dairy Crest site into a mixture of affordable housing and business start-up units
- Work is also beginning in relation to the drafting of a policy along the lines of those outlined above.
As Seyfang (2009a) notes, there is more to low carbon, community-led building than just materials. Other elements include what she calls 'new living arrangements', such as co-housing and low impact development, as well as the importance of communities owning and developing their own assets.
No questions specific to housing were asked in the survey or in the focus groups, although in the focus group of work and skills, unhappiness about the most recent large development in the town, the Southern Area development, and its low standards of energy efficiency, were voiced. One participant said "why did they put heating in those Southern Area houses? Why didn't they make them energy efficient? All of them…." This was picked up in more depth in the in-depth interviews, which highlighted the fact that SHDC's insistence on the lowest possible levels of energy efficiency in new buildings currently runs counter to the approach set out above. DC2 said "SHDC don't impose the highest standards in new build, which I think disappoints a lot of us". SP1 justified this approach when I asked him "the perception that is often voiced in terms of SHDC's take on climate change and building standards is that rather than some other local authorities in the UK who take a visionary and bold stance, SHDC is happier taking the minimum set by Government?"
He replied that SHDC had tried to impose more stringent standards, but "you've got to make it viable. You can make your visions so challenging to deliver that nothing happens". When asked whether actually taking a more stringent approach would mean that that would be precisely why businesses would want to come to the town, i.e. a selling point rather than just an insurmountable obstacle, he replied "yes, that could be a choice… my gut response would be that it would mean we had very little development in the town over the next few years. There's an incredible pressure for housing in Totnes, and there are people coming through our reception facing homelessness. It is getting that balance between the vision and somebody facing homelessness today".
SHDC's approach is hardly unique. According to Gibbs et al. (1998), their approach is common. Sustainable development or environmental issues, they argue, appear to be a relatively unimportant concern for local authorities. Among the reasons cited for this are the limited influence local authorities are able to exert over private businesses and individuals behaviour, due, in part, to constraints imposed by central government. Sustainable development, they argued, is "a fundamentally political concept" (ibid:unpaginated). Ultimately, "creating and keeping jobs are ranked higher than environmental protection, and members remain to be convinced that the two areas are compatible" (ibid). Although written in 1996, the above could still apply to SHDC in 2010.
[1] The Code for Sustainable Homes was launched by the UK Government in April 2008, calling it "a step change in sustainable home building practice" (CLG 2008) It sets out 6 steps, Code 1 being relatively poor, and Code 6 being a 'zero carbon home', which it is intended that all new homes built from 2016 will be (Hall 2008:84)
[2] Planning Policy Statement: Planning and Climate Change. Supplement and Planning Policy Statement: December 2010 (CLG 2006). States its aim as being to set out: "how spatial planning should contribute to reducing emissions and stabilising climate change (mitigation) and take into account the unavoidable consequences (adaptation)".
Ashraf, K.K. (2007) This is not a building! Hand-making a school in a Bangladeshi village. Architectural Design 77 (6). 114-117.
Bevan, R, Woolley, T. (2008) Hemp Lime Construction: a guide to building with hemp lime composites. IHS BRE Press.
Broome, J. (2007) The Green Self-build Book: How to Design and Build Your Own Eco-home. Dartington, Green Books.
Clarke, S. (2002) Client Report. Final Report on the Construction of the Hemp Houses at Haverhill, Suffolk. Suffolk Housing Society Ltd.
Fairlie, S. (2010) Personal Interview.
Gibbs, D, Longhurst, J, Braithwaite, C. (1998) Struggling with Sustainability: weak and strong interpretations of sustainable development within local authority policy. Environment and Planning A 30. 1351-1365.
Hulme, J, Radford, N. (2010) Sustainable Supply Chains That Support Local Economic Development. Prince's Foundation for the Built Environment.
Jones, B. (2009) Building with Straw Bales: A Practical Guide for the UK and Ireland (2nd edition). Green Books, Dartington.
Jowsey, E, Grant, J. (2009) Greening the Existing Housing Stock. Sheffield Hallam University.
Kemp, M. (ed) (2010) Zero Carbon Britain 2030. Centre for Alternative Technology Publications.
Kennedy, J. (2004) Building without Borders: Sustainable Construction for the Global Village. New Society Publishers
Kennedy, J.F., Smith, M.G., Wanek, C. (2001) (eds) The Art of Natural Building: design, construction, resources. New Society Publishing.
Kloppenburg, J, Hendrickson, J, Stevenson, G.W. (1996) Coming in to the foodshed. Agriculture and Human Values 13 (3). 33-42
McLeod, R.S. (2007) Passivhaus – Local House. MSc thesis, University of East London.
McLeod, R.S. (2010) Personal Interview.
NBT (2009) Timber Frame System Passivhaus: the science of nature, the future of construction. Natural Building Technologies http://www.natural-building.co.uk/PDF/Pavatex/090216_Technical_Manual_PASSIVHAUS.pdf
Pearson, D. (1990) The Natural House Book: creating a healthy, harmonious ecologically sound home. Prentice Hall.
Sassi, P. (2008) Taking Construction off-site. In: Hall, K. (ed) 2008. The Green Building Bible, volume 1. Essential information to help you make your home, buildings and outdoor areas less harmful to the environment, the community and your family. Green Building Press.
Schumacher, E.F. (1974) Small is Beautiful: a study of economics as if people mattered. London, Sphere Books.
Seyfang, G. (2009a) Community action for sustainable housing: building a low carbon future. Energy Policy doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.10.027
Shah, D. (2009) Council to build houses of straw. BBC News. 20th January 2009. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/lincolnshire/8266515.stm on 22nd January 2010.
Shuman, M. (2008) The Small-mart Revolution: How Local Businesses Are Beating the Global Competition. Berrett-Koehler.
Steen, A, Steen, B, Bainbridge, D, Eisenberg, D. (1995) The Straw Bale House. Chelsea Green Publishing.
Vale, B, Vale, R. (1975) The Autonomous House. New York, Universe Books.
Woolley, T. (2006) Natural Building: A Guide to Materials and Techniques. Crowood Press.


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In many ways, technology has erased the proverbial world in which if a person ran out of sugar, he or she would go next door to borrow a cup from a neighbor.
But Tali Saar and Gil Lederman, two computer programmers originally from Israel who recently moved to Palo Alto, are trying to revive that world.
The two recently launched Palo Alto Rooster, an online sharing network where people can ask for or offer help to their neighbors, whether something material perhaps two children's beds that have been outgrown and need a new home or experiential, such as a beginning runner looking for a jogging partner.
"The world today and how the social structure has changed we have all these social networks and we have hundreds of friends (online). But everybody always says how it only pulls us apart, and we only find ourselves in front of our computer all day," said Saar. "We thought, 'This is what has happened with technology, but this is not what we believe to be the nature of people.'"
She thinks it's in people's nature to connect and be a part of community. She and Lederman felt that urge when they moved to Palo Alto from the East Coast recently.
"Being new, we don't know a lot of people. There's a lot of adjustments to make and preparations and getting things together and ... if we just knew our neighbors or had some friends around us, that could have been so helpful."
What they were missing was someone or somewhere to ask for help moving a mattress, to offer no-longer-needed moving boxes, to make real-world connections.
So they built Palo Alto Rooster out of their Crescent Park home. It's essentially an email blast that Palo Altans can sign up for (at www.paloaltorooster.com). Participants will receive up to two emails a week (akin to a digital rooster announcing calls from around the neighborhood, Saar likes to think). Registered Rooster users send offers or requests for help to Saar and Lederman, who will then publish up to five of them per email. Everything registration and any exchanges done via Rooster is free.
Summing up Rooster's philosophy, each email begins: "Ask for whatever you need, help whenever you can."
The first part follows the idea that Saar and Lederman have about providing people with a place to simply ask for things they need.
"We hope to give people the permission to ask," Lederman said. "It's something that we usually don't realize that we have."
Since they launched Rooster in November, Saar said hundreds of people have signed up (a total at the bottom of a recent email blast pegs it at 301).
Palo Alto resident Sandra Slater uses several online community networks that are in a similar vein as Rooster, such as Nextdoor (private neighborhood-specific social networks) and Yerdle (a website where users can give and receive material items for free).
"I'm really interested in the sharing economy and collaborative consumption and that kind of thing," she said.
In a recent Rooster email, she saw that a young woman needed a ride to Oakland. It happened to coincide with a day Slater was going to be driving there, so she decided to give her a ride.
"It was the first time I've given a ride to a stranger," Slater said. "It was fabulous. She was terrific. We had a wonderful conversation."
Though she also said she's trying to reduce her carbon footprint as much as possible hence the ride sharing it was more than that.
"I think it's ... also about the human interaction, which is really important."
This is exactly what Saar and Lederman are hoping for with Rooster, and what they said sets it apart from similar websites, like Yerdle, Freecycle or Craigslist, that focus on the exchange of material goods rather than person-to-person interactions.
"The posts (on Freecycle) are very anonymous and very, 'Here's what I have; here's what I need' and that's where the interactions stop. And we really want to create something more than that. So items definitely belong on Rooster, but a lot of other things do too."
Another very busy Palo Alto woman who "feels kind of guilty when she leaves her dog at home and the dog is alone for many hours," Saar said, posted on Rooster that she was looking for somebody to host her dog for a few hours.
"The person who responded was actually another woman whose dog has recently passed away," Saar said. "She loved the opportunity. She said, 'Of course, bring him over, and I'll be happy to do that.'"
Saar said she's not concerned about Rooster being unsafe; people can look each other up online and talk on the phone before meeting in person.
"We trust people to do that verification," she said.
But she said she would like to incorporate some sort of rating system in the future, so people can see what other users have used Rooster for and how it's been received. She said they'll work on making the Palo Alto network more robust before they consider expanding to other cities.
"What eventually we'd really like to see maybe the product itself needs a little more development ... but we want to see people really meeting new people through that and as a result, we hope that the community will be able to do more and more things with each other; things that we never thought possible before and that you would never consider asking a stranger," Saar said. "But once the community is there and you trust it, you'll be able to ask for anything."

subset: commoncrawl


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Tuesday, May 22, 2012
Thoughts on Tarbosaurus, Part 1.
6 comments:
Well said.ReplyDelete
It really is sad how much people distrust science.
Nice post. Just goes to prove that we have to continually engage the public in as many ways as possible, as often as possible, to promote our science and help dispel the stereotypical image of scientists, volunteers and other workers and the museums/institutions they work in.ReplyDelete
Thanks. I think part of what we need to do as a profession is be really honest about what we are actually doing with museum collections and why we collect certain things in certain ways. Maybe there needs to be more media attention on some of the 'smaller' stories, rather than stories just about new species. The 'smaller' stories tend to actually be the larger-scale projects looking at hundreds of specimens, larger geographic areas, or longer stretches of time! Perhaps then people would appreciate better why large collections are necessary.ReplyDelete
It is more than just distrust. I have recently been debating evolution online with three creationists. One rejects all statements by all scientists because they are men and not "the infallible Word of God." A second rejects anything that scientists say because they sometimes use the words "possibly" and "probably" and therefore know nothing at all. The third compares teaching science in public school to Hitler indoctrinating children. And that's the mild stuff.
Jerrold- No worries you're speaking to someone with many first hand dealings with creationists. I worked at the Tyrrell museum for 4 years, and we had our fair share of big C's come through. More recently I had a year long tour of duty working with an otherwise lovely family who were Creationist. On any other topic they'd be total fine rational people, but the instant the kids asked me a question about animals/plants/germs/fungus/etc my answer would almost always trigger some sort of imaginary fight on their part. Even if I avoided certain wordings. The fact they knew I didn't share their beliefs was enough for them to fight me. On a side tangent, for the supposed "true way" they are very very insecure about it. They're only good with their beliefs if you agree too..ReplyDelete
No the distrust I speak of is with more normal elements of society. Even people who don't identify with religious views of the world distrust and dismiss science these days.
When I was training as a teacher, it was almost sickening how all my fellow soon to be teachers mocked and ignored our science cirriculum lectures and principals. There was a point late in our program where everyone would make fun of me because I could somewhat explain things using my science background (and I'm no expert... but in comparison to them I was Einstien! Some of them didn't even understand how the basic states of water worked!?!)
Not all brawls with creationists are unpleasant. I remember how I got one to throw in the towel:ReplyDelete
"I surrender. You're right; the evidence for evolution is so overwhelming only a fool would doubt it...I am throwing out all my books by creationists and will never read another one."
As for "the word of god" it seems times are changing. Erhman's bestsellers show just how phony the "word of god" is. At last, the public is becoming aware of what scholars have known for a century.


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You are currently browsing the daily archive for April 28, 2010.
What Bonnie does here for Flatbush, I'll attempt within the sixth boro, starting here with the venerable Mary Whalen and
King Dorian (glad that's not "durian") before shifting to shorter wavelength in
Jo Selje and
Panagia Lady, here lightering onto (I think) JoAnne Reinauer III.
Continuing across the spectrum with Stolt Vanguard and sibling
Perseverence. Then
and Ever Refine and
the snarkiest Don Juan and
the Bermudian cargo shuttle Oleander and
Bro Albert.
For something my eyes register as indigo, violet, purple . . . I can't guarantee you'll agree . . . I had to go outatown, like back upstate to Newark and a foto from last summer of Grouper. Has she now begun her journey west?
All fotos . . . so far … Will Van Dorp.
But from shipjohn via Shipspotting . . . here's that purple fleet down in Philly . . . like Purple Hays,
Big Daddy, and
Grape Ape. Many thanks shipjohn.


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A woman was struck and killed by a Charm City Circulator bus Tuesday, hours after a MARC train crash at a Baltimore crossing claimed the lives of two people in an SUV.
Police said it was too early to say whether the snowy, icy conditions played a role in either incident.
A MARC train hit an SUV at a grade crossing at Hollins Ferry Road near Paca Street about 6:20 a.m., said Det. Jeremy Silbert, a Baltimore police spokesman. The driver of the vehicle, Morgan Fleet, 23, was pronounced dead at the scene, and Wayne Burnett Jr., the 38-year-old passenger died later at a hospital.
Separately, a 50-year-old woman was hit by a Charm City Circulator bus about 10:30 a.m. Tuesday at North Wolfe and East Monument streets near Johns Hopkins Hospital, police said. The woman was not immediately identified.
"It's too early ... to determine whether weather had anything to do with either incident," Silbert said.
The 800 block of E. Monument St. was closed Tuesday afternoon while officers from the Police Department's accident investigation unit examined the scene of the pedestrian death.
The incident involved a Green-line bus that runs from City Hall to Fells Point to Johns Hopkins Hospital. The bus remained parked behind police crime tape for several hours as investigators surveyed the scene. The woman's body lay under a blue tarp behind the left-rear wheel. Police believe the bus ran over the woman, Silbert said.
Silbert did not know how many passengers were on the bus, but said none of its occupants were injured.
In the MARC collision, no injuries were reported among the 20 passengers on board the train, which departed at 6:10 a.m. Tuesday headed to Washington's Union Station. Baltimore police are investigating the crash, with assistance from Amtrak police.
It had not begun snowing in downtown Baltimore at the time of the crash, though conditions in the region were still icy and snowy from Sunday's storm.
The crossing where the crash occurred is the second-most dangerous in Maryland, according to the Federal Railroad Administration. There is about a 15 percent chance of a crash at that crossing in any given year, according to a formula the agency uses to calculate the likelihood.
About 42 trains — MARC and CSX — pass through the gated crossing every day at an average speed of 50 mph, according to the railroad administration. Since 2008, two other crashes have been reported at the crossing; no one was injured.
"While investigators have not yet determined a cause of [the] horrible crash, it is a tragic reminder of the dangers of a motor vehicle and train collision," Ragina C. Averella, a spokeswoman for AAA Mid-Atlantic, said in an email. "Unfortunately, motorists are 40 times more likely to die from injuries sustained in a crash with a train than in a collision with another motor vehicle."
More than 300 people are killed in crashes between trains and vehicles each year around the country, Averella said. Freight trains carrying a typical load can weigh 4,000 to 8,000 tons, she said.
"Understandably, the damage that can be inflicted on a motor vehicle by such a train can be absolutely catastrophic," she said.
To calculate the likelihood of a collision, the railroad administration uses a formula that takes into account factors such as the number of daily trains, the history of collisions, and the type and number of safety devices in place.
The most dangerous crossing in Maryland is on Randolph Road in Rockville, where the chances of a crash in any given year are nearly 30 percent.
Paul Shepard, a spokesman with the Maryland Transit Administration, told The Washington Post that initial reports indicated that the vehicle "went around" a gate at the crossing and was struck by the train. He said MARC ridership was "extremely light" Tuesday because federal government offices were closed.
The Hollins Ferry Road railroad crossing is gated, and a picture posted to Twitter by an ABC2 reporter shortly after the crash showed the gate was down.
Railroad crossing gates rarely malfunction, said Russ Quimby, a former National Transportation Safety Board investigator who is now a railroad safety consultant in Omaha, Neb.
"Those signals are extremely reliable and rugged, and they work in all kinds of weather," Quimby said.
About a quarter of the fatal crashes between vehicles and trains in the United States take place at gated crossings, Quimby said.
"Some people get impatient, particularly if they're on their way to work," he said. "One of the reasons that almost all railroads have installed video cameras is because of grade crossing accidents. It saves them thousands, if not millions, of dollars in lawsuits."
Making rail crossings elevated removes the risk, as is the case with Amtrak's Northeast Corridor lines, Quimby said. Crossings also can be made safer by adding longer cross arms and medians to keep drivers from cutting through when the gates are down, but Quimby said those upgrades could cost millions of dollars per crossing.


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October 11, 2012
This blog post is co-authored with Martin Ravallion, who has been the Director of the World Bank's Development Economics Research Group for several years and is currently Acting Chief Economist and Senior Vice President of the Bank. The blog is cross-posted on the World Bank site here.These days there is a lot of discussion within development organizations and governments across the globe (including the World Bank) about how to assure a greater emphasis on development impact. It would no doubt help if senior management gave stronger verbal signals on the ultimate goals of the institution, and more actively supported staff to attain those goals. But such "low-powered incentives" have been tried before, and the problems seem to persist.What seems to be missing is a way to more fully align the incentives of managers and operational staff with sustained development impact. Our experience is that many development professionals care passionately about having impact. However, currently development agencies appear to assess their staff primarily using easily observable bureaucratic and procedural measures, such as "the amount of money moved," which may be poor indicators of longer term impact. (One is reminded of the old story of the guy who looks for his lost car keys at night under the lamppost—not because that is where he lost them, but rather because the light is better.)Accountability for past results also seems weak. While client countries feel the effects of a staff member's work for years or even decades, the development professional has often transferred to other countries and tasks.We think it would improve the incentives in development agencies if development professionals were able to acquire a visible and abiding stake in the success of the projects in which they invest their time and effort throughout their career – and if that accumulated development impact were a factor in their professional recognition and financial compensation.Here is our suggestion. The central idea is that each professional staffer in a development agency accumulates a "Development Portfolio" consisting of the number of "shares" of all the development projects or policies in which she has devoted time during her career. A professional's current Development Portfolio is an objective and quantified version of her résumé, reflecting the development policies, problems and clients on which she has spent her time. Our innovation is to suggest that an outside party associate a virtual "value" to the shares of every project, so that any individual professional's portfolio of shares could be valued and defined as her "Development Impact Wealth" (DIW).How would a staff member acquire her DIW? At the beginning of each year, unit managers and project managers advertise their staff needs for each project or task in terms of weeks of effort, much as they do now. In addition, in association with each task, the managers designate a number of shares per staff week, which those working on those tasks will acquire as they complete their work. As staff members allocate their time among these tasks, they will be acquiring the shares associated with them. At this point in the project cycle the shares have not yet been valued. There is a portfolio of stocks, but it is not yet Development Impact Wealth.How would individual development projects and policies be valued? This whole idea rests on the proposition that it is possible to score, at least approximately, the development impact of an individual development task. Classical development projects in the major development organizations are already receiving valuation scores shortly after project completion. (At the World Bank, the Independent Evaluation Group performs this service.) When done well, these "process evaluations" (as distinct from impact evaluations) are very useful for determining whether the project could have had the intended impact. Implementation of DIW could begin by using these scores to value the shares in each staff member's portfolio as soon as the first post-completion evaluation report is issued. This information base could be expanded to include periodic updates to the assessments of past projects when new information becomes available, including from impact evaluations. The latter can be expected to play an increasingly important role, given the progress that has been made in our ability to credibly assess the impacts of development projects and policies. (We are building lampposts in places where the car keys might actually be found.) Ten years ago, when one of us outlined the travails of the fictional character, Ms Speedy Analyst working for the government of Labas and trying to solve the "Mystery of the Vanishing Benefits," impact evaluations of real development projects were quite rare. That has changed, although there is much scope for further progress, especially in making impact evaluations more relevant to the needs of development practitioners (as discussed here and here). The efforts put into improving the quality and coverage of evaluations (both process and impact) will depend on what actions are taken based on the results. Tying staff and managerial assessment to evaluative efforts would probably help in supporting those efforts going forward, since the results will matter more than they do now.How would a professional's DIW score be used? At one extreme, an individual's DIW score could simply be a means to honor professionals whose contributions over the years have had the best lasting impact on the client countries. For example, a development institution could publish each year on its website the names and DIW scores of its top ten staff members that year, with a retrospective look at their best projects. Or, in order to exert more leverage on manager and staff behavior, some or all of staff compensation could be based on the DIW. For example, merit increases could be tied to the changes in DIW since last year, while promotions are tied to the value of the entire portfolio.How would this system reward work in difficult environments? With such a system staff members would have an incentive to allocate their time to projects which are likely to gain in value. If shares of all projects in all client countries are treated the same way, the introduction of the DIW would only exacerbate a problem already evident in development agencies – a preference to work in "easy" countries and on "easy" projects. To counteract that tendency and instead incentivize creative work in the hardest countries and on the most challenging projects, a staff member must be able to "buy" shares of hard projects less expensively (in terms of work weeks) than she can acquire shares of easy projects. The initial value of project shares per staff week could be set by the development agency to achieve this goal, but in a large enough agency (like the World Bank) it might be possible to establish an internal marketplace. The "time price" of a share of an easy project would rise (in terms of weeks of the staff member's time), while the share price for difficult countries or projects would be driven down.What if a project performs badly through no fault of its designers? The development professionals who supervise a project after its birth are often even more important to the project's success than are those who design it. So they too should receive shares in the project commensurate with its difficulty. But all who work in development must accept the inevitability of so-called "country-risk" – when the political winds shift in the client country and the project is terminated despite its success. The DIW system can encourage staff risk-taking partly by granting more shares per work week for work on riskier projects (as described above). But in order to cushion staff members against some downside risk, perhaps every staff member could be allowed to exempt some of her worst performing shares from inclusion in her portfolio in any given year.Any thoughts?The authors are with the Center for Global Development and the World Bank respectively. (Over is also an ex-World Bank staff member.) The comments of Phil Keefer, Michael Toman, Dominique van de Walle, Adam Wagstaff, David Wheeler and Michael Woolcock are gratefully acknowledged. These are the views of the authors alone.
CGD blog posts reflect the views of the authors, drawing on prior research and experience in their areas of expertise. CGD is a nonpartisan, independent organization and does not take institutional positions.


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Walk into the bank. Pass a threatening note to the teller. Take the cash. Get away. An alluring, romantic, and idiotic series of events for which fewer and fewer aspiring criminals have fallen nowadays. According to the FBI, last year saw over a thousand fewer bank robberies than 2011—3,870 and 5,014 of them, respectively—and about 3,000 fewer than in 2008. This morning'sWall Street Journallinks
that decline to the rise of cybercrime, the FBI's new public enemy number one—or two, behind corporeal terrorists.
But America getting less dumb seems the more likely cause of the decrease. (Also, lawbreaking isn't zero-sum, and it doesn't quite seem like this generation of cyber criminals would've poked holes in black cloth and brandished pistols.) As Richard Ford said while talking about his most recent novel, Canada, which details a botched bank robbery, "For the most part when normal people rob banks, other than Pretty Boy Floyd and Bonnie and Clyde, it never makes sense. You always know whether you recognize it or not you're going to get caught. You're not going to make a lot of money. What you're going to do is go to jail."
It's true. The FBI's own most recent press releases make a pocket-sized anthology of serialized stupidity and car crashes:
From Jan. 30:
"While fleeing the robbery [the man's second of the day], [he] crashed the stolen car into a tree and was apprehended by police."
From Jan. 30:
"[She] entered the [bank] twice without doing any banking. A short while later, an unarmed, off-duty police officer observed [him] leave the bank, get into the rear of the getaway car, and crouch down. After noting the license plate number, the officer followed the car."
From Jan. 22:
"After an approximately one-mile pursuit, the vehicle struck a concrete wall in Sayreville, New Jersey, and came to a stop. [He] was apprehended when he got out of the SUV and attempted to flee... It was the third time he robbed the same bank branch in less than two years."
The only things sillier than bank robbers may be the nicknames the FBI gives them to pick up media play (and therefore, it says, help solve the crime), often times making fun of the robbers' hair with tags like "Ponytail Bandit," "Bad Rug Bandit," and "Attila the Bun." The bureau's most notorious sobriquet though belongs to the "Geezer Bandit," a fugitive who's robbed sixteen banks, made it onto America's Most Wanted, and "may not be a geezer" after all.
With tales like that, cyber criminals have a tough act to follow, at least entertainment-wise.


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While signing up for Deal Days, check out The Greatest Spa Getaway sweepstakes for a chance to win one of three cool prizes: a 4-night/5-day trip for two at Miraval Arizona; a one-year national membership at Bally's Total Fitness and $200 Danskin voucher; or a black patent weekender bag and train case from LeSportsac, a one-year subscription to Women's Health, and a copy of "Slim Calm Sexy Yoga."
Will you take part in National Wellness Week? How do you take time for yourself to relax?


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Holtby helps Caps blank Jets
Winnipeg, MB – Braden Holtby stopped all 35 shots he faced in a strong performance between the pipes that propelled the Washington Capitals to a 3-0 victory over the Winnipeg Jets at MTS Centre.
Mike Ribeiro tallied a goal and an assist to help the improving Capitals to their third win in four games -- though Washington still sits at the bottom of the Eastern Conference standings -- with Matt Hendricks and Troy Brouwer also notching goals in the triumph.
The previously surging Jets, meanwhile, had a three-game win streak halted and were shut out for the first time this season. Ondrej Pavelec recorded 18 saves in the setback.
Washington came out sluggish during a first period in which it was outshot by a 15-5 margin, but Holtby came up with several key saves to keep the game scoreless and the Caps dominated play in the second to enter the final 20 minutes owning a 1-0 edge.
With just over nine minutes left in the middle session, Ribeiro waited patiently near the right circle before sending a pinpoint pass that Hendricks deflected past Pavelec while skating to the net to break the stalemate.
"In the second period we started to take it over, I thought," said Capitals head coach Adam Oates. "I thought we really had a good second and after that you feel good about yourself."
Winnipeg nearly drew even before the teams went in for the second break, but Grant Clitsome's drive around three minutes prior to the intermission clanked off the left post before Holtby covered it up.
The Capitals then broke the game open with a pair of scores less than a minute apart early in the third.
Brouwer blasted a shot over Pavelec's glove following a faceoff win by Nicklas Backstrom to put Washington up 2-0 at the 3:24 mark of the frame. Just 42 seconds later, Alex Ovechkin skated in alone on the Winnipeg netminder, who turned back the two-time MVP's attempt but couldn't prevent a trailing Ribeiro from knocking home the rebound.
"I think when you're the home team, you don't want to let a road team off the hook," said Jets forward Evander Kane. "I thought we did that, especially going into the second period. In terms of the third period, just some breakdowns defensively and the pucks (end up) in the back of our net."
Holtby polished off his third shutout of the season with a 16-save effort in the final period, with seven of those stops occurring during a two-minute power play that Winnipeg received shortly after Ribeiro's goal.
Game Notes
The Capitals ended a string of four straight losses in the series that included a 4-2 defeat in Washington on Jan. 22 ... Washington defenseman Mike Green sat out the contest after recently aggravating a groin injury that had kept him out of three of the club's previous five tests ... Jets forward Anthony Peluso left the game with an upper-body injury sustained during a first-period fight with Aaron Volpatti, who was making his Washington debut after being claimed off waivers from Vancouver on Thursday ... Winnipeg had a stretch of seven straight games of scoring the first goal end, the second- longest streak in the NHL this season behind only Washington's eight in a row from Feb. 7-26 ... The Jets went 0-for-3 on the power play and are now 1- for-32 with the man advantage over their last 12 games.


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American Anthropological Association Statement on Ethnography and Institutional Review Boards
Adopted by AAA Executive Board June 4, 2004
The American Anthropological Association (AAA) advocates that all ethnographic researchers should cultivate a strong foundation for the ethical conduct of research with human populations. This means that the risks of harm must be considered in relation to the potential benefits of ethnographic research. This process should actively involve the researcher and the IRB, the researcher and participants, and finally the IRB, the researcher and stakeholders.
Cultivating an ethical climate for ethnographic research requires trust among all involved in the process of implementing a research project. Because the ethnographer often resides in the participants' community or geographical area and participates in community life, trust develops between the ethnographer and participants as a result of ongoing relationships. In some cases, ethnographers return to the same community or area over time, for instance over 20 years or more. Therefore IRBs should view informed consent in this context as an ongoing and dynamic process.
1) What is ethnography?
Ethnography involves the researcher's study of human behavior in the natural settings in which people live. Specifically, ethnography refers to the description of cultural systems or an aspect of culture based on fieldwork in which the investigator is immersed in the ongoing everyday activities of the designated community for the purpose of describing the social context, relationships and processes relevant to the topic under consideration. Ethnographic inquiry focuses attention on beliefs, values, rituals, customs, and behaviors of individuals interacting within socioeconomic, religious, political and geographic environments. Ethnographic analysis is inductive and builds upon the perspectives of the people studied. Ethnography emphasizes the study of persons and communities, in both international and domestic arenas, and involves short or long-term relationships between the researcher and research participants.
Multiple methods are used in ethnographic research. These include but are not limited to the following: unobtrusive direct observation, participant observation, structured and unstructured interviewing, focused discussions with individuals and community members, analysis of texts, and audio-visual records. Ethnographic methods can be employed in non-traditional ways in interdisciplinary projects that bridge the sciences and humanities.
The complexity and length of ethnographic research engenders an approach to ethics that is both dynamic and flexible. The process of obtaining informed consent may be continuous and incremental throughout the course of the research, and review of consent obtained may be periodic.
2) Is ethnography subject to review by IRBs?
Ethnographic research is subject to the Common Rule ("Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects", DHHS 45 CFR 46;) because it involves "a systematic investigation...designed to develop or contribute to generalizeable knowledge." Although ethnographic research takes place in natural settings and differs significantly from clinical research, ethnographic research projects are subject to review by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) to ensure that the participants in the proposed research are not harmed. Because of its complexity, variable contexts, and duration of different ethnographic research projects, ethnographic research should be reviewed on a case-by-case basis.
3) What are the risks and benefits of ethnographic research?
Review of ethnographic research should be commensurate with the level of risk of harm vs the potential benefits of each specific research project. The review should consider the likelihood or probability of harm, the severity of harm, and the duration of harm. Each project should be examined on its own merit.
Unlike experiments and trials in clinical settings, which have clear beginnings and endings, ethnographic research generally is ongoing, at times sporadic, and takes place in dynamic, natural settings, often where participants are able to decline to participate at any point in the process. Just as in daily life, in these natural settings of research there may be a high probability of risk, but the magnitude of such harm, like uncertainty, mild embarrassment or boredom, is usually low. There are, however, instances where the possible magnitude of harm could be high, often in conflictive environments. IRBs should consider the social and cultural environment of each research project, the physical, psychological and political status of the research participants, and the complex power relationships between researchers and participants in particular situations.
Ethnographic research may involve significant risks of harm-for example, discrimination, disruption of personal and family relationships, loss of rights or claims, civil or criminal prosecution-usually as the result of disclosure of private, identifiable information such as data gathered in interviews, filmed on video, or recorded on tape or field notes. Ethnographers should inform IRBs and participants how they plan to use and protect data from disclosure and if personal identifiers and other data will be preserved or destroyed. Ethnographers should inform participants of the possible benefits and risks of providing identifiable information (e.g., data collected during the course of a study could be subpoenaed). Ethnographers should also respect participants' wishes if the participants would like to be identified and/or credited.
The AAA supports the sharing of research data and encourages ethnographers to consider preserving field notes, tapes, videos, etc. as a resource accessible to others for future study. Ethnographers should inform participants of the intent to preserve the data and make it accessible as well as the precautions to be undertaken in the handling of the data.
The benefits of ethnographic research may be long-term and far-reaching. Examples range from helping people record their ways of life as part of their heritage, to gaining recognition of their needs and rights, or understanding institutions and processes of change through time, as well as assessing particular challenges institutions and societies face. Often the interview itself affirms the value of the respondent's experience and is a rewarding experience. Ethnographers should inform IRBs and prospective participants about the possible benefits of ethnographic research so that they can make a determination of the relative balance between benefits and harms.
4) Is ethnography exempt from IRB review?
According to the Common Rule (section 46.101(b)), certain categories of research may be exempt. "Exempt" means that research is not subject to the requirements of the Common Rule, including IRB review. Individual researchers are not free to exclude or exempt themselves from regulatory oversight. A researcher has a conflict of interest in this decision, and to avoid the possibility of biased decisions on whether or not an activity is exempt, such decisions should be made by one or more people not directly involved in the conduct of the research. Many institutions have policies and procedures that make the IRB responsible for making exemption decisions, but there is no regulatory requirement that such decisions be made by the IRB. The federal regulation is silent on whom makes the decision, and an institution may designate the head of sponsored research, a dean, department chair, the IRB, etc. to make the decision.
Research that may be exempt from the Common Rule includes research that involves only procedures within the exempt categories. The exempt categories include research
5) Does ethnography qualify for expedited review?
Expedited review means that the research poses minimal risk and the research is reviewed by only a subset of the IRB's members rather than by the full board. Much ethnographic research may qualify for expedited review because it is among the categories of research identified for expedited review in category 7 of guidance issued under the Common Rule (Section 46.110), and normally it involves minimal risk. Most ethnographic research involves the observation and interaction of the researcher with adult participants in ordinary life and poses risks not greater in and of themselves than those ordinarily encountered in daily life.
Although most ethnographic research involves minimal risk, IRBs cannot presume that all ethnographic research involves no more than minimal risk. Ethnographic research can involve significant risks. Although ethnographers often observe and record public behavior that involves minimal risk to participants, if, for example, the public event is videotaped and used by the researcher or others for purposes that may harm the participant(s) and the identity of the participant(s) can be ascertained, the research involves higher risk. This is particularly true in research that involves working with vulnerable populations, such as those with a potentially stigmatizing illness (e.g., HIV/AIDS), individuals engaged in illegal activities (e.g., sex work, drug use), or those whose civil rights have been compromised.
6) How is informed consent obtained and documented in ethnography?
Informed consent includes three key components: communication of information, comprehension of information, and voluntary participation. Informed consent is an interactive process that involves the researcher informing potential participants of the purposes and procedures of the research, the risks and benefits associated with the study, and how the data provided by the participant will be protected and stored. The ethnographer bears the responsibility of ensuring that the participants are fully informed of the intent of the ethnographic research, how the participants' information contributes to the research, and the anticipated risks and benefits the participants may expect to occur as a result of their agreement to participate in the research.
One of the most contentious areas of disagreement between IRBs and ethnographers is the documentation of informed consent. Some IRBs assume that all research resembles clinical, biomedical research and involves a clinician and client/patient in the US, an English-speaking and literate country where individuals, and only individuals, have the right to determine whether or not to participate in research. Yet, much ethnographic research takes place outside of the US, often in developing countries and among populations that may not be literate, and where the group or another individual may determine the right of an individual to participate in research.
At issue is the question of whether written informed consent is required to document participants' consent. It is often not appropriate to obtain consent through a signed form-for example, where people are illiterate or where there is a legacy of human rights abuses creating an atmosphere of fear, or where the act of signing one's name converts a friendly discussion into a hostile circumstance. In these and in other cases, IRBs should consider granting ethnographers waivers to written informed consent, and other appropriate means of obtaining informed consent should be utilized.
The Common Rule clearly allows IRBs to authorize oral informed consent. Section 46.117(c) of the regulations permits the waiver of written consent, either if the consent document would be the only form linking the subject and the research and if the risk of harm would derive from the breach of confidentiality or if the research is of minimal risk and signing a consent document would be culturally inappropriate in that context. Section 46.116(d) authorizes the IRB to waive informed consent or approve a consent procedure that alters or eliminates some or all of the elements of informed consent if four conditions are met: (1) the research is of no more than minimal risk; (2) the change in consent procedures will not harm the respondents; (3) the research could not "practicably be carried out without the waiver or alteration; " and (4) whenever appropriate, additional information will be provided to subjects after participation.
These regulations can be interpreted to provide alternative means of obtaining consent. Consent can be assumed in instances where the respondent is free to converse or not with the researcher and is free to determine the level and nature of the interaction between participant and researcher. This in no way absolves the anthropologist from clearly informing participants about the purpose and procedures of the study, its potential risks and benefits, and plans for the use and protection of ethnographic materials gathered during the study.
There are also situations in which some community authority must approve the research before any individual community member is asked to participate. In some communities an individual would be put at risk of community sanction if he or she agreed to participate in a research project without the formal approval by community authorities. In some cultural settings, a spouse or male household-head, rather than an individual person, may be the culturally or legally appropriate agent to provide consent.
In reviewing particular cases posing complex ethical questions, an IRB that does not have an ethnographer on its panel should consult an outside expert with knowledge of ethnographic research and/or the particular context in which the research will take place.
Relevant Codes and Documents:
American Anthropological Association
Code of Ethics
Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP)
Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects ("the Common Rule")
Category 7 of Guidance Issued Under the Common Rule
United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights


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This week's Secret Ingredient for Friday Foodie Fix is Apples! I love apples. My favorite is the Winesap apple. I have great memories of when I was a kid and we would make our annual trip to the Orchards. We would get a whole basket full of Winesap apples. It was such an exciting event for me. Linvilla Orchards was not far from where I grew up and it is still a thriving orchard where you can go and pick your own. This is also the time of year that Apple Cider starts appearing in the grocery store. I love apple cider. I hope someone has a great gluten free recipe for apple cider donuts that is easy.
Apples are a wonderful food to have around. They don't need to be refrigerated, travel well, gluten and dairy free and vegetarian and vegan.
There are over 8000 varieties of apples but they can all trace their roots back to the wild sour crab apple. Apples come in all sizes and colors and contain vitamins A, B, and C, magnesium, iron and manganese. Fall and Winter are peak season for apples. If you can, buy from your local farmers. These will be the freshest. Apples will generally last a week in the refrigerator but there are ways to winter them. This requires tissue paper, slatted wooden boxes and a cool dry well ventilated place.
Recently, my favorite apple recipe is the Apple Cinnamon Muffins I made from Elana Amsterdam's book The Gluten-Free Almond Flour Cookbook. Great book, just get one and you'll thank me. I also like to make Apple Pupusas.
I hope you will share your apple recipes here and then check out what others have shared. Feel free to leave as many recipes as you like and share that link love back to this post. Read up for more details on Friday Foodie Fix.
Next week's Secret Ingredient is ………….Potatoes!


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Drake Bennett writes a piece in this weekend's Boston Globe about what magicians and neuroscientists share in common, which Cass Sunstein points out is closely related to Nudge. Bennett writes:
As magicians have long known and neuroscientists are increasingly discovering, human perception is a jury-rigged apparatus, full of gaps and easily manipulated…A great deal of the success of a piece of magic is simply getting the audience's attention and sending it to the wrong place – to a right hand flourishing a wand while the left secrets a ball away in a pocket or plucks a card from a sleeve. Magic shows are masterpieces of misdirection: they assault us with bright colors and shiny things, with puffs of smoke and with the constant obfuscatory patter that many magicians keep up as they perform.
Neuroscientists are so interested in what magicians have practiced for years that the New York Academy of Science has asked magician Apollo Robbins to make a January presentation on vision, and other magicians will speak to brain researchers at the Society of Neuroscience annual meeting in 2009. We're still waiting for neuroscience's debut in Vegas.
The vanishing ball illusion is one of the most basic tricks a magician can learn: a ball is thrown repeatedly into the air and caught. Then, on the final throw, it disappears in midair. In fact, the magician has merely mimed the last throw, following the ball's imagined upward trajectory with his eyes while keeping it hidden in his hand.
But if the technique is easily explained, the phenomenon itself is not. If done right, the trick actually makes observers see the ball rising into the air on the last toss and vanishing at its apex. As (Ronald A. Rensink, a professor of computer science and psychology at the University of British Columbia) points out, this is something more powerful than merely getting someone to look in the wrong direction – it's a demonstration of how easy it is to nudge the brain into the realm of actual hallucination. And cognitive scientists still don't know exactly what's causing it to happen.
Rensink is a co-author on a paper about magic and psychology in the current issue of Trends in Cognitive Sciences. The journal is gated, but the Science news release is here. For videos of the illusions in Rensink's paper click here.
Can't get enough? Watch this 16 minute clip of cognitive neuroscientist Al Seckel, a master of illusions, show how confused our minds can get – even when we know what is coming.


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(RNS) With 2.18 billion adherents, Christianity has become a truly global religion over the past century as rapid growth in developing nations offset declines in Christianity's traditional strongholds, according to a report released Monday (Dec. 19).
Billed as the most comprehensive and reliable study to date, the Pew Research Center's "Global Christianity" reports on self-identified Christian populations based on more than 2,400 sources of information, especially census and survey data.
Findings illustrate major shifts since 1910, when two-thirds of the world's Christians lived in Europe. Now only one in four Christians live in Europe. Most of the rest are distributed across the Americas (37 percent), sub-Saharan Africa (24 percent) and the Asia-Pacific region (13 percent).
"In two out of three countries in the world, the majority of the population identifies as Christian," said Conrad Hackett, lead researcher on the "Global Christianity" report. "I had no idea about that. … I was surprised."
The report confirms Christianity's standing as the world's largest religion, with 32 percent of the global population. Islam is second with about 23 percent, according to a 2009 Pew report.
A close look at the details reveals a few ironies:
—Although Christianity traces its beginnings to the Middle East and North Africa, only 4 percent of residents in these regions claim the Christian faith today.
—Meanwhile, the faith has grown exponentially in sub-Saharan Africa, from just 9 percent of the population in 1910 to 63 percent today. Nigeria, home to more than 80 million Christians, has more Protestants than Germany, where the Protestant Reformation began.
"As a result of historic missionary activity and indigenous Christian movements by Africans, there has been this change from about one in 10 (sub-Saharan Africans) identifying with Christianity in 1910 to about six in 10 doing so today," Hackett said.
For its part, Europe is more religiously diverse than it was in 1910, when 94 percent was Christian. Still, Europe hasn't abandoned its Christian heritage, according to the report. Today, 76 percent of Europeans self-identify as Christian.
"Many people may have the impression that a smaller percentage of Europe claims to be Christian" than is actually the case, Hackett said.
The report also sheds light on the difficult question of how many Chinese are Christians. Researchers have struggled to get reliable numbers since China's policies on religion are thought to discourage Christians from self-identifying as such in official surveys.
Adjusting for such variables, Pew researchers believe Christianity has flourished despite a policy forbidding Christianity among Communist Party members. Researchers estimate the Christian community in China includes 5 percent of the population, or 67 million.


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On the outside, the new Dewalt DS130 Tough System tool box looks a lot like the small Dewalt Tough System tool box we reviewed and own plenty of, but there are some notable differences.
For one, there's no top handle. And no air pressure equalization valve. And, as you'll see from the following image, there's no inner compartment separation, although there are some built-in and removable organizers.
Perhaps most importantly, you should notice that there's no rubbery weather seal grommet, although it looks like there's space for one.
Home Depot's product page is in conflict with the images, saying there IS an integrated IP65 water seal for protection of contents from weather conditions.
All of these tweaks are reflected in the price. This new Dewalt DS130 Tough System tool box is priced at $31 at Home Depot, while the Dewalt DS150 small Tough System tool box is as low as $43 via Amazon.
The DS130 is said, according to the Home Depot page, to have a 6.5″ height, but Dewalt lists the DS150 as having a 6″ height. I wouldn't think this version to be taller. If anything, without having to make space for a top handle and inner compartment organizer separator, I'd expect it to be a hair shorter.
You get a lower price and some fewer features, but there are still some very good ones:
- Structural foam construction
- Anti-rust metal latches
- Bi-material handle
- Side handles for carrying and Tough System carrier or rack attachment
- Side latches
- 4 removable storage cups
- 2 small parts or accessories organizers built into the lid
I'm not sure I like that lid organizer design. How do you open up the compartments when the lid is up and vertical, without stuff spilling out?
Correction: As per Schill's comment below, it does look like the entire organize is hinged at the bottom. You swing it down, then lift the lid up. Thanks, Schill!
It looks like the new DS130 Tough System tool case integrates well with all the other Dewalt Tough System products, including the new Dewalt DS450 rolling Tough System tool box also recently introduced.
Price: $31
Buy Now(via Home Depot)
Buy Now(More Featured DS150, via Amazon)
See Also(Rolling Tool Box via Home Depot)
Thanks to Adam for the heads-up!
First Thoughts
Why would Dewalt come out with a new lesser-featured and less expensive Tough System tool box? It's not a no-frills box, but I can't see any advantages over the small Tough System box, aside from the price. I suppose a pricing difference of $10 to $14 or so is significant in itself.
Ah, here's a thought…
I already posted about how the new Dewalt Tough System rolling tool box could be an alternative to Ridgid's Pro rolling Gear Cart. You can see more of the Ridgid Pro organizer, tool box, and gear cart in my review here.
Did you notice how the new DS130 Tough System box is shown in a stack with the new Dewalt rolling tool box and a large Tough System box ($43 via Amazon) in the middle?
Let's look at that Ridgid Pro system:
Check Ridgid Pro Tool Box Prices via HD
And how much do they cost? $29 for the small organizer tool box, $39 for the medium tool box, $15 for the newer tote box, and $59 for the rolling gear cart.
I also didn't miss how Dewalt and Home Depot are marketing these new Tough System tool boxes as a 22-inch tool case, and a 22-inch
Here are those Dewalt storage links again: DS130 tool box, DS450 wheeled tool box.
It surprises me to see Dewalt aiming to compete with Ridgid at this level, especially since they have a whole other line of smaller and less expensive modular tool storage options – Tstak.
Home Depot runs promos on the Ridgid Pro tool storage system every winter holiday season and I believe every Father's Day as well. It's usually buy all three, get the small box for free. So it ends up being $98 for the 3-box combo, as discussed in last year's deal post.
It'll be interesting to see what happens this year. Maybe there will be a similar Dewalt promo, where you can buy the wheeled tool box and a large Tough System cart and get the above-featured smaller tool box for free.
All this commentary aside, if this new box is as waterproof as the regular Tough System boxes, I'll be extremely pleased. $31 is not a lot of money for what you get. I've bought plenty of small, large, and extra large Dewalt Tough System tool boxes, and always felt like I got my money's worth.
Update: It is! Or at least it should be, thanks to the grommeted lid seal.
The wheeled cart looks interesting, and should please critics of the Tough System carrier's pretty large size and heavy weight. But with that wheeled case, you lose some storage capacity due to the wheels, and it means you have to start taking an entire tool box stack apart when you want something from a lower box. Then again, if you keep your boxes in one staging area, you only need to stack and stack your boxes once or twice a day.
Oh, and you CAN use this individually. There's no obligation to use the new Tough System tool box as part of a larger modular tool storage system. It is nice that it can be stacked in the same way as all other Tough System tool boxes, but the lack of a top handle will hamper things.
If you only want just one tool box of this size, I think the DS150 is a better option, thanks to its top handle. It does cost more, but you'll soon forget about the extra $10 to $14. But if you go with this less expensive option, the lack of a top handle might plague you for its entire length of ownership.
But when paired with something like the wheeled box, especially if you perhaps want 2 of these instead of 1 plus a large box, the lack of a top handle becomes less important, and the pricing difference becomes more significant.
If you own any modular tool box system, from Dewalt, Ridgid, Bosch, Festool, or any other brand, or make use of individual tool boxes, how likely are you to give this new Tough System tool box a try?
Buy Now(via Home Depot)
Buy Now(More Featured DS150, via Amazon)
See Also(Rolling Tool Box via Home Depot)


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Man killed in Atlanta shooting identified
Associated Press
ATLANTA - A man who was shot and killed on a southwest Atlanta street has been identified as a 24-year-old Orlando, Fla. man.
The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reports (http://bit.ly/OxxQZy ) that the man who was shot Saturday afternoon at Cooper Street and Eugenia Street was identified Sunday by Atlanta police as Antwan Inzar of Orlando.
Police said Inzar was found with multiple wounds lying in front of an abandoned apartment building. He died after being taken to an Atlanta hospital.
Police spokesman Officer John Chafee said witnesses said they saw a man running from the scene after gunshots were heard.


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Scientists have discovered a puzzling spinning star that is spontaneously switching between two very different personalities, flipping between emitting strong X-rays and emitting intense radio waves.
While radio frequencies are known to vary as the star changes personalities, the newfound star is the first time example of variability in X-rays as well. The star, called a pulsar because it appears to pulse, has astronomers perplexed.
"When we look now to what is so far published in papers, nothing at this moment can explain what is happening," said the study's lead author, Wim Hermsen of the Netherlands Institute for Space Research and the University of Amsterdam.
Hermsen and his multinational research team suspect that changes in the spinning star's magnetosphere, or magnetic environment, are behind the switches. Those changes, however, is poorly understood.
"The people creating models will have to rethink what we are discovering here," Hermsen added. [Top 10 Star Mysteries]
Perplexing pulsar mystery
The newfound pulsar is officially known as PSR B0943+10. The 5 million-year-old spinning star whips through a rotation every 1.1 seconds — which is considered pretty slow for a star of its type, researchers said.
PSR B0943+10's radio pulses can change as quickly as once a second. The pulsar — about 3,000 light-years from Earth — also emits a weak X-ray signal as charged particles radiate along magnetic lines and bombard the magnetic poles.
Hermsen's team was interested in knowing whether the X-rays — like the radio pulses — varied between the two modes. They examined the pulsar using a European Space Agency X-ray space telescope, XMM-Newton, and combined those observations with work done at ground telescopes in the Netherlands and India.
They were surprised to find the pulsar switched between giving off strong radio pulses and emitting stronger X-rays. The mode switches took place at times ranging between half an hour and about five or six hours.
"The behavior of this pulsar is quite startling. It's as if it has two distinct personalities," said study co-author Ben Stappers, who is with the University of Manchester's School of Physics and Astronomy.
"As PSR B0943+10 is one of the few pulsars also known to emit X-rays, finding out how this higher energy radiation behaves as the radio changes could provide new insight into the nature of the emission process."
The research is detailed in the Jan. 25 edition of the journal Science.
Spinning star oddity
The researchers say the pulsar's quick switching between radio and X-ray brightness implies large changes in the magnetosphere. But what drives these changes is not known.
Some scientists have observed the change in radio brightness linked to the pulsar's spin rate. Older research suggests the radio waves vary with physical processes at the microscopic level, but the new findings challenge that. (X-ray brightness is even less understood because so few pulsars are visible in that wavelength.)
Changes in a pulsar's spin, the Science paper cautioned, are detectable only over a period of days. The research, however, suggests the magnetosphere may change in less time than it takes PSR B0943+10 to complete a single rotation.
Hermsen's team plans to compare the pulsar with similar objects to try to predict the X-ray emission behavior. Later this year it plans to look at another pulsar, PSR B1822-09, in both X-ray and radio wavelengths.
PSR B1822-09 will be observed with ground telescopes in India, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands along with the XMM-Newton space observatory.
Follow Elizabeth Howell @howellspace, or SPACE.com @Spacedotcom. We're also on Facebook and Google+.


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Mom has been calling me up everyday just to remind me that I should not go to work on 30th. Karnataka has declared a school holiday or a good 2 days "to keep the children safe". My bank tells me that while it officially is working tomorrow, "we will have to look at the conditions" for me to pick up my ATM card. My pinter is working an extra shift tonight to finish work he is supposed to do tomorrow "kal ka kuch bol nahi sakte sir".
While the home minister has boldly declared that he does not "foresee any problems" the CM's of many sates have declared their inability to protect their law abiding citizens by declaring holidays. Tomorrow some hope for justice, some for retribution, and some just want it all over.
Violence lovers on both sides of the religious divide are looking for an excuse. Some will try to justify it as setting right the historical wrongs, one dead body in 2010 at at time.
Irrespective of your religion and political leanings, today is a day that any nation loving Indian needs to be ashamed. Ashamed that for 60 years we have voted into power people who played us on our fears and cultivated sectist fears. Ashamed that we have cultivated media that specialize in glorifying violence and shamed that we refuse to see that justice cannot be achieved by unlawful means
Religious goondagardi (extremism) ; green, saffron, pink or blue is not a just a political problem for it to be solved by parties, it is problem that needs to faced and tackled at the family level. The solution must be come at at the tea shop in the corner and the temple, mosque and church in the community. I hope we are not given anymore proof of this tomorrow than we already have.
We are a nation held captive by fear fulled by opportunist politicians and inept administration of justice. Fear is so common, that we forget how shameful it is. Our fears are that green and saffron will clash with swords and guns. We forget what the real fear should be, that it is the law abiding citizen that is afraid, not the thug, the rioter or the hatemonger. On either side of the religious divide, the criminal is eagerly and fearlessly waiting. No holiday for them tomorrow.