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The Inverse Function Theorem
Recall the inverse function theorem from multivariable calculus: if is a map defined on an open region , and if the Jacobian of has maximal rank at a point then there is some neighborhood of so that the restriction is a diffeomorphism. This is slightly different than how we stated it before, but it's a pretty straightforward translation.
Anyway, this generalizes immediately to more general manifolds. We know that the proper generalization of the Jacobian is the derivative of a smooth map , where is an open region of an -manifold and is another -manifold. If the derivative has maximal rank at , then there is some neighborhood of for which is a diffeomorphism.
Well, this is actually pretty simple to prove. Just take coordinates at and at . We can restrict the domain of to assume that is entirely contained in the coordinate patch. Then we can set up the function .
Since has maximal rank, so does the matrix of with respect to the bases of coordinate vectors and , which is exactly the Jacobian of . Thus the original inverse function theorem applies to show that there is some on which is a diffeomorphism. Since the coordinate maps and are diffeomorphisms we can write for some , and conclude that is a diffeomorphism, as asserted.
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EVANSVILLE, IND. (March 23, 2:30 p.m. ET) — Packaging giant Berry Plastics Group Inc. is preparing to go public.
The company plans to raise up to $500 million in an initial public offering of it shares. It will use part of that revenue to pay down debt, according to a March 23 filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
The filing did not include how many shares Berry plans to issue or the expected price of these shares. It also did not name an underwriter.
Berry, based in Evansville, Ind., is currently owned by investment funds associated with Apollo Group Management LLC and Graham Partners Inc. After the offering is completed, Apollo will retain majority voting power.
More than 400 of Berry's more than 16,000 employees own equity in the company. As of Dec. 31, 2011, more than 20 percent of fully diluted equity was owned by employees.
The filing did not list Berry's preferred ticker symbol or what exchange it planned to list on.
Reducing debt is a key reason for the IPO. As of Dec. 31, 2011, the end of the company's first fiscal quarter of 2012, Berry had a total indebtedness of $4.56 billion, with $29 million in cash and cash equivalents.
The company has piled on debt in recent years as it has grown through acquisition. In its filing, the company said it is "one of the most active acquirers of plastic packaging businesses globally."
The company has made more than 30 acquisitions since 1988, 10 of them in the past five years. Last year, Berry purchased stretch film producer Linpac Packaging Filmco Inc. for $19 million and bought Rexam plc's specialty closures business for $360 million. It also consolidated six of its plants.
Berry has 88 plants in the U.S. and operates in 13 locations internationally.
Berry Plastics was founded in 1967 as Imperial Plastics. It became Berry Plastics when it was bought in 1983 by Jack Berry Sr.
Since then, it has become an industry powerhouse. According to Plastics News' rankings, the company is the largest injection molder in North America and is the third-largest film and sheet maker. It's also ranked No. 5 in thermoforming and No. 12 in blow molding.
The company divides its business into three categories. The largest, rigid plastics, includes containers, food-service items and closures, and had sales of $2.3 billion in 2011. Engineered materials includes specialty tapes, adhesives, and polyethylene-based film products, and netted $1.45 billion.
The smallest segment, flexible packaging, includes high-barrier and multilayer films and printed bags and pouches, and made $796 million.
Berry serves more than 13,000 customers worldwide.
The company has posted losses of more than $100 million in four of the past five years; in 2009, it posted a net income of $152 million.
Berry had sales of $4.56 billion for the fiscal year ended Oct. 31, 2011, up from $4.25 billion in 2010. But, it posted a loss $299 million in 2011, compared with $113 million in 2010, partly due to higher operating expenses.

subset: commoncrawl


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Today's News: Our Take - Michael Douglas Reveals He Lied About Having Throat Cancer
Michael Douglas revealed in a new interview Friday that he lied about having stage four throat cancer.
When speaking with Samuel L. Jackson on the U.K. talk show This Morning, the recent Emmy winner said he was actually diagnosed with tongue cancer.
"This was right before I had a big tour for [the sequel to] Wall Street, so we kind of said, 'There's no way we can cancel the tour and say we don't feel well,'" Douglas said. "I said, 'You've just got to come out and just tell them I've got cancer and that's it.'"
Douglas, 69, explained that his doctor advised that he might not want to publicly disclose that he had a disease with such a negative prognosis. Many who are diagnosed suffer from facial disfigurement. "The surgeon said, 'Let's just say it's throat cancer,'" Douglas said, adding that that the doctor told him that if they had to do surgery for tongue cancer "it's not going to be pretty." His doctor also said that Douglas faced losing part of his jaw and tongue.
Douglas underwent aggressive chemotherapy and radiation treatment and was declared tumor-free in January 2011.
Douglas next stars in Last Vegas, which hits theaters nationwide on Friday, Nov. 1.
View original Michael Douglas Reveals He Lied About Having Throat Cancer at TVGuide.com
Other Links From TVGuide.com


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When Donna Koonce went into the hospital, I kept telling everyone that "Katy's mom" was having bypass surgery. I didn't want to give the state of Texas too much credit for recognizing my relationship to this extraordinary woman.
By the time Donna was moved to the ICU, I needed the shorthand of "mother-in-law." I spoke the words into the intercom, and the nurses buzzed me into the locked ward. (Every time I said, "I'm here to see my mother-in-law," I had to remind myself that I wasn't fudging: Katy and I are legally married–in California and the eight other states that recognize our marriage. But that legal status is pretty theoretical when you're stuck in a small southern town.)
Now that Donna is dead, it feels strange to use a stuffy matrimonial label to describe her. For one thing, she was terribly vain and would not abide any appellation that made her sound old. (Her own grandchildren were forbidden from using the dreaded G word.) For another thing, saying "mother-in-law" inevitably reminds me of our first wedding and how Donna Koonce, grand southern diva that she was, nearly derailed it.
Donna's presence, and her disapproval, could be formidable. In 1981, when Katy came home for Christmas with a "friend," her mother "accidentally" discovered their love letters in Katy's bag. Donna called the girls to the living room, where she presided over the house from a throne-like velour recliner. Trembling, Katy and her girlfriend awaited judgment on the couch. Mom stared the girlfriend down.
"Do you love her?" she asked, finally.
"Yes," said the young woman, sneaking a glance at Katy, "I do."
"Well, good," Donna answered, taking a drag on her cigarette. "You better."
This was the era of panic over the new "gay cancer." Only three years earlier, Anita Bryant and her minions had campaigned to remove anyone who supported gay rights from positions in California public schools. Donna's husband was a high school football coach–a position of considerable visibility and social standing in small Texas communities. The Koonce family lived on the Gulf Coast, in Lake Jackson, a historically segregated community for white employees of Dow Chemical. But even a "chemical corridor" town like Lake Jackson was cosmopolitan compared to the place where Donna was raised: Carthage, Texas, near the notorious Piney Woods of East Texas.
As its ancient namesake might suggest, Carthage is located in one of the more violent parts of the Deep South. The names of other East Texas cities resonate with histories of racial discrimination and terror: Paris, Tulia, Jasper. So how did a privileged white woman from Ku Klux Klan territory come to unquestioning acceptance and support for her butch lesbian daughter? I've thought about this question a lot, and I have a few answers: she was extraordinary, she was full of love, and she didn't give a fig for what other people thought.
"Extraordinary" is shorthand in our family for Donna's tendency to behave like minor royalty. When Donna went to the bank to make a deposit, she refused to deal with anyone below a Senior Vice President. If she made reservations for a restaurant, she asked to speak with the manager before dropping her own name: "Dhis is Donna Koonce, do you have a good table for me tonight?" If Donna sent you to the Kroger for a cut of meat, she'd remind you to "tell 'em you're a Koonce."
If a Koonce was gay, then, by Donna's logic, gay was good.
She didn't really care what other people thought, just as long as they were paying attention. As a forty-something mother of three, she wore mini-skirts and go-go boots and Angie Dickinson wiglets. At the Junior Civic League variety show, she played Mae West, but threw in some Sophie Tucker jokes for maximum shock value. On the golf course, she was known as "Dirty Donna" for her foul mouth. "Goddamnit, Donna," her introverted husband would say at the end of a party, "it's time to go home." "Oh shit, Phil," she'd habitually reply. "You go on home."
She loved a lengthy public prayer. Before any family meal, she'd gather kids, grandkids, friends, and spouses into a circle. When everyone had joined hands, she'd begin, "Lord, thank you for allowing us to be together once more." And then, depending on her mood, she would go on, mentioning those who were absent, those who had come before, those whose financial foresight to invest in natural gas had paid for this meal we were about to consume. The length and superciliousness of the average Donna Koonce prayer could cause respectable grown-ups to be seized with fits of giggles. If anyone dared to make eye contact across the prayer circle, it was all over.
For private prayers, Donna preferred moonlight. When the moon was full, she'd slide on her house shoes and shuffle out to the moist swath of grass behind the house. There, with a Carlton 120 in one hand, she'd unload her troubles to a personal god–a confection of Father, Son, and pagan moon goddess. She prayed for all her many grandchildren (including the ones conceived outside of marriage, who occupied a special place in her heart). She prayed for patience with her husband. She prayed for the social life of her cross-dressing neighbor. For the success of her housekeeper's daughter's quinceañera. Most of all, she prayed for her adult children, that they would find peace and stability before she had to leave them.
Saying your prayers to the moon is pretty risqué stuff in a town where the Baptists still believe that Methodists go to hell. But Donna wasn't shy about it. If the moon was particularly big and beautiful, she'd come inside, pour another drink, and then call friends and family. It wasn't unusual to hear the phone ring at 11 pm. "I want you to go outside and look at that moon," she'd evangelize. Then she'd fill your ear with everything she'd been praying about–especially if it had to do with you. Just in case her intercession with the moon didn't work, she was going to take the earthly opportunity to let you know exactly what she thought you should do with your life.
As you might imagine, I was full of trepidation the first time I met Donna. I'd heard stories of previous girlfriends who'd suffered Donna's frank appraisal–which grew more frank throughout the evening as Donna consumed her customary cocktail–scotch and water in a 24 oz styrofoam cup. At the time, I had 3/4″ hair that was dyed old-lady silver. I wore round black glasses that made me look like a raccoon. I was nerdly. I could not pull off a convincing "y'all." I had never tasted gumbo with oysters. I was a Yankee.
I could tell you that we bonded over the crossword puzzles that she completed every day. I could say it was Donna's gumbo or her cornbread dressing, which I ate with relish and appreciation. Or our shared love of vintage fashions from the 1950s and 60s. But the truth is, it felt like she loved me before any of these things.
It's a cliché to say that your in-laws make you feel like one of the family–and yet, that's exactly what Donna did by being herself. I still remember the first time I saw her get into an argument with Katy. It all happened so quickly; one minute they were talking about taxes and the next minute they were digging into buried reserves of anger and reproach. I wanted to melt into the couch. "That's it," I thought, "the visit's ruined. We'll have to go home." But while I was mentally packing the suitcases, mother and daughter had moved on to some lighter topic and were once again enjoying each other's company. I couldn't believe it. Watching them taught me about myself, how unrooted I was, how every little storm could make me feel like I'd been felled.
Although I found Donna's emotional volatility a bit scary, I learned that I could trust the authenticity of her emotions. When she hugged me goodbye at the end of a visit, I could honestly feel the love flowing towards me. It wasn't unusual for her to cry a little and to tell me how very, very grateful she was that Katy had found me. "Thank you, Darlin," she'd whisper in my ear. "Thank you."
In spite of her love for me, Donna Koonce disrupted my wedding.
It was a balmy July evening in Austin, Texas. The elegant oak trees and simple pine plank fences were strewn with tiny white lights. More than 150 people had gathered for a backyard ritual designed to acknowledge our friends and family, our queer village and social support network. Twenty of our most special people were seated on the patio behind us, with Donna on the front row.
Our celebrant was Gretchen Phillips, singer, songwriter, and inveterate marriage skeptic. Katy and I had needed to break through a lot of resistance to convince her to unite us in unholy matrimony. Now, just as Gretchen was about to deliver the words she'd crafted for the occasion, Donna stood up and grabbed the mic. There was a gasp from the audience. "Your turn is coming," Gretchen admonished. Donna, undeterred, pointed to the sky. Then she spoke, slowly and Southernly, into the microphone.
"I. Want. You…to look at that Moon!" Thus instructed, the entire audience gazed skyward and gasped again. A giant silver orb, a spectacular full moon, was shining its blessing on our nuptials.
Eight years later, I was hurrying back to the hospital in Lake Jackson. It was day six of Donna's hospital stay. Her blood pressure had never returned to normal after the bypass and her vital organs were failing. The surgeon had offered the possibility of exploratory surgery, but cautioned that Donna was unlikely to survive another procedure. The family thoughtfully declined. Now the nurses said she wouldn't last another night.
I had taken our son, Waylon, to stay with friends and was anxious to rejoin the rest of the family. Stuck at a stoplight, I felt something looming in my peripheral vision. The moon. It was a spectacular golden dinner plate pasted on the sky. I texted Katy: "look at that moon."
Back at the ICU, Katy held Donna's hand and told her about the beautiful spring moon. Then she spoke with the nurse. The doctor had given permission to stop the blood pressure medicine that was Donna's last artificial tie to life.
When I arrived, Katy stepped out of the room to call her brothers. It was the first time in six days that I'd been alone with Donna. With everyone else gone, I didn't feel self-conscious about taking her hand and putting my face next to her ear.
"Donna," I said, "it's Paige." I had to try to project over the sound of the respirator. "Thank you for always being so sweet to me," I said. "Thank you for always loving Waylon like he was any other grandchild," I sobbed. And then, just as a wave of emotion was swelling inside me, I felt something equally strong and real emanating from Donna. Her emotional response hit me like a tidal wave. Her presence was so strong, I was almost reeling, but I stood my ground and stayed in close.
"I learned so much from you," I said. My throat was tight with emotion. "It's Paige," I added. "I know you might not recognize my squeaky voice." But, even as I said it, I knew she knew me. "I love you and I'll miss you."
Still touching her arm, I sat back down on the stool by the bed. The fullness of her presence had subsided now, but I could feel it resonating inside me.
Katy came back from calling her brothers. She took her mother's hand. "I just called Phil and Blaine, Mommy. It's okay, you can let go if you need to." She kissed her mother and settled in to wait.
It was hard to look at Donna's beautiful face disfigured by swelling and tubes. We stared at the blood pressure monitor, which produced a new reading every 15 minutes. Katy busied herself by making sure her mom still had the crumpled tissue that she habitually clutched for comfort.
There was little sign of change until the heart monitor began to beep. We watched the lines on the screen grow slower and farther apart. Donna did not labor or rasp. Because she had a DNR order, the nurses walked calmly into the room. One put a stethoscope to Donna's chest. Then she handed it to the other. They agreed that the last heartbeat had happened at 12:13 am.
Except for the screaming of the heart monitor, the difference between life and death was barely evident. Then the nurses turned off the respirator and she was still. The respiratory therapist came and rolled the machine away.
I waited with Katy until her brother Phil arrived. Then I stepped outside to give them some time alone with their mama. Phil's wife was in the hallway and we made small talk. Donna was gone, but the intensity of our moment together was so great that she didn't feel all the way gone to me. The body in the room seemed insignificant now, because a small part of her spirit had migrated to my heart. I can still feel it right now, as I'm writing these words. It fills my chest and buoys me up.


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Role of public services in integrating refugees and asylum seekers
Following the influx of over three million asylum seekers into the European Union in the three-year period 2015–2017, Member States faced a number of challenges related to integrating the newly arrived into their country. This report explores the role of public services – specifically housing, social services, health and education services – in the social and economic integration of refugees and asylum seekers. It aims to identify the factors that hinder this process and the elements that contribute to successful integration.


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Published by JackieP
I enjoy reading, writing, and painting. I love animals and at present have one dog (Sam) and 2 cats (brother and sister, Notwen and Pouncer). I've lived in various places in the USA and now in Canada. I've always enjoyed watching life and people and have developed an appreciation for it all. My outlook is sometimes out of the normal.... but that's what makes things so interesting! I am always interested in the opinions of others. Everyone has their own outlook and it's always worthwhile to listen! http://tobreatheistowrite.com View all posts by JackieP


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Estate Sale Collection Blowout pt. 2
DoneFeb 27, 2020 6:25 PM EST
Los Angeles, CA, United States
Auction Details
Estate Sale Collection Blowout pt. 2
Featuring new lots!
Lot Number: Lowest
3918B: 19TH CENTURY GILT BRONZE & CRYSTAL CENTERPIECEEst. $1,000-$2,000See Sold Price
3919B: Louis Xv Style Polychrome Satinwood Side CabinetEst. $800-$1,600See Sold Price
3920B: Weighted Crown Sterling Candle HoldersEst. $400-$800See Sold Price
3921B: Jade Incised TabletEst. $700-$1,400See Sold Price
3922B: Sevres-Style And Royal Vienna-Style Porcelain PlateEst. $600-$1,200See Sold Price
3923B: Jade Figurine Of Woman (Minor Tip Breakage)Est. $200-$400See Sold Price
3924B: Carved Marble Bacchanalian Figural GroupEst. $3,000-$6,000See Sold Price
3925B: Austrian Cold-Painted Bronze FiguresEst. $900-$1,800See Sold Price
3926B: Morano Gilt Rim GlasswareEst. $50-$100See Sold Price
3927B: 4 Italian Silverware PiecesEst. $100-$200See Sold Price
3928B: Meissen 4 Pc. InkstandEst. $1,000-$2,000See Sold Price
3929B: Set Of 4 Sterling Salt ShakersEst. $400-$800See Sold Price
3930B: Pair French Style Wall HangingsEst. $1,100-$2,200See Sold Price
3931B: Parisian Yellow Guilloche Enamel With Gilt Floral SwagsEst. $900-$1,800See Sold Price
3932B: Late 19th/Early 20thC French Curio CabinetEst. $2,000-$4,000See Sold Price
3933B: Pair Of Signed Baccarat Amborina CandelabraEst. $10,000-$20,000See Sold Price
3934B: Gorham Silver Plated BowlEst. $500-$1,000See Sold Price
3935B: Antique Bronze Box With MiniatureEst. $500-$1,000See Sold Price
3936B: Seven Piece Sterling And Etched Glass Drink SetEst. $400-$800See Sold Price
3937B: Pair Of Kpm Style Porcelain VasesEst. $800-$1,600See Sold Price
3938B: Framed Oil On Board "Paris Scene" SignedEst. $2,000-$4,000
See Sold Price
3939B: Pair Of Sterling Silver SaltsEst. $700-$1,400See Sold Price
3940B: A Limoges Porcelain Plaque First Half 20Th CenturyEst. $4,500-$9,000See Sold Price
3941B: Boy And Dog Bronze Mantel ClockEst. $1,600-$3,200See Sold Price
Auction Details
Bid Increments
PriceBid Increment
Buyer's Premium
- 25%
Terms & Conditions
CONDITIONS OF SALE All property offered and sold through World of Antiques Inc., ("Auctioneer", or "Broker", or the "Company") shall be offered and sold on the terms and conditions set forth in these Conditions of Sale. By participating in any sale, you acknowledge that you are bound by these terms and conditions. World of Antiques Inc. has made every effort to catalogue and describe accurately property to be sold. The Company, however, assumes no risk, liability or responsibility for the identification or authenticity or authorship, or weight, count, or measure of any property identified in its catalogue or lists of sale. This shall include, among others, the identity of the creator, the period, culture, source of origin, as the case may be, with which the creation of any property is identified in any publication. ALL PROPERTY IS SOLD "AS IS". THE CONSIGNOR MAKES NO WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS OF ANY KIND WITH RESPECT TO ANY PROPERTY OFFERED FOR SALE, SINCE THE AUCTIONEER IS ACTING SOLELY AS AN AUCTION BROKER, AND, UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED, DOES NOT OWN THE PROPERTY OFFERED FOR SALE. THEREFORE, THE AUCTIONEER MAKES NO WARRANTY OF TITLE, WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR ANY OTHER WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION OF ANY KIND OR NATURE WITH RESPECT TO THE PROPERTY. 1. Some of the lots in this sale are offered subject to a reserve. The reserve is a confidential minimum price agreed upon by the consignor and World of Antiques Inc. below which the lot will not be sold. In most cases, the reserve will be set below the estimated range, but in no case will it exceed the estimates listed. A representative of World of Antiques Inc. will execute such reserves by bidding for the consignor. In any event and whether or not a lot is subject to a reserve, the auctioneer may reject any bid or raise not commensurate with the value of such lot. 2. All property is sold ?as is? and neither the auctioneer nor any consignor makes any warranties or representation of any kind or nature with respect to the property, and in no event shall they be responsible for the correctness, nor deemed to have made any representation or warranty, of description, genuineness, authorship, attribution, provenance, period, culture, source, origin, or condition of the property and no statement made at the sale, or in the bill of sale, or invoice or elsewhere shall be deemed such a warranty of representation or an assumption of liability. 3. Except as provided in paragraph 1 above, the highest bidder as determined by the auctioneer shall be the purchaser. In the case of a disputed bid, the auctioneer shall have sole discretion in determining the purchaser and may also, at his or her election, withdraw the lot or reoffer the lot for sale. The auctioneer shall have sole discretion to refuse any bid, or refuse to acknowledge any bidder. Any bidder that plans on spending in excess of $100,000 should make arrangements with the accounting department at least five (5) days in advance of the sale, as a deposit may be required to participate. 4. All invoices must be paid and shipped within 10 days of the auction, after 10 days there will be a $5 a day storage fee assessed, and after 30 days the lot will be taken from our warehouse and sold/donated. 5. World of Antiques Inc. accepts cash or check for payment. Personal checks will be acceptable only if credit has been established with World of Antiques Inc. or if a bank authorization has been received guaranteeing a personal check. World of Antiques Inc. reserves the right to hold merchandise purchased by personal check until the check has cleared the bank. The purchaser agrees to pay World of Antiques Inc. a handling charge of $25.00 to $50.00 for any dishonored payment method. Please contact accounting department for additional payment methods and/or additional fees. 6. If the purchaser breaches any of its obligations under these Conditions of Sale, including its obligation to pay in full the purchase price of all items for which it was the highest successful bidder, World of Antiques Inc. may exercise all of its rights and remedies under the law including, without limitation, (a) canceling the sale and applying any payments made by the purchaser to the damages caused by the purchaser?s breach, and/or (b) offering at public auction, without reserve, any lot or item for which the purchaser has breached any of its obligations, including its obligation to pay in full the purchase price, holding the purchaser liable for any deficiency plus all costs of sale. 7. In no event will the liability of World of Antiques Inc. to any purchaser with respect to any item exceed the purchase price actually paid by such purchaser for such item. 8. Shipping is the responsibility of the purchaser. Upon request, our staff will provide the list of shippers who deliver to destinations within the United States and overseas. Some property that is sold at auction can be subject to laws governing export from the U.S., such as items that include material from some endangered species. Import restrictions from foreign countries are subject to these same governing laws. Granting of licensing for import or export of goods from local authorities is the sole responsibility of the buyer. Denial or delay of licensing will not constitute cancellation or delay in payment for the total purchase price of these lots. 9. All purchases are subject to the California 8.75% sales tax unless the purchaser possesses a California sales tax exemption number. Exemption numbers from other states are accepted in California if presented with a business card or letterhead. Dealers, museums, and other qualifying parties can apply for a California exemption number prior to the auction by contacting the California Department of Corporations and Taxation at 100 Cambridge Street in Boston. 10. Except for property purchased via On?line Auctions, a premium equal to 20% of the final bid price up to and including $500,000, plus 12% of the final bid over $500,000, will be applied to each lot sold, to be paid by the Buyer as part of the purchase price. The buyer?s premium on property purchased via On?line Auctions will be in an amount up to 23% of the final bid price. 11. Bidding on any item indicates your acceptance of these terms and all other terms announced at the time of sale whether bidding in person, through a representative, by phone, by Internet, or other absentee bid. 12. World of Antiques Inc. and its consignors make no warranty or representation, express or implied that the purchaser will acquire any copyright or reproduction rights to any lot sold. World of Antiques Inc. expressly reserves the right to reproduce any image of the lots sold in this catalogue. The copyright in all images, illustrations and written material produced by or for World of Antiques Inc. relating to a lot, including the contents of this catalogue, is, and shall remain at all times, the property of World of Antiques Inc. and shall not be used by the purchaser, nor by anyone else, without our prior written consent. 13. These conditions of sale shall be governed by the laws of the Commonwealth of California (excluding the laws applicable to conflicts or choice of law). The buyer/bidder agrees that any suit for the enforcement of this agreement may be brought, and any action against World of Antiques Inc. in connection with the transactions contemplated by this agreement shall be brought, in the courts of the Commonwealth of California or any federal court sitting therein. Attorneys' Fees: In any legal action brought by either party to enforce the terms of these conditions of sale, the prevailing party is entitled to all cost incurred in connection with such an action, including reasonable attorneys' fees. The bidder/buyer consents to the nonexclusive jurisdiction of such courts and waives objections that it may now or hereafter have to the venue of any such suit. 14. Product / Merchandise sizing and weight: All product and/or merchandise sizes are in approximation and may not be the actual measurements. World of Antiques Inc. is not liable for any exact size and measurement discrepancies. All sizing and measurements are done to the closest unit of measure; this also applies to the weight of the product/merchandise. Please contact World of Antiques Inc. for more details of a product / merchandise.
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Helping pet owners with waste pickup for the last 17 years For the last 17 years, the Scoopy Doo Dog Waste Removal Service has been helping pet owners living in Long Island, Westchester and Upstate New York eliminate the most unpleasant part of pet ownership – poop pickup. The company employs 12 drivers and operates a fleet of 11 Nissan Frontiers and Ford Rangers.
Irregular schedules and inefficient processes"Our business is very different from that of the average delivery-based fleet and has unique fleet tracking needs," explains Jim Coniglione, Owner/President of Scoopy Doo and self-proclaimed "turd herder". "Most fleets operate to a regular schedule, but in our business, the frequency of visit for each customer varies. Some people want us to visit once a week, others three times a week. So it was really important we maximize the efficiency of our trucks and drivers."
Prior to investing in Webfleet, tracking of vehicles and drivers was a completely manual job. "It was a huge problem," confesses Coniglione. "We didn't have answers for people when they would call. They would ask, 'what time was your driver at my house,' and we'd have to call the driver, hope his memory was sufficient. It was all very time consuming." The company was using printed maps to help drivers navigate to their customers' residences. "Drivers got lost all the time or hung up in traffic delays."
Fleet tracking and optimized route planning Recognizing the business needed to up its technology game, Coniglione brought in Webfleet for fleet tracking and StreetSync for optimized route planning. The system was then custom-configured for Scoopy Doo's unique needs by Webfleet partner, Route Solutions.
Better customer accountability and service to grow business and improve the bottom line A driver's daily route is built in StreetSync, and then pushed to Webfleet terminals in the trucks. "The information provided by Webfleet allows us to be accountable to our customers and adds that professional touch," says Coniglione. "When a customer calls to ask, we can say confidently, yes, our driver was at your house at 3:05 PM today, and was there for 20 minutes."
The PRO Navigation device's voice guided instructions help keep drivers hands on the wheel (in accordance with New York's hands-free driving laws), and near real-time traffic routing also helps drivers navigate tricky New York traffic to stay on schedule.
Back at the office, Coniglione and his wife/business partner Kathy can also keep an eye on drivers' adherence to schedule and their behind the wheel behaviors, such as speeding and harsh braking, through the use of OptiDrive 360.
Since adopting Webfleet and StreetSync, Coniglione estimates he has been able to cut fuel costs by 10% due to improved route optimization. He has also been able to save on labor costs through improved route optimization and better visibility into driver whereabouts.
Better information means better customer accountability and service for Scoopy Doo and it is helping Jim Coniglione grow his business and improve the bottom line. "Many of our older retired customers are sitting waiting at the window for the guy to come scoop poop. The information provided by Webfleet works in our favor. When our driver arrives on schedule, does a good job, that customer often recommends our service to three other people."
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CSI Tornado: Decoding – and chasing – supercells with the experts
CSI Tornado: Chasing supercells, interviewing a homeowner sucked off his front porch in an Oklahoma tornado outbreak, and examining the path of a destructive funnel, an expert expedition shows how science is close to decoding the way a tornado works.
| Woodward, Okla.
Forecasters had seen it coming for days – an angry blob of bright pink blossoming on forecast maps over a nearly 175,000-square-mile area of the Great Plains. For only the second time in its history, the National Weather Service held a pre-outbreak press conference Friday, April 13, alerting the region – much as it does for hurricanes ahead of landfall – to brace itself. Conditions were ripe for a significant tornado outbreak.
Indeed, 150 reports of twisters across four states – including a powerful funnel a mile wide that hit Wichita, Kan. – reached federal forecast offices.
By nightfall Saturday, the last in a parade of roiling supercells, the thunderstorms that spawn twisters, had marched northeast, and some TV meteorologists in Oklahoma City were saying the worst was over. So residents of this cattle, wheat, and oil town along the path the storms had taken northwest of Oklahoma City went to bed relieved. All that was left was the squall line that TV forecasters said would bring strong storms – but nothing like that day's supercells.
By midnight, grandchildren were asleep in the Lord home here, and the adults were getting ready to follow. Chad Lord, a storm-savvy contractor up from Florida to visit his parents, made one last check for tornado warnings. Nothing on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration weather radio. Nothing on TV.
As Chad was about to turn in, warning sirens began to wail. The squall line had broken into supercells; a tornado was bearing down.
As he recalls it, about two minutes passed as he rallied three generations of Lords to run across the street to the neighbors' basement. His father, Paul, was halfway across the road, and Chad was in the front yard beckoning others to follow when the rising locomotive-like roar and clatter of debris hitting homes stopped them in their tracks. The tornado was perhaps 100 yards away, and closing.
Both men turned to sprint back into their house as Chad shouted for the rest of the family to take shelter in an interior room.
Paul tripped, but nearly caught up as Chad reached the front door. Chad turned and gripped his father's hand to pull him into the house just as the twister hit. Winds yanked Paul out of Chad's grasp and into the night and blew Chad back down a hall, where he came to a stop near a bathroom. He opened the door, he recalls, hoping to find shelter in a tub, only to find nothing on the other side of the door.
Then a fireplace collapsed, covering him in debris.
In 10 seconds, he says, it was over.
Survivor awe and science
"It makes you wonder how people survive these things," says National Weather Service (NWS) meteorologist James LaDue, with a gentle shake of his head, as he stands the next afternoon amid the shattered wood, shards of glass, and tufts of fiberglass insulation that once made up the Lord family's high-ceilinged two-story home.
The Woodward tornado killed six people, including two children, and injured 29. Paul Lord survived – managing to curl up in a gutter and ride it out – with only minor injuries and the survivor's awe that Mr. LaDue and his colleagues in the forensics of tornadoes witness regularly.
LaDue operates at the intersection of science and humanity in making the initial assessment of the impact one of nature's most violent phenomena has on individuals and communities. Their work and that of weather researchers, engineers, and public-health officials around the country – before and after storms – has advanced the science of tornadoes and the potential for earlier warnings and safer structures.
Tornado-warning lead times are longer than ever – at 14 to 19 minutes on average – and may be about to increase dramatically because scientists are uncovering new features within thunderstorms that could serve as early-warning signs that a tornado is likely to form soon. Forecasters are getting new tools that can reveal in real time the inner workings of a thunderstorm, even as researchers are devising new ways to sort through the information to provide warnings with longer lead times and with more tightly focused warning areas. And engineers are undertaking new initiatives to identify construction techniques tailored to improve a home's ability to withstand the unique mix of winds a tornado delivers.
LaDue, from the NWS Warning Decision Training Branch at the US National Weather Center in Norman, Okla., and Rick Smith, warning coordination meteorologist with the NWS forecast office in Norman, arrive in Woodward the next day to collect information aimed at verifying and improving warnings. Their findings also determine the intensity of tornadoes on a scale from 1 to 6.
LaDue is a self-described "storm weenie" whose weather fixation began in junior high and was cemented later in rough-weather sailing in Long Island Sound. He often travels chasing tornadoes and their aftermath with his weathercentric family: his wife, Daphne, a University of Oklahoma weather researcher, and 4-year-old son Dylan, who loves to see a tornado spin into view.
Looking for damage patterns in structures and vegetation to determine a tornado's intensity – as well as width and length of track – is LaDue's just-the-facts-ma'am science job; but he is fully aware that his work site is often someone's personal disaster.
In approaching property owners, he says, "I don't want to treat them as victims. They're not to be pitied. They went through a horrible event, and if they come out reasonably OK, most wind up being thankful it wasn't worse."
He marvels at the hospitality and humor people show, despite their hardship. His serving as a patient listener helps. Many are just happy to have someone to talk to about their experience. During last spring's surveys in Alabama where 62 tornadoes killed 253 people, LaDue recalls: "We went to one house east of Tuscaloosa that was swept clean. The grandparents were in the hospital. Two [teens] were guarding what was left of the place. They said: 'We're so glad you came up and stopped to talk. Most people just gawk at us and drive on by.' "
Talking to residents is part of the boots-on-the-ground fact-finding that provides a reality check on the accuracy of forecasts for the storm that drops a tornado. And the investigations provide ground-truth tests for NWS tools for analyzing and predicting storm behavior.
The NWS is midway through a major upgrade to its network of weather radar that, by next spring, is expected to give forecasters a more detailed look at the inner workings of a storm and possible tornado triggers. It will also be able to spot tornado debris clouds, providing ready confirmation that a funnel cloud actually has reached the ground.
Researchers are working on another radar system that can scan the skies faster than current radar, with electronically steered beams that will allow forecasters to spot a twister radar signature several minutes earlier than mechanically rotating antenna now do. That means more lead time for people to reach shelter.
Also in the works is a warn-on-forecast system that will allow forecasters to routinely give at least 40 minutes' warning along a far more specific path than tornado warnings now cover.
US is the world capital of tornadoes
For all their tightly wound fury, tornadoes are very hard to produce and require specific geography. And nowhere else in the world hosts such optimal conditions as the Great Plains for building the towering thunderstorms that spawn twisters. So that's where scientists focus their inquiry on the forces that cause twisters.
Most significant tornadoes appear below so-called supercell thunderstorms – powerful, usually isolated storms. Only about 10 to 20 percent of these roiling behemoths form twisters, says Donald Burgess, a researcher with the Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies at the University of Oklahoma. And when they do form twisters, 80 percent of the tornadoes fall into the two weakest categories of the six-level tornado intensity scale.
Supercells rely on four basic ingredients to form: a source of warm, moisture-laden air near the ground and colder air at higher altitudes; a shift in wind speed or direction with altitude – known as wind shear – within a few thousand feet of the ground; something to trigger the rise of that low-level warm air; and a landmass that is closer to its hemisphere's pole than the source of the warm, moist air.
These ingredients are present elsewhere, such as South America, southeastern China, Bangladesh, and on the Tibetan Plateau, notes Paul Markowski, an associate professor of meteorology at Pennsylvania State University in State College. "But no place do these conditions occur on as vast a scale as the Great Plains of the United States," he says.
The Gulf of Mexico supplies warm, moisture-laden air that moves north near ground level. Winds flowing eastward over the Rocky Mountains provide an overlying layer of cold air. The initial lift can come from daytime heating, from wind deflected up as it blows across uneven terrain, or from a cold front moving east.
As the warm air rises and cools, water vapor in the air condenses, releasing back the heat that turned Gulf of Mexico seawater into a gas in the first place. This newly introduced heat source warms the surrounding air, giving the air parcel additional lift. If the surrounding air continues to get colder with altitude, the relentless flow of moisture-laden air into the updraft forms a sprawling, anvil-shaped thunderhead.
Meanwhile, wind shear at mid-levels sets up a rolling pin-like circulation of air drawn into the updraft, imparting rotation to the core of the storm.
All that happens well above the ground, Dr. Markowski says, but adds: "It can't ever explain why you would have spin right at the ground."
But maybe VORTEX 2, the largest tornado field study in history, can. During the 2009 and 2010 spring tornado seasons, more than 100 scientists crisscrossed the central US chasing supercells in hope of capturing the entire life cycle of tornadoes. Their tools: mobile radars, weather balloons, weather stations on wheels, and radio-controlled aircraft laden with instruments.
A picture of the final stages of tornado formation is still emerging from the data. But, says Markowski, spin at the ground appears to result from interplay between dense, rain-cooled air descending on the backside of a supercell's rainy core – a kind of exhaust system for the thunderhead – and a second source of shear near ground level that the storm itself can set up. In essence, it's a small-scale version of the process that forms the supercell in the first place. Typically, air in a thunderstorm's rear downdraft hits the ground, spreads, and dissipates. But under the right conditions, some of that air can get caught in small-scale updrafts in the rain-free base at the rear of the supercell.
If this cooler air has the right mix of temperature and moisture, the U-turn can result in a rotating "wall cloud" that descends from the rain-free base. If the storm's self-generated, low-level shear encounters the updraft, it is tugged upward, spins up, makes contact with the ground, and produces a tornado.
But are there early-warning signs of tornado formation? Enter the "blob." Researchers discovered that in some storms they intercepted, the downdraft seemed to flow in pulses that might be linked to discrete blobs of rain that the team's mobile radar picked up along the storm's rear flank. One of these blobs was present in a storm that generated a powerful tornado in Goshen County, Wyo., on June 5, 2009.
Some five to 10 minutes after the blob hit the ground, spin rapidly intensified and a tornado formed, says Markowski, who served on the project steering committee.
The radar units that picked up the blobs operate in the same way the NWS's weather radars will operate once the upgrades are complete. Known as dual-polarization Doppler radar, the upgraded radar will send out horizontal and vertical pulses that return detailed information on the size and distribution of particles in the clouds and clues to temperatures in the storm.
How to withstand vertical wind
When David Prevatt walked through residential areas in Joplin, Mo., and Tuscaloosa to survey damage after the tornadoes that hit each city last spring, he noticed an intriguing pattern: If a home wasn't obliterated, a house built before the 1940s tended to sustain less damage than homes built as recently as the mid-1990s.
Dr. Prevatt, an assistant professor of civil and coastal engineering at the University of Florida at Gainesville, noticed that the exterior walls, as well as the floors and roofs of the pre-1940s houses, typically were covered with 2-by-12-inch planks, set diagonally. More-heavily damaged postwar homes were sheathed in thinner, less-expensive plywood sheets.
It's "anecdotal evidence that may suggest that because we have changed the structural system" for homes, "we've changed the capacity and performance of these houses" to endure the stresses tornadic winds impose, he says.
In January, he received a National Science Foundation grant to explore ways to design new homes and retrofit old ones to resist tornadoes.
For all the attention paid to designing buildings to resist earthquakes and hurricanes, no generally accepted building standards yet exist in the US for tornado resistance, suggests a report by a team of researchers, including Prevatt, who analyzed damage from a tornado rated as a 4 on the Enhanced Fujita (EF) scale in Tuscaloosa and Birmingham, Ala., last spring.
One design, foam-and-concrete domes – built small as backyard shelters, mid-size as houses, or large for use as school gyms or churches – have proved robust in the face of even powerful tornadoes. Windows and doors may get blown in, but the structure remains intact.
LaDue testifies to the dome effect. "You're preaching to the person that surveyed one in Blanchard last May," he said when the subject came up during the drive to Woodward.
On May 24, 2011, an EF4 tornado plowed 32 miles across Oklahoma, injuring 15 people and killing one. During his survey of the damaged town of Blanchard, he came across an elderly couple's dome home that "performed remarkably well." Like water flowing around a rounded boulder in a stream, tornado winds easily flowed over and around the building, leaving the overall structure intact.
But most building departments have little or no experience with domed structures, so permitting can be as difficult as developing the dome's aesthetic appeal, advocates acknowledge.
Current codes don't address tornadoes well, Prevatt explains. Design standards account for horizontal winds, but tornadoes include vertical winds. Only recently have researchers developed laboratory tools that allow engineers to effectively estimate what those stresses may be on a full-scale building, he says. For now, engineers have no idea of how strong vertical stresses are at key points in a structure, he adds.
Moreover, the twister's winds hit like a boxer's punch, compared with the slow, steady increase in winds that come with an approaching tropical storm or hurricane.
Cost versus risk is an issue, too, says Prevatt. "It's not as much of an engineering problem as it is a societal one, accepting what its risk is and what it's willing to pay for its safety."
Last year 1,700 tornadoes may have touched down in the US, but the region at most risk covers 2 million square miles: The likelihood of a tornado hitting any single spot in a given year is tiny. But when that spot is shared by homes, schools, and businesses, the effect on individual lives and the community can be shattering.
Even in the absence of specific tornado standards, much more could be done to improve structures' resilience – at least with new construction, says Timothy Marshall, a meteorologist and principal engineer at Dallas-based Haag Engineering, a forensic engineering firm.
Today's codes are minimum standards. But the goal, Mr. Marshall argues, should be to exceed code. He notes that homes everywhere could benefit from the strapping and anchoring to secure roofs and walls that hurricane-prone states now require.
"It's going to cost more, but not a lot more – $500 to $1,000 more," he says.
He sounds a note of frustration at poor construction practices he found during surveys following severe tornadoes in Greensburg, Kan., in 2007 and the outbreak in the South last spring.
"It's like an offering to a tornado," he says.
He's heartened, though, by success stories in these events – people who'd installed safe rooms or shelters that allowed them to survive.
Race to investigate
Typically, a damage survey is a race against time. Residents aim to put their lives back together as quickly as possible.
"You have to work hard and fast to get the information before it's gone," observes Tanya Brown, who does post-storm surveys as a research engineer with the Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety.
When LaDue pulled in to Woodward about noon the day after the tornado, police officers, firefighters, and other first responders had already been working nearly 12 hours.
LaDue's first step was to map the tornado's path. In Woodward, the damaged area was small enough to map by driving through neighborhoods until he ran out of visible damage.
RELATED: Can you outsmart a tornado? Take our quiz
Two areas drew particular attention: a trailer park, where the tornado pulverized several mobile homes; and a neighborhood a mile away, where the Lord home once stood.
His main task was to determine the tornado's intensity and wind speeds – estimated from the damage it inflicted. The tools: a tape measure, a camera, and a smart phone with software that contains a rogue's gallery of damage images that would help LaDue and Mr. Smith classify the twister on the EF scale.
During the May 24, 2011, outbreak over western and central Oklahoma, one twister picked up a Chevy Avalanche and carried it half a mile. "It was unrecognizable, a foot-wide piece of metal wrapped around a tree," says Smith, LaDue's NWS colleague. "Right in the core of what we believe was an EF5 tornado, an oil rig was pulled out of the ground – despite some 3 million pounds of force holding that heavy steel mechanism in the ground – and heavily damaged."
Damage indicators on the EF scale crib sheet don't include 1,500-ton oil rigs, Smith quips. Damaged and displaced vehicles are far more common, but aren't covered either. Despite hints from other damage indicators about a twister's intensity, its vehicular mayhem "really makes you scratch your head and wonder: Gosh, what kind of force, what kind of wind, and what kind of motion does it take to carry a giant pickup truck a half mile," shredding it in the process?
The neighborhood LaDue is surveying is a mix of homes built in the 1950s and – like the Lords' – homes built as recently as the '90s. As he works his way through the neighborhood, he stops to speak with residents for information on a damaged home's pedigree.
The need to work hard and fast doesn't trump compassion, however, or an ability to be amazed, even touched, at how residents spontaneously rally to help their neighbors or by remarkable stories of endurance and survival.
The tornado hit around 12:19 a.m. and by 1, more than 100 volunteers were combing the stricken area to look for survivors and begin to help them clean up.
"It's one of those small, Mayberry towns. Everybody knows everybody, and everybody lends a hand," says Chad Lord, above the buzz of chain saws and rumble of front-end loaders.
Early in the survey, LaDue works through the older part of the neighborhood, getting owners' permission to take photos and make measurements when he sees something that may have contributed to the severity of the damage. At one of the postwar-construction homes, he kneels to examine the rim of a foundation exposed when the tornado blew an exterior wall in. He hunts for signs of anchor bolts, and finds none. Exposed framing on interior walls reveals 1-by-3-inch wall studs, in contrast to the 2-by-4s used today.
Garages seem to be a weak link. Many homes have two-car garages with a single metal door with no braces on the back. On the periphery of the tornado's path, one house is intact, but its garage door is buckled inward. The garage doors of a house that was closer to the tornado blew in completely, which peeled the roof off.
"Notice the things not damaged," LaDue says. A room on the back of one blown-out garage is still standing. "This would have been a good place to take shelter," he says.
At this point, LaDue says he's inclined to give the twister a solid EF2 rating – indicating three-second wind gusts of between 111 and 135 miles an hour at the points where damage occurred – wind speeds comparable to a category 3 hurricane packed into a narrow funnel.
But then he walks up the block where volunteers are working through rubble that was the Lords' house, helping the family salvage what they can. As LaDue approaches and scans the debris and the foundation rim, he quietly observes: "This is an interesting candidate – all walls down, large house, anchor bolts."
Another two-story home next door is still standing, with low-end damage from the tornado itself, and collateral damage from the collapse of the Lords' home. At this point on its path, the tornado was one house wide. "A drill press," LaDue calls it.
Sue Lord, Chad's mother, approaches, and LaDue asks, "Were you here?"
"Yes, we rode it out," she says, explaining that her son Chad's warning sent her and other family members into an interior bathroom. Sue's daughter and grandson hunkered down in a bathtub; her other grandson huddled as far under the toilet tank as he could get, with Sue shielding him. Sue's son-in-law crawled under a built-in makeup table. The twister's suction pulled the toilet out of the floor, she explains, yet she and her grandson were unscathed.
Despite the harrowing experience of losing his dad's grasp in the twister, Chad marveled at the tornado's capriciousness. One moment, an ottoman was in front of a couch, complete with leg coasters. The next moment, the ottoman and couch had reversed positions – with the coasters still under each leg.
"Everything on top of you and you still made it," LaDue says with a tinge of awe. "You guys are surely blessed."
Over time, documenting experiences like this one, as well as those that end more tragically, can put one's own life and family into a new context, say LaDue and others involved in post-storm survey work.
For Smith, who acknowledges that on the open prairie, a supercell and tornado can still be things of beauty, "each time I go and walk through storm damage, it tempers that. It reminds me over and over that this is not a video game or a TV show. When we see those blobs on radar and there are tornadoes in those storms, this is a life-changing event" for someone.
LaDue says that he and his wife built their home in Norman before they were as keenly aware of the range of damage tornadoes can inflict – and they're now upgrading and are in the market for a storm shelter.
Haag Engineering's Marshall, who not only conducts surveys for Haag's clients but also works with the NWS on surveys and was one of the architects of the new tornado-intensity scale, says the work has changed him in profound ways. He doesn't put as much stock in personal possessions as he used to, before he started his work in forensic engineering. The resilience of survivors he's interviewed "has shown me that it really doesn't matter." The loss of a couch, a piece of china, or even a treasured photo is "not worth getting so upset about if you've got your life."
'It was kickin'!'
Sue and Chad move back into the flow of salvaging what they can from the debris when a voice booms out: "Hey, are you guys from The New York Times?"
Up strides Paul, his brow swathed in a thick layer of white gauze. "I don't know how my family came out of it," he says, voice cracking slightly. "It was a gift of God." Then he asks: "What are they rating this?"
LaDue replies that he's working on that.
"I can tell you how fast the wind was blowing," Paul deadpans. Then, he exclaims: "It was kickin'! It ... was ... kickin'!"


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Story highlights
Mass shootings have ignited public sentiment for some kind of new gun control
Examples of gunmen in recent mass shootings suggest background checks not a panacea.
The Virginia Tech case is one where a background check might have made a difference
Gun rights advocates oppose universal checks, any new record-keeping requirement
Newtown. Aurora. Columbine. Tucson. Virginia Tech.
The tragic shootings in each of these and other towns have ignited public sentiment for some kind of gun reforms and fired up gun advocates to protect what they see as their constitutional right of easy access to firearms.
According to recent polls, more than 90% of Americans favor some form of background checks for firearm purchases, particularly at gun shows, but the efficacy of the measure remains dubious by both law enforcement and gun control advocates.
But, as Congress wrestles with what new measures – if any – should be passed to control gun purchases, one question looms:
In those and other mass shootings, would background checks have made any difference?
Looking back, background checks did not stop three mass shootings that claimed more than 40 lives since 2011.
In the massacre in Newtown, Connecticut, where 26 people, mostly children, were gunned down at Sandy Hook Elementary School, Adam Lanza used two semi-automatic handguns and a semi-automatic rifle. He didn't get a background check for those weapons. They were legally purchased and registered to his mother, Nancy Lanza, who was his first victim.
Last July, James Holmes walked into a crowded theater in Aurora, Colorado, and began shooting. His AR-15, two 9 mm Glocks, .40 caliber pistol and 12-guage shotgun were all purchased legally, after his name was submitted to the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS). Twelve people were killed.
The same is true with Jared Loughner, who shot then-Rep. Gabrielle Giffords and 19 other people, killing six, in Tucson in January 2011. His application was never flagged when run through NICS – the database from which potential firearms buyers are determined legally eligible to purchase a gun.
NRA 'plucks the bird' to weaken gun proposals
"The one shooter that might have been prevented by background checks and was not was the Virginia Tech shooter because he had, in fact, been adjudicated to be potentially violent," said National Rifle Association President David Keene.
Seung-Hui Cho, who killed 32 people in 2007 on the picturesque Virginia Tech campus in Blacksburg, had been deemed mentally ill by a judge, which is one of the criteria used to disqualify certain people trying to buy a gun. Others who could be potentially disqualified include convicted felons, fugitives, drug addicts and domestic abusers.
Cho's case apparently slipped through the cracks and the state of Virginia has since instituted a series of reforms in its reporting procedures to NICS as a result.
Cho might have been stopped if universal checks were the law, Vice President Joe Biden said.
"One of the problems that was pointed out here was that there was an adjudication of the young man that committed the crime at Virginia Tech, and yet he was able to go out and purchase two weapons," Biden said in January.
The current Senate proposed bill called the "Fix Gun Checks Act" seeks to remedy the database deficiencies by forcing the states to become more involved in submitting names into the existing system.
The sticking point with the proposal for many anti-gun control proponents is the requirement that background checks cover every firearm sold, whether at gun shows, the Internet or private sales.
Sens. Joe Manchin III, D-West Virginia, and Patrick J. Toomey, R-Pennsylvania, announced Wednesday a bipartisan deal on background checks for gun shows and Internet sales, but a similar agreement in the House is still unlikely.
Sen. Chuck Schumer, D-New York, who wrote the latest Senate bill, said his was an expansion of the 1994 Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act that banned military-style assault weapons for a decade before it expired.
"Every major expert believes that universal background checks will save lots of lives," Schumer told CNN.
He added that 1.7 million people "have gone to firearms dealers and been denied guns because they were felons or adjudicated mentally ill because of the Brady law."
But the NRA's Keene disagreed.
"The tipping point for all this gun control talk about background checks is actually an example of how background checks don't matter… [the] killer will find a way to get a gun even if he kills the owner."


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'The Sims 4' adds emotional, multitasking Sims
"The Sims" are getting in touch with their feelings.
The fourth edition of Maxis' successful life-simulating game will include more emotional versions of the virtual people whose lives players can manipulate.
"The Sims 4" producer Lyndsay Pearson says the developers have focused on crafting more believable Sims who can perform multiple actions—like walking and talking—at once.
The sequel also will make it easier for gamers to build homes for their Sims by picking pre-designed rooms and plopping them together to create a house.
Pearson says "The Sims" franchise has now sold more than 170 million copies worldwide. The Electronic Arts Inc. people simulator is the best-selling PC game franchise in history.
More information: www.thesims.com
© 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved.


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Racing Rocks! with Riki Rachtman is a two-hour weekly music-intensive program that provides rock fans coast-to-coast with news, exclusive insights, interviews and dedicated coverage from the world of NASCAR, primarily the Sprint Cup racing series. The program, which debuted in the spring of 2003, is available to affiliates in a choice of two different mixes, one for Mainstream/Active Rock stations and one for Classic Rock outlets.
In the driver's seat as the host of both versions of Racing Rocks! is well-known air personality Riki Rachtman who is not only a serious NASCAR fan, but also a respected racing commentator and a highly recognizable rock radio and TV figure. Rachtman emerged on the music scene in the late 80's when he opened his legendary rock-and-roll venue, The Cathouse, and he also served for five years as the host for MTV's original Headbanger's Ball. Riki has also recently been seen on Fox's Speed Channel and other high-profile racing outlets including NASCAR.com.
Joining Rachtman on the broadcast team each week are Kelly Wayne, Program Director and Air Personality at KMOK-FM in Lewiston, Idaho, who provides coverage of movies and other entertainment news each week, as well as Chris McClain, a sports radio veteran reporting from Charlotte, North Carolina who covers NASCAR's Nationwide Racing Series each week.
Thanks to the sport of NASCAR, a few people know me as Riki Rachtman, not "The guy that used to be." I'm proud of my past, or at least what I can remember. The Headbanger's Ball, my talk radio career. A loyal friend and an enemy who enjoys revenge. Internally, I do believe success is the sweetest form of revenge.
So what doesn't kill me will make me stronger. I'm a skeptic. I've heard it all. Speak the truth or remain silent. I really do believe anyone can do what they want on this planet. The world is an empty canvas - it's up to you what you want to paint on it. Hey, that was kinda profound, huh -- I just made it up.
I love loud fast music but if it's done with heart. Ya, heart -- like Motorhead. I grew up listening to punk rock and skateboarding. The first book I read as a child was about Alice Cooper. The best feeling is making someone laugh. No really, that's what I believe. I love Corvettes, Harleys, and good scary flicks.
I'm nuts. No, really I am -- but it's worked OK for me so far.


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Finding a job in a slow-growing economy is daunting enough without new financial obligations.
Yet that's the challenge many university students graduating over the next few weeks will face before too long. The clock on their student loans will begin counting down to their first payment due date.
Both federal and private student loans give borrowers a six-month grace period before they're required to begin making payments. Graduates also have options to defer payments in certain situations, or even have their balance reduced if they qualify.
But eventually the bill will come due, and it won't be insignificant.
A study released in January by credit reporting agency TransUnion found that the average student loan debt rose 30 percent between 2007 and last year to $23,829.
And even missing a few payments early on can hamper credit scores — not a good scenario when you're just venturing out on your own and looking to land a job.
Here are six tips on how new grads can manage their student loan debt:
Understand your loans
It's essential to know the terms of your loan in order to evaluate your options for repayment, or to request a deferment when your grace period expires. For example, Stafford loans have a six-month grace period, while Perkins loans give you nine months before your first payment is due. Grace periods for other types of federal loans and private student loans can vary.
Ask your lender or check out nslds.ed.gov, which shows loan details on federal loans. If you have private student loans, you'll have to contact the lender directly.
''Whether you owe a little or a lot, it's crucial to know how much you owe, to whom, and what your repayment options are,'' says Lauren Ascher, president of the Institute for College Access & Success, a nonprofit advocacy and research organization.
Know your payment options
Federal loans are set up to be paid back over a 10-year period. But there are other options if you can't afford your monthly payments under that standard plan.
You can extend the length of time to pay back the loan beyond 10 years, which will lower the monthly payment, but you will pay more over the life of the loan. Some may qualify for plans that peg the monthly payment to a certain percentage of their annual income.
And if they're on such a plan for 25 years, anything they still owe will be forgiven.
The Project on Student Debt, which is managed by Ascher's organization, has more information on income-based repayment plans on this site: Ibrinfo.org.
On private student loans, repayment options will vary from one lender to the next. Ascher suggests checking the loan documents or contacting your lender.
Consider deferments
Can't find a job? Can't afford any student loan payments? If you have federal student loans, you can temporarily postpone your payments by asking for a deferment or forbearance.
In the case of a deferment, you're allowed to temporarily put off making payments on your loans. During this period, interest does not build up on three types of federal loans: direct subsidized loans, subsidized federal Stafford loans, and Federal Perkins loans.
On other types of federal loans, your payments will be put on hold, but the balance of your loan will continue to rack up interest.
Several factors may qualify you for a deferment once you're done with school, including economic hardship, unemployment, or serving in the military on active duty during a war.
If you don't qualify for a deferment, you may request a forbearance, which can generally buy you up to 12 months without making payments. However, you'll continue to pile up interest on your balance, even with subsidized loans. For more details on how these options work, go to this Department of Education website: Studentaid.ed.gov.
Don't rack up missed payments
Missing payments on your federal student loans can seriously hamper your ability to get credit, especially if you're starting out and don't have much of a credit history.
In the case of federal student loans, you will be declared to be in default if you miss nine payments in a row.
At that point, the government will ask you to pay back your entire loan balance immediately, and will resort to garnishing your wages or taking it out of your income tax refunds, if need be.
The default threshold is generally crossed far sooner with private student loans.
Experts recommend contacting your lender as soon as making payments becomes a problem, to discuss the options.
Keep in mind, however, that unloading your student loan debt via bankruptcy is very difficult, though not impossible. You would need to persuade the court that what you owe on your loan would result in an undue hardship on you and your dependents.
Of course, even if you succeed, filing for bankruptcy protection has steep and longstanding consequences on your ability to get credit.
For more details on this option, see the National Consumer Law Center's website on student loans.
Pay more than the minimum
One way to lower the total cost of your loan is to pay a little extra every month, or even make an extra payment every few months. That will help bring down the principal.
Ascher's organization recommends including a written request to the lender to ensure the extra payment amount is applied to the principal, not to the interest or other fees that are due.
Weigh a loan consolidation
Consolidating several of your student loans can help you manage your debt because you need only to keep track of a single monthly payment.
You can also extend the repayment period.
However, if your federal loan predates July 1, 2006, it's likely it has a variable interest rate, which means you can probably get that rate lowered now.
Consolidating loans issued after that date may not save you as much money on interest payments, however.
Keep in mind that if you take out a private student loan to consolidate federal loans, you will lose access to the borrower protections built into those loans, such as unemployment deferments.


text:
|Network Working Group
|J. Hodges
|Intended status: Informational
|B. Leiba
|Expires: September 12, 2010
|Huawei Technologies
|March 11, 2010
Security Requirements for HTTP
Recent IESG practice dictates that IETF protocols must specify mandatory-to-implement (MTI) security mechanisms, so that all conformant implementations share a common baseline. This document examines all widely deployed HTTP security technologies, and analyzes the trade-offs of each.
This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress".
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
This Internet-Draft will expire in September 12, 2010.
Copyright © 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the BSD License.
This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF Contributions published or made publicly available before November 10, 2008. The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process. Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other than English.
Recent IESG practice dictates that IETF protocols be required to specify mandatory-to-implement (MTI) security mechanisms. "The IETF Standards Process" [RFC2026] does not require that protocols specify mandatory security mechanisms. "Strong Security Requirements for IETF Standard Protocols" [RFC3365] requires that all IETF protocols provide a mechanism for implementers to provide strong security. RFC 3365 does not define the term "strong security".
"Security Mechanisms for the Internet" [RFC3631] is not an IETF procedural RFC, but it is perhaps most relevant. Section 2.2 states:
We have evolved in the IETF the notion of "mandatory to implement" mechanisms. This philosophy evolves from our primary desire to ensure interoperability between different implementations of a protocol. If a protocol offers many options for how to perform a particular task, but fails to provide for at least one that all must implement, it may be possible that multiple, non-interoperable implementations may result. This is the consequence of the selection of non-overlapping mechanisms being deployed in the different implementations.
This document examines the effects of applying security constraints to Web applications, documents the properties that result from each method, and will make Best Current Practice recommendations for HTTP security in a later document version. At the moment, it is mostly a laundry list of security technologies and tradeoffs.
[[ OVERALL ISSUE: It isn't entirely clear to the present editors what the purpose of this document is. On one hand it could be a compendium of peer-entity authentication mechanisms (as it is presently) and make MTI recommendations thereof, or it could be a place for various security considerations (either coalesced here from the other httpbis specs, or reserved for the more gnarly cross-spec composite ones), or both. This needs to be clarified. ]]
For HTTP, the IETF generally defines "security mechanisms" as some combination of access authentication and/or a secure transport.
[[ There is a suggestion that this section be split into "browser-like" and "automation-like" subsections. See:
[[ NTLM (shudder) was brought up in the WG a few times in the discussion of the -00 draft. Should we add a section on it? See..
[[ JH: I am not convinced that this subsection properly belongs in this overall section in that "HTTP+HTML Form based authentication" <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP%2BHTML_Form_based_authentication> is not properly a part of HTTP itself. Rather, it is a piece of applications layered on top of HTTP. Use of cookies for state management (e.g. session maintanence) can be considered such, however (although there is no overall specification for HTTP user agents stipulating that they must implement cookies (nominally [RFC2109])). Perhaps this section should be should be retitled "HTTP Authentication".
Note: The httpstate WG was recently chartered to develop a successor to [RFC2109]. See..
Almost all HTTP authentication that involves a human using a web browser is accomplished through HTML forms, with session identifiers stored in cookies. For cookies, most implementations rely on the "Netscape specification", which is described loosely in section 10 of "HTTP State Management Mechanism" [RFC2109]. The protocol in RFC 2109 is relatively widely implemented, but most clients don't advertise support for it. RFC 2109 was later updated [RFC2965], but the newer version is not widely implemented.
Forms and cookies have many properties that make them an excellent solution for some implementers. However, many of those properties introduce serious security trade-offs.
HTML forms provide a large degree of control over presentation, which is an imperative for many websites. However, this increases user reliance on the appearance of the interface. Many users do not understand the construction of URIs [RFC3986], or their presentation in common clients [PhishingHOWTO]. As a result, forms are extremely vulnerable to spoofing.
HTML forms provide acceptable internationalization if used carefully, at the cost of being transmitted as normal HTTP content in all cases (credentials are not differentiated in the protocol).
Many Web browsers have an auto-complete feature that stores a user's information and pre-populates fields in forms. This is considered to be a convenience mechanism, and convenience mechanisms often have negative security properties. The security concerns with auto-completion are particularly poignant for web browsers that reside on computers with multiple users. HTML forms provide a facility for sites to indicate that a field, such as a password, should never be pre-populated. However, it is clear that some form creators do not use this facility when they should.
The cookies that result from a successful form submission make it unnecessary to validate credentials with each HTTP request; this makes cookies an excellent property for scalability. Cookies are susceptible to a large variety of XSS (cross-site scripting) attacks, and measures to prevent such attacks will never be as stringent as necessary for authentication credentials because cookies are used for many purposes. Cookies are also susceptible to a wide variety of attacks from malicious intermediaries and observers. The possible attacks depend on the contents of the cookie data. There is no standard format for most of the data.
HTML forms and cookies provide flexible ways of ending a session from the client.
HTML forms require an HTML rendering engine for which many protocols have no use.
HTTP 1.1 provides a simple authentication framework, "HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication" [RFC2617], which defines two optional mechanisms. Both of these mechanisms are extremely rarely used in comparison to forms and cookies, but some degree of support for one or both is available in many implementations. Neither scheme provides presentation control, logout capabilities, or interoperable internationalization.
Basic Authentication (normally called just "Basic") transmits usernames and passwords in the clear. It is very easy to implement, but not at all secure unless used over a secure transport.
Basic has very poor scalability properties because credentials must be revalidated with every request, and because secure transports negate many of HTTP's caching mechanisms. Some implementations use cookies in combination with Basic credentials, but there is no standard method of doing so.
Since Basic credentials are clear text, they are reusable by any party. This makes them compatible with any authentication database, at the cost of making the user vulnerable to mismanaged or malicious servers, even over a secure channel.
Basic is not interoperable when used with credentials that contain characters outside of the ISO 8859-1 repertoire.
In Digest Authentication, the client transmits the results of hashing user credentials with properties of the request and values from the server challenge. Digest is susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks when not used over a secure transport.
Digest has some properties that are preferable to Basic and Cookies. Credentials are not immediately reusable by parties that observe or receive them, and session data can be transmitted alongside credentials with each request, allowing servers to validate credentials only when absolutely necessary. Authentication data session keys are distinct from other protocol traffic.
Digest includes many modes of operation, but only the simplest modes enjoy any degree of interoperability. For example, most implementations do not implement the mode that provides full message integrity. Perhaps one reason is that implementation experience has shown that in some cases, especially those involving large requests or responses such as streams, the message integrity mode is impractical because it requires servers to analyze the full request before determining whether the client knows the shared secret or whether message-body integrity has been violated and hence whether the request can be processed.
Digest is extremely susceptible to offline dictionary attacks, making it practical for attackers to perform a namespace walk consisting of a few million passwords for most users.
Many of the most widely-deployed HTTP/1.1 clients are not compliant when GET requests include a query string [Apache_Digest].
Digest either requires that authentication databases be expressly designed to accommodate it, or requires access to cleartext passwords. As a result, many authentication databases that chose to do the former are incompatible, including the most common method of storing passwords for use with Forms and Cookies.
Many Digest capabilities included to prevent replay attacks expose the server to Denial of Service attacks.
Digest is not interoperable when used with credentials that contain characters outside of the ISO 8859-1 repertoire.
Running HTTP over TLS provides authentication of the HTTP server to the client. HTTP over TLS can also provides authentication of the client to the server using certificates. Although forms are a much more common way to authenticate users to HTTP servers, TLS client certificates are widely used in some environments. The public key infrastructure (PKI) used to validate certificates in TLS can be rooted in public trust anchors or can be based on local trust anchors.
There are many niche schemes that make use of the HTTP Authentication framework, but very few are well documented. Some are bound to transport layer connections.
Microsoft has designed an HTTP authentication mechanism that utilizes SPNEGO [RFC4178] GSSAPI [RFC4559]. In Microsoft's implementation, SPNEGO allows selection between Kerberos and NTLM (Microsoft NT Lan Manager protocols).
In Kerberos, clients and servers rely on a trusted third-party authentication service which maintains its own authentication database. Kerberos is typically used with shared secret key cryptography, but extensions for use of other authentication mechnanisms such as PKIX certificates and two-factor tokens are also common. Kerberos was designed to work under the assumption that packets traveling along the network can be read, modified, and inserted at will.
Unlike Digest, Negotiate authentication can take multiple round trips (client sending authentication data in Authorization, server sending authentication data in WWW-Authenticate) to complete.
Kerberos authentication is generally more secure than Digest. However the requirement for having a separate network authentication service might be a barrier to deployment.
[[ See..
Many large Internet services rely on authentication schemes that center on clients consulting a single service for a time-limited ticket that is validated with undocumented heuristics. Centralized ticket issuing has the advantage that users may employ one set of credentials for many services, and clients don't send credentials to many servers. This approach is often no more than a sophisticated application of forms and cookies.
All of the schemes in wide use are proprietary and non-standard, and usually are undocumented. There are many standardization efforts in progress, as usual.
Many security properties mentioned in this document have been recast in XML-based protocols, using HTTP as a substitute for TCP. Like the amalgam of HTTP technologies mentioned above, the XML-based protocols are defined by an ever-changing combination of standard and vendor-produced specifications, some of which may be obsoleted at any time [WS-Pagecount] without any documented change control procedures. These protocols usually don't have much in common with the Architecture of the World Wide Web. It's not clear why the term "Web" is used to group them, but they are obviously out of scope for HTTP-based application protocols.
[[ This section could really use a good definition of "Web Services" to differentiate it from REST. See..
In addition to using TLS for client and/or server authentication, it is also very commonly used to protect the confidentiality and integrity of the HTTP session. For instance, both HTTP Basic authentication and Cookies are often protected against snooping by TLS.
It should be noted that, in that case, TLS does not protect against a breach of the credential store at the server or against a keylogger or phishing interface at the client. TLS does not change the fact that Basic Authentication passwords are reusable and does not address that weakness.
Is is possible that HTTP will be revised in the future. "HTTP/1.1" [RFC2616] and "Use and Interpretation of HTTP Version Numbers" [RFC2145] define conformance requirements in relation to version numbers. In HTTP 1.1, all authentication mechanisms are optional, and no single transport substrate is specified. Any HTTP revision that adds a mandatory security mechanism or transport substrate will have to increment the HTTP version number appropriately. All widely used schemes are non-standard and/or proprietary.
This document has no actions for IANA.
This entire document is about security considerations.
|Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3", BCP 9, RFC 2026, October 1996.
|Mogul, J.C., Fielding, R.T., Gettys, J., and H.F. Nielsen, "Use and Interpretation of HTTP Version Numbers", RFC 2145, May 1997.
|Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999.
|Franks, J., Hallam-Baker, P.M., Hostetler, J.L., Lawrence, S.D., Leach, P.J., Luotonen, A., and L. Stewart, "HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication", RFC 2617, June 1999.
|Kristol, D. M. and L. Montulli, "HTTP State Management Mechanism", RFC 2965, October 2000.
|Schiller, J., "Strong Security Requirements for Internet Engineering Task Force Standard Protocols", BCP 61, RFC 3365, August 2002.
|Bellovin, S., Schiller, J., and C. Kaufman, "Security Mechanisms for the Internet", RFC 3631, December 2003.
|Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC 3986, January 2005.
|Zhu, L., Leach, P., Jaganathan, K., and W. Ingersoll, "The Simple and Protected Generic Security Service Application Program Interface (GSS-API) Negotiation Mechanism", RFC 4178, October 2005.
|Jaganathan, K., Zhu, L., and J. Brezak, "SPNEGO-based Kerberos and NTLM HTTP Authentication in Microsoft Windows", RFC 4559, June 2006.
|Apache Software Foundation, , "Apache HTTP Server - mod_auth_digest", <http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_auth_digest.html>.
|Gutmann, P., "Phishing Tips and Techniques", February 2008, <http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~pgut001/pubs/phishing.pdf>.
|Bray, T., "WS-Pagecount", September 2004, <http://www.tbray.org/ongoing/When/200x/2004/09/21/WS-Research>.
|Kristol, D.M. and L. Montulli, "HTTP State Management Mechanism", RFC 2109, February 1997.
Much of the material in this document was written by Rob Sayre, who first promoted the topic. Many others on the HTTPbis Working Group have contributed to this document in the discussion.
[This entire section is to be removed when published as an RFC.]
Changed the authors to Paul Hoffman and Alexey Melnikov, with permission of Rob Sayre.
Made lots of minor editorial changes.
Removed what was section 2 (Requirements Notation), the reference to RFC 2119, and any use of 2119ish all-caps words.
In 3.2.1 and 3.2.2, changed "Latin-1 range" to "ISO 8859-1 repertoire" to match the definition of "TEXT" in RFC 2616.
Added minor text to the Security Considerations section.
Added URLs to the two non-RFC references.
Fixed some editorial nits reported by Iain Calder.
Added the suggestions about splitting for browsers and automation, and about adding NTLM, to be beginning of 2.
In 2.1, added "that involves a human using a web browser" in the first sentence.
In 2.1, changed "session key" to "session identifier".
In 2.2.2, changed
Digest includes many modes of operation, but only the simplest modes enjoy any degree of interoperability. For example, most implementations do not implement the mode that provides full message integrity. Additionally, implementation experience has shown that the message integrity mode is impractical because it requires servers to analyze the full request before determining whether the client knows the shared secret.
Digest includes many modes of operation, but only the simplest modes enjoy any degree of interoperability. For example, most implementations do not implement the mode that provides full message integrity. Perhaps one reason is that implementation experience has shown that in some cases, especially those involving large requests or responses such as streams, the message integrity mode is impractical because it requires servers to analyze the full request before determining whether the client knows the shared secret or whether message-body integrity has been violated and hence whether the request can be processed.
In 2.4, asked for a definition of "Web Services".
In A, added the WG.
In section 2.1, added more to the paragraph on auto-completion of HTML forms.
Added the section on TLS for authentication.
Filled in section 2.5.
Changed IPR licensing from "full3978" to "pre5378Trust200902".
Changed authors to be Jeff Hodges (JH) and Barry Leiba (BL) with permission of Paul Hoffman, Alexey Melnikov, and Mark Nottingham (httpbis chair).
Added "OVERALL ISSUE" to introduction.
Added links to email messages on mailing list(s) where various suggestions for this document were brought up. I.e. added various links to those comments herein delimited by "[[...]]" braces.
Noted JH's belief that "HTTP+HTML Form based authentication" aka "Forms And Cookies" doesn't properly belong in the section where it presently resides. Added link to httpstate WG.
Added references to OAuth. Section needs to be filled-in as yet.
Moved ref to RFC2109 to new "Informative References" section, and added a placeholder "IANA Considerations" section in order to satisfy IDnits checking.
Fixed incorrect <date> year from 2009 to 2010. mea culpa.


text:
The estimated $84.8m three-day haul through Warner Bros makes New Line/MGM's fantasy adventure the biggest film ever to open in December.
Combined with the $138.4m international demolition job The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey has raced to $222.8m worldwide.
Peter Jackson once again directed the JRR Tolkien adaptation, the first in a trilogy. Martin Freeman stars alongside familiar Lord Of The Rings faces like Ian McKellen and Cate Blanchett and Hugo Weaving.
The Hobbit generated a December opening weekend record for IMAX and took more than $10.1m from 326 screens, which combined with $5m internationally for a December record global launch of more than $15m.
Far behind in second place was DreamWorks Animation's Rise Of The Guardians, which generated a further $7.4m in its fourth weekend through Paramount to reach $71.4m.
DreamWorks' Lincoln crossed $100m on Thursday and added $7.2m over the weekend to rank third on $107.9m after six.
Sony/MGM/Eon's James Bond smash Skyfall in fourth place stands at $272.4m after six and has reached $951.1m worldwide factoring in an extraordinary $678.7m international gross through SPRI and MGM.
The Weinstein Company's Silver Linings Playbook climbed one place to number 10 in its fifth weekend following a $2.1m haul that pushed the running total to $16.9m. The film remains on a relatively small footprint of 371 sites.
Music Box opened the Alan Cumming drama Any Day Now on $41,000 from 16 sites.
Next weekend sees the wide release of three Paramount films: action title Jack Reacher starring Tom Cruise; comedy The Guilt Trip with Seth Rogen and Barbra Streisand; and concert film Cirque Du Soleil: World's Away. Buena Vista's Monsters, Inc on 3D is also in action.
Estimated Top 10 North America Dec 14-16 2012
Film (Dist) / Est wkd gross / Est total to date
1 (-) The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (Warner Bros-New Line/MGM) WBPI $84.8m –
2 (2) Rise Of The Guardians (Paramount-DWks Animation) PPI $7.4m $71.4m
3 (4) Lincoln (DWks-Buena Vista) Fox Int'l $7.2m $107.9m
4 (1) Skyfall (Sony/MGM/Eon) SPRI/MGM $7m $272.4m
5 (5) Life Of Pi (Fox) Fox Int'l $5.4m $69.6m
6 (3) The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 (Summit-Lionsgate) Summit/Lionsgate Int'l $5.2m $276.9m
7 (7) Wreck-It Ralph (Buena Vista) WDSMPI $3.3m $168.8m
8 (6) Playing For Keeps (FilmDistrict) Nu Image $3.2m $10.8m
9 (8) Red Dawn (FilmDistrict) FilmNation $2.4m $40.9m
10 (11) Silver Linings Playbook (TWC) TWC Int'l $2.1m $16.9m


text:
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text:
Perseus pûr´sēəs, –so͝os [key], in Greek mythology, son of Zeus and Danaë. His grandfather, Acrisius, had been warned by an oracle that his grandson would kill him and therefore put Perseus and his mother in a chest and threw it into the sea. It drifted to Seriphus, where King Polydectes befriended the two. After a time Polydectes fell in love with Danaë but was embarrassed by the presence of her full-grown son. He sent Perseus to fetch the head of the Gorgon Medusa, thinking that Perseus would die in the attempt. The gods, however, loved Perseus. Hermes gave him a curved sword and winged sandals, Athena a mirrorlike shield, and Hades a helmet that made Perseus invisible. Thus armed, Perseus slew Medusa. While fleeing the other Gorgons, Medusa's sisters, Perseus asked Atlas for help. Atlas refused, and Perseus, by means of the Medusa head, promptly turned him into a mountain of stone. On his way home Perseus rescued Andromeda from a sea monster and married her. When he arrived in Seriphus, he killed Polydectes and his followers. He then gave the Medusa head to Athena. He went with his mother and his wife to Argos. There, while competing in a discus contest, Perseus accidentally killed his grandfather. Thus the prophecy was fulfilled. Perseus was the father of Electryon, who was the grandfather of Hercules. The famous figure of Perseus by Benvenuto Cellini stands in the Loggia dei Lanzi in Florence.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2023, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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