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François-Félix Tisserand
Quick Info
Nuits-St-Georges, Côte-d'Or, France
Paris, France
BiographyFélix Tisserand studied at the École Normale. In his doctoral thesis, written in 1868, Tisserand extended Delaunay's work on the three-body problem on the orbit of the Moon. This work was an outstanding contribution to mathematical astronomy coming quickly after the publication of the second volume of Delaunay's work on lunar theory La Théorie du mouvement de la lune Ⓣ which had been published in 1867. Tisserand was then appointed as an assistant-astronomer at the Paris Observatory.
This was an unfortunate time at the Paris Observatory since its Director Le Verrier had become very unpopular following his drive for efficiency and attempts were being made to have him removed. In 1870 Delaunay was appointed as Director of the Paris Observatory to replace Le Verrier. Tisserand showed remarkable abilities in his work at the Observatory and it was clear that he would soon achieve an elevated position in the world of astronomy. In 1873 Tisserand was appointed director of the Toulouse Observatory to succeed Daguin, a post which he held for five years.
At the Toulouse Observatory Tisserand appointed two young astronomers, Joseph Perrotin and Guillaume Bigourdan, to help him in his observational work. Neither were experienced in astronomy but Tisserand had made two good choices for he soon trained the young men to become astronomers of outstanding qualities.
Tisserand did not spend the whole of his five years as director in Toulouse. In 1874 he went to Japan to make observations of the transit of Venus which occurred that year. A transit of Venus is when the planet passed in front of the disc of the sun as viewed from the Earth and Tisserand took a year to make the journey to Japan, make his observations, and return to France. In order to keep the Toulouse Observatory operating during this lengthy absence Jules Gruey, a teacher at the Toulouse Faculty of Science was appointed temporary director. The experience stood Gruey in good stead for he went on to became the director of the Besançon Observatory.
After Tisserand returned to France and took over again as director of the Observatory in Toulouse he had a new instrument installed. However the 83 centimetre telescope installed in 1875 was not a great success since the wooden base was not stable enough to allow photography. Having a telescope which could not be used for photography was rather unfortunate since most astronomical work at that time required that facility. Tisserand decided to undertake a programme of measurement of the separation of binary stars, but he discovered that the micrometer used for such measurements did not work. He decided that he could only use the defective telescope for observing the planets and together with his assistants he made observations of the moons of Jupiter and Saturn.
From 1892 until his death he was director of the Paris Observatory. When he arrived to take up the post of director work was being undertaken at the Observatory on the Catalogue photographique de la carte du ciel (the Photographic Catalogue of the Map of the Sky). Tisserand took over the task of completing this major work and arranged for its publication.
Tisserand is especially remembered for his four volume textbook which is an update of Laplace's work. He published Traité de mécanique céleste Ⓣ, in four volumes which appeared between the years 1889 and 1896. Despite being 100 years old this textbook is still sometimes referred to by current writers of celestial mechanics books.
In 1874 he was elected to the Academy of Sciences as a corresponding member and was elevated to full membership in 1878.
References (show)
- Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/biography/Felix-Tisserand
Additional Resources (show)
Other websites about Félix Tisserand:
Honours (show)
Honours awarded to Félix Tisserand
Cross-references (show)
Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update March 2001
Last Update March 2001


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© 2023 MJH Life Sciences™ and Infection Control Today. All rights reserved.
Researchers at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center announced results from a clinical trial of a drug shown to safely reduce the viral load and clinical illness of healthy adult volunteers intranasally infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
Detailed results of this study were presented by lead researcher Infectious Disease Specialist John DeVincenzo, MD, this week during a poster discussion session at the American Thoracic Society 2014 International Conference in San Diego. He serves as medical director of the Molecular and Viral Diagnostics Laboratories at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital and also serves as a professor of pediatrics and professor of microbiology, immunology and biochemistry at the University of Tennessee College of Medicine.
RSV is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infections in young children in the United States and worldwide. It hospitalizes 125,000 children in the United States each year, and was the cause for 1.5 million outpatient visits, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). DeVincenzo and his fellow researchers have been part of virtually every experimental therapeautic advancement, developmental pathway and antiviral therapy created to tackle the virus in the past 15 years. Learn more about his research at lebonheur.org/promise.
The Phase 2a challenge study of Gilead Sciences Inc.'s GS-5806, an investigational oral RSV fusion inhibitor, achieved primary and secondary endpoints of lower viral load, improvements in total mucus weight and symptom diary score compared to placebo. Volunteers in the study were given the oral drug after being infected with RSV using the experimental challenge model – based on a clinical isolate from an infant hospitalized with RSV bronchiolitis which can be safely used to infect adults, and that was developed by DeVincenzo in 2007 to test proof-of-concept antivirals.
"No effective antiviral treatments currently exist for RSV, which is the leading cause of severe childhood respiratory infections, and is increasingly recognized as a major cause of serious adult respiratory infections," says DeVincenzo. "Based on the reductions in viral load, reduced clinical symptoms, as well as the safety profile observed in this adult challenge study, clinical trials in naturally infected patients should now be explored."

subset: commoncrawl


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News Corp's Magical Board Meeting Will Make Everyone Forget This Scandal Thing
In your untraceable Monday media column: News Corp's board meeting approaches, Current TV gets a new president, the backlash to The New Yorker's Bin Laden story, the NYT's online beta testing site, and newspapers are stolen.
- News Corp's first board meeting since the rise of the phone hacking scandal is coming up, at which "the company will deliver its fiscal year-end results, which it hopes will defuse pressure relating to the scandal." Good luck. "Year end results: Closed News of the World... oh, shit. Wait. Rupert got hit with a pie... no, I mean.. fuck."
- The new head of Current TV is David Bohrman, formerly CNN's Washington bureau chief. He better work out, because Current must have spent all of their hiring budget by now.
- There is a certain amount of backlash to The New Yorker's recent blockbuster story on the Osama bin Laden killing, because author Nicholas Schmidle didn't actually interview any of the Navy SEALs who went on the raid, but that fact was not explicitly stated in the story. It's always a tricky act of journalistic tightrope walking to turn a trove of secondhand sourcing into a smooth narrative work. America's general reaction, however: "Fuck U Osama LOL."
- If you're a New York Times subscriber, you can now go on the paper's Beta site and test out new online features. Oh and also you should be a dork.
- The show "Extreme Couponing" is being blamed with causing a rash of newspaper thefts. Huh.
[Photo via AP]


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After the jury returned a partial verdict in the copyright phase of the Google-Oracle trial - unable to decide whether Google's recreation of the Java platform constituted "fair use" of Oracle's copyright - the trial has now entered the patent phase, where the same jury will seek to decide whether Google infringed on Oracle's patents.
No doubt, the arguments will be just as heated - and just as complicated. But with his opening salvo, Oracle counsel Mike Jacobs told the jury there's a least one thing it no longer has to worry about. "I think you'll be pleased to know that 'fair use' isn't a part of the patent phase," he said.
This is true. And it's a good thing. In failing to agree on the fair use issue during the copyright phase, the jury left the case in limbo, as the world waits for a definitive decision from Judge William Alsup on whether the Java APIs, or application programming interfaces, can be copyrighted. In the patent phase, the jury should be able to make a cleaner decision on whether Google infringed on Oracle's intellectual property in building a new version of the Java platform for its Android operating system.
Oracle sued Google in 2010, after acquiring Sun Microsystems, the maker of Java. With Android, Google built a new version of the Java platform known as the Dalvik virtual machine, and Oracle claims that with Dalvik and other parts of the mobile OS, Google violated both its patents and its copyrights.
When the case came to trial last month, Alsup decided it should be split into two separate phases - one that addresses Oracle's copyright claims, and one that addresses the patent claims - and that each would have separate verdicts. On Monday, the jury decided that Google did infringe on Oracle's copyrights in mimicking 37 Java APIs - interfaces that let programmers build applications for the Java platform - but it couldn't decide whether this infringement constituted fair use under the law. Google promptly moved for a mistrial, and Alsup is expected to rule on this later in the week.
In the meantime, the trial has proceeded to the patent phase. After the jury watched a short educational video about patents provided by the court, both Google and Oracle gave their opening arguments.
When Oracle initially filed suit in August of 2010, it claimed that Google infringed on seven of its patents, and over the course of several months, Alsup and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) whittled this number to two. After the trial started on April 16, the PTO overturned an earlier ruling that dismissed one of the patents, but Alsup did not allow it back into the case.
The two remaining patents - U.S. Patents 6,061,520 and RE38,104, aka '520 and '104 - are related to the underpinnings of the Java virtual machine, a piece of software that runs applications written in the Java programming language. Oracle will have to prove not only that Google infringes on the two patents with the Dalvik virtual machine, but that Google was "willfully blind" in doing so, meaning that the search giant was aware it was infringing. In addition, Oracle plans to prove that Google engaged in "induced infringement" because it then distributed Android to third parties, such as handset manufacturers Samsung and Motorola.
As the two sides battle over patent '104 - which describes a "method and apparatus for resolving data references in generated code" - the arguments will revolve around the term "symbolic reference" and how this applies to software compilation, the process of turning programming code into executable software. A "symbolic reference" tags data with a name rather than its numeric memory location, and the two are then dynamically resolved. Google will argue that it does not use symbolic references, Jacobs said, but Oracle will argue otherwise. "The evidence is the source code," he said.
The '520 patent describes a "method and system for performing static initialization." Basically, this is a way of consolidating classes of files, allowing virtual machines to execute less code than they otherwise would. Here the key term is "simulated execution." Oracle claims Google uses simulated execution with Dalvik, while Google says it doesn't simulate - it merely parses files.
Google lawyer Robert Van Nest said this patent would get "less time and attention during the trial."
After the opening arguments, Oracle called Googler Tim Lindholm back to the stand. As was discussed during the copyright phase, Lindholm sent a 2010 e-mail to the head of the Android project, Andy Rubin, saying he believed Google needed a license to use Java. But before Lindholm testified, Alsup told Oracle that the e-mail could not be mentioned, as it was not relevant to the patent phase - though he said that Oracle could reference other e-mails Lindholm received and sent.
Oracle's Jacobs called Lindholm a Java virtual machine expert, pointing to the Java Virtual Machine Specifications that Lindholm co-authored and his 17 patents received as a Sun employee as evidence that he was well-versed in the technology underpinning Java. Lindholm testified that Andy Rubin had "absolutely not" asked him to investigate whether Android infringed on Oracle patents.
Oracle also called Robert Vandette and Noel Poore - two other Java virtual machine gurus that work for Oracle but were not paid as witnesses - to testify about performance tests they ran on the Android operating system. Vandette said that when you remove the patented Oracle technology in the Froyo version of the operating system, benchmark performance drops to 9.4 percent of the performance of the OS that does use the technology.
Google countered Vandette's testimony by saying he wasn't looking at application performance specifically, and it countered Poore's testimony by saying that he'd done his tests with an application that generated nothing more than a "Hello World" world message - a common but basic programming exercise.
Alsup believes this phase of the trial will be far shorter than the copyright phase, likely between four and five days. The jury would deliberate a verdict on the patent issue. According to the initial damages report in the case, the projected patent damages are a mere fraction of the projected copyright damages.
Image by AP
Wired.com has been expanding the hive mind with technology, science and geek culture news since 1995.


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Superheroes cheer children in Japan's tsunami zone
ISHINOMAKI, Japan – The battle between the buggy-eyed blue superhero and the evil sea monster and his ninja henchmen was a brief but refreshing return to normalcy for children in this Japanese coastal city.
Nearly two months after their lives were roiled by a massive tsunami, the boys and girls of Ishinomaki — many who still live in shelters or half-ruined homes surrounded by debris — were treated to the stage show as part of Children's Day celebrations.
"It's been a long time since the kids were this excited," said Yukiko Takeyama, who brought her two boys, aged 4 and 6, to Thursday's event at the town's famous cartoon museum.
Takeyama's family lives on the second story of their house because the ground floor was destroyed. She spends most of her time trying to clean up and comfort her boys, who still cry and run to be hugged when aftershocks rumble each day.
The show was hosted by the Mangattan Museum, built in honor of Shotaro Ishinomori, one of Japan's most well-known "manga" cartoon authors. It has sat dark, without power or water, since the tsunami hit, but the distinctive spacecraft-shaped building still stands out from the wreckage in the middle of the city.
"This is a symbolic place for people here," said 40-year-old Kyoto Sugawara, who volunteered to run a small generator-powered movie theater inside for the special day.
Outside the building, giant streamers shaped like carp, a spring tradition in Japan, flapped from ropes tied to the roof. The museum's main entrance had been cleared of debris, but off to the side a grounded yacht listed next to a ruined church, the ground covered in mud-caked debris and felled trees.
Families waited in line for hours to get inside, fed by volunteers who cooked fried noodles and chicken on skewers.
Inside, the museum was cold and dim but the air was filled with the smell of fresh caramel popcorn and the shouts of children, many with their faces painted. The youngsters played with donate gifts such as stuffed animals, plastic action figures and hula hoops.
"I got candy!" shouted 4-year-old Mio Atsuta. "It was great!"
Her mother, Motoko, said she was grateful for the donations, but sighed and added that Mio had been too loud for the local shelter, so they had to move back to their ruined home.
Other volunteers included science professors who set up a booth to make small blinking lamps, and professional soccer players from nearby Sendai who cleared a patch of dirt in the debris for a pitch and faced off against local youths.
"The field is a bit small, but this is so much fun," said 11-year-old Ren Yamauchi, ignoring a crumpled car and broken jungle gym next to him.
The one-day event took the place of what is usually a weeklong festival for Golden Week, a string of national holidays during which many families travel in Japan. Most of the normal festivities along the northeast coast have been canceled in the wake of the earthquake and tsunami, which left about 26,000 dead and missing and 130,000 in evacuation centers.
"Normally we would have a lot of tourists from far away, but this is more for people nearby," said museum director Hitoshi Kimura. "Everyone is just doing what they can."
For Sea Jetter Kaito, the blue superhero, that included striking a victorious battle pose after vanquishing his enemies — and putting a smile on the children's faces.
Jay Alabaster can be reached at http://twitter.com/jayalabaster


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Financial responsibility, Obama-style
Financial responsibility, Obama-style
Posted: Thursday, April 11, 2013 7:00 pm
By TOM PURCELL Get this: President Obama has proclaimed April as National Financial Capability Month. After all, who better than Obama — who has added $6 trillion to the national debt so far — to help "every individual take ownership of his or her financial future"? Well, so worried am I by the financial path the president and our other "leaders" are taking us on, I've become an expert on "financial responsibility" – the way the government does it, anyhow. I fielded some questions from readers to help them be as financially responsible as our government. Q: Tom, I spend more every month than I earn. Should I create a budget to bring discipline to my spending habits? A: There's no need for a budget. Budgets are stressful. They for ce you to make adult decisions about where to allot your limited funds. Just spend as you wish and borrow to cover any shortfalls. Q: Tom, I just graduated from college with $150,000 in student-loan debt and $30,000 in credit-card debt. I expected to get a high-paying management job, but I am working part-time at a burger joint. I have not been paying my bills and my credit is horrible. How can I buy my dream home? A: You're in luck! The Obama administration is pressing banks to lower lending standards again, so that people like you can buy homes now! What could possibly go wrong? Q: I got a debit card, but it doesn't seem to work at ATMs anymore. My bank said that is because I have a zero balance. Should I get a credit card instead? A: Absolutely. Interest rates are so low right now — our government is doing clever things to hold them down — that you can borrow money at record low rates. Borrow as much as you can and enjoy life! Sure, when rates eventually go back to normal, you'll be in a heap of trouble — much like our government will be — but worrying about the future is a drag. Q: I am spending about 25 percent more than I earn on boats, cars, vacation homes and more. Do I have a spending problem or a revenue problem? A: You clearly have a revenue problem. Too bad you can't tax your neighbors or create money out of thin air, as the government does. Maybe you can issue bonds and sell them to people in other countries, then use that new money to spend even more. Q: The wife and I set up a trust fund to pay for college for our kids, but we couldn't resist borrowing and spending all the money in it. We were wise enough to replace the money with IOUs. The IOUs are as good as cash, right? A: Our government surely thinks so. Take the Social Security trust fund. As money has been put there over the years, Congress has borrowed from it to make up for deficits in other government spending. The trust fund contains IOUs from one branch of government to another. To repay those IOUs, the government will have to tap taxpayers for more dough — just as your kids will tap you for the dough when it is time to redeem those IOUs. But that won't be for a while, so relax. Q: Tom, your advice is horrible. The country is spending and borrowing at unsustainable levels. The economy continues to struggle because there is no serious effort to tame entitlement programs and bring fiscal order to our government. Government borrowing is crowding out private investment. The direction we are heading may have terrifying consequences in the not-too-distant future. A: Yeah, I know, but if most American voters aren't worried about it, then I won't let it get me down. Besides, if things get bad enough in America, I figure I can always move to Cyprus! ©2013 Tom Purcell. Tom Purcell, author of "Misadventures of a 1970's Childhood" and "Comical Sense: A Lone Humorist Takes on a World Gone Nutty!" is a Pittsburgh Tribune-Review humor columnist and is nationally syndicated exclusively by Cagle Cartoons Inc. Send comments to Tom at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Published in The Messenger 4.11.13


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One of the hot topics within web development and web design circles is that of Progressive Enhancement (PE). The phrase can be found in many online features and commentary, including this case study from North Bay Business Journal, where a winery in Napa Valley considers a new site redesign using progressive enhancement techniques, and Dot Net magazine's round up of the "Top 15 Web Design and Development Trends for 2012."
With all the recent attention given to progressive enhancement, you would think it was a new way of thinking, or a new system that just cropped up from the depths of some R&D think tank. Remarkably that is not the case at all; Steven Champion coined the phrase during the spring of 2003, almost ten years ago, in several articles for Webmonkey, and also while giving presentations at the SXSW Interactive Conference. So why is there so much attention surrounding the progressive enhancement topic now? Along with responsive web design (RWD), which is making attempts to accommodate the plethora of web-enabled devices on the market with differing screen sizes and resolutions, , progressive enhancement is seeing a resurgence of interest.
What is progressive enhancement?
PE can be described as a web design strategy that makes an effort to create websites that are accessible to all devices, using a layered approach with a set of core principals stressing accessibility of content and functionality. PE is the challenge response to a traditional web strategy known as "graceful degradation", meaning that the website is designed for a particular browser technology, and it would remain presentable or "degrade" even if older user agents were used. Graceful degradation also assumes that the users just need to "upgrade" their browsers or technology, putting the focus on the end user and not the website.
You don't need me to tell you how much user acceptance websites receive and the kind of reception they get when visitors see a message similar to "Best viewed in ….". Just run a query in your favorite search engine for the phrase "Best viewed in Netscape" and see how many results show up? If anything, it will show you how long it has been since some websites have been updated; for others, it is a reminder that websites designed specifically for one browser or browser version become obsolete sooner than later.
The layers of progressive enhancement
Aaron Gustafson wrote a notable article describing progressive enhancement as a series of layers similar to a layer cake, or the layers of a Peanut M&M. In Gustafson's model, the center is the content layer of rich semantic markup; the content layer is surrounded with the presentation layer, which is the CSS and styling; and the presentation layer is encased with the client-side scripting layer, otherwise known as JavaScript or jQuery.
The three layers or stratums of Progressive Enhancement:
- Content layer = rich semantic HTML markup
- Presentation layer = CSS and styling
- Client-side scripting layer = JavaScript or jQuery behaviors
Figure A
Benefits of progressive enhancement
A practical application of layering your website design, results in these advantages:
- Improved accessibility – Some users are not able to read from a screen, and progressive enhancement allows the impaired to enjoy websites with enhanced usability through text readers or screen readers, which boosts user engagement.
- Expand transferability -Websites will remain effective no matter the browser, device, or platform through utilization of the principals of PE and RWD, including media queries, CSS3, and HTML5.
- Performance boost – The layered approach ensures that content is loaded first, then the styles, and then the behaviors. The perceived performance boost results from the rendering sequence, which in turn improves the load times as pages are displayed.
- Ease of modular web design – While the layered approach aids with rendering of the website for the end user, it also assists the web developer in organizing and managing the strata of technologies into discrete modules as the website persists in a distributed form of content, styles, and scripting.
Applying PE to web design
How do you incorporate the core principals of progressive enhancement into your web design strategy? Let's take a look at the layers again to see what can be leveraged out of each tier.
Content with semantic HTML markup
Semantic HTML markup ensures that tags are applied to convey meaning and content structure, which ties into the evolving HTML5 standards for web design. Examples of good semantic markup incorporate HTML5's list of new elements and attributes such as <nav>, <footer>, <article>, and <aside>, which replace the common generic block <div> and inline <span>, or the new <audio> and <video>, which replace the generic <object>.
Presentation styling and CSS
Along with the semantic markup found in HTML5, the evolving CSS3 standards mesh well together, and allows your web design to jump off the screen with colors, images, backgrounds, gradients, shadowing, text effects, and more. Any why just stick to one stylesheet? In many web site implementations it becomes necessary to utilize several which help to separate specific styles such as type, color, and layout, or define distinct media types such as screen, print, or mobile.
Scripting behaviors
The last layer ties it all together with unobtrusive JavaScript or jQuery, delivering beneficial performance to your web design. Incorporating modest scripts improves robust features while maintaining them as a separate module. It should also allow all content to be available without all or any of the scripts running successfully; it should not reduce the accessibility of the content, but should augment and enrich the availability of the content for all users.
While progressive enhancement has its critics, as a web design approach and as a business model blueprint for design houses it makes the case of addressing the growing need to build websites which are accessible to all gadgets, especially with the explosion of Internet enabled mobile devices.


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VMware recently announced what it described as a very strong finish in Q4, ending the company's 2013 fiscal year on a high note. VMware's total revenue for 2013 was $5.2 billion, up 17 percent (excluding Pivotal and divestitures) year over year.
With a strong performance in Q4 and in 2013 as a whole, VMware stated on the company's earnings call that it has accelerated growth and are well positioned for a strong 2014. Part of the company's acceleration and positioning can be attributed by an eye to the future with VMware NSX in mind, the company's network virtualization platform. The company will also continue to focus its strategic priorities across the software-defined data center (SDDC) and hybrid cloud.
[ Also on InfoWorld: FreeBSD 10 introduces a brand new virtualization platform | IBM drops $1.2B to significantly expand its global cloud footprint | Track the latest trends in virtualization in InfoWorld's Virtualization Report newsletter. ]
If you've spent any time over the last few months at a cloud trade show or a VMware event, chances are you've already been bombarded with the SDN acronym. Software-defined networking and network virtualization are hot topics right now, and it's evident from VMware's latest financial announcement that the company expects a significant uptick in its adoption this year.
What exactly are we talking about here?
SDN allows administrators to manage network services through abstraction of lower-level functionality. SDN enables agile management of network traffic by decoupling the control plane from the underlying data plane. A protocol such as OpenFlow is used to promote communication between the two.
As VMware describes it, NSX will virtualize the network and will deliver the entire networking and security model from L2 through L7 in software. The platform decouples the network from the underlying hardware, yet takes advantage of the existing network infrastructure without changes to enable new levels of service delivery speed, agility, and cost reductions.
VMware's approach to network virtualization enables data center operators to treat their physical network as a pool of transport capacity that can be consumed and repurposed on demand. VMware NSX virtual networks can be programmatically provisioned and managed, utilizing the underlying physical network as simple IP connectivity. And VMware NSX provides a platform that is built around a controller cluster that manages the distribution of logical network functions into hypervisors throughout the data center.
The goal here is to allow data center operators to leverage VMware NSX to be able to provision complex, multitier virtual networks quickly and independent of the underlying topology or network components.
The virtualization giant believes that network virtualization with VMware NSX will be a key enabler for the software-defined data center. Carl Eschenbach, president and chief operating officer at VMware, told investors, "In 2013, VMware took big steps to present a vision for the future of the data center and the transformation of the network." In 2014, the company expects to see an accelerated pace of network virtualization adoption as companies move from consideration to decision on the software-defined data center.


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Online Business Graduate Programs
Among the many options for online Business Graduate Programs — yes, the Online MBA is one! — online business degrees encompass specific areas (accounting, finance, marketing) and industries (healthcare, nonprofit). Classes examine current trends and practices that may help shape or transform your career.
What are Online Business Graduate Programs?
Whether you're looking for a general business education or one suited to your career plans, online business graduate programs are available at all levels. Get your feet wet or rev up your business skill sets through an online graduate certificate. Or get back in the game with an online masters in business program. Aiming higher? Take thought leadership head-on with an online PhD or DBA degree.
You Don't Necessarily Need a Business Background
With or without a business background, studying at the graduate level could help you carve out a leadership style. Courses often expose students to modern managerial theories and how to approach challenges in different businesses and settings.
Sometimes, students conduct research using online databases and e-books and thus build a bank of new insights to gain an edge in a competitive job market. There is also the opportunity to embrace fresh and proven ways of conducting business in the global economy.
Graduates could come away with stronger skills to:
- Analyze
- Solve problems
- Think critically
- Present ideas clearly
In the News
Forbes recently quoted a study by the National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE) that "MBAs are the most desirable hires in the coming year, with more than 26% or employers stating they intend to bring holders of that master's degree on board. That was followed by those with Finance degrees (25%) and Accounting degrees (23.6%). "
Invest in Yourself Without Needing to Relocate
One of the benefits of online business graduate programs is they take the extra stress off commuting to campus.
Usually the courses are set up on a university's course management system – Blackboard is one example – and students log in to:
- View recorded lectures
- Access course material
- Submit assignments
- Engage with classmates and professor
Distance learners either log in when they have the time (asynchronous) or may need to schedule themselves – like a business meeting – to take part in live streaming (synchronous) lectures. Video conferencing, online discussion threads, and deadlines are some of the tools used to help keep students motivated and on-track.
Grow Your Business Skills at Your Own Pace
Many Online Business Graduate programs are offered in full-time, part-time and executive formats.
- Full-time masters and MBA students might complete their degree in from one to two years, while an online PhD or DBA might from three to five years.
- Part-time stretches out time to completion and many schools do set limits.
- Executive formats (e.g. Executive MBA) are accelerated. They are usually intended for seasoned professionals who may be able to swap related work experience for university credit.
Types of Online Business Graduate Programs
We've included a brief synopsis of some common types of online business graduate degrees to help you takes notes on what to ask a school advisor. Make sure you read course lists since curriculum and degree requirements vary greatly between schools.
Online Business Masters Programs
Most programs require a capstone project or thesis, while some may carry internship or fieldwork experiences. As a general rule of thumb
- online Master of Science MS in business programs have a technical slant and students may learn how to use statistical analysis and data to drive decisions
- online MA programs may be broader and include various concepts which students might learn to critically examine and use
Nonetheless, it is a good practice to read course lists to make sure you understand the program's objectives rather than relying on assumptions. We've listed some examples of some common types of online business graduate degrees below.
What is an Online Master of Accountancy?
A common path for those who want to build technical skills is an online Master of Accountancy (MAcc) degree program. Students in these programs could learn how to use professional resources to research complex accounting issues, work towards ethical solutions, and articulate findings to different audiences. Some online MAcc programs help students work towards the 150-hour requirement for the CPA exam.
Online Master of Science in Business Analytics
One of the keys to success in today's digital economy is the ability to harness data and transform it into actionable and intelligent information to use in the marketplace. Online MS in Analytics students explore key methods for data mining and beyond.
Online Master of Science in Digital Marketing
One way to study the finer points of reaching consumers is through an online MS in Digital Marketing. Participants could learn how to use social media, mobile platforms, and big data analytics, to guide marketing campaigns while they develop strategic thinking. Creative programs may provide insight into digital storytelling, while other programs may focus on search engine optimization and analytics.
Online Master of Science in Finance (MSF)
An online MS in finance degree is built to help students deepen their business and technical finance skills and think with a global mindset. Core finance courses engage learners in the study of corporate finance and financial markets. Electives often draw on subjects such as private equity, big data and financial statement analysis.
Online Master of Science in Project Management (MSPM)
Students in an online MSPM program could stay abreast of project management software and technology. Along with several technical courses, there may be an opportunity to hone skills in team leadership and strategic decision-making.
Online Master of Arts in Organizational Leadership (MA)
An online MA in organizational leadership aims to help students develop as effective managers for understand current management strategies and practices for business and other organizations. There's often an examination of organizational change, workplace behavior, and a range of concentrations such as higher education.
What is an Online MBA?
The online MBA is a popular type of professional masters degree program with a focus on private sector management. Online MBAs typically deliver a solid business core to provide students with well-rounded skills in operations, managerial accounting, marketing, and strategy. In tandem, students could lean away from generalist knowledge through a concentration. These electives are designed to provide more insight and expertise in a specific industry (online Healthcare MBA, online MBA Marketing) or type of career (online MBA in Human Resources).
Online MPA
An online MPA (Master of Public Administration) is a sibling of the MBA though focuses on management in the public and nonprofit sectors as well as government policy. MPA students explore core topics in leadership – transparency, and ethics – while studying how to implement programs and policies to serve the community. Electives could help focus an online MPA in criminal justice, homeland security, crisis management and beyond.
Online MHA
An online Master of Healthcare Administration is designed for those who want in-depth coursework in the managerial processes that relate to the healthcare industry. The MHA degree is often compared with the Master of Public Administration (MPA) and Master of Business Administration (MBA) degrees but sets itself apart. Online MHA programs focus specifically on health administration in nonprofit, federal, state, and local levels.
Popular schools with Online Business Graduate Programs
Online Graduate Certificate in Business
Online graduate certificates in business are non-degree awards. They are much like a concentration in scope – just a few courses – so they may be easy to complete in one or two semesters (full-time). Also, earned credits may be applicable to a related masters degree should that be a route you want to take later. For instance, some schools offer an online accounting graduate certificate which might serve as a step towards a Master of Accounting (MAcc).
Online PhD in Business Programs
An online PhD in business programs is a research doctorate which aims to help students develop as business scholars who might help make strides in their field. Many online PhD programs in business are interdisciplinary. At the same time, they are tailored to meet the individual demands of field concentration.
Online DBA | Doctor of Business Administration
Online DBA (Doctor of Business Administration) programs build on professional business experience to help students sharpen their skills as evidence-based managers. Course plans address everyday business challenges and encourage students to excel as thought leaders. Like the MBA, online DBA students may anchor their research through a concentration such as online DBA in Financial Management.
Applying to Online Business Schools
Successful candidates for online business graduate programs must have an undergraduate degree, earned at an accredited university or college. Some programs want applicants to have a business degree in a field related to their program. They may also target students with several years of relevant, full-time work experience and/or a graduate degree. Other possible admissions requirements include:
- Official transcripts
- Online application
- Statement of purpose
- Professional letter(s) of recommendation
- Resume
- Application fee
- GRE or GMAT scores
There are multiple online masters and MBAs with no GMAT/GRE requirements as well as PhD programs that don't require GRE scores. This type of information may be found on program page or under a 'graduate admissions' section of a business school website.
written by Rana Waxman
Advance your career through post-graduate study with one of our online business graduate programs. Clarify your goals to select subject and degree level. Then check out all your options. Excited about several online business degrees? Great – click all of them to request info (it's free) and you are one step closer to realizing your potential.
GradSchools.com offers 492 Graduate Schools with Online Business Graduate Programs & Degrees
Northcentral University
Wake Forest University
Purdue University Global
Western Governors University
Colorado State University Global
Grand Canyon University
Northern Illinois University
California State University, Northridge
Campbellsville University
Johns Hopkins University
Ohio University
The Chicago School of Professional Psychology


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For the Ragtag Daily Prompt #69: community.
The photograph is from 2010, when the mad as hell doctors toured California to talk about single payer health care, medicare for all.
Small communities rolled out the welcome:
In this community, every table was sponsored by local health groups: clinic, the health department, mental health, addiction treatment. In small communities everyone knows someone who has lost their health, their health insurance and/or their job and home.
Here we are setting up for another program:
People asked questions:
And they listened and responded:
The health care industry has money. The insurance companies are for profit and make enormous profits. But in the end you and I have VOTES. When we stand up as a nation and say that we want medicare for all, Congress will listen. Stand up.
The mandate for health care already is a law: no one can be turned away from an emergency room. But as things stand, we do not take care that the person in the emergency room has care after the emergency room. The hospital may take the person's house. We already have the government doing no profit care for over 50% of the care in the US: Medicare, Medicaid, active duty military and the Veterans Association. It is time to shut down the for profit insurance companies that refuse medicines, refuse care, refuse to answer their phones, tell me on the phone "we don't have a fax", the parent company tells me a medicine is covered and then the part D drug coverage still refuses: it is BEYOND TIME TO SHUT THEM DOWN.
Is the goal of health care profit? Or is it care for our citizens, support for families, works like the police and the fire station: we all support each other. Stand up, shout and VOTE.


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At the Fifth Project on Law and Mind Sciences Conference,"The Psychology of Inequality" (Harvard, 2011) , Laura Kubzansky made a fascinating presentation, titled "Stress and Reslience: Pathways to Social Disparities in Health." The video of her presentation is above. Here is a short description:
This presentation discusses stress and resilience as important mechanisms by which social disparities influence health. It considers how being stressed or resilient is shaped by social environment, and whether these processes influence health.
Related Situationist posts:
- Psychology of Inequality
- John Palfrey's PLMS Conference Reflections
- SALMS Liveblogs PLMS Conference
- Harvard Law Record on Tomorrow's PLMS Conference
- Fifth PLMS Conference Agenda
- The Situational Effects of Wealth and Status
- Perceptions of Income Distribution and Preferences for Redistribution,
- Even monkeys know when they're being treated unfairly
- A Discussion about (In)Equality
- The Interior Situational Reaction to Inequality


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The producers of TBS's new reality competition King of the Nerds worked really hard to find themselves actual nerds. Out of the 11 contestants, 5 of them are scientists of some variety (including astrophysicists, a neuroscientist, and a theoretical physicist). The remaining 6 blog about gaming, host podcasts about gaming, or simply game too much to hold down a full-time job. The glasses count, if you're curious, is 7 with to 4 without.
No surprise here: The show is populated by nerd caricatures. Like all reality shows, they went out and found people who fit their mold, then told those people to amp up their personalities to 11.
Why go to such extremes? Because if the show reflected the real state of "nerds" in 2013, we would all be contestants.
Once upon a time, in this very galaxy…
To understand how far nerd culture has come in merging into the mainstream, you really have to go back nearly 20 years to a time it was still distinct from normalcy: the mid-90s. Had King of the Nerds been produced then, your contestant lineup would look something like this:
Two or three of your contestants "code," which they're forced to explain means they design software applications for computers. Today, nearly 1 million people are listed as software engineers in the US. To put that in perspective, there are only about 550,000 lawyers.
Another two or three are comic book aficionados. Because in that era, there hadn't been a financially viable comic book movie since 1989's Batman and its sequels, you can assume that they mean actual comic books, which experienced sales of roughly 100 million copies in 1997. Comics now only sell between 70 and 80 million copies per year, while their related movies made up 3 of the top 10 highest earning movies of 2012.
One of the guests, Steve, wows the other contestants with his new PalmPilot, or as he described it, "a computer in my pocket." He can even write e-mail to a friend and it will send when he syncs the PDA back at his computer! He seems to have the inside track on being crowned King.
The remaining contestants are your typical mix of mathematicians, semi-professional Magic: The Gathering players, and amateur fantasy authors who are hoping the exposure from the show will get them a book deal from one of the multitude of book publishers. Of course, the most popular book of 2012 was once self-published Twilight fan fiction, Fifty Shades of Grey.
The producers tried to entice at least one astrophysicist to join the show, but since NASA is launching roughly 10 Space Shuttles per year, none could be spared.
They did land one major coup by signing an actual developer from Nintendo, who brought with him a prototype N64. The video game system serves as the gathering place for our nerds, much like the hot tub does for MTV's The Real World. The majority of them still frequent the arcade in their local mall, as they do not own a video game system. Now, 56 percent of households have a game console.
How times have changed
We all knew someone like the contestants described above, but somewhere along the line, we became them. Comic-book movies dominate theaters and fan-fic tops best-seller lists. Coding is widely practiced. Almost every person uses a computer on a daily basis, and half of us carry one in our pocket.
The fact that mainstream culture has adopted nerds and their activities as their own is no revelation. The point is not that nerds are cool, as any commentary of The Big Bang Theory seems to end with, but rather that King of the Nerds makes it painfully obvious that we're all nerds, at least in the traditional sense of the word that anyone of a certain generation grew up with.
So TBS dove deep to find people that could be universally described as nerdy. And what they found were parodies of days gone by. These people don't seem to be actors playing roles, in the strictest sense of the word. It's just that their roles no longer exist. They seem as out of place as Gerard Butler's Spartan warlord or Leonardo DiCaprio's plantation owner.
In 1996, Time covered the tech boom with a cover story entitled "The Golden Geeks" that featured Netscape's Marc Andreessen. As we now know, a lot of people would follow those geeks' footsteps and become fabulously wealthy and powerful. But the adoption of geek culture was much more than just a cash grab. It turned out to be a more efficient and pleasant way to live.
King of the Nerds might as well be on the History Channel instead of TBS. At least it would make sense there.
Editors' Recommendations
- We all cut cable, and now we're just as screwed on streaming
- Streamers and press duke it out at E3 2017, but let's not forget we're all gamers
- 50 Nerds of Grey is the '50 Shades' parody that we all deserve


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(W) Joel Rodriguez (A) Roman Gubskii
Prepare to enter Dusk County, a place where things are never what they seem. It's the home of bloodthirsty werewolves, homicidal toys, haunted children and demented super-heroes. Read four thrilling tales of terror set within Dusk County that will forever change how you see the joyful memories of your past.


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(CNN) - Former President George W. Bush's daughter Barbara is appearing in a new web video in support of gay marriage.
The 20-second spot released Monday is sponsored by the Human Rights Campaign, a civil rights organization that works to achieve lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender equality.
(CNN) - Potential 2012 GOP presidential candidates are slowly wading into the uprising in Egypt, all concerned about the ripple effects throughout the world.
Former Minnesota Gov. Tim Pawlenty went the furthest, calling for Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak to step down.
Washington (CNN) - Americans for Prosperity has invited a slate of potential Republican presidential candidates – including Sarah Palin and South Carolina Sen. Jim DeMint - to the first-in-the-nation primary state of New Hampshire for an April summit on the topics of jobs and spending.
The forum is part of a larger evening sponsored by the conservative group to honor Ovide LaMontagne as their "Conservative of the Year."
Washington (CNN) - A House Republican with significant influence over funding for Egypt tells CNN she does not believe the United States should threaten to withhold financial aid to that country right now.
Rep. Kay Granger, R-Texas, the chairwoman of the House subcommittee in charge of foreign aid, said Monday it would not be in America's interest to use any of the $1.5 billion in assistance as a stick to try to force Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak to put democratic reforms in place.
Washington (CNN) - U.S. ambassador to China Jon Huntsman submitted a hand-delivered letter of resignation to President Obama Monday, effective April 30th, according to two senior administration officials.
The news comes amid speculation that the former Utah governor will run for the 2012 GOP presidential nomination.
Washington (CNN) - A top Senate Republican leader accused the Obama administration Monday of failing to promote democracy around the world with the same vigor of President George W. Bush, possibly leaving Egyptian protestors wondering if the U.S. really stands with them.
"We might be in a better position if we had more closely followed President Bush's prescription for support of greater democracy in all parts of the world," Sen. Jon Kyl, R-Arizona, said as he stepped off the Senate floor Monday. "If we had maintained that position and had that reputation in the world….then our calls today for restraint would have more credibility because the people of Egypt would know our heart was with their desire for greater representation."
Washington (CNN) - A federal judge in Florida has ruled unconstitutional the sweeping health care reform law championed by President Barack Obama, setting up what is likely to be a contentious Supreme Court challenge over the legislation in coming months.
Monday's sweeping ruling came in the most closely watched of the two dozen separate challenges to the law. Florida along with 25 states had filed a lawsuit last spring, seeking to dismiss a law critics had labeled "Obamacare."FULL STORY
NEW YORK (CNNMoney) - A campaign to promote new businesses and create jobs, bringing together government agencies and high-powered businesses such as Intel and IBM, was launched Monday by the Obama administration.
The Startup America Partnership aims to support overall entrepreneurship - with a focus on high-growth, job-creating industries such as clean energy, medicine advanced manufacturing and information technology. The partnership will rely on various means to achieve its goal, including funding, training and mentor programs.FULL STORY
Washington (CNN) - Every Republican in the Senate now appears ready to revoke President Obama's signature health care law. This comes as a federal judge, in Florida, strikes down key parts of the law as unconstitutional.
The GOP holds 47 seats in the Senate.
(CNN) - The political action committee headed by former Republican Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney begins 2011 with $1,446,680 cash on hand, having raised $6,300,723 in 2010. The totals are perhaps another sign he's running for GOP presidential nomination in 2012.
The Free and Strong America PAC raised $210,523 during the fourth quarter between November 23, 2010 and December 31, 2010, according to its Federal Election Commission filing Monday. That figure includes $174,523 raised by the PAC and $36,000 brought in from five state affiliates in Alabama, Iowa, Michigan, New Hampshire and South Carolina.


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Q: I got a doozy of a cut, and I don't want it to scar. Help!
THE PLASTIC SURGEON SAYS: "To treat a fresh wound, clean it with mild soap and water. Don't use hydrogen peroxide or any treatment containing alcohol--both kill bacteria, but they also zap the healthy cells that repair skin, which makes you more likely to scar. Also, never apply vitamin E to an open cut--it slows healing." Instead, use a medicated ointment such as Neosporin or Bacitracin, then slap on a Band-Aid. "Do this for four or five days, until the cut seals over." Once a scab forms, bring out the vitamin E. "At night, squeeze on a capsule's worth and massage it in. This stimulates blood flow to speed up healing, and studies suggest it may also help skin grow back more evenly." Keep this up for about three months, then be patient. "It can take a year for any raised or discolored skin to disappear. If that doesn't happen, a dermatologist can shrink a thick, puffy scar with a steroid injection for about $250."
--Anthony LaBruna, M.D., a clinical associate professor of plastic surgery at Weill Cornell Medical College in New York City
THE DERMATOLOGIST SAYS: "If the cut is on your face or neck, don't use any skin-care products containing retinoids, such as retinol and Retin-A, or any exfoliants until it's healed. And regardless of where your scab is, don't scrub or pick at it, which can leave a scar." Let it fall off naturally, then treat the skin with ScarAway Silicone Scar Sheets, $19.99 for 8, or, for your face, ScarAway Scar Diminishing Serum (below), $17.99. "Both contain a silicone that hydrates and repairs scar tissue, which, in turn, softens and fades the mark; they also help relieve itching. If you have medium or dark skin, be sure to also protect the area from the sun, which can make discoloration worse." If at any point your cut swells, crusts, or starts to ooze, see your doctor. "When left untreated, infected cuts are more prone to scarring."
More From Redbook
--Jeffrey Dover, M.D., an associate clinical professor of dermatology at Yale School of Medicine in New Haven, CT
THE MAKEUP ARTIST SAYS: "To hide a cut on your face, neck, or chest, wait until it scabs or closes up before putting makeup on it (otherwise it can get infected). Once that happens, you'll need a thick, full-coverage concealer, which typically comes in a stick or pot, to help cover it." (Try Dermablend Quick-Fix Concealer, right, $23.) First, find the closest match to your skin tone, then fine-tune. "If the cut is red around the edges, pick a yellow-y concealer to counteract the redness. If it's more brown, go with a peachy color." Then, to camouflage the scab, use a tiny concealer brush to carefully dab just around the edges. "On the top, dust a tinted loose powder to take down the discoloration."
--Fatima Thomas, a senior makeup artist for MAC Cosmetics who has worked with Alicia Keys and Mary J. Blige


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Karan Kalsi, Oct 2017
Dr. Karan Kalsi is currently a power systems research engineer at the Pacific Northwest National Lab, Richland, WA, USA. He is the lead investigator on Department of Energy funded research to develop efficient, reliable and secure control strategies for Smart Grid assets. He is the principle investigator on the topic of developing future power grid control paradigms as part of the laboratory's Future Power Grid Initiative. He is the Co-principle investigator on EED SEED project related to modeling and controls for distributed energy resources in microgrids. Karanjit is also actively involved with IEEE including being the 2011 Chair of the IEEE Richland Section Graduates of the Last Decade (GOLD) Affinity Group and was recently elected as the 2012 Vice-chair of Technical Activities and Outreach of the IEEE Richland Section Power and Energy Society.
More: http://energyenvironment.pnnl.gov/staff/staff_info.asp?staff_num=2178
Schedule for Karan Kalsi visit, 2-5 Oct 2017
2 Oct (Mon)
- Morning: HR check-in, office setup
- Lunch: Richard
- 2 pm: Open
- 3:30 pm: Colloqium reception (location?)
- 4 pm: CMS colloqium - George Papanicoulou (Stanford), 105 Annenberg
3 Oct (Tue)
- 10 am: Open
- 11 am: Open
- IST lunch bunch
- Afternoon off
4 Oct (Wed)
- Morning off
- Lunch open
- 3 pm: CDS tea
- 4 pm: Open
5 Oct (Thu)
- 10 am: Open
- 11 am: Open
- Lunch: Open
- 2 pm: head for airport