text:
Why is an excellent language college great and why is a bad terminology university poor? I deal with language programs and i also devote most of my working time contemplating that issue. One could argue that this really is subjective and that which appeals to one individual is just not likely to show up attractive to someone else. That is real, but no matter personalized tastes there are actually target is important to consider it is just the scenario that college students at some colleges progress much faster than individuals at other folks. Experiencing recently completed an review from the program offerings of thirty Mandarin vocabulary universities in Chinese suppliers We have singled out things i think will be the two major parameters which decide the success of a words pupil.
The initial component is very easy and I think that a majority of individuals will imagine what type it is actually: type dimensions. In a natural way the level of pupils that the educator has to train will impact the outcomes of all of the college students. With additional encounter-to-encounter time, individuals can easily ask much more basic queries and have more suggestions and tips. College students may also be capable to ask far more specific inquiries concerns that handle facts that may be of virtually no interest to other individuals, and hence concentrate their very own chance to learn. A modify-made learning experience is intimately linked to the second factor. But before I describe exactly how I think it might be a good choice for me to grow on why encounter-to-face time is very essential for Mandarin vocabulary research.
Due to phrase restriction here I experience a Find 22. If you have previously analyzed Mandarin it is possible to ignore this and the after that section, as it does not let you know anything at all new. If you have not previously examined Mandarin you will probably not fully knowledge what I will endeavour to explain on this page. Thankfully, things i am looking to communicate is the fact that preliminary duration of Mandarin words scientific studies is extremely complicated – which actually definitely makes the next paragraph a harmless Get 22.
Each of the confusion arises from two differences between Latin and Germanic different languages along with the Chinese vocabulary branch. Firstly, as you are already aware, Mandarin has no alphabet. Instead it really is composed with characters. These characters don't have the pronunciation of your expression they show the meaning of, which makes Mandarin words a trinity (significance, composed develop and pronunciation) as opposed to a traditional western word's two system (that means and talked / written form). This can be tough for that mind to get accustomed to and yes it usually takes some time for a european man or woman to completely rewire his / her mind to the way of pondering. Another variation is almost completely without redeeming features and extremely is not going to assist with the rewiring process at all. The syllables utilized in the spoken form are simply one half the image. You should also modulate the pitch you will be making use of whenever you pronounce the term to distinguish which of 5 categories of phrases you are hoping to specify. Afterward you also will need perspective, because the organizations are not particular enough to individual out anything alone.
I said it was puzzling. However with a tiny course dimensions everyone is able to get to grips from it on basic degree within a number of a few months. Once that vital level is achieved it can be very much smoother cruising from there on out. But should you be hoping to get there and you also are incapable of seek advice and obtain personal tips that preliminary stretch out of highway might take a long time to cover, which is where most of those that are unsuccessful fall short.
The next varied that underpins excellent words colleges capability to instruct Mandarin is that they will not only try and educate the words (have with me). Understanding is ultimately really uninteresting over time. Men and women which will discover by speaking the language, since they are backed by the institution in exercising outside school – by having access to the real world content material from the type area setting, by that surroundings simply being functional rather than mostly theoretical and by the curriculums capacity to modify itself to put individuals instead of a greyish mass, a lot of people that could otherwise not have access to gone out into China and practical experience Chinese suppliers naturally terms, can easily do this.
Inspired by: ezinearticles


text:
Oh God Jason Alexander What Are You Doing
The new Nickelback video for "Trying Not to Love You" is out and it's just terrible.
That part isn't surprising. What is surprising is that Nickelback can't really be blamed for just how terrible it is.
Sure, the fact that a Nickelback song is playing in the background isn't helping the video be less terrible, but muting it hardly mollifies the situation.
See, the video stars Jason Alexander as a hairpiece-wearing barista trying to woo Baywatch hottie Brooke Burns with his latte foam art skills. He seems to be succeeding until a Vespa-driving, fedora-sporting, soul-patch-rocking Jason Alexander comes barging into the coffee shop and steals his creepy thunder.
The video does have a happy ending, but, sadly, your attempt to bleach it from your brain will not.
For what it's worth, not everyone thinks this was poor career move on Alexander's part. Says YouTuber BG Kumbi: "wow that loser from sinfeld finally did somethin good as an actor getting in a nickelback video."
Somewhere, humanity is crying itself to sleep.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
3T Stylus 25 Pro
This item is currently not available.
3T's Stylus is a fresh take on the 2-bolt aluminum seatpost. The transition from the pillar to the saddle clamp assembly is a finned, rearward swoosh suggestive in shape of the classic one-bolt posts of yore. But the clamp bolts are deployed to either side of the saddle-support cradle, conferring greater stability and easier adjustment. The Stylus 25 places the seat clamp assembly with 25mm of setback for a rearward position on the bike.


text:
Does anything matter besides the score?
Sometimes I get weary. I work so hard on each and every review in Wine Enthusiast. I'll use my Thesaurus to come up with just the right adjective. I'll sweat the difference between black cherries and black raspberries because I want to nail that fruit. I'll write a phrase, then decide it doesn't work, get rid of it and start again. I'll go into our database and see what I did with previous releases so I can make comparisons. I'll try to work in a reference to the vintage. I'll edit and re-edit the text of my reviews until they shine like a haiku, and I don't hit that "send" button until I know it's something I can be proud of. All for 35 or 40 words!
And then I go out on the road, and inevitably I'll run into someone — a winemaker, P.R. person, winery executive or just plain consumer — who with brutal frankness says, "Steve, you know, all anybody cares about is the score. The actual review doesn't matter."
And that's when I get weary and deflated. Has it come to this, where the only thing that matters is the number?
I understand the natural human tendency to want information instantly, to desire by some iconographic means to know what somebody thinks without having to go through the trouble of actually reading an opinion. I share that tendency myself. When Mick LaSalle, the S.F. Chronicle's fine film critic, reviews a movie, the first thing I look for is what the famous Little Man is doing.
If the chair is empty I know Mick hated the movie. If the Little Man is leaping out of his seat, Mick loved it. Isn't this the equivalent of a 5-point scoring system? It is.
But I also read Mick's reviews. It's not enough, for me at least, to just take in the image. I want to know exactly how and why Mick arrived at his conclusion. And I also want the pleasure of reading Mick's reviews, because he's an awfully good writer, and I infer that he edits and re-edits his copy as rigorously as I do mine. Probably more so.
On the other hand, I admit there's a limit to how much "writerly-ness" a short wine review can contain. Yesterday, Tom Wark wrote a post over at Fermentation entitled "An Open Door To Real Wine Criticism." If I read it right (and Tom's dense, layered posts often lend themselves to various interpretations), Tom is calling for better written, more thoughtful wine writing that reflects, not only the writer's opinion of the wine, but even "the current state of politics, culture or social interaction" in America. Tom alluded to my own post from last week ("Why wine criticism isn't as important as film criticism") to call for greater "intellectual heft" in wine writing. I could do that, I suppose (although it would be pretty hard to wax eloquently about politics and culture in a 35-word review and still get a word in edgewise about the wine itself!). But why bother, if nobody's reading the text?
Why don't people read the text? Is everybody so hurried and harried that we don't have time to do anything anymore? Or is it that we, the wine writers, are failing to deliver prose that's scintillating enough to turn readers on (which seems to be what Tom is saying)? I think some wine writers are tumbling to the truth that we do have to do a better writing job — more elegant, more eloquent, more complex, just as we demand of the wines we review. Last December Asimov, at The Pour (and no slouch himself when it comes to writing), touched on this when he described wine writing that "reflexively resort[s] to…trite explanatory notions. Cobbled together, they can flesh out a standard-issue column or two" but, alas, they lack "more interesting and useful information." Eric vowed to try harder.
But ultimately, maybe it doesn't matter what Eric or I or any wine writer writes. In this age of Twitter Taste Mini Reviews, who's got the time to worry about quality of writing? What counts is quantity, speed and the number of Followers you have.
Film reviewers like restaurant reviewers have to remain anonymous. Otherwise, when they walked into a theater, the management would run serve them the Private Reserve version of the film and give them free popcorn.
Of course, it is the really the same in the wine business. That is why when I go to wineries, I tell them I am Steve Heimoff.


text:
I love Thy kingdom, Lord,
The house of Thine abode,
The church our blessed Redeemer saved
With His own precious blood.
I love Thy church, O God.
Her walls before Thee stand,
Dear as the apple of Thine eye,
And written on Thy hand.
If e'er to bless Thy sons
My voice or hands deny,
These hands let useful skills forsake,
This voice in silence die.
Should I with scoffers join
Her altars to abuse?
No! Better far my tongue were dumb,
My hand its skill should lose.
For her my tears shall fall
For her my prayers ascend,
To her my cares and toils be given
Till toils and cares shall end.
Beyond my highest joy
I prize her heavenly ways,
Her sweet communion, solemn vows,
Her hymns of love and praise.
Jesus, Thou Friend divine,
Our Savior and our King,
Thy hand from every snare and foe
Shall great deliverance bring.
Sure as Thy truth shall last,
To Zion shall be given
The brightest glories earth can yield
And brighter bliss of Heaven.
Timothy Dwight was born this date (5/14 1752) in Northampton, MA, Congregationalist, Dwight was a grandson of Jonathan Edwards and later the president of Yale University. He led the revival at Yale which resulted in many students being converted to Christ Jesus. He wrote some thirty three hymns and/or gospel songs.


text:
Transformers: Fall of Cybertron has been busy with the launch of three downloadable content (DLC) packs. Currently available are the Dinobot Destructor and Multiplayer Havoc Packs. I'm definitely looking forward to joining the battle as Grimlock. You can find out more about the DLC on the Transformers Game Facebook page.
To celebrate the release of the Dinobot Destructor pack, this weekend is a double XP weekend on Transformers FOC Multi-player. Don your favorite Dinobot skin and level up twice as fast through mid-day Monday.
We here at GeekDad are celebrating by giving away copies of Transformers: Fall of Cybertron. We have five copies each for Xbox and Playstation to give away. To enter fill out the form below. I'll be picking the lucky winners at random on Monday at 1PM Eastern.
Be sure to check out the DLC trailer below.
If you have trouble with the embedded form, click here to enter.
[Update] The winners have been picked. You will receive an email soon.


text:
Gardens benefit from rainy weather, reduced water restrictions
After years of scrounging for water, Brockton and several nearby communities now have enough water to keep the lawns green, blossoms on the plants and crops in the gardens.
Janice Fitzgerald is seeing the results of the wet summer in a garden contest, Brockton Blooms, introduced this year.
"Every garden we got was absolutely beautiful," said Fitzgerald. With 50 entries, judges are heading out this weekend to view the top three in each category before selecting the winners.
She attributes the success of summer growing to caring property owners, an abundance of water and the rain.
"The rain did a lot of good, though people couldn't get out to work on their gardens," Fitzgerald said. "But nothing got washed out."
Along the way, the sun peeked through to give color to the blossoms and grow fruit and vegetables on the plants.
The National Weather Service in Taunton reports that the June rainfall was right on target — 3.22 inches for the month. But there was more than the average number of days — 22 — with precipitation.
As of Monday, July's rainfall was 5.95 inches, or 3.4 inches above normal, said meteorologist Bill Simpson.
The rain has kept lawns from burning and eliminated or reduced water woes in most communities But water conservation is always encouraged, said a spokesman for the East Bridgewater DPW.
This summer, there are no water restrictions in East Bridgewater, West Bridgewater, Taunton and other communities.
The North Raynham water district has prohibited sprinklers, but allows handheld hoses amid upgrades to the system and construction of the filtration plant.
Easton also is limited to handheld hoses under a state order to reduce consumption to 65 gallons a day per person, said water operations manager John Marsh.
"No one even needs to be watering this year," Marsh said.
The rain has kept reservoirs and rain barrels full.
In Brockton, residents and businesses are finally free of water bans that were strictly enforced for many years. It all changed two years ago when restrictions gave way to freedom — freedom to wash cars day or night, to pull out the water slides and other backyard toys for the kids and to water lawns and gardens.
Unrestricted water continues to flow for the third summer.
The city is purchasing 350,000 gallons a day from Aquaria, the Dighton desalinization company, at a cost of $3.2 million annually for membership for the first three years, plus $1.23 a gallon, according to the contract.
The desalinated water has helped, especially in the city's southwest corner, said Brian Creedon, water systems manager. But, he said, there would be no shortage of water this summer even without it.
"Silver Lake is full, Brockton reservoir is full," he said. "We're diverting water."
Elaine Allegrini can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
It's all about results!
My clients never have to ask the question, "What have you done for me lately?" That's because they see results - every day.
I live and breath real estate. My passion for the business makes it easy for me to make a full-time commitment to my clients. By combining personal one-on-one attention with dynamic web and e-mail resources, I provide 24/7 market coverage for my clients.
Let's get together to talk about your home buying and/or selling plans. Call or text me on my cell phone (805-907-9030) or send me an e-mail ([email protected]), we'll set-up a time to meet that is easy and convenent for you.
I look forward to working with you!


text:
Welcome to BVEStation.
Looks good! You have it pretty easy I would say since the (2) and (4) are being developed N/B the (3) is easy copy and pasting from the (2) Franklin Av to 135th St. Obviously the chaining distances would have to be changed but it's all there, wish you the best.
Bad Behavior has blocked 783993 access attempts in the last 7 days.
Page created in 0.064 seconds with 23 queries.


text:
Jane Margolies: When I see you on HGTV, you're so full of energy. Do you just bound out of bed in the morning?
Erinn Valencich: Actually I hit snooze, roll over, and sleep for another half-hour. My bed is so comfortable!
And beautiful. It's one of three beds in your furniture collection. What inspired the design?
Morocco was one influence. I wanted a sculptural headboard that would feel modern and elegant. The antiqued mirror and silver leaf give it the look of oyster shell. I'm sick of fully upholstered headboards.
More From House Beautiful
It is padded, though. Is that for a softer look? For comfort sitting up in bed?
An upholstered headboard just adds a nice softness. The bedroom has a lot of hard surfaces — nightstands, armoires. There aren't a ton of soft goods.
What came first here, the bed or the wallpaper?
The wallpaper. I used it on a job a few years ago and loved it. There were a few rolls left but not enough for all four walls, and the colorway had been discontinued so I couldn't buy more. So I painted two walls and used the paper on the other two.
The colors are so tranquil — seafoamy blue-green, ivory, that soft metallic gold. Yet I know you're not color-shy.
I like a softer bedroom, even with dark colors. My last bedroom was deep purple, lavender, and gray. This room has lots of light, so I played off that.
That gorgeous wavy stripe on the pillow — that has slightly more intense versions of the wallpaper colors.
I'm obsessed with that fabric. I've tried to get clients to use it for years. It's from Old World Weavers and is extremely expensive, but I only needed a small amount.
There's a shimmery quality to it, and also to the wallpaper, the bed, the lamps...
The matte gold on those lamps is so pretty.
Isn't mixing silver and gold tricky?
Gold and silver are totally fine together. I wouldn't put a gold faucet in a bathroom that has a lot of silver door handles. But otherwise I don't think it matters. We wear black and navy today, and that used to be a no-no.
The duvet adds taupe to your color scheme. Tell me about your bedding.
The duvet is from Calvin Klein. I've had it for years. The sheets are Macy's Hotel Collection, their highest-end line. They wash up really soft. It's so disappointing to get into a bed with sand papery sheets. I'm renting an apartment in Paris for three weeks, and I'm taking my sheets with me!
Make the Bed...
Astra bed and Hope side table: erinnvmaison.com.
Hand-quilted Indian voile blanket: johnrobshaw.com.
New Wave silk on accent pillow by Old World Weavers: starkcarpet.com.
Headboard upholstered in Sylvana Satin by Nina Campbell: ninacampbell.com.
Summer Palace wallpaper: osborneandlittle.com.


text:
Dealing With Chronic Tinnitus
At one time or another, almost everyone experiences a ringing in their ears. It's common after sitting through a loud concert or an exuberant football game, or after taking aspirin or an antibiotic for a while. But as many as 50 million Americans have chronic tinnitus (pronounced tih-NITE-us or TIN-ih-tus)—a constant ringing, whistling, buzzing, chirping, hissing, humming, roaring, or even shrieking. (If you don't have tinnitus, you can get an idea of what people with the condition hear at the American Tinnitus Association's Web site.)
Chronic tinnitus can be caused by a variety of things, from impacted ear wax to medications that damage nerves in the ear, middle ear infection, and even aging. Damage to hair cells in the ear's cochlea (see the illustration below) are suspected as a common pathway for these causes. As I write in the September issue of the Harvard Women's Health Watch, chronic tinnitus can also be a symptom of Ménière's disease, a disorder of the balance mechanism in the inner ear. (You can read the full article here.)
Managing tinnitus
When chronic tinnitus is caused by a definable problem, like Read more »
*This blog post was originally published at Harvard Health Blog*


text:
Foodways: A Place in the Table in San Angelo
Texas Folklife is conducting a statewide survey of regional foodways on Family Day Islamic Adventure at the San Antonio Museum of Fine Arts on Saturday November 9th. We invite you to take "a place at the table" and tell us your family's favorite dishes, or the work that you do to produce food for your family or the market. This is part of a three year project that is now expanding into 29 counties in West Texas. "A Place at the Table" goals are to build a portrait of the dynamic and diverse cultures of Texas.
Texas Folklife will be interviewing community members in Gallery 1 at the Museum from 10 a.m. - 12 p.m. Bring prepared food, photographs, recipes and stories that could become part of new exhibits, a book publication, radio and television documentaries and placed as a legacy for future generations in Texas libraries and on Texas Folklife's website.


text:
Today's News: Our Take - Once Upon a Time Heads to Neverland, Welcomes Peter Pan, Tinker Bell and Ariel!
The cast and creative minds behind Once Upon a Time were on handSaturday at the show's Comic-Con panel to tease the upcoming Neverland-centric third season.
The show went back into production two weeks ago, with the cast shooting on the Jolly Roger as their characters head to Neverland in search of Henry (Jared Gilmore), who was kidnapped by Greg (Ethan Embry) and Tamara (Sonequa Martin-Green) in the season finale. While the cast joked that they're having a good time on the Jolly Roger, Kitsis noted the characters might not be having as much fun.
We'll finally get to see Neverland in Season 3 as the series brings the Jolly Roger crew into murky waters in the presence of Peter Pan, who has not yet been cast. "It is a fantastical island," executive producer Edward Kitsis said. "It's the place where imagination comes from, so it's the place where anything can happen."
Ominously, Peter Pan's Lost Boys had a sketch of Henry, who the man in charge has been searching for over the last few centuries. "Peter Pan has a complicated motivation," executive producerAdam Horowitz said. Kitsis added: "He might be frightening for some people."
Additionally, we'll also meet Tinker Bell this season, but the fans must believe to see her! "It's taking the icon and putting our spin on it," Horowitz notes of the character. "How we introduce her,and who she is, is hopefully going to be surprising because we're going to find she has a surprising connection to someone at this table."
As the group fights their way to Neverland, Snow White (Ginnifer Goodwin) will be have a hard time as she attempts to fix her blackened heart. "Now, it's a matter of finding again who she is," Goodwin says. Unfortunately, the Evil Queen (Lana Parrilla) is along for the ride - and though she planned to sacrifice herself in the finale, she may not have turned completely good. (Parrilla noted that her favorite kill on the series is coming in Season 3.)
Once Upon a Time in Wonderland taps Naveen Andrews as Jafar and more scoop from Comic-Con
Meanwhile, Bae (Michael Raymond-James) fell through the portal in the Enchanted Forest and was last seen clinging onto life. Will he be saved? "He's had a rough go, but it's getting better," James said. Kitsis noted that the last thing Bae did was tell Emma (Jennifer Morrison) he loved her. "Unfortunately for him, Emma is with Captain Hook [Colin O'Donoghue]," Kitsis says. Though O'Donoghue said it may be time for Hook to get over Milah, Joshua Dallasquickly interjected, "Not with my daughter."
Back in Storybrooke, Belle (Emilie de Ravin) will apparently holddown the fort, but don't expect the stories to be completely separate. "What's happening back in Storybrooke and what's happening in Neverland, we're going to find are connected in a surprising way," Horowitz said. Kitsis also noted that Mr. Gold (Robert Carlyle) is on a suicide mission since the prophecy says he has to sacrifice himself to save Henry, which is why he left Belle behind so he can face his death alone.
Additionally, fans were treated to a sneak preview of the upcoming season, which featured Grumpy (Lee Arenberg) sitting down to have lunch on Storybrooke's coast when his fork mysteriously went missing. It was stolen by a mischievous mermaid with flaming red hair. Welcome to Once, Ariel!
Once Upon a Time returns Sunday, Sept. 29 at 8/7c on ABC.
View original Once Upon a Time Heads to Neverland, Welcomes Peter Pan, Tinker Bell and Ariel! at TVGuide.com
Other Links From TVGuide.com


text:
Here's what's happening in the Rock River Valley this week
Grillin' good times
What: Alpine Kiwanis Brat Days
When: 11 a.m. to 8 p.m. Friday and 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. Saturday
Where: Schnucks: 6410 E. State St., Rockford; 1810 Harlem Road, Loves Park. Edgebrook Center, 1639 N. Alpine Road, Rockford.
Cost: $5 in advance; $6 on site.
Information: Ticket prices include a Johnsonville brat, a bag of Mrs. Fisher's chips and a 20-ounce Pepsi product or bottle of water. Other food options include a ¼-pound all-beef hot dog, a meatless barbecue sandwich and a vegetarian brat on a whole wheat bun. Tickets are available in advance from any Alpine Kiwanis member, MembersAlliance Credit Union on South Alpine or Olde Creek Road, and Schnucks stores on East State Street or North Alpine Road. From 6 to 9 a.m. Friday, brats are available as part of the "23 WIFR's Take Your Brat to Work" at the Loves Park Schnucks store. The breakfast brats are $2.50 each (brat only) and available through the drive-thru.
Contact: 815-979-8669: alpinekiwanis-il.com/Page/13380
Honoring a leader
What: Perry Pitney Memorial Music Festival
When: 4 to 8 p.m. Saturday
Where: Rockford Rescue Mission Thrift Store, 2710 20th St., Rockford
Admission: $20
Information: The mission will memorialize its longtime leader, Perry Pitney, and celebrate the organization's 50th anniversary. Musical acts include The Eldridge Family, Luke Pitney and Beyond the Ashes. Food and drinks available for purchase.
Contact: 815-316-4162; rockfordrescuemission.org
Celebrating 98 years of helping families
What: 2014 Bookerfest: Countdown to 100 Homecoming
When: 5 to 9 p.m. Friday, 11 a.m. to 9 p.m. Saturday and 1 to 8 p.m. Sunday
Where: Booker Washington Community Center, 524 Kent St., Rockford
Admission: Free
Information: The weekend festival includes music, games, vendors and other activities for families. Festival organizers will also crown Mr. and Miss Bookerfest after a pageant. Food and drinks available for purchase.
Contact: 815-962-9117; email@example.com
Fun on the fairway
What: The Rockford PRO/AM
When: 8:15 a.m. to 5 p.m. today
Where: Forest Hills Country Club, 5135 Forest Hills Road, Rockford
Admission: $10
Information: Twenty amateur foursomes will be paired with 20 professional golfers for the nation's longest-running, free-standing pro/am not associated with a professional tournament. Professionals include Kenny Perry, Cameron Wilson, Patrick Rodgers and Luke Guthrie.
Contact: 815-877-5625; firstname.lastname@example.com; therockfordproam.com


text:
Palynology is the "study of dust" (from Greek: παλύνω, translit. palynō, "strew, sprinkle" and -logy) or of "particles that are strewn". A classic palynologist analyses particulate samples collected from the air, from water, or from deposits including sediments of any age. The condition and identification of those particles, organic and inorganic, give the palynologist clues to the life, environment, and energetic conditions that produced them.
The term is commonly used to refer to a subset of the discipline, which is defined as "the study of microscopic objects of macromolecular organic composition (i.e., compounds of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen), not capable of dissolution in hydrochloric or hydrofluoric acids". It is the science that studies contemporary and fossil palynomorphs (paleopalynology), including pollen, spores, orbicules, dinocysts, acritarchs, chitinozoans and scolecodonts, together with particulate organic matter (POM) and kerogen found in sedimentary rocks and sediments.
Palynology does not include diatoms, foraminiferans or other organisms with siliceous or calcareous exoskeletons.
Palynology is literally the "study of dust" (from Greek: παλύνω, translit. palunō, "strew, sprinkle"[2] and -logy) or of "particles that are strewn". A classic palynologist analyses particulate samples collected from air, water, sediments or rocks of any age. The condition and identification of those particles, organic and inorganic, give the palynologist clues to the life, environment, and energetic conditions that produced them.
The term is commonly used to refer to a subset of the discipline, which has been described as "the study of microscopic objects of macromolecular organic composition (i.e., compounds of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen), not capable of dissolution in hydrochloric or hydrofluoric acids".[3]
It is the science that studies contemporary and fossil palynomorphs, including pollen, spores, orbicules, dinocysts, acritarchs, chitinozoans and scolecodonts, together with particulate organic matter (POM) and kerogen found in sedimentary rocks and sediments.
Palynology as an interdisciplinary science stands at the intersection of earth science (geology or geological science) and biological science (biology), particularly plant science (botany). Stratigraphical palynology, a branch of micropalaeontology and paleobotany, studies fossil palynomorphs from the Precambrian to the Holocene.
Palynomorphs are broadly defined as organic-walled microfossils between 5 and 500 micrometres in size. They are extracted from sedimentary rocks and sediment cores both physically, by ultrasonic treatment and wet sieving, and chemically, by chemical digestion to remove the non-organic fraction. Palynomorphs may be composed of organic material such as chitin, pseudochitin and sporopollenin. Palynomorphs that have a taxonomy description are sometimes referred to as palynotaxa.
Palynomorphs form a geological record of importance in determining the type of prehistoric life that existed at the time the sedimentary formation was laid down. As a result, these microfossils give important clues to the prevailing climatic conditions of the time. Their paleontological utility derives from an abundance numbering in millions of cells per gram in organic marine deposits, even when such deposits are generally not fossiliferous. Palynomorphs, however, generally have been destroyed in metamorphic or recrystallized rocks.
Typically, palynomorphs are dinoflagellate cysts, acritarchs, spores, pollen, fungi, scolecodonts (scleroprotein teeth, jaws and associated features of polychaete annelid worms), arthropod organs (such as insect mouthparts), chitinozoans and microforams. Palynomorph microscopic structures that are abundant in most sediments are resistant to routine pollen extraction including strong acids and bases, and acetolysis, or density separation.
A palynofacies is the complete assemblage of organic matter and palynomorphs in a fossil deposit. The term was introduced by the French geologist André Combaz in 1964. Palynofacies studies are often linked to investigations of the organic geochemistry of sedimentary rocks. The study of the palynofacies of a sedimentary depositional environment can be used to learn about the depositional palaeoenvironments of sedimentary rocks in exploration geology, often in conjunction with palynological analysis and vitrinite reflectance.[4][5][6]
Palynofacies can be used in two ways:
- Organic palynofacies considers all the acid insoluble particulate organic matter (POM), including kerogen and palynomorphs in sediments and palynological preparations of sedimentary rocks. The sieved or unsieved preparations may be examined using strew mounts on microscope slides that may be examined using a transmitted light biological microscope or ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence microscope. The abundance, composition and preservation of the various components, together with the thermal alteration of the organic matter is considered.
- Palynomorph palynofacies considers the abundance, composition and diversity of palynomorphs in a sieved palynological preparation of sediments or palynological preparation of sedimentary rocks. The ratio of marine fossil phytoplankton (acritarchs and dinoflagellate cysts), together with chitinozoans, to terrestrial palynomorphs (pollen and spores) can be used to derive a terrestrial input index in marine sediments.
Early history[edit]
The earliest reported observations of pollen under a microscope are likely to have been in the 1640s by the English botanist Nehemiah Grew,[7] who described pollen and the stamen, and concluded that pollen is required for sexual reproduction in flowering plants.
By the late 1870s, as optical microscopes improved and the principles of stratigraphy were worked out, Robert Kidston and P. Reinsch were able to examine the presence of fossil spores in the Devonian and Carboniferous coal seams and make comparisons between the living spores and the ancient fossil spores.[8] Early investigators include Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (radiolarians, diatoms and dinoflagellate cysts), Gideon Mantell (desmids) and Henry Hopley White (dinoflagellate cysts).
1890s to 1940s[edit]
Quantitative analysis of pollen began with Lennart von Post's published work.[9] Although he published in the Swedish language, his methodology gained a wide audience through his lectures. In particular, his Kristiania lecture of 1916 was important in gaining a wider audience.[10] Because the early investigations were published in the Nordic languages (Scandinavian languages), the field of pollen analysis was confined to those countries.[11] The isolation ended with the German publication of Gunnar Erdtman's 1921 thesis. The methodology of pollen analysis became widespread throughout Europe and North America and revolutionized Quaternary vegetation and climate change research.[10][12]
Earlier pollen researchers include Früh (1885),[13] who enumerated many common tree pollen types, and a considerable number of spores and herb pollen grains. There is a study of pollen samples taken from sediments of Swedish lakes by Trybom (1888);[14] pine and spruce pollen was found in such profusion that he considered them to be serviceable as "index fossils". Georg F. L. Sarauw studied fossil pollen of middle Pleistocene age (Cromerian) from the harbour of Copenhagen.[15] Lagerheim (in Witte 1905) and C. A.Weber (in H. A. Weber 1918) appear to be among the first to undertake 'percentage frequency' calculations.
1940s to 1989[edit]
The term palynology was introduced by Hyde and Williams in 1944, following correspondence with the Swedish geologist Ernst Antevs, in the pages of the Pollen Analysis Circular (one of the first journals devoted to pollen analysis, produced by Paul Sears in North America). Hyde and Williams chose palynology on the basis of the Greek words paluno meaning 'to sprinkle' and pale meaning 'dust' (and thus similar to the Latin word pollen).[16]
Pollen analysis in North America stemmed from Phyllis Draper, an MS student under Sears at the University of Oklahoma. During her time as a student, she developed the first pollen diagram from a sample that depicted the percentage of several species at different depths at Curtis Bog. This was the introduction of pollen analysis in North America;[17] pollen diagrams today still often remain in the same format with depth on the y-axis and abundances of species on the x-axis.
1990s to the 21st century[edit]
Pollen analysis advanced rapidly in this period due to advances in optics and computers. Much of the science was revised by Johannes Iversen and Knut Fægri in their textbook on the subject.[18]
Methods of studying palynomorphs[edit]
Chemical preparation[edit]
Chemical digestion follows a number of steps.[19] Initially the only chemical treatment used by researchers was treatment with Potassium hydroxide (KOH) to remove humic substances; defloculation was accomplished through surface treatment or ultra-sonic treatment, although sonification may cause the pollen exine to rupture.[11] In 1924, the use of hydrofluoric acid (HF) to digest silicate minerals was introduced by Assarson and Granlund, greatly reducing the amount of time required to scan slides for palynomorphs.[20] Palynological studies using peats presented a particular challenge because of the presence of well-preserved organic material, including fine rootlets, moss leaflets and organic litter. This was the last major challenge in the chemical preparation of materials for palynological study. Acetolysis was developed by Gunnar Erdtman and his brother to remove these fine cellulose materials by dissolving them.[21] In acetolysis the specimen is treated with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid, dissolving cellulistic materials and thus providing better visibility for palynomorphs.
Some steps of the chemical treatments require special care for safety reasons, in particular the use of HF which diffuses very fast through the skin and, causes severe chemical burns, and can be fatal.[22]
Another treatment includes kerosene flotation for chitinous materials.
Once samples have been prepared chemically, they are mounted on microscope slides using silicon oil, glycerol or glycerol-jelly and examined using light microscopy or mounted on a stub for scanning electron microscopy.
Researchers will often study either modern samples from a number of unique sites within a given area, or samples from a single site with a record through time, such as samples obtained from peat or lake sediments. More recent studies have used the modern analog technique in which paleo-samples are compared to modern samples for which the parent vegetation is known.[23]
When the slides are observed under a microscope, the researcher counts the number of grains of each pollen taxon. This record is next used to produce a pollen diagram. These data can be used to detect anthropogenic effects, such as logging,[24] traditional patterns of land use[25] or long term changes in regional climate[26]
Palynology can be applied to problems in many scientific disciplines including geology, botany, paleontology, archaeology, pedology (soil study), and physical geography:
- Biostratigraphy and geochronology. Geologists use palynological studies in biostratigraphy to correlate strata and determine the relative age of a given bed, horizon, formation or stratigraphical sequence.
Because the distribution of acritarchs, chitinozoans, dinoflagellate cysts, pollen and spores provides evidence of stratigraphical correlation through biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, one common and lucrative application of palynology is in oil and gas exploration.
- Paleoecology and climate change. Palynology can be used to reconstruct past vegetation (land plants) and marine and Freshwater phytoplankton communities, and so infer past environmental (palaeoenvironmental) and palaeoclimatic conditions in an area thousands or millions of years ago, a fundamental part of research into climate change.
- Organic palynofacies studies, which examine the preservation of the particulate organic matter and palynomorphs provides information on the depositional environment of sediments and depositional palaeoenvironments of sedimentary rocks.
- Geothermal alteration studies examine the colour of palynomorphs extracted from rocks to give the thermal alteration and maturation of sedimentary sequences, which provides estimates of maximum palaeotemperatures.
- Limnology studies. Freshwater palynomorphs and animal and plant fragments, including the prasinophytes and desmids (green algae) can be used to study past lake levels and long term climate change.
- Taxonomy and evolutionary studies. Involving the use of pollen morphological characters as source of taxonomic data to delimit plant species under same family or genus. Pollen apertural status is frequently used for differential sorting or finding similarities between species of the same taxa. This is also called Palynotaxonomy.
- Forensic palynology: the study of pollen and other palynomorphs for evidence at a crime scene.
- Allergy studies and pollen counting. Studies of the geographic distribution and seasonal production of pollen, can be used to forecast pollen conditions, helping sufferers of allergies such as hay fever.
- Melissopalynology: the study of pollen and spores found in honey.
- Archaeological palynology examines human uses of plants in the past. This can help determine seasonality of site occupation, presence or absence of agricultural practices or products, and 'plant-related activity areas' within an archaeological context. Bonfire Shelter is one such example of this application.
See also[edit]
- ^ Gray, J.; Chaloner, W. G.; Westoll, T. S. (1985). "The Microfossil Record of Early Land Plants: Advances in Understanding of Early Terrestrialization, 1970–1984". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 309 (1138): 167–195. Bibcode:1985RSPTB.309..167G. doi:10.1098/rstb.1985.0077. JSTOR 2396358.
- ^ παλύνω, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ^
Sarjeant, William A.S. (2002). "'As chimney-sweepers, come to dust': a history of palynology to 1970". In Oldroyd, David Roger (ed.). The Earth Inside and Out: Some Major Contributions to Geology in the Twentieth Century. Special publications, Geological Society London (revised ed.). London: Geological Society of London. p. 273. ISBN 9781862390966. Retrieved 6 Apr 2019.
[...] broadening to include microfossils with walls of CaCO3 or SiO2 proved unacceptable; a reasonable present-day definition might be as follows: 'Palynology is the study of microscopic objects of macromolecular organic composition (i.e. compounds of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen), not capable of dissolution in hydrochloric or hydrofluoric acids.'
- ^ Fonseca, Carolina; Mendonça Filho, João Graciano; Lézin, Carine; de Oliveira, António Donizeti; Duarte, Luís V. (December 2019). "Organic matter deposition and paleoenvironmental implications across the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary of the Subalpine Basin (SE France): Local and global controls". International Journal of Coal Geology. 218: 103364. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2019.103364.
- ^ Fonseca, Carolina; Mendonça Filho, João Graciano; Lézin, Carine; Duarte, Luís V.; Fauré, Phillipe (April 2018). "Organic facies variability during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event record of the Grands Causses and Quercy basins (southern France)". International Journal of Coal Geology. 190: 218–235. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2017.10.006.
- ^ Fonseca, Carolina; Oliveira Mendonça, Joalice; Mendonça Filho, João Graciano; Lézin, Carine; Duarte, Luís V. (March 2018). "Thermal maturity assessment study of the late Pliensbachian-early Toarcian organic-rich sediments in southern France: Grands Causses, Quercy and Pyrenean basins". Marine and Petroleum Geology. 91: 338–349. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.01.017.
- ^ Bradbury, S. (1967). The Evolution of the Microscope. New York: Pergamon Press. pp. 375 p.
- ^ Jansonius, J.; D.C. McGregor (1996). "Introduction, Palynology: Principles and Applications". AASP Foundation. 1: 1–10. Archived from the original on 2007-07-09.
- ^ Traverse, Alfred and Sullivan, Herbert J. "The Background, Origin, and Early History of the American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists" Palynology 7: 7-18 (1983)
- ^ a b Fægri, Knut; Johs. Iversen (1964). Textbook of Pollen Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Archived from the original on 2010-04-03.
- ^ a b Faegri, Knut (1973). "In memoriam O. Gunnar E. Erdtman". Pollen et Spores. 15: 5–12.
- ^ von Post, L (1918) "Skogsträdpollen i sydsvenska torvmosslagerföljder", Forhandlinger ved de Skandinaviske naturforskeres 16. møte i Kristiania 1916: p. 433
- ^ Früh, J (1885) "Kritische Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Torfes", Jahrb.k.k.Geol.Reichsanstalt 35
- ^ Trybom, F (1888) "Bottenprof fran svenska insjöar", Geol.Foren.Forhandl.10
- ^ Sarauw, G. F. L. (1897). "Cromer-skovlaget i Frihavnen og trælevningerne i de ravførende sandlag ved København" [The Cromer Forest layer in the Free Harbour and Wood Remains in the Amber containing strata near Copenhagen] (PDF). Meddelelser Fra Dansk Geologisk Forening / Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark (in Danish). 1 (4): 17–44.
- ^ Hyde, H.A.; D.A. Williams (1944). "The Right Word". Pollen Analysis Circular. 8: 6. Archived from the original on 2007-06-18.
- ^ Draper, Phyllis. "A DEMONSTRATION OF THE TECHNIQUE OF POLLEN ANALYSIS".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires
- ^ Fægri, K. & Iversen, J. (1989) Textbook of pollen analysis. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. 328 p.
- ^ Bennett, K.D.; Willis, K.J. (2001). "Pollen". In Smol, John P.; Birks, H. John B.; Last, William M. (eds.). Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments. Volume 3: Terrestrial, algal, and siliceous indicators. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 5–32.
- ^ Assarson, G. och E.; Granlund, E. (1924). "En metod for pollenanalys av minerogena jordarter". Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar. 46 (1–2): 76–82. doi:10.1080/11035892409444879.
- ^ Erdtman, O.G.E. "Uber die Verwendung von Essigsaureanhydrid bei Pollenuntersuchungen". Sven. Bot. Tidskr. 28: 354–358.
- ^ "Hydrofluoric acid fatality in Perth - hazard alert". 1995-03-06. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
- ^ Overpeck, J. T.; T. Webb; I. C. Prentice (1985). "Quantitative interpretation of fossil pollen spectra: Dissimilarity coefficients and the method of modern analogs". Quaternary Research. 23 (1): 87–108. Bibcode:1985QuRes..23...87O. doi:10.1016/0033-5894(85)90074-2. S2CID 129797797.
- ^ Niklasson, Mats; Matts Lindbladh; Leif Björkman (2002). "A long-term record of Quercus decline, logging and fires in a southern Swedish Fagus-Picea forest". Journal of Vegetation Science. 13 (6): 765–774. doi:10.1658/1100-9233(2002)013[0765:ALROQD]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 84934798.
- ^ Hebda, R.J.; R.W. Mathewes (1984). "Holocene history of cedar and native cultures on the North American Pacific Coast". Science. 225 (4663): 711–713. Bibcode:1984Sci...225..711H. doi:10.1126/science.225.4663.711. PMID 17810290. S2CID 39998080.
- ^ Heusser, Calvin J.; L.E. Heusser; D.M. Peteet (1985). "Late-Quaternary climatic change on the American North Pacific coast". Nature. 315 (6019): 485–487. Bibcode:1985Natur.315..485H. doi:10.1038/315485a0. S2CID 4345551.
- Moore, P.D., et al. (1991), Pollen Analysis (Second Edition). Blackwell Scientific Publications. ISBN 0-632-02176-4
- Traverse, A. (1988), Paleopalynology. Unwin Hyman. ISBN 0-04-561001-0
- Roberts, N. (1998), The Holocene an environmental history, Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-18638-7
External links[edit]
- The AASP - The Palynological Society
- International Federation of Palynological Societies
- Palynology Laboratory, French Institute of Pondicherry, India
- The Palynology Unit, Kew Gardens, UK
- PalDat, palynological database hosted by the University of Vienna, Austria
- The Micropalaeontological Society
- Commission Internationale de Microflore du Paléozoique (CIMP), international commission for Palaeozoic palynology.
- Centre for Palynology, University of Sheffield, UK
- Linnean Society Palynology Specialist Group (LSPSG)
- Canadian Association of Palynologists
- Pollen and Spore Identification Literature
- Palynologische Kring, The Netherlands and Belgium
- Palynofacies, an annotated link directory.
- Acosta et al., 2018. Climate change and peopling of the Neotropics during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana. http://boletinsgm.igeolcu.unam.mx/bsgm/index.php/component/content/article/368-sitio/articulos/cuarta-epoca/7001/1857-7001-1-Acosta


text:
Americana Lone Star
Inspired by "Reach for the Stars" from designer Laurie Simpson
Quiltmaker: Laura Boehnke
Fabric letter designations are listed for ease in cutting and piecing the Lone Star.
- 1/3 yard red star print (middle border, fabric A for Lone Star)
- 1/4 yard blue print (fabric B for Lone Star)
- 1/4 yard cream print (fabric C for Lone Star)
- 1/3 yard navy-and-gold print (fabric D for Lone Star)
- 1/2 yard gold print (inner border, fabric E for Lone Star)
- 1/4 yard red print (fabric F for Lone Star)
- 1/8 yard paisley print (fabric G for Lone Star)
- 1/2 yard blue star print (LeMoyne Star blocks)
- 5/8 yard red-and-cream print (LeMoyne Star blocks)
- 7/8 yard navy blue print (outer border, binding)
- 1-3/8 yards backing fabric
- 49" square batting
- Spray starch (optional)
Finished quilt: 43" square
Finished corner block: 10" square
Quantities are for 44/45"-wide, 100% cotton fabrics. Measurements include 1/4" seam allowances. Sew with right sides together unless otherwise stated.
Cut Fabrics
Cut pieces in the order that follows.
To help keep fabrics stable, consider spraying them with starch and pressing before cutting out pieces.
To cut the blue star print diamonds, trim the right-hand edge of a 2-1/2"-wide strip at a 45˚ angle. Rotate the strip 180˚. Cutting parallel to trimmed left-hand edge, cut strip into eight 2-1/2"-wide sections to make diamonds (Diagram 1). Repeat with remaining blue star print strips.
From red star print (fabric A), cut:
- 1--2-1/4x42" strip
- 2--1-1/2x38" middle border strips
- 2--1-1/2x36" middle border strips
From blue print (fabric B), cut:
- 2--2-1/4x42" strips
From (fabric C), cut:
- 3--2-1/4x42" strips
From navy-and-gold print (fabric D), cut:
- 4--2-1/4x42" strips
From gold print (fabric E), cut:
- 3--2-1/4x42" strips
- 2--1-1/4x36" inner border strips
- 2--1-1/4x34-1/2" inner border strips
From red print (fabric F), cut:
- 2--2-1/4x42" strips
From paisley print (fabric G), cut:
- 1--2-1/4x42" strip
From blue star print, cut:
- 6--2-1/2x42" strips, cutting each strip into eight 2-1/2" diamonds
From red-and-cream print, cut:
- 8--5-5/8" squares, cutting each diagonally twice in an X for 32 triangles total
- 20--3-1/2" squares
From navy blue print, cut:
- 5--3x42" strips for outer border
- 5--2-1/2x42" binding strips
Assemble Diamond Points
1. Referring to Diagram 2, arrange 2-1/4x42" strips in four units as shown, offsetting strips by 1-3/4". Letters indicate which fabrics to use.
2. Sew together strips in each unit. Press seams away from bottom strip, pressing after each seam is sewn. Take care to sew accurate 1/4" seams to avoid a distorted or wavy star. Check width of strips in completed units. Inside strips should be exactly 1-3/4" from seam line to seam line, and outer strips should be 2" wide.
3. Rotate each unit 180˚, then trim the right-hand edge at a 45˚ angle (Diagram 3). To easily trim at this angle, first align the 45˚ line of a square acrylic ruler with a seam on the unit. Abut the edge of a 6x24" acrylic ruler with the square ruler; trim.
4. Again rotate each unit 180˚. Cutting parallel to trimmed left-hand edge, cut each unit into eight 2-1/4"-wide sections to make diamond rows (Diagram 4). Check every two or three rows to ensure you're still cutting at a perfect 45˚ angle. Repeat Step 3 to correct the angle, if needed. Keep diamond rows stacked and labeled by unit.
5. Lay out one diamond row from each unit (Diagram 5). Layer diamond rows from units 1 and 2 with right sides together. Pin rows together, inserting pins into 1/4" seams and being careful to intersect seam lines. A small amount of fabric will extend at top and bottom. Slowly sew together rows, removing each pin just before you reach it. Join diamond rows from units 3 and 4 in the same manner. Join paired rows to make a diamond point. Press seams in one direction; do not press seams open.
6. Mark a dot in each corner of the diamond point where 1/4" seam allowances intersect (Diagram 6). The dots indicate where seams should stop and start when the diamond is joined to another. In order to set in the LeMoyne Star blocks and setting units, do not sew into seam allowances beyond these dots.
7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 to make and mark eight diamond points total.
Assemble LeMoyne Star Blocks and Setting Units
1. Sew together two blue star print diamonds, without sewing into 1/4" seam allowance, to make an angled unit. Finger-press seam open. Referring to Diagram 7, set a red-and-cream print triangle into angled unit to make a star point unit; the red-and-cream print triangle will extend slightly beyond edges of star point unit. Press seams toward red-and-cream print triangle. Repeat to make 24 star point units total.
2. Referring to Diagram 8 and without sewing into 1/4" seam allowance, join two star point units. Set a red-and-cream print 3-1/2" square into corner between star point units to make a star half; the red-and-cream print square will extend slightly beyond edges of star half. Press seams toward red-and-cream print square. Repeat to make 12 star halves total.
3. Sew together two star halves without sewing into 1/4" seam allowance. Press seam open. Set red-and-cream print 3-1/2" squares into open corners (Diagram 9) to make a LeMoyne Star block. Press seams toward red-and-cream print squares. The block should be 10-1/2" square including seam allowances. (The star should "float" slightly within red-and-cream print pieces.) Repeat to make four LeMoyne Star blocks total.
4. Sew red-and-cream print triangles to opposite edges of a star half to make a LeMoyne Star setting unit (Diagram 10). Press seams toward red-and-cream print triangles. Repeat to make four LeMoyne Star setting units total.
Assemble Quilt Center
1. Stitching from dot to dot, sew together two diamond points to make an angled unit. Press seam open. Set a LeMoyne Star setting unit into angled unit to make a diamond pair; the setting unit will extend slightly beyond edges. Repeat to make four diamond pairs total.
2. Referring to Quilt Assembly Diagram, lay out diamond pairs and LeMoyne Star blocks. Join diamond pairs into star halves and set in LeMoyne Star blocks; press seams toward LeMoyne Star blocks.
3. Sew together star halves and set in LeMoyne Star blocks to make quilt center; press seams toward LeMoyne Star blocks. If necessary, trim quilt center to 34-1/2" square including seam allowances. (The Lone Star might "float" slightly within the quilt center.)
Add Borders and Finish Quilt
1. Sew short inner border strips to opposite edges of quilt center. Add long inner border strips to remaining edges. Press all seams toward border.
2. Sew short middle border strips to opposite edges of quilt center. Add long middle border strips to remaining edges. Press all seams toward middle border.
3. Cut and piece navy blue print 3x42" strips to make:
- 2--3x43" outer border strips
- 2--3x38" outer border strips
4. Sew short outer border strips to opposite edges of quilt center. Add long outer border strips to remaining edges to complete quilt top. Press all seams toward outer border.
5. Layer quilt top, batting, and backing; baste. Quilt as desired.
6. Bind with navy blue print binding strips.


text:
A Peek Inside The Random OTR Dispenser
For the curious, here is a sneak peek of some of the shows that can be found at OTRFan.com. Many episodes, however, are marked "Random Only" and can only be accessed though the dispenser proper.
You can also browse by genre if you like your listings in a categorized manner.
Currently, there are 2066 episodes from 151 series in the Random OTR Dispenser.
Got a request?
Visit the OTR Fan forums today!
Visit the OTR Fan forums today!
The following series have at least one episode in the Dispenser:
If you have a favorite series that isn't listed here, please send in your request!


text:
Tomorrow, a batch of brand new Food Network shows start airing. We just shot these in August, so they're as close to "today" as it gets! Except I've been having a torrential fling with Jillian Michaels since then, and I'm experiencing much less jiggle now than I was in August. I'll share that odyssey with you sometime soon, butI have to make sure I can keep the jiggle demons at bay first.
(I love you, Jillian. See you tonight!)
On tomorrow's show, I make homemade pizza sauce. Glory, glory Hallelujah.
And get this—this is crazytown: I used the pizza sauce to make homemade pizza!
Like, with cheese and pepperoni and everything!
But it was this pizza that made my heart go pitter-pat.
Oh man oh man oh man oh man oh man, it's good.
On the show, I also make this delightful sour-sweet-sweet-sour beverage, which I loved, and to which I might have been tempted to add a tiny splash of the hard stuff if it hadn't been noontime.
I think you'll love the ranching angle of the show: The crew was moving cattle from one part of the ranch to another, and at one point they had to cross a busy highway. This is relatively normal—it happens a couple of times a year or so—but for some reason, it blew the London TV crew's mind just a little bit. They couldn't comprehend that we could just…well…herd cattle across the highway and that…well…people driving the cars just stopped and waited patiently.
I love Oklahoma!
And I don't like the above photo of me, though. I look strange. But I posted it anyway, because I've given birth four times and it just doesn't matter.
However, I do like the above photo of my baby. He looks strange, too.
But it works for him.
And then the show ends…with ice cream pie.
I don't really know what else to say, except this: Ice cream pie.
Oh, and another thing? Ice cream pie.
And I almost forgot: Ice cream pie!
And in closing: Ice cream pie.
Love and ice cream pie,
Pioneer Woman
P.S. Ice cream pie.


text:
Image Number: 0480-1010-3023-3847
This image is available for editorial and educational use only. Contact Customer Service to inquire about additional uses.
This image is available under
'Rights Managed' licensing and is available for immediate download.
Keywords: art print, art prints, clipart, clip art, graphic, graphics, image, images, picture, pictures, photo, photos, photograph, photographs, poster, posters, stock photo, stock photos, stock photography, web graphic, web graphics , adults, arizona, arm, az, boom, build, building, casa grande, caucasian, cement, community, concrete, construction, construction workers pouring a concrete slab, controlling, crane, development, directing, employed, employment, equipment, ethnic, expansion, floor, foundation, frame, framed, growth, guiding, hardhat, hispanic, home, house, housing, incomplete, industry, jim w parkin, jobs, machinery, men, neighborhood, new, pad, pouring, pump, pumper, pumping, real estate, remote, residential, slab, southwest, sub division, suburb, suburban, teamwork, transferring, transport, truck, united states, usa, wet, wood, worker, working, workplace
search tips
Artist Login


text:
Not So Smart II: The Internet Doesn't Work So Well [1]
News From:
Yesterday I listed a few flip-flops by leading thinkers chronicled in a new anthology, What Have You Changed Your Mind About? (Harper Perennial). Whether universities were really that great was one of them. But there are more.
One of the major things that bright minds have rethought is that the Internet will be a boon to humanity. Here is why:
It does not fight authority. Nicholas Carr [4], who wrote the recent best sellerThe Big Switch: Rewiring the World, From Edison to Google, used to believe the Internet would shift the bulk of power to the little people, away from big companies and governments. But "its technical and commercial working actually promote the centralization of power and control," he says. Although the overall number of Web sites has increased from 2002 through 2006, the concentration of traffic at the 10 most popular sites has grown from 31 percent to 40 percent of all page views. Further, "look at how Google continues to expand its hegemony over Web searching," Mr. Carr says. "To what end will the Web giants deploy their power? They will, of course, seek to further their own commercial or political interests."
A few bad people counteract many good people, and machines can't fix that. Xeni Jardin [5], co-editor of the tech blog Boing Boing, says comments on the blog were useful and fun, originally. But as the blog grew more popular, so did antisocial posts by "trolls," or "people for whom dialogue wasn't the point." Things got so nasty that Boing Boing editors finally removed the ability for readers to comment. Now she has reinstated comments, because "we hired a community manager. … If someone is misbehaving, she can remove all the vowels from their screed with one click." There is no automated way to do this, Ms. Jardin says, and "the solution isn't easy, cheap, or hands-free. Few things of value are."


text:
Shark fisherman says he survived 13 months adrift
WELLINGTON, New Zealand — It's a story that almost defies belief: A man leaves Mexico in December 2012 for a day of shark fishing and ends up surviving 13 months on fish, birds and turtles before washing ashore on the remote Marshall Islands thousands of miles away.
But that's what a man identifying himself as 37-year-old Jose Salvador Alvarenga told the U.S. ambassador in the Marshall Islands and the nation's officials during a 30-minute meeting Monday before he was taken to a local hospital for monitoring. Alvarenga washed ashore on the tiny atoll of Ebon in the Pacific Ocean last week before being taken to the capital, Majuro, on Monday.
"It's hard for me to imagine someone surviving 13 months at sea," said Ambassador Tom Armbruster in Majuro. "But it's also hard to imagine how someone might arrive on Ebon out of the blue. Certainly this guy has had an ordeal, and has been at sea for some time."
Other officials were reacting cautiously to the Spanish-speaking man's story while they try to piece together more information.
If true, the man's ordeal would rank among the greatest tales ever of survival at sea.
Mexico's Foreign Relations Department says the man told Mexico's ambassador to the Philippines, Julio Camarena, that he set out from an area near the coastal town of Tonala in southern Chiapas state, which would mean his journey covered a distance of more than 6,500 miles, if he drifted in a straight line.
Armbruster said the soft-spoken man complained of joint pain Monday and had a limp but was able to walk. He had long hair and a beard, the ambassador said, and rather than appearing emaciated he looked puffy in places, including around his ankles. Otherwise, he added, Alvarenga seemed in reasonable health.
Armbruster, who speaks Spanish, said the survivor told the following story:
He's a native of El Salvador but had lived in Mexico for 15 years and fishes for a man he knows as Willie, catching sharks for 25 pesos ($1.90) per pound.
On Dec. 21, 2012, Alvarenga left Mexico in his 23-foot fiberglass boat for a day's fishing, accompanied by a teen he knew only as Ezekiel, who was between 15 and 18.
A storm blew the fishermen off course, and soon they were lost and adrift.
"He talked about scooping up little fish that swam alongside the boat and eating them raw," Armbruster said. "He also said he ate birds, and drank birds' blood."
After about a month, Ezekiel died, the survivor told officials.
Alvarenga also talked about eating turtles. Once near Ebon, he swam ashore.
"He thanked God, initially, that he had survived," the ambassador said. "He's very anxious to get back in touch with his employer, and also with the family of Ezekiel. That's his driving motivation at the moment."
In Costa Azul, a fishing hamlet near Tonala, fishing boat owner Villermino Rodriguez Solis, who assumes his son is the "Willie" that Alvarenga referred to, said Alvarenga and a companion had gone missing on Nov. 18, 2012, which would imply the sea odyssey lasted 14½ months.
"Here, his colleagues went out in boats to look for them. They spent four days looking for them," said Villermino, who expressed surprise that Alvarenga had been found alive in the Marshall Islands.
Residents of Costa Azul said they didn't know Alvarenga's real name. He had shown up looking for work years before, but worked from fishing camps along the coast. They knew him only by a nickname, "La Chancha," used to describe heavy-set people. It was clear he was an experienced fisherman, they said.
Armbruster said the man said he had no family in Mexico but he does have three brothers who live in the U.S., although he could not immediately provide officials with contact details. The Mexican government also quoted the man as saying he had no family in Mexico.
Gee Bing, the acting secretary of foreign affairs for the Marshall Islands, said he was somewhat skeptical of Alvarenga's account after meeting with him Monday.
"It does sound like an incredible story, and I'm not sure if I believe his story," Bing said. "When we saw him, he was not really thin compared to other survivors in the past. I may have some doubts. Once we start communicating with where he's from, we'll be able to find out more information."
Bing said the man had no identification with him, and other details of his story remained sketchy. Camarena said Alvarenga gave his hometown as Garita Palmera, in El Salvador's Ahuachapan province. Mexico said it was coordinating with the Salvadoran government to provide assistance to the man.
The survivor's vital signs appeared good except that his blood pressure was a bit low, Bing said. After doctors give him the all-clear, Bing said, officials hope to repatriate him to Mexico or whatever country is appropriate.
Erik van Sebille, a Sydney-based oceanographer at the University of New South Wales, said there was a good chance a boat drifting off Mexico's west coast would eventually be carried by currents to the Marshall Islands. He said such a journey would typically take 18 months to two years depending on the winds and currents, although 13 months was possible.
"The way that the currents in the Pacific work is that there is a very strong westerly current just north of the equator and that basically drives you directly from Mexico all the way toward Indonesia and in the path, you go right over the Marshall Islands," he said.
There have been other cases of people surviving for months adrift in the Pacific. In a case with similarities, three Mexican shark fishermen in 2006 said they were lost at sea for nine months before being rescued near the Marshall Islands. In 1989, four men survived nearly four months in the Pacific Ocean near New Zealand after their multi-hulled boat capsized.


text:
Wood can find redemption
ARLINGTON — Brandon Wood knew this might be coming, but when it did on Tuesday night at Rangers Ballpark – where teammate Joe Saunders had been given the news last year — it hit him like a thunderbolt.
His life with the Angels was over. Time to move on to whatever was waiting in the on-deck circle.
Nobody knows for certain why all that talent didn't translate into production. My best guess is that those years spent riding the Salt Lake-Anaheim shuttle, waiting and waiting for his shot, gradually chipped away at Wood's confidence.
When the opportunity to play regularly finally arrived last season, he overreacted to early struggles (and bad luck with line drives and long drives landing in gloves) and tied himself in emotional knots. He was unable to pull himself back together, pressuring himself inordinately.
Here is what so many demanding, today-is-everything fans can't seem to understand: athletes, no matter how gifted, are cursed with the same insecurities and personal issues as the rest of us.
Wood always appeared supremely confident. He knew he was good, having excelled throughout his young life. But when he started questioning himself early last season, it began a cycle that overwhelmed him.
To his credit, he remained grounded and retained his sense of humor throughout. Teammates genuinely cared for him and felt for him. He's a good guy, open, gentlemanly. If you have a heart, you hope good things happen to him now.
There are several places I would like to see him land. My first choice would be San Diego. The Padres' manager, Bud Black, knows Brandon from their time together with the Angels and would understand how best to extract all that talent from this exceptional package.
Wood is a shortstop. He became a third baseman, and a good one, but in his heart and mind, he is a shortstop. It was fascinating to see how different he was when he was in the lineup at shortstop rather than at third.
He hit when he played shortstop. His one stretch with the Angels where he played consistently good baseball came late in the 2008 season when Erick Aybar and Maicer Izturis were down, and Wood was the shortstop by default for a month.
He was excellent defensively – good hands and range, strong arm, fine instincts – and hit in the .250 range, occasionally showing his stunning power. A confident Wood, at shortstop, has the ability to be a force. I truly believe that.
Another intriguing fit would be Arizona, his hometown team. He'd have to be a third baseman there, with Stephen Drew at shortstop, but the low-key environment, ballpark and comforts of home would be benefits.
Houston and Pittsburgh could find a role and at-bats for Wood. There are other places where a roll of the dice on an athlete with his skills would make great sense.
Know this: Wood is not giving up on himself. His eyes red, the shock and pain evident, he mentioned redemption several times after getting the news Tuesday night.
Wood admitted that he put too much pressure on himself last season, and it was a lesson learned. Given a real chance in the right environment, Wood might make somebody look lucky – and smart – by bringing him aboard.
This is not a lost cause. The talent, commitment and intelligence are there. Here's hoping Wood unlocks the key and shows what he can do. – Lyle Spencer


text:
Carolyn Jewel
. . . was born on a moonless night. That darkness was seared into her soul and she became an award winning and USA Today Bestselling author of historical and paranormal romance. She has a very dusty car and a Master's degree in English that proves useful at the oddest times. An avid fan of fine chocolate, finer heroines, Bollywood films, and heroism in all forms, she has two cats and a dog. Also a son. One of the cats is his. She loves to hear from readers, so don't hesitate to email her.
Places to Find Carolyn
Facebook | Amazon Author Page | twitter: @cjewel | Goodreads
Read about Carolyn's road to publication. Smooth sailing and rough waters.
Literary Representation
Kristin Nelson
The Nelson Agency
1732 Wazee Street, Suite 207
Denver, CO 80202
(303) 292-2805
Snail Mail Carolyn at:
Carolyn Jewel
P.O. Box 750431
Petaluma CA 94975-0431


text:
Until about halfway through their second year, most babies are reasonably enthusiastic eaters - happy to eat a wide range of different foods and willing to try something new. Then seemingly overnight, well-liked foods start being rejected, and anything unfamiliar is treated with the utmost suspicion. What scientists call 'neophobia' has set in and it is very common indeed. Meaning literally, 'fear of the new', neophobia, together with a general pickiness emerges when children are between 18 months and two years old. Evolutionary psychologists believe that when humans were cave-dwellers, such a tendency would have stopped young and newly-mobile children eating unfamiliar plants or berries which might be poisonous. Indeed research has shown that it is the very foods we most want children to eat – fruit and vegetables - that are most often rejected at this stage. Knowing all this is not much help though, when your child has refused to eat anything green or remotely nutritious and is existing on a diet of plain pasta and orange juice! Mothers know that children need plenty of fruit and vegetables so they resort to a wide range of strategies to achieve the vital 5 a day.
More than half the mothers surveyed in the USA and the UK, say they offer their children rewards of sweets or treats in exchange for eating healthy foods, and most feel that it works. On the other hand, many of them feel that there is something not quite right about this practice and some of the experimental evidence suggests that it can have negative effects. For example, some studies have shown that if you offer ice cream as a reward for eating peas, your child may grow to like the ice cream even more, and the peas even less than they did before. And if you decide to stop offering the ice cream after a while, then peas may be rejected once again. Not quite the outcome we were looking for!
There is no doubt that hiding vegetables in a pasta sauce is an effective way of getting them eaten, but there is a down side to this practice – your child won't actually taste the vegetables. If they don't taste them, they won't get to like them and if they catch you doing it, you are back to square one!
When you have tried every other method of getting your child to eat, getting cross is sometimes unavoidable. Hard as it sometimes is, keeping your temper and avoiding the use of threats and punishment is really important. When mealtimes become a battlefield, children start to associate certain foods (usually vegetables) with conflict and unhappiness.
The good news is that scientists working in the area of eating behavior have developed and tested some feeding strategies that actually work to increase children's liking for vegetables, rather than just getting them to consume them under sufferance.
Most mothers say that if their child rejects a food on 3-5 occasions, they give up and don't offer it again. What the research shows is that this is simply not enough to change preferences. Children aged from 2-5 years need to taste something between 10-15 times before it becomes familiar and accepted. That may sound daunting and even impossible, but tiny tastes are all that is needed. Here's how to do it.
In a recent study, researchers found that children liked the vegetable more and ate much more of it after they had tasted it at least ten times. If you have ever tried to give up sugar in your tea or coffee then you will know that this works for adults too. At first it tastes horrible without sugar, but after a while you prefer it that way.
Of course, there are some children who simply won't agree to try anything and this was the inspiration for the research that led to the production of the Tiny Tastes pack. We set out to investigate whether we non-food rewards might encourage fussy eaters to taste new foods without the negative effects mentioned earlier.
In our first study, we went to primary schools and worked with the Reception and Year 1 children giving them tastes of vegetables that they weren't keen on every day and rewarded some of them with stickers. Other children also tasted the vegetables, but didn't get a sticker. What we found was that getting a sticker every day for trying a disliked vegetable, made even the most reluctant children taste it. After at least 10 tastings, children liked it more and ate more and this didn't change even after we stopped giving them stickers. In the 2nd study we visited children at home and asked their parents or carers to carry out the daily tasting and sticker reward procedure. We got the same positive results in this study and parents and carers said how much they had enjoyed using Tiny Tastes.


text: Lets put a checklist which would gives answer to the question in Title. Is Title appropriate to the content? Is Title Unique for each Page Is there an Hx Tag? Are URLs User friendly? Is the content really worth linking ? Have I avoided all the blackhat SEO methods like hidden text and keyword stuffing? Is site rendered well on text browser? Do I have a Sitemap? Is my robots.txt not blocking any needed url ? Is Meta tag stopping Google to index anything which needs indexing? Is Meta keyword and description there for all pages ? Is your alt tag of images rightly describe the image? Have you added rel="nofollow" to all external and internal non content links ? Add if you have anything to add here.


text:
COLUMBUS, Ohio (AP) It's not the same as a victory on the field. Yet having a nationally ranked recruiting class is almost as important to Ohio State coach Urban Meyer.
"I hear people say it's not important," Meyer said Wednesday on the first day athletes could sign up to play major-college football. "I disagree. As long as you're keeping score we're going to try to win. I'm disappointed we weren't the No. 1 recruiting class in the country."
The Buckeyes had to settle for No. 3 in the country according to most of the experts.
Meyer and his staff were seeking reinforcements at several thin spots - principally linebacker and offensive line - and were pleased with what they got.
"There is a correlation between how teams do and where your recruiting class is ranked," said Meyer, 24-2 through two years at Ohio State after winning two national titles at Florida. "But certainly that's not the final product because you've got to coach and develop them after you get them here. But we do pay attention to (the national recruiting rankings)."
Ohio State locked up 23 players, including four linebackers, five offensive linemen and four wide receivers. The Buckeyes needed help at all of those positions, since top linebacker Ryan Shazier left a year early for the NFL draft, the line loses four senior starters and the leading receiver is also graduating.
Perhaps the biggest get was Raekwon McMillan, a 6-foot-2, 249-pound brute out of Georgia who some scouting services called the best linebacker in the nation.
"Every time I visited Ohio State I felt it was the place for me," said McMillan, who chose Ohio State over several powerhouses including Clemson, which beat the Buckeyes in the Orange Bowl. "Everything about it was great. Coach Meyer, the coaching staff is one of the best in the nation and I really like working with these guys."
Meyer has been unhappy with his linebacker play. He clearly took a step toward changing that by also bringing in Ohio Associated Press Mr. Football Dante Booker Jr. out of LeBron James' high school, St. Vincent-St. Mary in Akron, along with Kyle Berger from Cleveland St. Ignatius and Sam Hubbard of Cincinnati Moeller - three of the top prep programs in the state.
Johnnie Dixon, a fleet wide-out from West Palm Beach, Fla., said he hoped to step right in and play.
"I've just got to work hard," he said. "Nothing is ever given to you. Depending on how hard you work, it's there."
Follow Rusty Miller on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/RustyMillerAP


text:
Maple Versions
You can access the power of the Maple computation engine through a variety of user interfaces: the Standard Worksheet, the Command-line version, the Classic Worksheet, and custom-built Maplet applications.
Maple provides users with two worksheet interfaces. Both have access to the full mathematical engine of Maple and take advantage of the new functionality in Maple 2021. By default, worksheets open in the enhanced and more modern Standard Worksheet. The Classic Worksheet, available on certain platforms (see below), has the traditional Maple worksheet look and uses less memory.
Standard Worksheet
Command-line Version
Classic Worksheet
Maplet Applications
Worksheet Compatibility Issues
The Standard Worksheet contains the full-featured interface. To access the Standard Worksheet, click the Maple 2021 icon. For example, using Windows:
From the Start menu, select All Programs > Maple 2021 > Maple 2021.
The Command-line version does not include graphical user interfaces features, but this method is recommended when solving very large complex problems or using scripts for batch processing.
To access the Command-line version in Mac, use the maple command. In Windows, use the cmaple command. For more information on the Command-line version, including Command-line options, see maple. Alternatively, to access the Command-line version using Windows, click the Command-line version icon.
From the Start menu, select All Programs > Maple 2021 > Command-line Maple 2021.
The Maple Legacy Interface, Classic Worksheet, provides a basic worksheet environment for older computers with limited memory. If your system has less than the recommended amount of physical memory, it is suggested that you use the Classic Worksheet version. For system requirements, refer to the Install.html file in your Maple installation directory, or visit to the webpage https://www.maplesoft.com/products/system_requirements.aspx.
Note: The Classic Worksheet is available on Windows platforms. To access the Classic Worksheet:
From the bin.X86_64_WINDOWS subfolder of your Maple installation directory, launch cwmaple.exe
A typical location for your Maple installation directory is C:\Program Files\Maple 2021
The Maplet User Interface Customization system allows you to create windows, dialogs, and other visual interfaces that interact with a user to provide the power of Maple. Users can perform calculations or plot functions without using the Standard Worksheet interface. A Maplet application is a collection of elements including, but not limited to, windows and their associated layouts, dialogs, and actions. To create Maplet applications, you can use the Maplets package or the Maplet Builder.
For information and examples, see the Maplets and MapletViewer help pages.
To view examples of built-in Maplet applications, see the interactive tutors in the Student[Calculus1] package.
For worksheet compatibility issues, see the Worksheet Compatibility help page.
See Also
Options Dialog
Worksheet Compatibility
Download Help Document
What kind of issue would you like to report? (Optional)


text:
Atelier Pirate masks are very durable and are suitable to be worn by students as part of a theater class in a school, by professional actors on stage or by those looking to stand out at a ball masked or a Larping event.
Ideal for :
- Theatre, Troop, Commedia Dell'Arte
- Masquerade and Halloween Costume
- Larp, Cosplay, and Costumes
Craftsmanship and characteristics of the materials :
Our masks are made of latex, a material that gives softness and comfort as well as resistance. In fact, as you wear it, your own body temperature increases its flexibility. They are enhanced by beautiful colors. Several techniques of acrylic coloration are chosen to give each one of them their own warmth and expression.
Wearing the mask :
All our masks are offered with elastic bands and a cord stopper, which greatly facilitates its adjustment for the masked game.
Details :
- 100% original and unique design
- Handmade by Atelier Pirate
- High quality materials
- Made in Canada
Handmade item :
Small variations in coloring are possible


text:
Via Reason. If you missed this in Headlines this weekend, or even if you glanced at it in Headlines but didn't watch the clip, stop what you're doing and watch now. My assumption always with DWS is that she knows the truth but is happy to lie to any extent her party needs, which is why you and I know her as America's most lifelike talking-points robot. Not this time, though. Her ignorance is palpably genuine; she reacts the way you'd expect her to react if this guy had asked her where the government got the thermite used to blow up the World Trade Center. Two things here. One: Needless to say, this is no boutique counterterrorism issue. She's not being asked whether she knows how many people work for JSOC, for instance. She's being asked about the president maintaining a list of people to be targeted for death by U.S. intelligence, one of whom was a U.S. citizen. A member of Congress, not to mention chairman of the DNC, should probably have an opinion on that, no?
Two: Glenn Greenwald's right that the "kill list" has gotten lots of media attention, thanks largely to Obama aides who were eager for the public to know that the Foreign Policy President was personally overseeing the ass-kicking of terrorists hither and yon. Remember the big NYT story in May sourced to no fewer than "three dozen of his current and former advisers"? We wrote about it at the time. Remember the big Obama White House press conference 10 days later in which he feigned indignation that his staff would ever leak national-security info because it helps him politically, even though they did that for days on end after the Bin Laden raid? We wrote about that too. Point being, we're not down in the weeds of terror-fighting policy when we talk about the "kill list." This is one of Obama's most dramatic executive power grabs, which, if Bob Schieffer's doing his job at all, will be on the menu of questions for tonight's debate. (As will this.) Anyone who follows terrorism news even casually should have stumbled across this subject after Awlaki was liquidated in Yemen. What on earth has Debbie been doing with her time that she somehow missed a heads-up about the president declaring his authority to assassinate people unilaterally?
As part of your pre-debate reading, enjoy Newsweek suddenly grappling with the prospect of President Romney wielding some of the many novel executive powers that The One has experimented with over the past four years. Exit quotation: "In February 2011, Obama announced that his administration would stop defending the Defense of Marriage Act in court, sparking controversy about whether he was shirking his duty to faithfully execute the laws passed by Congress. The following spring, the president effectively implemented greenhouse-gas regulations stalled in the Senate by allowing the EPA to interpret existing law more broadly. In September, Obama issued waivers that released states from the onerous requirements of No Child Left Behind but bound them to the administration's own education policies, which Congress had not passed. A similar set of welfare waivers soon followed. And in early 2012 the president bypassed the usual confirmation process to make four recess appointments even though the Senate had been holding pro forma sessions to block them. 'This isn't just pushing the envelope,' says Charles Tiefer, a former lawyer for the House of Representatives who now teaches constitutional law at the University of Baltimore, 'but in effect breaking out of the envelope.'"


text:
Chieftain 2200
The Powerscreen® Chieftain 2200 is designed for operators who require large volumes of high specification products with maximum versatility. The Chieftain 2200 has two highly versatile double deck screenboxes which provide a total screening area of 19.5m2. It has a revolutionary patent pending drive system which allows switching between 2 and 4 bearing with bolt-on parts. The maximum variability of the Chieftain offers improved capabilities over its class rivals, especially in sticky scalping applications.
User benefits include a quick set-up time (typically under 30 minutes) with hydraulically folding conveyors and track mobility. Its high aggression screenboxes handle dirty, sticky material with ease.
- Output Potential: up to 650 tph (716 US tph)
- 2 x double deck screenboxes
- Patent pending drive system to switch between 2 and 4 bearing arrangements
- Radio controlled tipping grid
- Integrated high capacity variable speed belt feeder
- Heavy duty single shaft screenboxes with adjustable stroke, angle and speed
- Hydraulic screen tensioning (bottom deck)
- Screen walkway and access ladder
- Hydraulic folding conveyors with excellent stockpiling capacity
- Double deck vibrating grizzly
- Radio controlled tracking
- Anti roll-back
- Dual Power
- Auto lubrication system
- Dust suppression
- Quick release wedge tensioning (top decks)
|Weight (Est)
|35, 350kg (78,000lbs)
|39,350kg (86, 750lbs)
|Transport width
|3m (9' 10")
|3m (9' 10")
|Transport length
|19.79m (64' 11")
|19.79m (64' 11")
|Transport height
|3.55m (11' 7")
|3.6m (11' 10")
|Working width
|18.3m (60')
|18.3m (60')
|Working length
|20.05m (65' 10")
|20.05m (65' 10")
|Working height
|7.89m (25' 11")
|7.89m (25' 11")
* All information subject to machine configurations & specifications ordered.
** Powerscreen reserves the right to change specifications without prior notice.
Engines are available that are certified to US EPA and EU off road diesel emission standards. Talk to your dealer about possible certification options (i.e. Tier 3 / Stage IIIA, Tier 4i / Stage IIIB, Tier 4f / Stage IV).
Chieftain 2200 Video Gallery
Chieftain 400
The Powerscreen® Chieftain 400 is designed for smaller end users or contractors looking for an affordable entry level screening unit. This entry level machine shares many of the class leading features of the larger models in the range including remote tipping grid, main conveyor, high performance 2 deck screen and hydraulically folding conveyors.Chieftain 400
Chieftain 600
The Powerscreen® Chieftain 600 is designed for the contractor market as an affordable screening unit with a capacity of 7m3. This machine shares many of the class leading features of the larger models in the range including remote tipping grid, main conveyor, high performance 2 deck screen and hydraulically folding conveyors.Chieftain 600
Chieftain 1400
The Powerscreen® Chieftain 1400 is one of Powerscreen's most popular screening products and is ideally suited for small to medium sized operators and contractors who require a versatile product capable of operating in a number of applications such as sand and gravel, aggregates and recycling. User benefits include hydraulic folding conveyors for a quick set-up […]Chieftain 1400
Chieftain 1700
The Powerscreen® Chieftain 1700 is a mid-sized track mobile screen aimed at end users requiring high volumes of finished products in applications including topsoil, coal, crushed stone, recycling, iron ore, sand and gravel. User benefits include a quick set-up time, drop down tail conveyor and screen mesh access system to aid screen media changes and […]Chieftain 1700
Chieftain 2100X
The Powerscreen® Chieftain 2100X is designed for medium to large scale operators who require large volumes of high specification products. The Chieftain 2100X is the largest model to feature a high capacity hopper, belt feeder and radio controlled tipping grid. Key features include a patented hydraulically folding recirculating conveyor on the 3 deck version eliminating […]Chieftain 2100X
Chieftain 2100X Bivitec
The Powerscreen® Chieftain 2100X is available with a 2 deck version of the Binder+Co BIVITEC screen for applications where the feed contains damp, fibrous or matted materials that clog the screen openings of conventional machines. The Chieftain 2100X BIVITEC has 3 movements taking place providing the powerful screening actions required for these difficult materials. The […]Chieftain 2100X Bivitec
Chieftain 2200 3 Deck
The Powerscreen Chieftain 2200 3 deck is designed for operators who require large volumes of high specification products with maximum versatility. Its patent pending drive system which allows switching between 2 and 4 bearing with bolt-on parts. By splitting up into two individual boxes, the Chieftain 2200 3 deck is able to run aggressively without the constraints of a larger […]Chieftain 2200 3 Deck
H Range Screen
The Powerscreen® H range feature horizontal screens ideal for handling high volumes of sticky materials and for the exact, fine sizing demanded in many construction contracts. The Powerscreen® H range is ideally suited to applications such as natural and crushed aggregate, coal, iron ore, recycled concrete and asphalt.H Range Screen


text:
David Robson: Finding plant containers in unlikely places
Over the last two weeks, we've discussed starting your own transplants to reduce spring costs.
Two weeks ago, we looked at sharing seeds or transplants with fellow gardeners. Last week, we discussed how to sterilize garden soil in the kitchen oven.
This week, we look at containers, something to hold individual seeds or a group of seeds that you'll later transplant to bigger pots.
There are all sorts of fancy pots and flats you can use to start seeds. And everything has advantages and disadvantages.
You can buy peat pots, the most common being Jiffy-7s. Soak the cookie-size pot in warm water and they slowly pop up, the compressed peat moss expanding to about eight times its size. At about 10 cents each, if you buy large quantities, gardeners will find them acceptable.
However, if you are going to start your own transplants, and you've already sterilized your soil, you probably won't go that route. So, your mission is to find the perfect seed-starting containers.
Look for something that can hold an inch or two of the starting soil but won't hold water and cause the seedlings to rot. There aren't many containers pre-drilled with holes. But it's not difficult to poke holes in some containers.
For some seeds, it helps if the container has a removable lid to keep the humidity high as the seedlings are growing (just remove the lid as the plants get bigger). In some cases, just covering the container with plastic food film will do the trick.
Once you start looking at things a little differently, you can see lots of containers.
Egg cartons have been used for years. You have anywhere from 6 to 12 to 18 slots to plant your seeds. Just poke a hole in the bottom of each division to allow excess water to drain.
Pressed paper cartons can absorb some of the water and start to break down. You can use that to your advantage as the seedlings grow and need repotting. The plastic cartons last longer, which can be advantageous if there is a tendency to keep the soil moist.
The biggest advantage with egg cartons is you can put different seeds in each slot. The biggest downside is covering them with plastic wrap — it's not impossible, but it doesn't allow much growth before you have to remove the plastic to give the seedlings room to grow.
The same thing is a problem with yogurt cups. However, they are perfect for individual plants, can easily be poked for drainage, allow for more root growth and can be run through the top rack of the dishwasher for a thorough cleaning. But it would sure help to have the ability to tent them.
Some people use clear liter soda bottles. Years ago, the bottles came in two pieces, with a bottom piece that could be soaked off in hot water and used as the soil container. The top of the soda-holding container could be cut and then inverted, creating a miniature greenhouse.
These days, the bottles tend to be one piece. It takes more effort to create the miniature greenhouse, but it's not impossible.
Success lies in visiting fast-food restaurants and grocery stores.
Our favorite is the plastic container that pre-cooked whole chickens come in. You have a perfect height for holding the soil in the base, though like the egg cartons, you will need to poke holes in the bottom to drain extra water. The top, four-inch-high clear plastic dome is perfect for holding in the humidity and allowing the seedlings room to grow.
Clean all the grease out of the container before using. Don't put the container in the dishwasher; the plastic isn't as sturdy as the yogurt cups.
Of course, if you use something like this, you'll need to transplant the seedlings down the road, but you should have some of the healthiest seedlings.
Another great seed-starting "greenhouse": those plastic ice cream, smoothie or iced-coffee containers at fast food restaurants, particularly the ones that add whipped cream, which usually necessitates a dome.
Like the chicken containers and egg cartons, poke holes in the bottom and wash them thoroughly. Most have an opening in the dome top, so you may have to stretch a piece of food film over the opening to keep the humidity in. Some people just put pieces of Scotch tape over the opening.
You only need a couple of inches to grow seedlings. The chicken containers are perfect because the base is no more than 2 inches high. That's the soil level you need. Any more is a waste and makes it more difficult to transplant down the road. Take a ruler and measure the individual cups you start if the base is more than 2 inches high.
David Robson is a specialist with the University of Illinois Extension. For more gardening information, go to www.extension.uiuc.edu/mg.