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The best way to dual boot Linux and Windows
December 28, 2010 6 Comments
I'm going to explain how to configure your PC in order to dual boot Linux and Windows Vista or Windows 7, assuming Windows is already installed.
If you already have Windows Vista or Windows 7 installed in a single partition, then the method described below is the best way of ensuring that your Windows installation will still be bootable even if the Linux installation or GRUB bootloader become damaged in future.
Furthermore, if your PC has a hidden factory restore partition for Windows, the method described below is the best way of ensuring that you will still be able to recover Windows in future using that hidden partition. The reason why this is the best method is because it does not alter the contents of the MBR (Master Boot Record), which, in addition to the Windows bootloader, may contain code created by the manufacturer to boot the hidden factory restore partition instead of the Windows Vista/7 partition if it detects that you pressed a defined key or keys while the PC is booting. If the contents of the original MBR are overwritten — even if it is only by using the Bootrec.exe tool on a standard Windows Vista/7 Installation DVD — then the manufacturer's code will no longer be in the MBR and so it will no longer be possible to boot the hidden factory restore partition by pressing the key(s) specified by the manufacturer.
Note also that some Windows applications can make a PC using GRUB 2 unbootable if GRUB 2 is installed in the MBR. See the blog article Windows applications making GRUB 2 unbootable for details. The method described below does not install any GRUB 2 code in the MBR, and thus it will avoid this problem.
So, to reiterate, the method described below avoids two potential major problems: 1) it avoids the possibility of making a Windows factory restore partition unusable; 2) it avoids the possibility of Windows applications overwriting some of the GRUB 2 code.
If you already have Windows installed, the procedure to prepare the PC and install Linux is divided into the following three main stages.
Stage 1: Reduce the size of the existing Windows partition
Do not use the partition managers Parted, GParted or KDE Partition Manager to reduce the size of the existing Windows partition, or you will damage your Windows installation.
Step A: Use the Windows defragmenter or a third-party defragmenter to defragment the Windows partition.
Step B: Use Windows' Disk Management to shrink the partition (see Resize a Partition for Free in Windows 7 or Vista). The problem with this method is that Windows will only shrink the partition until it reaches the MFT (Master File Table), which means there may be free space in the Windows partition that you would have wanted to use in a Linux partition but cannot. However, if you are satisfied with the resulting size of the Windows partition then you can skip Step C below and proceed directly to Stage 2.
Step C: If you cannot shrink the Windows partition to the size you want by using Windows' Disk Management, then you need to move the MFT (see Working Around Windows Vista's "Shrink Volume" Inadequacy Problems). Basically you need to download a tool such as PerfectDisk (it has a free trial period) that will defragment the Windows partition and move the MFT in the process.
Stage 2: Create the new partitions for Linux
Boot a LiveCD or LiveDVD which has the partition editor GParted on it, and run GParted to create and format partitions for Linux (for example /, /boot, /home and swap) in the free space you created in Stage 1 above. I prefer to use GParted to create the partitions before running the Linux distribution's installer, rather than using a partitioning tool integrated into the Linux installer itself. GParted has more functionality and enables better control over the partitioning process than a partitioning tool incorporated in the Linux distribution's installer. Also, I have found on some occasions that installation of some Linux distributions fails if using the partitioning tool integrated in the Linux installer, but is successful if the partitions were created beforehand.
SystemRescueCD is a good LiveCD to use for running GParted, but any LiveCD/DVD which includes GParted will suffice. You can download the ISO file from the SystemRescueCd Web site http://www.sysresccd.org/Main_Page.
It is only possible to have up to four primary partitions on a hard disk, so, depending on the Linux partitions you decide to create, it is possible that you will need to create an extended partition containing logical partitions. If, for example, your hard disk has a hidden Windows factory restore partition and a partition for Windows itself, and you decide you want to have /boot and /home on separate partitions to the root directory, then one of many possible partitioning schemes would be:
– the hidden Windows factory restore partition (a Primary partition)
– the Windows partition (a Primary partition)
– the /boot partition (a Primary partition)
– an Extended partition containing the following Logical partitions:
– the swap partition
– the / (root) partition
– the /home partition
For example, on my main laptop I created and formatted the partitions /dev/sda3 to /dev/sda7 as follows:
/dev/sda1 – the hidden Windows factory restore partition
/dev/sda2 – the Windows C: drive partition
/dev/sda3 – the Linux /boot partition
/dev/sda4 – an Extended partition containing the following Logical partitions:
/dev/sda5 – the swap partition
/dev/sda6 – the / (root) partition
/dev/sda7 – the /home partition
Note that it is not essential to have /boot, / and /home in different partitions; they could all be in the same partition. However, I would recommend that at least /home be given a separate partition, so that personal files (videos, music, documents, etc.) would not be overwritten if you were to re-install Linux at some point.
You are free to choose your own partitioning scheme, but I create the Linux partitions in the order shown above so that I can assign specific sizes to the /boot, swap and / partitions, leaving the remainder of the disk space free for the /home partition.
If you do decide to put /boot on its own partition, it only needs to be small (I make it around 100 MB). On my laptop the /dev/sda4 Extended partition is around 143 GB so I created a partition of 60 GB for / (root) — which is more than ample — and a partition for /home using the rest of the available space on the laptop's 320 GB hard disk. You'll have to decide on the size of these partitions based on the size of the hard disk and the root partition's space requirements recommended by the Linux distribution's developers.
If you do not need Linux to be able to hibernate ('suspend-to-disk') then a swap partition of 512 MB would be sufficient for the typical desktop PC, especially when the latest PCs come with 4 GB or more RAM. Some people do not even bother having a swap partition at all with such large amounts of RAM. But if you do want Linux to be able to hibernate then try to find out if the Linux kernel which you will be installing was compiled with in-kernel LZO compression algorithm support (LZO compression algorithm support must not be compiled as a module). If the kernel was compiled with in-kernel LZO compression algorithm support then make the size of the swap partition the same as the RAM size, which is more than enough. For example, as my laptop has 4 GB of RAM I created /dev/sda5 as a 4 GB partition. If LZO compression algorithm support was not compiled into the kernel and you do not know how to rebuild the kernel after installing Linux then you will have to make the swap partition bigger than your RAM size (my guess would be at least 1.5 times the size to be on the safe side).
As to the choice of file system, I format /boot, / and /home as ext4 but you can choose a different native Linux file system if you want. You cannot use Windows' FAT or NTFS for these Linux partitions.
Stage 3: Install the GRUB bootloader and Linux
Boot Windows Vista/7 and download the freeware tool EasyBCD from the NeoSmart Web site (you might like to make a small donation, to help the developer). You will need to download EasyBCD version 2 and upwards if you want to install a Linux distribution that uses GRUB 2; it is available to download from http://neosmart.net/dl.php?id=1. If you are going to install a Linux distribution that uses GRUB Legacy then the current version of EasyBCD should work too. Follow the instructions on the EasyBCD site on how to install Linux (http://neosmart.net/wiki/display/EBCD/Linux). N.B. You will reach a point in the Linux installation process when the Linux installer allows you to make a choice of where to install the GRUB bootloader: in the MBR (Master Boot Record) of the HDD or in the first sector of the Linux boot partition. You must select the latter, not the MBR. If the Linux installer offers you the option of installing GRUB to e.g. /dev/sda then that would install GRUB in the MBR, because no partition is specified. Make sure you specify the partition that will contain the /boot directory (/dev/sda3 in my particular case). If you created a separate partition for /boot then GRUB will be installed on that separate partition, whereas if you did not create a separate partition for /boot then GRUB will be installed on the partition containing the root directory.
The result of Stage 3 will be that, when you boot your PC, the Windows Vista/7 bootloader will load the GRUB bootloader, and the GRUB bootloader will load Linux. This process is called 'chainloading'. When you boot the PC you will first see the Windows bootloader menu, and you can select Windows or Linux from it. If you select Linux then you will see the GRUB menu and you can select Linux from that menu, which will boot the distribution.
Whilst chainloading GRUB 2 from the Windows bootloader is more long-winded than booting GRUB 2 directly, you can now use Linux and Windows safe in the knowledge that GRUB 2 will not be overwritten by any Windows applications, and that a Windows factory restore partition will be bootable in an emergency.
A corner case
EDIT (June 21, 2012): A note about a 'corner case'. This will only apply to a very small minority of users, and then probably only to some users of Gentoo Linux (in Gentoo Linux it is possible to have both /boot/grub/ and /boot/grub2/ simultaneously). If you select 'GRUB2' in the pull-down menu in the current version of EasyBCD (2.1.2), EasyBCD actually searches the sub-directories under /boot/ to find the GRUB 2 core.img file, and puts an entry in the Windows BCD pointing directly to that file, i.e. EasyBCD ignores the boot sector of the Linux boot partition. Therefore, when you select 'Linux' in the Windows boot manager's menu, the Windows boot manager does not launch the GRUB code in the boot sector of the partition on which /boot/ resides, it launches the core.img file directly. Now, if your boot partition happens to have both the sub-directories /boot/grub/ and /boot/grub2/, and they both contain a GRUB 2 file core.img, EasyBCD 2.1.2 will create a BCD entry pointing to the one under /boot/grub/ rather than the one under /boot/grub2/. This may or may not be what you want. If you want GRUB 2 to use the core.img under /boot/grub2/, the workaround in EasyBCD 2.1.2 is to select 'GRUB Legacy' in the EasyBCD pull-down menu and specify the boot partition. This is counter-intuitive, but it forces EasyBCD to create an entry in the BCD that points to the boot sector of the boot partition instead of the core.img file in a sub-directory of /boot/ on that partition. The GRUB 2 code in the partition's boot sector will then execute the core.img file in the required sub-directory. This workaround only works if the Linux boot partition is on the same drive as the Windows partition. The developer of EasyBCD will be updating EasyBCD to look for a core.img file in /boot/grub2/ before /boot/grub/, rather than the other way around, if they both exist when you select 'GRUB2' in the EasyBCD pull-down menu.
EDIT (September 5, 2012): The EasyBCD developer has fixed EasyBCD a) to cater for core.img being either in /boot/grub2/i386-pc/ or in /boot/grub/, and b) to look for core.img in /boot/grub2/ before looking for it in /boot/grub/. The version with the fix, EasyBCD 2.2 Beta – Build 179.exe or later, can be downloaded from NeoSmart Technologies' EasyBCD Support Forum. I've tried it and it works!
EDIT (January 28, 2015): In October 2013 the GRUB 2 directory in Gentoo was changed from /boot/grub2/ to /boot/grub/, so the above two comments are redundant and you can ignore them.
Make sure you read the EasyBCD FAQ page
EDIT (September 5, 2012): Make sure you read the EasyBCD FAQ page. For example, it states that, to date, EasyBCD does not support the EFI/UEFI, only the traditional PC BIOS.
EDIT (December 18, 2013): According to the NeoSmart Knowledgebase: "As of EasyBCD 2.2, EFI/UEFI and GPT disks are fully supported, but some options may not be compatible with EFI machines.". I have not tried Version 2.2 or above of EasyBCD with EFI/UEFI and GPT disks, so cannot corroborate this.
EDIT (June 26, 2015): Make sure the partition containing the Linux boot directory is a Primary partition, not a Logical partition. This is because of a Windows limitation.


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subset: commoncrawl


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(CNN) – New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie's response to the superstorm that blasted his state appears to have won the outspoken Republican higher approval ratings, according to a poll released Monday.
The survey from Fairleigh Dickinson University showed Christie with an already-high approval rating of 56% among registered voters before the storm hit New Jersey in early November. The same respondents were polled after the storm, and Christie's approval rating jumped to 77%.
- Follow the Ticker on Twitter: @PoliticalTicker
Christie saw a similar increase in the number of people who say he's doing an "excellent" or "good" job as governor. Before the storm, 55% held that view. After Sandy, 70% said he was doing an "excellent" or "good" job.
The spike in approval for Christie's job performance came largely from Democrats, 26% of whom approved of him before the storm. That rate jumped to 67% afterwards. Christie was a top surrogate for GOP nominee Mitt Romney during the presidential campaign, and came under fire from some Republicans following Romney's loss for his appearances with President Barack Obama during the storm's aftermath.
"Much like Governor Christie's embrace of the support the state received from President Obama in the days after the storm, Democratic respondents approve of Christie for his leadership, at least for now" said Krista Jenkins, director of Fairleigh Dickinson's PublicMind polling center.
Christie is up for re-election in November 2013, though hasn't said yet whether he'll run for a second term.
The poll gauging Christie's approval rating was first conducted October 26-29, and again from November 13-18, by telephone from 241 registered voters in New Jersey. The sampling error was plus or minus 6.3 percentage points.
Also on the CNN Political Ticker
- Graham says he'd break no-tax 'pledge'
- Cantor: Voters more concerned about problem solving than pledge
- Christie gets post-Sandy approval rating bump
- Norquist says he'll go after pledge-breakers
I'll give him props BUT I will NEVER trust any republican, especially ANY ONE of them involved in the 2012 election. This year I saw their TRUE colors. I don't care what they say NOW.
I guess what the gop think of Christie doesnt matter. Maybe now they will see how much we admire our president and embrace those wh o do the same.
The GOP will disown Christie. Do you really think he voted for Willard?
His "brashness" sells well in New Jersey........but I really doubt that it will be a plus for him if he enters the national scene.
The GOP is licking their wounds right now, wondering how they are going to recover their losses in traditionally red states where Obama won.. regardless of margin. Christie criticized Obama and lauded him as well. Than did not endear him to the GOP leadership much. But those "honest" actions will probably serve him well should he elect to go for national office. And the GOP hates that!
Governor Christie did the right thing by placing people over politics. As far as I am concerned, he has earned another term.
@Dutch/Bad Newz, VA
The GOP will disown Christie. Do you really thin he voted for Willard?
I asked myself the same question on election day. Christie is a human being like any other, republicans were holding his neck and ready to strangle him days near to election. I do not think he cast his vote to the other guy.
The election is over and we all need to forget about polls and potential candidates. Now is the time to force our useless Congress to do their job. No filibusters, no pledges to lobbyists, no more blocking all potential political appointments, no "personhood" riders on unrelated bills, no more Republican obstructionism! Let's all get some recall petitions ready for any politician who can't work with the other political party and get the job done.
I won't vote for Christie if he runs for another term. He actions during Sandy were commendable but not enough to justify another term of his poor attitude and lack of understanding. His vision of how well the economy is doing was out right wrong before Sandy. He thinks we were coming back? That is a laugh because he failed to consider the missing pension money that he has skipped. He doesn't fully understand that he can't just bully people; he's an administrator and not a prosecutor.
I won't vote for Christie if he runs for another term. He actions during Sandy were commendable but not enough to justify another term of his poor attitude and lack of understanding. His vision of how well the economy is doing was out right wrong before Sandy. He thinks we were coming back? That is a laugh because he failed to consider the missing pension money that he has skipped. He doesn't fully understand that he can't just bully people; he's supposed to be an administrator and not a prosecutor.
Christie...the only republican with a slight slight chance, I, as a three election democrat now might possable consider voting for him sometime but he must aquire and maintane a big big distance from all Bush's, thats all Bush's past and to come. The republicans need one more good man witch may be very very hard to find and it aint Rubio iether.
I say BRAVO to Governor Christie, He did the right thing. This country has had enough of the bickering of the GOP. They need to work together with the Democrats. It's what the entire country wants {of course not the good ole boy network of the me, me, me's} !
I agree with "Q" – Governor Christie worked to help his people in New Jersey, not his political party, and this was the right thing to do. Moreover, Christie, who was already a popular Republican Governor, maked huge gains in popularity and approval by showing he can get along with Democrats and work with them. People are tired of the animosity of our politicians and they're repeated failures to work across the aisle so they can do their jobs. Kudos to Christie, who knows how to do the job he was elected for. He deserves the gains in confidence he received from Independents and Democrats.
I'd say Gov Christie has a 2nd term. And he may even be the top contender in 2016. Even some DEMS like him. He has character. We'll have to see how things go before the country elects another GOP.
I really think Gov. Christie could care less what right wing thinks of him in predominantly red states. His only stated concern is for New Jersey. Besides, he's already on record condemning right wing extremism, anyway.
After 4 years of partisan bickering and GOP behavior that bordered on treasonous, Christie's actions and words were a breath of fresh air out here. I'm a hard-core Democrat, but if he ran for governor of California, I would take a serious look at Christie as a maverick who appears to be committed to doing his job, rather than being a partisan hack like most Republicans in leadership roles right now.


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Thoughts on block bottlings of Pinot Noir and Chardonnay in California
It's always exciting for a critic to taste through a range of wines from the same variety and winery, whose fruit comes from different places. Testarossa, Williams Selyem, Siduri, Failla, Merry Edwards, MacPhail–they all produce a wide range of Pinot Noirs (Williams Selyem made 16 different Pinots in 2007), and it's interesting and educational to experience them as expressions of terroir, made, as they are, with the same winemaking sensibility .
One subset of this multi-bottling practice is with block bottlings. This is when the winemaker bottles the same variety from different parts of the (presumably estate) vineyard, in the belief that the various bottlings will show fascinating differences. Transparent varieties like Pinot Noir and, to some extent, Chardonnay are able to reflect small differences in terroir, in a way a heavier variety, such as Zinfandel, will not.
There's usually a price formula with such lineups. The block bottlings tend to be more expensive than the vineyard-designated bottling, which in turn is more expensive than the non-vineyard-designated appellation bottling (if the winery has one). This model is based, of course, on Burgundy. For anyone in California who's serious about Pinot Noir or Chardonnay, and has access to the grapes, it must be irresistable to produce multiple bottlings.
But what does this mean for the consumer? For a critic whose mission it is to provide advice and guidance to wine buyers, the question begs to be asked: "Can it be said in every case that the block bottling is better than the vineyard-designated wine, which in turn is better than the appellation bottling?" And the answer is decidedly "No."
I've seen it over and over for years. I'll use a few examples of wines I reviewed last week. Lynmar sent me 11 new 2009 Pinot Noirs, most of them from their Quail Hill estate vineyard in the southern Russian River Valley. I've long been a big fan of Lynmar, through the Hugh Chappelle and Dan Moore eras to the Bibiana Gonzalez Rave era of today. In 2004, Lynmar sent me 3 Pinots to review: the Quail Hill, Five Sisters and regular Russian River Valley. I rated the Quail Hill higher than the Five Sisters, even though the latter cost $30 more.
By 2007, Lynmar sent me five Pinots. I scored their Hawk Hill the same as the Five Sisters, even though the latter again cost $30 more. But the other three Pinots were tightly clustered just below them in score, meaning that for all practical purposes they were just as good. (When wines are 3 or 4 points apart, their relative standings can easily switch, given the vagaries of time and bottle variation.) Which brings us to those eleven 2009s I just reviewed. My highest scoring wine was the Quail Hill "Summit", which I scored more highly than the Quail Hill Old Vines Pinot that cost $50 more. I scored a Block 10 bottling from Quail Hill considerably lower, as it didn't possess the complexity of the Summit, Quail Hill Lynn's Blend or Quail Hill Bliss Block, even though all were priced identically, at $70.
There are a couple lessons here. One is that price is no indicator of quality. We all know that, but what's less understood is that there's a potential risk a winery takes when it carves up and bottles an estate vineyard into lots of little blocks: it can be a zero sum game in which one side wins while the other loses. This is because, if you blend your best lots into block or barrel selections, you no longer have those barrels available to fill in the divots of other barrels that may be incomplete in terms of aromatics, acidity, depth of flavor, color, tannins, and so on.
Then there's the case of Iron Horse's 2009 Chardonnays, which numbered seven, the most they've ever sent me. The grapes for all of them came from the winery's magnificent hilly estate vineyard, near cool Forestville, in the Green Valley. All seven are terrific wines, showing the crisp acidity, dryness, minerality and brilliant fruit Iron Horse Chards always deliver. I scored them all within a few points of each other. Well and good, but the pricing was widely disparate, meaning there was little correlation between price and quality (or my scores, if you prefer). For example, I rated the Estate Chardonnay, at $27, higher than the Heritage Clone and "M" bottlings, (the latter a block selection), both of them priced at $48.
The Burgundian model, of which Romanée-Conti is the most famous, works because vintners there have had centuries to figure out block differences that are dependably real, year after year, decade after decade. (You can think of the six red DRC named vineyards as different blocks of a single 61-acre vineyard, which is smaller than Iron Horse's 79 acres of Pinot Noir.) The Californians haven't yet had the opportunity of centuries to get things right. It's certainly not improper for wineries like Iron Horse and Lynmar to tinker with block bottlings, and in fact, just the opposite: it's a noble undertaking, not without risk (as I pointed out above), whose goal is laudable and, one hopes, achievable. In another generation or two, Iron Horse and Lynmar may have blocked out their vineyards in compelling ways. But not yet.
Question for you, or others, Steve: I've oft heard it stated that PinotNoir (and Nebbiolo), and now Chardonnay, I guess, are varieties that can magically express terroir better than any other grape varieties, like Zinfandel or Cabernet or Syrah.
The question: What is it about Pinot (or Nebbiolo) that makes that variety unique in being able to express terroir?
Or a clonal selection. I've heard it said that Pinot, more than any other varietal, expresses type from it's clone.
I've come to some of the same conclusion over the year's – I've stopped buying block and vineyard bottlings from some wineries because the QPR for the block or vineyard was not there or the differences between bottling was negligible.
However, there are wineries like Dehlinger that produce from a single estate vineyard but each year Tom Dehlinger makes a decision on whether there are blocks in the vineyard that have produced something "special" and are worthy of a separate bottling. He also factors in the impact of leaving those grapes out of the estate wines. So some years there will be a "Reserve" or "Old Vine" or "Octagon" bottling but there are many more years without these.
I also continue to buy block and vineyard wines that may not show as well as the wineries appellation wines but they do reflect distinct block or vineyard traits, dare I say "terroir"… They can also improve more with aging.
I always believed that most other varietals have a core of dominant characteristics that tend to reflect that specific type regardless of terroir or wine making style. Pinot noir and chardonnay can vary so greatly due to wine making style, AVA, vinification methods, etc. With one producer pinot noir can be so light and delicate and approachable early on showing bright red fruit, whereas others can make a rigidly structured style requiring much time to soften before it shows its true mature potential.
I am sure someone will counter with the argument that many styles can vary greatly as well, but these two in particular have such a wide range of personalities just in Northern California alone!
Personally I look forward to experiencing the differing flavors from locations within an appelation or subappelation more than from locations within an estate. Maybe that's because as Steve says we haven't had the centuries to nail down any of our subappelations let alone dial in block differences within 60 acres. That goes for labeled product for sale, but barrel samples of differing blocks within an estate is a great thing to showcase to our very best visiting customers!
As Jeff mentioned, Pinot Noir shows a lot differently depending on the clone. In the instance of Lynmar, (according to their website) they grow 14 different clones of Pinot Noir, and 4 of Chardonnay married to a variety of rootstock resulting in over 50 individual blocks. That is a huge 'spice box' to play with. It allows production of a variety of styles of wine, from balanced, harmonious blends to those created from a single block(presumably a specific clone/rootstock isolate). We all have different preferences in PN (I like Pommard and 2A)
I am not a winemaker but have been around them when they blend, which gives me some insights into how they think. That's why I believe Steve's comment about designates taking away from non designated wines probably doesn't happen that much. Wineries such as Lynmar who have a diverse portfolio of material draw on the different characteristics of the blocks to create a wine that integrates as many of the components as needed which defines what would be their signature wine. Making wines in a top down approach by keeping specific blocks out of blending trials will potentially undermine the overall appeal of a wine meant to typify the estate. They are not likely to leave anything out of the blending trials but chances are they won't use all of their Pommard/110-R block, for example in making that blend, so they may have a couple tons left over to create a single block wine as an alternative wine to offer. These exercises help the winemakers as well as the consumer in identifying clonal characteristics. I too may not like a particular single clone bottling but can appreciate that for someone who does love the particular character shown in that bottling (presumably lower production too)that they would expect to pay a higher price.
Steve, you state that "…price is no indicator of quality." That is right MOST of the time.
However, I am sure you and all of us geeks can come up with many exceptions.
I think many of these Californian wines rely too heavily on Burgundy for guidance. That includes style, technique, and also the AVA/vineyard/block designations too. Their wines are uniquely Californian, and there's nothing to be ashamed of. Price your wines however you deem fit. The market will correct it. Burgundy will always be there, California needs to move out of its shadow if it wants to be taken seriously
Dear Steve, Thank you for saying that all seven of the Iron Horse 2009 Chardonnays are terrific. We are very proud of them. One reason for a price difference is the quantity produced. Most of the vineyard block wines are at about 220 cases. With all my best, Joy
I am kinda surprised no one has chimed in on vine age here and what an impact that plays in individual site expression. My (albeit limited) experience has pointed toward the conclusion that clonal differences are very pronounced in younger vines (10 years or less) and that as the vines age (and the roots reach deeper) the clonal difference starts to fade and the block site (micro-climate) starts to take over as the defining influence. With little to no pinot vines that are over 35-40 years old in Ca, we haven't had much time at all to see this materialize, But I think we all look forward to what more mature pinot vines can do in Ca!


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Well, not so long ago we did an article on the world's most extreme waves, so I thought, "what the hell…" – and decided to do some research on the world's most extreme mountains to climb. I am bound to leave out some and be corrected by you guys out there on others – all comments and feedback will be anticipated with interest! I have intentionally left out Mount Everest so no bleating about that please!
These legendary mountains have attracted adventurers over the centuries. But extreme weather, perilous crevasses and even mystical spirits can turn expeditions into fatal endeavors.
I have split this article into 3: The Himalayas, The South America's and Europe. So here goes with the first one…
" Well, George, we've knocked the bastard off"
How the laconic Sir Edmund Hillary reported his ascent of Everest to a team mate
K2, Located on the border between Pakistan and Xinjiang, China. 8,611m (28,251ft).
K2, also known as Godwin Austin, is considered the world's toughest mountain to climb, it is also the world's second highest peak. It is familiarly called "The Savage Mountain" and is arguably the hardest climb in the world. The first ascent was in 1954. It's routes are steeper and more difficult than those to the top of Everest, and the surrounding weather is significantly colder and less predictable than on Everest. Reaching the top of K2 is the equivalent of an Olympic gold in mountaineering!
It was first summitted in 1954 by Lino Lacedelli and Achille Compagnoni – 2 Italians. Since then there have been 189 summits compared with approximately 1,400 on Everest (these are 2004 dates and I cannot find anything more up-to-date, even from wisegeek). 49 climbers have died on K2, 22 whilst descending from the summit. In terms of accidents that happen on the descent, it is the most deadly mountain in the world. The statistics for female climbers are particularly dramatic. Some even say K2 is cursed for women. 5 women have reached the top, but out of those 5 – 3 died on the descent and, just as a matter of interest, the other 2 have since died on other 8,000m peaks. In spite of these dangers the mountain continues to lure climbers from around the world. It is the ultimate extreme challenge. In scaling Everest you are a great climber – but in scaling K2 you are a "true climber to other climbers" .
Kanchenjunga, India. 8,586m (28,169ft)
In 1955 a British expedition under Charles Evans climbed the mountain, but in deference to local religious beliefs the party stopped a few yards short of the summit. Most successful summit parties since then have followed this tradition. Kanchenjunga has 5 summits: Kanchenjunga Main, Kangchenjunga West (Yalung Kang), Kangchenjunga Central (Middle), Kangchenjunga South and Kangbachen. There are no direct routes to any of the summits. Ascending as far as the ice terraces is a relatively normal climb, but the final ascent is an almost vertical pyramid of over a thousand feet, which, at that altitude, is quite a challenge.
Though not successfully climbed until 1955, it was first attempted in 1905, but the four members of that international party were killed in an avalanche. The threat of avalanches and mudslides is omnipresent in the area, which receives very heavy precipitation throughout much of the year. Over the years, Kanchenjunga has claimed its fair share of lives and was only finally conquered by a woman, Ginette Harrison, in 1998. Until then Kangchenjunga had been the only eight-thousander that had not seen a female ascent.
Nanga Parbat, Pakistan. 8,125m (26,658ft)
Nanga Parbat is the world's ninth highest peak and is considered to be the most dangerous mountain to climb. Known affectionately as the Man Eater or The Killer Mountain, this craggy monster, located in Kashmir, is an enormous ridge of rock and ice. Its southern side features the tallest mountain face on the planet, rising 4,500m (15,000 ft). above its base. Reinhold Messner, a living legend in moutaineering from Italy, says that "everyone who has ever stood at the foot of this face up above the 'Tap Alpe', studied it or flown over it, could not help be have been amazed by its sheer size; it has become known as the highest rock and ice wall in the world."
A lot of mountaineers have perished on the mountain since 1895. Nanga Parbat claimed 31 lives before it was conquered by Austrian Herman Buhl in 1953. It has always been associated with tragedies and tribulations. Even in recent years it has claimed a heavy toll of mountaineers who were in search of adventure and thrill.
Pomiu, Sichuan Province, China. 5,413m (17,759ft)
Pomiu is a knife edged rock peak in southwestern China. It is part of the Four Girls (Siguniang) Mountains, a beautiful Nature Reserve with many sharp rock peaks, lakes and marshes which had been shaped by ancient glaciers. The highest peak in the region is Four Girls Mountain itself, reaching up to 6250m. . In 1984, Allen Steck and another mountaineer of the AAC member made the first ascent of Pomiu, and in 1985, Keith Brown, an AAC member, made the second ascent with a new route. Mr. Qiu Xiang and Liu Xinan made the ascent of the south west ridge in August 30, 2005. The mountain is very difficult to climb although the region is hoping that with the increase of tourism this might change in the future – not the difficulty of the climb obviously but the amount of moutaineers attempting it!
This beautiful photograph was taken by Kenzo Okawa. If you want to see more of his stunning work I suggest you go to his site at www.summitpost.org Pomiu.
Lhotse, Nepal/Tibet. 8,516m
Lhotse is the world's fourth largest moutain on earth and is connected to Everest via its south col, a vertical ridge that never drops below 8,000m. It is best known for its proximity to Everest and for the fact that climbers ascending the standard route on that peak spend some time on its northwest face. It is often seen as a minor eight-thousander. However, Lhotse is a dramatic peak in its own right, due to its tremendous south face. This rises 3.2 km in only 2.25 km of horizontal distance, making it the steepest face of this size in the world. Lhotse has three summits: Lhotse Main 8516m, Lhotse Shar 8383m and Lhotse Middle or East 8413m. Lhotse Main was first climbed in 1956 by Ernst Reiss and Fritz Luchsinger who were part of a Swiss expedition. Lhotse Shar was first climbed on December 5, 1979 by Sepp Mayerl and Rolf Walter by taking the SE-ridge. It was not until 2001 that Lhotse Middle was conquered by the Russian Expedition.
The south face has been the scene of many failed attempts, some notable fatalities, and very few ascents (one of them, by Tomo Česen, is unverified). As of October 2003, 243 climbers have summitted Lhotse and 11 have died.


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One of the hardships of owning an old car is rebuilding rare parts when there are simply no replacements available. My 1907 White Steamer has a feedwater heater, a part that bolts onto the cylinders. It's made of aluminum, and over the 100-plus years it's been in use, the metal has become so porous you can see steam and oil seeping through. I thought we could just weld it up. But it's badly impregnated with oil and can't be repaired. If we tried, the metal would just come apart.
So, rather than have a machinist try to copy the heater and then build it, we decided to redesign the original using our NextEngine 3D scanner and Dimension 3D printer. These incredible devices allow you to make the form you need to create almost any part. The scanner can measure about 50,000 points per second at a density of 160,000 dots per inch (dpi) to create a highly detailed digital model. The 3D printer makes an exact copy of a part in plastic, which we then send out to create a mold. Some machines can even make a replacement part in cobalt-chrome with the direct laser sintering process. Just feed a plastic wire--for a steel part you use metal wire--into the appropriate laser cutter.
Inside the printer, the print head goes back and forth, back and forth, putting on layer after layer of plastic to form a 3D part. If there are any irregularities in the originals, you can remove them using software. Once the model is finished, any excess support material between moving parts is dissolved in a water-based solution. Complexity doesn't matter, but the size of the object does determine the length of the process. Making a little part might take 5 hours. The White's feedwater heater required 33 hours.
More From Popular Mechanics
Any antique car part can be reproduced with these machines--pieces of trim, elaborately etched and even scrolled door handles. If you have an original, you can copy it. Or you can design a replacement on the computer, and the 3D printer makes it for you.
People say, "Why not just give the part to your machinist to make?" Well, if the machinist makes it wrong, you still have to pay for it. The scanner allows you to make an exact copy in plastic, fit it and see that it's correct. Even when you take plans to a machinist, it can be tricky. Say the part must be 3 mm thick here and 5 mm there. You get it back and then, "Oh no, it doesn't fit; it's too thick," or "It's too thin." My setup lets you create the perfect part. And you could press the button again and again--and keep making the part--twice the size, half-size, whatever you need. If you have a part that's worn away, or has lost a big chunk of metal, you can fill in that missing link on the computer. Then you make the part in plastic and have a machinist make a copy based on that example. Or you can do what we do--input that program into a Fadal CNC machine; it reads the dimensions and replicates an exact metal copy.
Some guys are so used to working in the traditional ways. They're old-school. So they've never seen this new technology in use--in fact, they're not even aware it exists. When you work on old cars, you tend to work with old machinery like lathes, milling machines or English wheels. When someone tells you that you can take a crescent wrench, for example, scan it, then press a button, copy it, and make a new wrench, these guys say, "Well, that's not possible. You can't make the little wheel that moves the claw in and out. You'd have to make it in two sections."
But they're wrong. You can duplicate the whole tool.
They stand in front of the machine and watch a wrench being made, and they still don't believe it. It's like The Jetsons. George Jetson would say, "I want a steak dinner." He'd press a button and the meal would come out of the machine, with the roasted potatoes and everything, all on one plate. We may not have the instant steak dinner yet--but my NextEngine system is like the car-guy equivalent.
If you had a one-off Ferrari engine, you could scan each part and then re-create the entire motor. Right now, we're scanning a Duesenberg body. It's a classic example of high tech melding with old tech. There are cars sitting in garages around the country, and they haven't moved in years for lack of some unobtainable part. Now they can hit the road once more, thanks to this technology.
My 1907 White engine would never have run again because its slide valve (or D-valve) was shot. We built that part, and now the car is back on the street.
Let's say you have an older Cadillac or a Packard, and you can't get one of those beautifully ornate door handles. You could go to the big swap meet in Hershey, Pa., every day for the rest of your life and never find it. Or you could take the one on the left side of your car, copy it, use the computer to reverse it, and put that new part on the other side.
It's an amazingly versatile technology. My EcoJet supercar needed air-conditioning ducts. We used plastic parts we designed, right out of the 3D copier. We didn't have to make these scoops out of aluminum--plastic is what they use in a real car. And the finished ones look like factory production pieces.
When I was in high school, a friend's father bought the new Pulsar LED watch. He paid $2200 for it. It had a red face; you pressed a button, it lit up and gave you the time. The next year I bought a similar watch from Texas Instruments for $19.99. I went over and showed it to my friend's dad, and he was sooo angry.
The NextEngine scanner costs $2995. The Dimension uPrint Personal 3D printer is now under $15,000. That's not cheap. But this technology used to cost 10 times that amount. And I think the price will come down even more.
These machines are not suited for mass production, but they work well for rapid prototyping. Just as eBay has made many swap meets go away, this machine could eliminate the need to go to eBay for parts. Think about it: What old part do you want to make?


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SAN FRANCISCO — A Northern California man whose sailboat sank off of western Mexico after a collision with a whale said Sunday that the impact was so powerful that the stern of the 22-ton vessel was lifted out of the water.
Max Young returned home to Sacramento on Friday, 10 days after the breaching whale slammed onto the bow of his 50-foot boat during a solo voyage.
Young, 67, was on the final leg of a journey from the East Coast to Emeryville, Calif., when the 55-foot-long whale hit the boat just after dark on June 12.
"The head of that whale would have had to have cleared at least 12 feet (from the water) before he came down on the boat," Young told The Associated Press on Sunday. "I could see its head. It must have been a young whale because he only had a few barnacles."
Young was not hurt in the collision, but the steep angle of the boat sent him sliding down the deck toward a pile of sea bags. He said he was only about 10 feet away from the whale at the time of impact.
Within a few seconds the whale slid back into the water, but not before causing severe damage to the sailboat and leaving behind evidence that it had been injured in the encounter.
"I saw a piece of rubbery type of material," he said. "It was skin from the whale."
But Young had other things to worry about. Water was gushing in through what he later discovered was a massive crack, the boat's steering was damaged and any possible help was hours away.
Young said he was about 40 miles off the western coast of Mexico, or about 400 miles southwest of San Diego. While the boat's bilge pumps struggled to pump out the ocean water, he went to work trying to get the boat back on course.
Young activated an emergency beacon, which alerted the U.S. Coast Guard. With that information, officials at the command center were able to direct a merchant ship, which was about 60 miles away, to the sinking craft.
Young had a life raft on board and a larger inflatable boat, but neither was inflating sufficiently to be seaworthy. And the freighter redirected by the Coast Guard, was still a few hours away.
"I started making my peace with God," Young said. "I thought I was going to die."
It's when his spirits were lowest, when Young first spotted the rescue ship off in the distance.
"About that time I could see the freighter coming," he said. "I knew I was going to be OK."
The Coast Guard also dispatched a HC-130 Hercules aircraft to help guide the rescue ship to the stricken boat. When the plane arrived and circled overhead, the air crew could see Young bailing out water.
When the ship arrived, crewmembers helped hoist him off his boat. Young, who has spent most of his life on the sea, was unharmed during the ordeal.
"This case is one of those success stories," Coast Guard Petty Officer 2nd Class Pamela Boehland said earlier this month, just after the rescue. "A man went out prepared, the worst happened to him and he was able to respond."
Young spent six days on board the freighter as it steamed to Panama. He arrived back in Sacramento Friday, just two days before he and his wife, Debra, were to celebrate their 23rd anniversary.


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February 15, 2007
While some of us are stocking up on duct tape, gas masks and enough bottled water to last through the initial weeks of the end of the world, the government of Norway has partnered up with the Global Crop Diversity Trust to prepare for the event that doomsday leaves some survivors. The Svalbard International Seed Vault, dubbed the "doomsday vault," will house samples of every variety of crop seed available in every country in the world. The vault's purpose is safeguard agricultural biodiversity in the event that nuclear war, climate change, a meteor hit or another Earth-shattering event destroys all current plant life in the world or in a particular region.
The Global Crop Diversity Trust has named several other uses for the vault, including replacing seeds lost in damage to any of the 1,400 seed vaults around the world, safeguarding seeds for developing countries and spreading general knowledge of the threat to crop diversity (the United Nations puts the percentage of genetic diversity already lost to ecological damage at 75 percent). But other uses aside, the design of the vault screams "the end is near." This is definitely a structure built with doomsday in mind. Its main purpose is to provide diverse crop life in the event that life as we know it disappears.
Norway revealed the design of the vault in February 2007. It will be located on the remote, frigid island cluster of Svalbard, well north of Norway's mainland, 621 miles (1,000 km) into the Arctic Ocean. The entrance to the vault is on a mountain called Spitsbergen, chosen for a number of factors including its perpetually frozen temperatures. If the mechanical refrigeration system were to malfunction, the seeds would remain frozen due to the year-round permafrost in the mountain, maintaining an inner temperature of about -5C (23F). The entrance and the inner seed vaults stand at 430 feet (130 meters) above sea level. At this height, the vault will be protected from the sea-level effects of climate change, including the absolute worst case scenario that most scientists believe won't happen: If the entire ice structure of the continent of Antarctica were to melt, the sea would rise about 200 feet (61 meters). The seed vault wouldn't be touched by the rising water.
Beyond the entrance, a concrete-lined tunnel leads 390 feet (120 meters) into the frozen mountain, leading to two vaults. Because they're situated so deep into the mountain, even a significant rise in air temperature should leave the vault temperatures unaffected should the electric refrigeration system shut down. The total storage capacity of both vaults combined is 3 million seeds. Ideally, the vault will house every type of seed available in today's world, and Norway will add to the collection as more seed types become available. The key, supporters say, to long-term survival after a catastrophic event is genetic diversity. In this case, it's genetic diversity in food crops. Who knows which seeds will be able to adapt to life after nuclear holocaust or major ecological destruction from global warming?
Incidentally, the vault's designers doubt it would survive a direct hit by a nuclear bomb. But most other major disasters, including a nuclear strike nearby, shouldn't harm it a bit.
Inside the seed vaults, the temperature is kept at -18C (0F), which will keep the seeds frozen -- alive but unable to germinate. At that temperature, scientists estimate that seeds can last anywhere from 20 to hundreds of years without dying, depending on the crop type.
To protect the global treasure, the tunnel features several reinforced doors before you get to the vaults, and the entrance will be under 24-hour video surveillance. The architects have purposely designed the structure to require no human maintenance at all, for obvious and chilling reasons. The entrance will not be hidden. On the contrary, it will be easy to spot and artistic, equipped with special panels that will reflect light from both sun and the moon quite dramatically. The idea is that the vault should call attention to itself, just in case everyone who currently knows about the vault is unable to share their knowledge of what lies deep inside one of the mountains of the Svalbard islands.
Construction on the roughly $5 million structure begins in March 2007 and should be finished by September of the same year. Once the structure is complete, it will start accepting seeds from around the world, although its official opening is not slated until winter 2008.
For more information on the Svalbard International Seed Vault and related topics, check out the following links:
- How Gene Pools Work
- How Global Warming Works
- What Are Genetically Modified (GM) Foods?
- Biodiversity International: Genebanks
- The Global Crop Diversity Trust
- NPR All Things Considered: Work on Massive Seed Vault to Begin in Norway - June 19, 2006
- "Architectural Plan Revealed of Doomsday Arctic Seed Vault." Press Release. The Global Crop Diversity Trust. Feb. 9, 2007. http://www.croptrust.org/documents/Svalbard%20Architecture %20Release%20Final.pdf
- Kinver, Mark. "'Doomsday' vault design unveiled." BBC News. Feb. 9, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6335899.stm
- Randerson, James. "Arctic ice to house doomsday seed vault." GuardianUnlimited. Feb. 10, 2007. http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/story/0,,2010103,00.html
- "Svalbard Global Seed Vault Questions & Answers." The Global Crop Diversity Trust. http://www.croptrust.org/documents/Svalbard%20Q&A.pdf


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Escape Pod Flash Fiction Contest 2016
Thirteen districts rebelled against the country that fed them, loved them, protected them. Brother turned on brother until nothing remained. And then came the peace, hard fought, sorely won. A people rose up from the ashes and a new era was born. But freedom has a cost. When the traitors were defeated, we swore as a nation we would never know this treason again.
And so it was decreed, that each year, the various districts of Escape Artists would offer up in tribute, 500 word stories to fight to the death in a pageant of honor, courage and sacrifice. The three champions, bathed in riches, would serve as a reminder of our generosity and our forgiveness. This is how we remember our past. This is how we safeguard our future. We are in the finals. Stories are published on a members-only section of the forums, so come join and participate today.
The culling has begun! Stories are being released every couple days in groups of 11 or 12. You may choose up to three from each group to move on to the next round.
UPDATE: First round voting has concluded, but you can still read all of the stories HERE
stay tuned, the second round of voting will follow soon!


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- Remove this product from my favorite's list.
- Add this product to my list of favorites.
Linen dress ocher
The ocher linen dress Senanque is very pleasant to wear thanks to its soft and light linen. It guarantees an elegant and casual look.
We offer 8 sizes.
For a better fall of the linen (example photo) open the size chart, look for the model Roussillon and choose well 6 cm more than your measurements.
Size chart CLICK HERE
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Garantie 10 ans lampe de table de luxe toute en cuivre
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|10 ans
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Diamètre de la base 5,9
Diamètre de l'abat-jour 12,5 * hauteur 7,8
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When you return undamaged items within 40 days, you can get a full refund.
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Portia de Rossi reveals when she first came out
Portia De Rossi wasn't afraid to get personal when she reunited with the cast of Arrested Development on Thursday's Inside the Actors Studio. When James Lipton asked de Rossi about her marriage to Ellen Degeneres, the actress revealed her initial anxiety about coming out in Hollywood.
"I think when I really, truly came out was the Golden Globes when Arrested Development was nominated [in 2004]," de Rossi recalled. "Ellen and I had been together for a month and I was very, very nervous going to that because I knew that I was going to meet up with her after the show, and that there was press. And that was the first time that we actually stepped out together as a couple, but for me, it was the first time I stepped out as a gay woman, really."
The cast applauded de Rossi's bravery to come out and talk openly about her relationship with DeGeneres, whom she married in 2008.
View original VIDEO: Portia de Rossi Reveals When She First "Truly" Came Out at TVGuide.com


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While most students spent last semester in traditional classrooms, one very special ALC student got to experience the "wild" side of life—as in, wildlife! Kestin Howard, the son of Jerome and Reta Howard of Mousie, Kentucky, spent last semester as an intern for Disney World's Animal Kingdom, where he served as a Kilimanjaro Safari tour guide. In addition to working at the Disney theme park, Kestin was also taking multiple independent study classes through Alice Lloyd College and a Corporate Communications class at Disney University.
To be an intern at Disney, Kestin had to undergo a very strenuous interview process, all beginning with attending a Disney seminar, followed by completing an online application and interview. After making it through the first round of interviews, Kestin then had to complete a phone interview and a cast audition before learning that he had been selected for the program. Kestin's job as a tour guide at Kilimanjaro Safaris is considered one of the most difficult positions at Disney due to the vast amount of information each safari driver must memorize prior to conducting his or her own tours. However, Kestin's years of experience with speech and theater came in handy for this particular assignment.
Kestin's days at Kilimanjaro Safaris brought him into contact with thousands of park visitors and numerous species of animals. Seeing giraffes, zebras, lions, cheetahs, crocodiles, and elephants all became a normal part of life; even when a rhino charged at the safari car, it was all just another's day work for Kestin! Upon completion of the internship program, Kestin received a set of graduation "ears" from Disney, as well as a diploma for all his hard work.
After returning to campus, Kestin prepared a multimedia presentation for other Alice Lloyd students to learn more about the Disney program and to encourage them to apply. As a senior Business Administration major, learning first-hand how a large company such as Disney operates was invaluable. According to Kestin, the experience was one he will never forget.
Alice Lloyd College is proud of students, such as Kestin, who take initiative and strive to make the most of their college careers. Kestin has certainly taken advantage of all the opportunities which have come his way. He has toured the United States with The Voices of Appalachia (the college choir), participated in the ALC Theater program, supervised younger student workers at WWJD-FM (the campus radio station), maintained outstanding grades, and found time to write and record his debut country music album, My Daddy's Dream. Kestin is truly one of ALC's brightest and best students!


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Fast and efficient biologically inspired catalyst could someday make fuel cells cheaper
News Release
February 17, 2013
Burning hydrogen in a fuel cell generates an electrical current. A new iron-based catalyst might help make those fuel cells less expensive.
RICHLAND, Wash. —
To make fuel cells more economical, engineers want a fast and efficient iron-based molecule that splits hydrogen gas to make electricity. Online Feb. 17 at Nature Chemistry, researchers report such a catalyst. It is the first iron-based catalyst that converts hydrogen directly to electricity. The result moves chemists and engineers one step closer to widely affordable fuel cells.
"A drawback with today's fuel cells is that the platinum they use is more than a thousand times more expensive than iron," said chemist R. Morris Bullock, who leads the research at the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
His team at the Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis has been developing catalysts that use cheaper metals such as nickel and iron. The one they report here can split hydrogen as fast as two molecules per second with an efficiency approaching those of commercial catalysts. The center is one of 46 Energy Frontier Research Centers established by the DOE Office of Science across the nation in 2009 to accelerate basic research in energy.
Fuel cells generate electricity out of a chemical fuel, usually hydrogen. The bond within a hydrogen molecule stores electricity, where two electrons connect two hydrogen atoms like a barbell.
Fuel cells use a platinum catalyst — essentially a chunk of metal — to crack a hydrogen molecule open like an egg: The electron whites run out and form a current that is electricity. Because platinum's chemical nature gives it the ability to do this, chemists can't simply replace the expensive metal with the cheaper iron or nickel. However, a molecule that exists in nature called a hydrogenase (high-dra-jin-ace) uses iron to split hydrogen.
Bullock and his PNNL colleagues, chemists Tianbiao "Leo" Liu and Dan DuBois, have taken inspiration for their iron-wielding catalyst from a hydrogenase. First Liu created several potential molecules for the team to test. Then, with the best-working molecule up to that point, they determined and tweaked the shape and the internal electronic forces to make additional improvements.
One of the tricks they needed the catalyst to do was to split hydrogen atoms into all of their parts. If a hydrogen atom is an egg, the positively charged proton that serves as the nucleus of the atom would be the yolk. And the electron, which orbits around the proton in a cloud, would be the white. The catalyst moves both the proton-yolks and electron-whites around in a controlled series of steps, sending the protons in one direction and the electrons to an electrode, where the electricity can be used to power things.
To do this, they need to split hydrogen molecules unevenly in an early step of the process. One hydrogen molecule is made up of two protons and two electrons, but the team needed the catalyst to tug away one proton first and send it away, where it is caught by a kind of molecule called a proton acceptor. In a real fuel cell, the acceptor would be oxygen.
Once the first proton with its electron-wooing force is gone, the electrode easily plucks off the first electron. Then another proton and electron are similarly removed, with both of the electrons being shuttled off to the electrode.
The team determined the shape and size of the catalyst and also tested different proton acceptors. With the iron in the middle, arms hanging like pendants around the edges draw out the protons. The best acceptors stole these drawn-off protons away quickly.
With their design down, the team measured how fast the catalyst split molecular hydrogen. It peaked at about two molecules per second, thousands of times faster than the closest, non-electricity making iron-based competitor. In addition, they determined its overpotential, which is a measure of how efficient the catalyst is. Coming in at 160 to 220 millivolts, the catalyst revealed itself to be similar in efficiency to most commercially available catalysts.
Now the team is figuring out the slow steps so they can make them faster, as well as determining the best conditions under which this catalyst performs.
This work was supported by the Department of Energy's Office of Science.
Reference: Tianbiao Liu, Daniel L. DuBois and R. Morris Bullock. An iron complex with pendent amines as a molecular electrocatalyst for oxidation of hydrogen, Nature Chemistry, February 17, 2013, doi:10.1038/NCHEM.1571.
DOE's Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, please visit the Office of Science website.
Tags: Energy, Fundamental Science, Fuel Cells, Energy Production, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Catalysis
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory draws on signature capabilities in chemistry, earth sciences, and data analytics to advance scientific discovery and create solutions to the nation's toughest challenges in energy resiliency and national security. Founded in 1965, PNNL is operated by Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science. DOE's Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, visit PNNL's News Center. Follow us on Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn and Twitter.


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Defending his company under blistering criticism, the CEO of Goldman Sachs testily told skeptical senators Tuesday that customers who bought securities from the Wall Street giant in the run-up to a national financial crisis came looking for risk "and that's what they got."
Lloyd Blankfein and other Goldman executives were lambasted by lawmakers for "unbridled greed" in an often-electric daylong showdown between Wall Street and Congress — with expletives frequently undeleted. Unrepentant, five present and two past Goldman officials unflinchingly stood by their conduct before a Senate investigatory panel and denied helping to cause the financial near-meltdown that turned into the worst recession since the Great Depression.
"Unfortunately, the housing market went south very quickly," Blankfein told skeptical senators. "So people lost money in it."
Democrats hoped the hearing would build momentum for legislation, now before the Senate, to increase regulation of the nation's financial system. That legislation would crack down on the kind of lightly regulated housing market investments that helped set off the crisis in 2007.
Elsewhere at the Capitol, Republicans succeeded for a second day in blocking efforts to move toward debate and a vote on that bill. At the same time, they floated a partial alternative that they said could lead to election-year compromise on an issue that commands strong public support.
Both sides are trying to harness voter anger toward Wall Street. Unlike with the health care debate, both Democrats and Republicans say they want tighter regulations passed — but they disagree on timing and significant details.
At the hearing, there was hour upon hour — nearly 11 hours in all, winding up just before 9 p.m. EDT — of combative exchanges, occasional humor and long stretches of senators and Wall Street insiders speaking past each other. There was talk of ethical obligations versus financial transactions so complex they all but defy explanation. And there were a half dozen protesters dressed head to toe in prison stripes with Goldman officials' names around their necks.
Senators from both parties verbally pounded the Goldman executives, accusing them of a financial version of rigged casino gambling that they said endangered the entire U.S. economy.
That drew a protest from Sen. John Ensign, a Nevada Republican. In Las Vegas, he said, "people know the odds are against them. They play anyway. On Wall Street, they manipulate the odds while you're playing the game."
Outside the hearing room, analysts and investors suggested the firm was surviving the hearing with its reputation intact, something its stock performance for the day may have underscored. Goldman's stock rose $1.01 per share, to $153.04, on Tuesday, a day in which the Dow Jones industrials had their worst drop in nearly three months, down 213 points.
Blankfein was the final witness in a daylong hearing on Goldman conduct that resulted in a Securities and Exchange Commission civil fraud charge earlier this month against the firm and one of its traders.
Sen. Carl Levin, D-Mich., the panel's chairman cited a "fundamental conflict" in Goldman's selling to clients home-loan securities that company e-mails showed its own employees had derided as "junk" and "crap" — and then betting against the same securities and not telling the buyers.
"They're buying something from you, and you are betting against it. And you want people to trust you. I wouldn't trust you," Levin told Blankfein.
Blankfein denied such a conflict in a combative exchange. "We do hundreds of thousands, if not millions of transactions a day, as a market maker," he said, noting that behind every transaction there was a buyer and a seller, creating both winners and losers.
Levin vigorously pressed about an e-mail between Goldman executives describing one product called Timberwolf as "one s----y deal."
"Your top priority is to sell that s----y deal," Levin said. "Should Goldman Sachs be trying to sell a s----y deal?"
I didn't use that term, the executive responded.
Other senators repeated the language in their questioning.
Goldman's chief said the company didn't bet against its clients — and can't survive without their trust. He repeated the company's assertion that it lost $1.2 billion in the residential mortgage meltdown in 2007 and 2008 that touched off the financial crisis and a severe recession. He also argued that Goldman wasn't making an aggressive negative bet — or short — on the mortgage market's slide.
He and other officials described their use of complex trading tools as a way to reduce risks for the company and its clients.
Earlier, Levin said that financial industry lobbyists "fill the halls of Congress, hoping to weaken or kill legislation" to increase regulation. He accused Wall Street firms of selling securities they wouldn't invest in themselves. That's "unbridled greed in the absence of the cop on the beat to control it," he said.
Whether Tuesday's hearing would help Democrats win Republican converts on the legislation remained an open question. "It's too soon to tell," Levin told reporters. "We'll have to wait until the dust settles."
The Goldman witnesses strongly denied that the firm intentionally cashed in on the housing crash by crafting a strategy to bet against home loan securities while misleading its own investors.
"I will defend myself in court against this false claim," said Fabrice Tourre, a French-born 31-year-old Goldman trader who was the only individual named in the SEC suit. "I deny — categorically — the SEC's allegation."
The SEC says Tourre marketed securities without telling buyers they had been chosen with help from a Goldman hedge fund client that was betting the investments would fail. The commission alleged that Tourre told investors the hedge fund, Paulson & Co., actually bought into the investments. Tourre said he didn't recall telling investors that.
Tourre said: "I am saddened and humbled by what happened in the market in 2007 and 2008. ... But I believe my conduct was proper."
Was Goldman harmed by the hearing?
"Despite the interrogation, the Goldman team hasn't really provided any new information," market analyst Edward Yardeni said. "And the (senators) aren't creating a more damaging view than already existed."
"Right now, it looks like the PR battle has been fought to a draw," Yardeni added.
Sen. John McCain, R-Ariz., said that while there may not be proof that Goldman did anything illegal, "there's no doubt their behavior was unethical and the people will render a judgment as well as courts."
Sen. Tom Coburn, R-Okla., said the blame doesn't fall on Goldman alone. "There's numerous causes to the financial crisis, not just one." He said the blame must be shared by federal regulatory agencies who didn't use the powers they already have and by Congress. "In truth, we all took turns in inflating the housing bubble," he said.


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Fiction – paperback; Phoenix; 273 pages; 2002.
Set in the countryside of western Ireland, this dark, brooding book is based on a real life triple murder in which a man shot dead three people — a woman, her young child and a priest — in a forest glade in 1994. But wounds run deep and Edna O'Brien, who wrote the book eight years later, was accused of exploiting a gruesome crime for the sake of a novel and much vilified for her efforts.
With this is mind, I read In the Forest with some trepidation. But I was gripped from the first page and read the book within a matter of days.
Story of a kinderschreck
It tells the story of Mich O'Kane, a young boy who gets shunted from one institution to another. Devoid of any motherly love he grows into a fearsome individual that the locals call the Kinderschreck — a kind of monster — and eventually goes to jail for a serious crime.
Meanwhile, Eily Ryan, an unmarried mother, moves to the small town of Cloosh. Here, with her young son Maddy, she sets up home in a remote dilapidated cottage on the edge of the forest, where she can concentrate on her art.
But when O'Kane is released from jail he returns to Cloosh. With no family support and outcast by the locals, he is forced to live in the forest, only appearing in the village when he needs to beg or steal food.
Animal-like in behaviour and thought, he begins stalking Eily. One day, unable to control his sexual fantasies any longer, he abducts Eily and orders her to drive deep into the forest …
Dark and disturbing
There's no doubt that this book is dark and disturbing. On more than one occasion I felt goosebumps erupt on my skin. But O'Brien never resorts to sensationalism. Her prose is careful, at times clipped, and she moves the story along at an almost annoyingly slow pace, building to the chilling climax slowly but surely.
What I didn't particularly like was the narrative devices she uses. The story is told from too many divergent and various sources, sometimes in first person, sometimes in third person. While I understand this was probably O'Brien's attempt to cover all points of view, to demonstrate that the crime was not as straightforward as one might have expected, it hampered the narrative drive.
All in all, In the Forest is an intriguing, atmospheric novel, which is almost Gothic-like in its brooding intensity. Just don't expect to find yourself falling in love with O'Brien's work.


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Malcolm X.
The following is a speech by Malcolm X speech from 1965 about how the colonial misrepresentation of Africa created inferiority complexes and hatred towards Africa in the Diaspora African communities. He was assassinated on February 21, 1965.
The version of Malcolm's presentation available on video on YouTube is edited and is shorter than the following speech which itself is excerpted from a longer presentation.
Why should the Black man in America concern himself since he's been away from the African continent for three or four hundred years? Why should we concern ourselves?
What impact does what happens to them have upon us? Number one, you have to realize that up until 1959 Africa was dominated by the colonial powers. Having complete control over Africa, the colonial powers of Europe projected the image of Africa negatively.
They always project Africa in a negative light: jungle savages, cannibals, nothing civilized. Why then, naturally it was so negative that it was negative to you and me, and you and I began to hate it. We didn't want anybody telling us anything about Africa, much less calling us Africans.
In hating Africa and in hating the Africans, we ended up hating ourselves, without even realizing it. Because you can't hate the roots of a tree, and not hate the tree. You can't hate your origin and not end up hating yourself. You can't hate Africa and not hate yourself.
You show me one of these people over here who has been thoroughly brainwashed and has a negative attitude toward Africa, and I'll show you one who has a negative attitude toward himself. You can't have a positive toward yourself and a negative attitude toward Africa at the same time. To the same degree that your understanding of and attitude toward become positive, you'll find that your understanding of and your toward yourself will also become positive.
And this is what the white man knows. So they very skillfully make you and me hate our African identity, our African characteristics. You know yourself that we have been a people who hated our African characteristics. We hated our heads, we hated the shape of our nose, we wanted one of those long doglike noses, you know; we hated the color of our skin, hated the blood of Africa that was in our veins. And in hating our features and our skin and our blood, why, we had to end up hating ourselves. And we hated ourselves.
Our color became to us a chain--we felt that it was holding us back; our color became to us like a prison which we felt was keeping us confined, not letting us go this way or that way. We felt all of these restrictions were based solely upon our color, and the psychological reaction to that would have to be that as long as we felt imprisoned or chained or trapped by Black skin, Black features, and Black blood, that skin and those features and that blood holding us back automatically had to become hateful to us. And it became hateful to us.
It made us feel inferior; it made us feel inadequate made us feel helpless. And when we fell victims to this feeling of inadequacy or inferiority or helplessness, we turned to somebody else to show us the way. We didn't have confidence in another Black man to show us the way, or Black people to show us the way. In those days we didn't. We didn't think a man could do anything except play some horns--you know, make sound and make you happy with some songs and in that way.
But in serious things, where our food, clothing, shelter, and education were concerned, we turned to the man. We never thought in terms of bringing these things into existence for ourselves, we never thought in terms of doing for ourselves. Because we felt helpless.
What made us feel helpless was our hatred for ourselves. And our hatred for ourselves stemmed from hatred for things African. After 1959 the spirit of African nationalism was fanned to a high flame, and we then began to witness the complete collapse of colonialism. France began to get out of French West Africa, Belgium began to make moves to get out of the Congo, Britain began to make moves to get out of Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, Nigeria, and some of these other places.
And although it looked like they were getting out, they pulled a trick that was colossal. When you're playing ball and they've got you trapped, you don't throw the ball away--you throw it to one of your teammates who's in the clear. And this is what the European powers did.
They were trapped African continent, they couldn't stay there --they were looked upon as colonial and imperialist. They had to pass the ball to someone whose image was different, and they passed the ball to Uncle Sam. And he picked it up and has been running it for a touchdown ever since.
He was in the clear, he was not looked upon as one who had colonized the African continent. At that time, the Africans couldn't see that though the Unites States hadn't colonized the African continent, it had colonized twenty-two million Blacks here on this continent. Because we're just as thoroughly colonized as anybody else. When the ball was passed to the United States, it was passed at the time when John Kennedy came into power. He picked it up and helped to run it. He was one of the shrewdest backfield runners that history has recorded. He surrounded himself with intellectuals--highly educated, learned, and well informed people.
And their analysis told him that the government of America was confronted with a new problem. And this new problem stemmed from the fact that Africans were now awakened, they were enlightened, they were fearless, they would fight. This meant that the Western powers couldn't stay there by force. Since their own economy, the European economy and the American economy was based upon their continued influence over the African continent, they had to find some means of staying there.
So they used the friendly approach. They switched from the old, openly colonial imperialistic approach to the benevolent approach. They came up with some benevolent colonialism, philanthropic colonialism, humanitarianism, or dollarism. Immediately everything was Peace Corps, Operation Crossroads, "We've got to help our African brothers." Pick up on that: Can't help us in Mississippi. Can't help us in Alabama, or Detroit, or out here in Dearborn, where some real Ku Klux Klan lives. They're going to send all the way to Africa to help.
One of the things that made the Black Muslim movement grow was its emphasis upon things African. This was the secret to the growth of the Black Muslim movement. African blood, African origin, African culture, African ties. And you'd be surprised--we discovered that deep within the subconscious of the black man in this country, he is still more African than he is American. He thinks that he's more American than African, because the man is jiving him, the man is brainwashing him every day.
He's telling him, "You're an American, you're an American." Man, how could you think you're an American when you haven't ever had any kind of an American treat over here? You have never, never. Ten men can be at a table eating, you know, dining, and I can come and sit down where they're dining. They're dining; I've got a plate in front of me, but nothing is on it. Because all of us are sitting at the same table, are all us are diners? I'm not a diner until you let me dine. Just being at the table with others who are dining doesn't make me a diner, and this is what you've got to get in your head here in this country. Just because you're in this country doesn't make you an American.
No, you've got to go farther than that before you can become an American. You've got to enjoy the fruits of Americanism. You haven't enjoyed those fruits. You've enjoyed the thorns. You've enjoyed the thistles. But you have not enjoyed the fruits, no sir. You have fought harder for the fruits the white man has, you have worked harder for the fruits than the white man has, but you've enjoyed less. When the man put the uniform on and sent you abroad, you fought harder than they did. Yes, I know you--when you're fighting for them, you can fight.
The Black Muslim movement did make that contribution. They made the whole civil rights movement become more militant and more acceptable to the white power structure. He would rather have them than us. In fact, I think we forced many of the civil rights leaders to be even more militant than they intended. I know some of them who get out there and "boom, boom, boom" and don't mean it. Because they're right on back in their corner as soon as the action comes.
The worst thing the white man can do to himself is to take one of these kinds of Negroes and ask him, "How do your people feel, boy?" He's going to tell that man that we are satisfied. That's what they do, brothers and sisters. They get behind the door and tell the white man we're satisfied. "Just keep on keeping me up here in front of them, boss, and I'll keep them behind you." That's what they talk when they're behind closed us. Because, you see, the white man doesn't go along with anybody who's not for him. He doesn't care are you for right or wrong; he wants to know are you for him. And if you're for him, he doesn't care what else you're for. As long as you're for him, then he puts you up over the Negro community. You become a spokesman…
Brothers and sisters, let me tell you, I spend my time out there streets with people, all kinds of people, listening to what they have to say. And they're dissatisfied, they're disillusioned, they're fed up, they're getting to the point of frustration where they begin to feel, "What do we have to lose?" When you get to that point, you're the type of person who can create a very dangerously explosive atmosphere. This is what's happening in our neighborhoods, to our people.
I read in a poll taken by Newsweek magazine this week, saying that Negroes are satisfied. Oh, yes, Newsweek, you know, supposed to be a top magazine with a top pollster, talking about how satisfied Negroes are. Maybe I haven't met the Negroes he met. Because I know he hasn't met the ones that I've met. And this is dangerous. This is where the white man does himself the most harm. He invents statistics to create an image thinking that that image is going to hold things in check.
You know why they always say Negroes are lazy? Because they want Negroes to be lazy. They always say Negroes can't unite, because they don't want Negroes to unite. And once they put this thing in the Negro's mind, they feel he tries to fulfill their image. If they say you can't unite Black people and then you come to them to unite them, they won't unite, because it's been said that they're not supposed to unite. It's a psycho that they work and it's the same way with these statistics.
When they think that an explosive era is coming up, then they grab their press again and begin to shower the Negro public, to make it appear that all Negroes are satisfied. Because if you know you're dissatisfied all by yourself and ten others aren't, you play it cool; but if you know that all ten of you are dissatisfied, you get with it. This is what the man knows. The man knows that if these Negroes find out how dissatisfied they really are--even Uncle Tom is dissatisfied, he's just playing his part for now--this is what makes the man frightened. It frightens them in France and it frightens them in England, and it frightens them in the United States.
And it is for this reason that it is so important for you and me to start organizing among ourselves, intelligently, and try to find out: "What are we going to do if this happens, that happens or the next thing happens?" Don't think that you're going to run to the man and say, "Look, boss this is me." Why, when the deal goes down, you'll look just like me in his eyesight; I'll make it tough for you. Yes, when the deal goes down, he doesn't look at you in any better light than he looks at me...
I say again that I'm not a racist, I don't believe in any form of segregation or anything like that. I'm for brotherhood for everybody, but I don't believe in forcing brotherhood upon people who done' want it.
Let us practice brotherhood among ourselves, and then if others want to practice brotherhood with us, we're for practicing it with them also. But I don't think that we should run around trying to love somebody who doesn't love us.
Milton, are you denying or finding it insignificant that the TPLF attacked a federal army base...
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Black Star News has been producing stellar investigative journalism since 1997, including focusing on police brutality and other abuses targeting marginalized communities. We have broken several major stories. We welcome news tips to [email protected] and [email protected]
We need your advertising support to produce strong journalism, especially during periods of economic instability, so please contact [email protected] for advertising rates and long term packages.