The Indian handicraft industry forms a major part of the rich cultural heritage of the country. It is an unorganized, decentralized, labour intensive cottage industry. Some of the strengths identified are availability of abundant & cheap labour in the country, use of local resources, low capital investment and unique craftsmanship in the manufacturing of products along with increasing appreciation by international consumers. Despite the strengths, the industry faces a number of problems in the country such as low literacy and education levels, lack of modern / technological skills & lack of adequate finance. The planning commission acknowledges the fact that the unorganized sector that constitutes about 93% of the workforce doesn't have a structured system to support acquiring or upgrading of skills. The 12th Five Year Plan's vision for the handicraft sector includes creation of globally competitive handicrafts and provision of sustainable livelihood opportunities to the artisans through innovative product designs, better product quality & use of technology while preserving traditional art. Various schemes have been designed and efforts have been taken to achieve this vision. How effective are these efforts, remains questionable. This case, through a secondary literary study presents the current situation of the handicraft sector and the artisans alike in order to facilitate analysis of problems and identification of developmental pathways. Introduction: In the words of Prof. C. K. Prahalad, Paul & Ruth McCracken Distinguished University Professor, Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, "India needs to focus on the flowering of arts, science, and literature. The goal is to see India become the world"s benchmark on how to cope with diversity. It can become a benchmark for the practice of universality and inclusiveness. Inclusive growth is not about subsidies. It is about creating sustainable opportunities." (Prahalad, 2007) This inclusive growth can be possible when the government concentrates on not just the flourishing organized sector but also the unorganized sector, especially the handicraft industry that has been struggling to make its mark in the past few decades. The UN report of the World Commission on Culture and Development (1995) has made a solemn and sombre admission that many development projects had failed because the importance of culture had been underestimated. Culture, which is the soul of development, can no longer be ignored and needs to be explicitly stated in the notion of human development. The India@75 initiative"s vision includes (India@75 The people's agenda (National Vision Document), 2009):  creating attractive & lucrative career opportunities in the field of arts, sports & literature,  identifying talent from the grassroots level,  preserving local arts & culture by promoting the same at the global level,  providing vocational training as well as financial support to arts & artisans & giving impetus to arts as a subject in mainstream education,  achieving 100% functional literacy for every Indian,  creating a platform for knowledge creation, talent development & providing learner-centric education,  encouraging industry partnerships to provide professional skills to the workforce & building vocational training centres / colleges based on local requirement,  helping small & medium enterprises to sustain by providing a supportive environment & thus generating new employment opportunity for millions in the country. The Handicraft Industry: India is known for its rich culture which includes many art forms. The handicraft industry has a history of several centuries. The artisans in the earlier days were known worldwide for their skill and craftsmanship. The carvings on the temples testify this fact. Exports of Indian hand crafted goods have taken place from time immemorial (Rao, 1979). This sector, which forms a major part of this rich cultural heritage of the country, utilizes the traditional skill of artisans in various crafts such as wooden ware, metal ware, textile weaving & printing, marble & stone crafts, leather works, jewellery etc. This skill is handed down from generation to generation in the form of family tradition. True to its name, the "Handicraft" (crafts made by hands) industry IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668 PP 07-13 www.iosrjournals.org IES MCRC presents International Case Study Conference 8 | Page Indian Education Society's Management College and Research Centre uses conventional manual methods instead of advanced technology for making various items. It is an unorganized, decentralized, labour intensive cottage industry. (Handbook of Statistics and Indian Economy, 2006) It is currently difficult to quote the exact size of the industry as the census of the Handicraft Industry is in progress, clearly indicating how ignored this industry has been in the past. The Minister of State for Textiles, Panabaaka Lakshmi, in a written reply to the Lok Sabha stated that, as per the results made available on different parameters pertaining to the handicrafts sector based on enumeration undertaken till now, the estimated artisans in India during 2010-11 were 6.8 million (PTI, 2013). The handicraft industry in India involves large number of artisans from rural and semi urban areas. The rural segment accounts for 78.2% of the units produced and 76.5% of the artisans while the urban segment accounts for the rest. (Ernst&Young, 2012) Most of these are women & people from the economically disadvantaged groups. Some of the strengths of this industry include the availability of abundant & cheap labour in the country, use of local resources, low capital investment and unique craftsmanship in the manufacturing of products along with increasing appreciation by international consumers. (Hashmi, 2012) The irony of the situation lies in the fact that despite these strengths, the Indian handicraft export comprises of a meager 1.2% of the world"s market for handicraft & 1.5% of the country"s overall exports. The encouraging growth statistics at the macro level no longer stand true when micro level needs are ignored. Major problems faced by the artisans in the Handicraft Industry: The period of prosperity ended with the arrival of British. The stock of goods began to accumulate with the guilds. The British government turned a blind eye towards the miserable state of handicrafts and craft artisans. Efforts were made by national leaders like Mahatma Gandhi to protect cottage industries. On attainment of Independence in 1947, the national Government stressed the need for developing the traditional occupations. (Jalal, 1991)The Industries Conference in 1947 identified the following problems faced by cottage and small scale industries including handicrafts: 1. Lack of finance, 2. Outdated techniques of manufacturing, 3. Defective Marketing, 4. Non-availability of raw materials and 5. Competition from mechanized goods whether imported or locally made. An All India Cottage Industries Board was set up in 1948 but as soon as the board started functioning problems started to crop up. The central government placed funds at the disposal of state governments for developmental programmes in the sector but lack of data became the major hindrance in extending financial assistance. Even the Cottage Industries Board soon reached the conclusion that a single board was insufficient and the efforts taken by them were not enough. It suggested a sub group study as various groups of industries had diverse and peculiar problems. That was 1947 and today its 2014. Not much has changed since then for the handicraft sector. Even today, the most important problem or the single most important reason behind most of the problems of the artisan community is reflected in the fact that the word artisan has no precise definition. This shows how underestimated this sector remains and how undermined is the potential of this sector in making any significant contribution to the economy. (Craft Economics & Impact Study, 2011) Since most of the artisans in the handicraft industry belong to the economically backward classes of the society, financing entrepreneurial projects & paying attention to developmental needs of the fraternity remain some of the major concerns. Low literacy and education levels add to the inability of artisans to access resources from modern sectors. (Craft Economics & Impact Study, 2011) Most artisans lack modern / technological skills & education. The main issue is that of the low wage system which leaves no scope for training & development of the artisans. This leads to a shortage of skilled workforce. (Ghouse, 2010). Another related issue is the irregularity in the production of artifacts, leading to low quality of work. To improve the quality of production, it is necessary to upgrade the skills of these artisans. (Sarvamangala, 2012) The lack of technological know-how also affects the variety of designs / patterns that can be provided in an artistic item. The availability of various design options can be facilitated by the use of computers & various designing software that are currently being used in countries like China. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668 PP 07-13 www.iosrjournals.org IES MCRC presents International Case Study Conference 9 | Page Indian Education Society's Management College and Research Centre A study (Ernst&Young, 2012) comparing the Indian & Chinese Handicraft Industry, highlighted the following areas of concern:  The Indian products are completely handmade whereas Chinese products are machine made, thus facilitating mass production & standardization of products in China.  The Indian Handicraft industry despite being labour intensive, faces shortage of skilled labour  The Indian artisan is unaware about new technology and modern industry trends  Lack of proper infr


In this paper, we introduce several large-scale modeling techniques to analyze the high-dimensional, strongly-nonlinear performance variability observed in nanoscale manufacturing technologies. Our goal is to solve a large number of (e.g., 104∼106) model coefficients from a small set of (e.g., 102∼103) sampling points without over-fitting. This is facilitated by exploiting the underlying sparsity of model coefficients. Our circuit example designed in a commercial 65nm process demonstrates that the proposed techniques achieve 25× speedup compared with the traditional response surface modeling1.


Human Evolutionary Genetics is a highly recommended textbook that helps readers understand differences in the human genome and how evolution has affected development of the genome and acquired diversity. The book's chapters delineate the complexity of these topics. The introductory chapter sets the foundation for an in-depth analysis of how the history of evolution guides the development of genomic diversity and variation. The chapters that follow narrate the organization of the human genome, genetic variation, and different tools to analyze genome diversity; elucidate the basic concept of population genetics and evolution; and focus on the origin of humans and explicate the genetic basis of the differences between humans and our evolutionary ancestors. The last few chapters illustrate the human colonization of the globe, the genetic diversity that exists in different parts of the world, and the evolutionary approach in understanding these phenotypic variations. At the end of each chapter, the authors have provided a comprehensive summary. Overall, the chapters render a coherent flow in understanding the concepts of genome diversity, interpretation of genetic variation, origin of the humans, the colonization of the world, and, finally, applications of the evolutionary approach to interpret genetic diseases and complexities. The distinguishing feature of this book is the inclusion of "Opinion Boxes," which are comments from guest authors and experts in different fields of biology. This book is very well laid out for those who want to introduce themselves to the concepts of evolution and genetics and is a good read for advanced undergraduates and graduates, as well as geneticists, human biologists, anthropologists, and others.


The application discloses a method and device for removing a scanning table from a CTA (Computed Tomography Angiography) image. The method comprises the following steps of: acquiring a brain CTA image, and removing background pixel points in the CTA image; extracting a whole-brain image from the brain CTA image with the background pixel points being removed; finding a pixel point corresponding to a scanning table image from the whole-brain image by using a region growing algorithm, setting the gray value of the pixel point corresponding to the scanning table image to be zero, and removing the scanning table image. By using the method and device for removing the scanning table from the CTA image, the scanning table image can be completely removed, therefore, the problem that partial scanning table image is still remained after the CTA image is subjected to subtraction operation is avoided, in addition, the problem of a table image with high brightness in a three-dimensional visualized reconstruction result is avoided, clear and foreign-matter-free brain image data is provided for three-dimensional reconstruction of brain vessels, and more accuracy and efficiency in observing the vessels is realized. In addition, the arithmetic speed is high and the time is short.


We have identified three genes,gst1 + , gst2 + , andgst3 + , encoding θ-class glutathioneS-transferases (GSTs) in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The gst1 + andgst2 + genes encode closely related proteins (79% identical). Our analysis suggests that Gst1, Gst2, and Gst3 all have GST activity with the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and that Gst3 has glutathione peroxidase activity. Although Gst1 and Gst2 have no detectable peroxidase activity, all three gst genes are required for normal cellular resistance to peroxides. In contrast, each mutant is more resistant to diamide than wild-type cells. Thegst1Δ, gst2Δ, and gst3Δ mutants are also more sensitive to fluconazole, suggesting that GSTs may be involved in anti-fungal drug detoxification. Bothgst2 + and gst3 + mRNA levels increase in stationary phase, and all three gst genes are induced by hydrogen peroxide. Indeed, gst1 + ,gst2 + , and gst3 + are regulated by the stress-activated protein kinase Sty1. The Gst1 and Gst2 proteins are distributed throughout the cell and can form homodimers and Gst1-Gst2 heterodimers. In contrast, Gst3 is excluded from the nucleus and forms homodimers but not complexes with either Gst1 or Gst2. Collectively, our data suggest that GSTs have separate and overlapping roles in oxidative stress and drug responses in fission yeast.


ABSTRACT In recent years, technology has made it possible, and at times critical, for college and university presidents to increase their campus-wide public communication. However, there is little research that analyses these frequent and timely presidential communications. Using grounded theory, this study took steps to fill this gap by analysing the unprecedented response campuses had to the 2016 United States presidential election of Donald Trump. The analysis focused on the responses of presidents from the fifty state flagship universities and found emergent themes of unity, contentious election, negative event, university values, civil dialogue, services offered, and emotional rhetoric, while also finding significance in whether the letters were sent proactively or reactively.


The means by which glucose stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells has been studied for decades. Yet we still do not fully understand the cellular machinery underlying this process, the complexity of which continues to surprise. The triggering pathway for glucose-induced insulin secretion is generally well described, and the current model, shown on the left-side of Fig. 1, has been accepted for more than 20 years (1,2). However, it is abundantly clear that the ion channels currently included in this consensus model are insufficient to describe the complicated electrophysiological and intracellular Ca2+ responses of the β-cell to glucose and other secretagogues. Furthermore, the contribution of an ion channel-based component to the well-known "amplifying" effects of glucose (3) remains unclear. Recent studies, including that of Uchida et al. (4) in the present issue, are beginning to elucidate roles for multiple additional ion channels in the β-cell electrical and intracellular Ca2+ responses, particularly the contribution of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. Moreover, there are hints that these channels may play a more complex role in β-cells than we suspect.

FIG. 1.
TRPM channels in insulin secretion. On the left is the consensus triggering pathway for insulin secretion in which a glucose-stimulated rise in the ATP/ADP ratio closes ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels, depolarizing the β-cell and activating voltage-gated Na+ (NaV) and Ca2+ (CaV) channels. The latter mediates Ca2+ influx that triggers insulin granule exocytosis. On the right are TRPM channels shown to contribute to β-cell Ca2+ and insulin responses. TRPM4 and (perhaps to a greater degree) TRPM5 mediate …


Excerpt Mediastinal emphysema is not a rare condition and has been recognized clinically for more than a century. McGuire and Bean,1in a comprehensive review of the literature prior to 1939, attrib...


OBJECTIVE:
To describe a case of Parkinsonism associated with antibodies to neuronal voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKC-Abs).
BACKGROUND:
Autoimmune forms of encephalitis with antibodies against neuronal surface antigens, especially VGKC and glutamate NMDA receptors have been identified. Parkinsonism is not a usual feature with VGKC-Abs, found in our patient.
CASE PRESENTATION:
57 year-old man presented with progressive gait dysfunction and dysphagia for 2 weeks. He walked with stiff posture and soon after he could not get out of bed without help. He fell, remaining on the floor for several hours before family found him. On admission Parkinson disease was diagnosed based on bradykinesia, resting tremor and cogwheel rigidity. He also had bilateral hyperreflexia and Babinski sign. Brain and C-Spine MRI were normal. He had not used dopamine blocking agents.
EVALUATION:
MoCA score was 20/30. EEG was unremarkable. FDG PET showed diffusely abnormal cerebral glucose metabolism. Ceruloplasmin, antithyroglobulins, anticardiolipins, RPR, CRP, ANCA, ferritin levels, TSH and heavy metal screen were normal. CSF had no nucleated cells, glucose 72, protein 37, cytology negative. ANA was 1:160 with positive ENA and SSA of 41.9. Paraneoplastic antibody panel (antibody to NMDA, GAD, amphiphysin, N- and P/Q-type calcium channels) was negative except for neuronal VGKC-Abs level of 140 pM (normal 0-20). Symptoms resolved on levodopa, but quickly returned off it. I-123 ioflupane SPECT imaging was normal. Prednisone was started. After 6 months, VGKC-Abs had normalized. Hyperreflexia improved. He was being weaned off levodopa. MoCA remained low at 22/30 but family felt he was unchanged from premorbid cognitive function.
CONCLUSION:
Red flags for Parkinson disease should be kept in mind as differential diagnoses, prognosis and treatment differ. Our patient presented with atypical features of rapid onset, symmetrical parkinsonism and associated hyperreflexia. Work-up showed VGKC-Abs with no dopamine deficit but reduced metabolism on PET, particularly in the striatum. Disclosure: Dr. Doshi has nothing to disclose. Dr. George has received personal compensation for activities with Teva Neuroscience. Dr. George has received research support from Teva Neuroscience, and Marz Pharma. Dr. Shneyder has nothing to disclose.


ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to determine the features of bullying in Estonian universities. In the spring of 2014, 864 faculty members answered our e-mail questionnaire. This questionnaire was based on the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R22); eight additional items dealt with sexual harassment, cyberbullying, and work-related malpractice. Structural equation modelling was used to confirm a model composed of five first-order factors as well as a second-order model that encompassed these five first-order factors. According to these models, representative forms of bullying in Estonian universities included personal insults, work-related blame, professional understating, unreasonable work-related demands, and work-related malpractice. The Academic Bullying Inventory (ABI-10) that was developed is a reliable and valid instrument with which to measure workplace bullying in universities.


In this article, authors introduce the installation technology of the steel cable film structure of the vault of Nanning International Meeting and Exhibition Center.Engineers used a large ultra-high tower crane without anti-wind ropes, which was designed by them, and adopted the symmetry forward-direction subsection installation method with plane partition, vertical segmentation and temporary partial supports. They also used computers to simulate and check construction situations of the steel vault structure in every installation stage.


Molecules NAr3 with planar stereochemistry at N and canted Ar rings can form the intermolecular sixfold aryl embrace (6AE). The presence of 3-methyl groups on the aryl groups enhances the stabilisation of the 6AE, by contributing to the EF motifs which comprise it. Analysis of the crystal packing of four tritolylamines, N,N,N-tris(4-methylphenyl)amine [444TTA], N-(3-methylphenyl)-N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl)amine [344TTA], N,N-bis-(3-methylphenyl)-N-(4-methylphenyl)amine [334TTA] and N,N,N-tris(3-methylphenyl)amine [333TTA], reveals the presence of (333TTA)2 dimers maintained by an excellent 6AE, an unprecedented almost linear chain of repeated 6AE in 334TTA (cryst), and poorly formed embrace motifs in 344TTA (cryst), and 444TTA (cryst). Calculated intermolecular potentials for the actual or possible 6AE embraces formed by 333TTA, 334TTA and 444TTA confirm the stabilisation of the 6AE by 3-methyl groups, and it is estimated that each such methyl group augments the stabilisation of the underlying 6AE embrace by ca 5 kJ mol−1. The dominant dimerisation that occurs in crystalline 333TTA is reflected in the phase change enthalpies for the four isomers. The enthalpy of sublimation of 333TTA (51 kJ mol−1) is ca 45 kJ mol−1 less than the enthalpies of sublimation of 334TTA (97 kJ mol−1), 344TTA (98 kJ mol−1) and 444TTA (93 kJ mol−1), which leads to the hypothesis that (333TTA)2 dimers occur in the gas phase at ambient pressure. Mass spectrometric attempts to detect (333TTA)2(g), as [(333TTA)2]+, were unsuccessful, possibly due to dissociation under high vacuum. The unknown crystal packing of tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl)amine is predicted to be dominated by linear chains of methyl-stabilised 6AE.


Introduction Two scenarios of formation are prevalent in the debate over the origin of deep mantle eclogites. The first proposes that the eclogite protoliths were Proterozoic and Archean oceanic basalts and gabbroic cumulates that were subducted and accreted to the peridotitic bases of the cratons (e.g. MacGregor and Manton, 1986). Alternatively it has been suggested that eclogite is formed beneath cratons in a process that occurs at pressures in excess of 3GPa. This involves accumulation from deep-mantle melts of an anomalous, hyperaluminous pyroxene, followed by exsolution of kyanite, garnet and sometimes silica due to decreasing in temperature (O'Hara and Yoder, 1967).


In this paper the results of the aerosol flux measurements in near water boundary layer are presented. Measurements were conducted using two micrometeorological methods in the southern Baltic Sea region. The preliminary results of comparisons of two methods are discussed. The eddy covariance (EC) method is shown as a method for the calibration of the gradient method (GM). The reason for proceeding with such calibration is to show that the GM, which is an indirect measuring method, is comparable with a direct method such as the EC. In the EC measurements the condensation particle counter (CPC, measuring range 0.05 - 3 m with 1 Hz counting speed) and the Research Anemometer (50 Hz measurement speed) were used. For the GM, a Classical Scattering Aerosol Spectrometer was applied (measuring range from 0.5 to 47 m diameter, within 36 measuring channels). Data from scientific cruises of the r/v Oceania in the southern Baltic Sea between 2008 and 2011 were analyzed.


A novel fluid/gyro-kinetic hybrid model to study drift waves in low-pressure stellarator plasmas is presented. The ion population is modeled with the collisionless gyro-kinetic equation and the electron population is described using fluid equations. The model equations are written in straight-field-line coordinates and are valid for any magnetic configuration with closed, nested magnetic surfaces. The geometrical effects which enter the final eigenmode equations are derived and discussed in some detail. The numerical method used to solve the coupled, time-dependent, along-the-field-line equations is described. The geometrical effects are discussed in some detail. Numerical calculations are carried out for a three-field period toroidal heliac with small global magnetic shear.


Object To probe into the feasibility of golden section method in the filtration of the extraction process of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.Method Through determination of the extraction rate of tanshinone ⅡA and salvianolic acid B,parameters of the extraction technics,including alcohol concentration and temperature,were optimized with the application of golden section method and were validated by Uniform design and Central composite design.Results The best extraction techniques is that to extract 3 times continuously under the temperature of 90℃,each time for 1h,with 10 times of the alcohol whose concentration is 55%;the extraction rate of tanshinone ⅡA and salvianolic acid B is respectively 73.13% and 106.10%.Conclusion Researches on applying golden section method in the extraction of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.is practical,which,meanwhile,can be applied as a new filtration method in the extraction of Chinese herbal drugs.


Technology producers and distribution specialists expect energy storage to resolve the fluctuations in energy supply caused by solar and unstable wind power. Techniques are in continuous improvement, the research and technological development provides innovative solutions for fixing the variations, and the system operators integrate new technologies into the network. Despite all mentioned, the massive integration of the bank technologies has not found exploitation in Estonia. In addition to solving fluctuation issues, energy storage is preferable in places where new small power plants or other renewable systems require new line construction. Unfortunately, in this situation, a connection to the network becomes expensive. Therefore, the stand-alone storage with a generator is a less expensive solution for the new consumer or producer. Currently, Distributed System Operator Elektrilevi already has one technological solution for the described case as an off-grid solution in isolated and remote locations. Still, in some urban places exist buildings with very high electricity consumption, where any changes may cause more expenses.This paper provides four scenarios for a residential building with a veto for ten years on making any changes in agreement with service providers and the existing system, where power is used for heat and water heating. The craftily, but at the same time, legally composed service providing contract leads to annual high electricity bills. The solution for the building is found and represented in the current study.


The effect of the electromagnetic environment on Coulomb blockade devices can be estimated through a simple horizon model where the interaction length is determined by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The advantage of this horizon model can be demonstrated in a device with two tunnel junctions in parallel where a cutoff voltage related to physical dimensions is observed. This model also explains the characteristics of single junctions and single-electron tunneling (SET) transistors. Several Al/AlO${}_{x}$/Al devices of various geometries were measured and the effective Coulomb barrier has been investigated through the offset voltage defined as ${V}_{\mathrm{off}}\ensuremath{\equiv}V\ensuremath{-}IdV/dI$. We have also used ${V}_{\mathrm{off}}$ to determine the capacitances of SET transistors, from which we determined microstrip capacitance as a function of island size.


Endless polarisation control with a LiNbO/sub 3/ device consisting of two optical retarders has been tested in a heterodyne transmission experiment. For simulation of polarisation fluctuations, the temperature of a 12 km fibre has been varied from -10 degrees C to 60 degrees C.


A Study on Stress and Blood Stasis Pattern for 55 Uterine Myoma, Adenomyosis, Endometriosis Patients Jun-Young Cho, Chang-Hoon Lee, Jung-Hoon Cho, Jun-Bock Jang, Kyung-Sub Lee, Jin-Moo Lee Dept. of Oriental Gynecology, college of Oriental Medicine, Kyung-Hee University Purpose: The purpose of this study is to know stress and blood stasis pattern for the patients who had hysterectomy related with uterine myoma, adenomyosis, endometriosis. Methods: We got questionnaires from 55 patients among 243 patients who had hysterectomy related with uterine myoma, adenomyosis, endometriosis in the department of obstetrics and gynecology, OO medical center from April 11th 2010 to October 14th 2010, and analyzed them. We conducted correlation analysis between age, pain(VAS), duration of pain and blood stasis score, and between duration of pain, blood stasis score and the sum of Stress Response Index. We compared the sum of Stress Response Index, blood stasis score, VAS according to the result of pathology. For statistics, we used Pearson's correlation coefficient, Mann-Whitney test, oneway analysis of variances(ANOVA) and SPSS version 17.0 for windows. Results: The correlation between duration of pain and blood stasis score showed statistical significance. The correlation between sum of the Stress Response Index and blood stasis score showed statistical significance. There is no statistically correlation between age, VAS, duration of the pain and blood stasis score. There is no statistically significant difference in sum of Stress Response Index, blood stasis score, VAS according to the result of pathology. Conclusion: The result showed that Stress is related with static blood, and the longer patients suffer from pain, the easier patients' blood to be static. Further study will be needed.


The study was made on sludge samples taken from tanks used to store kerosene-type fuel at al-Dura refinery station, results of this study indicate the following: 1) Sludge is caused by bacteria & products resulting from bacterial metabolic activity. 2) The kerosene-type fuel & the additives (corrosion & gum inhibitors) approved to be used in fuel, are not bactericidal agents, but, the fuel & the additives themselves were found to be nutritive for bacteria. 3) A 1.5-2% concentration of sodium tetraborate or a 2% concentration of potassium tetraborate in water bottoms of the fuel storage tanks can produce bactericidal conditions within the tank.


FIELD: information technologies. SUBSTANCE: invention discloses various methods and systems to determine speeds of data transfer along return channel in multi-user communication system. For instance, a device is disclosed to control speed of data transfer of at least the first user equipment in multi-user communication system. Device may contain device of channel assessment, arranged with the possibility to determine estimates of channel for multiple various signals in return channel, in order to receive multiple estimates of channel, demodulation device, arranged with the possibility to determine the first signal/noise ratio for the first user equipment with application of multiple various estimates of channel, and device to determine speed of data transfer, arranged with the possibility to determine the first speed of data transfer in return channel for the first user equipment with application of the first signal/noise ratio. EFFECT: improved accuracy of information transfer. 29 cl, 4 dwg


Emerging non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies offer unique advantages in energy efficiency, latency, and features such as computing-in-memory. Consequently, emerging NVM technologies are considered an ideal substrate for computation and storage in future-generation neuromorphic platforms. These technologies need to be evaluated for fundamental reliability and security issues. In this paper, we present NeuroHammer, a security threat in ReRAM crossbars caused by thermal crosstalk between memory cells. We demonstrate that bit-flips can be deliberately induced in ReRAM devices in a crossbar by systematically writing adjacent memory cells. A simulation flow is developed to evaluate NeuroHammer and the impact of physical parameters on the effectiveness of the attack. Finally, we discuss the security implications in the context of possible attack scenarios.


The success of a company is determined by its marketing success, meaning that every company, before distributing its products, first thinks about access to marketing so that it can be distributed smoothly, because if this is not the case, it will certainly face difficulties when the products are marketed/distributed. This study aims to determine whether there is a smooth relationship between product distribution and consumer loyalty at PT. Putra Ali Sentosa (PAS) Pondok Batu, Central Tapanuli Regency.                    From the calculation of the research instrument, the results obtained between the variables X and Y for each item are declared valid and reliable because the total corrected item value is greater than the critical r value (0.30). And the Cronbach Alpha value is above 0.60. From the normality test, all of them show that the distribution of the data does not violate the normality assumption, namely the histogram diagram is in the shape of a bell and the data distribution is close to the diagonal line in the normal curve of the P-P Plot. There is a positive relationship between smooth distribution and consumer loyalty which can be proven by calculating the correlation coefficient with a strong correlation of = 0.764. From the calculation of the equation of the linear regression line, variable X and variable Y are: Y = 11.577 + 0.810 X. This means that the effect of the dependent variable (consumer loyalty) is determined by the independent variable (smoothness of distribution) with a regression coefficient of 0.810. From the calculation of the coefficient of determination, a figure of 58.4% is obtained, and the remaining 41.6% is determined by other variables not discussed in this study, such as product quality, service quality, product price and other variables. From the hypothesis testing carried out and by comparing the calculated t value with the t table value, it is found that the calculated t value is greater than t table (9.102 > 2.001) this means that the hypothesis accepted is the alternative hypothesis (Ha)


Recent years, a water temperature rise of Lake Biwa is pointed out by global warming. From the viewpoint of water atmosphere, maintenance of ecological system, I think about the water of Lake Biwa and investigation about inside current with being essential. I do fundamental disputation to observe water temperature with acoustic tomography. I showed resultant of acoustic velocity measurement in Lake Biwa. In acoustic velocity conversion formula of Del Grosso, I confirmed the gravitation which agreed with 0 (PSU) done account value and observation data by salinity density.


A previous gauge-invariant gyrokinetic equation based on an approximate canonical Hamiltonian coordinate system is extended to an exact canonical Hamiltonian coordinate system with the time scale well separated. By using this formalism a new orbit-averaged gyrokinetic equation, which is valid for both trapped and passing particles, is established.


Solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation is a primary energy input to the Mars atmosphere, causing ionization and driving photochemical processes above approximately 100 km. Because solar EUV radiation varies with wavelength and time, measurements must be spectrally resolved to accurately quantify its impact on the Mars atmosphere. The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) EUV Monitor (EUVM) measures solar EUV irradiance incident on the Mars atmosphere in three bands. These three bands drive a spectral irradiance variability model called the Flare Irradiance Spectral Model (FISM)‐Mars (FISM‐M) which is an iteration of the FISM model by Chamberlin et al. (2007, 2008) for spectral irradiance at Earth. In this paper, we report the algorithms used to derive FISM‐M and its associated uncertainties, focusing on differences from the original FISM. FISM‐M spectrally resolves the solar EUV irradiance at Mars from 0.5 to 189.5 nm at 1min cadence, and 0.1 nm resolution in the 6–106 nm range or 1 nm resolution otherwise. FISM‐M is suitable for both daily average and flaring spectral irradiance estimates and is based on the linear association of the broadband EUVM measurements with spectral irradiance measurements, including recent high time cadence 0.1 nm resolution measurements from the EUV Variability Experiment (EVE) on the Space Dynamics Observatory (SDO) between 6 and 106 nm. In addition, we present examples of model outputs for EUV irradiance variability due to solar flares, solar rotations, Mars orbit eccentricity, and the solar cycle, between October 2015 and November 2016.


A 56-year-old woman presented in 1973 with hyperthyroidism and partial anterior pituitary insufficiency. Three years before she had undergone pituitary irradiation for acromegaly and hyperthyroidism, the latter was attributed at the time to excessive TSH secretion because of elevations in plasma TSH. During the present 11/2 years of observation, TSH levels were appropriately low and did not respond to iv TRH when the patient was hyperthyroid. Moreover, they did not rise during treatment, even as the patient became borderline hypothyroid. It is concluded that hyperthyroidism probably has always been due to Graves' disease.


This article describes the construction of the new 24km outer ring road bypassing the Swedish city of Malmo. It will relieve pressure on the existing inner ring road, and route traffic direct to the Oresund Fixed Link with Denmark. 65 bridges will have been built by the time in 2000 when construction is completed. The tight deadline for completion required the Swedish engineers to seek new, faster, less expensive bridge construction methods. Unusually, the bridge builders chose to use a falsework system previously not tried in Sweden. The Rapidshor lightweight modular support system, developed and widely used worldwide by the UK company RMD, was chosen, because of its lower construction times and great flexibility and cost-effectiveness. Rapidshor needs fewer components and less equipment weight than comparable systems, and is faster to erect. Its falsework comprises 60mm diameter high-grade galvanised steel vertical members, typically spaced 1.2m, 1.5m, 1.8m, or 2.4m apart. To reduce the height and cost of the falsework, the ground under each bridge is excavated, after the concrete beams and deck have been poured, and the falsework has been removed. Hitherto, RMD has been given contracts to construct ten of the bridges on the outer ring road.


The performances of two localized pulses that have lately attracted attention are compared. The first localized field, the focus wave modes, was recently shown to be causally launchable from flat apertures characterized by having time-dependent radii. It is demonstrated that the second localized field, the X waves, can be also be generated from finite-time dynamic sources. A comparison of the decay patterns of the two wave fields is carried out. It is emphasized that such carrier-free pulses with ultrawide bandwidths can perform differently, even if they are excited by use of apertures with the same dimensions and with initial illumination wave fields of comparable frequency bandwidths. The propagation characteristics of such localized pulsed fields in the near- and far-field regions are studied. Based on an understanding of the spectral depletion of such pulses, a method is suggested to slow the decay rate of the pulses in the far-field region.


We consider joint optimization of cooperative spectrum sensing, channel access and power allocation in an overlay multiband cognitive radio network. A soft-decision cooperative spectrum sensing concept using continuous-valued sensing test statistics is considered, instead of making hard binary decisions as in traditional hypothesis testing spectrum sensing schemes. The channel access decision about whether to access the channel or not is relaxed into allowing the secondary user to access channels with some probability. The sensing decision is made at the secondary base station based on the sensing statistics received from all or a subset of secondary users. This joint optimization problem is aimed at maximizing the secondary users' sum instantaneous throughput while keeping the interference to primary users under a specified threshold. The problem is shown to be a convex optimization problem and the Lagrangian dual method is employed to obtain the optimal solution. Two heuristic algorithms are also proposed to reduce computational complexity. We also discuss an alternative formulation where additionally interference to individual PUs is also constrained. Simulation results show that our soft sensing based algorithm significantly outperforms a traditional hard decision sensing algorithm.


This article examines the impact of income inequality and welfare state context on the extent to which the rich and poor share similar attitudes towards redistribution. It asks whether and how differences in attitudes, particularly those between income groups, are shaped by inequality and redistributive efforts. Based on a multi-level analysis of individual survey data across 47 countries at three points in time, the article shows that such an interaction of individual characteristics and the macro-context indeed matters considerably. While material self-interest, unsurprisingly, explains part of the individual differences, the analysis also shows, for the first time, that both high inequality and strongly redistributive policies divide public opinion along the lines of socioeconomic position. Put differently, while market inequality may be associated with less cohesive attitudes, a highly redistributive welfare state does not seem to foster agreement among the public, either. These findings have important policy implications for advanced welfare states, including a renewed emphasis on 'predistribution' (i.e., policies that influence the primary distribution of income) in order to avoid the scenario of intensified redistributive conflicts.


In the paper,it gathers the correlative qualification for intelligent building industry and explains the intelligent building industry is full of youthful spirity.


Despite their frequent occurrence, intertrochanteric fractures of the femur have received relatively little attention in orthopedic literature. The rather consistent achievement of fracture union from surgical or non-surgical methods of treatment and the rare incidence of avascular necrosis of the femoral head have perhaps resulted in a complacent attitude toward the management of this still common and difficult fracture. Since surgical management became the most accepted method of treatment of intertrochanteric fractures, there has been a general awareness that complications from internal fixation are not uncommon.3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 Failure of the osteosynthesis device to maintain adequate fixation of the fracture fragments has been dealt with primarily by designing stronger appliances. It is doubtful, however, that such devices have altered significantly the morbidity that follows surgical stabilization of the intertrochanteric fractures. Such devices have simply produced fewer mechanical failures, i.e., bending or breaking of the nails. It is unlikely that the more common problem created by migration of the nails out of the neck of the femur and/or into the acctabulum has been appreciably reduced.


An insulation panel and a construction method of a building using the insulation panel are provided to have excellent adiabatic property and soundproofing capacity, to keep the outside not to be burnt, and to be fixed easily by a nail or an anchor. An insulation panel(10) includes a plate type core material(11) used by selecting one of raw timber, plywood, MDF and particle board, a pair of flame retardant insulation boards(12)(12') having flame resistance and including precise bends or rough surface to improve adhesive force, and a pair of noncombustible boards(13)(13') used for protecting the flame retardant insulation boards and keeping the entire outward shape and strength, wherein the insulation boards are attached on two sides of the core material and attaching each noncombustible board to the outside of the insulation boards in order.


Objective To investigate the status of calcium nutritional knowledge,attitude and practice of students in Guangdong Pharmacy College and Guangzhou Art College,and to provide a basis for nutrition education and improvement in calcium nutrition.Methods 561 college students were given questionnaires to test their calcium nutritional knowledge,attitude and practice.Results College students were deficient in calcium nutritional knowledge.Among college students in this study,some unhealthy dietary practice was found.However,they held a positive attitude towards nutrition.They desired to acquire more nutrition knowledge and correct their unhealthy practice to increase calcium intake.Conclusion It is necessary to implement nutrition education.Some measures should be taken to make college students establish healthy dietary behavior.


Fasti Parochiales, I V : being notes on the advowsons andpre-Reformation incumbents of the parishes in the Deanery of Craven. Edited by Norah K. M. Gurney and Sir Charles Clay. (Yorkshire Archaeological Society, Record Series, cxxxiii). Pp. xviii +154+map. Leeds: Yorkshire Archaeological Society, 1971. £2.50. This volume covers the rural deanery of Craven. It was an extensive area based on the upper part of the Aire, Wharf and Ribble valleys with moors and mountains between them. It was thinly inhabited, with only 24 parishes. Inevitably these were of considerable extent, and in a land where settlement was in hamlets, the problem of chapelries was bound to arise. Some had become parochial by the twelfth century, but others continued as chapels, e.g. Bradford. It may have been the remote situation of the deanery which led to practically all the churches—20 of them—being appropriated to monasteries, mostly in Yorkshire. A particularly interesting document shows the inhabitants of Waddington, headed by Sir John Tempest making provision for a chapel with graveyard. The volume follows the pattern of previous volumes of Fasti; after a general introduction on the deanery, each parish is worked out, first the advowson which is followed by a list of incumbents. The names of the editors are a guarantee of the immaculate scholarship of the volume. There could be no better guide to the sources for anyone who undertakes to draw up a list of rectors and vicars for any parish.


Halal prevails a holistic area that covers many aspects, including food, beverages, pharmaceutical and others. Islamic jurisprudence in the sustainability of environment is also falls under the rubric of halal and haram. Nature is a precious blessing bestowed by Allah Almighty for the benefit of humankind. Humans are as caliphs of God are accountable to govern and appropriately manage this world. Nevertheless, as a result of human greed in exploiting natural resources, the environment today is jeopardized with degradation and devastation. This situation urges the comprehensive implementation of sustainable development as the best solution for current and future generations. Sustainable development is not a new concept in Islam, but has existed for the past several centuries as described in the Quran and the As-Sunnah. It was also expended by fuqaha' through their fatwa, judgment, and writing. However, there was limited studies focused on the sustainability from Islamic perspective, in general and based on the classical text of Islamic jurisprudence, in particular. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to identify the application of Islamic principles in sustainable environmental management, according to Kitab Al-Jidar. The elements examined encompass water and wastewater management, waste, sewage, and air quality. This study employs qualitative methods. An in-depth reading is accomplished on Kitab Al- Jidar as the primary resource. The first step is the translation phase of the text, followed by the content analysis method to extract the Islamic principles outlined in the book and glimpse its application for adaptation in the current context. The study found that there are four (4) fundamental principles of sustainable environmental management applied in Kitab Al- Jidar. It covers; a) La Dharar Wa La Dhirar b) Recognizing and respecting the rights of others, 3) Social responsibility, and 4) Objection. The paper concludes that holistic, efficient, and complex sustainable development solutions can be comprehended by fully embracing and adhering to the Islamic principles. It is hoped that this paper will cultivate awareness and a positive impact on the community towards nourishing a sustainable environment according to the Islamic parameters in Malaysia.


In this paper real, reactive power and voltage balance of the UPFC system is analyzed. Two important results related to UPFC control has been obtained. First, it is indicated that the shunt converter provides all the required reactive power during the power flow changes if the UPFC bus voltage is constant. Second, the UPFC bus voltage can be controlled both from the sending side and from the receiving side. Based on the analysis a novel coordination controller is proposed here for a UPFC. The basic control strategy is such that the shunt converter of the UPFC controls the transmission line reactive power flow and the DC link capacitor voltage. The series converter controls the transmission line real power flow and the UPFC bus voltage. The real/reactive power coordination controllers in the UPFC control system can get good performance both during transient and stable conditions. Experimental works have been conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy


Tele-Gesture1) is a tangible user interface(TUI) device that allows a user to physically point to a 3D object in real life and have their gestures play back by a robotic finger that can point to the same object, either at the same time, or at another point in time. To understand the extent of the gestures as new way of digital collaborative communication, collaboration situation and types were experimented as TUI implementations. The design prototype reveals that there is a rich non-verbal component of communication in the form of gesture-clusters and body movements that happen in an digital communication. This result of analysis can contribute to compile relevant contributions to the fields of communication, human behavior, and interaction with high technology through an interpretive social experience.


In this article Bosch explores the parallel development in scientific and gender biography to shed light on the relation between the individual and the collective, the self and society. In the history of science the relational/collective scientific self and the concept of the scientific persona (or mask) were developed in order to gain insight in the co-construction of the individual scientist and the collective scientific enterprise. In gender studies theatrical metaphors came into use to understand collective and relational aspects of (gender) identity formation. Doing or performing science as shown in the cases of Boyle and Harris, and doing or performing gender as shown in the cases of Lady Dilke and Marguerite Durand simultaneously entered the stage of biographical representations of scientists and subjects of feminist inquiries. They inform what can be called the 'new biography'. This study of identity formation investigates self representations and self narrative in a variety of texts from autobiographies to travelogues and house hold accounts to scientific works. It interprets these texts not as unreliable subjective sources but as key texts crucial to comprehend the situated historical subject.


Liquid magnetic abrasive is a late-model surfacing technology.Nowadays,there still exist some problems of stability of the base fluid.For example,after processing,the stability in redispersibility and sedimentation resistance largely decreases.Through experiments,sodium hexametaphosphate and PAA were found to be albe to increase the stability of redispersibility and antisettling,and adding nano-silica increased the antisettling of base fluid,thus improved the redispersibility.


The pressure and temperature conditions for four phases of hydrate, water-rich liquid, hydrocarbon-rich liquid, and vapor were measured for the CH4 + C3H8 + methylcyclohexane + water, CH4 + C3H8 + 2,2-dimethylbutane + water, and simulated natural gas + methylcyclohexane + water systems in the temperature range of (275 to 290) K and in the pressure range of (1.0 to 8.0) MPa. The inhibition effect on the equilibrium conditions of CH4 + C3H8 hydrate and simulated natural gas hydrate was observed by adding methylcyclohexane and 2,2-dimethylbutane in the studied temperature and pressure range. The concentration of methylcyclohexane and 2,2-dimethylbutane was varied in the range of x = (0.003 to 0.034) to investigate the effect of the amount of structure H-forming hydrocarbon in the hydrate equilibrium conditions.


In recent (p, t) experiments, 1) a bump has been observed around 8------9 MeV excitation in Sn isotopes. The authors in Ref. 1) interpreted the bump in terms of deep-lying ('high-lying' in the same meaning) pairing vibration indicated in Fig. 1(a). This interpretation predicts, however, the excitation around 11 MeV of the bump in Sn isotopes, leaving 2------3 MeV discrepancy in excitation energy, since deep-lying onehole state is observed around 5.5 MeV excitation. 2),S) The linear dependence of excitation as to the number of holes is correct even if isospin symmetry of hole states4) is taken into account. Only the difference in pairing correlation between two holes in Fig. 1 (a) and that of the cor-


The availability of new technologies both in the network, where broadband transport facilities are being introduced, and at the customer site where data terminals are providing for more and more intelligence and presentation capabilities, offers an undetermined number of opportunities for the introduction of new telecommunication and information networking services. This becomes most evident when referring to entertainment services, spanning from video on demand to interactive multimedia games, and to personal communication services. This promising perspective is very challenging for current networks. On the one side the functionalities needed to support such services often require specialized hardware and software systems, adding heterogeneity and complexity in the network for both service provisioning and management. On the other side the opening of the telecommunication services markets makes the capability of rapidly deploying innovative services a strategic factor, thus calling for simplicity, homogeneity and modularity. These and other considerations push for the definition of an architecture for telecommunications software for both service and management applications. Since the late eighties the TINA Workshop initiative have gathered contributions of many stakeholders aiming at creating a common foundation for the development of a Telecommunication Information Networking Architecture capable of successfully coping with long term challenge. The consensus degree that has been reached on these themes is now visible when looking at the list of companies, includincg telecom operators, telecom equipment manufacturers and even computer and software manufacturers, that have become members of the TINA Consortium. The paper aims at positioning the LTA activity carried out in ITU-T SG11 WP4 with respect to ongoing international activities in the field, most notably, the TINA Consortium: it discusses a set of general but challenging technical requirements to be fulfilled in the long term and some of the emerging principles and concepts that are candidate for inclusion in the LTA.


Software effort estimation is an essential and important issue in the software industry. Earlier estimation is required by the project managers to allocate resources and time plan the project efficiently. Cost estimation of a project is usually based upon the person days, thus total cost can be calculated by multiplying daily person day rate with the number of persons employed on that project. So, the prediction of cost is totally dependent on effort estimation. Accurate estimation is very important in decision making process for software development. Various models have been proposed for effort estimation and COCOMOII model is one of them. It is a very popular and widely used method for estimating effort and time duration of the project. This model uses four coefficients namely a, b, c, d in its formulae with their predefined values. When these values of coefficients are put into the estimation formulas, they give good results but still far from the real values. To reduce the vagueness of results of estimation formulas, optimization of a, b, c, d coefficients is necessary. That's why various techniques can be superimposed on COCOMOII model to improve its results such as simulation, neural network, genetic algorithm, soft computing, the fuzzy logic modeling, tabu search, simulated annealing etc. In this paper, we are going to study these techniques and try to find out which one is better.


Abstract Cotton genotypes contrasting in time to maturity are supposed to have different dynamics of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), which might impose considerable influence on lint yield. The objective of the study was to determine the difference of C N status in cotton plant due to diverse growth period and its relationship to reproductive output. Two Near-isogenic cotton lines differing in growth period (4003-10 and 4003-6) were employed to investigate the allometry and dynamics of total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) and total N over roots, stems, and leaves, and reproductive biomass in 2017 and 2018. Compared to the later maturing line (LML 4003-6), the earlier maturing line (EML 4003-10) allocated proportionally more TNC to roots at given leaf TNC per plant, and thus recorded greater starch and TNC concentrations in roots, which can account for greater root to shoot ratio at late reproduction stage. Likewise, proportionally more N was allocated to roots at given leaf N content in EML, and in turn resulted in less nitrogen transport to shoots and smaller N uptake efficiency, but greater internal N use efficiency. Root N content per plant during the reproductive period was a key contributor to the reproductive output of EML.


From where he [the consumer] sits, it looks .. . like a case in which public funds and third-party insurancepayments have spawned the civilian equivalent ofthe defense establishment. And no matter how strongly the providers ofmedical care insist that the analogy is spurious, that nobody can, in good conscience, compare what goes on inside a hospital with what happens in a weapons plant, or equate the work of a surgeon with the duties of a battlefield commander, the two industries still look very much alike to the consumer. Both have an apparently insatiable appetitefor money and an enormously well developed talentfor avoiding public accountability and controh.—Senator Abraham Ribicoff with Paul Danaceau [1] Sick people have always had a special place in society. Illness suddenly disturbs their daily routines, throws them out of work, and makes them dependent upon their fellow men and women. Societies have responded to the needs of their sick in many ways. In primitive and archaic times sickness, religion, evil spirits, and magic were often inextricably intertwined, and sometimes disease was even regarded as a punishment for wrongdoing. Today countries the world over discuss the care of their sick in terms of science, doctors, facilities, and millions and even billions of dollars. But as man and society developed, physicians, surgeons, psychiatrists, clinics, hospitals, and research laboratories emerged for prevention, treatment, and investigation of disease. As health resources multiplied and became more complex, societies pari passu developed laws, statutes, codes, and voluntary agreements to protect their members from misuse of physician's powers and privileges. A practitioner's liabilities for his actions were recognized, even as these were for architects, bridge builders, shipwrights, lawyers, and a variety of other public servants as well. Of special interest to medicine is the direction taken by these primitive statutes and codes; they have always been more concerned with the activities of surgeons than with those of physicians. It seemed more important that the highly visible manual and intellectual dexterities of


Aim T0901317 is a synthetic liver X receptor(LXR) agonist.This study was to investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of T0901317 on proinflammatory cytokine release from lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced THP-1 macrophages.Methods Human THP-1 macrophages were induced using phorbol-12-myristate acetate(PMA,160 nmol/L) for 24 h,then cells were divided into four groups: control group,LPS group,T0901317 group and LPS+T0901317 group.Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines,including tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6) and interleukin-1β(IL-1β) was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The siRNAs for ATP-binding cassette transporter A1(ABCA1) were transfected into THP-1 macrophages by positive ion liposome LipofectamineTM2000.The mRNA expression of ABCA1,ABCG1 and Toll like receptor 4(TLR4) were examined by real-time PCR analysis.The proteins expression of ABCA1,ABCG1,TLR4 and nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB) p65 were examined by We-stern blot.Results T0901317 inhibited the release of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1β induced by LPS,and promoted the expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 on THP-1 macrophages.Transfection of ABCA1 siRNA significantly decreased the of expression ABCA1 protein and weakened the effect of T0901317 on the LPS-stimulated inflammatory response.Furthermore,T0901317 repressed the expression of TLR4 and the translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus.Conclusions T0901317 inhibited the release of inflammatory cytokine that induced by LPS,and the mechanisms may be related to promotion of membrane transporter ABCA1 expression and inhibition of membrane receptors TLR4 and the transcription factor NF-κB expression.


Insecure and discontinued work has spread significantly in France and in other developed industrialized countries over the last thirty years. A significant number of employees are experiencing precarious employment, for lack of finding a secure job which remains a strong social norm in France. This situation of imposed insecurity is to be found in particular in temporary employment and concerns two million employees in France, predominantly low-skilled or unskilled young people. Many studies tend to show that low-skilled contingent workers accept their situation very passively, having no real means to do anything about it, waiting for the situation to improve. On the other hand, in contrast, one can find the description of self-willed, better skilled, mobile workers who implement strategies including chosen mobility to develop their employability, helped by their independence and their ability to diversify their competencies. In spite of the relevance of this dichotomy that enables us to characterize two typical situations, it has a downside which is to assume that involuntary contingent workers have almost no room at all for maneuver.We have tried to understand to what extent low-skilled, involuntary contingent workers get organized to make do with and face up to their difficulties. We then tried to distinguish how they reacted, the strategies and the tactics they adopted to put up with their situation, and if need be, how they tried hard to turn it around to their benefit.We carried out a field survey in the Paris area among 16 temporary work agencies belonging to three large temporary work companies and an SME in the sector to collect data that would enable us to know more about the subject. Resorting to semi-directive interviews, in situ observations, and questionnaires put to temporary workers as well as to the permanent employees of the agencies that employed them, we identified three types of response to the constraint on the part of low-skilled workers. The first type of response was adjustment, and corresponded to constructive acceptance of the situation the worker was confronted with, by trying to optimize the conditions in which it was experienced; the objective was to force the constraint to find a way out. The worker displayed conspicuous good will, as well as permanent cooperation with the agency during his assignment to serve this adjustment, aimed at showing that he was a good and reliable contingent worker even if his main objective was to become a good stable employee. The second type of response was resilience and consisted in doing everything in order not to give up in the face of difficulties, acting with a view to attempting to access stable employment which was the permanent hope. The worker tried to respond to the constraint so as to create an opportunity for development. This posture often involved a twofold refusal of being victimized as a contingent worker on the one hand, and being trapped in this status on the other. This translated into asserting the reasons for and objectives of resorting to temporary work presented as a moment in one's career that was accepted if not really chosen, and during which the worker refused to be the victim of circumstances. This positive re-interpretation led to the adoption of active individual tactics.The third type of response was resignation and defined the position of those who felt unable to react to the constraint imposed on them and which generated a lot of suffering. The wide gap between the stable employment they aspired to and the durable job insecurity they suffered put these workers in front of a gap between expectations that could only be coped with by being on the defensive. This frequently led, often after many years, to a passive approach similar to a descent into despair.In quite a few cases, we noticed a scenario in which the three attitudes appeared successively: adjustment, which often characterized the first phase, was followed by a phase of resilience during which the worker tried to get organized so as to hold out without suffering too much, followed by resignation when the time spent in contingent work lasted and generated the feeling that one was trapped within precariousness, from which one increasingly felt unable to escape. However, this succession did not take place systematically in this order; neither did it affect all the career paths of the contingent workers studied.Available professional capital (experiences, acquired experience) and social capital (support, know-how) as well as socio-demographic (age, ethnic origin) and family (parents, spouses able or not to provide emotional and material support) characteristics were elements that were often correlated with the level of reactivity and, in particular, the ability to avoid falling into depression. There again, however, it was difficult to establish very recurrent causality linksOn the other hand, however, it appeared possible to assert that the duration of contingent work suffered and the fact of being stuck in a position which one hoped would be temporary gradually atrophied the ability of many actors to act with a minimum of room for maneuver and often reduced them to being less efficient agents before sometimes turning them into agents in search of collective reasons that accounted for their situation and their helplessness in escaping from it.


The primary objective of this project was to evaluate the utility of a device called the {open_quotes}beach cone{close_quotes} in combating coastal erosion. Seven initial sites were selected for testing beach cones in a variety of geometric configurations. Permits were obtained from the State of Louisiana and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to perform the work associated with this study. Six hundred beach cones were actually installed at six of the sites in late July and early August, 1992. Findings indicate that beach cones accreted significant amounts of materials along the beach of a barrier island, and they might have been instrumental in repairing an approximately 200 meter gap in the island. At the eighth installation the amount of accreted material was measured by surveys to be 2200 cubic meters (2900 cubic yards) in February of 1993, when the cones were found to have been completely covered by the material. At other test sites, accretion rates have been less dramatic but importantly, no significant additional erosion has occurred, which is a positive result. The cost of sediment accretion using beach cones was found to be about $13.72 per cubic yard, which would be much lower if the cones were mass produced (on the order of $3.00 per cubic yard). The survival of the cones through the fringes of Hurricane Andrew indicates that they can be anchored sufficiently to survive significant storms. The measurements of the cones settling rates indicate that this effect is not significant enough to hinder their effectiveness. A subcontract to Xavier University to assess the ecological quality of the experimental sites involved the study of the biogeochemical cycle of trace metals. The highest concentration of heavy metals were near a fishing camp while the lowest levels were in the beach sand of a barrier island. This suggests that the metals do not occur naturally in these areas, but have been placed in the sediments by man`s activities.


Health is not merely absence of disease or informity, it is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Infact, health is dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment. A commission on medical geography was made by international Geographical Union (IGU) and its report was discussed at IGU congress in Washington in 1952. Since then the analysis of health and disease through man-environment relationships has attracted the attention of geographers to work in medical geography. In this context, present article seeks to analyse the development, purpose and field of medical geography. It also attempts to analyse environmental control of disease and susceptibility and prospects of medical geography in Nepal. Finally, it concludes that geographers can make major contributions to help reduce suffering of human health and increasing longevity if they are able to establish causal links between specific disease and environment. The Geographical Journal of Nepal , Vol. 7, 2009: 33-40


The spectrum of copper has been observed on 10.7 m normal incidence and 10.7 m grazing incidence spectrographs at the National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., using a sliding spark source. In Cu V the ground state multiplet 3d74F and the low lying multiplets 3d6(5D)4p6P0, 4F0, and 4D0 have been determined. In Cu VI the ground state multiplet 3d65D and the low lying multiplets 3d5(6S)4p5P0, 3d5(4P)4p5P0, and 3d5(4D)4p5D0 have been determined. Twenty-three lines have been classified in Cu V and 29 lines have been classified in Cu VI. Predictions for the intervals in the ground state multiplets 3d74F in the spectra of Zn VI and Ga VII and 3d65D in the spectra of Zn VII and Ga VIII are given.


I treat Riemann hypothesis as a series and proved it. Up to now, I have tried to expand this equation and prove Riemann hypothesis with the equation of cos, sin, but the proof was impossible. However, I realized that a simple formula before expansion can prove it.


Albumin‐encapsulated microbubbles (3‐μm median diam) suspended in a 5% bovine albumin solution, or in canine urine or whole blood were subjected to 1‐s acoustic pulses with pressure amplitudes of up to 4 bars and frequency sweeps between 1 and 10 MHz. Experimental measurements indicated a differential increase in the frequency‐dependent backscatter and attenuation when the frequency within the pulse decreased with time (referred to as a ''prich'') rather than increased (''chirp''). The decreasing frequency of the prich pulse would more closely follow the resonance frequency of bubbles being grown by rectified diffusion and is thus a possible explanation for the dependence of scattering and attenuation on the frequency sweep direction. Rectified diffusion theory suggests an optimum frequency modulation for maximum bubble growth. A theoretical investigation is presented which examines the effects of the bubble size distribution, rectified diffusion, radiation pressure, and other parameters on the acoustic b...


This illustrated booklet gives details of the improvements to London Transport bus and underground services achieved under the control of the GLC between 1970 and June 1984. These include: simpler and cheaper fares; newer trains and buses; more reliable services; new underground lines and new initiatives to meet the needs of the elderly and disabled. It is suggested that much of this would be at risk under the new form of government control. (TRRL)


We present and discuss spectra of 7 poorly-studied Be stars and of one Luminous Blue Variable (AG Car), and give equivalent widths and radial velocities of selected spectral lines.


During the 20th century and into the 21st, Russia has undergone considerable social, economic, political, and demographic changes which have had enormous impacts on levels and patterns of international migration. Over this period, Russia has been part of the Tsarist empire, the Soviet Union, and, since 1992, an independent state. Since the 19th century, there have been considerable boundary changes to the Russian state both influenced by and impacting international migration. These boundary changes make tracking and describing international migration a challenge. International migration is typically defined as movement across an international border – but a person can also become an international migrant by virtue of the border moving, and there are certainly many examples of this in the case of Russia.

Keywords:

immigration;
socialism;
ideology;
social policy;
Asia;
political economy


The NASA Space Life Sciences Training Program (SLSTP) is designed to provide qualified young scientists and engineers to meet the future needs of life sciences research and operations in the Space Program. The SLSTP provides six weeks of intensive training at the Kennedy Space Center to some of the nations top undergraduates and offers an introduction to and hands-on experience in areas of current and future interest to NASA life sciences. The curriculum is composed of lec tures, discussions, and laboratory projects with emphasis on analytical thinking, team work, experi ment flow, payload processing, and the unique aspects of the space environment. Lectures are presented by top scientists, engineers, and administrators from all areas of the country. Lecture topics cover the history of the Space Program, current life science issues, future research directions and descriptions of the major space vehicles, support hardware, and equipment. The laboratory projects utilize real research situations where possible, often supporting upcoming Shuttle flight experiments, and demonstrate safety and timeline constraints as well as allowing for team interac tions. Formal and informal discussion sessions encourage analytical thinking and connect theory to practice. The SLSTP is now in its sixth year of operation and already appears to be having a significant impact on academic and career choices of tomorrow's scientists and engineers. A Challenging Problem In the near future NASA, and the Space Program in general, will potentially face a crisis of unprec edented magnitude. In a period when bold new endeavours in space are planned, a severe shortage of technically qualified and experienced scientists and engineers to meet the needs of the Space Program can be predicted. The number of scientists and engineers actively working in the Space Program has dramatically decreased since the end of the Apollo era. This fact is reflected in figure 1 which shows the number and age distribution of NASA's civil service scientists and engineers over the past twenty-one years. Furthermore, many of those engineers and scientists that have remained are now close to retirement. Approximately 40% of NASA's current work-force of sci entists and engineers are expected to retire within the next 5 to 10 years. This same trend is believed to be observable in many of NASA's support contractors, as well. If this trend continues, the expected shortage of qualified personnel will greatly slow progress. A recent report published by the National Space Society (Forman, 1990) also points out that as new people are hired to fill die future's expected growing demand, a communication and manage ment problem may develop. A bimodal distribution of scientists and engineers is developing. This distribution creates a gap between the recently hired young work-force and the now aged work force of the Apollo era. This gap is clearly evident in figure 1 in the data presented for the work force between 1985 and 1989. Newly hired young scientists and engineers are distantly removed from much of the remaining senior staff in age and experience. This age gap between current senior management and may result in a disjunction making the transfer of knowledge from the work-force of the Apollo era to the work-force of the Space Station and Lunar Base era a difficult task. Failure to adequately transfer the knowledge and experience of the experienced work-force could lead to the need to "reinvent the wheel" and the repetition of costly and sometimes tragic mistakes made in the past. The longer the wait to bring in new, young scientists and engineers, the smaller, the number of experienced scientists and engineers will become and, therefore, the more difficult the transfer of information. Furthermore, this problem will create further difficulties as senior management retire. NASA will be forced to promote very young scientists and engineers


We examine the association between economic development and two measures of public spending on education: the "national effort" (public spending on education as a proportion of GDP) and "budget share" (public spending on education as a proportion of total government spending). Using panel data for a large sample of countries from 1989 to 2015, we compare mean levels of national effort and budget share measures for economically and politically distinct groups of countries. We find that economically more developed (richer) countries are character - ised by a higher national effort and a lower budget share than less economically developed countries. This implies that richer countries, on average, have larger public sectors than poorer countries, consistent with Wagner's law and Baumol's "cost disease" hypothesis.


The arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic and its disruption of post-secondary education turned future planning for online courses into an immediate reality. Given the in-person limitations, courses centred on experiential learning (EL) opportunities were challenging to offer without their curricula undergoing extensive reconsideration. This article highlights how two Italian Studies courses at the University of Toronto (U of T) and University of Toronto Mississauga (UTM), known for their in-person EL opportunities and study abroad, were able to provide highly interactive, global learning spaces online through the deployment of digital technologies and inclusion of redesigned high-impact practices (HIPs). What emerged from these new virtual spaces and adjacent components (e.g. virtual lectures, tours, workshops, assessments) were models for the preservation of academic integrity, frequent peer-to-peer interaction, and innovative ways to put learners into direct contact with Italian culture. Drawing from these successes and from current scholarship in teaching and learning, the courses at the centre of this article – Modern Italian Culture (ITA358/9Y0, U of T) and Italian Culture through Food (ITA235H5, UTM) – are presented as case studies which champion the inclusion of digital learning tools, open access and virtual opportunities across humanities curricula, regardless of delivery mode.


To figure out conserved genes in 66 microbial species and measuring the degree of conservation, analyses based on COG (Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins) algorithm were applied. Sixty-six microbial genomes, including three eukaryotes, hold 63 conserved orthologs in common. The majority of the conserved genes was related to translation, meaning the importance of protein in living creatures. Ribosomal protein S12 (COG0048) and L14 (COG0093) were more conserved genes than others from the distance value analysis. Phylogenetically related microbes grouped in genome analysis by average and standard deviation of 63 conserved genes. The 63 conserved genes, found in this research, would be useful in basic research and applied ones such as antibiotic development.


This study examined the impact of gender on persuasive communication, considering the gender of both speaker and listener, and comparing the self-expectations and evaluations of the speakers before and after their communicative exchanges. Findings revealed that females expressed less confidence than males concerning their ability to communicate their arguments persuasively, even though trained communication raters indicated that both genders performed equally well. Subjects varied in their expressed self-confidence, however, depending upon whether they were addressing their arguments to a male or a female. In addition, males rated their communicative "performances" more positively than did females. In attributing their perceived success to various factors, men were more likely to acknowledge their natural communication ability than were women, while women were more inclined than men to point to their effort as the cause of their success. Finally, male and female subjects differed from each other in the way they argued, with males being more inclined to present criterion-based arguments and women more likely to invent their own. Again, both genders tended to use different types of arguments, depending upon the gender of the listener. Several issues raised by the study, especially the gender differences in argument type and the apparent gender-based audience assumptions, warrant further study.


Debris disks can be seen as the left-overs of giant planet formation and the possible nurseries of rocky planets. While M-type stars out-number more massive stars we know very little about the time evolution of their circumstellar disks at ages older than $\sim 10$\,Myr. Sub-millimeter observations are best to provide first order estimates of the available mass reservoir and thus better constrain the evolution of such disks. Here, we present ALMA Cycle\,3 Band\,7 observations of the debris disk around the M2 star TWA\,7, which had been postulated to harbor two spatially separated dust belts, based on unresolved far-infrared and sub-millimeter data. We show that most of the emission at wavelengths longer than $\sim 300$\,$\mu$m is in fact arising from a contaminant source, most likely a sub-mm galaxy, located at about 6.6" East of TWA\,7 (in 2016). Fortunately, the high resolution of our ALMA data allows us to disentangle the contaminant emission from that of the disc and report a significant detection of the disk in the sub-millimeter for the first time with a flux density of 2.1$\pm$0.4 mJy at 870 $\mu$m. With this detection, we show that the SED can be reproduced with a single dust belt.


Metabolites of the mevalonate pathway provide energy, modify critical molecules, and even act as agonists for T cells. T lymphocyte functions, such as cytokine production, appear to require a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis. Whereas glycolysis and the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle in lymphocytes are well studied, less attention is paid to the requirements for lipid biosynthesis in the mevalonate pathway. This review, which contains 4 figures and 88 references, discusses how activated T cells rapidly process glucose and funnel acetyl-coenzyme A into mevalonate metabolism and shows that mevalonate metabolites serve quite different purposes in T lymphocyte biology. One important branch of the mevalonate pathway leads to cholesterol, an essential membrane component, and then to the synthesis of steroid hormones, which regulate T cell function. Intermediates of the mevalonate pathway can be attached to proteins and serve as membrane anchors. Finally, several mevalonate metabolites even act as agonists of unconventional T cells, suggesting that immune surveillance of this metabolic pathway occurs. Whereas resting T cells, which have low metabolic requirements, use oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to maximize their generation of ATP, activated T cells, similar to tumor cells, shift metabolic activity to aerobic glycolysis, which also fuels mevalonate metabolism. Both sterol and nonsterol derivatives of mevalonate affect T cell function. The intracellular availability of sterols, which is dynamically regulated by different classes of transcription factors, represents a metabolic checkpoint that modulates T cell responses. The electron carrier ubiquinone, which is modified with an isoprenoid membrane anchor, plays a pivotal role in OXPHOS, which supports the proliferation of T cells. Isoprenylation also mediates the plasma membrane attachment of the Ras, Rho, and Rab guanosine triphosphatases, which are involved in T cell immunological synapse formation, migration, proliferation, and cytotoxic effector responses. Finally, multiple phosphorylated mevalonate derivatives can act as danger signals for innate-like γδ T cells, thus contributing to the immune surveillance of stress, pathogens, and tumors. We highlight the importance of the mevalonate pathway in the metabolic reprogramming of effector and regulatory T cells.


Venetoclax (Venclexta™) is a selective, small-molecule inhibitor of the pro-survival B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) proteins. Thereby, venetoclax triggers mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation and activates caspases. These mechanisms restore the apoptotic ability of malignant cells. Currently, venetoclax is not yet approved in Europe, but it received orphan designation in February 2016 for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia patients, who are older than 65 years and who cannot receive standard treatment. In April 2016, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licensed venetoclax for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) patients with del(17p), as determined by a FDA-approved test (Vysis CLL FISH probe kit) and who have received at least one prior therapy. This approval was based on the interim analysis of a single-arm, phase II study (M13-982). In this trial, 107 CLL patients were enrolled to receive a 400 mg daily dose of venetoclax with a priori weekly dose ramp-up schedule over 4–5 weeks. The primary outcome of the study was the proportion of patients achieving an overall response (OR), assessed by an independent review committee. 85 (79.4%, CI 70.5–86.6) patients of the per-protocol population achieved an OR; of whom 8 (8%) patients showed a complete remission (CR) or a CR with incomplete blood recovery of blood counts. Median overall survival (OS), median progression-free survival (PFS) as well as the median duration of overall response (DOR) had not been reached at the time of interim analysis. In regard to safety outcomes, 65% of the per-protocol population experienced treatment-related grade 3–4 AEs (most frequent: neutropenia, infection, anaemia, and thrombocytopenia), another 11% of patients had grade 5 AEs and 17% of patients had died in the study. Venetoclax might be a treatment option for relapsed or refractory CLL patients with del(17p) as it has not been agreed upon any standard care for this indication. Nevertheless, a randomised controlled trial (RCT) will be necessary to compare safety and efficacy outcomes in order to enable the interpretation of the actual treatment effect. In addition, mature data is needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of venetoclax, also in regard with long-term effects and potential resistant mechanisms.


OBJECT
Spinal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are classified into types according to anatomical characteristics: dural arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs), intramedullary AVMs, perimedullary AVFs, and extradural AVFs. Spinal extradural AVFs are much rarer than other types of spinal AVMs, and the available literature on this clinical entity has been based only on case reports or small case series. To investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with spinal extradural AVFs, the authors systematically reviewed the associated literature in the MRI era.

METHODS
The PubMed database was searched for all relevant English-language case reports and case series published from 1990 to 2011. The clinical differences between Type A with and Type B without intradural venous drainage were statistically compared, especially regarding clinical features and angiographic and MRI findings.

RESULTS
Forty-five cases of spinal extradural AVFs were found. Type A spinal extradural AVFs were diagnosed in patients with a significantly older age (mean 63.5 years) as compared with Type B AVFs (mean 34.3 years, p < 0.0001). Most cases of Type A spinal extradural AVFs exhibited a diffuse high signal intensity of the spinal cord on T2-weighted MR images and no mass effect (p < 0.0001), and they commonly occurred in the thoracolumbar and lumbar regions (p < 0.0001). On the other hand, cases of Type B lesions exhibited a normal signal intensity of the cord with severe mass effect due to an enlarged extradural venous plexus, and they commonly occurred in the cervical and upper thoracic regions (p < 0.0001), frequently in patients with neurofibromatosis Type 1 (p = 0.049). Because Type B AVFs consisted of high-flow, multiple complex anastomoses between arteries and the epidural venous plexus, patients with these lesions tended to undergo multisession treatments, and the rate of partial AVF occlusion was significantly higher than for Type A AVFs (p = 0.018), although there was no difference in symptom outcomes between the 2 groups.

CONCLUSIONS
To the best of the authors' knowledge, a comparative analysis of the clinical differences in patients with extradural AVFs with or without intradural venous drainage has yet to be described in the literature. They concluded that in the diagnosis of spinal extradural AVF, evaluation of intradural venous drainage is important because the cause of myelopathy determines the treatment goals.


Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) causes mortality on 30% of patients with liver cirrhosis. Early recognition on precipitating factors of HE and well treatment can prevent high mortality rate. This cross sectional study aims to determine the precipitating factors and the outcome in liver cirrhosis from EH patients' medical records over a period of January to December 2013. The subjects of this research were 36 patients of liver cirrhosis, 28 males and 8 females, average age was 55,3+11,69 years. 1 patient (3%) had grade II, while 12 patients (33%) and 23 patients (64%) had grade III and IV respectively with Hepatitis B was the main causes of liver cirrhosis as in 15 patients (41,7%). In a sequence, the common precipitations of HE to the least were gastrointestinal bleeding in 22 patients (61,1%), infections in 18 patients (50%), dehydration in 16 patients (44,4%), hyponatremia in 15 patients (41,7%), hypokalemia in 10 patients (27,8%) and constipation in 7 patients (19,4%). There were 28 patients (78%) who had two or more precipitating factors. A total of 9 patients (25%) had improved and 27 patients (75%) died. Statistically chi-square analysis showed no correlation between gastrointestinal bleeding and outcome (p=0,23) and no correlation between cumulative precipitating factors and mortality (p=0,38). The prevalence ratio between 1 precipitation factor with 2 precipitation factors towards death was 0,429; IK 95%; 0,2-10, between 1 precipitation factor with 3 factors was 0,1; IK 95%, 0,1-17,1, between 1 precipitation factor with 4 factors was 0,5; KI 95%, 01-22,6. This study shows that the most common precipitating factor of HE is gastrointestinal bleeding. The high mortality rate of hospital outcome is caused by multi precipitating factors.


Evaluation of. Ototoxicity of a new Aminoglycoside Antibiotic Habekacin using Rabbits K. Ohtsuki*, I. Ohtani*, T. Aikawa*, Y. Sato*, T. Anzai**, J. Ouchi* and T. Nakayoshi** * Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fukushima Medical College. ** Pharmaceutical Development Laboratories, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd. The ototoxicity of habekacin (HBK) was compared with that of amikacin (AMK) using white rabbits with electrodes permanently implanted in the round windows. The animals were given doses of 40 or 60mg/kg/day of the drugs intramuscularly or intravenously consecutively for six days, then a one day intermission for a period of five weeks. The daily changes of cochlear microphonics at intensities of 80, 90 and 100 dB at frequencies of 2, 8 and 15KHz were measured, and on the 12th day after the last injection all animals were prepared for histopathological studies of the inner ears. The electrophysiological and histopathological findings showed that the ototoxicity of HBK was much less than that of AMK.


Edward Martin (1879–1967) had both an exemplary military career and a very successful political career in Pennsylvania. Seventy-nine scrapbooks detailing his life are included within his papers at the Pennsylvania State Archives. Martin's World War I career is discussed along with examples of images from his scrapbooks.


In an image display device suitable for receiving and processing an incoming video signal which contains horizontally scanned picture information and for the reproduction of images which are composed of frames each formed a number of lines, a scanning unit for generating line scanning signals and frame for the formation of lines and frames is adapted to the scanning lines in the vertical direction, a number of lines forming a vertical frame and the vertical line frequency being many times, at least 200, greater than the horizontal field frequency. A video signal processing block for processing of the present image information in the video signal contains a scanning direction converting circuit for receiving the picture information and for sequentially assigning information to image points of the vertically scanned lines.


Due to immense application scenarios emerged by underwater communication, the researchers have shown their ardent interest in this field. Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) provides a promising approach for realism of such type of applications such as pollution monitoring, data agglomeration, natural calamities prediction, etc. In UWSN, sensor nodes are deployed at a number of different points of depths based upon the application requirements. Nodes at different locations collect the information and forward it to the sink node at surface. As a node cannot directly communicate to the sink node at surface, the multi hop communication takes place which poses great challenges underwater such as limited resource, bandwidth unavailability, end-to-end delays, temperature, water pressure, etc. However, congestion control is considered to be fundamental issue to be solved for effective data transfer underwater. This chapter presents the importance of real-time data in marine environment for plenty of applications and discuss the major issue in efficient data communication.


This paper describes the computational and experimental study on wind pressure of a cantilevered roof structure.Based on Fluent 6.1 soft platform with the Realizable k-e Model and the Non-equilibrium Wall Functions,wind loads acting on the plate cantilevered roof of an ocean exhibition building which lies in an island were computed by computational fluid dynamics(CFD) method.Wind tunnel test of this building model with 1∶150 geometric scale was also carried out in a boundary layer flow with exponent of 0.12.Pressures on upper and lower surface of the roof were measured simultaneously to determine the net pressures on the cantilevered roof.Comparisons between the results from the present computation and the wind tunnel test were then performed,indicating that the precision of CFD numerical simulation technique is accurate enough to predict the mean wind pressure distribution on complex cantilevered roof for practical purpose.In order to mitigate wind load on cantilevered roof,geometric modification of roof is made and further CFD numerical simulations were performed to compute the wind loads on modified roofs.The numerical results show that the wind pressure coefficient on the windward roof areas can be reduced evidently by carving some holes in the costal margin of the roof.The vertical lift force on the whole roof structure is significantly decreased in the roof opening case.Therefore,the stress state on the cantilever is improved and the roof structure is more reasonable and economical.