We present deep SINFONI K -band integral field spectra of two submillimeter galaxy systems (SMG): BR 1202-0725 and J1000+0234, at z = 4.69 and 4.55, respectively. Spectra extracted for each object in the two systems do not show any signature of the [O ii] λλ 3726, 29 A emission-lines, placing upper flux limits of 3.9 and 2.5 × 10 -18 erg s -1 cm -2 for BR 1202-0725 and J1000+0234, respectively. Using the relation between the star formation rate (SFR) and the luminosity of the [O ii] doublet, we estimate unobscured SFR upper limits of ~ 10−15 M ⊙ yr -1 and ~30−40  M ⊙ yr -1 for the objects of the two systems, respectively. For the SMGs, these values are at least two orders of magnitude lower than those derived from SED and IR luminosities. The differences on the SFR values would correspond to internal extinction of, at least, 3.4−4.9 and 2.1−3.6 mag in the visual for BR 1202-0725 and J1000+0234 SMGs, respectively. The upper limit for the [O ii]-derived SFR in one of the LAEs (Ly α 2) in the BR1202-0725 system is at least one order of magnitude lower than the previous SFR derived from infrared tracers, while both estimates are in good agreement for Ly α 1. The lower limits to the internal extinction in these two Lyman-alpha emitters are 0.6 mag and 1.3 mag, respectively. No evidence for [O ii] emission associated with Ly α 1 is identified in our data, implying that residuals of the K -band sky emission lines after subtraction in medium-band imaging data could provide the adequate flux.


NOTE CORRECTION: On 13th March 2014, the affiliation of author Charini Gunaratne was changed from Casual Academic, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Australia TO Sessional Academic, School of Psychology, Deakin University Australia and Lecturer, School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Australia On 13th March 2014, the affiliation of author Andrew J Lewis was changed from esearch Academic in Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Australia TO Associate Professor, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Australia Abstract: Limited research has examined factors associated with psychological distress following natural disasters among non-Western child populations. Conditions associated with trauma-related symptoms following the 2004 tsunami in a sample of 265 Sri Lankan child survivors (53.6% female, aged 3 to 17) were examined retrospectively. Multivariate regression analyses identified pre-traumatic conditions (female gender, prior health) and peri-traumatic conditions (loss of family, complete property loss) as being associated with increased trauma-related symptoms. Findings can be applied to the identification of children most at risk of developing trauma-related symptoms following a natural disaster from a non-Western population to aid development of culturally-appropriate interventions. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health , 2013; 42 : 192-199 (Key words: children; adolescents; traumatic symptoms; tsunami; Sri Lanka) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljch.v42i4.6262


The purpose of my Thesis is to further develop an artistic practice that involves a thoughtful, drawn out engagement with culture, utilizing immediacy, temporality and improvisation through the formal manipulation of different mediums. My research focuses on these ideas as a continual thread that runs through my work of the past twenty years and gives conceptual unity to the range of stylistic experiments that have come with my growth as an artist. The end result is collage, painting, video and installation that utilizes both the literal and parabolical tearing, cutting and pasting of elements together as analogies within a defined field. The defined field being both the formal area of the work, as well as the conceptual representation of my individual consciousness as expressed through my process. Moving between abstraction and representation allows me to sample my thoughts and present them through a methodology that is consistent with the cognitive interplay of abstract and representative thought. ! ! INDEX WORDS: Black art, Post-colonialism, Post-Post-Modernism, Pseudo-Modernism, PostBlack, Momentism, Self-taught artists, Abstraction, Graffiti, Collage


Gertrude Stein died of cancer at 6:30 p.m. on July 27, 1946, in Paris. She had been a charismatic celebrity, at once admired and ridiculed. If the reality of her work and the memory of her life were to survive, others would now have to secure her fame. Others would now have to fasten her reputation to the wallboards of history. Dead, Stein had become a dependent. So, of course, will we all. Yet few of us are as freakish as Stein. She accepted some of the demanding precepts of Western humanism. Her ruptures, though, were many and audacious-with the conventions that governed language, rhetoric, and genre; gender and sexuality; and perceptions of time and space.' She braced, and often embraced, her streaks and irregularities with an antic cheerfulness. Inevitably, her defiances were more notable, and noticeable, than her acceptances. She was, then, a peculiar case for the various parliaments that pass, and pass on, the laws of formal, institutional memory. The legislating of Stein's posthumous reputations, of this peculiar case, has been, and is, more than example of the play between the agents of that memory and the individual talent. It has been, and is, more than material for practitioners of reception theory and students of canon formation.2 The process of saying who Stein is, if anyone, and what she means, if anything, has proceeded as post-


I SHALL NOT assert and defend an answer to the title question. My aim, instead, will be to undermine the widespread assumption that this question either requires or deserves an answer. Other questions would serve our purposes better. Hermeneutical theorists typically present their theories as claims about meaning. It is natural to suppose that something very much like the question, "What is the meaning of a text?" should serve as the point of reference for judging theories of interpretation. This supposition suggests that at most one of the available theories could be correct. If interpretation is a matter of discovering meaning, and is therefore bound to run amuck when informed by mistaken assumptions about what meaning is, then literary criticism, religious studies, classics, and history-in short, all disciplines involving the interpretation of texts-will consist largely in failure to deliver promised goods. This would not be as discouraging as it is if we felt more confident about discriminating the meager success from the massive failure. Even the natural sciences, after all, cultivate truth only by weeding out seemingly endless error. The problem is knowing how to sort the one from the other. In the absence of defensible criteria for resolving disputes about the nature of textual meaning, it becomes difficult to answer those critics who claim that the field of hermeneutical theory contains nothing but weeds. This paper urges a more benevolent-and, I think, more beneficial-view. There is no point in denying that recent discussions of meaning are confused as well as confusing, but the situation is by no means as hopeless as it seems. If, as I shall argue, the confusion stems in part from preoccupation with a misleading question, then dispensing with the question should improve the prospects of rational agreement among the friends of hermeneutics while encouraging critics to cease keeping their distance.


Background: Internet gaming disorder is the public health concern globally due to its detrimental effects on the youth to an extreme of provoking them to suicide. As we lack studies in India highlighting this issue we have taken up a study to assess internet gaming disorder among medical graduates and validate the Internet gaming disorder-20 (IGD-20) scale.Methods: A cross-sectional study done on 200 first and second year medical students of Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool during February and March, 2019 using self-administered questionnaire containing IGD-20 which satisfies Griffith's biopsychosocial component model and questions to assess socio behaviour changes. Data entered and analysed using SPSS version 23. Descriptive analysis, reliability tests, correlation and other appropriate significant tests used.Results: Prevalence of internet gaming disorder was 10%, more in male and who spend more than 30 hours per week on gaming which was statistically significant. Internal consistency of the IGD-20 was 0.91 Cronbach's alpha. Socio-behavioural changes like aggressiveness, irritability and change in food patterns were significantly associated with excessive disordered gaming habit.Conclusions: Advanced technology as electronic gadgets, easily accessible networks are attracting the generation and making them addicted to it. Stress of the competitive world, loneliness is triggering this behaviour. Timely detection and management of the disordered gamers, scrutiny of parents on the internet gaming usage pattern of their kids, self-realisation and motivation towards physical games could help the youth to succumb the internet gaming disorder.


Help in detecting diabetes may come from an unlikely source like a dentist as an allied health team, as it is rightly said 'oral cavity is the mirror of the body system'. They may diagnose undetected cases of diabetes and may refer to a physician for further evaluation and treatment. Research studies have found a link between periodontal (gum) disease and diabetes. Symptoms of the disease often appear in the mouth, while almost one-third of people with diabetes have severe periodontal disease. This is believed to be a result of the diabetic patient's greater susceptibility to developing infections. Conversely, severe periodontal disease may increase the risk of developing diabetes, and may make it more difficult to manage blood sugar levels. However, studies have found that patients who receive treatment for periodontal disease may be able to control the condition with less insulin. Dentists often detect symptoms of diabetes during routine oral health examinations. Foamy saliva, unusually dry and irritated tissue, poor periodontal conditions inside the mouth are tell-tale signs of the condition. And, diabetic patients often lose more teeth compared to patients without the disease. Proper and effective management of patients with diabetes requires that the practice evaluate all aspects of patient interaction. Systems need to be customized so that all procedures and patient communication scripts are implemented consistently to meet the distinct needs of patients with diabetes. Hence based on above findings the present study was planned for clinical evaluation of the tooth loss in periodontal disease in diabetic patients.
The present study was planned in Department of Public Health Dentistry, Buddha Institute of Dental Sciences, Patna ,Bihar for a period of six months from January 2019 to June 2019. Total 40 patients were evaluated during this period . Out of that 20 cases are of Diabetic patients were enrolled in first group and another second group consist of 20 control patients without any diseases.
The data generated from the present study concludes that there is significant difference in teeth loss amongst diabetics and non-diabetics. People with diabetes should be aware about the periodontal complications associated with it and should go for regular dental visits. Therefore it is the need of the hour to educate the dentists, general physicians and specialists about the association of systemic diseases with oral health and vice versa as many of the systemic diseases may be prevented and improved by improving oral hygiene.
Keywords: Tooth Loss, Periodontal Disease, Diabetic Patients, etc.


We measured the two-photon absorption (TPA) cross sections inside (beta) -BBO crystal during UV harmonic generation. We found that the 2-photon absorption is dominating the absorption effect inside the BBO crystal during UV harmonic generation. Both 2 UV photons and 1 UV photon + 1 fundamental photon absorption cross sections are significant. Possible explanations are presented, and compared with other nonlinear otpical crystals. Thermal profiles inside the crystal as a result of the strong absorption processes are discussed through a computer program that simulates the heat dissipation process. We conclude that TPA is the significant factor in high power scaling of UV harmonic generation inside nonlinear optical crystals.


Feelings of loneliness and social isolation can occur in many older adults - and impairments that may occur in old age, such as reduced mobility, deteriorating sight, and deteriorating hearing, can prevent elderly adults from visiting their friends and family. Interpersonal communication software -such as Facebook Messenger and Skype - can be very useful in keeping bonds with loved ones strong over long distances. However, sometimes these applications can be confusing and difficult for elderly people to use. A design created with considerations for the variety of abilities and older user may have could prompt more elderly users to use interpersonal communication software, and assist in the fight to reduce loneliness and social isolation in older adults. In this paper, we highlight a design for interpersonal communication software for elderly adults to use. Properly designed chat software would allow elderly users to quickly communicate with their friends via an interface designed with the different abilities of elderly users in mind.


(1) Rice, winter wheat, maize, soybean, potato, and sugarbeet were grown with 0, 100, 200, and 300 kg N/ha, and the efficiency of fertilizer-N to produce dry matter of harvesting organs (yield) was analyzed using the following equations: Y=N(plant) • N-E=N(plant) • HI(N)/N%(h.o.), where Y=Yield, N(plant)=N accumulated in plants=Soil-N absorbed+(fertiIizer-N applied)-(absorption percentage of fertilizer-N), N-E=Efficiency of N(plant) for Y, HI(N)= Harvest index of N, and N%(h.o.)=N% of harvesting organ. (2) The yield was generally in the order of sugarbeet, potato > maize, wheat, rice > soybean. (3) The maximum yield was obtained at 100 kg N/ha in sugarbeet and rice, 200 kg N/ ha in wheat, and 300 kg N/ha in maize, potato, and soybean. The protein yield of potato at 200-300 kg N/ha was as high as that of soybean. (4) With the increase of the fertilizer-N level, the N(plant) increased, the absorption percentage decreased, the N-E decreased, the HI(N) decreased, and the N%(h.o.) increased. The magnitude of t...


Preparing the 3D-geometry models to perform electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) numerical simulations can be tedious and time consuming. Furthermore, the need to include the test setup in the models, in order to validate the software, by comparing the numerical results with the measured data, may lead to unwieldy simulation models with often unaffordable computational costs. In this paper, we illustrate a procedure to optimize and simplify the modeling process, together with guidelines for achieving the most unfavorable case in the simulation of EMC problems, as required for a certification process. A test case from the European FP7 HIRF-SE (High-Intensity Radiated Field Synthetic Environment) project is analyzed in this paper as an example of how to identify the unnecessary elements for the simulation, while retaining the essential physics of the problem.


In an interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor drive system, which has a regenerating circuit augmented by electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC), two types of configurations of voltage boosters, battery and EDLC are investigated and compared. For one of the configurations, the battery and the EDLC are connected in series and the set of battery and EDLC is connected to the dc link of an inverter through a bidirectional voltage booster. In addition, the EDLC is also connected to the dc link through the other bidirectional voltage booster (configuration I). For the other of the configurations, the battery is connected to the dc link through a bidirectional voltage booster and the EDLC is connected to the dc link through the other bidirectional voltage booster, independently (configuration II). For both configurations, stability and electrical characteristics are investigated for various situation of dc link voltage and output power by simulation. Finally, the results show advantages of the connection I.


This paper presents a robot with pseudo direct drive and multi-springs inspired from structure of a cat. Combining spring and cable pulley, the passive flexible mechanical structure is realized by two parts: an elastic four-bar linkage crossing the knee and ankle joints; a sprung cable crossing the hip, knee and ankle joint. The structure can make full use of robot's gravitational energy and motor power to store more energy in landing, and then release energy in jumping, which enhances dynamic jump ability. Besides, the robot can maintain a standing state stably under static condition balance with the help of spring which avoids overheating of the motor and improve energy efficiency. Simulation and experiments demonstrated that the multi-springs can reduce the load of knee joint motor and the jumping height of the robot with the springs was 42 mm higher, which show an obvious effectiveness in jumping function.


The study focused on effect of admin internal control on performance in telecommunications industry in South South and South East Nigeria. The study employed a descriptive survey research design. Instrument adopted for the study is a structured questionnaire based on simple random sampling method. In addition, interview was also employed to serve as a compliment for the questionnaire. Reliability of the research instrument was tested using the Cronbach Alpha method which revealed that the instrument is reliable. The result of Durbin Watson revealed that the data is free from autocorrelation. Data analysis was done using both descriptive and inferential analysis technique. Descriptive statistics was used to give insight on the respondents profile while inferential statistics was used in the conducting of hypotheses. The five research questions for the study were analyzed using multiple regression model. The study shows that the five null hypotheses were rejected while the five alternative hypotheses were accepted (organization's internal control environment (p=0.000<0.05, ?=0.890); risk assessment (p=0.000<0.05, ?=0.242); control activities (p=0.001<0.05, ?=0.092); information and communication (p=0.000<0.05, ?=0.115); monitoring (p=0.000<0.05, ?=0.307)). The study concluded that organization's internal control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring aid and has a positive influence on organizational performance.


MALT lymphoma is malignant lymphoma arising from mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). A case of laryngeal MALT lymphoma was reported with a review of the literature. A 60-year-old man was adimitted with a six month history. Laryngoscopy revealed smooth but thickened bilateral false vocal folds. Twice biopsies were performed from the submucosal whitegraysh mass. Histopathological examination and flow cytometric analysis of surface tumor markers revealed that the tumor was MALT lymphoma. The patient had systemic chemotherapy treatment. The therapy achieved complete remission and the appearance of his larynx returned to normal. He remains free of disease to the present time.


Background and importance Mucopolysaccharidosis VII (MPSVII), also known as Sly syndrome, is an ultra-rare disease characterised by deficiency of b-glucuronidase. Sly phenotypes vary from severe forms with hydrops fetalis and skeletal dysplasia, hepatosplenomegaly, heart valve abnormalities and mental retardation, to milder forms with fewer manifestations. Aim and objectives To compare the vancomycin pharmacokinetic (PK) profile observed in a newborn with MPSVII with that expected in an average neonate. Material and methods Clinical data were collected from the electronical medical record (Diraya), and an extensive literature research was made using different electronic databases (Pubmed, Scopus). Serum concentration–time profiles were adjusted to a one compartment neonatal population PK model incorporating body weight and renal function as the significant covariates, using the Abottbase PK System (PKS) programme. Results The patient was a 26-day-old male, with a postmenstrual age of 38 weeks, and diagnosed with MPS VII, who initially had phlebitis and fever during his stay in the neonatal intensive care unit. His blood cultures were positive for coagulase negative Staphylococcus aureus. The patient was treated with vancomycin 10 mg/kg/8 hours intravenously. PK were evaluated before the sixth dose, with weight of 2.2 kg, height 44 cm and a creatinine serum level of 0.92 mg/L. After obtaining a serum level of 123.6 mg/mL (normal trough range 10–15 mg/mL), vancomycin was stopped. After 2 days, serum levels were 11.4 mg/mL, so vancomycin was restarted at 10 mg/kg/12 hours. After four administrations, serum levels were again out of range (48.2 mg/mL), and the antimicrobial was switched to cloxacillin. Based on the vancomycin levels, we estimated a half-life of 15.8 hours, instead of the 4–8 hours described. The distribution volume calculated was 1.99 L with a clearance of 0.088 L/hour. The expected distribution volume was 1.8 L and a clearance of 0.148 L/hour. Unfortunately, the baby passed away 3 days later due to other complications. Conclusion and relevance A 2–3 times greater half-life was observed in this patient with Sly syndrome. The large accumulation of vancomycin was not described in the literature and was not expected with the features of this disease, highlighting the importance of therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with ultra-rare diseases whose pharmacokinetics could be disturbed by factors still unknown.


The method of time delay is widely used for reconstructing chaotic attractors from experimental time series. Most of studies have used a fixed delay time τ d to calculate correlation dimension when the embedding dimension is increased. Many researchers have suggested that choosing a fixed delay time window τ w =(m-1) τ can get correlation dimension much better than choosing a fixed τ d . Unfortunately, τ w cannot be easily. Based on the correlation integral method of a data set spatial distribution statistic provided by H.S.Kim etc. , the τ w and τ d have been estimated at the same time with small sample sizes and the chaotic analysis of the solid hold-up fluctuation signal in CFB riser has been done. Results show that the superiority using a fixed τ w in calculating correlation dimension, and the characteristics of particle movement in circulating fluidized bed riser are also analyzed.


This paper deal with dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) based voltage regulator for voltage control of constant speed prime mover driven self exited induction generator (SEIG) connected with three phase resistive and reactive load. The controller is modeled using IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Junction Transistor) based voltage controlled voltage source converter (VCVSC) with self supported DC bus. The DVR inject a voltage in series with system voltage. The 7.5kW, 415V, 50Hz SEIG based generating system with DVR is modeled and simulated in MATLAB along with Simulink and power system block set (PSB) toolbox. The system are analyze for varying resistive load 4.5kW to 7.5 kW and reactive load of 7.5kW, 0.8pf lagging. The results are obtained with simulation which shows ability of DVR to control the load voltage of isolated asynchronous generator (SEIG) supplying power to three phase resistive and reactive load.


This article is also accessible online at: http://BioMedNet.com/karger Dear Sir, The Fanconi syndrome is a generalized disorder of renal tubular function characterized by multiple transport dysfunction of amino acids, glucose, phosphate and bicarbonate, hypophosphatemic osteomalacia, and usually metabolic acidosis with a normal anion gap [1].This renal disorder may result from a number of inherited metabolic dysfunctions, toxic agents, and immune disorders, but in many patients no cause is identified [2]. Therefore, based on morphologic alterations and on data obtained from micropuncture studies in rats [3] and dogs [4], some authors have suggested additional sites of tubule dysfunction located distally to the proximal convoluted tubule. Our patient is a 28-year-old white woman admitted to the State University of Campinas Clinical Hospital for investigation of severe bone pain, generalized muscular weakness, polyuria, and nocturia. She is a housewife without history of exposure to heavy metals and toxic substances. No evidence of renal disease was found in her relatives. She did not experience spontaneous fractures or had a history of periodic paralysis. Her physical examination revealed a well-developed woman with proximal limb muscular weakness and profound hyperreflexia, and her bones were extremely painful to palpation. Her pertinent laboratory findings revealed normal plasma protein, sodium, calcium, and glucose levels, associated with hyperchloremia (117 mmol/ l), hypokalemia (3 mmol/l), inorganic hypophophatemia (2 mg/dl), and hypouricemia (1.3 mg/dl). She had moderate renal failure (65 ml/min/1.73 m2) and moderate acidosis (serum pH 7.29, pCO2 32 mm Hg, pO2 97.1 mm Hg, and HCO3 15.7 mmol/l) with a normal anion gap. In addition to the bicarbonate wasting, her daily urinary excretion demonstrated proteinuria (1.37 g/24 h), glycosuria (4+ on dipstick testing), and aminoaciduria. Photon absorptiometry of bones revealed a low mineral content in spine and femur. The creatinine clearance (CCr) used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate and the lithium clearance (CLi) [5] used to estimate the sodium output from the proximal tubule were calculated by standard formulas. Fractional excretions (FE) were calculated as FENa = CNa/CCr, FENa proximal = CLi/CCr, and FENa distal = CNa/CLi. Our patient was also submitted to provocative tests of urinary acidification (ammonium chloride loading and furosemide administration) and an alkaline load test (during HCO3 loading) to assess the ability to acidify the urine (fig. 1). Renal tubular acidosis may be manifest by an inappropriately high urine pH and bicarbonaturia, but is, by definition, always associated with a reduced net acid excretion. The Fanconi syndrome might theoretically result either from multiple transport dysfunction restricted to the proximal tubule or from concomitant proximal and distal tubular dysfunction. Particularly in the present case, furosemide was able to promote an adequate distal acidification (fig. 1) associated with an increased distal Na+ delivery and with changes in the transtubular (negativelumen) voltage gradient in the collecting tubule segments. It occurs despite the inability of NH4Cl to decrease the urinary pH below 5.5 (fig. 1). Furthermore, in the present case, a persistently elevated FE of HCO3 (115%) during HCO3 load, when plasma HCO3 was near the normal range (120 mmol/l), was a convenient means for distinguishing between a proximal renal tubular acidosis and the other forms. Interestingly, despite clear involvement of proximal tubule, the salient finding in the present case is the evidence of a normal sodium absorption in the proximal segments of the nephron, studied by lithium clearance, in the presence of an increased fractional renal sodium excretion (table 1). Taken together, the findings observed in this case confirm a striking proximal tubule dysfunction, while providing new insights into the postproximal nephron involvement in selective sodium transport, although the distal nephron keeps an adequate urine acidification capacity.


The selection of switch with on-load voltage regulation of 110 kV direct step-down rectifying equipment was introduced.And voltage regulation method of neutral point were suggested.


The Spanish National Library's Memoria Hispánica project aims to provide networked access to a digital database, the Biblioteca Nacional Digita, including every item in its collection. The first phase of this project is scheduled to take place between 1996 and 1998. This follows an earlier project, the Sistema Integrado de Información Heráldica, which involved digitising the text and images of a major work on heraldry. Two ongoing projects comprise the production of an optical disc of Spanish portraits in the library's collections, the Iconografía Hispana, and of a CD-ROM documenting an exhibition, mounted by the library from its collections, of prints and drawings by Goya. In both cases, the projects are being implemented and funded by external bodies who expect to recoup the costs from sales. It is likely that the Memoria Hispánica project will be funded in much the same way.


Background & objectives: Development of antibacterial resistance and its association with antibiotic overuse makes it necessary to identify a specific and sensitive biomarker for the diagnosis of bacterial infection and guiding antibiotic therapy. Procalcitonin (PCT), as a sepsis biomarker, may play a role in guiding antibiotics treatment in hospital settings. The aim of the current meta-analysis was to analyze the utility of PCT on various outcomes of interest in inpatients. Methods: Different databases were searched for randomized controlled trials comparing PCT-guided therapy with standard therapy in admitted patients with bacterial infections. Twenty six articles were found suitable for full text search and of these, 16 studies were considered finally for data extraction. Results: There were no significant differences found in total mortality [pooled odds ratio (OR) 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89-1.22, P=0.63], 28-day mortality (pooled OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.80-1.19, P=0.79), need of Intensive Care Unit admission (OR=0.80, 95% CI 0.59-1.09, P=0.16) and duration of stay in hospital (pooled mean difference −0.01, 95% CI −0.50-0.49, P=0.98) between treatment and control groups. PCT-guided treatment significantly decreased the duration of antibiotic treatment (pooled mean difference −2.79, 95% CI −3.52-−2.06, P<0.00001). Interpretation & conclusions: PCT-guided therapy significantly decreased antibiotics exposure and thus treatment cost. However, the hard endpoints did not demonstrate any significant benefits, possibly due to low power to detect differences and/or the presence of comorbidities.


Nine species of Indonesian green, brown and red seaweeds were used in this experiment to study the distribution and contents of minerals and dietary fibers. The contents of macro and micro minerals were detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectrometer, respectively; whereas dietary fibers were determined according to modified enzymaticgravimetric method. The contents of macro mineral were dominated by Ca, K, Na and Mg, with values range were 11.95 – 28.31, 0.30 – 27.92, 0.66 – 25.74, 2.31 – 21.52 mg/g dry weight, respectively; whereas microminerals Cu, Fe and Zn were found in low concentration. The highest and smallest content of soluble dietary fiber were found in Kappaphycus alvarezii and Halimeda macroloba, respectively. K. alvarezii also had the highest content of total dietary fiber and percent soluble dietary fiber against total dietary fiber, whereas Ulva reticulata had highest content of insoluble dietary fiber. Keywords: dietary fiber, Indonesia, mineral, seaweed


Mosser v. Darrow, decided over 50 years ago, was the Supreme Court's first and only opinion concerning the personal liability of a bankruptcy trustee. Unfortunately, its mandates in the area of bankruptcy trustee liability are anything but clear, and it has since created uncertainty in the common law about when a bankruptcy trustee should be personally liable or immune from suit. Many courts rely on faulty analysis and a misunderstanding of the doctrines and terminology involved with bankruptcy trustee liability. To help guide courts in making more uniform decisions, that trustees may rely upon to ascertain whether they will be subject to personal liability, this Article creates a comprehensive analytical framework of trustee immunity and liability, which has been woven together using the existing threads of analysis suggested by scholars and applied by courts. The Article discusses the four-step framework in detail, concluding by applying it to a recent case, and arguing that a more reliable result would have been reached by the court had it been equipped with a more uniform framework of analysis. While the use of a structured examination of trustee immunity and liability might not always result in the same conclusions, it will hopefully clarify and unify the analytical process which has been, and continues to be, a contributing factor to the confusion.


The much awaited second edition of this essential book continues to repeat the strengths of the first (1997) edition: an emphasis on the professional ethics of working with children and young people; and the importance of the Children Act 1989 for youth justice: this being even more important as youth justice loses it's social work links. It includes reference to the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999, and the practice directions on trials of children and young people in the Crown Court consequent upon the Venables and Thompson appeals. The authors remind lawyers that the child or young person is their client, not the parent, and then present a lengthy Chapter 3 on 'the relevance of age', teasing out all the age-specific legislation and the twists and turns as people's ages change during proceedings. The book contains detailed guidance on all areas of youth justice practice, within a healthy critical wariness of some parts of the new legislation, and stresses the powers of a solicitor to challenge some of the denials of children's rights. The detailed appendices contain 120 pages of extracts from the 1933, 1963, and 1969 Acts, the Bail Act and other key legislation, including most of the relevant parts of the Crime and Disorder Act and Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act, as well as Statutory Instruments and international standards, and there is a good index. No one working with young offenders in England and Wales will be able to practice effectively without this text, and anyone directly involved in the youth court will need a copy on their desk.


The effect of urea on the alkaline and acidic hydrogen peroxide bleaching of wool has been investigated. There was an improvement in the whiteness of the wool or, alternatively, a considerable reduction in the bleaching time using a concentration of 100-200 g/l urea in the bleaching bath. No significant differences were observed at lower concentration of urea (less than 100 g/l) in the bleach bath. Alkali solubility of wool flannel increases with urea concentration during bleaching and often remains within tolerable limits.


Aging is the result of several detrimental changes that lead to a decrease in homeostasis, an increase in the incidence of degenerative diseases, and death. A caloric-restricted diet (CR), which consists of a significant reduction in calorie intake (40%) without malnutrition, has been shown to delay the onset of age-related diseases and pathologies and to extend life span. The aims of this study were to assess the effects of aging and CR on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-dependant cytokine production by peritoneal macrophages (PM&phis;s). Resident naïve PM&phis;s were isolated from 2- to 24-month-old male C57BL/6 mice and were stimulated with Escherichia coli LPS (100 ng/mL) for 1 to 5 h in culture conditions. A linear decrease in the production of LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL) 10 was observed with age. LPS-induced IL-6 and IL-1β levels were also reduced with age, but in a nonlinear fashion. Expression of CD14, the major receptor for LPS, on the PM&phis; surface was also observed to decline with age. Moreover, TNF-α production by PM&phis;s was reduced in mice undergoing the two different CR diets of limited daily feeding and intermittent fasting, as compared with ad libitum-fed mice. The results of this study add the new variables age and diet to the paradigm proposing that the response to LPS is modulated by multiple components, including genetic background and sex.


The purpose of this work is to build a quali-quantitative method for measuring the endogenous performance in R&D organization which supports the process of evaluation. The method is tested on Cnr Institutes of Piemonte, a highly industrialised region in North Western Italy and the score of method is used for to classify the R&D structures in ranks. The results of econometric analysis are: the Anova test shows that the groups (Institutes) have different means, instead the Bartlett test shows the errors are homoscedastic. Another result of statistical analysis is that the estimates have a normal distribution with g 1 = - 0.54 (negative skewness) and g 2 = - 0.08 (hyponormal). The method, called Syn, is alike to Delphi but is much flexible because achieves the convergence of estimates in maximum three rounds.


The article is dedicated to the memory of the excellent researcher of the flora of Central Asia Svetlana Sigizmundovna Kovalevskaya. All her life she was working in the lab of vascular plants in Institute of Botany (Tashkent, Uzbekistan).


Mesostructures in inversed Langmuir–Schaefer films of each of two contrasting bent-core molecules are explored via atomic force microscopy. One of the molecules forms Langmuir films that are optically isotropic and the other those that are optically anisotropic. Both show suboptical mesostructures in the 100 nm range, in spite of appearing optically uniform. The anisotropic films are effective in aligning nematic bent-core samples, but not rod-like liquid crystals such as 5CB.


In this paper, we establish exact solutions for nonlinear evolution equations. The ho- mogeneous balance method is used to construct exact travelling wave solutions of the Calogero- Degasperis (CD) and Potential Kadomstev-Petviashvili (PKP) equations, in which the homo- geneous balance method is applied to solve the Riccati equation and the reduced nonlinear ordinary differential equation. Many new families of exact travelling wave solutions of the Calogero and PKP equations are successfully obtained. The solutions obtained may be of sig- nificant importance for the explanation of some practical physical problems.


Fixed functional appliances have become an integral part of the contemporary orthodontic armamentarium. As with any other appliances, they may also break during the course of orthodontic therapy. Replacement of the same is expensive and also requires a large inventory. An innovative low cost option with minimal increase in inventory is described in this article.


An analytical and experimental study was performed on the use of lanthanide oxides (La-oxides) as surrogates for plutonium oxides (PuO{sub 2}) during simulated buried waste retrieval. This study determined how well the La-oxides move compared to PuO{sub 2} in aerosolized soils during retrieval scenarios. As part of the analytical study, physical properties of La-oxides and PuO{sub 2}, such as molecular diameter, diffusivity, density, and molecular weight are compared. In addition, an experimental study was performed in which Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) soil, INEL soil with lanthanides, and INEL soil with plutonium were aerosolized and collected in filters. Comparison of particle size distribution parameters from this experimental study show similarity between INEL soil, INEL soil with lanthanides, and INEL soil with plutonium.


Standardized electroencephalography (EEG) electrode positions are essential for both clinical applications and research. The aim of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN) guideline is to update and expand the unifying nomenclature and standardized positioning for EEG scalp electrodes. Twenty percent and ten percent standard recordings do not cover the anterior and basal temporal lobes. Here, IFCN proposes a basic array of 25 electrodes including the inferior temporal chain, which should be used for all standard clinical recordings. Contrary to the established belief, the guideline suggests at least as many electrodes in young children as in adults. High-density scalp EEG arrays (64-256 electrodes) allow source imaging with even sub-lobar precision. In the future, nomenclature for high density electrodes arrays beyond the 10-10 system needs to be defined, to allow comparison and standardized recordings across centers.

Key words:
Electroencephalography; Electrodes; Temporal lobe


In the May AAP News, Dr. Scott Spear attacks the comments of Dr. Enrique Canton, who wrote in favor of a ban on partial-birth abortion. In his defense of partial-birth abortion, Dr. Spear dismisses the comments of Dr. Canton as "theologically based." What Dr. Spear fails to comprehend is that his stance on partial-birth abortion is also theologically based. The medical fact is, as the American Medical Association has testified before Congress, that there is simply no valid indication for the procedure. Dr. Spear9s support for partial-birth abortion must, therefore, derive from ideology, not science. Perhaps the god (or gods) that Dr. Spear worships condones, or even encourages, infanticide. But infanticide is something that the American Academy of Pediatrics, in my view, ought to oppose.


Asymmetrically dividing embryonic stem cells segregate the younger chromatid and de novo DNA methyltransferases into the differentiating cell and the older chromatid, with its epigenetic memory, into the self-renewing daughter cell.


Disclosed is a production jig for self-adhering floor tiles and a method. The method is used for adhering a glue plate with release paper onto a floor tile body, the glue plate is partially protruded out of the floor tile body, and the release paper is adhered on the glue plate. The method includes that the floor tile body, the glue plate with the release paper, a first jig and a second jig are provided, the first jig is provided with a first working surface, a first positioning surface and a holding groove, the second jig is provided with a second working surface, a third working surface, a second positioning surface and a third positioning surface, and the third working surface is located above the second working surface; the glue plate is placed on the first working surface, abutted to the first positioning surface and partially located in the holding groove; a part, which is located out of the holding groove, of the release paper is torn off; the glue plate with the rest release paper is placed on the second working surface and abutted to the second positioning surface; and the floor tile body is placed on the third working surface, abutted to the third positioning surface and adhered with the portion, without the release paper, of the glue plate, so that a floor tile adhered with glue is obtained. Floor tiles produced by the method are paved conveniently.


© 2013 Lehigh Valley Health Network In 2011, the average turnover time for a priority tray at Lehigh Valley Hospital, a Level One Trauma Center, was 180 minutes. This lengthy time was causing an unnecessary burden to OR efficiency decreasing staff morale. Dissatisfied with its effect on these key indicators of engagement and satisfaction, the leadership from multiple departments formed a multi-disciplinary work group. The group's task was to decrease delays within the process while still meeting the requirements of the manufactures "Instructions for Use" (IFU). The group was comprised of members from the • OR staff • Sterile Processing Staff • Leadership within the division • Process Improvement department. After understanding the current state and all impediments, the group formulated a plan to expedite priority trays immediately after their use with: • A computer "Fast Track" system • An electronic visual system for identifying instrumentation • Revised sterilization processes. Steps to Success: 1 The team learns the Sterile Processing Department's functions before preparing a value stream map. 2 Vendors place a colorful tag on each of their sets to help the staff identify the day of use. 3 Instrument cleaning areas in the decontamination unit are identical. 4 Every extra instrument is stored in a specific location. Each instrument's location is listed on the assembly sheet. 5 The prep and pack stations are identical. They are outfitted with a scanner, additional lighting and magnifiers. 6 Generic rigid containers implemented. 7 Sterilizers have the identical control panels and scanner information. 8 "White Side" wrapping for loaner sets. "Blue Side" wrapping for consigned trays and trays owned by the hospital. 9 Tray labels are scanned at locations throughout the hospital to track the position of each item. Goal: The OR has the capacity to increase the number of procedures performed daily. It is the goal of the Sterile Processing Department to help accomplish this task without having to purchase additional instrumentation. In order for Sterile Processing to meet the additional needs of the ORs it must reduce the instrument turnover time by an average of 25 minutes per tray. Evaluation: Diligence paid off resulting in a 25 minute reduction in turn over time in less than 4 months. The successful process provided additional opportunities for the OR scheduling department to add to the number of procedures without increasing instrument inventory. Goal! Turnover time reduced by 25 minutes 2. Poster Tags 3. Automatic Soap Dispensing 4. Everything Has a Place 5. Prep and Pack Area 6. Generic Containers 8. White Side Out 9. Tray tracking 1. Team Education 7. Enlarged Cooling Area


Background: Cyber abuse has become common among children worldwide; however, it is yet to receive attention in Bangladesh. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of cyber child abuse in the context of Bangladesh. Methods: This population-based study was conducted on 460 children aged between 11 to 17 years recruited from a selected rural area of Bangladesh by simple random sampling. A cyber abuse scale was developed to measure the prevalence of cyber child abuse. Data were collected with a semi-structured questionnaire through face-to-face interviews. Results: Around 33 percent of children were internet users. The prevalence of at least one, two, and three form(s) of cyber abuses was 59 percent, 38 percent, and 26 percent, respectively, among the internet users. The commonly reported abuses were being subjected to bullying, mockery, rumor, or humiliation (36%), contacted anonymously with ill motive (29%), receiving sexually explicit message or comment (21%), and receiving sexually explicit picture or video (17%). Male children were victimized more by different forms of cyber abuse. Logistic regression analysis showed that children whose internet using periods are more and who have higher knowledge about cyber abuse are more likely to be victimized with cyber abuse. Conclusion: Cyber child abuse is a prevalent yet less explored public health threat in Bangladesh. Raising awareness against cyber abuse, educating children on prevention strategies, and imposing strict laws might help Bangladesh line up with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child that the country signed in 1990.


This article designs the system of measurement and control,which is used for test bed of transmission boxes. Based on LabWindows,the system is a kind of software of virtual instrument,and the core is industrial control computer. In this system control,the drive motor load motor by frequency transformer, by of which the lower position machine—PLC simulate the power system of automobile. In accordance with these parameters,automatic control and fault alarm for the test procedures are implemented by the system. Various test items of the transmission box can be accomplished for realizing online comprehensive performance test. In practical running,the system features ease operation and maintenance,and high reliability.


The bipolar electro-Fenton technology has been studied for methyl orange wastewater treatment. The bipolar electro-Fenton system consists of flat iron anode and activated carbon filter cathode. Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of operational voltage, concentration of electrolyte, time and pH on the treatment efficiency of methyl orange wastewater. In particular, the electro-Fenton technology has high treatment efficiency for methyl orange wastewater, and the removal of methyl orange could reach 90%. Removal of methyl orange increased with increasing of operational voltage, concentration of electrolyte and reaction time.


PRIVATE book collecting naturally began and developed in Chicago much as it did elsewhere, in an effort of some thoughtful individuals to enlighten themselves and to preserve past and contemporary evidence sustaining records of fact and memory. Long before the fire of I87I a considerable mass of books, papers, and other relics were assembled at the instance of the Chicago Historical Society, and even after the Great Fire had destroyed this harvest a second gleaning, not negligible, was possible. The preserving forces of those days-the men of action and of foresight who took a hand in public affairs-earned much still unrecorded praise. Four of our governors are authors of very creditable histories of this state, and many of our judges, our editors, our bankers, and even our businessmen proved themselves most efficient protectors of records, papers, letters, and other documents, which time and again proved essential for the purpose of critical historical studies. It is not quite impossible for anybody capable of analyzing biographical detail to determine the literary preferences of those of our early settlers who paid attention to books. The aggregate influence of the resultant enlightenment made it possible for Francis Browne (I843-I9I3) to establish here, as early as i88o, the Dial, a critical literary paper of the highest order, unequaled anywhere for sound judgment and analytical acumen. This wholesome paper continued uninterruptedly here in Chicago until I9I8, Browne having died in I913, and then passed into the hands of the Dial Publishing Company in New York. The continuation compares with the original Dial as the original Life with its contemporary namesake. I do not hesitate to assert most emphatically that when the Dial moved out of Chicago, the western note in higher literary criticism passed and was lost. The Chicago record, with Eugene Field as its literary and bookish columnist, for years helped greatly to guide public opinion in the province of books. Under the broad wing of Browne grew a zest for writing and pub-


The plastic flow localization patterns for alkali halide crystals under compression are investigated. The main spatiotemporal regularities of the strain localization at the stages of deformation hardening in these monocrystals are established.


Objective To study the changes of total colony of bacteria and coliform group during the production process of sausage and different environment.Methods The number of total colony of bacteria and coliform group was analysed using the method of national standard,and the data was processed with SPSS software.Results The nonlinear curves about the number of total colony of bacteria and coliform group were y1=768.952e-0.482x2+27.637x+0.856;and y2=24.365/-x2+0.990x+0.968,respectively.Conclusion This study is important to control the number of total colony of bacteria and coliform group and guarantee safety and sanitation of sausage.


The success of Social Networks on the Internet brings new social behaviors, such as the publication of images of other people without their consent. This paper analyzes the legality of this practice, underlining how it affects two fundamental rights: the right to self-image and the right to data protection.


This paper introduces the generation and developing process of university reference room,analyzes the disadvantages existing in the management mode of reference room in university,and advances some presumptions of management reform of university reference room.


The purpose of this research to analyze the provision of revolving capital can increase the development of micro small and medium enterprises (MSMS) and test hypotheses whether the provision of revolving capital has leverage a positive influence and significant to the development of MSMS. The  method of  this research is survey. The population of  this researh are all of MSMS that get revolving capital, and the number  of MSMS are 25. Whereas the number of the sample are 15. The reason MSMS is showing growing significantly. The sampling technique  is random sampling. To analyze revolving capital funds is used a descriptive analysis as the average and the percentage.To analyze the growth of MSMS is used a formula of the increase of productivity, the formula of the increase in business volume, the formula of the rise of added value and the percent of the increase of the employment infiltrating. To test hypotheses is used a formula linier regretion. The Instrument and the data collection technique  in this research are orientation to the interview, documentation and questioner. The result of  hipotesis test  is the linier model may be accepted or simultaneously (together) all of the free variables (rolling capital) can give the influence to the dependent variables (MSMS expansion) but this influence is not significant.The result showed that the business development of MSMS 1) from a sample of 15 totals and 86.67% undergoing development, 6.66%a temporary to stop business and the owner moves other  professionals, 6.66%has a business stopping. It means the moving modal is effective to increase the development of Cooperation and MSME 2) there is a positive influence between a rolling capital and the development of MSMS .It means the higher revolving capital will be followed by the increase in the development of MSMS but the influence of revolving capital to the development of MSMS is not significant. The conclution of this research is, 1 ) the business development of MSMS, from a sample of a totals of 15 and 86,67 % undergoing the development, 6,66 % a temporary to stop business and the owner moves other  professionals, 6,66 %  has a business stopping. It means the moving modal is effective to increase the development of Cooperation and MSMEs. 2 ) there is a positive influence between a rolling capital and the development of MSMS .It means the higher revolving capital will be followed by the increase in the development of MSMS but the influence of revolving capital to the development of MSMS is not significant. 3) There are some causes why the moving modal has an effective impact but not significant because the strengthening of the modal is one of empowering to the Cooperation and MSMEs besides empowering in other forms, such as:a. Education and training; b. The management guiding and the developing of technology; c. The product marketing; d. Facilitating the cooperation between Cooperation and MSMEs with other enterprises. e. Protecting and giving the appropriate law for the business developing made by Cooperation and MSMEs; f. Facilitating the Right of Intellectual Wealth; and g. facilitating the organization activity of Cooperation and MSMEs. 4) It is needed the analysis of the empowering need to Cooperation and MSMEs. The purpose is to identify the empowering need needed by Cooperation and MSMEs in order to the empowering having made is on target, so it doesn't waste the source. Keywords: cooperatives, development, MSMS, rolling capital. DOI : 10.7176/JESD/10-18-08 Publication date :September 30 th 2019


ABSTRACT A five-year continuous monocropping of cucumber in a greenhouse receiving 50% NPK and 100% NPK was conducted to explore if reducing chemical fertilizer use can mitigate obstacles in intensive monocropping, and the microbial mechanism of the process. Significant decreases in living seedling rates and total yields with time were exhibited in the 100% NPK treatments, showing an obvious obstacles event, which can be mitigated by reducing fertilizer use. It was found that both total yields and living seedling rates were negatively correlated with the proportion of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (a known cucumber wilt pathogen) in F. oxysporum, suggesting the two fungal groups out of balance in the rhizosphere, was the key factor for the decline in cucumber growth in the monocropping system. Furthermore, the abundance of pseudomonas group, not hydrogen cyanide- or phenazine-producing pseudomonas, can act as the defender against possible fungal pathogens. The opposite relationships between HCN-producing pseudomonas and two plant indicators (cucumber yield and living seedling rate) suggested that HCN-producing pseudomonas exerted positive effects only when cucumber plants' density was above a certain threshold. The Redundancy Analysis (RDA) showed that changes in soil microbial population size, especially in pseudomonas groups, contributed to the mitigation process.


The laser torquemeter is an instrument designed to measure time-resolved torque on a rotating shaft. The torquemeter uses two probe laser beams, axially separated on a shaft of known mechanical properties. When the shaft rotates, the backscattered speckle patterns, observed by a photodetector, change continuously but repeat exactly with each revolution of the shaft. The shaft is rotated at a low torque level and the photodetector signal is recorded. Measurements of shaft twist are obtained by comparing the photodetector signals from a torsionally-loaded rotating shaft with the previously recorded photodetector signal. Reliable operation of the laser torquemeter depends on the repeatability of the speckle patterns scattered from the surface of the shaft. If the shaft tilts - pitch and yaw motion - as it rotates, the backscattered speckle pattern moves at a velocity proportional to twice the shaft tilt rate and the similarity between the photodetector output signal and the recorded signal is reduced. To determine typical values of tilt, measurements are taken from the drive shaft of a 4 cylinder diesel engine. In order to design a reliable torquemeter, knowledge is required of how the photodetector output and the stored reference signal de-correlate as a function of shaft tilt. This paper examines several optical configurations and an optimum configuration for achieving resistance to decorrelation due to shaft tilt is recommended. This competes an earlier study which optimized the resistance to decorrelation due to in-plane motion of the shaft. Both issues must be addressed in the design of a robust torquemeter.


Objective
To explore the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (LIHR) in elderly patients.

Methods
The retrospective cohort study was adopted. The clinical data of 3 203 patients with inguinal hernias (3 847 sides) who were admitted to the Ruijin Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine between January 2001 and December 2013 were collected. Of 3 203 patients, 979 (1 107 sides) with age<60 years and 2 224 (2 740 sides) with age≥60 years were respectively allocated into the under 60 years group and 60 years or older group. The surgical procedures including transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) approach, total extraperitoneal (TEP) approach and intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) approach were selected and performed by doctors in the same team. There were light-weight and heavy-weight patches. Observation indicators included (1) overall operation situations, (2) surgical comparison between the 2 groups, (3) comparison of postoperative indicators between the 2 groups, (4) follow-up. Follow-up using telephone interview and outpatient examination was performed to detect the recovery time of non-restricted activity, recurrence of hernia and complications. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as ±s and comparison between groups was done by the t test. Comparisons of count data were analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability. Ranked data were compared by the nonparametric rank sum test.

Results
(1) Overall operation situations: 3 203 patients with inguinal hernias (3 847 sides) underwent LIHR, including 1 475 (1 677 sides) using TAPP approach, 1 718 (2 154 sides) using TEP approach and 10 (16 sides) using IPOM approach (6 using TAPP and IOPM approaches in each side). The light-weight patch was used in 2 206 sides and heavy-weight patch was used in 1 641 sides. Operation time was (31±12)minutes in all 3 203 patients, (27±9)minutes in 2 559 patients with unilateral hernia and (44±12)minutes in 644 patients with bilateral hernia, respectively. Duration of postoperative hospital stay was (1.5±1.2)days. (2) Surgical comparison between the 2 groups: TAPP approach, TEP approach, IPOM approach, light-weight patch and heavy-weight patch were performed to 567, 538, 2, 751, 356 sides in the under 60 years group and 1 110, 1 616, 14, 1 455, 1 285 sides in the 60 years or older group, respectively, with statistically significant differences in above indicators between the 2 groups (χ2=37.976, 70.022, P 0.05). (3) Comparison of postoperative indicators between the 2 groups: the pain score at postoperative day 1 and duration of postoperative hospital stay were 2.4±1.1, (1.5±1.1)days in the under 60 years group and 2.3±1.0, (1.5±1.3)days in the 60 years or older group, respectively, with no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (t=1.419, -0.126, P>0.05). (4) Follow-up: all the patients were followed up for 23-60 months, with a median time of 43 months. Cases with non-restricted activity recovery at postoperative week 2 and 4 were 973, 978 in the under 60 years group and 2 208, 2 222 in the 60 years or older group, respectively, showing no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (χ2=0.113, P>0.05). The recurrence of hernia, severe complications, serum tumescence, paresthesia and enteroparalysis were detected in 1, 0, 49, 5, 1 sides in the under 60 years group and 11, 3, 132, 16, 2 sides in the 60 years or older group, respectively, with no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (χ2=1.556, 0.269, 0.254, P>0.05). The urinary retention in the under 60 years group and 60 years or older group was respectively detected in 6 and 44 sides, showing a statistically significant difference between 2 groups (χ2=6.956, P<0.05).

Conclusion
LIHR is safe and effective in elderly patients, and it can achieve good clinical efficacy under selecting reasonable operation procedures and patches.

Key words:
Inguinal hernia; Herniorrhaphy; Laparoscopy


The purpose of this study was to (1) identify areas of interest within the field of home economics to boys and girls in grades six through eight in selected Montana schools and (2) identify specific learning experiences to provide a data base for the development of curriculum guides for home economics in grades six through eight in Montana. The sample included 607 middle school age respondents from selected Montana schools: 236 sixth graders, 198 seventh graders, and 173 eighth graders. An instrument was devised in order to obtain information concerning attitude of the middle school age respondents toward the content area/areas and the learning experiences of home economics. A Likert-type scaling technique was used enabling employment of the Chi square method of statistical analysis. The .05 level of probability was used to determine significance of statistical observation. Based on the results a significant difference of interests to the content area/areas and to the learning activities of home economics were found for the different grade levels and by age. The content areas of most interest did not always coincide with the learning activities of most interest. For example, sixth grade students scored Human Development and the Family as the most interesting area of home economics but rated making main dishes, cakes and cookies, a Foods and Nutrition learning activity, as the most interesting activity to study. This finding is similar to many of the findings stated in the literature. It is possible to develop home economics middle school curriculum guides following the basic interests identified. STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO COPY In presenting this thesis In partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at Montana State University., I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by my major professor, or, in his absence, by the Director of Libraries. It is understood that any copying or publica tion of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Signature, Date J A J INTEREST OF MIDDLE SCHOOL, AGE CHILDREN IN SELECTED MONTANA SCHOOLS TO HOME ECONOMICS CONTENT ' V " AREAS AND LEARNING EXPERIENCES by Mary Elizabeth McAulay A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Home Economics


A study has been made of the effect of axisymmetric imperfection distributions on the buckling behavior of circular cylindrical shells under axial compression. The imperfection profiles considered include a uniform distribution of sine waves, groups of constant amplitude sine waves of varying wavelength and, of particular practical interest, random distributions. In each case, test models were constructed from a photoelastic liquid epoxy using the spincasting technique, and the experimental buckling data was compared with available theory. For the uniform and mixed mode distributions, it was observed that a critical axisymmetric wavelength existed that yielded a minimum buckling load for a given value of imperfection amplitude, consistent with the predictions of Koiter's extended theory. Using Fourier series analysis to estimate a power spectral density, it was concluded that for the range of random axisymmetric imperfections considered, a critical frequency component governed buckling as predicted by theory. Furthermore, it was found that a lower bound estimate of the buckling load was obtained based on the root-mean-square imperfection amplitude using an exponential-cosine autocorrelation peaked at the critical frequency.


The traction substation plays an important role in high-speed railway (HSR) as it can provide electric energy for trains, whose fault may threaten the safe and stable operation of HSR. Compared with common diagnosis methods, such as expert systems that heavily depend on professional experience, model-based diagnosis (MBD) has some distinct advantages. However, the inefficiency and incompleteness of calculating minimal hitting sets (MHSs) limit the performance of MBD. To reduce these limitations, the binary differential evolution with secondary population algorithm is proposed to calculate the MHSs. This algorithm can take advantage of differential evolution algorithm to improve the computational efficiency. The secondary population is used to enhance the convergence rate. In addition, the MHSs ensured strategy is proposed to improve the computational accuracy. Experiments are carried out on an actual traction substation in Hefei–Nanning HSR, and the results show that the MHSs can be solved accurately to finish the fault diagnosis of the traction substation in a short time.


The development of technology that continues to grow, especially in the field of face detection makes innovation continue to be developed. This development is in accordance with the needs that are changing rapidly and then the technology answers these challenges with an algorithm designed. One of them is the parking area of the University of PGRI Yogyakarta, which now has more than 200 employees but there is very limited parking space, so if it is not set up, the parking area of the employee will be very full and if it is not regulated, only employees may enter insufficient parking area. Budget constraints and humanist factors make choosing technology wise. So that employee parking areas can be monitored only employees can enter and then parking capacity can be monitored, then Android-based face detection technology is chosen. Only faces that have entered the database can enter the employee parking area. The method for face detection uses Neural Network. With face detection when entering a parking area, a special employee parking area can be used comfortably and the capacity can be monitored properly.


The growth of a blue green alga, Tolypothrix tenuis was investigated with respect to the effects of various environmental conditions; light intensity, temperature, composition of culture medium. An improved medium for growth experiments and another for economical culture of the alga were devised.The effects of various light intensities on the nitrogen fixation of the organism were investigated. The use of low light intensities for obtaining a good yield of fixed nitrogen was recommended.


Resistive switching characteristics of ZnO‐based nanomaterials make them useful candidates for applications in resistive random access memory (RRAM). In the present work, Nb‐doped ZnO thin films prepared using RF sputtering with varying doping concentrations were studied using XRD, UV‐Vis spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X‐ray Spectroscopy (EDS), I‐V, XPS and AFM measurements to investigate the structural, optical, electrical properties and roughness of the films. The XRD analysis revealed a shift in the (002) peak corresponding to hexagonal wurtzite structure, towards lower angles with increasing doping concentration, indicating a doping‐induced modification of crystal structure. The UV‐Vis spectroscopy showed an increase in the band gap energy with increasing doping concentration. The electrical conductivity of the films was found to increase with doping concentration, as determined by I‐V measurements. The XPS analysis confirmed the presence of Nb in the doped films and provided information on the chemical states of the elements. Overall, the results suggest that Nb doping can significantly modify the structural properties of ZnO thin films which alters the electrical properties to match the requirements for potential applications in memory devices.


Abstract "Reflections on Bummock" explored and expanded upon issues arising from the residency and exhibition, Bummock: The Lace Archive, held at Backlit Gallery, Nottingham, in 2018. The symposium reflected on the work of three artists, Andrew Bracey, Danica Maier, and Lucy Renton, and how they spent two-and-a-half years researching the Lace Archive held at Nottingham Trent University to catalyze the creation of new artworks. "Bummock," which refers to the large part of an iceberg hidden beneath the surface of the sea, was adopted by the artists as a heuristic device to explore unseen or undervalued parts of archives to generate new readings, knowledge, and responses. Discussions included the artists' development of a "controlled rummaging" methodology to select items, and how the exhibited outcomes illustrated "the flipping of the bummock" to reveal the underside of the archive. The resulting artworks were idiosyncratic, referencing historical lace objects through traces of supplementary documentation, as opposed to replicating the more seductive, esthetic characteristics of the textile. Invited speakers Amanda Briggs-Goode, Deborah Dean, Sian Vaughan, and Pennina Barnett contributed alternative insights to working with the materials (and politics) of archives, based on their experiences as, respectively, a custodian, curator, historian, and writer.


There has been a growing interest for the development of solar blind ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors for use in a variety of applications, including early missile threat warning, flame monitoring, UV radiation monitoring and chemical/biological reagent detection. The AlxGa1-xN material system has emerged as the most promising approach for such devices. However, the control of the material quality and the device technology are still rather immature. We report here the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, the n-type and the p-type doping of high quality AlxGa1-xN thin films on sapphire substrates over a wide range of Al concentration. The quality of this AlxGa1-xN material was verified through the demonstration of high performance visible and solar blind ultraviolet p-i-n photodiodes with a cut-off wavelength continuously tunable from 227 to 365 nm, internal quantum efficiencies up to 86% when operated in photovoltaic mode, and a ultraviolet-to-visible rejection ratio as high as six orders of magnitude. Both front and back side illuminated p-i-n photodiodes were realized. Photodetector devices were also demonstrated on GaN material obtained using lateral epitaxial overgrowth. The technology for such AlxGa1-xN based devices was improved in an effort to enhance their performance, including the development of ohmic metal contacts to both n-type and p-type AlxGa1-xN films with an Al concentration up to 40%.


The University of Jember as a centre for biotechnology research in Indonesia also has the responsibility of developing biotechnology research results for the public. The urgency in fostering public understanding of biotechnology needs attention. Based on the results of a survey conducted, it shows that 75% of Jember University students do not understand biotechnology and the superior biotechnology products of the University of Jember. One way of developing this biotechnology information to the public is through the use of learning media. The research objective was to analyze the virtual needs of biotechnology laboratories for agriculture and health. The results show that students in higher education ranks have standard knowledge of virtual laboratories. Students also need skills in developing virtual laboratories and providing laboratories in learning and practicum. This shows that the development of a virtual laboratory is required to develop effectiveness and improvement of students' skills in higher education.


This research arises in a context of strong debate on the effectiveness of merger control and how competition authorities assess the potential anticompetitive effects of mergers. In order to contribute to the discussion, we apply merger simulation —the most sophisticated and often used tool to assess unilateral effects— to predict the post-merger prices of the AB InBev / SAB-Miller merger in Argentina. The basic idea of merger simulation is to simulate post-merger equilibrium from estimated structural parameters of the demand and supply equations. Assuming that firms compete à la Bertrand, we use different discrete choice demand systems —Logit, Nested Logit and Random Coefficients Logit models— in order to test how sensible the predictions are to changes in demand specification. Then, to get a measure of the precision of the method we compare these predictions with actual post-merger prices. Finally, to conclude, we point out the importance of post-merger evaluation of merger simulation methods applied in complex cases, as well as the advantages and limitations of using these type of demand models.


This study decomposes major price indices in Pakistan into permanent and transitory components using the Beveridge and Nelson (1981) methodology. The results show that most of the peice variations are permanent with a mojor portion being deterministic. The transitory variations in the consumer price index are only slightly greater than those in the wholesale price index. Therefore, rent-seeking activities at the retail level are limited. Although a similar pattern holds for the open market versus official exchange rates, rent seeking can be prevalent because the market is thin and operates on a spot basis. The study concludes that a forecasting strategy based on the Beveridge-Nelson approach removes the bulk of uncertainty from peicesm though risk cannot be avoided.


Importance
Multiple patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for health-related quality of life (HRQoL) exist for patients with acne. However, little is known about the content validity and other measurement properties of these PROMs.

Objective
To systematically review PROMs for HRQoL in adults or adolescents with acne.

Data Sources
Eligible studies were extracted from PubMed and Embase (OVID).

Study Selection
Full-text articles published in English or Spanish on development, pilot, or validation studies for acne-specific, dermatology-specific, or generic HRQoL PROMs were included. Development studies included original development studies, even if not studied in acne patients per Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) recommendations. If a study included several diagnoses, the majority (ie, over 50%) of patients must have acne or acne-specific subgroup analyses must be available. Abstract and full-text screening was performed by 2 independent reviewers.

Data Extraction and Synthesis
Two independent reviewers assessed study quality applying the COSMIN checklist and extracted and analyzed the data. For each distinctive PROM, quality of evidence was graded by measurement property.

Main Outcomes and Measures
PROM properties (target population, domains, recall period, development language), PROM development and pilot studies, content validity (relevance, comprehensiveness, comprehensibility), and remaining measurement properties (structural validity, internal consistency, cross-cultural validity, reliability, measurement error, criterion validity, construct validity, and responsiveness). Quality of evidence was assigned for each measurement property of included PROMs. An overall recommendation level was assigned based on content validity and quality of the evidence of measurement properties.

Results
We identified 54 acne PROM development or validation studies for 10 acne-specific PROMs, 6 dermatology-specific PROMs, and 5 generic PROMs. Few PROMs had studies for responsiveness. The only acne-specific PROMs with sufficient evidence for content validity were the CompAQ and Acne-Q. Based on available evidence, the Acne-Q and CompAQ can be recommended for use in acne clinical studies.

Conclusions and Relevance
Two PROMs can currently be recommended for use in acne clinical studies: the Acne-Q and CompAQ. Evidence on content validity and other measurement properties were lacking for all PROMs; further research investigating the quality of remaining acne-specific, dermatology-specific, and generic HRQoL PROMs is required to recommend their use.


An investigation on GPS-based soil chemical properties and fertility status of three different blocks and each block 3 villages (Chomu, Sanganer, Shahpura) of Jaipur district was undertaken during the year 2021-22. 27 soil samples were collected at three different depths (0-15, 15-30, 30-40 cm) and analysed. Different results were reported. The colour of soil samples changed with the depth. The pH of soils ranged between (pH 7.40 - 7.58). The electrical conductivity of the soil of the entire studied area was less than 1 dSm-1. The soil organic carbon status was low to medium, ranging from 0.10 to 0.25 % and organic matter ranged from 0.17 – 0.43%. The available nitrogen content of the entire studied area was low (166.37 to 192.75 kg ha-1). The available phosphorus and potassium content varied between 13.24 to 37.77 kg ha-1 and 146.88 to 232.32 kg ha-1. The available zinc, iron, copper and manganese of the soil ranged between 0.56 to 0.32 mg kg-1, 2.23 to 2.97 mg kg-1, 0.40 to 0.67 mg kg-1 and 2.17 to 2.95 mg kg-1. The fertility database would be very useful for extension functionaries, agricultural officers, scientists and above all the farmers for sustainable crop production.


Integrating drug-gene associations mined from the literature with drug information sources -A comparison with PharmGKB. E. Doughty, B. Kirk, M. G. Kann, O. Bodenreider University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA ED and BK shared first authorship BACKGROUND: While pharmacogenomics is interested in finding the connections between drugs and human genomic variation from the perspective of personalized medicine, mutational information is still primarily locked in the literature. Fortunately, high-throughput text mining approaches are being developed to facilitate the identification of pharmacogenomic knowledge. The principal pharamacogenomics database is PharmGKB, in which mutation-drug associations are manually curated. Text mining and curated resources have different strengths and can be used in combination, where text mining is used to identify areas for curation and curated data serve as a reference for the evaluation of text mining methods. METHODS: We developed a system for the purpose of comparing drug-gene associations between one text mining tool, the Extractor of MUtations (EMU), and PharmGKB. Our system integrates drug information (from the National Drug File – Reference Terminology, NDF-RT), drug-associated mutations automatically extracted from PubMed abstracts by EMU, and various protein databases, including UniProt. It also integrates drug-gene relations from PharmGKB for comparison purposes. All integrated data are stored in RDF triples that are queried using the SPARQL query language. Mutationally-relevant drug-gene annotations extracted from the literature were compared against drug-gene pairs related to point mutations in the variant annotations from PharmGKB. Annotations for select drugs were reviewed manually. RESULTS: We found a total of 556 unique drug-gene pairs from EMU and PharmGKB. Thirty-four pairs (6 percent) were found in both EMU and PharmGKB. 334 were only found using EMU (60 percent). Finally, 118 were only found in PharmGKB (34 percent). In addition, there were 484 drugs linked to mutations extracted by EMU that were not listed in PharmGKB's variant annotations. These drugs were linked to 1,279 genes. From a qualitative perspective, of the seven paclitaxel-related citations, all but one were deemed relevant and revealed three genes related with direct effects, two of which (PIK3CA and TP53) were not genetically annotated in PharmGKB. Analogously, PharmGKB has no genetic information on mitoxantrone, but ten citations were identified by EMU as being mutationally relevant, of which two were related with effect. DISCUSSION: Select EMU-only genes were inspected to confirm they included some relevant mutational drug-gene relationships. From this inspection, genes related to clozapine and paclitaxel were easily identified as needing further curation. With a manageable amount of citations per drug, evaluation of the majority of the citations should be a relatively quick process. From a previous evaluation, EMU's precision in extracting correct mutational information and genes was about .70. In terms of recall, EMU misses some genes found in PharmGKB due to its inability to find non-standard gene names in the text. Using drug class information from NDF-RT, we were able to determine that most drugs lacking genetic annotation are antimicrobials. CONCLUSION: The majority of citations in which EMU extracted mutations are relevant to curation. We have shown that the use of EMU can provide new citations for current PharmGKB curations and provides citations for drugs not genetically annotated in PharmGKB.


Experimental studies have been carried out to determine promising methods for removing the potato stem nematode using ultrasonic, electrophysical, ultraviolet and chemical methods of influence. Laboratory complexes for combating the potato stem nematode have been developed and empirical dependencies have been determined for reducing potato infection with determining the operating modes of the developed complexes.


The reactions of arene- and methanesulfonyl chlorides with alkenes catalyzed by dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium (II) were found to give 1 : 1 adducts in high yield. Whereas, trichloromethanesulfonyl chloride added to alkenes with extrusion of sulfur dioxide under similar conditions. A reaction mechanism involving a radical intermediate which interacts to the ruthenium in the coordination sphere is proposed. The reactions of styrylsulfonyl chloride with alkenes under similar conditions afforded 1 : 1 adducts at the initial step, then followed dehydrochlorination and desulfonylation from the adducts successively to give divinyl sulfones and 1, 3-butadienes in high yield, respectively. The reaction is a novel and convenient methods for synthesis of substituted 1, 3-butadienes. The reactions of alkane- and arenesulfonyl chloride with alkenes in the presence of a catalytic amount of ruthenium (II) complex with chiral ligand, Ru2Cl4 [(+)-DION]3 or Ru2Cl4- [(-)-DION]3', were found to give optically active adducts with about 10-40 % e.e. These results suggest that radicals formed by the interaction with metal catalysts are coordinated with metals, and therefore such reactive species should be called "RADICALOID" since carbenes coordinated to metals are called carbenoid.


We study in this article the bifurcation and stability of the solutions of the Ginzburg--Landau equation, using a notion of bifurcation called attractor bifurcation. We obtain in particular a full classification of the bifurcated attractor and the global attractor as $\lambda$ crosses the first critical value of the linear problem. Bifurcations from the rest of the eigenvalues of the linear problem are obtained as well.


This study presents a cost-effective, reusable, and stable molecular-imprinted polymer (MIP) technology-based capacitive sensor for the detection of inositol (IS) in fruits. As a sensitive composite, molecular-imprinted polydopamine-polyethylene glycol (MI-2P-IS@C) was introduced on copper (Cu)-cladded FR-4 plates of the capacitive sensor. For the sensing material characterization, a couple of techniques: 1) scanning electron microscope (SEM) and 2) X-ray diffraction (XRD), were employed. The studies of parallel capacitance (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$C_{\mathrm {pis}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), impedance (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Z_{\mathrm {pis}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), and phase angle (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\theta _{\mathrm {pis}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) variation as a function of frequency were performed for the MI-2P-IS@C sensor. The parallel capacitance <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$C_{\mathrm {pis}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> was considered to be the key parameter for exploring the detection capability of the sensor. The linearity range of the sensor was found to be from 0.125 to 1 ppm, and the lower limit of detection (LOD) was estimated to be as low as 1.8 ppb. A couple of linear regression models: 1) principal component regression (PCR) method and 2) partial least square regression (PLSR) was exercised for the prediction of IS in the fruits, and the prediction accuracies were found to be as high as 99.91% and 99.90% for the two methods, respectively. The root-mean-square error of calibration (RMSEC) was estimated to be 0.0008 for both PLSR and PCR using three latent variables. Moreover, the sensor offers high selectivity in detecting IS and exhibits high stability as the maximum parallel capacitance (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$C_{\mathrm {pism}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) increases only by 0.5% even after three months of usage.


It is proved that a complete metric space topologically contains the Sierpin'ski universal plane curve if and only if it has a subset with so-called bypass property, i.e. it has a subset K containing an arc such that for each a E K and for each open arc A C K with a E A, there exists an arbitrary small arc in K \ {a} joining the two components of A \ {a}. Investigating homogeneous continua which contain an arc, a characterization of complete metric spaces that topologically contain the Sierpin'ski universal plane curve has been obtained (Theorem 1 below). To formulate this result we need the following definition. Definition 1. A metric space X has the bypass property if (1) X contains an arc, and (2) for every arc xy in X and every point z E xy \ {x, y} and E > 0 there is an arc xly' in X \ {z} with diameter 0 there is a connected graph H c X without end points such that Received by the editors December 19, 1996 and, in revised form, April 21, 1997. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 54F15, 54F65, 54F50, 54C25.


Author(s): Preisendorfer, Rudolph W | Abstract: SIO Reference 59-7. This paper continues the study of the time dependent multiple scattering problem begun in paper I. We introduce the notions of least epoch time and local epoch time by means of the radiative process or an arbitrary carrier space and show under what conditions they allow various temporal metrics to be introduced into the carrier space. The notion of the characteristic function is also introduced, and several of its key properties are illustrated by observations and theorems.


A particular formulation of the three-dimensional finite-element method is established for the elastic-plastic analysis of a triangular pyramidal indentation. The triangular pyramidal indentation on 0. 46% carbon steel and 70 : 30 brass is analyzed by the proposed method using the stress-strain curve of the tensile test. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental results. It is shown that the loading portion of the calculated load-displacement curves can be correlated with Vickers hardness, and the unloading portion, with Young's modulus. The extension of the plastic zone induced by the indentation made by an indenter is investigated using the analysis.


To realize a device that can be used for a long time. That is easily removable to be separated, in use, provides the power, the power connecting method, or connecting members. Easy to exchange power and provides a power connection method, or connecting members. This design property offers a high power. Through a connection member including a pivot pipe, the spring, and the pair, and supplies the electric power from the battery into the electronic apparatus. And the pivot of the pair is electrically isolated from each other, are connected to either of a pair of cell electrodes and a single electrode. An electronic apparatus with a pair of pivot that is inserted comprises a pair of bearings that can receive the electric power.


Decentralization of the China Administration of Civil Aviation(CAAC),previously the sole national carrier,has spawned a dramatic increase in the number of airlines.This paper will focus on the potential reaction for the private carrier.We start with a detailed analysis,focusing among other things on the yield evolution and cost structure.Then we deal with two potential strategies: becoming a global network carrier as a member of an alliance,or opting to become a niche player.We can learn a lot by compared with American and European situation.How to deal with alliances? What is the low-cost strategy? How about the Southwest model?


We consider second order hyperbolic equations with unbounded operator's coecients possessing time dependent domain of definition in a Hilbert space. Existence and uniqueness of the strong generalized solution are studied. The proofs rely on a generalization of the well known energy in- tegral method. First, we derive a priori estimates for the strong generalized solutions with the help of Yosida operator approximation. Then, using previ- ous results, we show that the range of the operators generated by the posed problem is dense.


The crystallographic structure of organic crystals is most commonly studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Unfortunately, rather large crystals, at least 106 µm3. are required for XRD analysis, and it is often quite difficult and sometimes impossible to prepare such large crystals. On the other hand, electron diffraction techniques, although not nearly as precise as XRD, do afford the capability of studying much smaller crystals. The minimum size for electron diffraction is on the order of 10-3 µm3 (0.1 µm2 area by 0.01 µm thick). Since most polymer crystals are very sensitive to radiation damage caused by the beam in the electron microscope, special precautions must be taken to minimize beam damage to the specimen. Our approach to minimizing radiation damage, while still obtaining usable diffraction data, is described in terms of using the condenser-objective lens optics of the Philips 301 S(TEM) electron microscope. Three examples of the application of electron diffraction structure analysis are given. These include the structures of halogenated polysulfur nitride (SN)x, neutral α,α'-polypyrrole, and poly(p-hydroxybenzoic acid) (PHBA).


Perovskite solar cells (PSC) with efficiencies > 20% have only been realized with highly expensive archetype organic hole transporting materials that can impede the large-scale deployment of PSC. Here we demonstrate PSCs achieving stabilized efficiencies of 20.3% with CuSCN as hole electron extraction layer. We developed a new method for the solution deposition of compact and highly conformal CuSCN layers that afford fast carrier extraction and collection. We also show that the notorious instability of CuSCN based PSCs is not associated with the CuSCN/perovskite interface but rather originates from the CuSCN/Au contact. By introducing a thin spacer layer between CuSCN and gold layers, the PSCs retained >95% of their initial efficiency after aging for 500 h under full-sun illumination at 60 °C, and >85% of their initial efficiency after aging at 85 °C for 1000 h. Importantly, under both continuous illumination and thermal stress, CuSCN based devices surpass the stability of spiro-OMeTAD based PSCs. One Sentence Summary: A record performance displayed by operationally stable perovskite solar cells employing all-inorganic charge extraction layers was realized after introducing a simple dynamic approach for the deposition of thin and conformal CuSCN layer onto perovskite layer and a thin spacer layer between CuSCN and gold layers, which will foster their large scale deployment. The prominence of organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSC) can be credited to the unprecedented advancement in the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), realized mostly by tailoring the formation and composition of the absorber layer (1,2). Certified PCEs >20% have been obtained while retaining the electron selective TiO2 layer and by using either spiroOMeTAD [2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)9,9′-spirobifluorene] or a polymerbased PTTA (poly-triarylamine) as the hole-transporting material (HTM) (2,3). However, the cost of these HTMs is prohibitively high for large-scale applications and the long-term operational and thermal instability seems to be associated with the archetype organic HTMs or their ingredients (4). One of the strategies to combat the issues of cost and instability could be the use of inexpensive inorganic hole extraction layers similar to the use of TiO2 as an electron transporting material (5). However, obtaining stable PCEs >20% with PSCs using inorganic


The Contact and Channel Model (C&CM) is a means to describe design problems on any level of abstraction, in order to provide a representation of the product as the problem situation requires. With the C&CM a support is provided, which in an unstructured, through multiple goals and through different procedures characterized environment of product development makes possible a systematized but free and dynamic way of modelling. The basic systematic of the C&CM allows everybody to use the model in their own strategy of problem solving. This paper firstly briefly introduces the C&CM before the methodological background of the C&CM with special focus on "model building" and "solving design" problems is enlightened.


Problems involved in obtaining the desired thickness of bridge decks were investigated. The study, which was limited to decks longitudinally screeded during construction, included a) field measurements of the girder deflections during construction, and b) theoretical frame analysis of the girder deflections under the field-loading conditions. Two simple supported steel-plate spans were investigated. When full-span length longitudinal screeding is used, the finished grade elevations are set on the screeding edge of the machine and remain independent of the bridge girder deflections, and thus the forming elevations, will in turn have a bearing on the final thickness of a bridge deck. In addition, all factors that in effect cause the deck forming to be too high at the time the concrete is screeded to grade have the potential of causing an inadequate deck thickness. The most significant factors were found to be a) plan dead-load deflection values that are in error, b) differential temperatures existing between the top and bottom flanges of the girders during concrete placement as opposed to those that may have existed when the forming elevations were established, and c) the transverse position of the concrete dead loading at the time a final screeding pass is made over a given point on a span.


In the 1970s, when I began studying tsarist nationalities policy, there existed only a few reliable scholarly works concerning these problems. Soviet historiography emphasized the harmonious relations between the Russian state and non-Russian ethnic groups ("the friendship of peoples"), and the nationalities question was virtually taboo. So the delicate topic of Russia's relations with the Poles, Lithuanians, and Belarusians was avoided not only by most historians in the Soviet republics of Belorussia and Lithuania but also in communist Poland. Meanwhile, the interwar national historiographies of Poland and Lithuania, which survived among émigré scholars, were committed to the notion that a coherent and systematic Russification of the non-Russians had been undertaken in the tsarist empire. "Western" specialists on Russian history widely followed this pattern, although there were exceptions. The first comprehensive, modern monographs devoted to tsarist nationalities policies in the western borderlands—the two volumes edited and partially written by Edward C. Thaden—were published only in the early 1980s. Thaden opposed the view that there had been a systematic, long-term Russification policy and distinguished between two kinds of Russification, administrative and cultural: the former was more durable and important and dated from the reign of Catherine II; while the latter was not systematic, covered only parts of the empire, and was undertaken after 1830 and especially after 1863. Following