802.11 Wi-Fi technology is commonly used for creating wireless access networks with a maximum range of one hundred meters. With careful planning and proper antennas, this same technology can also be used to make point to point links up to several kilometres. Since, it is not always feasible and wise to run cables over long distances to connect different networks, therefore, wireless links may turn out to be cost effective alternative to their counterpart wired links while creating long distance networks and providing network scalability. Wi-Fi-based point to point links can therefore be used to connect two local area network (LAN) segments, which besides being cost-effective, provides network scalability and other advantages such as high speed, centralized and easier management and high throughput for line of sight (LOS) applications. A Wi-Fi-based point to point link can extend the range of wireless LAN by a few hundred feet to few miles which can further be increased by using highly directional antennas for point to point links, while serving as a backup network in different organizations. So, we have designed a soft private branch exchange (PBX) system for a university campus or organization, facilitating voice over internet protocol (VoIP) calls and instant messaging, employing the idea of Wi-Fi- based point to point links. Moreover, we have also analysed the quality of service (QOS) of the given setup in terms of data rate and connectivity using bandwidth test and ping test respectively, for both transmission control protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP) scenarios.


We describe the case of a 44-yr-old woman, suffering from rheumatoid arthritis for 15 yr, who developed porphyria cutanea tarda while being treated with methotrexate. The cutaneous lesions healed and the metabolic anomalies improved after a few months, despite continuing the treatment.


This work addresses the finite-time control problem for a class of nonlinear inverted pendulum systems. A series of homogeneous controllers, which are capable of guaranteeing the locally finite-time stability for the closed-loop systems, are first developed using the adding one power integrator method and backstespping technique. Subsequently, the nested saturation control approach has been further proposed in order to achieve global finite-time stability after appropriately adjusting the saturation level. Furthermore, the simulation results are given to validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.


Considering our previous findings on the remarkable activity exhibited by cobalt(III) with 2-acetylpyridine-N(4)-R-thiosemicarbazone (Hatc-R) compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the present study aimed to explored new structure features of the complexes of the type [Co(atc--R)2]Cl, where R = methyl (Me, 1) or phenyl (Ph, 2) (13C NMR, high-resolution mass spectrometry, LC–MS/MS, fragmentation study) together with its antibacterial and antiviral biological activities. The minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) were determined, as well as the antiviral potential of the complexes on chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection in vitro and cell viability. [Co(atc-Ph)2]Cl revealed promising MIC and MBC values which ranged from 0.39 to 0.78 µg/mL in two strains tested and presented high potential against CHIKV by reducing viral replication by up to 80%. The results showed that the biological activity is strongly influenced by the peripheral substituent groups at the N(4) position of the atc-R1− ligands. In addition, molecular docking analysis was performed. The relative binding energy of the docked compound with five bacteria strains was found in the range of −3.45 and −9.55 kcal/mol. Thus, this work highlights the good potential of cobalt(III) complexes and provide support for future studies on this molecule aiming at its antibacterial and antiviral therapeutic application.


Online Publication Date: 01 February 2007To cite this Article: Nadin, Vincent (2007) 'The emergence of the spatial planningapproach in England', Planning Practice and Research, 22:1, 43 - 62To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/02697450701455934URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02697450701455934PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLEFull terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdfThis article maybe used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction,re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expresslyforbidden.The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will becomplete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should beindependently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings,demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with orarising out of the use of this material.© Taylor and Francis 2007


The impact of tropical cyclones on the characteristics of barrier layer (BL) thickness is investigated in this study in combination with observations and numerical simulations. Statistical results based on Simple Ocean Data Assimilation reanalysis (SODA) data and Argo float measurements reveal a significant effect of TCs on the BL characteristics. The BL thickness increases remarkably with the TC approaching, reaches its maximum 1–5 days after the TC passage, and recovers to its pre-storm state within 30 days on average. The peak increase in BL thickness is slightly rightward biased relative to the TC track, reaching ∼1.31 m (26.93%) relative to the pre-storm state as revealed by SODA data. The changes in BL thickness show a strong correlation with TC characteristics in terms of intensity and translation speed, tending to be more significant with more intense or slower-moving TCs. The thickening of the isothermal layer on the right of TC tracks and shallowing of the mixed layer act together to determine the BL development. The three-dimensional Price–Weller–Pinkel (3DPWP) ocean model is applied to explore the influence of precipitation on BL thickness. The results show that the precipitation tends to decrease the mixed layer depth while the vertical mixing of TCs deepens the isothermal layer depth, both of which act together to increase the BL thickness.


The invention provides an unconventional CO2 fracturing site operation technology. The technology comprises the steps of (1) preparation of a fracturing truck; (2) the connection between a CO2 booster pump truck and a CO2 storage tank and a main fracturing truck; (3) the connection of high pressure lines; (4) pressure testing; (5) high pressure line sweeping; (6) circulatory pump cooling; (7) CO2 fracturing; (8) pressure release. By means of the technology, the risk of dry icing can be eliminated, the expansion explosion risk is eliminated, and the unconventional CO2 fracturing can be completed safely.


Inclusive education specialists in China hold that,inclusive education,generally speaking,is to break the fence of the traditionally segregated special education,to integrate students with disabilities in regular schools and to enable them study and live together with students without disabilities (Lei,2001).However,it is not always the case.Even if some students with disabili ties have entered regular schools,their genuine participation in education is less likely to be ensured.In some cases,schools place a high value on the quantity rather than quality of inclusive education.Though some students with disabilities attend class,they just sit alone during the whole class period without any participation in the classroom activities or interaction with other classmates.Unfortunately,others are just remained at home in spite of their names on the list.Tang (as cited in Pang & Richey,2006) stated that,"researchers have pointed out that without close,professional supervision,students with disabilities could easily be neglected in general classrooms" (p.85).As is readily seen,students with disabilities under such cir cumstance will not get any benefit from inclusion though its starting point is to provide equal opportunities for them to partici pate in education.When it comes to the students with visual impairments,regular schools fail to meet their special needs since there are not enough special educators and facilities available.So if those students with visual impairments enter such a regular school,they will not get much benefit from inclusion;instead,they will lose opportunities to take genuine participation in education.Therefore,teachers still encounter several challenges relating to students with visual impairments'genuine participation in inclusive educa tion.


A review of the literature pertaining to graduate study reveals an eventfull but checkered history for the master's degree. The United States has the longest history of graduate education in occupational therapy of any member of the World Federation of Occupational Therapists. Literature pertaining to this development is reviewed for both the U.S. and Canada. The results of a survey of graduate program needs in three prairie provinces will be presented and discussed in Part 2.


Purpose of these of high pressure investigations is to determine the relationship between order and disorder in amorphous materials using high pressure techniques were used. High pressure x-ray diffraction, electron transmission microscopy, and Raman scattering. Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) at Ithaca was used to measure x-ray diffraction patterns using Energy-Dispersive X-ray Diffraction. It was shown that the structural ordering in pressure-amorphized solids can be described as defects in curved-space. High-resolution transmissions electron microscopy showed that pressure-amorphized alpha-quartz lacks periodicity at the atomic level. Study of a silicate mineral shows that pressure-induced amorphizations occur because of an impeded phase transition.


Irradiation of visible light on a dichloromethane or chloroform solution in the presence of halogenated p-benzoquinones, such as fluoranil, chloranil, and bromanil, caused the formation of an acid, HCl. In the presence of octaethylporphyrin in those solutions, the photoinduced protonations of porphyrins were observed. Stepwise spectral changes suggested the formations of monocationic and dicationic species and an "intermediate" which had a spectrum with maximum wavelength at 717 nm. The unstable intermediate was suggested to be octaethylphlorin. But the trial to isolate the intermediate gave octaethylbilindione. Dioxygen was found to exert both negative and positive effects on the acidification of solvents and on the protonation on porphyrin in the octaethylporphyrin–bromanil systems. The mechanisms of these photochemically induced reactions are discussed.


The essay mainly recommends the relationship of battery management system of phosphoric acid iron of lithium battery and vehicle control system and the working characteristic of the battery,and introduces the construction of battery management system and arithmetic of state of charge(SOC),the state of health(SOH) can be estimated based on the experience.The paper also expatiates the speciality of charge and discharge state,which are critical to the exploration of battery management system.


Abstract : The immediate objectives of this work, namely to isolate, purify, structurally characterise and clone insect muscle GLuR were not realised, mainly because of unforseen technical difficulties, some of which have yet to be overcome. However, unexpectedly rapid developments in the molecular for this class of receptor. We have taken advantage of these developments by designing new molecular biological procedures for over-expressing cloned mammalian GluR subunits. Since the long-term aim of this project is to produce biosensors based upon GluR, the availability of pure mammalian GluR is clearly advantageous in this respect.


This chapter examines the discriminatory and exclusionary treatment experienced by migrants in Ireland and argues that Elias's established-outsider approach offers a more plausible framework for understanding the reception and treatment of immigrants in Ireland than various postmodern sociological analyses. Over the last fifteen years, high and sustained levels of immigration have transformed Irish society. Between 1999 and 2008 the population increased by 18 per cent – the highest rate in the 27 countries comprising the European Union. Increasingly multi ethnic and cosmopolitan, the emerging pattern of cultural heterogeneity and diversity – with immigrants from 188 countries – is unprecedented. From a nation defined previously by largescale emigration, Ireland has now become a country of entrenched immigration. These socio-cultural changes have, in varying ways and at different levels of intensity transformed a number of sociological aspects of Irish society: the operation of labour markets; the state regulation of political and civic rights; cultural issues concerning diversity, citizenship, multiculturalism, integration, and ethno-racial domination. They have also reframed a number of socio-economic issues concerning class, poverty, unemployment, social welfare, social exclusion, housing, political representation, trade union membership, national belonging and membership, and equality in Ireland (Loyal 2011). Despite Ireland's tourist-orientated national self-image as a welcoming, hospitable country, varying levels of racism directed towards migrants undoubtedly exist. In a survey carried out in 2000, almost 80 per cent of individuals from black or ethnic minority groups living in Ireland claimed they had experienced some form of racism or discrimination while living here (O'Mahony, Loyal, Mulcahy 2001). More recent reports have suggested that this level of discrimination has not diminished1. A study carried out by the EU's Fundamental Rights Agency in 2009 found that Ireland was among the worst five countries in the EU when it came to racial discrimination and abuse. Migrant workers have also suffered from high levels of exploitation in the workplace. According to Quinn and Hughes (2004), work permit holders earn up to 14 per cent less than indigenous workers, despite the fact that they are on the whole better qualified. The number of cases that the Labour Relations Commission Rights Commissioner Service has processed involving foreign workers has continually increased. There has also been a steady increase in the number of cases dealt with by the Equality Tribunal on employment equality grounds. More particularly they rose from two in 2000 to 71 in 2004. In 2003, 85 cases related solely to racial discrimination with an unspecified number also falling within the 76 undertaken on multiple grounds. These investigations into employment violations included a variety of offences: the employment of migrant workers with unequal pay and conditions in comparison with other Irish or EEA staff; failure by employers to pay workers pre-arranged wage rates; paying workers below the minimum wage; workers being subject to excessive working hours; illegal pay deductions, with recruitment costs to be borne by the prospective employee; and the non-payment of overtime or holiday pay. Large-scale cases including the Irish Ferries dispute and the Gama controversy in which Latvian and Turkish workers, respectively, were sometimes receiving just over €2 an hour when the minimum wage stood at over €7. All this was broadly illustrative of the multifaceted nature of employment violations against migrant workers (Loyal 2011). Migrant workers have also been hindered from accessing employment and certain occupations because of


Appropriate management of pleural effusion depends on an accurate diagnosis. Failure to recognize pleuroperitoneal communication may lead to inadvertent prescription of hypertonic dialysis exchanges, which possibly further increase intraperitoneal pressure and aggravate the hydrothorax (16). Traditionally, peritoneal scintigraphy is the most widely used diagnostic tool for pleuroperitoneal communication (11). In clinical practice, however, pleurocentesis is often required for symptomatic relief of massive pleural effusion. Biochemical and microbiological analysis of the pleural fluid aspirate are necessary to ascertain the transudative nature of the pleural effusion, as well as to exclude infective and malignant causes of pleural effusion. Since hydrothorax secondary to pleuroperitoneal communication is a relatively uncommon cause of transudative pleural effusion in the PD population (2,3), peritoneal scintigraphy may not be a desirable first-line investigation of pleural effusion; pleural fluid biochemistry is a simple and convenient screening test for this condition. Pleural effusion secondary to pleuroperitoneal communication is believed to have a high glucose concentration (12,13). However, there is no validated reference range for pleural fluid glucose concentration in the identification of pleuroperitoneal communication. While Huang et al. (9) and Light and Broaddus (11) suggested a pleural fluid glucose value intermediate between that of dialysate and serum, Leblanc et al. (12) and Spinowitz et al. (13) believed that only a pleural fluid glucose concentration of over 300 to 400 mg/dL would be diagnostic. However, all the recommendations were based on small numbers of observations. In the present study, we found only modest elevation of pleural fluid glucose concentration in the cases of pleuroperitoneal communication. Moreover, all but 1 patient in the control group also had similar findings. Application of the pleural glucose criteria by Huang et al. (9) or Light and Broaddus (11) would have wrongly classified 8 of the 9 patients in the control group, while the criteria by Leblanc et al. (12) or Spinowitz et al. (13) would have missed 6 of the 8 cases of genuine pleuroperitoneal communication in our series. Although the higher the absolute pleural fluid glucose concentration, the more likely there is a communication, there is no cutoff value that can reliably distinguish pleuroperitoneal communication from other causes of hydrothorax. Although regarded by some authorities as unnecessary (17), serum glucose concentration is a logical reference value when interpreting pleural fluid glucose level. Since pleuroperitoneal communication represents a dynamic movement of dialysis solution via diaphragmatic defect (18) or other anatomical sites (3,19), the pleural fluid glucose concentration would be governed by the size of the defect, the rate of glucose absorption from the pleural space, and the concentration gradient between the two compartments. In conclusion, we demonstrated that pleural fluidto-serum glucose concentration gradient may be a reliable method in differentiating pleuroperitoneal communication from other causes of transudative pleural effusion in PD patients. The cutoff level is demonstrated at 50 mg/dL; however, given the small number of patients and the lack of prospective testing, further study is needed to verify our findings. Since there were two cases of diabetes mellitus in control group and one in study group, our results need further validation in diabetic patients.


For information fusion of the two-sensor steady-state Kalman filter,there are three common weighted distributed fusion algorithms: weighted by scalar,weighted by diagonal matrices and weighted by matrices.They all need calculating the local steady-state filtering error cross-covariance matrix to obtain results.The covariance intersection algorithm can get an improved valuation in the face of unknown relevance.In this article,the covariance intersection algorithm was applied to the two-sensor information fusion steady-state Kalman filter,in the case of unknown cross-covariance matrix;good information fusion results can be obtained.Finally,an analysis of the experiment results is made and validated.


This research intends to find the effect of Financial Literacy, Lifestyle and Self-Control on Millennial Consumptive Behavior of Go-Jek Users in Sukoharjo Regency. Purposive sampling is a sampling technique carried out in this study based on certain characteristics that have a relationship with population characteristics. In this study, the population and sample were based on the following criteria: the millennial generation born in 1980-2000 and at least 2 users of the Go-Jek application. A total of 125 respondents are the samples used in this study. The analysis used is multiple regression test using the SPSS program. Based on this study, the results showed that: (1) Financial literacy had no significant effect on consumptive behavior, (2) Lifestyle had a significant effect on consumptive behavior, (3) Self-control had an effect on consumptive behavior.Key words: Financial Literacy, Lifestyle, Self-Control and Comsumptive Behavior


This paper utilizes the Least Squares Dummy Variables (LSDV) technique in investigating the effect of financial depth on economic growth within a sample of middle-income countries, over the period 2005–2017. The research finds that financial depth has a negative impact on real GDP growth within middle-income countries. This result is robust to the use of alternative measures of financial depth, the use of per capita GDP growth as a proxy for economic growth, the inclusion of dummy variables to control for the 2007–2010 global financial crisis, the exclusion of countries with high average growth as well as across income levels. Based on its findings, this study recommends the need for robust regulations to ensure that the credit facilities of domestic financial institutions are channeled towards productive investments rather than debt servicing.


This article explores the perceived disconnect between informal and formal musical knowledge, through a focused case study which aligned students' informal knowledge with aspects of the formal curriculum. The upper high school or senior secondary student participants had a background in the creation and performance of popular and contemporary music, and already possessed well-developed informal and aural-based learning skills. Using a latter phase of Green's (2008) informal learning research as a starting point, the students completed two written tasks: a scoring or transcription exercise, and an analysis report using the music "elements" or "concepts" framework of the syllabus. Legitimation Code Theory (LCT), was utilised in the theoretical appraisal of themes emerging from the study. Employing one LCT dimension known as Semantics, which explores the context-dependence and complexity of knowledge, a range of knowledge types were observed. These made visible points of connection and disconnection between the students' informal knowledge and the formal knowledge required to complete the tasks. The study highlights the limitations of informal knowledge as a sole basis for formal knowledge construction, but equally unveils points of connection between the two, important in informing teacher facilitation, and, much needed in curriculum reform.


Recently, information leakage accidents have been continuously occurring due to cyberattacks, and internal information leakage has also been occurring additionally. In this situation, many hacking accidents and DDoS attacks related to IoT are reported, and cyber threat detection field is expanding. Therefore, in this study, the trend related to the commercialization and generalization of IoT technology and the degree of standardization of IoT have been analyzed. Based on the reality of IoT analyzed through this process, research and analysis on what points are required in IoT security control was conducted, and then IoT security control strategy was presented. In this strategy, the IoT environment was divided into IoT device, IoT network/communication, and IoT service/platform in line with the basic strategic framework of 'Pre-response-accident response-post-response', and the strategic direction of security control was established suitable for each of them.


The effect of NaCl salinity on growth, biomass and ionic composition of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. tereticornis was studied in a nutrient solution experiment. Species were grown with control (no NaCl) and 150 mol m -3 NaCl salinity in Hoagland nutrient solution. Salinity significantly suppressed plant height, shoot and root fresh biomass in both the species. However, degree of reduction in these growth parameters was significantly different among both species. Relative fresh weight of E. camaldulensis under salt stress was significantly more than of E. tereticornis. Salinity stress caused significant effect on Na, K and Cl uptake and its distribution within mature and young leaves. Sodium concentration was about 4.5 folds higher in plants grown with salinity than those grown without salinity. Potassium concentration was significantly decreased in both eucalyptus species under salinity stress. However, salt induced reduction in K concentration was significantly lower in E. camaldulensis. Based on the relative fresh weight, K:Na ratio, ion distribution in young and mature leaves, E. camaldulensis exhibited more tolerance against salinity than E. tereticornis.


Objective To study the changes of insulin resistance(IR) and the plasma levels of AngⅡ and CGRP in healthy children with a family history of essential hypertension(EH) and explore their effects on pathogenesis of EH and significance of its first-level prevention.Methods Sixty healthy people with a family history of EH were recruited and randomized to two groups: 30 with one parent(group A) and 30 with both parents(group B) had a history of EH,and 30 subjects without a fa-mily history of EH as controls(group C).FINS,plasma AngⅡ and CGRP were determined by radioimmunoassay,and IRI calcula-ted.Results The levels of IR,AngⅡ and CGRP increased significantly in groups A and B compared with those in the control(F=14.43-16.63,q=6.48-8.15,P0.01).Plasma AngⅡ and CGRP were higher in subjects in group B than that in group A(F=15.14,16.63;q=3.12,3.98;P0.05).CGRP was positively correlated with AngⅡ in both groups A and B(r=0.682,P0.01).Conclusion The higher levels of IR and plasma AngⅡ and CGRP may exist before the development of hypertension in healthy offspring with a family history of EH,the above items are regarded as initiating agents of EH.People with IR and high le-vels of plasma AngⅡ and CGRP with a family history of ED are at high risk to have hypertension,a primary prevention should be offered to them.


This paper proposed Interacting Multiple Model EKF (IMM-EKF) for estimating the angular speed and rotor position of surface-mounted PMS motor in presence of wide range of process and measurement noises. In this algorithm, four IMM-EKF groups are built based on different noise levels. Appropriate model is selected by a switch function, which get good performance at stable state and robust ability. By this method, on-line and accurate speed and position estimation could be performed to implement sensorless vector control. The simulation results validate the accuracy, stability and robustness of proposed scheme in noisy condition.


Objective:To compare the officacy and safety of quetiapine and perphenanize in senile schizophrenia.Methods:Quetiapine and perphenanize to be used on 66 of senile schizophrenia for 8 weeks,PANSS and TESS were used to access the efficacy and side effects.Results:There was no significant difference in efficacy between two groups,quetsapine bad less effect than perphenanize.Conclusion:Quetsapine is a safe effective antipsy chotic drug.


The 7th Annual Nurses on Diabetes (NOD) Congress held at the Pivot Conference Centre at Montecasino on the weekend of 3rd to 4th March had the theme "NOD's GOT TALENT" and this definitely proved the case. From the speakers to the delegates and especially to the incredible participants of the theme evening, the Congress was a huge success - even well seasoned veterans of diabetes conferences around the world were commenting on the success of the event.


The relevance of measuring generalized parton distributions (GPDs) of nuclei is stressed and the unique possibilities offered by nuclear few body systems are emphasized. A realistic microscopic calculation of the unpolarized quark GPD Hq3 of the 3He nucleus is reviewed. Nuclear effects are found to be larger than in inclusive deep inelastic scattering, flavor dependent, increasing with the momentum transfer and the asymmetry of the process. They also depend on the realistic nuclear potential chosen to estimate them. Besides, it is found that nuclear GPDs cannot be factorized into a Δ2‐dependent and a Δ2‐independent term, as suggested in prescriptions proposed for finite nuclei.


Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technique was used to extract the cinnamon,clove and black seed essential oils.The antibacterial effect of these oils on Listeria monocytogenes are studied by disc diffusion method,and the recomposed essential oils applied to the surface of chilled pork was determined on L.monocytogenes inoculated at 4 ℃ for 15 days.The results showed that black seed oil exhibited a strong antibacterial activity on L.monocytogenes,yielding a significantly larger inhibition zone than that of cinnamon and clove essential oils.The minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of black seed oil,cinnamon and clove essential oils were 48,72 and 96 mg/L respectively.The optimum proportion of essential oils obtained from orthogonal experiment in agar medium was 3∶2∶2(clove oil∶cinnamon oil∶black seed oil).The combination of essential oils had effective inhabitation effect in inhibiting Listeria monocytogenes on chilled pork.The addition of these oils to chilled pork may be an effective strategy to control L.monocytogenes in chilled pork.


Introduction. We shall consider functions of the form where {r i } and {s i } are sets of positive integers. Such functions were studied by E. Grosswald in [2], who took {s i } to be pairwise relatively prime, and asked the following two questions: (a) When is ƒ(t) a polynomial? (b) When does ƒ(t) have positive coefficients? These questions arise naturally from the work of Allday and Halperin, who show in [1] that under suitable circumstance ƒ(t) will be the Poincare polynomial of the orbit space of a certain Lie group action. Grosswald gives a complete answer to (a), but (b) is a much harder question, and a complete answer is provided only for the case m = 2. His treatment involves the representation of the coefficients of ƒ(t) by partition functions, and uses a classical description by Sylvester of the semigroup generated by {s i }.


This study investigated relationships among two types of speech samples and ratings of loudness and of effort. Four adult speakers individually produced the vowels/a/ and /i/ and a sentence at 65, 75, and 85 dB SPL. The vowels were produced first with fundamental vocal frequency varying with intensity, and then with frequency controlled. The samples were then made into listening tapes. The intensity of each taped sample was electronically altered to allow listeners to hear each production at each of three different playback intensities. The taped samples were rated for loudness and for effort using the method of magnitude estimation. For both types of speech sample, increments in playback level resulted in nearly linear increments in rated loudness and effort. Effort ratings increased in nearly linear fashion as a function of production intensity for sentences but not for vowels. The effects of vowel identity and frequency condition were highly speaker dependent.


The loads in microgrid are flexible and easy to control. The economical operation of microgrid would become more economic by loads actively participating in. A cost model of controllable load was built based on factors affecting the outage costs. Combining it and the traditional microgrid operating model, a multi-time scale microgrid operating model was constructed, engaging controllable loads in the operation effectively. By simulation analysis, the rationality and validity of the model were proved.


Objective To investigate the electrocardiogram and clinical data of people taking cough syrup or addicted to heroin. Methods A total of 450 people took cough syrup or addicted to heroin who were treated in the addiction medicine department of our hospital were collected from December 2007 to December 2011 and divided into two groups according to the addition type, with 200 cases in the cough syrup group and 250 cases in the heron group, and the control group consists of 200 normal healthy persons. The patients' fasting glucose, total cholesterol, serum triglycerides,blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure and electrocardiogram were recorded. Results The cough syrup group compared with the heroin group, the control group had higher hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, with statistically significant differences(P0.05); Compared with the cough syrup group, the heroin group had lower hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, with statistically significant differences(P0.05); The control group had the lowest incidences of bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, premature atrial contraction, premature ventricular contraction, left anterior branch conduction block, left posterior branch conduction block, atrioventricular conduction block, ST-T change, limb leads low voltage, QT interval prolongation change, complete right bundle branch block and incomplete right bundle branch block, and the heroin group had the highest incidences, with statistically significant differences(P0.05). Conclusion Of the 3 groups, the heroin group has the severest myocardial and biochemical damage and the cough syrup group also has varying degrees of damage.Anti-drug publicity should be strengthened in order to improve the awareness of drug harm.


The present invention relates to a vehicle (1), which comprises means for placing at least said vehicle (1) the driver's foot pedal travel (2L, 2R), driving means (3,6) and handrails ( 10) of the grab bar (10) is connected to the accelerator pedal (2L, 2R) and by the grab bar (10) provided for controlling the vehicle (1) means (11 with respect to ground speed 12). The driving means (3,6) in this case has two mutually spaced apart, when the vehicle (1) is disposed with the normal direction of travel (F) of the front portion, with the accelerator pedal (2L, 2R ) mechanically coupled to the wheels (3) or slider, and at least one, in the direction of travel when the vehicle (1) normal travel (F) is disposed at the rear, with the accelerator pedal (2L, 2R) mechanically coupled to the drive wheel (6), and said vehicle (1) can be driven by the drive wheels on the ground (6). According to the present invention, the vehicle (1) is characterized in that said accelerator pedal (2L, 2R) is divided into two parts with the pedal (2L, 2R) along the vehicle longitudinal axis (L), and thus the running mechanism (3 , 6) are coupled, can be adjusted such that the vehicle (1) according to a steering angle of the gravity acting on the pedal travel (2L, 2R) of.


The article is devoted to the analysis of V. Khlebnikov's cosmology and proves that the astral figurativeness is like a "mirror" which reflects the main world shaped concepts of the creative works of one of the leading representatives of Russian futurism.


Data from sources including the 2015 National Health Interview Survey for adults and the 2011-2012 National Survey of Children's Health show that in 2015 about 1.2% of the US population—3 million adults and 470 000 children—had the neurological disorder. Previous estimates indicated that 2.3 million adults had epilepsy in 2010 and 450 000 had the condition in 2007. The recently released study indicated that the increased number of cases is the result of population growth. "Epilepsy is common, complex to live with, and costly. It can lead to early death if not appropriately treated," Rosemarie Kobau, MPH, head of CDC's Epilepsy Program, said in a statement. The economic burden of epilepsy in the United States is estimated to be $15.5 billion annually.


The invention discloses a vehicle-mounted non-contact transponder programming device and a vehicle-mounted transponder programming method. The device comprises a host unit and an antenna unit. The host unit is installed in a compartment, the antenna unit is installed outside the compartment, the host unit and the antenna unit are connected, the antenna unit is connected with a transponder through a wireless interface in an air gap, the host unit comprises a processing control unit, a comparison unit, a demodulating and decoding unit, a filtering unit, a message storage unit, a modulating unit, a power amplification unit and a power unit. The antenna unit comprises at least one of a 4.23 MHz antenna, a 9.032 MHz antenna and a 27.095 MHz antenna. The vehicle-mounted non-contact transponder programming device and the vehicle-mounted transponder programming method have the advantages that when a maintenance train with the vehicle-mounted non-contact transponder programming device passes a railway line, message programming work of all transponders installed on the line can be automatically finished, efficiency is high, and labor intensity is relieved; workers do not need to conduct message programming along the railway line, and potential safety hazards are eliminated.


Background: Astigmatism is a major challenge for surgeons. Many measures have been studied to manage astigmatism starting from simple measures such as; contact Lenses, Spectacles. femtosecond LASER-assisted incisions decrease the risk of infection and associated pain. The arcuate relaxing incision (Arcuate keratotomy) provides a fast visual rehabilitation, economic, easy, and a relatively safe procedure for the management of astigmatism. Subjects and Methods: This prospective study included 40 eyes of patients with different degrees of astigmatism. None of the patients had a history of previous ocular surgery or diseases that would affect the corneal refraction. Incisions will be done at 65% to 75% depth, and arc lengths of 60 to 90. Results: The mean Preoperative BCVA (LogMAR) was 0.56 improved to 0.35. The mean BCVA change (Postoperative Preoperative) (LogMAR) showed an improvement of 0.21 (LogMAR) "gain of two lines". The mean Preoperative topographic astigmatism was 4.28 improved to 0.78. The mean Preoperative refractive astigmatism was 3.73 Diopter improved to0.88. Conclusion and Recommendations: AK is a simple and safe technique to manage astigmatism which involves the creation of relaxing incisions in the corneal stroma. AK have considerable technical limitations, including difficulty in the creation of uniform incisions and a lack of reproducibility and predictability. Recent rise in popularity of the femtosecond laser has led to its application in a variety of corneal procedures. It has proven to be a safe, effective and highly accurate instrument and continues to be studied for other operations because of its ability to produce precise incisions. Introduction Astigmatism is a major challenge for surgeons. Many measures have been studied to manage astigmatism starting from simple measures such as; contact Lenses, Spectacles. Femtosecond LASER-assisted incisions for treating astigmatism is one of recent and favorable methods, the advantage here is preserving the epithelium, and this decreases the risk of infection and associated pain. Arcuate Incisions. The arcuate relaxing incision (Arcuate keratotomy) provides a fast visual rehabilitation, economic, easy, and a relatively safe procedure for the management of astigmatism. It is defined as http://jmscr.igmpublication.org/home/ ISSN (e)-2347-176x ISSN (p) 2455-0450 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v8i1.149


Patterns and variant morphometries of calcaneal articular facets on talus are concerned before performing of joint ankle surgery, including used as a sex determination. Types of talar facets have been documented in many populations except in Thai race. Therefore, this study attempted to classify the types of talus facets and to measure the facet lengths on dried tali of T hais. The 372 dried tali (204 males, 168 females) from Khon Kaen University Bone Collection were observed for variant types and measured for their facet lengths. The facets were classified into 6 types: type I, tree facet are separated (1.88 %); type II (A), the anterior an d middle facets are partially connected with predominant ridge (34.68 %); type II (B), the anterior and middle facets are partially connected w ith slight ridge (32.53 %); type III, the anterior and middle facets are fully fused to form a single facet (2.96 %); type IV, the anterio r and m ddle facets are partially separated by a ridge and partly by a groove (27.42 %); type V, all facets are continuous fused to form a s ingle facet (0.54 %). In addition, the morphometric lengths of AP (anterior to posterior process) and ML1&2 (medial to lateral process) in male are significantly greater than those of female. The AP, ML, and ML2 of male are 56.71 ±0.16, 41.63±0.18, and 37.85 ±0.36 mm, while of female are 51.21 ±0.12, 37.74±0.16, and 33.85 ±0.28 mm, respectively. This incidence can be used as ankle surgery consideration and an anthropological marker for sex determination of unidentified talus.


"[Member] societies potentially play an integral part in CFA Institute advocacy efforts by providing an expansive global delivery function and offering a local practitioner voice and influence."


An inventor for 23 U.S. patents, assigned to Submarine Signal Company and Raytheon Company, Batchelder contributed numerous inventive concepts to underwater sound transducers and arrays, and to systems for hunting, detection, and ranging. For 41 years he regularly reviewed for the Journal a total of 3035 patents on transducers, systems, and measuring devices, mostly in underwater sound, and contributed his last review only a month before his death. Examples from his patents and from his insightful reviews will be shown.


This paper investigates the detent force modeling and optimization of a iron-core type 16-pole 15-slot permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) for ropeless elevator applications. Variable network non-linear magnetic equivalent circuit (VNMEC) model is established to predict the detent force of PMLSM. The topology structure of equivalent magnetic circuit is developed and the permeance are derived and calculated. The end effect of two end teeth is essential for detent force analysis and it is focused in the modeling. Magnetic saturation of primary tooth also is taken into account and nonlinear permanence is calculated. Some 3-D finite-element numerical calculations are used to validate the feasibility of the proposed method. Then proposed VNMEC is employed to calculate and optimize the detent force considering the end tooth dimensions. In final, experimental results are further used to verify the validation of proposed model.


This article delineates a ground work for shaping Christian leadership characters by examining the book of Ruth, a narrative of cooperation. First, we introduce the general Biblical wisdom, guidance, and religious precepts on leadership characters from the Bible per se. Second, we depict a synopsis and connotation of the Ruth Narrative combined with the historical background of the late Judges time when Naomi, Elimelech, Ruth and Boaz lived and the social and religious background of Moab where the family of Elimelech dwelt in for ten years. Third, based on those background analyses, the main figures' dialogues, and their actions, we illustrate their positive servant and mentor leadership characters that include a combination of their distinguished traits and cognitive attributes, as well as some weaknesses of Naomi and Elimelech. In a nutshell, Naomi's leadership characters contain loyalty to God (2:19 – 20), discovering value within (3:1 – 4), and patience and endurance (3:18). Ruth's leadership characters incorporate faithfulness and positive self-esteem (1:16 – 17), pioneer and daring (2:2), deference (2:10), obedience (3:5), and loving-kindness (3:10). Boaz's leadership characters include respect (2:4), care (2:5), compassion (2:8 – 9, 11), empowerment (2:15 – 16), leaning on and trusting God (2:12), care (2:14; 3:15), protecting the weak (3:10 – 15), responsibility (3:12), moral integrity and justness (3:13), carefulness (3:14), formation (4:1), unselfishness and cleverness (4:3 – 5), and partnering (4:9 – 10). While we criticize Elimelech's risk seeking strategy to migrate their family to a pagan country (1:1 – 2) as a spiritual adventure.


Online gaming continues to grow in popularity enabled by advances in web and mobile technology. Many players around the world enjoy the competitive atmosphere, mental challenges, social interaction and fantasy aspects of the games. However, gaming continues to be perceived as an activity for adolescents and males, which presents problems for companies trying to leverage games for training and marketing because it excludes half of the population – females. To better understand online gaming behavior of men and women we systematically reviewed extant literature on gaming and documented gender differences and similarities in six aspects of gaming: (1) Adoption, (2) Motivation, (3) Social Interaction, (4) Selfpresentation, (5) Skills and Performance, and (6) Play. We find that there are both similarities and differences in gaming choices, motives, play behavior and performance of men and women. Based on our findings, we suggest possible strategies for developers, marketers and educators to achieve gender parity.


Smart devices are growing in the latest years, enabling smart cities to be built. A smart city is focused on a smart grid that enables intelligent management of the electric grid. To make this happen, the network must have smart meters capable of duplex communication with the network. This industry has resulted in a spread of intelligent meters providing a chance to assess the consumption of each unit in households. The aim of this initiative is to create a popular chip based IoT electrical meter that will capture all meter information and transmit the required meter information to the main server by means of wireless communication. In the main server, all meter information will be handled, and the required choices will be made using the main server. Regarding pending fees, the server would inform the customer and then disconnect the line if needed. In cases of tampering, the server would respond immediately and sever the line. Experimental findings in this work demonstrate the accuracy of the readings produced using the smart device created.


The purpose of my research are (1) Improving the marketing strategy of cassava crackers business actors to continue to increase sales of products produced. (2) Providing knowledge on how to improve the marketing strategy of the resulting sweet cassava cracker products. The method used in this activity is to provide counseling and describe marketing strategies that can be captured by sweet potato cracker entrepreneurs and provide training through integrated guidance to sweet potato crackers entrepreneurs to find marketing strategies that are suitable with the opportunities available.The conclusions that can be obtained are: (1) SMEs can find out about marketing strategies that can be done for increase creative economy to upgrade sale of cassava cracker, and (2) MSMEs can express their creative ideas to market products that are even better in the future.


This thesis to talk about work, its meanings throughout history and the concepts that work has had. Nowadays the meaning of work is different because it has ideas about money, economy and the normal lifestyle of society. The myths about work are causing that people have different activities and ideas about life and its social structure. All of those ideas are mixing in order to give jobs to people, but the new speech about work is the unemployed people in the economic crisis along with social problems, what is the future of work? So will discuss about the end of the work and all myths about them.


Below is a timeline for the evolution of the Metacenter Online Information System from concept to preliminary completion: A single, integrated online information system for tlzr National Science Foundation-sponsored supercomputer centers is a core component of the Metacenter. Development and implenzentatio~z of this system has been an interesting and edzrcational effort for the technical staff involved. This paper addresses the sociological perspective of this collaboration involuiq people in geographically distributed locations. The expertise gained through this project has been helpjtl in launching other collaborative efforts and in continued development of the Metacenter Online Information Systent. March 1992 Common information repository defined by academic affiliates as central to the Metacenter mission. May Single online information system among centers first proposed formally. July Electronic mail discussions begun about online information systems. Electronic mail reflector set up to facilitate communication. August First telephone conference call. September Second telephone conference call.


Mr. President, Honorees, Members of MSA:

Twenty years ago, our Society confronted an array of challenges. The severity of the situation can best be described by reference to that illustrious American philosopher, Donald Rumsfeld.

We faced the "known knowns"—the challenges we knew we knew. These included a plunge in membership from a high of 2900 in the early 1980s down to 2200 in the mid-1990s—a 25% reduction.

Next, the Society faced the known unknowns. In 1995, the financial prospects for MSA were murky. Our endowment was recovering from a steep recession, but income from membership fees and journal subscriptions was steadily dropping.

Finally, MSA faced the unknown unknowns—the challenges we didn't know we didn't know. Could any of us at that time have imagined that the internet would allow people to download MSA's intellectual property with the click of a mouse?

The good news—or more accurately—the great news, is that we found someone to navigate our way past these obstacles. We hired J. Alexander Speer—Alex to everybody. Alex …


The research on robot manipulator is not new topic. However, it is still not easy to localize the manipulator in present writer's region nowadays. The reason partly comes from the difficulty of reducing the manufacturing cost as well as keeping high displacement accuracy. This paper describes the research on a novel wire driving robot manipulator as a try to substitute low cost, high accuracy and large payload ability localized manipulator for the common production. Generally speaking, as to the design method of robot arms, especially of large used industrial robot manipulators, installing the driving components -such as the electric motors, transmissions and so on -directly just nearby the relative joints, is still normal. The trial model described in this paper is a 4-degree-of-freedom robot manipulator for industrial purpose, which is designed with wire driving mechanism including novel wire tensioner so that the structure becomes compact and simple, the whole weight is dropped, at the same time, the output power to do work and the displacement accuracy are increased relatively. We describe the control system and carry out several experiments to verify performance of this first trial model and expect that could be put into large practical use in future.


Abstarct: The purpose of the study is to get some qualitative and quantitative insight into the problem of flow in vessels under consideration where the concentration of lubrication film of plasma is present between each red cells and tube wall. This film is potentially important in region to mass transfer and to hydraulic resistance, as well as to the relative resistance times of red cells and plasma in the vessels network.


D. P. Munoz and A. H. Bell

Recent neurophysiological evidence shows a clear role for the superior colliculus (SC) in reflexive covert orienting. In a standard visual cueing task, a cue is presented somewhere in the visual field in advance of the target. The cue can be located at the same location as the target or elsewhere, and it can sometimes reliably predict upcoming target location. In these tasks, modified sensory processing in the SC is correlated with both reflexive attention capture and subsequent inhibition of return: attention capture is correlated with an augmented sensory response to the target and inhibition of return is correlated with a reduction in magnitude of the sensory response. When the cue reliably predicts upcoming target location, top-down influences can modify SC activity in advance of target presentation to then influence sensory processing of the target. Previous reports have described conflicting results in auditory cueing tasks, with some studies producing reliable behavioural effects with auditory cues and others failing to produce effects. The Munoz lab has generated new neurophysiological evidence in the SC showing why cueing effects for auditory and visual stimuli produce such different influences on behavior.


Overview of AVC(optimization of reactive power and voltage control) system development process and its control scheme,the AVC control strategy put forward their own unique insight on the grid to optimize real-time reactive power and voltage control,to ensure good quality of voltage provided by a more advanced technical means of control.


Plant morphological structures always adapts to the environment.The anatomical characteristics of leaves and roots of Phragmites australis in estuary and inland area of the Yellow River Delta were observed with light microscope and the reed leaf epidermis structure was observed by scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the leaves of Phragmites australis in two regions were identical in general structure, which had many bulliform cells on the upper surface of leaves,and a mass of sunken stoma on the lower surface. For the reed leaves in estuary,the vascular bundle sheath cells spread closely to upper epidermis and some vascular bundle sheath cells break through lower epidermis.In addition,wax ornamentation was present on the surface of the leaves.While the vascular bundle sheath cells of reed leaves in inland were bigger in size and some had two double cells.For the reed roots in estuary,mediopellis cells differentiate into aerenchyma and casparian strip was formed on endoderm.The characteristics of the reed roots and leaves reflected the ecological adaptation to the habitats in which the plants grow.


We present the results of a proof-of-concept experiment that demonstrates that deep learning can successfully be used for production-scale classification of compact star clusters detected in Hubble Space Telescope(HST) ultraviolet-optical imaging of nearby spiral galaxies ($D\lesssim 20\, \textrm{Mpc}$) in the Physics at High Angular Resolution in Nearby GalaxieS (PHANGS)–HST survey. Given the relatively small nature of existing, human-labelled star cluster samples, we transfer the knowledge of state-of-the-art neural network models for real-object recognition to classify star clusters candidates into four morphological classes. We perform a series of experiments to determine the dependence of classification performance on neural network architecture (ResNet18 and VGG19-BN), training data sets curated by either a single expert or three astronomers, and the size of the images used for training. We find that the overall classification accuracies are not significantly affected by these choices. The networks are used to classify star cluster candidates in the PHANGS–HST galaxy NGC 1559, which was not included in the training samples. The resulting prediction accuracies are 70 per cent, 40 per cent, 40–50 per cent, and 50–70 per cent for class 1, 2, 3 star clusters, and class 4 non-clusters, respectively. This performance is competitive with consistency achieved in previously published human and automated quantitative classification of star cluster candidate samples (70–80 per cent, 40–50 per cent, 40–50 per cent, and 60–70 per cent). The methods introduced herein lay the foundations to automate classification for star clusters at scale, and exhibit the need to prepare a standardized data set of human-labelled star cluster classifications, agreed upon by a full range of experts in the field, to further improve the performance of the networks introduced in this study.


The extracting methods including different solvents, different methods and the extracting time of three plant species were conducted.The results showed that the suitable extracting solution of PE-5 was 50% ethanol in ultrasonic 30min.50%ethanol:80%acetone(1∶1),ultrasonic 30min were the suitable extraction method for PE-18.80% ethanol,ultrasonic 30min were the suitable extraction method for PE-27.Some mixed plant extracts could enhance the inhibitory rate,and the inhibitory rate mixed PE-27 and PE-18 was higher than that of PE-27 and PE-18 respectively.However,some mixed plant extracts decreased inhibitory rate,and the inhibitory rate of the mixtune of PE-18 with PE-17 and PE-5 was lower than that of PE-18.


Non-wage benefits are an important component of employment arrangements, but are not available to or used by all workers. Do differences in firm, worker, or match-specific characteristics drive benefit take-up? We provide new evidence on heterogeneity in use of non-wage benefits, focusing on disability accommodations. Using administrative data in Oregon, we document significant dispersion in accommodation rates across worker and firm characteristics. We decompose the variance in accommodation use, finding that firm characteristics explain substantially more than worker or injury characteristics (29 percent vs. 4 percent). This finding highlights the firm's role in use of non-wage benefits like disability accommodations.


This study examined the effects of parent-, peer-, and teacher-attachment on development of career maturity via the mediating effects of self concept. There were 2844 elementary school students, ages 12 to 13 years old, who participated in the Korean Youth Panel Survey. All data were used for the analyses. Gender differences were found in most of the variables, including attachment, self concept, and career maturity. The Structural Equation Modeling technique applied to the data revealed that there were both concurrent and lagged effects of attachment and self concept on career maturity. It was found that self concept played a mediating role on career maturity.


The study examines the symbolic meaning of the letter Alif and the esoterism teaching in it, as reflected in Sosrokartono's calligraphy and Insan al-Kamil's concept of Al-Jilli.  The purpose of this study is to present the philosophical similarities and differences between the Middle Eastern Sufis and the Indonesian Sufis, which are found in different mediums. The study used library research and hermeneutical approach. The data were analysed using text interpretation from Jorge Garcia and esoteric symbolism from Ferdinand de Saussure. The findings of this study include: first, the letter Alif in the calligraphy holds the meaning of philosophical sufism that aligns with the concept of Insan Al-Kamil by Abdul Karim Al-Jilli. Second, the letter Alif for both Sosrokartono and Al-Jilli holds three dimensional meanings; oneness, strength, and wisdom. This research enriches the repertoire of philosophical Sufism by presenting the meaning of material objects in the form of calligraphy art.


An attempt was made (1) to prepare poly (ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) fiber having thermally stable amorphous region by heat treatment at higher temperature for short period of time for the sample of as-spun fibers obtained at high wind-up speed, (2) to establish the relations between the supermolecular structure and dyeability and (3) to clarify physical and thermal properties of the fibers prepared thus (in (1)). For this purpose, PET fibers were obtained at wind-up speed of 3-9 km/min under the same conditions except the spinning speed. The fibers were heat-treated at temperature Ta between 190 and 270°C for the time ta ranging 0.510 sec and for feed ratio Fr ranging -55% . The heat-treated fibers were characterized by the dynamic viscoelasticity vs. temperature curve, dye exhaustion of disperse dyes at 100°C, the stress-strain curve, and differential scanning calorimetry. The supermolecular structure of PET fiber, annealed at Ta 240°C for ta= 1 sec does not change during dyeing at 100°C . Therefore, it became evident that the thermally stable amorphous region is produced by heat treatment at higher temperature. When as-spun fiber is heat-treated above Tc, which is characteristic temperature mainly depeding on the spinning speed, the dye exhaustion in creases significantly by the heat treatment. For Ta≥Tc, the amount of dye exhaustion increases by the heat treatment if the treatment is made for higher Ta, linger ta and larger Fr. There is a close correlation between the distribution function of the molecular packing density in amorphous region F' (n) and the dye exhaustion : the fiber having larger amount of the region with lower packing density shows larger dye exhaus tion. PET fibers spun at higher than 5.5 km/min have almost constant tensile strength, before and after the heat treatment at Ta≥Tc with Fr= 0%, while their tensile elongation decreases. By choosing the adequate conditions of melt spinning and heat treatment, it is possible to obtain PET fibers dyeable under atmospheric pressure and also having physical properties of practical uses.


The study of language, used in society and the context of the language used by the speakers, goes deep into the thought series of the speakers to dig out the intended or implied meaning. Teaching of English in the conventional way, beginning and ending with grammar rules, is of less help to the learner to dig out the intended/implied meaning. Teaching communicative English through a pragmatic approach would make the learner aware of the context. The learners in a traditional English classroom are taught English by way of learning the rules of grammar. Such traditional approaches to English language teaching make it difficult for the learner to use language in the society; in real speech situation, as a result they fail in communication. The present study advocates pragmatic approach to teaching communicative English with examples of utterances collected from Jane Austen's 'Sense and Sensibility' (1811) and Khuswant Singh's 'Train to Pakistan' (1956)


The Alpine Space project AlpES used a web-based Geographic Information System (WebGIS) to communicate knowledge on Alpine ecosystem services to stakeholders from three protected areas in Slovenia to support more sustainable decision-making. This has been a positive experience, yet some shortcomings became evident. In this report we focus on using stakeholders' technical experiences, needs and knowledge to develop a WebGIS, and on communicating project results to stakeholders. We address some critical issues related to co-designing a WebGIS. We provide recommendations to more fully achieve the potential of a WebGIS as a tool for knowledge transfer.


Pade approximation is an often-used method for reducing the order of a finite-dimensional, linear, time invariant, signal model. It is known to suffer from two problems: numerical instability during the computation of the Pade coefficients and lack of guaranteed stability for the resulting reduced model even when the original system is stable. We show how the numerical instability problem can be avoided using the Arnoldi algorithm applied to an appropriately chosen Krylov subspace. Moreover, we give an easily computable sufficient condition on the system matrix that guarantees the stability of the reduced model at any approximation order.


Cyanate ester(CE) resin is modified for filament winding,which makes CE fit to filament winding without decreasing the heat resistance of pure CE matrix composites.Thermal resolving temperature of composites before and after modification of CE is researched.Mechanical performance of CEm(after modification of CE) matrix composites is studied with unidirectional composite laminate and compares with that of epoxy matrix composites that are widely used and whose applicable volume is huge.Results show that CEm matrix composites have advantages of heat resistance and give full play to mechanical performance of composites in the 0° direction


The SAS software is a powerful data analysis and report generation tOOl, with its abilities recently extending into Management Information Systems and Decision Support Systems (DSSs). Statistical decision support system (SDSS) is not only based on the concept of DSS, but is also used to support statistical operations in the Taiwan Provincial Government. In this stndy, we successfully apply SDSS in the Taiwan Provincial Government, as developed using the SAS software (Release 6.08) under WINDOWS and UNIX platforms. This SDSS is an integrated system that can be defined in terms of four essential aspects: a language system (LS), a presentation system (PS), a knowledge system (KS), and a problemprocessing system (PPS). This study also provides a detailed description of various SAS module applications for each sub-system of SDSS. This included utilizing SAS/AF, SAS/AF FRAME, SASIFSP and SAS/GRAPH to develop a graphic user interface, utilizing the Tabulate procedure of Base SAS to develop the format of matrix for a flexible data entry and report generation, and utilizing SASIAF and SAS/ACCESS to integrate EXCEL for customized report generation and flexible word processing in LS and PS. For the PPS, all modules in LS and PS were included. Moreover, BASE SAS is utilized to construct mndules for the works of input and output and utilize their built-in functions for statistical analysis, calculation and graphic generation. Moreover, SAS/SHARE is used for the file management in the network operation. All knowledge types created by SAS modules and EXCEL are stored in KS, including data set, spreadsheet, graph, frame, and function.


In this study, aqueous film-forming foam, fluoroprotein foam, and synthetic foam were applied to extinguish the transformer oil pool fires. The fire-extinguishing performance and burn-back resistance were investigated using a laboratory fire-extinguishing system. Moreover, the emission products were analyzed to evaluate the gas-phase pollution characteristics. Results show that aqueous film-forming foam presents the highest fire-extinguishing efficiency, while fluoroprotein foam has the best burn-back performance. Flue gas and gas chromatography–mass spectrometer analyses demonstrate that the use of fluoroprotein foam results in much higher CO emissions than other foams, and the pollutants are mainly from various hydrocarbons produced by incomplete combustion of transformer oil. Synthetic foam and aqueous film-forming foam lead to higher SO2 and NO emissions, and pollutants are mainly dominated by alcohols and ethers. Noteworthily, when using aqueous film-forming foam to extinguish oil pool fire, a persistent organic pollutant, perfluorooctanoic acid, is detected in the gas phase.


Abstract We have previously shown that the addition of nitrogen-containing compounds to sols of butadiene polymers results in the development of colloidal structures. To explain the mechanism of this action, the effect of adding similar compounds to fractions of crude rubber of varying degrees of aggregation was studied. These active substances, when dissolved either in low molecular weight fractions of the polymer or in a mutual dispersing medium, become adsorbed on the rubber micelles, change the equilibrium between the fractions, and modify the properties of the colloid. The molecular nature of the dispersing medium has a marked effect on the interaction between the polymer and the active substances. The data obtained by us are shown in Table I.


Project 2.1 provided essentially a support function for Operation Wigwam. Surface and thermocline-depth water samplers were air-dropped across the shot site within 21 min after shot time, and radioactively self-tripping samplers were towed through the area within 1 hr; however, the delayed entry by recovery crews and the sinking of samplers due to vortex motion in the water largely vitiated the proposed objectives of furnishing early, radioactive water samples to agencies interested in weapon-yield analysis. An attempt to mark the shot area by laying a line of floating range buoys equiped with parachute drogues across Surface Zero was unsuccessful for the same reasons. A joint aerial survey of the area (with Project 2.4), which was aimed at forecasting and documenting the early radiological and hydrodynamic situation in the water after the shot, was highly successful. An interpretation of the character of the water motion for the first 2 hr, as deduced from visual evidence, is included. (Author)


The acquisition of large or high-resolution multispectral images may require that different parts of the scene be acquired separately and then be mosaicked to obtain the whole image. While the problem of stitching together parts of an image to form a consistent whole has been studied rather extensively for traditional images, in this case view angles are typically wide, geometrical distorsions are significant, and shots are often markedly misaligned with one another. On the other hand, many current applications for multispectral acquisition present a different scenario, as view angles are narrow, shots follow a much more precise alignment, and the quality of the resulting mosaic may be sensitive to even the tiniest registration errors, depending on the context. Moreover, given the nature of multispectral imaging, precision in color reproduction is usually much more important than it is when dealing with traditional images. All these issues raise the question of whether traditional strategies will work for typical multispectral images too. In this paper, we report an experience in multispectral mosaicking. This experience was a first attempt at developing a mosaicking framework for multispectral images, including a suitable outline of the flow of operations as well as the selection of methods and procedures for geometrical registration and color synchronization. The scenario was that of an overhung camera acquiring images from above, with lighting provided by lamps used in professional photography; this can be seen as a typical studio setup, half-way between laboratory tests and 'field usage'. The performances of our framework in terms of quality of the resulting mosaics, resource requirements, and processing time, were evaluated through tests based on real acquisitions of different images.


Over the last decades, macroeconomic stability is said to be one of the major concerns of emerging economies. Financial sector as a core of macroeconomic stability has been under close consideration of policy makers. The relationship between interest rate uncertainty and banking sector development as one of the most important indicators of financial sector development, especially for emerging economies, has not received enough attention in the literature. Perhaps this article is the most comprehensive study that investigates the relationship between interest rate uncertainty and banking sector development for a large group of emerging economies. To do this, the short-run and long-run models using a bounds testing approach to cointegration for 12 emerging economies over the period 1980–2011 have been developed. Estimated results from all models indicate that interest rate uncertainty has significant effect on banking sector development in both short-run and long-run phenomena in the majority of countries. The findings indicate that the link between interest rate uncertainty and banking sector development in each country depends on each country's specific structure.


A method for automatic frequency adjustment of mechanical resonators, in which plural target frequencies are specified spaced across the distribution curve of the initial resonance frequencies of the mechanical resonators; an output quota for finished resonators is specified at each target frequency; the initial resonance frequency of each resonator is measured, and the resonator is then transferred to an automatic trimming machine; and the adjusting frequency of the automatic trimming machine is reset, for that particular resonator, to the particular one of the target frequencies which is next higher than the initial resonance frequency of the mechanical resonator. However, if the output quota for that target frequency has already been filled, a still higher target frequency is specified instead. If the output quotas have been filled for all target frequencies within a permissible adjustment range, then the resonator is returned for coarse adjustment. Additionally, the resonance frequency of the resonator may be monitored during the adjustment process in the trimming machine, and, if the resonance frequency of the resonator rises above the target frequency by more than a permissible margin of error during the trimming process, the resonator is recycled to be readjusted by the same process to a higher target frequency.


Based on multifractal spectrum theory, the set of singular edge points plus the set of smoothing edge points is the set of image edge points. With   1   f corresponding to smoothing edge point and   t f    1 for a singular edge point. So   t f    1 standing for the set of image edge points. Experimental results showed that the method based on multifractal spectrum theory was effective and accurate to detect edges of Siberian tiger skull computed tomography images. A new method by applying multifractal spectrum theory in medical computed tomography images edge detection was provided in this paper. This method is a more local method compared with other conventional edge detection method.


Loss aversion suggests that losses have a greater impact upon
choice than the equivalent sized gain. Despite extensive use in consumer theory, we know less about the cognitive mechanisms underlying the effects, and their implications. This raises a number of questions: Are there systematic individual or attribute differences? To what extent does cognition or affect moderate these effects? Answering these questions has both practical and theoretical importance. In this paper, we will examine potential moderators of loss aversion, with our goal being to provide a set of facts that characterize the nature of loss aversion across attributes, individuals, and their characteristics to inform future theory.

In: "New Insights Into The Endowment Effect And Loss Aversion"


Sarcoma of the prostate is a comparatively rare condition. The first case was reported in London in 1839 by Stafford,3 and since that time about 150 to 200 cases have been reported. It must be remembered that according to Ewing' many of these reported cases were probably metaplastic or anaplastic carcinomata, and probably some were the result of constitutional dyscrasia such as leuksemia. Here at the Royal Victoria Hospital we have had only two cases in 16,499 male urological admissions during the past 29 years (1917 to June, 1946). There were 2,418 cases operated on for vesical neck obstruction. There were 384 proved cases of carcinoma of the prostate, and 2,032 cases of benign prostatism, that is, a ratio of 1:5.3. The two cases of sarcoma of the prostate in 386 malignancies therefore represent about /2 of 1% of prostatic malignancy. In 1943 Melicow, Pelton, and Fish3 published


A coupled-perturbed Kohn−Sham treatment for the calculation of hyperfine tensors has been implemented into the MAG-ReSpect program. It treats spin−orbit contributions to hyperfine tensors by a combination of accurate and efficient approximations to the one- and two-electron spin−orbit Hamiltonians:  (a) by the all-electron atomic mean-field approximation, and (b) by spin−orbit pseudopotentials. In contrast to a previous implementation, the code allows the use of hybrid functionals and lifts restrictions in the orbital and auxiliary basis sets that may be employed. Validation calculations have been performed on various transition metal complexes, as well as on a series of small diatomic molecules. In the case of a series of copper(II) complexes, the spin−orbit contributions are large, and their inclusion is essential to achieve agreement with experiment. Calculations with spin−orbit pseudopotentials allow the efficient simultaneous introduction of scalar relativistic and spin−orbit effects in the case of l...


A system and method for gesture spotting and recognition are provided. Systems and methods are also provided employing Hidden Markov Models (HMM) and geometrical feature distributions of a hand trajectory of a user to achieve adaptive gesture recognition. The system and method provide for acquiring a sequence of input images of a specific user and recognizing a gesture of the specific user from the sequence of input images based on a gesture model and geometrical features extracted from a hand trajectory of the user. State transition points of the gesture model are detected and the geometrical features of the hand trajectory of the user are extracted based on the relative positions of the detected state transition points and a starting point of the gesture. The system and method further provide for adapting the gesture model and geometrical feature distribution for the specific user based on adaptation data.


From the anthropological point of view of consumption as a social and cultural fact, we will find that the advertisements of print magazine Vogue Brasil - March and April 2019 - associate luxury brands with images with celebrities - the Olympians -, designed as myths, with which readers identify with the private lives of these heroes in mass culture. Douglas and Isherwood (2004), Leitao and Pinheiro-Machado (2010), Retondar (2008) and Rocha (2005) on consumption, in addition to the concept of Olympians, coined by the French Edgar Morin (1997) underlie the analysis of this media advertising. , whose photography or photographic essay, dialogues with the readers' imaginary and dictates trends, lifestyle and consumption of goods.


Objective: To investigate the role of modiable and non-modiable risk factors in Ischaemic Stroke. The author used a cross-sectional Methods:
approach among 66 patients. Baseline CT- Brain (plain and post contrast) was performed to rule out hemorrhage and dene the location of
ischaemic infarct. Detailed history about risk factors was taken which comprised of age , gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia,
smoking, previous stroke/ TIA. Laboratory values were recorded. Non-invasive evaluation by ultrasonography and color doppler of bilateral
carotid arteries was performed with measurement of intima media thickness(IMT). Study consisted of 66 patients, with age in the range of Results:
26 - 85 years. 18 out of 66 (27%) belonged to 25-55 years age group, representing relatively younger population, as shown by other studies
pertaining to Asian study groups . 12 (18.2%) subjects showed signicant IMT of greater than 0.9 mm . Recorded mean IMT among patients with
plaque was 1.22 mm . Carotid plaque was seen in 42 (63.6%) patients . The most prevalent risk factors in the study population were found to be
hypertension, smoking and diabetes. Doppler ultrasonography was found to be an effective tool Conclusion: for evaluation of carotid arteries.
Increased intima media thickness was associated with increased risk of future neurological events. IMT measurement greater than 0.9 mm could
prompt further evaluation . The knowledge about the presence and prevalence of various modiable and non-modiable risk factors in a given
population could guide preventive care and screening to help reduce a signicant burden associated with neurovascular morbidity and mortality .


Cognitive radio as first coined by Mitola [1] in 1999 illustrates a dynamic model that provides human intervention to the underlying radio hardware. Dynamic spectrum access (DSA) is one of the many applications of cognitive radio. The DSA umbrella [2] considers the secondary usage of the spectrum. On these grounds, we meant to design a working prototype for Cognitive Relay (CR), a device that dynamically accesses the spectrum to support wireless services operating indoor. Through the concept of CR the authors attempt to bring the basic aspects of the cognition cycle: sensing and learning using real hardware. The concept of dynamic access is accomplished through a cross layer optimization. The information gathered through sensing and the intelligent access to the spectrum have already been considered in literature [3]. Yet there have been limitations: Firstly, in many cases the physical parameters and protocols are specific to the underlying standards. Secondly, due to the complexity involved, the time required to implement these concepts is large. To overcome these problems the CR considers a general architecture for sensing and a basic algorithm for scheduling the resources. This paper discusses the implementation of its prototype. The paper is organized as follows: Section II discusses the scenario for the CR. Section III explains the detection technique and the scheduling algorithm. Section IV describes the implementation of the device. Finally, section V presents the user interaction of the demonstrator in a real-world scenario followed by section VI which concludes the paper.


In current wireless communication scenarios, you need to reduce the size of the antenna and achieve better performance without affecting other antenna settings. A fractal antenna is an antenna that uses a fractal and similar design to maximize the effective length of a material that can transmit and receive electromagnetic radiation in a specific total area, or to augment its environment (internal components or external structures) or the volume. Fractal antennas offer better parameters while providing better performance at many different frequencies. The Sierpinski triangle is a fixed set of fractal attractions. Its general shape is an equilateral triangle, which is recursively divided into smaller equilateral triangles. Sierpinski's triangular fractal geometry is used to reduce antenna size and improve antenna performance at required frequencies. In this proposed task, a simple technique is used to design a Sierpinski triangular fractal antenna. These antennas are lightweight and small in size. This design covers the S band and is suitable for wireless applications.


Nowadays, oil and gas exploration is moving into Arctic region, where the design temperature down to -60˚C are being used. This temperature may be below the ductile-to-brittle transition of the weld, HAZ and/or base material. Residual stress may have a significant contribution to the required fracture toughness. The current ways of treating the effect of residual stresses in structural integrity assessment are believed to be conservative. Therefore, there is a need to understand the degree of conservatism and eventually propose a new approach for this issue, which is considered as very important for arriving at relevant acceptance criteria for steels. The effect of residual stresses on the crack driving force as well as possible initiation of brittle fracture must be investigated. This paper presents a numerical investigation of the influence of residual stresses on the crack driving force. The eigenstrain method has been utilized to introduce residual stress into the finite element model.


Since the discovery of the liquid crystal phase in 1888, research in this intermediate state of matter and its fascinating optical phenomena has experienced several periods of intense interest. However, there was no large-scale application of liquid crystal technology until the 1970s, when the advent of microelectronic digital circuits during the 1960s created a need for low power, compact display devices for certain portable electronic products. Thus, the announcement in 1968 of the dynamic scattering liquid crystal display (LCD) triggered a great interest in the electronics industry and dramatically increased research activity on liquid crystal materials and their electro-optic effects. Within a few years these efforts led to the invention of the twisted nematic LCD and the discovery of several classes of stable liquid crystal compounds. These developments significantly improved the performance of the LCD such that by the mid 1970s the twisted nematic device became the dominant display used in electronic watches and calculators.


Article proposes algorithms for solution of stochastic problems of dynamic programming of the big dimensions. The problem of distribution of resources is studied.


A rail engine alternate set is the very important functional part of the rail. Impact excitations time varying transfer properties non stationary random response are typical characteristics of the rail engine alternator set vibration. These characteristics of the rail engine make its dynamic analysis and much more difficult than the other engines. Firstly, vibration frequency of the engine is going to find out at the various speed of engine. And also going to find the base frame vibration frequency to the various speeds. Based upon this analytic model of engine vibration frequencies are going to be an analysis with help of ansys .This includes software based synchronization for treatment of vibration signal is to determined. And going to find out resonance of the engine and the base frame. To get safety and comfortableness of the passenger while


ABSTRACT : The purpose of this study is that suggest space composition in rural village so that it can had foundations for Activation of regional community by analysis and re-organization of rural community places based on regionality and historicity. First, this study have been investigated about changes of overall space configuration and community places that has been lost or were ongoing in rural village. Factors of changes were changes in lifestyle, rural policy, social and political system, economic principles and ect. Therefore, This study focused on understanding basic principles of rural village space configuration and inherited it. Second, basic principle of the space configuration of rural village were entryway and center that improve community cohesion in the community space. This study figured out improving of "Ma-Dang" and functional mix-use community hall was important for more efficient management. Third, This study set direction according to characteristic of space configuration of each village and suggested detail plans.


We consider the flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid through an
idealized porous medium consisting of an array of identical solid symmetric
lamellae, whose profile varies in space and time due to a stress induced
erosion process. The focus is on the influence of mass exchange between
solid and fluid on the macroscopic flow. By means of the upscaling procedure
illustrated in [6] we derive the governing system of
equations for the macroscopic flow, encompassing various physical
situations. We show that Darcy's law no longer applies in the classical
sense. The corresponding mathematical problem turns out to be surprisingly
complicated. Existence and uniqueness are proved. Numerical simulations are
presented.


We report a 51-year-old man with congenital bladder diverticulum presenting with a low abdominal mass, urinary retention, severe anemia and acute renal failure without lower urinary tract obstruction. Congenital bladder diverticulum causing acute post renal failure is rare, and to our knowledge only three such cases have been reported in the English literature.


This study presents a parameter coordination and robust optimization approach based on knowledge network modeling. The method allows multidisciplinary designer to synthetically coordinate and optimize parameter considering multidisciplinary knowledge. First, a knowledge network model is established, including design knowledge from assembly, manufacture, performance, and simulation. Second, the parameter coordination method is presented to solve the knowledge network model, monitor the potential conflicts due to engineering changes, and obtain the consistency solution space corresponding to the given knowledge. Finally, the robust parameter optimization model is established, and genetic arithmetic is used to obtain the robust optimization parameter. A design instance is introduced to show the validity of this method.


This paper describes a method of encoding the conventional channel‐vocoder parameters using a combined PCM‐delta modulation scheme. The scheme takes advantage of the channel‐to‐channel correlation of the amplitude information without permitting the vulnerability to bit errors that one usually associates with delta modulation. This approach to efficient coding has provided improved intelligibility scores at relatively low transmission rates. The basic concept is explained and evaluation results are presented.


This study was a quasi-experimental research with two groups of pretest-posttest design. The purpose of the study was aimed to explore the effects of dietary behavior modification program based on DASHguideline with self-efficacy theory and social support on reducing the risk of hypertension among pre-hypertensive patients.The study sample were screened on health risks in the fiscal year of 2013,men and women were chosen fromthe ages of 22 to 45 years old, with a high-risk blood pressure of 130-139/85-89 mmHg. They also consumedrisky hypertensive-prone food. The study samples included 74 subjects, 37 as the experimental group, whilethe remainder was the control group. The experimental group receiveddietary behavior modification program guideline based on DASH with self-efficacy theory and social support. The programwascomprised of activities for raising the awareness and building confidence which included: (1) training on proper nutrition for controlling and preventing hypertension. (2) sharing of experiences between the target population and thosewho succeeded in controlling hypertension., (3) raising awareness and encouragement among the target population. The investigation lasted for eight weeks. Data analyses included descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: (1) The statisticalaverageof systolic blood pressure between the experimentaland controlgroups was significantly different at .05, while diastolic blood pressure was not different.(2)The statistical average points of self-efficacy, social support, and dietary behavior under DASH guidelines between the experimentaland controlgroupswas not different.The authors concluded that dietary behavior modification program based on DASH guidelinewith self-efficacy theory and social support did not reduce the risk of hypertension among the study subjects and did not change the clinical manifestation.


Adversarial attacks aim to deceive the target system. Recently, deep learning methods have become a target of adversarial attacks. Even small perturbations could lead to classification errors in deep learning models. In an intrusion detection system using deep learning method, adversarial attack can cause classification error and malicious traffic can be classified as benign. In this study, the effects of adversarial attacks on the accuracy of deep learning-based intrusion detection systems were examined. CICIDS2017 dataset was used to test the detection systems . At first, DDoS attacks weredetected using Autoencoder, MLP, AEMLP, DNN, AEDNN, CNN and AECNN methods. Then, the Fast Gradient Sign Method (FGSM) is used to perform adversarial attacks. Finally, the sensitivity of the methods against the adversarial attacks were examined. Our results showed that the classification performance of deep learning based detection methods decreased up to %17 after the adversarial attacks. The results obtained in this study form the basis for the validation and validation studies of learning-based intrusion detection systems.


Abstract A helminthological examination of the black-necked agama, Acanthocercus atricollis, from the Democratic Republic of the Congo revealed the presence of one species of Digenea, Mesocoelium monas; one species of Cestoda, Oochoristica truncata; and three species of Nematoda, adults of Pseudabbreviata amaniensis and Strongyluris gigas and one ascarid larva. Strongyluris gigas had the highest prevalence (87%) and P. amaniensis had the highest mean intensity (38.7 ± 52.6 SD). All are generalist helminths that infect lizard species but represent new parasite records for A. atricollis.


An airbag of a vehicle is provided to prevent a gas leakage through a vent hole in opening a cushion at the early stage, to utilize an inflator having a small capacity by stably and uniformly shaping the front side of the cushion and the rest whole parts, and to improve the OOP(Out Of Position) property. An airbag of a vehicle comprises a cushion(2) fixed with a mounting plate by intermediation of a retainer(1); a tether(4) limiting forward-protrusion in the cushion; vent holes(2a) formed at both sides of the cushion; and a pair of outer side tethers(5) fixed with the retainer on one end at the outside of the cushion and fixed with both sides of the cushion on the other end. The lateral end of the cushion of the outer side tether is sewed to cover the vent hole.


In this study, we aimed to explore the meaning of dispatched science teachers' experience for professional development during master course. Four teachers who experienced 'dispatched professional development course'of the university located in southern area participated in this study. In this study, the data were collected by in-depth interviews with all participants. Field notes, recording under the participants' agreements. The data interpreted to using Van-Menen(1990)'s phenomenological analysis framework. Result of study revealed that participants are experiencing the following 5 essential themes: 'Professional development needs and opportunities', 'Identity confusion between the teacher and student', 'Forming identity as a researcher', 'Confidence as a teacher', 'Gift and sorrow, which is obtained as a bonus'. More precisely this study found following 21 identified themes. The meaning of dispatched science teachers' experience for professional development during master course found in this study will be useful for the development of new science teacher professional development programs.


With the promptly development of electronic products toward miniaturization and multi-functionalization, the volume of solder joints become smaller and smaller, and which result in a serial of reliability and processing issues, for example, the higher ratio intermetallic compound (IMC), the lower mechanical properties, the soldering process and the higher rejection rate, etc. Previous literature on the shocking resistance of right-angle Au/Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu(SAC305)/Au solder joints has shown that with the decreasing of the volume, the ratio of the brittle phase - IMC in the matrix of solder joints obviously increases, which further result in the poorer mechanical shocking resistance of right-angle solder joints fabricated by the solder balls with more smaller diameter. It is imperative to further investigate that the mechanical properties and the reliability fabricated by the more smaller solder balls for the electronic packing. In this study, the inner microstructure of right-angle Au/SAC305/Au solder joints fabricated by the smaller solder ball with the diameter of 50 µm were investigated by employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive Xray spectroscopy (EDX), and the deterioration of the mechanical properties of solder joints was analyzed on the basis of the inner microstructure. Owing that the solder ball become smaller, there is an obviously sagging curve on the surface of solder joints. The SEM results of cross section of solder joint show that the inner microcracks easily formed at the top corner of the right-angle solder joints, and there are different IMCs at both sides of the microcracks at there. The analysis manifest that the disregistry between the different IMCs and the difficult feeding are the key factors of the inner hidden microcrack.


This article covers the constitutional attacks on Nebraska's guest statute in the wake of California's decision in Brown v. Merlo.


Then, two points p, q of an orthogonal polygon P are s-visible from one another if there exists a stair ase path from p to q that lies in P (Figure 1(a) shows two su h points p and q). The set of points that are s-visible from a point p form the s-visibility polygon of p. The s-kernel of P is the (possibly empty) set of points of P whose s-visibility polygon is equal to P , i.e., the set of points from whi h all points of P are s-visible (the s-