Abstract Research on networks of innovation has typically focused on relationships of competition and collaboration between firms in the network, sometimes extending the analysis to sources of new ideas such as universities. More recently, attention has been paid to the activities of intermediaries in such networks, which facilitate the innovation process, which are positioned between the sources and users of innovations. This paper focuses on the organization of a distinctive type of intermediary, which we have defined as an innovation broker, by providing an analysis of 10 case studies of organizations dedicated to innovation broking from around the world. Innovation brokers in our definition are organizations that are founded especially to undertake an intermediary role, rather than performing that role as a by-product of their principal activities. The results of this analysis suggest that the key role played by innovation brokers in the innovation process is the independent validation of new ideas, thereby facilitating diffusion. In order to carry out this task, innovation brokers are organized on a not-for-profit basis, typically as a public–private partnership. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of the findings for innovation theory and research in networks of innovation.


As for the adverse effects of rain and snow on image processing,this paper proposed a new removal algorithm for rain and snow based on improved snake model.Normally,conventional snake model determined the initial contour points by hand,which only applied to clear target edge.Aiming at the non-obvious outline of rain and snow,this algorithm could automatically obtain the initial sequential contour points using fuzzy connectedness.Moreover,using conventional snake model,blurred edge induced by high-speed drop of rain or snow cause that the initial contour points could not accurately converge to the boundary points.Therefore,the algorithm utilized fuzzy similarity function to construct the external energy function of snake model in order to locate the boundary of rain and snow precisely,and then smoothed and fitted the profile of rain and snow through cubic B-spline.In addition,applied the H component of the HSI color space to reduce the impact of moving objects on rain and snow removal.A lot of experiments were processed.And the results show that the proposed algorithm is more suitable to identify rain or snow with different velocities,and better to eliminate the impact of moving objects.


Purpose: There remains an unmet need to provide effective treatment therapy for patients with primary and metastatic brain tumors; lack of drug penetration across the blood brain barrier (BBB) is a key factor. Synthetic lethality is an attractive mechanism in treating brain tumors post radiotherapy. Here we investigate the brain penetration of niraparib and olaparib in healthy monkeys to understand the potential of each to cross the intact BBB.
 Experimental Procedures: Four healthy male Rhesus macaque monkeys were dosed daily via oral gavage for five days with either niraparib (n=2; 6 mg/kg) or olaparib (n=2; 10 mg/kg). Pre-dose blood was collected daily and terminal blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain tissue was collected at necropsy. Coronal brain sections were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) to quantitatively assess the tissue distribution of the dosed compounds. Blood, CSF, and bulk homogenate of brain tissue were analyzed by LC-MS bioanalysis.
 Summary of Data: Greater brain penetration was observed for niraparib when compared to olaparib in healthy Rhesus macaque monkeys following five days oral administration. The unbound brain-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp,uu,brain) was 15x higher for niraparib compared to olaparib. Quantitative MALDI IMS of coronal brain sections from monkeys administered niraparib showed consistent concentrations distributed throughout the brain parenchyma. Olaparib was not detected by MALDI IMS in any of the coronal brain sections collected from the monkeys administered olaparib. Similar plasma and CSF concentrations were observed between the monkey's administered niraparib vs olaparib, highlighting the unique ability of niraparib to cross the intact BBB of monkeys and distribute throughout the brain.
 Conclusions: Niraparib showed markedly higher brain penetration than olaparib in healthy Rhesus macaque monkeys demonstrating enhanced ability to cross intact BBB.
 Summary of Quantification Results Displayed as Total Conc. with Adjusted Free Conc. in Parentheses Compound Animal LC-MS Pre-Dose Plasma Days 1-5 (ng/mL) LC-MS Pre-Dose Plasma Days 1-5 (ng/mL) LC-MS Terminal CSF (ng/mL) LC-MS Bulk Brain Homogenate (ng/g) MALDI IMS Brain Section Average (ng/g) Kp,uu Brain/Plasma Mean Kp, uu Brain/Plasma Niraparib Monkey 1 BLQ, 28 (10), 49 (18), 59 (22), 72 (26) 84 (31) 9 378 (14) 283 (10) 0.45 0.30 Niraparib Monkey 2 BLQ, 58 (21), 87 (32), 74 (27), 66 (24) 436 (160) 25 797 (29) 684 (25) 0.16 Olaparib Monkey 3 BLQ, 27 (8), 26 (8), 33 (10), 33 (10) 322 (99) 13 12 (2) BLQ 0.02 0.02 Olaparib Monkey 4 BLQ, 51 (16), 17 (5), 53 (16), 45 (14) 254 (78) 6 11 (2) BLQ 0.03
 Citation Format: Mark Reid Groseclose, Jeremy Barry, Yongle Pang, Jennifer Deutsch, Shannon Berry, Elaina McCormick, David K. Lim, Hoang Tran, Sean Maguire, Hasan Alsaid, Amine Aziez, Elaine Paul, Keyur Gada. Differentiation of niraparib and olaparib brain penetration in healthy rhesus macaque monkeys. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3581.


Abstract: Gust load cases tend to be critical for sizing the wing components and therefore methods of gust loads alleviation are necessary in order to reduce the overall weight of the wing structure. In this paper a method of gust loads alleviation for a truss-braced wing will be introduced which uses linear, rotational, viscous dampers co-located at the hinge joints connecting the truss structure to the wing to provide damping and thereby loads relief to the stress levels during a "1-cosine" gust. The aeroelastic model is based on the NASA/Boeing SUGAR VOLT truss-braced wing and MSC.Nastran is used throughout the study to compute the gust response. It is found that large values of torsional viscous damping coefficient are required in order to provide moderate loads relief across the wing. Furthermore, it is found that a damper placed at the strut-fuselage joint is more beneficial than a damper located at the strut-wing joint due to its consistent performance across a range of gusts.


A prism with two reflecting faces designed to fulfil a particular purpose in an optical instrument gives rise to errors due to (a) inaccuracy of manufacture and (b) inaccuracy in mounting the prism in the instrument. The effects of these errors are investigated. The special case of the constant deviation prism, in which the three parts of the ray inside the prism nominally lie in a plane, gives rise to an error of the second order, the value of which is obtained.


Background: Nowadays health care quality is a universal concern. The most appropriate method to measurea client's experiences about available hospital services is a patient satisfaction survey. Present study aimedto assess patient's knowledge and satisfaction regarding health care.Method: 330 patients were selected by purposive sampling technique attending various outdoor and indoordepartments of the selected hospital. Self-structured checklist and three-point rating scale each containing atotal 50 sets of items used to assess knowledge and satisfaction. The reliability coefficient for the knowledgetool was 0.87 by KR 20 and satisfaction was found 0.85 by Cronbach's Alpha.Result: Study results showed that more than half (52.4%) and (60.6%) patients had very good level ofknowledge and 76.4% & 67.5% of patients were satisfied with overall health care. Item wise distributionof satisfaction among patients reveals that "physician gave follow up instructions to the patient properly(78.2%)", "OPD card facility (78.2%)," and "hospital food facility for patients (75.2%)" was found ranked1st with the highest satisfaction, whereas "Free of cost availability of drugs", "long queues during OPD cardregistration process" was found ranked lowest. A significant low positive correlation found between meanknowledge and satisfaction scores regarding health care services as evident by computed 'r' value (0.38).Conclusion: Using these necessary responses from the patients, various shortcomings can be pointed outand notify to hospital administration for improvement of the health care.


In this work we investigate the light patterns generated by paraxial radial and azimuthal polarization beams in type-II nonlinear crystal. We show that in paraxial case the second harmonic intensity pattern generated by the radial / azimuthal polarization beams can be expressed similarly to the Hermite-Gaussian HG11 mode. In addition, numerical simulations were carried out taking into account diffraction, walk-off, and pump depletion. The numerical simulations have shown that even with pump depletion the resulting second harmonic beam consists of 4 maxima. Also, experimental results are presented, which confirm theoretical predictions. Interference patterns indicate phase shifts of π between neighbouring maxima.


To evaluate the role of leukotriene B4 (LTB) as a mediator of lung inflammation, rats and dogs were instilled with LTB. Their lungs were lavaged, and lavage fluid was analyzed for signs of inflammation. Instillation of the LTB did not induce lung inflammation. Instillation of zymosan particles into rat and dog lungs resulted in lung inflammation and caused a significant increase in inhibitor, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), decreased the inflammatory response and decreased LTB levels in lavage fluid. These experiments support the hypothesis that LTB is a mediator of lung inflammation.


2,4-Bis(triphenylphosphanimino)tetrazolo[5,1-a][1,3,5]triazine (1) was synthesized by reaction of cyanuric azide with triphenylphosphane. 1 is characterized by X-ray structural analysis, IR, Raman, and NMR spectroscopy. The obtained spectra showed that the remaining azide group in 1 reacts with the N4 atom of the triazine ring and forms a tetrazole. An improved crystal structure for 2,4,6-triazido-1,3,5-triazine (2) was determined and for the first time a 14N-NMR spectrum was obtained. CAUTION: 2 (Cyanuric azide) is explosive! The explosive nature increases with greater purity and crystal size.


Possible involvement of protein synthesis in the germination of Onoclea sensibilis spores was investigated by temporarily applying 0.1 mM cycloheximide before and after photoinduction. Cycloheximide was shown to inhibit protein synthesis, but not to act as an uncoupler of respiration. When cycloheximide was added before or shortly after photoinduction, spore germination was inhibited with the half-maximal inhibition attained in 30 to 45 minutes and the maximal inhibition in 2 hours of incubation. When the time of the inhibitor treatment was delayed after photoinduction, the spores escape from the inhibitory effect of cycloheximide slowly during the first 8 hours and abruptly thereafter with a half-maximal time of 10 hours. If spores are washed free of exogenous cycloheximide and subsequently irradiated, their ability to germinate can be reinstated in distilled water with a half-maximal time of 12 hours. The kinetics of recovery were identical and of apparent first order, regardless of whether cycloheximide treatments were given before or after photoinduction. These results are interpreted to indicate that the normal course of germination of Onoclea spores requires the continuous synthesis of a short lived enzyme that functions in the germination processes at about 10 hours after photoinduction. The cycloheximide-sensitive step follows in the germination processes an anaerobiosis-sensitive step, but precedes the time of acetocarmine uptake or visible signs of protrusion. Light has been implicated in the control of plant growth and development by regulation of enzyme synthesis, or enzyme activity, or both (14, 22). In view of the observations that protein synthesis is required for the early phase of dark germination of spores of the bracken fern (11, 12) and that one of the early events after the induction of germination by light in fern spores is hydrolysis of storage products (6, 11), it would appear that protein synthesis may play an important role in the control of photoinduced germination of fern spores. Investigations with a nitrogen atmosphere (18) have shown that two oxidative processes are involved in photoinduced germination of Onoclea sensibilis spores: one during the preinduction phase and the second during the first 10 hr of the postinduction phase. When the second oxidative process is inhibited ' Present Address: Department of Biochemistry, Health Science Building, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195. by anaerobiosis, the recovery process is slow, thus implicating the synthesis of a substance or substances (possibly enzymes) required for the germination process. Edwards and Miller (2) also showed that during the first 8 to 10 hr of illumination germination is inhibited by ethylene, suggesting the involvement of nucleic acid synthesis during this period of germination. Involvement of protein and RNA synthesis in the germination of Onoclea spores was investigated using inhibitors. As indicated in the results, of the five inhibitors tested, cycloheximide inhibited germination completely in 2 hr, and this inhibition was found to be reversed after the removal of the inhibitor. This paper examines the requirement for protein synthesis during the preand postinduction phases of Onoclea spore germination by means of the temporary application of CH. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant Material. Spores used in experiments on the effect of CH2 on germination were from the same batch employed in the previously reported experiments on anaerobiosis (18). Spores of this batch required 6 hr of dark presoaking to develop maximal photosensitivity, and gave the final germination of 65.1 + 2.8%. For these experiments, sterilization of the spores was not necessary, because possible fungal and bacterial contamination hardly altered the results. A second batch of spores was employed for the experiments on incorporation of the radioactivity. These spores were harvested from sporophylls collected in March 1972 from the same location as reported previously (17) and required 24 hr of dark presoaking to develop maximal sensitivity to irradiation. The final germination for this batch was 82.8 + 3.0%. Maximal inhibition of germination by CH was 90 to 97% for both batches of spores. For the incorporation experiments, spores were surface-sterilized as follows: a small spatulaful of spores (2-4 mg) was treated first with 5 ml of 2% (v/v) Clorox (prepared from a commercial solution) in a 5-cm Petri dish and allowed to stand with occasional agitation for 5 min. They were then treated with 5 ml of 0.1% (w/v) HgCl2 for 2 min and washed 4 times with sterile distilled H20. Aftre the final washing, 10 ml of sterile distilled H20 were added to the Petri dishes. To check for bacterial and fungal contamination, samples of spores were plated onto bacto-nutrient agar after surface sterilization. Experimental runs that showed contamination by this testing procedure were discarded. CH Treatment and Germination Procedure. A small spatulaful of spores were sown on 10 ml of distilled H20 in a 5-cm Petri dish. At the time of CH application, the H20 was withdrawn from the dish with the squeeze bottle, and 5 ml of CH were added to each dish. The time of application and duration 2Abbreviation: CH: cycloheximide. 803 www.plantphysiol.org on May 3, 2019 Published by Downloaded from Copyright © 1975 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved.


Recently, P. Pragacz described the ordinary Hall-Littlewood $P$-polynomials by means of push-forwards (Gysin maps) from flag bundles in the ordinary cohomology theory. Together with L. Darondeau, he also gave push-forward formulas (Gysin formulas) for all flag bundles of types $A$, $B$, $C$ and $D$ in the ordinary cohomology theory. In this paper, we introduce a generalization of the ordinary Hall-Littlewood $P$- and $Q$-polynomials, which we call the {\it universal $($factorial$)$ Hall-Littlewood $P$- and $Q$-functions}, and characterize them in terms of Gysin maps from flag bundles in the complex cobordism theory. We also generalize the (type $A$) push-forward formula due to Darondeau-Pragacz to the complex cobordism theory. As an application of our Gysin formulas in complex cobordism, we give generating functions for the universal Hall-Littlewood $P$- and $Q$-functions and their factorial analogues. Using our generating functions, classical determinantal and Pfaffian formulas for Schur $S$- and $Q$-polynomials, and their $K$-theoretic or factorial analogues can be obtained in a simple and unified manner.


Shoulder range of motion (ROM) is traditionally measured using universal goniometry. However, novel devices to measure shoulder ROM digitally are becoming increasingly available. We aimed to synthesise the current evidence to answer: 1) what technologies are currently in use? 2) Are they reliable? 3) How do they compare to goniometry? Systematic review of the literature was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Emcare and Cochrane databases were searched to identify studies comparing a digital device measuring shoulder ROM to goniometry in participants > = 18years. Quality of studies was assessed using COSMIN risk of bias tool. End points included device validity compared to goniometry and intra-rater reliability. 15 articles were included, representing 372 participants and 608 shoulders, and reporting data for five device categories; infrared/RGB-D, 3D-motion-analysis, combined 3D/infra-red, 2D-video-analysis and virtual-reality. Nine studies reported mean bias and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) compared to goniometry. Pooled mean bias was −0.25 degrees (−1.25, 0.75 95% LOA, random effects model) overall. This did not differ by device type (p = 0.83), sensor or non-sensor-based devices (p = 0.62) or plane of movement (p = 0.91). These devices compare well to goniometry and represent a possible means of increasing efficiency and facilitating telemedicine.


"Breast cancer is the most common type of malignancy recorded in the cancer registries of almost all countries within the Eastern Mediterranean Region. In Iraq, the continuous rise in the incidence rate is associated with an obvious trend to affect premenopausal women," said Nada A.S. Alwan, M.D., Ph.D., director of the National Breast Cancer Research Unit at Baghdad University Medical College and the executive director of the newly established Iraqi National Cancer Research Program.


Objective: Learning and application of KAFO of thoracic and lumbar segment of spinal cord sufferer was the process and object of further improving quality of life after the wheel chair usage.Methods: The earlier rehabilitation education after injury and the establishment of conception of the whole nursing was the first step that guarantees the spinal cord sufferer to receive rehabilitation treatment smoothly. Re-adjusting sufferer's metabolizing balance, forming new habit of defecation through learning and controlling and preventing all sorts of complications was the premise to enter rehabilitation process smoothly after spinal cord injury. The condition to walk was making use of functional muscles of upper extremit and muscles of waist and back, enhancing the coordination of forces, strengthening the experience of transformation of body gravity center, improving ability of resistance and adaption. Conclusion: Reposition, fixing, preventing various complications, rehabilitation training and bracing learning and using were the premise and condition that thoracic and lumbar sufferer and stand up, also the only way that the community could walk.


Among the microporous materials used in heterogeneous catalysis, zeolites have become promising due to the relevant physicochemical and catalytic properties. Noteworthy is the zeolite ZSM-5 used as a catalyst in reactions in the areas of petrochemical and fine chemistry, such as cracking, isomerization, alkylation and aromatization reactions of olefins.  In view of this, the objective of this work was to synthesize the ZSM-5 zeolite, through binary mixtures of tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) and different amines (n-butylamine, isobutylamine and diisobutylamine) acting as organic structure directing agents (SDA's). X-ray diffractometry indicated that only the reaction system containing TEAOH and n-butylamine provided the achievement of highly crystalline ZSM-5 and without competing phases. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms indicated that a material with a high surface area (329 m2·g-1) and pore volume (0.26 cm3·g-1) was obtained. Thus, it was possible to identify a new synthesis route in obtaining the ZSM-5 zeolite.


Georgia has seen tremendous recent improvement in educational participation and outcomes. Nevertheless, educational progress has not been equitable across all population groups and many students in Georgia still struggle to master basic competencies. These issues reflect systemic challenges in modernising the teaching profession, using evidence in policy-making and strengthening school oversight. The country's evaluation and assessments systems need to be strengthened in order for education outcomes to be improved for all students.


A novel ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with two frequency notches is designed and implemented. Current distribution analysis is used to optimize the performance. Three examples are presented to validate the analysis. It is shown that by investigating the current distribution of the antenna, we can clearly find how to place a tuning stub to obtain the band-notched function.


A wireless network's design must include the optimization of the area of coverage of its wireless transmitters - mobile and base stations in cellular networks, wireless access points in WLANs, or nodes on a transmit schedule in a wireless ad-hoc network. Typically, the coverage optimization for the common channels is solved by spatial multiplexing, i.e. keeping the access networks far apart. However, with increasing densities of wireless network deployments (including the Internet-of-Things) and paucity of spectrum, and new developments like whitespace devices and self-organizing, cognitive networks, there is a need to manage interference and optimize coverage by efficient algorithms that correctly set the transmit powers to ensure that transmissions only use the power necessary.
In this work we study methods for computing and optimizing interference-limited coverage maps of a set of transmitters. We progress successively through increasingly realistic network scenarios. We begin with a disk model with a fixed set of transmitters and present an optimal algorithm for computing the coverage map. We then enhance the model to include updates to the network, in the form of addition or deletion of one transmitter. In this dynamic setting, we present an optimal algorithm to maintain updates to the coverage map. We then move to a more realistic interference model - the SINR model. For the SINR model we first show geometric bases for coverage maps. We then present a method to approximate the measure of the coverage area. Finally, we present an algorithm that uses this measure to optimize the coverage area with minimum total transmit power.


Images are important parts of school textbooks. They do not only have an illustrative function, but they are also able to motivate students, and even new knowledge can be gained through them since they can help to systematize knowledge. Although the number of illustrations has increased in history textbooks over the years, and even if images have shown a great variety, it does not mean that they are better in pedagogical quality. In our study, we examine pictures from current history textbooks that have been used in primary schools in the Slovak Republic. First we analyse the structure of the textbooks, then the didactical functions of the pictures/figures, with special reference to the properties of the maps in the textbooks. We also make suggestions how the pictorial material of these books could be changed to make them more resource-centric, didactically up-to-date, and more effective. In our analysis we conclude that the authors did not equip these textbook pictures with appropriate didactic apparatus. Although our textbooks are lined up with plenty of colourful and varied illustrations, due to the size of the images and the quantity and quality of the questions and tasks associated with them, these are merely illustrations and not resources. It is a bitter experience that in Slovakia the preparation of taxonomized tasks, missing from textbooks, is left to teachers.


This study assesses the impact of computer aided education for early childhood focusing on text and object identification. The study's focus was to find out if computer aided education was useful in childhood education. The study adopted the iterative method in modelling the systems different phases and a child moves from phase one which consist of two interfaces with basic text like A and B and if the child is able to recognized the text the computer pronounced continuously then he or she moves to the next phase. The study concluded that children who are encourage in using computer-aided technology in their learning achieve much as compared to children who uses the traditional learning techniques. It was recommended that children within the ages of 2 to 7 years should be motivated in using computer-aided technology in their education to enhance their learning skills.


We have constructed a monolithic fiber laser oscillator based on tapered double cladding ytterbium-doped fiber. The performance of the output laser, especially on the aspect of the transverse mode instability (TMI) was studied in details.


The present invention provides a constant current LED lamp dimming control device, primarily to add a PWM control on both the value of the constant current control, by controlling the LED lamp flickering time ratio, when the LED lamp is lit, drive is still constant current circuit driving the lamp, the color temperature of the lamp can be maintained unchanged, but the LED lamp blinking time different than, the effective brightness of the lamp will therefore change, the purpose of dimming is also reached, so that to ensure without changing the color temperature of the LED lamp while dimming the LED lamps, while achieving the purpose of energy saving, avoid some of the negative effects of the prior art by way of adjusting the value of the constant current caused by dimming, That will change the color temperature of the LED lamps, resulting in a change of bias and drawbacks of the light transmittance of the color was observed.


In recent years, research has been conducted on swarm robot systems in which multiple autonomous mobile robots cooperate to perform tasks. Swarm robot systems are expected to perform high functionality as a group by cooperating with each other, in spite of the limited capabilities of the individual robots. This paper explores a method of simplifying swarm robot controllers as much as possible for swarm robot navigation. If we can achieve autonomous navigation of swarm robots to a target area with minimal resource consumption, they only need to implement the task execution function in that area. This leads to lower costs for swarm robot design and more efficient system architecture design. To address the above aims, this study focuses on heterogeneity. Specifically, we introduce a navigator robot that indirectly guides swarm robots named the worker robots. Heterogeneity in this paper refers to the worker robots and the navigator robots. We design the interaction between the navigator robot and the worker robots to provide a system that guides the worker robots to the destination.


In the study of disability, an extremely important role is played by issues related to identity changes occurring under the influence of experiences which alter the current course of life and force the adoption of new roles and the adaptation of previously fulfilled roles. This is the nature of a disability acquired in adulthood. It is a turning point that transforms the identities of women who must redefine themselves and their places in a reality that is new to them. The main goal of the article will be to show the changes that affect the identities of women who, as a result of an accident, acquired disability in adulthood. The study is based on autobiographical narrative interviews. This method allowed me to reconstruct the trajectory of the lives of the respondents, showing the process-like nature of the identities they shape, which have undergone changes under the influence of the need to adapt to the conditions resulting from the acquired disability. Six women – diversified in terms of age, education, professional position, and family situation, all of which influenced their roles and social positions – were surveyed. Dorota Żuchowska-Skiba, PhD – AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Humanities. Research interests include the analysis of mass media, especially new media, together with the prospect of collective action taken in the social and virtual reality. Particular attention is paid to new forms of social activity and the public, civic, and political society in the era of the network for people with disabilities and other excluded or marginalized groups. Contact details:


Crisis situations can be fully understood only by considering the person-in-crisis situation as an organic whole. By viewing the crisis from as many perspectives as possible, the practitioner can individualize each particular client system while still focusing on the significant aspects of the event causing the crisis.


Electrochemical techniques have been frequently used in the field of chemical analyses including pretreatment, qualitative estimation and quantification. Principal physical quantities obtained by electrochemical measurements are potential (or voltage), current and resistance. Each quantity provides the indication of a driving force, a rate and a barrier against electrochemical reactions. Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of a basic electrochemical reaction. As seen in this figure, oxidant (Ox) transferred from a distantly-positioned electrolyte reacts with electron on the electrode, and then converts to reductant (Red). In electrochemical analyses, measurements are carried out focusing especially on the interface between a solution and the electrode.


Tongs or electrosurgical forceps for open surgery to seal or sealing tissue, comprising: a pair of arm members first and second (12a, 12b), each of which has a jaw member (110, 120) disposed at a distal end thereof, with the jaw members (110, 120) movable from a first position in spaced relation relative to one another to at least one subsequent position wherein the jaw members (110, 120) cooperate to grasp tissue therebetween; including each of the jaw members (110, 120) having an electrically conductive sealing plate for communicating electrosurgical energy through tissue held therebetween; including at least one of the jaw members (120) a channel (115) of blade arcuately, defined along the length thereof, the channel (115) of curved blade dimensioned to reciprocate a mechanism being cutting (80) therealong; and an actuator (40) operatively connected to one of the arm members (12b) for selectively advancing the cutting mechanism (80) from a first position in which the cutting mechanism (80) is disposed proximate to tissue held jaw members (110, 120) to at least one subsequent position wherein the cutting mechanism (80) is disposed distant tissue held between jaw members (110, 120), the at least one subsequent position the result of a proximal motion of the actuator (40), including the cutting a flexible blade, usually in the form of hourglass, having a notch disposed generally midway along the same, which facilitates distal translation of blade within the channel curved (115) of the blade.


In this paper, we get an elementary and important lemma(See Lemma 3.2) which is about pushout and pullback of modules. And we prove a weak form of a long open conjecture on vanishing of group cohomology for blocks.


The hemolysin of Escherichia coli has been concentrated 23-fold by ethanol and ammonium sulfate precipitation. Further evidence has been presented that the hemolysin is a protein or peptide. Kinetic studies of the hemolytic reaction reveal a complex curve which consists of a lag, an area of accelerated reaction rate, and a plateau. Kinetic studies also show that the hemolytic reaction can be best demonstrated at a pH of 7.9 and a temperature of 30 °C using a 1% suspension of sheep erythrocytes.


A strategy for determining the optimal number of grid points and subdomains in a spectral method with domain decomposition on a serial computer is presented. The rapidly growing computational cost for large numbers of grid points in each subdomain is balanced against the exponential convergence for spectral approximation of smooth functions, and the optimum is found as the number of grid points and subdomains that gives the minimal computational cost for a given accuracy. The typical length scale of the problem is found to influence the number of subdomains but not the number of grid points within each subdomain.


The invention two cysteines of by such a variety of environmental stresses (thermal shock, pathogenic and oxidative stresses) and Alzheimer's disease (Alzheimer disease), Parkinson's disease (Pakinson disease), breast cancer, lung cancer, uterine cancer, liver cancer peroxy LES single protein ( cysteine) the functional transition to the two-cysteine peroxy single rail (2-Cys Prx) chaperone protein is a new (chaperone from peroxidase functions at the same time that changes in protein structure from the structure of the high molecular weight of the low molecular weight) functional group ownership as by being different environment to demonstrate the properties shown resistance to stress, the number of cancer and neurological diseases using various stress-specific antibodies of the resistant transgenic plant of the production and the protein of the (heat shock and pathogen) (specific antibody) the use as diagnostic reagents. In particular, the newly discovered two-cysteine peroxidase Les singles (2-Cys Prx) chaperone function of the protein, as well as see the specific organization of the various types of cancer, including lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, Alzheimer's disease (Alzheimer disease), Parkinson's disease there are properties that appear in fatal disease of various nervous system, etc. (Pakinson disease), developed the expression control of the protein, not only it can be used in transgenic plant production and application having resistance to environmental stress, low molecular weight and high the molecular weight of the two-cysteine peroxy single rail (2-Cys Prx) diagnosis of cancer patient having a cancer disease, such as lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, using the specific antibody (specific antibody) that binds to a specific protein structure reagent development or Alzheimer's disease (Alzheimer disease), can be used in Parkinson's disease (Pakinson disease), such as diagnostic and therapeutic agents for patients with neurological diseases That there is an effect. 2 cysteine peroxy LES single, two functions, peroxidase, chaperone, environmental resistance, transgenic plant, a diagnostic reagent


The general problem considered in this paper is that of sums of a finite number of reduced fractions whose numerators are elements of a finite set S of integers, and whose denominators are distinct positive integers. Egyptian, or unit, fractions are merely the case S = ﹛1﹜. Problems concerning these fractions have been treated extensively. Another specific case S = ﹛1, — 1﹜ has been treated by Sierpinski (2).


The potential contribution of ice sheets remains the largest source of uncertainty in predicting sea‐level due to the limited predictive skill of numerical ice sheet models, yet effective planning necessitates that these predictions are credible and accompanied by a defensible assessment of uncertainty. While the use of large ensembles of simulations allows probabilistic assessments, there is no guarantee that these simulations are aligned with observations. Here, we present a probabilistic prediction of 21st century mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet calibrated with observations of surface speeds and mass change using a novel two‐stage surrogate‐based approach. Our results suggest a sea‐level contribution ranging from 4 to 30 cm at the year 2100, proviso the assumption that our chosen ice sheet model's physics represent reality.


Agroforestry systems can be alternative to the reintroduction of areas into disuse , secondary forest , for sheep production . This study evaluated the performance of sheep integrated grass Mombasa and secondary forest of babassu , comparing it with the conventional system of production in full sun . In these two systems were evaluated the climatic conditions and the agronomic and qualitative characteristics of the grass . In animals were evaluated weight gain , consumption, feed conversion, displacement processes and animal productivity . It was observed that ovine silvipastoral in this type of system is possible, but there is a reduction of the animal performance over the traditional operating system . The environment in the integrated system is hot and humid , and the forage density is low , causing the animals to spend more energy to look for food . The accumulation of forage and tillering in the integrated system area reduced and there is reduced carrying capacity and productivity. Despite the reduction in productivity in the integrated system , its operation allows the production of approximately half of what is produced in the conventional system . Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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Thin spray-on liners (TSL's) have been found to be effective for structurally supporting the walls of mining tunnels and thus reducing the occurrence of rock bursts, an effect primarily due to the penetration of cracks by the liners. Surface tension effects are thus important. However TSLs are also used to simply stabilize rock surfaces (for example to prevent rock fall) and in this context crack penetration is desirable but not necessary, and the tensile and shearing strength and adhesive properties of the liner determine its effectiveness. We examine the effectiveness of non-penetrating TSLs in a (global) lined tunnel and a (local) rock support context. In the tunnel context we examine the effect of the liner on the stress distribution in a tunnel subjected to a geological or mining event. We show that the liner has little effect on stresses in the surrounding rock and that tensile stresses in the rock surface are transmitted across the liner, so that failure is likely to be due to liner rupture or detachment from the surface. In the local rock support context loose rock movements are shown to be better achieved using a small Young's modulus, but high rupture strength liner. ∗School of Computational and Applied Mathematics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, South Africa. email: firstname.lastname@example.com †Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. email: email@example.com ‡African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Muizemberg, Cape Town, South Africa §School of Mining Engineering, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. email: firstname.lastname@example.com


Nucleoside 5′-di- and 5′-tri-phosphates were obtained in high yields by the reaction of 8-quinolyl nucleoside 5′-phosphates with phosphoric or pyrophosphoric acids in the presence of cupric chloride.


The research used the qualitative method through the case study of Nyai leadership in the Dinniyah Boarding School, Lampung. The results of the research show that: 1) The leadership strategy of Nyai consisted of : planning, cross- sector networking/cooperation, good relationship, socialization of boarding school, and visits to other boarding schools, 2) The function of Nyai communication involved giving information, getting relationship, conveying message, educating, changing attitude/behavior, persuading through Islamic preaching. 3) The leadership communication technique of Nyai consisted of : persuasive, dialogue, coercive, participative, and transcendental, 4) The communication pattern developed by Nyai was oral communication which tend to formal communication pattern and persistent to obidince or religion norms and The leadership communication model of Nyai in the boarding school was the discipline, autonomy, harmony, and relationship based leadership communication model as well as the conceptive and creative leadership of Nyai.


The plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) is the main inhibitor of tissue plas- minogen activator and urokinase type plasminogen activator in the blood. Besides the key regulatory role in fibrinolysis, plasmin and its activators and inhibitors are responsible for the processes of extracellular matrix turnover and remodeling, cellular adhesion and migration, thus they participate in many pathophysiological processes such as thrombosis, fibrosis, athero- sclerosis, cancer spread, and other. The measurement of PAI-1 expression and its levels is suggested for a risk factor assessment in certain diseases. Also, PAI-1 is being considered a potential therapeutic target that could modify disease development and progression. The aim of this work is to outline significant findings regarding PAI-1 application in diagnostics, risk factor assessment, and pathogenetic treatment of different diseases.


The invention relates to a nanoscale heat insulating material, comprising the following components in weight percent: 5-95% of nanoscale silicon dioxide powder, 5-50% of nanoscale or micro-sized zirconium dioxide powder or zirconium silicate powder and/or silicon carbide powder, 3-15% of reinforced fibre and adding the solvent to 100%. The invention is characterized by easily-obtained raw materials, simple production, low cost and the like, no need of special device; as for the prepared nanoscale heat insulating material, the density is 100-500Kg/m3, the heat conduction coefficient is 0.030-0.055W/mK at 800 DEG C and is much lower than that of the ceramic fibre with the heat conduction coefficient being 0.12-0.20W/mK at 800 DEG C, thus being an excellent nanoscale heat insulating material with broad application prospect and being widely applied to each aspect of heat insulating and energy saving fields of high temperature heat insulation, low temperature heat insulation, cold insulation and the like.


The principles underpinning Social Manufacturing have been developed in the context of the production of customizable discrete products. However, certain situations exist such that customization is not desirable or even possible. Factors that hinder customization vary considerably. They may include legal issues or consequences of technical standards, among others. In addition to customization of products, another principle underpinning Social Manufacturing is decentralized production. These two principles do not necessarily occur simultaneously. In certain situations, a product cannot be customized but its production is decentralized. The possibilities of extending the application of Social Manufacturing principles to such a context remain unexplored. Electricity generation (production) constitutes a context for such a study. Naturally, electricity is a fully standardized product and cannot be customized. Traditionally, electricity generation has been very centralized but certain recent developments are influencing the industry to become more decentralized. One key development in this regard is the Energy Transition and Decarbonization required to combat global climate change. Consequently, increased use of renewable energy sources results in decentralization of electricity generation. The objective of this study is to explore the possibilities of extending the application of Social Manufacturing principles to a new context. This new context is represented by renewables-based decentralized electricity generation. Electricity generation is an example in which the product cannot be customized but production is decentralized. This analysis encompasses the electricity generation value chain from engineering of equipment to management of electricity generation and grid operation.


In this paper, the fruit characteristics, the 1 000-seed weight and the impact of PEG treatment on seed vigor were explored based on the investigation of fruits of two alder species, nearly maturity fruit of alder ( A. cremastogyne Burkill ) and maturity fruit of red alder (A. rubra) . The results are as follows: the fruit length had obvious effect on germination rate. PEG could significantly improve the germination energy of alder seed, with its extent relating to the maturity level of seed, no effect of PEG was found on the relative higher maturity seed of alder. However, no significant effect of PEG was found on seed germination rate of red alder, but PEG could help red alder to improve the resistance to waterlogging significantly, and a trend was found that the higher the concentration of PEG treatment, the stronger the resistance.


One of the implementations of face recognition is facial expression recognition in which a machine can recognize facial expression patterns from the observed data. This study used two models of convolutional neural network, model A and model B. The first model A was without batch normalization and dropout layers, while the second model B used batch normalization and dropout layers. It used an arrangement of 4 layer models with activation of ReLU and Softmax layers as well as 2 fully connected layers for 5 different classes of facial expressions of angry, happy, normal, sad, and shock faces. Research Metodology are 1). Data Analysis, 2). Preprocessing grayscaling, 3). Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), 4). Model validation Testing, Obtained an accuracy of 64.8% for training data and accuracy of 63.3% for validation data. The use of dropout layers and batch normalization could maintain the stability of both training data and validation data so that there was no overfitting. By dividing the batch size on the training data into 50% with 200 iterations, aiming to make the load on each training model lighter, by using the learning rate to be 0.001 which works to improve the weight value, thus making the training model work to be fast without crossing the minimum error limit. Accuracy results in the classification of ekp facial receipts from the distance of the camera to the face object about 30 cm in the room with the use of bright enough lighting by 78%.


This paper concerns general statistical properties of mine detection systems utilizing high (e.g. acoustic) returns in the presence of reverberation, modeled as a (background) random field. Recently developed extensions of the 1D theory of high level stochastic excursions are used to describe the occurrences of high peaks of a 2D background reverberation field by a (theoretically justified) Poisson model. This model and its further refinements are then used in discussing false alarm, detection, and classification probabilites.


Lignin is the second most abundant and inexpensive natural biopolymers on earth. In this work, lignin/polyacrylonitrile composite fibers were prepared by wet-spinning method. A transition from solid fiber to hollow fiber was observed when the volume fraction of water in a mixed dimethyl sulfoxide/water coagulation bath was increased. The rheological measurements results showed that the spinning solution had no chemical reactions and was stable at the spinning conditions. Lots of interconnected macro- and medium pores (50–90 nm) were formed inside the wall section of these hollow fibers. The change of coagulation solvent had little influence on the outer diameters of the fibers. The formations of the hollow structure and the pores are ascribed to a diffusion controlled procedure. The reaction between formaldehyde and hydroxyl groups (−OH) in lignin molecule was found to improve slightly fiber modulus and thermal stability. This study provides a facial way to prepare lignin-based hollow fibers for many appl...


The present invention provides an apparatus for extruding Postgrouting branch pile, comprising: grouting pipe, is fixedly connected at a predetermined position of the outer portion of the reinforcement cage; grouting hose upper portion of the grouting pipe the lower end portion is connected; end of the grouting pipe, its upper end portion of the lower end portion of the grouting hose connected to the other end of the tube grouting predetermined position of the hinge portion and the outer side portion of the reinforcement cage; rope, one end portion the lower side portion and the end of the tube is connected to grouting. According to the above configuration, the end portion of the disc can be squeezed branch pile grouting, can greatly improve the resistance end plate portion, and further improve pile bearing capacity, while reducing the pile subsidence.


The Clouds of Magellan are the most massive satellites of the Galaxy. They therefore provide a laboratory in which the evolution of stars and clusters can be studied in much more detail than is possible in more distant galaxies. Furthermore, the Magellanic Clouds are arguably the most important stepping stones on the path that leads to the extragalactic distance scale. In view of their importance to modern astronomy, the International Astronomical Union devoted IAU Symposium 108 (Structure and Evolution of the Magellanic Clouds, ed. S. van den Bergh & K. S. de Boer [Dordrecht: Reidel, 1984]) and IAU Symposium 148 (The Magellanic Clouds, ed. R. Haynes & D. Milne [Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1984]) to the study of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). IAU Symposium 190, which was held in Victoria, British Columbia, 1998 July 13–17, formed a continuation of this series of IAU symposia. The meeting was attended by ∼170 astronomers from five continents. Because of the worst July weather in at least two decades, most of the intensive discussions of subjects related to the Magellanic Clouds took place indoors. Local arrangements were ably taken care of by Jim Hesser and his Local Organizing Committee from the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory and the University of Victoria. Among the most important scientific questions about the Magellanic Clouds that need to be answered are the following:


Abstract Basically enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the speed of a chemical reaction without undergoing any permanent chemical change. With the application of Euler's forward scheme, a discrete-time enzyme model is presented. Further investigation related to its qualitative behaviour revealed that discrete-time model shows rich dynamics as compared to its continuous counterpart. It is investigated that discrete-time model has a unique trivial equilibrium point. The local asymptotic behaviour of equilibrium is discussed for discrete-time enzyme model. Furthermore, with the help of the bifurcation theory and centre manifold theorem, explicit parametric conditions for directions and existence of flip and Hopf bifurcations are investigated. Moreover, two existing chaos control methods, that is, Ott, Grebogi and Yorke feedback control and hybrid control strategy, are implemented. In particular, a novel chaos control technique, based on state feedback control is introduced for controlling chaos under the influence of flip and Hopf bifurcations in discrete-time enzyme model. Numerical simulations are provided to illustrate theoretical discussion and effectiveness of newly introduced chaos control method.


In this paper, new intuitionistic fuzzy fixed point results for sequence of intuitionistic fuzzy set-valued maps in the structure of $ b $-metric spaces are examined. A few nontrivial comparative examples are constructed to keep up the hypotheses and generality of our obtained results. Following the fact that most existing concepts of Ulam-Hyers type stabilities are concerned with crisp mappings, we introduce the notion of stability and well-posedness of functional inclusions involving intuitionistic fuzzy set-valued maps. It is a familiar fact that solution of every functional inclusion is a subset of an appropriate space. In this direction, intuitionistic fuzzy fixed point problem involving $ (\alpha, \beta) $-level set of an intuitionistic fuzzy set-valued map is initiated. Moreover, novel sufficient criteria for existence of solutions to an integral inclusion are investigated to indicate a possible application of the ideas presented herein.


An investigation was made of the mechanisms of inversion of Ne I level populations because of Penning collisions with Ar and H2 in a beam-type discharge in the presence of a grid anode. Lasing was observed in an Ne–H2 mixture excited by a hollow-cathode discharge.


This paper wants to be a summary of the last research works in the Islamic past of the Catalan lands of today. Specially, the article deals with the historical and philological aspects, that is to say, war affairs, political news, a review of the Mozarabs'matter, and the studies about the arabisms of the common vocabulary and of the Catalan names and, above all, the arabisms in the place-names proposals.


To the Editors: C lobazam is a widely used antiepileptic drug. Behavioral disorders, ataxia, drowsiness, sedation, hypothermia, dysarthria are common adverse effects of clobazam. Serious adverse effects include skin reactions such as toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. However, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome has not been described. Herein, we report the first pediatric patient with DRESS syndrome associated with clobazam treatment. A 28-month-old girl was admitted our clinic because of intractable myoclonic-atonic seizures. She was diagnosed as myoclonicastatic epilepsy (Doose syndrome) with clinical manifestations and electrophysiological results. The seizures started at the age of 2 years and did not respond to valproic acid and levetiracetam. Clobazam was added to the treatment because of ongoing seizures. When clobazam treatment was reached at a dosage of 1.5 mg/kg daily, she became seizure-free. After 20 days of clobazam initiation, she was admitted with complaint of maculopapular rash on her left arm, right part of her face, and neck. We stopped clobazam treatment because of the skin rash. Cutaneous rash resolved in 2 days, but the seizures increased at the same time occurring multiple times a day. We started clobazam treatment again and titrated up to the dosage of 1.5 mg/kg daily. The following day, she developed 40°C fever and did not respond to paracetamol or ibuprofen. Physical examination was normal, and pathologic laboratory investigations revealed leukocytosis (13,700/μL), increased blood urea nitrogen, and low serum albumin level. Serum C-reactive protein level was 291.7 mg/dL, and procalcitonin was


A SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF THREE FU ORIONIS OBJECTSACCRETION DISKS AND WIND SIGNATURES FEBRUARY 1991 ALAN DAVID WEUTY, B.S.. UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER M.S., UNIVERSITY OF IOWA Ph.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Directed by: Professor Stephen E. Strom It has been suggested that in outburst, FU Ori objects (FUors) are luminous accretion disks surrounding young, low luminosity stars. We obtained high resolution, high signal-tonoise, 3985-4920 A, 4940-6830 A, and 8030-9510 A spectra of V1057 Cyg, Z CMa, and FU Ori at the Mayall telescope at KPNO to examine predictions of the accretion disk model of Kenyon, Hartmann, and Hewett (1988). Synthetic disk spectra are calculated assuming the temperature gradient, T(R), of a classical accretion disk, and assuming that disk photospheres can be modeled by adding contributions from concentric disk aimuli represented by spectra of supergiant stars having Teff ^ T(R). Given the simplicity of the model, we find surprising agreement between observed and synthetic spectra. We examine variation of absorption linewidth with wavelength for synthetic and FUor spectra, and find good correlations for the model and two FUors. We also investigate variation of linewidth with lower excitation potential, and find a subtle effect, less useful as a disk


Navigating deceptive domains has often been a challenge in machine learning due to search algorithms getting stuck at sub-optimal local optima. Many algorithms have been proposed to navigate these domains by explicitly maintaining diversity or equivalently promoting exploration, such as Novelty Search or other so-called Quality Diversity algorithms. In this paper, we present an approach with promise to solve deceptive domains without explicit diversity maintenance by optimizing a potentially large set of defined objectives. These objectives can be extracted directly from the environment by sub-aggregating the raw performance of individuals in a variety of ways. We use lexicase selection to optimize for these objectives as it has been shown to implicitly maintain population diversity. We compare this technique with a varying number of objectives to a commonly used quality diversity algorithm, MAP-Elites, on a set of discrete optimization as well as reinforcement learning domains with varying degrees of deception. We find that decomposing objectives into many objectives and optimizing them outperforms MAP-Elites on the deceptive domains that we explore. Furthermore, we find that this technique results in competitive performance on the diversity-focused metrics of QD-Score and Coverage, without explicitly optimizing for these things. Our ablation study shows that this technique is robust to different subaggregation techniques. However, when it comes to non-deceptive, or ``illumination"domains, quality diversity techniques generally outperform our objective-based framework with respect to exploration (but not exploitation), hinting at potential directions for future work.


Hyponatremia in liver cirrhosis is defined by a serum sodium concentration of less than 130 mmol /L,but some scholars think that the definition is too strict and serum sodium concentration should be less than 135 mmol / L. Hyponatremia in liver cirrhosis is characterized by excessive renal retention of water relative to sodium due to reduced solute-free water clearance. The primary cause is increased release of arginine vasopressin. As clinical hyponatremia is usually difficult to treat,the occurrence of vanptans,particullarlly tolvaptan,a highly selective arginine vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist on hyponatremia cirrhosis is of importance in clinical practice. A number of studies have suggested short-term,few of them even with long-term,application tolvaptan is safe and effective,and it is currently the sole vanptan to be used in clinical hyponatremia in patients with cirrhosis.


Abstract The usefulness of indigestible neutral detergent fiber as an internal marker was explored in a study involving 24 forages primarily of tropical and subtropical species. Samples of forages, feces, and orts from digestion trials using two or three sheep or cattle per forage were digested in vitro to determine the recovery of fiber. Samples of eight forages and associated orts and feces were also digested in situ. Six days of incubation were required for fiber disappearance to approach an asymptote. Recovery of fiber in feces did not change appreciably after the first 6 d. Mean fiber recoveries for subtropical forages ranged from 83 to 111% with standard errors from .5 to 5.0. Recovery for immature ryegrass forages averaged 130%. Results indicate that although the recovery of fiber among bermuda forages was biased in favor of those having lower fiber content, fiber recovery for sorghum forages was unbiased with a mean of 96% and low standard error (1.5). The hypothesis that bias in fiber recovery is caused by variations in sample particle size is explored.


The use of special effect in Indonesian movies has served its purpose, to enhance the scenes and convince the audience. However, the kinds and application differ according to the theme of the films. While in the past special effect were used more to show magic, supernatural power, and inner power in a legend based movie, at present, some are used to enhance violent sadistic scenes.


Studying music with performance purposes implies a different approach if compared to that of the esthetician, historian or composer. With this in mind, the main objective of this paper is to analyze Villa-Lobos's Choros 2, from a performer's perspective. Classifying large view (general) and small view (particular) musical elements, among the ones considered relevant for the interpretation, such as sections, tempi, rhythmic characters, style, the author wishes to establish a coherent connection between analysis and performance.

Keywords: Musical Interpretation; Performer Analysis; Brazilian Music; Choro.


Rainfall intensity is predicted to increase under a changing climate, leading to increased risks of hillslope erosion, downstream sedimentation and flooding. For many catchments used for grazing and agricultural land uses, it will become increasingly important to maintain ecohydrological functioning despite climatic extremes. One means to achieve this is through strategic reforestation using locally endemic species, in spatial configurations that effectively intercept, retain or and redistribute overland flows. This paper adopts a modelling approach for investigating the potential of one such design termed "integrated vegetation bands" (IVB), to increase the retention of runoff across steep hillslopes, particularly in the sub-tropics where rainstorms are becoming increasingly intense. A spatially distributed simulation model (MIKE-SHE) was applied to a steep, grazed catchment (Maronghi Creek catchment, Southeast Queensland, Australia) to compare stormwater runoff characteristics between: (1) the existing pasture land cover; and (2) a series of hypothetical IVB added across this pasture land. The IVB were approximately 20 m wide, and configured at 5% gradient towards ridgelines. Results for estimates of overland flow depth and infiltration (spatial), and accumulative water balance (temporal), confirm that the area of hillslope retaining > 10 mm/day more runoff increased by 22% under IVB compared to the pasture land use. Excluding the IVB themselves, the area of hillslope where runoff retention increased was 11%. During the most intense rainfall, IVB held up to 25% greater water depth and had 10% greater infiltration at the hillslope scale. At the sub-catchment scale, discharge decreased by 7% and infiltration increased by 23%. The findings for sub-tropical landscapes presented here are consistent with studies conducted in temperate regions. Based on the results of this preliminary modelling work, the IVB concept has been established as a paired-catchment field trial in a high rainfall catchment in Southeast Queensland, Australia.


This study investigates how presenting the same factual content with varying narrators, as required by harder-versus softer-news formats, influences the way readers perceive the gay male subject of an actual news story. Because previous social-psychological findings have suggested that people typically respond to others first as members of distinct groups and then later as individuals if and only if they have sufficient motivation for doing so, the expectation was that presenting the same factual content with varying narrators—effected through the quantity of direct quotations included from the news subject—would provide such motivation. The findings of this study support this contention.


2014 Using a model equation we analyze the onset of convection for a roll instability. The wavelength increase follows from a variational approach. For certain wavelengths, phase diffusion turns out to be unstable against compression (or dilatation) and torsion of the rolls. Thermal phase fluctuations induce a tiny brownian motion of the structure which should be observable in carefully designed experiments such as Rayleigh-Bénard in liquid helium or Carr-Helfrich in nematic liquid crystals. Tome 40 No 23 1 er DECEMBRE 1979 LE JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE LETTRES Classification Physics Abstracts 47.20 There are numerous examples of periodic spatial structures which occur in a system through a supercritical bifurcation and the Rayleigh-Benard (R. B.) thermoconvective instability [1] is perhaps the most famous one. In this paper we discuss some properties of the non-linear regime close to the instability threshold. For convenience we use the terminology of thermoconvective instabilities but our discussion has a more general character. We use a description of the bifurcation from the conductive state to the convective state in terms of a simple but plausible model equation which allows for a twodimensional spatial dependence of the structure which we think to be more universal than the dependence on the third dimension closely connected to the details of the hydrodynamic problem. It will be shown that : i) our model describes at least qualitatively the wavelength increase of the periodic structure in the vicinity of the instability threshold [2]. ii) For a system of parallel rolls, the dynamics of the phase variable which describes ~ a local translation of the rolls is governed by two diffusion coefficients Djj II and D 1. which depend on the wavevector of the underlying structure and on the distance to the threshold. Equations D II = 0 and D 1. = 0 give the marginal stability condition for that structure against the two seemingly possible types of perturbation close to the threshold. iii) Due to thermal noise [3] the phase fluctuates, which leads to a translational brownian motion of the structure. The corresponding diffusion coefficient will be evaluated and observational possibilities will be discussed. 1. The model equation and its stationary solution. The dynamics of a supercritical stationary bifurcation obey the Landau type equation [4] : where s depends on the constraint applied to the system (the vertical temperature gradient in the R.B. case) and measures the distance to the threshold (negative below and positive above). A is the amplitude of the convective state, the unstable Fourier component of the hydrodynamic velocity in the R.B. case. Owing to the symmetry (A ) -+ (A ) no term in A 2 is present in eq. (1). Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyslet:019790040023060900 L-610 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE LETTRES To describe the spatial structure of the unstable mode, one must turn to an equation more complicated than (1) but still simpler than the full set of hydrodynamic equations. As indicated above, the single quantity A now depends on two spatial coordinates. The required equation has to display translational and rotational invariance and must lead to a convective solution with a well defined wave-vector qo at threshold. In dimensionless notations the simplest candidate reads [5] where L1 = a~ + ay [6]. * Eq. (2) defines a functional gradient flow. Indeed it may be written as 3~ = bV[A ]/bA where the potential V reads : When e is positive, the null solution is linearly unstable against a certain class of perturbations. Close to the threshold, these unstable perturbations have a wave-vector q = qo + b with 16 1 611(s) and The unidimensional stationary periodic solution is expanded as


This article deals with the subject of risk management associated with a human resource training program by applying the concept of entropy. In the application presented in the article, I used the mathematical model of entropy defined by Claude Shannon adapted to human resource training and we performed risk simulation in Microsoft Excel program that can provide adequate and appropriate risk management, before and during running training program. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 91B30, 91B99, 91D99.


Blends of an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyisobutylene of various compositions were prepared by mechanical mixing at a temperature above the melting point of EVA (TmEVA) but below the upper critical solution temperature of 170°C for given blends. The rheological properties of the components and blends were studied in the region of small-amplitude oscillating deformation at temperatures above and below TmEVA in the frequency range of 0.01–100 rad/s. At temperatures lower than TmEVA, the rheological properties were determined by the existence of the yield stress. With diminishing frequency, the viscosity increased, and the plateau in the relaxation spectrum at low frequencies broadened. The morphology of the blends depended on the conditions of sample heating. The introduction of a finely dispersed filler into the blends led to an anomalous drop in the viscosity. The morphology of the systems that arose by mechanical blending of the molten components was the important factor in the rheological behavior. The observed effects were examined in the framework of the concept of structural networks formed in melts by nonmelted crystallites of EVA. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2700–2707, 2006


Koivisto and Laine (2000, this issue, henceforth KL) describe two semantic priming experiments in support of a new theory of semantic processing across the cerebral hemispheres. According to the model, automatic meaning activation spreads only within the left hemisphere (LH), and the LH is needed to activate word meanings within the right hemisphere (RH). Next, a LH expectancy process focuses attention on relevant meanings and suppresses irrelevant meanings; as no such process is available to the RH, close and distant meanings remain activated there. If LH processing does not produce a coherent interpretation, then the RH integrates distant or unexpected meanings into the context. This is a provocative account, deserving careful scrutiny. KL report priming data using weakly related category members to support two premises of this theory: (1) when semantic priming occurs within the LVF/RH, this is attributable to postlexical semantic integration, and (2) when priming can be attributed to automatic meaning activation, it only occurs within the RVF/LH. I argue here that KL's data cannot support these claims.


Introduction "Multimedia synchronization" is needed to ensure a temporal ordering of events in multimedi a systems . There are two parts to this problem : the definition of temporal relationships among audio , video, and other data ; and the delivery of the data in accordance with these relationships . It i s important to distinguish between liveand synthetic-synchronization . Live-synch, deals with th e presentation of information in the same order as it was originally collected . For synthetic-synch . various pieces of information must be properly ordered and synchronized in time . Based on th e experiences in DiME and HeiTS, we document the implications of using a hybrid or a unified syste m structures on the required techniques for implementing synchronization .


It is proved that for critical branching particle systems in $\bR^{d}$ with symmetric \hbox{$\alpha$}-stable individual motion, \hbox{$(1+\beta) $-sta}\-ble branching, and individual lifetime distribution with a tail of exponent $\gamma \leq 1$, the system initiated by a Poisson field of particles in $\bR^d$ dies out locally if $d {\alpha \gamma }/\beta $, and converges to a nontrivial limit along a subsequence as $d={ \alpha \gamma }/\beta $. Moreover, for a general nonarithmetic lifetime distribution with finite expectation, it is shown that, as $t\rightarrow \infty $, the system converges to a nontrivial limit of full intensity if $ d > \alpha /\beta $ and goes to local extinction otherwise.


In this paper, the spectral and nonlinear optical properties of a colloidal solution of platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) in water are presented. The Pt NPs were prepared by laser ablation of a Pt metallic target in distilled water using a 1064 nm high frequency Nd:YAG laser. The intensity-dependent nonlinear optical absorption and nonlinear refraction behaviors of the sample exposed to the 532 nm nanosecond laser pulses were investigated by applying the Z-scan technique. The saturated nonlinear absorption coefficient 5.4 × 10−7 cm W−1 was obtained in a saturation intensity of 1.8 × 107 W cm−2. The saturable absorption response of the Pt NPs was switched to the reverse saturable absorption in the higher laser intensities. The nonlinear refractive index that has a negative value was increased from −3.5 × 10−13 cm2 W−1 up to −15 × 10−13 cm2 W−1 by increasing the laser intensity.


The standard purely magnetic attitude control system utilizes three magnetic actuators to control the spacecraft attitude about three principal axes. Although these actuators are usually cheaper than momentum wheel actuators, they are still costly to develop. In addition, having more actuators increases the complexity of the control. This paper presents a controller that reduces the number of magnetorquers required for attitude control from the conventional 3-configuration to only two which reduces weight and volume requirements as well decreasing the complexity of the system. This encourages the use of a momentum wheel to ultimately create higher accuracy systems such as pitch bias momentum systems. The controller is demonstrated to be able to successfully damp the angular velocity of the spacecraft in two of the axes with a non-zero constant pitch rate which opens up the opportunity to use a pitch momentum wheel to stabilize the spacecraft and introduce gyroscopic stability.


1. Cytological evidence shows that unfertilized eggs which give rise to females are tetraploid before reduction and therefore diploid after reduction.2. No diploid males from unfertilized eggs were found among 16,700 males examined.


Objective:Analysis of neonatal ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP) pathogen characteristics,resistance and sensitivity test on reasonable control measures.Methods:2007 Date January to mid-2008 with four ventilator-treatment of 68 cases of children with clinical data on mechanical ventilation48 h,with gas from tracheal secretions were cultured species identification and sensitivity test.Results:① Occurred VAP40 cases,the incidence was 58.8%;② Pathogens isolated from the 52,all of the G-bacteria,ESBLs-producing strains 22;flora in the turn(at different times to different pathogens training) 20,the high rate of resistant pathogens;③ A cure rate of 70.0 percent to VAP,not a cure rate of VAP to 82.0%,χ2=9.052,P0.05,compared with the two statistically significant.Conclusion:VAP generally resistant pathogens,especially ESBLs-producing bacteria;pathogens complex volatile,in turn flora;VAP affect the cure rate of neonatal disease,treatment of VAP key lies in choosing effective antibiotics to prevent VAP is an important control measures.


The SF power source consists ot four independent 50 kV klystrons driven fro« a common exciter with phase shifters and attenuators utilized in the low level drive circuits to control r.he klystron outputs. Son, 3-1/3 inch coax lines are run to the ATC platform vhere transitions aro made to VR-975 vaveg",iide. Triple-stub waveguide tuners are also provided in the transmission loop to aid matching.


Uchira, in Kilimanjaro Region, provides an exception to the chapters in this book which record rising prosperity. Uchira's economy has declined after the cattle market that it hosted collapsed, and as agriculture has become less and less productive. This chapter charts the growth and development of the village, the changes to its development projects and service provision, and the growth in its real estate market as migrants from Moshi seek relatively affordable houses well connected to the town and with good water supplies. The chapter explores two broad-brush aspects of change in Uchira during this period: livelihoods patterns and public and private infrastructure. It provides a contrasting example of persistent disadvantage compared to other chapters in this collection.


Real-time encoding of video streams is computationally intensive and rarely carried out at high resolutions. In this paper, for the first time, we propose a platform for H.264 encoder which is both flexible (allows software upgrades) and scalable (supports multiple resolutions), and supports high video quality (by using both intraprediction and inter-prediction) and high throughput (by exploiting slice-level and pixel-level parallelisms). Our platform uses multiple Application Specific Instruction set Processors (ASIPs) with local and shared memories, and hardware accelerators (in the form of custom instructions). Our platform can be configured to use a particular number of ASIPs (slices per video frame) for a specific video resolution at design-time. The MPSoC architecture is automatically generated by our platform and the H.264 software does not need any modification, which enables quick design space exploration. We implemented the proposed platform in a commercial design environment, and illustrated its utility by creating systems with up to 170 ASIPs supporting resolutions up to HD1080. We further show how power gating can be used in our platform to save energy consumption.


The parametric instabilities driven by a standing Alfven wave of circular polarization are studied. Above a certain threshold amplitude, a standing Alfven wave can generate convective or purely growing MHD parametric processes. It is shown that the threshold conditions can be satisfied by the ULF waves in the planetary magnetospheres. Large density fluctuations and cavities may result from the ponderomotive interaction of Alfven and acoustic waves. Application of this theory to the observation of Alfven-acoustic turbulence in the Earth's auroral plasma is discussed


Acceleration of magnetic resonance (MR) thermometry is desirable for several applications of MR‐guided focused ultrasound, such as those requiring greater volume coverage, higher spatial resolution, or higher frame rates.


With the advances in artificial intelligence, devices are becoming more intelligent and power hungry. The 48V-to-1V converter, which offers a promising solution to the high-power density data center and automotive applications, is quickly gaining the interest of researchers [1 –4]. The prior state-of-the arts, however, mainly employ Gallium Nitride (GaN) or other discrete switches for 48V-to-1V design, which increases costs and hurts power density. In this work, a 12-level series-capacitor converter adopting on-chip switch and GaN hybrid power conversion is proposed. By exploiting the benefits of low-voltage on-chip transistors, this work reduces component count, increases switching frequency and improves power density.


The pinhole formation in photoresist multilayer structure acts as a critical defect for device fabrication. The purpose of this study is pinhole prevention by hydrophilic treatment and analysis of pinhole formation mechanism in terms of surface free energy. A SU-8 photoresist top layer is spin-coated on a SU-8 bottom layer as simplest multilayer structure. Pinholes are formed on bottom layer with no-treatment, however, pinholes cannot be observed when bottom layer is treated by hydrophilic process. Subsequently, the surface free energy and spread coefficients of each SU-8 layer are evaluated. Because the absolute value of spreading coefficient S top is small relatively in case of no-treatment, the pinning phenomenon can be caused by contaminants. A triple point, bottom layer, liquid top layer and air, appears at the pinning area. Air cannot intrude into interface between top-bottom layers due to the spreading coefficient " S air >0". Consequently, the pinhole expansion phenomenon would be dominated by tensional force and viscous-elasticity of liquid top layer. By hydrophilic treatment, surface free energy of bottom layer increases drastically, therefore the pinning phenomenon is prevented because of " S top <<0".


An elegant synthesis of the titled compounds 7a-e, 8a-e and 9a-e have been presented starting from chalcones 6a-e based on s-triazine nucleus. These chalcones 6a-e on cyclisation with guanidine nitrate and hydroxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of alkali give aminopyrimidines 7a-e and isoxazoles 8a-e respectively. Further these chalcones 6a-e on cyclisation with 2-aminothiophenol in the presence of few drops of glacial acetic acid give 1,5-benzothiazepines 9a-e. All the products obtained from these reactions are characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1 H NMR and mass spectral data.


In this paper, we obtain a unique common fixed point theorems for pairs of multi-valued non-self mappings on a partial Hausdorff metric space without using any continuity or commutativity of the mappings. In doing so, we generalize a theorem by Rao and Rao.


Data is the core resource of the information system, so that data corruption is one of the key problems which are on top of the radar screen of most information system administrators. Continuous Data Protection (CDP) technologies help them deal with data corruption by providing timely recovery to any point-in-time. But in this CDP process, the CDP system needs record every data changes, and then the extra system I/O operations increase greatly, the performance of information systems will be lower and the system cannot provide the best service. This paper discusses a method based buffer chains that can reduce the extra I/O operations from the disk. We have presented an implementation in the Linux kernel which provides continuous data protection service with higher performance under some buffer chains strategy.


Robot grasping is an essential capability to achieve the requirements of complex industrial tasks. Numerous studies have been done in this area to meet various practical needs. However, generating a stable grasp is still challenging due to the object geometry constraints and various purposes of the tasks. In this work, we propose a novel Programming-by-Demonstration based grasp planning framework that extracts human grasp skills (contact region and approach direction) from a single human demonstration and then formulates an optimization problem to generate a stable grasp with the extracted grasp skills. Instead of learning implicit synergies from human demonstration or mapping the dissimilar kinematics between the human hand and robot gripper, the proposed approach is able to learn an intuitive human intention that involves the potential contact region and the grasping approach direction. Furthermore, the introduced optimization formulation is able to search for the optimal grasp by minimizing the surface fitting error between the demonstrated contact regions on the object and the gripper finger surface, and penalizing the misalignment between the demonstrated approach direction and the approach direction of the gripper. A series of experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in both simulation and the real world


Samples of GaAs grown by molecular-beam epitaxy at low temperature on semi-insulating GaAs substrate are studied. Some samples were annealed, others were not annealed. The original scheme of measuring dynamic changes of the light refraction coefficient, which was based on the pump-probe technique, is used. Laser beam induced non-equilibrium carrier concentration sufficient for refraction index changing was created. Then time history of the light refraction coefficient was recorded and charge carrier lifetime was evaluated. We used laser facility "Pulsar-10" with 800 nm wavelength, 1–5 mJ pulse energy, 10 Hz pulse rate and 50 fs pulse duration. The new results for life time of non-equilibrium carriers for samples GaAs were obtained. We suppose that charge carrier life time increasing might be connected with arsenium impoverishment under annealing.


Using whole mitochondrial DNA sequences from 89 White-tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) sampled from Iceland, Greenland, Norway, Denmark and Estonia between 1990 and 2018, we investigate the mitogenomic variation within and between countries. We show that there is a substantial population differentiation between the countries, reflecting similar major phylogeographic patterns obtained previously for the control region of the mitochondria, which suggested two main refugia during the last glacial period. Distinct mitogenomic lineages are observed within countries with divergence times exceeding the end of the last glacial period of the Ice Age. Deviations from neutrality indicate that these lineages have been maintained by natural selection and there is an excess of segregating amino acids in comparison with number of fixations suggesting a large load of deleterious mutations. The maintenance of the distinct mitogenic lineages within countries inflates our estimates of divergence times.


ABSTRACT This article discusses findings from a nationwide survey of New Zealand tertiary-level students' reasons for studying Japanese, their sense of satisfaction with the tertiary Japanese learning experience, and their future aspirations. The findings show that there are several aspects of students' learning experiences which reflect a positive integrative orientation, while practical goals associated with the university learning context were also evident. The findings also suggest that the language learning context is multi-dimensional, supported by a number of different sources, both virtual and physical, as well as inside and outside the classroom. Furthermore, students from different programs within each university, and those who had or had not studied Japanese prior to entering university, revealed different attitudes towards learning Japanese and different visions of their future. While the study found that the majority of students are satisfied with their current university courses and value formal learning over informal acquisition of language, our findings suggest that teachers should reconceptualise their teaching roles to embrace the wider language learning context available to our students.


ABSTRACT The Strategic Purchasing Africa Resource Center (SPARC) developed a framework for tracking strategic purchasing that uses a functional and practical approach to describe, assess, and strengthen purchasing to facilitate policy dialogue within countries. This framework was applied in nine African countries to assess their progress on strategic purchasing. This paper summarizes overarching lessons from the experiences of the nine countries. In each country, researchers populated a Microsoft Excel–based matrix using data collected through document reviews and key informant interviews conducted between September 2019 and March 2021. The matrix documented governance arrangements; core purchasing functions (benefits specification, contracting arrangements, provider payment, and performance monitoring); external factors affecting purchasing; and results attributable to the implementation of these purchasing functions. SPARC and its partners synthesized information from the country assessments to draw lessons applicable to strategic purchasing in Africa. All nine countries have fragmented health financing systems, each with distinct purchasing arrangements. Countries have made some progress in specifying a benefit package that addresses the health needs of the most vulnerable groups and entering into selective contracts with mostly private providers that specify expectations and priorities. Progress on provider payment and performance monitoring has been limited. Overall, progress on strategic purchasing has been limited in most of the countries and has not led to large-scale health system improvements because of the persistence of out-of-pocket payments as the main source of health financing and the high degree of fragmentation, which limits purchasing power to allocate resources and incentivize providers to improve productivity and quality of care. Video Abstract Read the transcript Lire la transcription Watch the video on Vimeo © 2022 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor&Francis Group, LLC


Objective To evaluate the postoperative efficacy and safety of Bispectral index(BIS)-guided sedation with different doses of Dexmedetomidine(Dex).Methods Sixty ICU patients of postoperation on mechanical ventilation for at least 24 hour were randomized double blindly into group Dex1,group Dex2 and group M.The BIS,Ramsay score,MAP and HR were monitored,before Dex or Mid infusion and at each point in three hours after continuous infusion.The level of BIS was kept at 61~ 84 and used as criteria to speed up or stop the infusion to maintain sedation.The intermittent injection of Morphine(Mor) was adjusted according to the degree of the pain.Recorded mechanical ventilation time,extubation time,wake time,the changes of MAP and HR,the doses of Mor among three groups.The cases of Steward awakening score and adverse events such as delirium occurred after extubation of all patients was evaluated and recorded.Results Among the three groups,there were no significantly differences in the sedative effects(P0.05).The two groups of giving Dex were easier to wake up and keep quiet.The BIS decreased(P0.05) and Ramsay score was higher(P0.01) significantly compared with that before.At the same level of sedation,in group Dex1 and Dex2,compared with group M,the wake time decreased significantly(P0.05) and the extubation time also decreased(P0.01),after extubation Steward higher(P0.05),the incidences of delirium and sleeping again decreased significantly,so were the doses of Mor.Conclusion The BIS guided with Dex may provide safe and effective sedation,the high quality of wake up and reduced adverse reactions such as delirium,the higher doses of Dex is more suitable for ICU patients.


Improving the energy efficiency of existing buildings in favor of reducing consumer demand and associated emissions is one of the central strategies for achieving global GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions reduction targets. Contemplating this activity within the paradigm of long-term sustainability implies, on one hand, that project intervention strategies must be assisted by tools that integrate social, environmental, and economic indicators that must be evaluated from an LCA (life cycle assessment) perspective and, on the other hand, deviations must be considerate of the energy-saving projections that are sought to be achieved through the potential strategies to be implemented. This article develops an LCA methodology whose objective is to evaluate the comprehensive sustainability of existing passive strategies in the local industry through the quantification of environmental and economic indicators throughout different climatic scenarios, which are socially contextualized for a building existing in a Mediterranean region. Part of the results obtained showed a loss of the effectiveness of measurements with an adequate response to the current climatological reality.


The object of the author is to find finite expressions for the potentials of an ellipsoidal shell, and of a solid ellipsoid when the law of force is the inverse κth power of the distance, κ being positive or negative. It is shown in the beginning of the paper that the two cases in which κ is an even integer and an odd integer require different treatment.


Given the benefits of habitual physical activity for migraine management and overall health, it is important to understand the reasons for low physical activity levels in those with migraine. Beliefs that physical activity can trigger and/or worsen migraine pain may contribute to low physical activity levels via intentional avoidance of physical activity, particularly of higher intensities. This study evaluated intentional avoidance of physical activity at varying intensity levels and its association with (a) leisure-time physical activity levels, (b) beliefs that physical activity will trigger and/or worsen migraine, and (c) migraine characteristics. Participants were women (n = 100) who screened positive for migraine on the IDMigraine and completed an online survey on physical activity and migraine. The majority of the sample (78%) reported avoiding physical activity to manage migraine attacks at least once in the past month, and most reported avoidance of both moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity. Among those who reported avoidance, moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity was avoided on an average of 4.0 ± 2.0 and 4.1 ± 2.2 days/week, respectively. More frequent avoidance of vigorous-intensity physical activity (but not moderate-intensity) was significantly correlated with lower vigorous-intensity physical activity indicated by fewer days/week (r = −0.28, p = 0.016) and fewer minutes/day (r = −0.29, p = 0.011). The frequency of physical activity avoidance was significantly correlated with stronger expected likelihood that physical activity, at both intensity levels, will both trigger (r = 0.39–0.43, p < 0.01) and worsen (r = 0.24–0.25, p < 0.05) migraine attacks. Individuals who avoided physical activity reported a significantly higher number of migraine attacks in the past month and were more likely to have chronic migraine, compared to those who did not report avoidance. Intentional avoidance of moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity is a common migraine management strategy that is associated with lower levels of vigorous-intensity physical activity, stronger beliefs that physical activity will trigger or worsen migraine, and more frequent migraine attacks. Individuals with migraine who avoid physical activity may benefit from targeted intervention to address beliefs about physical activity and migraine, which has the strong potential to improve both migraine and health outcomes.


An AC motor (M1), an inverter (14), and a control apparatus (30) are installed in an electric vehicle. The control apparatus (30) includes a voltage difference computing section (320), a modulation factor computing section (340), and a mode change determining section (360). The voltage difference computing section (320) computes the difference between the voltage determined by a first voltage command in executing rectangular wave voltage control and the voltage determined by a second voltage command in executing pulse width modulation control. The modulation factor computing section (340) computes the modulation factor according to the first voltage command and the voltage difference by substituting a current difference into the voltage equation of the AC motor. The mode change determining section (360) determines on the basis of the modulation factor whether or not it is necessary to change the control mode of the AC motor (M1) from the rectangular wave voltage control to the pulse width modulation control.


Twenty-one years after chaparral was converted to grassland and riparian habitat in central Arizona, bird population density ranged from a high of 321 pairs per 40 ha in the riparian stringer to a low of 24 pairs per 40 ha on the grassland, compared to 103 pairs per 40 ha in the chaparral. However, the conversion of 40 ha of chaparral resulted in 38 ha of grassland and 2 ha of riparian habitat. Bird density on both areas together was 37 pairs per 40 ha. Thus although popula- tion density, species richness, and diversity were higher in the riparian area when contrasted with the chaparral, there was an overall net difference of 66 fewer pairs per 40 ha in the converted area. Birds and other vertebrates are attracted to riparian habitats throughout the Southwest (Anderson and Ohmart, 1977; Carothers et al., 1974; Stevens et al., 1977; Szaro, 1980). Because of their dense vertebrate populations, increasing importance has been placed on preserving and managing riparian habitat for wildlife (Johnson and Jones, 1977). Unfortunately, the amount and quality of these habitats has been decreasing (Davis, 1977; Ohmart et al., 1977; Engel- Wilson and Ohmart, 1978). A study was initiated in the arid Southwest to determine the effects of chaparral conversion on water yield in central Ariz- ona. After a wildfire, shrub regeneration was suppressed and a watershed con- verted to grass. As a result of this conversion in 1959, a small riparian stand has developed below the stream gauging station at the base of the converted grass area. This study was designed to assess the impact of grass conversion and riparian generation on the breeding birds of Arizona chaparral.