I aim to examine the discursive construction of the female body and the definitions of rape and consent in the language used in the Indian courtroom. In order to do so, I locate my analysis in two recent controversial judgements—Mahmood Farooqui v. State (Govt. of NCT of Delhi), 2017 and Vikas Garg and others v. State of Haryana, 2017—both of which reveal how judicial discourse produces female (and male) bodies as normalized sites of a distorted sexuality. Further analysis shows the limitations of legal grammar and semantics in envisaging the female body outside of categories existing in relation to men, and the failure of the judicial apparatus when such classifications crumble. To develop this analysis, I chiefly draw upon the writings of scholars of legal feminism and a scrutiny of reports of the Law Commission of India. The purpose of this article is therefore to arrive at an understanding of the subject of the law as not merely a theoretical, objective entity but as a product of a gendered, variable ideological context, thereby exposing the weaknesses of the linguistic construction of the female body and how it affects decisions of the courts.


interests remains more a task for the future than a mature effort. This last statement leads me to conclude that Winks has written not only a definitive history of blacks in Canada, but also, and inevitably, a comment on the history of Canada. Blacks today remain a fragmented community to some degree because Canada is a fragmented society. If blacks did not face as dreadful conditions in Canada as they did in the United States, this is a reflection of the slower, more civil pace of life in Canada, and the greater emphasis on control of overt aggression. It was reflected in the proud heritage of British justice, which made judges the principal heroes of abolition, virtually ending slavery in the 1820s, though it was not legally abolished until 1834. At the same time, these styles of life contributed to a slowness in improving conditions for blacks, compounded of a reluctance to alter the status quo and a moralistic sense of superiority to those in the United States, which prevented acknowledging the existence of problems.


Abstract Let $C$ be a curve in a closed orientable surface $F$ of genus $g\geq 2$ that separates $F$ into subsurfaces $\widetilde {{F}_{i} } $ of genera ${g}_{i} $, for $i= 1, 2$. We study the set of roots in $\mathrm{Mod} (F)$ of the Dehn twist ${t}_{C} $ about $C$. All roots arise from pairs of ${C}_{{n}_{i} } $-actions on the $\widetilde {{F}_{i} } $, where $n= \mathrm{lcm} ({n}_{1} , {n}_{2} )$ is the degree of the root, that satisfy a certain compatibility condition. The ${C}_{{n}_{i} } $-actions are of a kind that we call nestled actions, and we classify them using tuples that we call data sets. The compatibility condition can be expressed by a simple formula, allowing a classification of all roots of ${t}_{C} $ by compatible pairs of data sets. We use these data set pairs to classify all roots for $g= 2$ and $g= 3$. We show that there is always a root of degree at least $2{g}^{2} + 2g$, while $n\leq 4{g}^{2} + 2g$. We also give some additional applications.


This paper examines how consumers activate online social capital, characterizes the resources which they elicit, and considers of the resulting good's properties. Content analysis of the initial posts of 975 publicly available threads of an online community reveals six forms of activation, based on whether the activator seeks convergent or divergent responses; and seeks factual information or subjective viewpoints, or mobilizes action. The findings suggest that the network is used in three ways: to (1) source a 'rare' resource possessed by at least one member, (2) generate a form of consensus among several members, or (3) combine the divergent resources possessed by different members into a 'knowledge or action bank'. Hence, the network may be used in a search for 'unity' or 'additively'. An emergent, public good develops in the process. Of particular value for a public good is the unfolding richness that comes from the diversity of resources.


Background Home blood pressure(HBP) monitoring might play a role in the management of hypertension.However,the optimal schedule of measuring remains unclear.Objective We investigated how many consecutive days and how many readings on each occasion would be appropriate for the assessment of blood pressure at home in hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus.Methods HBP monitoring was performed in uncontrolled hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus recruited from 5 community health centres in Shanghai.HBP was measured at home for 6 consecutive days,with 5 readings each in the morning and in the evening.The Omron HEM-7051 blood pressure monitor was used at home as well as in the outpatient clinic.Results One hundred and nine subjects completed HBP monitoring according to the protocol.Of 109 subjects,39(35.8%) were men.The average age(SD) was(60.4±5.8)years old.The morning systolic/diastolic blood pressures measured at home on each of the 6 days were lower than the blood pressures measured in the clinic on the day before HBP monitoring(P0.01).The correlation coefficients were calculated for the morning and evening blood pressure readings separately,and for the mean of total 30 blood pressure readings in the 6 consecutive days with that of 15,10,and 5 readings during the first 3 and 2 days and the first day,respectively.The correlation coefficients were greater for 3 days than for 2 days(morning,0.97/0.98 vs 0.95/0.96,P=0.06/0.01;evening 0.98/0.97 vs 0.95/0.95,P0.01/0.06),and for the first single day(morning,0.97/0.98 vs 0.85/0.89,P0.01 for both;0.98/0.97 vs 0.83/0.87,P0.01 for both).We then pooled blood pressure readings measured in the morning and evening in the whole 6-day period,and calculated the correlation coefficients for the mean of 5 reading on each occasion with that of the first 3 and 2 readings and the first reading.The correlation coefficients were greater for 3 than for 2 readings(0.99/0.99 vs 0.98/0.97,P0.01 for both),and for the first single reading(0.99/0.99 vs 0.93/0.92,P0.01 for both).Conclusion In uncontrolled hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus,HBP monitoring requires at least 3 days of measuring,with 3 readings each in the morning and evening,for reliable assessment of blood pressure.


Algorithms for solving the linear classification problem have a long history, dating back at least to 1936 with linear discriminant analysis. For linearly separable data, many algorithms can obtain the exact solution to the corresponding 0-1 loss classification problem efficiently, but for data which is not linearly separable, it has been shown that this problem, in full generality, is NP-hard. Alternative approaches all involve approximations of some kind, including the use of surrogates for the 0-1 loss (for example, the hinge or logistic loss) or approximate combinatorial search, none of which can be guaranteed to solve the problem exactly. Finding efficient algorithms to obtain an exact i.e. globally optimal solution for the 0-1 loss linear classification problem with fixed dimension, remains an open problem. In research we report here, we detail the construction of a new algorithm, incremental cell enumeration (ICE), that can solve the 0-1 loss classification problem exactly in polynomial time. To our knowledge, this is the first, rigorously-proven polynomial time algorithm for this long-standing problem.


A higher protein diet can be a successful approach to weight loss and improved health outcomes. However, the effect of a higher protein diet on other foods in the diet is not known. Evidence suggests diet quality scores provide a comprehensive representation of dietary intake and the complex interconnected nature of nutrient intake. In this study, the objective was to examine the effect of protein intake during moderate weight loss using four diet quality scores in overweight and obese adults.

 Overweight and obese adults (n = 235) were counseled, bimonthly, to reduce energy intake over 6 months following the ADA food lists. The diets were individualized so range of macronutrient intake varied, but all individuals were encouraged to consume > 0.8 g/kg protein. Dietary intake was assessed and validated at baseline and ≥ 6 days during the intervention. In addition to the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), Mediterranean Diet Quality Score (MDS), and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet quality score (DASH) were adjusted for energy intake and used to calculate diet quality.

 Subjects (55 ± 11 years) were overweight and obese (BMI 28.9 ± 4.0 kg/m2) and consumed 17.5 ± 5.3% energy from protein at baseline. During the intervention, subjects lost 4.5 ± 5.4% body weight, with a 333 ± 605 kcal deficit and 18.7 ± 3.5% protein intake. During the intervention, only the HEI score correlated with protein intake (r = 0.240, P < 0.001); however, all scoring methods (HEI AHEI, MDS, DASH) showed consistent patterns of food groups changing with higher protein intake. As expected, there was greater intake of meat, but also intake of vegetables. In addition, diet quality scores that measured dairy (HEI, DASH, MDS), unsaturated fatty acids (AHEI, MDS) and sodium (HEI, AHEI) showed an increase with higher protein intake.

 In individuals following a weight loss diet, higher protein intake consistently altered dietary patterns of low-protein food components including higher intake of vegetables, unsaturated fat, and sodium. In an overweight and obese population with no comorbidities, HEI, AHEI, MDS, and DASH diet scores are effective methods of measuring diet quality and food patterns during moderate weight loss.

 Financial support by North American Branch-ILSI and National Institute of Health-NIA is appreciated.


In coal power plants, gangue is a by-product that is not wanted, even though coal is the energy source utilized the most worldwide. As a consequence of this, the removal of gangue from coal during the pre-processing stage of the mining technique is an essential step. With the development of new computer technologies, a method may be discovered that will allow for an improvement in the efficiency of gangue separation. This study presents a method for identifying gangue using improved deep neural networks. The method involves building a coal-gangue filtration system based on the distinctions between gangue and coal in terms of its rough surface and grayscale feature. In addition, this tactic will make it possible for robots, rather than people, to identify the gangue. Suppose the technology described in this article is applied in the coal industry. In that case, it will lead to the computerization of the extraction of coal gangue, an increase in the raw coal processing efficiency, and an improvement in the quality of the coal. According to the findings of experiments, the strategy enhances the accuracy results of coal and gangue materials by as much as 98.87% compared to the currently used approaches.


The Clostridium is one of the bacterial genera that comprise the group of anaerobic bacteria of considerable medical and economic importance. Among different Clostridium spp, Clostridium chauvoei is a highly pathogenic bacterium that causes blackleg or black quarter in cattle, sheep and many other ruminants causing economic losses in livestock (Abreu and Uzal, 1984; Hatheway, 1990). It is the second most important bacterial disease in India next only to haemorrhagic septicaemia in causing death among bovids (Dangi et al., 2014). Although, C. chauvoei is mainly considered to be specific to ruminants, rare fatal cases of fulminant human gas gangrene and neutropenic enterocolitis caused by C. chauvoei have been reported and it is assumed that prevalence of C. chauvoei causing disease in humans may be higher than currently diagnosed (Nagano et al., 2008; Weatherhead and Tweardy, 2012). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 11 (2017) pp. 3195-3201 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


Healthy Aging: Principles and Clinical Practice for Clinicians, provides a fresh perspective and evidence-based approach for helping older adults maintain healthy lifestyles, adapt to normal age-related changes, and manage acute and chronic illnesses. This brand new text, divided into chronic illness both physical and emotional, covers only the most common illnesses of older adults and incorporates the holistic framework that comprises geriatric care in partnership with physicians, gerontologists and nurses while addressing the Healthy People 2020 objectives that all practitioners must incorporate into their practice.


The term evidence based practice is directed towards the treatment procedures, interventions and precautions taken in the wake of a disease that is based on prior studies and practices. This kind of medical practice undertakes the research and data collected by the previous studies, tests and trials and helps indicate towards the right path that should be taken in the current situation. The amount of risks and the resulting advantages are carefully calculated and perfected beforehand. Evidence based practice requires years upon years of data that has a number of possible outcomes, clearing up a definite path and a reliable guideline towards a possible cure. Plan derived from evidence based practice is favorable as the physicians are accustomed to handling the particular treatment course and the results that the treatment produces are calculated and precise based on previous use. The use of evidence based practice has led to a decrease in number of fatalities.


In this paper, we present the implementation of a Haar–Cascade based classifier for car detection. This constitutes the detection sub-module of the framework for a Smart Parking System (SParkSys). In high density cities, finding available parking can be time consuming and results in traffic congestions as drivers cruise to find parking. The computer vision based smart parking solution presented in this paper has the advantage of being the least intrusive of most car sensing technologies. It is scalable for use with large parking facilities. Functional code from OpenCV was used in conjunction with custom Python code to implement the algorithm. Our tests show mixed results, with excellent true positive detections along with some with false negatives. Remarkable is that the classification algorithm learnt features that are common across a wide range of objects of interest.


Residual 2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) – positron emission tomography (PET) positivity during treatment of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBLC) prospectively identifies a subgroup at high likelihood of subsequent treatment failure. A single institution clinical audit of FDG-PET performance for this indication was undertaken for patients with DLBCL treated with anthracycline-based chemotherapy ± radiotherapy. Of 45 eligible patients, 14 (31%) were PET-positive after a median of three chemotherapy cycles (range 1 – 5), of which 10 (71%) progressed at a median of 6.5 months. An interim positive PET was a statistically significant adverse prognostic factor for treatment failure (P < 0.0001, log-rank analysis) with a hazard ratio for a positive interim-treatment PET of 9 (95% confidence interval = 4 – 55) and positive predictive value of 71% and negative predictive value of 90%. Notably, four patients with low-grade FDG-avidity limited to sites previously involved by biopsy-proven osseous lymphoma, remain progression-free (median follow-up 62 months). Low-grade FDG-avidity on interim restaging at sites of bone involvement by DLBCL at diagnosis, appears to be less predictive of disease progression than residual nodal or extra-nodal soft tissue abnormality by PET.


The increase of ambiguity in globalism problems such as environmental problems and global policymaking has faced these issues with complexities so that international community requires awareness and knowledge of these important problems to proper decision making about them. Environmental movements are movements that provide the field of policymaking in environmental problems and issues area by research and study, problems introduction, awareness dissemination, providing collective discussion, and selection of policies. Environmental movements started their activities in policy area in 1960s according to the environment problems and its destruction trend in order to prevent destruction trend of environments via shaping policymaking, formatting issues for collective discussions, presenting particular policies and determining significant points in negotiations. Present research tries to determine the role of these movements in global policy area of environment, and wants to answer the question that what is the impact of these movements on policy? This research concludes that the impacts of environmental changes will not be stopped in any physical boundary and will continue their developing trend and will influence in all points of their world. Therefore, paying attention to environmental problems in international area is a kind of futures and limiting the horizon of viewpoint to national territory and several years' time horizon prohibits paying attention to discussions that result from environmental problems in future.


Contents: Part I:Infancy. S. M. Schanberg, T. Field, Maternal Deprivation and Supplemental Stimulation C. S. Carter, Patterns of Infant Feeding, the Mother-lnfant Interaction and Stress Management. A. Gianino, E. Tronick, The Mutual Regulation Model: The Infant's Self and Interactive Regulation Coping and Defense Capacities. Part II:Childhood. B.S. McCann, K.A. Matthews, Antecedents of the Coronary- Prone Behavior Pattern. N. Vega-Lahr, T. Field, S. Goldstein, Type A Behavior in Preschool Children. B.G. Melamed, L. J. Siegel, R. Ridley-Johnson, Coping Behaviors in Children Facing Medical Stress. A.M. LaGreca, Children with Diabetes and Their Families: Coping and Disease Management Part III:Adulthood. E.M.Singer, Delay Behavior Among Women with Breast Symptoms. J.K. Kiecolt-Glaser, R. Glaser, Behavioral Influences on Immune Function: Evidence for the Interplay between Stress and Health. R.B. Williams Jr., Is There Life After Type A: Recent Developments in Research on Coronary-Prone Behavior J.E. Dimsdale, The Effect of Depression on Cardiovascular Reactivity S.D. Hollon, M.D. Evans, R.J. DeRubeis, Preventing Relapse Following Treatment for Depression, The Cognitive Pharmacotherapy Project.


In this study, we employed a thermosphere and ionosphere coupling model to investigate ionospheric and thermospheric responses to an extreme solar flare of X40. The simulated results show that the peak enhancement of total electron content reaches about 35 TECU (total electron content unit, 1 TECU = 1016 el m−2), and there are as long as more than 4 h ionospheric disturbances induced by the extreme solar flare. At the same time, the extreme solar flare causes significant disturbances in the thermosphere. The peak enhancement of neutral density at 400 km reaches more than 100%, and the peak enhancement in neutral temperature at 400 km is about 250 K. Several numerical experiments for different class solar flares were further carried out to study the ionosphere and thermosphere variations with solar flare level. The results show that the increasing amplitude of electron density at low altitude decreases with increasing flare level; however, the increasing amplitude of electron density at topside ionosphere increases with increasing flare level. The thermosphere density has the same variation trends with flare level. These results suggest that the extreme solar flare would cause the strong disturbances at high height.


Besides other biologic mechanism effects on Cortisol and Testosterone homeostasis due to physical activity seem to be different for endurance versus strength athletes [1-4]. Biologic interaction between running and the CRH ACTH system and its interaction with steroid hormones of adrenal gland and effects on body composition (e.g. skeletal muscle) are not finally understood [5-8]. It seems that the CRH ACTH system mainly plays a role as an intermediator [9]. Normalization of levels in healthy runners even after large exercises such as ultra marathon running, mountain running, or exercising in huge cold occur within one week [8,10-12]. In contrast to Cortisol, Testosterone seems to be lower after running respectively endurance activities in contrast e.g. strength training [8,13].


1. Introduction: The Concept of Antitrust Federalism and the Structure of the Book 2. Searching for a Model of Multi-Level Policy Enforcement: Models of Regulatory Competition and Policy Networks 3. Relations between the Competition Laws and Federalism in the US and the EU 4. Relations between the Competition Authorities: Networks in the US and the EU 5. Conclusions: Antitrust federalism in the US and the EU, Transatlantic Policy Learning and Contributions to the Theory


Problems of conservation of easy damageable and long restoring plant and animal communities of the North have not been yet perfectly studied. When carrying out work on conservation the plant cover and animal world should be considered as biotic components of a landscape cover that are closely related to other components. Compiling of the Red Data Book of Ecosystems of the North is a very urgent problem.


This paper replaces the traditional methods in control, maintenance and implementation of street lighting system. It uses GSM based remote-control system will optimize management issues and increase the efficiency of street lighting systems. It uses ZigBeebased wireless devices which enable more efficient street lamp-system management, thanks to an advanced interface and control architecture. It uses a combination of sensors for control and also guarantees the system parameters such as intensity, power consumption and so on. The information is transferred point by point using ZigBee transmitters and receivers and is sent to a control terminal used to check the state of the street lamps and to take appropriate measures in case of failure. It also discusses an intelligent system that takes automatic decisions for luminous control (ON/OFF/DIMMING) considering surrounding light intensity and time of the day both at the same moment The processor present in the system is programmed to check the working condition of components in certain intervals if there are any mal function if possible it corrects by itself else the information is send to maintenance team using GSM module. The proposed system closely resembles the smart street light system with very small changes.


Electrophysiological studies of the human heart face the fundamental challenge that experimental data can be acquired only from patients with underlying heart disease. Regarding human atria, there exist sizable gaps in the understanding of the functional role of cellular Ca2+ dynamics, which differ crucially from that of ventricular cells, in the modulation of excitation-contraction coupling. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to develop a mathematical model of the human atrial myocyte that, in addition to the sarcolemmal (SL) ion currents, accounts for the heterogeneity of intracellular Ca2+ dynamics emerging from a structurally detailed sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Based on the simulation results, our model convincingly reproduces the principal characteristics of Ca2+ dynamics: 1) the biphasic increment during the upstroke of the Ca2+ transient resulting from the delay between the peripheral and central SR Ca2+ release, and 2) the relative contribution of SL Ca2+ current and SR Ca2+ release to the Ca2+ transient. In line with experimental findings, the model also replicates the strong impact of intracellular Ca2+ dynamics on the shape of the action potential. The simulation results suggest that the peripheral SR Ca2+ release sites define the interface between Ca2+ and AP, whereas the central release sites are important for the fire-diffuse-fire propagation of Ca2+ diffusion. Furthermore, our analysis predicts that the modulation of the action potential duration due to increasing heart rate is largely mediated by changes in the intracellular Na+ concentration. Finally, the results indicate that the SR Ca2+ release is a strong modulator of AP duration and, consequently, myocyte refractoriness/excitability. We conclude that the developed model is robust and reproduces many fundamental aspects of the tight coupling between SL ion currents and intracellular Ca2+ signaling. Thus, the model provides a useful framework for future studies of excitation-contraction coupling in human atrial myocytes.


Roger Sebastian Aguilar Labrada (born 1947 in Pilon, Granma, Cuba) is a Cuban artist specializing in graphic design, painting, drawing and engraving. Aguilar studied in 1965 at the Escuela Nacional para Instructores de Artes Plasticas in Havana and the following year he became part of the seminary the Taller Experimental de Grafica (TEG) in Havana, Cuba. Between 1977- 1981, Aguilar was director of this institution and the Union de Escritores y Artistas de Cuba (UNEAC). Pilon is a Cuban musical form and a popular dance created in the 1950s, its creation is often attributed to bandleader and singer Pacho Alonso. The rhythms of Pilon are based on the motions of pounding sugarcane.


More than 120 internationally renowned scientists, postdoctoral fellows and students participated in the ®rst Gordon Conference in Neurovirology which was held in Colby-Sawyer College, New Hampshire between June 6 ± 11, 1999. The Conference was composed of seven sessions in addition to the opening session where Dr Richard Johnson provided a compelling history and overview of the ®eld of neurovirology, and Dr Charles Weissman delivered the keynote speech on prions. The ®rst session on Monday morning began with a presentation from Dr David Volsky who described the effects of HIV-1 infection or exposure to viral envelope glycoprotein on L-glutamate transport by human fetal astrocytes in vitro. Dr Volsky found that HIV-1 and gp120 induced signi®cant and long-lasting impairment of glutamate uptake by astro-cytes and that this defect correlates with down-modulation of the glutamate transporter GLT-1. Dr Lynn Pulliam presented a possible monocyte phenotype that causes neurotoxicity via an apopto-tic mechanism and is associated with patients with AIDS and possibly Alzheimer's dementias. Mechanisms for this neural cell killing and dysfunc-tion were discussed. Dr Janice Clements described the SIV model for HIV infection of the brain. She found that the CSF HIV viral load was not consistent with the brain viral load. The b chemokine MCP-1, synthesized by astrocytes, was shown to attract monocyte/macrophages in the CNS. Dr Howard Gendelman reviewed the role of CD40 ligand in enhancing chemokine production, in particular MIP-1a, and inducing macrophage activation. He also discussed the involvement of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 found on neurons and SDF-1 expressed on astrocytes and their ability to facilitate neuronal cell killing by macrophage supernatants. Finally, Dr Christopher Power reported that HIV envelope sequences V1, V2 and V3 control viral tropism and that tat from HIV strains isolated from patients with AIDS dementia caused behavior changes in SCID mice. He also provided an update on the FIV neuropathogenesis model. Session II was devoted to latency/viral persis-tency. First, Dr Nigel Fraser introduced the concept of the mouse as a model for studying HSV infections and pathogenesis. Although it was clear that the mouse was a valuable model in the molecular virological understanding of the mechanism of HSV latency and reactivation, there are clear limitations in using this model. For example, in studying the immune response, some viral genes do not interact with the mouse system in the same way that they do with human counterparts. This problem is also evident when studying …


: The specifications for manufacturing of relit (WC + W 2 C) granular powder by the method of explosive evaporation of condensation in vacuum using electron-beam technologies are presented. It is established that when depositing material on cooled surfaces, it is possible to refine the precipitation products by metallic and non-metallic impurities, depending on the elasticity of their vapors.


On December 12, 2012, the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Court (Court) in the case of Prosecutor v. Laurent Koudou Gbagbo unanimously confirmed the Pre-Trial Chamber I decision to dismiss Mr. Gbagbo's challenge to the jurisdiction of the Court. In the Judgment, the Appeals Chamber, for the first time, was called to interpret Article 12(3) of the Rome Statute (Statute), which allows a non-party State to accept the jurisdiction of the Court on an ad hoc basis without acceding to the Statute. The Judgment further includes two procedural issues. Firstly, the Appeals Chamber found that although the Pre-Trial Chamber erred by not rendering a separate decision on Côte d'Ivoire's request for leave to submit its observations, this error did not materially affect the Pre-Trial Chamber's decision. Secondly, the Appeals Chamber dismissed, in limine, Mr. Gbagbo's request for a stay of proceedings based on allegations of violations of his fundamental rights, since it was not jurisdictional in nature and thus fell outside the scope of the appealable matter.


In order to find new fungicidal and insecticidal lead compounds, base on the catalytic mechanism of chitin synthase and our previous work, a series of novel nucleoside compounds containing carbamate thiourea group were designed via the method of linking active sub-structures, in which the carbamate group with good bioactivities was combined to the uridine part. The target compounds were synthesized from uridine in 4 steps. Their structures were confirmed by IR, H NMR and HRMS. The preliminary bioassay results indicated that some compounds showed moderate to good fungicidal and insecticidal activities. Compound 5j possessed comparable activity against Pyrausta nubilalis with the control diflubenzuron.


"Only once we have come to live" (This Nehuetl]. The animal does not know will die, but man. Therefore, what the animal is spontaneous unfolding of life and survival instinct in man is "desire" to live. The spectacle of another's death is instilling us know death; this knowledge is stated in the external perception of the other's death and unable to discern in what corner of the existence oneself becomes the dead: our whole existence is crossed by the recognition and realization of the event death.


Three catalysts create alcohols by guiding water to attack carbon-carbon bonds in the opposite sense than it normally would. Alcohol synthesis is critical to the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The addition of water across olefins to form primary alcohols (anti-Markovnikov olefin hydration) would be a broadly useful reaction but has largely proven elusive; an indirect hydroboration/oxidation sequence requiring stoichiometric borane and oxidant is currently the most practical methodology. Here, we report a more direct approach with the use of a triple relay catalysis system that couples palladium-catalyzed oxidation, acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, and ruthenium-catalyzed reduction cycles. Aryl-substituted terminal olefins are converted to primary alcohols by net reaction with water in good yield and excellent regioselectivity.


We solve the open problem of global tracking control of 2nd-degree under-actuated lossless (without friction) Lagrangian systems via position measurements only. For flexible-joint robots, we design a dynamic controller which is based on measurements of link and joint positions only. Then, approximate differentiation is used for link velocities and a simple Luenberger observer for rotor velocities. The main results constitute a significant extension of recent work on observerless output-feedback control of Lagrangian systems. Strictly speaking, we establish uniform global asymptotic stability for the closed loop system.


Introduction: The RIFLE classification defines three classes of severity of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): Risk, Injury and Failure and was risk marker for mortality in critically ill patients. Objective: To evaluate whether the RIFLE classification adds value to the performance of APACHE II score in the discrimination of mortality, in critically ill patients. Methodology: A prospective cohort study of 200 patients admitted to the intensive care unit ICU, from July 2010 to July 2011. The patients included in the study were over the age of 18, stayed for more than 24 hours in the ICU, and signed consent forms. Those patients with a history of chronic kidney disease or kidney transplant and who remained in the ICU until 24 hours were excluded. All the prognostic scores were calculated at admission to avoid the time-dependent bias. The outcome of interest was the ICU mortality. Results: The age was 66 (±16.7) years, 53% female. The nonsurgical admissions were more frequent than surgical admissions (67.5% vs 32.5%) and impairment of the respiratory tract was the most common problem that led to ICU admission, followed by neurological and cardiac causes (27.3%, 26.3%, 21.7% respectively). The ICU mortality rate was 25.5%(n=51). APACHE II had Cstatistics of 0.74 ± 0.038 (95% CI: 0.66-0.81 P=0.001) and C-statistic 0.77 ± 0.037(CI 95%: 0.70-0.84 P=0.001), after the incorporation of the RIFLE classification, concerning the prediction of death. Conclusion: The RIFLE classification was associated with mortality and improve prognostic value the performance of APACHE II in the discrimination of mortality in critically ill patients.


Merremia boisiana (Convolvulaceae), a liana species of the family Convolvulaceae that imperilssecondary forests in Guangzhou, is newly recorded from Guangdong Province.


In an earlier paper,' the authors suggested that success in college, as measured by freshman first semester grade-averages, could be predicted from the scaled scores of the entrance tests. The correlations between the individual tests, between single tests and grade-averages, and between batteries of tests and grade-averages were found for a group of ninety-five freshmen at Dillard University, and the results used to calculate a regression equation. The authors suggested that by means of the regression equation it was possible to compute the first semester grade-averages of freshmen with an error of prediction of about fourtenths of a grade unit in half the cases. The present study was undertaken, first, to compare the predicted gradeaverages with averages actually obtained by the students entering in September, 1940, and thus to get an idea of the applicability of the method; and, second, to ascertain whether or not the errors of predictions varied appreciably with other known factors. The scores used were those of the 1940 edition of the same tests upon which the regression equation was built. These tests were the American Council on Education Psychological Examination, the Cooperative English Test, and the Cooperative General


In thls paper, we mainly concentrated on spocial types of bela distributlons which are employed In probabillstlc PERT models. Contrary to tho exletir>g literature, it is claimed that the mostllkely or modal value of the beta distributlons should not be estimated. Because. for a given set of parameters and an estimated range. the modal value of the beta distribution is completely determined. Thus, dependlng on the magnltude of the dlfference between the estimated modal value and the cal-culated one, expected completlon time of each actlvity and that of the project may dlffer greatly from the one that could be obtained othervvise. Thls dlfference consecuently, may cause selectlon of an Incorrect crltical path and misleading comple-tion time probabllities.


Many university has taken reforms such as put the rear service into market and carrying out the reform of management. This has brought new challenges and opportunities to political education. This paper studied to introduce political education management into student apartment. It established a series of high efficiency and perfect work patterns and operation system developing the key role of student apartment in promoting the motivation of students study.


The present utility model discloses a sensing and transforming integrated device for transformer iron core grounding monitoring, and the device can be used for preventing external electromagnetic interferences and ensuring reliable monitoring data. The device is provided with a shielding shell body, a current transformer iron core is arranged inside the shielding shell body, a sensing coil of the current transformer iron core is connected with a conditioning circuit, the conditioning circuit is arranged below the sensing coil inside the shielding shell body, a shielding layer is arranged between the sensing coil and the conditioning circuit, a coaxial joint is arranged on the shielding layer, the sensing coil is connected with the conditioning circuit through the coaxial joint; insulation resin layer are arranged on upper and lower surfaces of the conditioning circuit, a waterproof aviation joint is arranged on the shielding shell body below the insulation shielding layers, and an output of the conditioning circuit is connected with the waterproof aviation joint.


Abstract Recently a new family of error control codes was proposed which are equivalent to five times extended Reed-Solomon codes. In this paper an erasure decoding algorithm for these codes is proposed.


A solar cell unit is provided with: - a solar cell module; - a module frame which is provided around the solar cell module around, in order to keep this to mount the unit solar cell on a sloping roof; and - a discharge channel which is provided along one edge of the module frame outside thereof.


Courts often have to make predictions on the basis of expert evidence. In tort cases courts rely on expert evidence to predict future economic loss, life expectancy and future care costs. In criminal cases, and particularly in dangerous offender applications, courts must consider expert predictions on the risk that the offender will re-offend. Courts recognize that such questions are "fraught with difficulty, for it is in large measure pure speculation". Future events cannot be "proved" or "disproved" in the conventional sense that facts relating to past events can be. Accordingly, courts do not require that a plaintiff who seeks compensation for future pecuniary loss satisfy the traditional "balance of probabilities" standard. If the plaintiff establishes "a real and substantial risk" of future pecuniary loss, she is entitled to compensation. The amount of compensation will in turn depend on the


Two proteolytic enzymes with carboxypeptidase activity have been isolated from a germinated wheat extract and partially characterized. Both enzymes rapidly released amino acids from hemoglobin and gluten and hydrolyzed carbobenzoxy-phenylalanylalanine. The enzymes were inhibited by diisopropylphosphofluoridate, but unaffected by salts, ethylenediaminetetraacetate, and sulflydryl reagents at lower concentrations, and had molecular weights of approximately 55,000 and 61,000. Analysis of the hydrolysis products of hemoglobin and gluten indicated that both enzymes had broad specificities, including the ability to release proline. During the germination of wheat. proteolytic enzymes rapidly hydrolyze the storage (gluten) proteins, thus providing important nutrients to the growing seedling (7). A number of peptidases and proteases of potential importance in this process have been identified utilizing various substrates (6. 10. 13, 16). However, few studies involving the purification and properties of these enzymes are available (17. 22. 23. 27). Recently we have become interested in a group of wheat proteases which are cap2ble of hydrolyzing hemoglobin or gluten (a native substrate) to amino acids and/or small peptides (18, 19). Their relatively high levels of activity in mature wheat kernels, following removal of inhibitors, and their location in the endosperm, the main site of storage protein, suggested that these enzymes may be of importance in providing amino acids and/or small peptides to the growing embryo. particularly during the early stages of germination. In this communication the purification and partial characterization of two of these enzymes from germinated wheat is reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extraction of Crude Enzyme. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Manitou) was germinated 5 days and then freeze-dried as previously described (18). Protein was determined by the method of Lowry et al. (12) with BSA as standard. All procedural steps were performed at 4 C. Seed (200 g) was homogenized in a VirTis homogenizer with 600 ml of 0.2 M sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer (pH 4.4), stirred 60 min, and centrifuged (25,000g). The resulting pellet was resuspended in 400 ml of buffer, stirred 60 min, and centrifuged. Supernatants were combined, dialyzed against 0.05 M acetate buffer (pH 4.4), and inactive precipitate formed during dialysis was removed by centrifugation. Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation. Solid ammonium sulfate Paper 359 of the Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3C 3G9. was added slowly with stirring to the dialyzed crude extract to 35 % saturation and the resulting precipitate removed by centrifugation. The supernatant was brought to 70% saturation and the precipitate, following centrifugation, was dissolved in 50 ml of 0.05 M acetate buffer (pH 4) and dialyzed against the same buffer, giving a final volume of 100 ml. Affinity Chromatography. Hemoglobin substrate powder (Worthington), following exhaustive dialysis against water, was coupled to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose 4B (Pharmacia) as described by Chua and Bushuk (3). The ammonium sulfate-treated extract (25 ml) was applied to a hemoglobinSepharose column (1.5 x 15 cm) and eluted with 0.05 M acetate buffer (pH 4) followed by 0.5 M acetate buffer (pH 5). The active peak was dialyzed against 0.025 M acetate buffer (pH 4.4). Ion Exchange Chromatography. Ion exchange chromatography was carried out on a column (2.6 x 40 cm) of CM-32 cation exchanger (Whatman) equilibrated with 0.025 M acetate buffer (pH 4.4). The active peak from affinity chromatography was introduced into the column and eluted with a 2 liter linear gradient of 0.025 to 0.45 M acetate (pH 4.4). Fractions containing proteolytic activity were pooled, concentrated by ultrafiltration on a PM 10 membrane (Amicon), and dialyzed against 0.15 M acetate buffer (pH 4.4). Active peaks from ion exchange chromatography were rechromatographed on the same column with a 1 liter gradient from 0.15 to 0.50 M acetate (pH 4.4). Fractions containing proteolytic activity were pooled, concentrated, and dialyzed against 0.05 M acetate buffer (pH 4.4). Electrofocusing. Electrofocusing was performed in a 110 ml focusing column (LKB) with pH 4 to 6 ampholyte (LKB) for 60 hr at 300 v at 4 C according to the method of Vesterberg and Svenson (25). Concentrated samples (10 ml) from rechromatography were dialyzed against water and mixed into the light solution used to form the sucrose gradient. Following electrofocusing, 1.5-ml fractions were collected and analyzed for activity. Measurement of pH for each fraction was made with a Fisher Accumet model 520 pH Meter equipped with a microelectrode. Active fractions were collected and dialyzed against 0.05 M acetate buffer (pH 4.4). Gel Filtration. Gel filtration of active peaks from rechromatography was performed on a column of Sephadex G-100 (Pharmacia) (2.6 x 50 cm) with 0.05 M acetate buffer (pH 4.4). Fractions containing activity were pooled, concentrated, and dialyzed against the same buffer. Determination of Proteolytic Activity. Proteolytic activity was determined by an automated fluorometric assay utilizing hemoglobin as substrate (18). The method consisted of incubating samples with 2% acid-denatured hemoglobin (1:8 pumping ratio) at pH 4 for 20 min at 40 C followed by dialysis on a 15 cm dialyzer equipped with a type C membrane (Fisher Scientific). The resulting dialyzable amino acids and/or peptides were reacted with fluorescamine (Fisher Scientific) in acetone, giving fluorescent products (Xex = 390 nm, Xem = 480 nm). Activity 516 www.plantphysiol.org on April 30, 2019 Published by Downloaded from Copyright © 1976 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved. 517 PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES IN WHEAT Table I. Purification of Wheat Proteases Values for total activity, total protein and recovery given on basis of 200 g of seed extract. Total Total Specific Purification Fraction activity protein activity factor Recovery units mg units/mg protein % 1. Crude extract 17160 5430 3.16 1.0 100 2. (NH4)2SO4PPt 1298


In this paper, based on the concept about system's decomposition and synthetical integration of subsystems, we propose an idea of using intelligent agents to construct the developing platform for an intelligent system. In this platform, the main control agent organizes agents with various functions and makes them work collaboratively to solve problems through the communication and cooperation mechanism. We use the object-oriented method to manage various kinds of resources in the resource base. In other words, the intelligent system based on agents can effectively solve the semi-structured unstructured problems by ways such as task-sharing and communication cooperation.


Right ventricular aneurysm in Chagas Cardiopathy is rarely mentioned in literature. The few reports are from anatomopathological studies. Echocardiographic studies had not described this abnormality, except for few articles published more than two decades ago. This is a patient presenting with advanced cardiac failure and biventricular aneurism diagnosed by echocardiography. The reason for the rarity diagnosis of right ventricular aneurysm are discussed.


Abstract This article, written by Adam Woellhaf, describes the legal research training offered by Middle Temple Library to Inns of Court members. It examines the challenges of designing and delivering legal research training to practitioners, as well as offering guidance and advice to others in their own legal research training efforts. It also looks at the potential for using mobile technology in legal research instruction.


The synthesis and magnetic and magnetoelastic properties of PrxTb1−xFe2 and Pr0.15TbxDy0.85−xFe2 are reported. The study on the crystalline structure, magnetization, and Curie temperature shows that PrFe2 has a lattice parameter of 7.463 A and a magnetic moment of 4.93 μB/f.u. With the addition of Pr, the anisotropy of TbFe2 decreases and the optimal magnetostriction with low anisotropy occurs on the Tb rich side for TbxDy1−xFe2. In addition, measurement of oriented samples has been carried out to analyze the magnetostrictive behavior.


Solution-processed InZnO (IZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) are fabricated using a volatile metal nitrate precursor (Np) with annealing at 300°C. Because the metal Np decomposes at low temperatures, metal oxide bonds were formed, and the organic residue in the oxide thin films was evaporated at low temperature. At 300°C , the IZO thin films with Zn Np were of higher quality than those with Zn acetate precursor due to the reduced atomic disorder and evaporation of residual organics. The mobility of the IZO TFTs with Zn Np was 1.92 cm2/V·s at 300°C annealing.


The logistics network cost optimization problem is researched by variational inequalities. A third party logistics enterprise operates the logistics network. First, it constructs the structure of multi-level logistics network. Second, it considers the supply capacity of the network construction to meet the logistics needs, and does not allow resources to idle waste, redesign its logistics network. Lastly, the model is operated with a minimum goal of the optimization model; the model is transformed into the corresponding variational inequality and the equivalence of the solution of the variational inequality model solution with minimal optimization is proven, including an example for validation.


This harmful arthropod control composition, which contains the cyanamide compound indicated by formula (1), the anthranilamide compound indicated by formula (2) (in the formula, the combination of R1 and R2 represents the combination of R1 being a methyl group and R2 being a chlorine atom, or the combination of R1 being a methyl group and R2 being a cyano group), and at least one blast disease control composition selected from group (A), has superior control efficacy. Group (A) is the group comprising: isotianil, probenazole, tiadinil, tricyclazole, orysastrobin, and pyroquilon.


The fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is selectively expressed on activated fibroblasts of the tumor stroma on more than 90% of lung, breast and colon carcinomas. The high prevalence and abundance of FAP+ stroma make it a promising target for in vivo diagnosis and therapy of a variety of carcinomas. We describe the humanization of the murine FAP‐specific MAb, F19, which has already been clinically used for in vivo diagnostic purposes. Using phage display technology and human V‐repertoires, VL and VH regions of F19 were replaced by analogous human V‐regions while retaining the original HCDR3 sequence in order to maintain F19 epitope specificity. The resulting human single‐chain fragments of immunoglobulin variable regions (scFv 34, scFv 18) showed affinities of 6 nM on cell membrane‐bound FAP. scFv 34 was expressed as a bivalent minibody (Mb 34). The antigen‐binding characteristics of Mb 34 were comparable to the parental and a complementarity‐determining region (CDR)‐grafted version of F19. This was revealed by binding competition studies, FACS analyses and immunohistochemistry on various tumor samples including breast, colon and lung carcinomas. Importantly, compared with the CDR‐grafted humanized scFv version of F19, the V‐regions of the selected human scFv 34 showed sequence identity with the parental antibody (Ab) only over the short, 15‐amino acid long HCDR3. Thus, a largely reduced xenoantigenic potential is expected. These human Ab derivatives are suitable to develop novel therapeutic concepts with broad applicability for a wide variety of histological carcinomas based on tumor stroma targeting. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


For many years plants have played a large part in superstitions. Although, they are not so much believed now, as they used to be. They were used to help one's fortune, wealth and fertility. It is amazing that bread was ever eaten; there were so many superstitions about it. It was used to aid in all of these things and many more, It is ironic, however, that the one thing they worshipped and used to keep harm and disease away made them ill and killed some of them. When all of this happened they blamed another superstition, which was witchcraft. "Almost all of the witchcraft misunderstandings were caused by Christianity's persecution of those who refused to abandon pagan beliefs" (Zolar, 1995), but not in the case of the Salem Witch trials.


The utility model relates to a device which performs display through data processing, in particular to a picture book reading device on a mobile device. The utility model adopts the structural key points as follows: the picture book reading device comprises a literal information acquisition and processing device; the literal information acquisition and processing device includes a scanning and acquiring device and a character string cutting device; a picture book receiving device is connected with the scanning and acquiring device; the information output end of the scanning and acquiring device is in transport connection with the character string cutting device; and the character string cutting device is electrically connected with a display device. The utility model has the advantages that the utility model provides the picture book reading device on the mobile device; and in a certain display proportion, after being scanned, acquired, cut and the like, the received picture books with widths suitable for the width of a display screen of the mobile device are formed, so that a user using the mobile device can conveniently read the picture books; the reading operation is simple, and the utility model is accordance with reading habits of the people.


The online learning method is a learning method that utilizes internet network technology that can conduct connectivity and learning interactions through long distances directly without having to meet face to face. Online learning method is a solution used by almost all educational institutions in conducting learning activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Many studies have been conducted explaining that online learning can disrupt a person's sleep quality. So this study is to find out how the effect of online learning during the pandemic on the quality of sleep of YARSI University Faculty of Medicine students class of 2020. From a population of 207 students of the Faculty of Medicine, YARSI University, Class of 2020, using the slovin formula method, a minimum sample of 137 students was obtained. Data collection is done online using a google form in which there is an inform concern dika indeed the data obtained will be processed into research data. From filling out the questionnaire, data from students was obtained as many as 142 respondents. Then the collected data is processed to find the frequency distribution and find the variable relationship with the spearmans correlation test. Based on the results of the study, the majority of respondents were female (81%) and the average age of respondents was 20 years (74.3%). A total of 119 (83.8%) respondents had poor sleep quality, and the average online learning time carried out by respondents was 5-10 hours per day (77.4%). The results of the spearman rank statistical test obtained a significant number or probability value (0.000) much lower than the significant standard of 0.510 or (p


RECENTLY, AFTER THE CONCLUSION of a master class, a young teacher approached me with a question that I suspect numerous other teachers (young and older) have grappled with. She wanted to know how to answer her young students who frequently ask, "Why do I have to sing art songs?" The underlying but unspoken premise behind this question is, of course, "Why can't I sing opera arias right away? That's the really important repertoire."There are many reasons we sing art songs. First and foremost is that we learn from any vocal repertoire we sing, and singing songs gives us a unique chance to work with words as poetry. Singers are wordsmiths; words are our stock in trade. Art songs (or classical songs) were poems before a composer was inspired by their words and images to set them in a musical context as a song. When we sing art songs, we are singing poems. Not unlike the ancient bards, as storytellers, we share these poems with our listening audience.Singing all vocal repertoire-arias, art songs, oratorio solos, chamber works-demands that we pay attention to words and how they interact in their musical settings. To paraphrase author Ernest Hemingway, these details are a "moveable feast"; they work for preparing every piece of vocal music we sing, no matter the genre. One word by itself has only its own literal meaning, but when juxtaposed with other words, images are created. Trying to capture and understand the interaction of words with the musical setting is part of good performance preparation.This particular column is not meant to be a criticism or indictment against opera, a music genre that I truly love. But opera is a very different art form from song. As with all other vocal forms, opera has its own identity, structure, and performance practices. Preparing for an operatic performance (or indeed, any vocal performance form) takes no less thought on the singer's part than preparation for a song recital, but the details and nuances are quite different.Because art songs are a smaller vocal form than operatic arias, the textual images and interpretive requirements tend to be much more compressed than in arias. Including songs in our repertoire offers an opportunity to experience and work with these. Many art songs can be classified as having operatic qualities and some arias can be said to be "song-like." However, good singing is good singing, and the musical and technical demands of any vocal piece must be carefully and scrupulously prepared. This refers not only to the text, but also the musical markings the composer has indicated in the score.Just as words combined with one another create poetry, so poems combined with music create an art form filled with broader nuance and detail that come from the combination of the pitches, rhythms, and cadences of words combined with analogous elements found in music. Encapsulated in a musical setting, words can take on different meanings, suggesting new and peripheral images and subtler meanings through their coupling with melody, rhythm, harmony, and a piano component. Ingredients found in poetry, when combined with the elements of music, present us with a vocal form that continually enriches us as performers, since it is capable, through our assimilation and study, of never being the same.What draws a composer to a particular poem? How does he/she translate feelings about the poem into a musical setting that embellishes the original text? This blueprint of what the composer has interpreted in his/ her musical setting is what the performer needs to discover. In his venerable classic, The Art Song, James Husst Hall writes: "Composer and interpreter alike approach the song through the poem. They study the structure, the movement of the verse; the organization of its lines, rhyme, and stanzas. These are important, for the poem gives form to the music."1Author Donald Ivey in his fine book Song: Anatomy, Imagery, and Styles, comments on the fusion of word and tone: "Assuming that the amalgam of poetry and music is meaningful, the listener is rarely aware of the elements, but only the results of true synthesis. …


Learning Islamic religious education (PAI) is currently just focus on material alone (cognitive). Learning material that requires the practice can not be done in the classroom, because it takes a long time to prepare. Thus, the role of learning media is one of important element to improve the effectiveness of learning. The use of religious laboratory helps students understand and master the materials relating to the practice of worship (fiqh). To realize an efficient and funny teaching learning activities, teachers should have the skills in presenting the materials, conditioning classes, the use of learning media and effective teaching learning process assisted by the use of religious laboratory. This study examines: the use of religious laboratory to improve the effectiveness of the learning of Islamic religious education at XI grade of SMA Negeri 3 Sukoharjo 2015/2016 Academic Year. With the formulation of the problems (1) How are the utilization of religious laboratory in SMA Negeri 3 Sukoharjo 2015/2016 academic year. (2) How are the effectiveness of the utilization of religious laboratory in learning Islamic religious education at XI grade of SMA Negeri 3 Sukoharjo 2015/2016 Academic Year. The objectives of the research (1) to describes the utilization of relious laboratory at SMA Negeri 3 SKH 2015/2016 academic year (2) To describes the effectiveness of utilization of religious laboratory in learning Islamic religious education at XI grade of SMA Negeri 3 Sukoharjo 2015/2016 Academic Year.
 This research is a field research with a qualitative approach means that this research requires the writer to enter directly into the field of study, then interact directly to obtain valid and accurate data as needed. This data collection techniques using interviews, observation, and documentation. the technique of analyzing data is using descriptive qualitative inductive method, that is the pattern of reasoning starts with using statements which have a distinctive scope and limited in formulating arguments and ending with the general conclusion.
 The results of this research shows that the utilization of religious laboratory (1) as a medium of learning is also functioned as a place of discussion and meetings Rohis (Islamic Spirituality), (2) Utilization of religious laboratory in studying Islamic religious education (PAI) helps students easily in increasing mastery and understanding of the materials PAI especially in the aspect of fiqh, organizing the material becomes increasingly attractive. Beside that, the utilization of religious laboratory is also used as outing class media that is replacing the atmosphere of learning from saturation, such as learning in classroom atmosphere and make enthusiastic of the students in learning becomes high, (3) Utilization of religious laboratory can improve the effectiveness of learning Islamic religious education at XI grade of SMA Negeri 3 Sukoharjo.


Evolution and Advancement in technology give computation in our hands via smartphones. That exponentially increases the applications that make our day to day work in an easy and faster manner. But a portable mobile device has limited computing capabilities. To overcome this problem one way is to upload the computer intensive task to the nearest cloud called cloudlet (a group of linked computers). As there are lots of research is going on but a very few attention towards the placement of clouds in such a manner that will decrease the cost and increase the optimization that leads to increase in performance of running application in smartphones. This paper consist combined study of variously proposed cloudlet location algorithm and mobile user assignments to cloudlets while balancing workloads in wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN) with their performance measures.


The Evaporation kinetic characteristic of Nb-7Ta alloy in the EBM process were studied in this paper. The results show that the evaporation reaction of Nb and Fe was in the form of single atoms. The diffusion constant of Nb in the liquid Nb-7Ta alloy is 5. 78 × 10- 7m / s; the reaction constant of Nb in the evaporation reaction is 1. 29 × 10- 5m / s; the diffusion coefficient of Fe in liquid Nb-7Ta alloy is 8. 10 × 10- 7m / s,the reaction coefficient of Fe in the evaporation reaction is 1. 55 ×10- 5m / s. The evaporating process of matrix Nb as well as impurity Fe from the Nb-7Ta alloy liquid were both controlled by diffusion.


. This paper discusses how peer-to-peer computing is emerging as a disruptive technology for global collaborative solutions. It explains how peer-to-peer computing can enable new collaborative solutions while significantly decreasing IT costs and improving IT asset utilization. An overview of the technology and usage models are discussed whilst the benefits are illustrated through a short case study from Intel. Finally the value proposition for peer-to-peer computing is summarized.


Selective oxidations are key steps of industrial oil and gas processing for the synthesis of high-value chemicals. Mixed metal oxides based on redox active V or Mo are frequently used for oxidative C–H bond activation. However, multiple processes require precious metals or suffer from low product selectivity demanding an ongoing search for cost-effective alternatives. Recently, the nanostructured carbon was reported to catalyze the metal-free selective alkane activation by oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH). Electron-rich surface carbonyls coordinate this reaction and mimic the active oxygen species in metal oxide catalysts. Here we show that the graphitic carbon, beyond ODH, has the potential to selectively mediate the insertion of an oxygen atom into an organic molecule, i.e., acrolein. Multi-step atom rearrangements considerably exceed the mechanistic complexity of hydrogen abstraction and were so far believed to be the exclusive domain of metal (oxide) catalysis. In the carbon catalyzed process, the nucleophilic oxygen atoms terminating the graphite (0001) surface


The single-vortex problem in a strongly correlated bosonic system is investigated self-consistently within the mean-field theory of the Bose-Hubbard model. Near the superfluid‐Mott-insulator transition, the vortex core has a tendency toward the Mott-insulating phase, with the core particle density approaching the nearest commensurate value. If the nearest-neighbor repulsion exists, the charge-density wave order may develop locally in the core. The evolution of the vortex configuration from the strong- to weak-coupling regions is studied. This phenomenon can be observed in systems of rotating ultracold atoms in optical lattices and Josephson-junction arrays.


Based on the practical application of FRP for strengthening the reinforced concrete beams and columns and the results of many related experimental researches both at home and a-broad, this paper discusses the effective value and its affection concerning some main parameters including the anchorage length, section shape, corner stress concentration, level of sustained loading and so on in the designing of strengthening.


In the 3×17m skewed rigid continuous girders practice in newly built Yongtaiwen passenger special line, in allusion to continuous girders construction over river, the Bailey girder is used as cast-in-site scaffolding with mechanical lifting, so that the intensity of labour is reduced, the construction period is shortened, and the cost is reduced too, therefore the economic benefit is obvious.


Abstract : A computer cost model of suppressive shielding structures has been constructed and is presented in the report. This model consists of design-aid and cost estimation programs which, with proper inputs, calculates and outputs specific design and cost variables of suppressive structures. Design variables include the following: venting coefficient, plastic bending and yield moments of beams, penetration of primary fragments, and the total effective thickness of plates. Cost output variables include: material, fabrication, welding, and total costs of panels, frame, door, and foundation of a cubical suppressive structure. A description of the model and its construction details are reviewed in the report. A user's guide which includes step by step instructions in data inputs is also provided.


This paper aims at establishing a method for designing high-performance network topologies to bridge a gap between theoretical and practical studies. To this end, we present a novel graph called a host-switch graph, which consists of host vertices and switch vertices with maximum degree 1 and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$r$</tex-math><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="yasudo-ieq1-2864286.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>, respectively. This graph represents a network topology of a practical parallel/distributed computer system with host computers connected by <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$r$</tex-math><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="yasudo-ieq2-2864286.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>-port switches. We discuss important metrics for designing high-performance interconnection networks: the host-to-host average shortest path length (h-ASPL) and the bisection width (BiW). In particular, we explore a method for constructing host-switch graphs with low h-ASPL and high BiW that connect the fixed number of hosts via any number of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$r$</tex-math><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="yasudo-ieq3-2864286.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>-port switches. We demonstrate that the number of switches that provides the minimum h-ASPL can mathematically be approximated, and the minimum number of switches that provides a certain BiW can experimentally be approximated. On the basis of the approximations, we propose a randomized algorithm for searching host-switch graphs. We then apply the graphs to interconnection networks and compare them with typical network topologies. As compared with the torus, the dragonfly, and the fat-tree, our networks attain higher performance and smaller power and costs.


The Machine Learning (ML) field has gained its momentum in almost any domain of research and just recently has become a reliable tool in the medical domain. Extracting medical relations is very trivial task since the medical information is stored in textual format and the database of medical information is also very large in size for example Medline is the medical database that contains 21 million records from 5000 selected publications. In addition to that web page containing medical information also contains some unrelated contents like advertisements, scroll bars, quick links, related searches etc., manually extracting only relevant information from such a huge database is very difficult task. To reduce user overhead of extracting useful information current approach is proposed. This approach presents the efficient machine learning algorithm and techniques used in extracting disease symptom and treatment related sentences from Medline. In this approach Multinomial Naive Bayes algorithm and several other techniques are used to extract semantic relation between disease symptom and their associated treatment. The proposed system gives the user exactly the Disease Symptom and Treatment related sentences by avoiding unnecessary information and this technique can be integrated with any medical management system to make better medical decisions.


Representing three states in the United States, the authors describe approaches and practices of direct-to-consumer markets from their combined experience of 40 plus years of working with Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), beginning in the early years of skepticism about the CSA model to the periods of rapid growth and optimism followed by today's challenges regarding market saturation, competition from mainstream foods, complex logistics, and cultural disconnect. Through Cooperative Extension appointments in California, Vermont, and Washington, the authors have supported farmers as they have adopted CSA models and then adapted these models in response to changing consumer demand. This article examines the term and concept of CSA and how it has evolved in practice in different parts of the United States and at times been misused and co-opted for marketing purposes. We explore recent variations on the CSA model, including Farm Fresh Food Boxes (F3B), and discuss economic factors, marketing considerations, environmental stewardship, and community connections. The article concludes with projections for the future of CSA and the importance of maintaining authentic and beneficial relationships between farmers and consumers.


While more women graduate from medical school, there is still unequal representation of women in academic medicine, especially in the senior levels of academia. Gender bias is a strong reason women leave academic medicine. Disparities in salary and promotion, conscious and unconscious bias and institutional policies create a culture that does not favor their recruitment and retention. This article reviews literature that describes the problem and potential solutions to individuals, departments and institutions.


The disclosed invention provides for two improved pro ceSSes for recovering citric acid and other organic acids. The process for recovering citric acid from an impure proceSS Stream includes concentrating the impure proceSS Stream to obtain a concentrated Solution of citric acid, adding a Sufficient amount of a Strong acid or Salt to the Solution in order to crystallize citric acid and Separating the resulting citric acid crystals from the mother liquor. The useful Strong acids or Salts thereof are Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, Sodium chloride, Sodium Sulfate and nitric acid. Also ion eXchange resins may be utilized in order to recover addi tional yields of citric acid. Further, the impure process Stream is obtained by a Solvent extraction process or a lime and Sulfuric acid process. The other useful process provided for by the invention includes recovering organic acid from an impure proceSS Stream, Such as a fermentation broth. However, the acid is added to the impure proceSS Stream in the first Step and then concentrating the resulting impure process Stream to recover crystals from the concentrate thereof. This particular improved proceSS is essentially one Step purification without the waste disposal problems or large capital investment required by either the conventional lime/sulfuric or Solvent extraction recovery processes.


In this paper, the secrecy performance of the two-user simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) sensor networks is studied and a novel secure transmission scheme of cooperative zero-forcing (ZF) jamming is proposed. The two sensors opportunistically conduct the SWIPT and cooperative ZF jamming, respectively, where the energy required for jamming the eavesdropper is provided by the SWIPT operation so as to keep the energy balance at the sensors in the long run. By deriving the exact closed-form expressions of the secrecy outage probability and the secrecy throughout, we provide an effective approach to precisely assess the impacts of key parameters on the secrecy performance of the system. It has been shown that the secrecy outage probability is a monotonically increasing function of the growth of secrecy rate (Rs), and a monotonically decreasing function of the increase of the transmit signal-to-noise ratio (γS), and energy conversion efficiency (η). Furthermore, the secrecy throughput could be enhanced when η increases, which becomes especially obvious when a large γS is provided. Moreover, the existence of an optimum Rs maximizing the secrecy throughput is depicted, which also grows with the increase of γS. Simulations are provided for the validation of the analysis.


Due to Virtual Reality's recent rise in popularity, other application areas apart from the entertainment sector have shown interest to use VR applications for their purposes. In this thesis, a VR simulation, which enables the user to maneuver an electron through a virtual semiconductor's crystalline atomic structure, is devised on behalf of the Institute of Microelectronics at the TU Wien. The application is based upon the cellVIEW framework, which was developed using the Unity game engine to visualize large sets of biomolecular data in real time. At first, background regarding the topic at hand is provided by defining what VR is, how it is achieved and how it has evolved from Charles Wheatstone's stereoscope to the HTC Vive VR system. Building upon that knowledge, the reader is introduced to the main problems that research in the field of Virtual Reality is currently facing, especially considering the avoidance of VR sickness. For the development of the simulation devised in the course of this thesis, two main obstacles had to be overcome: moving the user through the virtual world without causing discomfort and handling collisions between the electron and the thousands of atoms in the crystal structure without losing performance. To address the first issue, related work is reviewed and drawn inspiration from. To avoid "vection", movement in our simulation is limited to the forward direction and external forces are applied to a sphere representing the electron instead of influencing the user himself. To keep the frame-rate high despite the potentially large number of atoms in the virtual scene, a space-partitioning octree data-structure has been implemented.


Background: The relationship between dietary pattern and the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been described; however, the exclusive role of dietary factors remains controversial. Hence, we conducted this systematic meta-analysis to clarify the role of some nutrients and antioxidant vitamins in the risk of COPD. Materials and Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched for studies evaluating the associations between COPD outcome measures, symptoms, and mortality, and intake of fruits and vegetables, fiber, fish, n-3 or n-6 fatty acids, and antioxidant vitamins in adults. The random-effect model meta-analyses were used to pool the results. Results: Ten cohort, six case-control, and 20 cross-sectional studies were identified. The pooled relative risks (RRs) of the COPD and confidence intervals (CIs) for the highest intake group compared with the lowest intake group were 0.74 (95% CI: 0.65–0.85) for fruit, 0.65 (95% CI: 0.55–0.78) for dietary fiber, 0.71 (95% CI: 0.58–0.85) for fish, and 0.89 (95% CI: 0.76–0.99) for vitamin C. No association was observed between the risk of COPD and the intake of vegetables, n-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, and β-carotene; however, it was associated with n-6 fatty acids 1.06 (95% CI: 0.87–1.30). Conclusion: The results suggested that a higher intake of fruits, probably dietary fiber, and fish reduce the risk of COPD.


This paper on the recreational activities of Scotch-Irish was written by students taking an archaeology class at Washington and Lee University.


Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a rare soft‐tissue infection generally treated by emergency surgical intervention. We report a case of successfully drug treatment for NF in older patient with comorbidities thus avoiding surgical intervention.


Payment banks are the newest initiative from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) with the first motive to promote digital, paperless and cashless banking in our nation. Its an associated approach within which different non-banking monetary organizations are granted the authority to ensure basic bank services to each Indian national. A payments bank could be a differentiated bank with the precise objective of occupation to the unbanked and underbanked. Though the Pradhan Mantri Dhan Yojana has brought down the amount of unbanked people within the country, there are still millions who don't have bank accounts. According to a World Bank report, Republic of India is home to twenty one of the world's unbanked adults. Payments banks aim to service these customers, particularly migrant employees and people from lower financial gain households, in addition as bring them into the formal economic system. It conjointly has the additional advantage of secured, technology-driven transactions which might simply be half-track with none loop hole for black cash. The present paper provides a horizon on the attention level and usage of payment banks among the faculty going students of urban center town. For the aim of the study each primary and secondary knowledge are used. the scholars following totally different courses are created use as sample. the info collected are analyzed victimization acceptable applied math techniques. It'll conjointly highlight the necessity for payment banks in Republic of India and its future.


As voltage source converters (VSCs) consist of self-commutated devices such as IGBTs (insulated gate turn-off bipolar transistors), they can operate in areas which lack rotating machines or do not have enough power in the rotating machines. Additionally, they control active powers and reactive powers independently and rapidly. A small scale HVDC system composed of voltage source converters (VSC-HVDC system) has been used world-wide to supply power to small islands, to get easy connection to wind power facilities or fuel cells, solar batteries, etc.. To extend applications of the VSCHVDC system, it is important to note the operational characteristics and limitations. The stable operating power limits of a small scale HVDC system composed of voltage source converters (VSC-HVDC system) are analyzed with a simple model in this paper. Stable operating limits is analyzed using the simplified VSCHVDC transmission system model. In the transmission system model, a constant DC voltage source is used in place of the rectifier. A constant AC voltage source and an equivalent reactance representing the SCR (short circuit ratio; the ratio of an AC system short circuit capacity to the inverter capacity) are set for the AC system of the inverter side. The converter rated capacity of 14 MVA and the AC system rated voltage of 66 kV are selected for the pu base value. Analyses of VSC-HVDC system start-up operation while changing reactive control powers of the inverter are carried out for the SCR. The same analyses are done for STATCOM operation of the VSCHVDC system. The configuration of the VSC-HVDC system studied is shown in Fig. 1 and specifications are listed in Table 1. Figure 2 summarizes analysis results of stable operating regions for VSC-HVDC system start-up operation to rated active power. In the figure, the VSC-HVDC system reaches a stable operating point when the SCR is greater than 1.2, but it is oscillatory when SCR is 1.0. Although the inverter of the VSC-HVDC system can operate where there are


This workshop is a practitioner's introduction to Pattern‐Based Systems Engineering (PBSE), including a specific system domain illustration suitable for educational use. INCOSE thought leaders have discussed the need to address 10:1 more complex systems with 10:1 reduction in effort, using people from a 10:1 larger community than the "systems expert" group INCOSE currently reaches. Through the PBSE Project, the project team proposes to enable INCOSE membership, and the larger systems community beyond INCOSE, to achieve such order‐of‐magnitude improvements. PBSE leverages the power of Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) to rapidly deliver benefits to a larger community. Projects using PBSE get a "learning curve jumpstart" from an existing Pattern, gaining the advantages of its content, and improve that pattern with what they learn, for future users. The major aspects of PBSE have been defined and practiced some years across a number of enterprises and domains, but with limited INCOSE community awareness. A related tutorial was recently provided at the INCOSE 2012 Great Lakes Regional Conference, and well‐attended.


One of the problems which has plagued microeconomic theory is the difficulty in achieving close correspondence between formal models and practical market situations. The most widely accepted models envisage the firm set in a static mold with the implication that profits will be maximized in every period. The model is more generally acceptable in the case of perfect competition, for then the market results are most likely to be "as if" the firms acted marginally to maximize profits. Only the profit maximizers will survive. While such a scheme may lead to realistic results in the case of perfect competition, this condition does not bulk large in the United States economy.


McGovern, Mike, Making War in Cote d'Ivoire, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011, 263 pages.Hell weg, Joseph, Hunting the Ethical State: The Benkadi Movement of Cote d'Ivoire, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011, 307 pages.Violence and Un-civil Society in Cote d'Ivoire: A Review EssayThere is a truth-defying - but at the same time admirable - persistence to the goal of unlocking the universale behind human bloodshed, almost as though a history-less, Kantian age of perpetual peace could still somehow be realized just by correctly orienting our analytical and political wills. But violence seems to have become kaleidoscopically inscrutable in its tendency to take on complex, shifting forms. A current example of this is the political transformation of the Tuaregs of northern Mali, from active NGO-based participants in human rights initiatives on behalf of indigenous peoples to uncomfortable allies of AI-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, taking advantage of a weak military presence in the north to occupy Gao (my erstwhile field site) and Timbuktu, thereby provoking a state of civil war, a strategic crisis, and a re-invasion led by the French. There seems to be a defiance of universal normativity both in the behaviour of individuals seeking (or protecting) state power and in the circumstances of violence that acts contemptuously against international law and the soft power of human rights. This is evident in an emerging literature on new and very dangerous forms of rapacious incivility that have manifested themselves in a variety of armed conflicts in subsanaran Africa, including those in Mali, Liberia, Sierra Leone, the Republic of the Congo and Uganda, with circumstances inclined precariously in the same direction in Cote d'Ivoire.With some notable exceptions (a couple to be discussed here), the study of violence has been relatively impervious to the insights of ethnography, for the very simple reason that it is incredibly dangerous to get too close for too long to the circumstances surrounding armed struggle, particularly those of the shifting, kaleidoscopic sort. Connected to this obvious risk is a bureaucratic impediment: the broadening of anthropological subject matter to include violent conflict and humanitarian intervention corresponds with circumstances in which university-based research ethics boards have taken measures to protect researchers from the dangers to themselves and others that might follow from the ethnographic study of violence. This, for better or worse (worse, I would argue), leaves the field more open to the imaginations of peacemakers-at-a-dietance.Besides appearing in the same year (2011) with the same publisher (University of Chicago Press) on the same situation of conflict (in Cote d'Ivoire), the two books I discuss here have in common the simple practical fact that the authors were initiated into organizations outside the usual research structures (and hence ethics boards) of universities. This gave them each an unusual vantage point from which to observe at close hand the lives of people enmeshed in one of the least expected recent conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa: that which took place in the Ivory Coast, commonly referred to as "the Ivoirian conflict."Mike McGovern's Making War in Cote d'Ivoire offers an analysis that has the advantage of the longue duree (nine months spread over seventeen years) as he worked as a Peace Corps volunteer and later, during his doctoral research, as a researcher for the International Crisis Group (ICG), a thinktank NGO based in Brussels. As he reports in his preface, his first assignment for ICG was in Cote d'Ivoire, which gave him the opportunity to meet and in some cases interview the central players in Ivoirian politics and to observe their political behaviour closely and over time. The extended period of research behind this study also allowed for a fairly close-grained analysis of those who became part of an urban underclass, whose elite status and hopes for the future were displaced by the state's kleptocracy and the conflicts it caused. …


A series of 256 bone marrow biopsy specimens was obtained at different times from a group of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia, chronic granulocytic leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and was analysed in parallel with peripheral blood smears and bone marrow aspirate samples. In five of these biopsy specimens the bone marrow lesion was discrete, deeply seated within the marrow cavity and detected only in long‐core biopsies. Neither peripheral blood nor bone marrow aspirates obtained at the same time established the correct diagnosis. This suggests that when peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirate samples fail to indicate the diagnosis a long‐core biopsy may yield positive results.


We study numerically the evolution of energy-level statistics as an integrability-breaking term is added to the XXZ Hamiltonian. For finite-length chains, physical properties exhibit a crossover from behavior corresponding to the Poisson level statistics characteristic of integrable models to behavior corresponding to the Wigner-Dyson statistics characteristic of the random-matrix theory used to describe chaotic systems. Different measures of the level statistics are observed to follow different crossover patterns. The range of numerically accessible system sizes is too small to establish with certainty the scaling with system size, but the evidence suggests that in a thermodynamically large system an infinitesimal integrability breaking would lead to Wigner-Dyson behavior.


The problem of particles falling under gravity allows us to relate Hamiltonian mechanics to such different subjects as elasticity and fluid mechanics. It is with this in mind that mechanics gives us the opportunity of introducing, in a rather simple and unusual form, some concepts such as vorticity, the incompressibility condition or simple shear strain to physics students at the undergraduate level.


OBJECTIVE
This study examines hypotheses about alcohol's effects on sexual judgments based on both alcohol and misperception theories. It was hypothesized that gender, alcohol consumption and alcohol expectancy set would influence perceptions of sexuality.

METHOD
Participants were unacquainted women and men (88 dyads) who interacted for 15 minutes within the context of the balanced placebo design. After the conversation ended, participants answered questions about their behavior and their partners' behavior. Conversations were videotaped and coded by trained raters.

RESULTS
Men perceived their female partner and themselves as behaving more sexually than women perceived their male partner and themselves. When alcohol was consumed, both women and men were perceived as behaving more sexually and in a more disinhibited manner than when alcohol was not consumed. Ratings made by members of white and black dyads were largely comparable. Trained observers coded participants' use of active attention and dating availability cues. Both types of cues interacted with alcohol consumption such that intoxicated participants exaggerated the meaning of strong (dating availability) cues and ignored the meaning of ambiguous (active attention) cues when making sexual judgments.

CONCLUSIONS
Supporting past research on gender differences in perceptions of sexuality, men were more sexually attracted to their opposite-sex partner than women were. Both women's and men's sexual judgments were influenced by alcohol consumption but not by alcohol expectancy set. Intoxicated participants' responses to their partners' behavioral cues supported cognitive impairment models of alcohol's effects. The implications of these findings for theories about alcohol's effects on sexuality and for prevention programming are discussed.


Calcein‐labeled B16 melanoma (B16M) cells were injected intraportally, and in vivo video microscopy was used to study the distribution and damage of cancer cells arrested in the liver microvasculature over a period of 4 hours. The contribution of glutathione (GSH)‐dependent antioxidant machinery to the possible oxidative stress–resistance mechanism of B16M cell was determined by in vitro incubation with the selective inhibitor of GSH synthesis l‐buthionine (S,R)‐sulphoximine (BSO) before B16M cell injection in untreated and 0.5‐mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐treated mice. In addition, untreated and LPS‐treated isolated syngeneic hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSE) were used to determine in vitro their specific contribution to B16M cell damage. Trauma inherent to intrasinusoidal lodgement damaged 35% of B16M cells in both normal and LPS‐treated mouse liver. The rest of the arrested B16M cells remained intact in normal liver for at least 4 hours, although their damaged cell percentage significantly (P < .05) increased since the second hour in normal mice injected with BSO‐treated cells and since the first hour in LPS‐treated mice given untreated cells. Recombinant human interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (rHuIL‐1‐Ra) given to mice 15 minutes before LPS significantly (P < .05) abrogated B16M cell damage. On the other hand, 40% of the B16M cells co‐cultured with unstimulated HSE and 70% of the co‐cultured with LPS‐treated HSE became sensitive to endothelial cell–mediated damage after BSO treatment. These results demonstrate that a high intracellular level of GSH protects B16M cells from possible in vivo and in vitro sinusoidal cell–mediated oxidative stress, contributing to the mechanism of metastatic cell survival within the hepatic microvasculature.


T he policy implementation of the village secretaries as the civil servant aimed at creating well-order administrationof government and developmentas well as service, and effective people empowerment. The purpose of this study is to analyze and study the implementation of the village secretaries as the civil servants and to investigate the supporting and inhibit  factors of that policy which was studies based on the model of policy implementation of George C Edward III on the aspect of communication, resources, disposition and bureaucracry. This type of study was qualitative.  The  number  of  informant  was  12  persons  who  were  selected  by  using  purposive sampling technique. The result of study reveals that the policy implementationof the appointment of village secretaries as the civil servants had not yet been optimal as indicated by the following results: (1) Communication: there was no socialization from regional government about the policy of  regulation  of  PP  45  2007,  (2) the  resources  of  village  secretaries  did  not  fulfill  with  the requirement due to the old age and had no latest academic certificate possession. (3) the dispotion of  attitude and behavior  of  the implementor  in  the policy implementation  of  village sectetary appointment to be civil servant did not run well: some village had vacuum of village secretary position.(4) the bureaucracy structure of regional government in the policy implementation had worked  well  although  there  was  a  lack  coordination  in  the  appointment  of  village  secretary position. The inhibit factor of the policy implementation was lack of socialization from regional government about the policy and the policy and the regulation of PP 45 2007. The supporting factor  was  positive  responses  from  the  village  secretaries  for  their  appointment  as  the  civil servants.


Poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is an FDA approved biocompatible and biodegradable material that is commonly used in implantation and drug delivery applications. It can be used as a carrier for various chemotherapeutic drugs, imaging agents and targeting moieties. Perfluorocarbon (PFC) liquids have been used in various biomedical applications, and can be activated (i.e. the liquid core converted to gas) via laser irradiation through the incorporation of optically absorbing nanoparticles or dyes within the emulsions. PLGA particles were synthesized with nanoparticles (gold or iron oxide) or dyes (DiI or rhodamine) within the PLGA shell and perfluorohexane (PFH) in the core. The photoacoustic signals and vaporization threshold of individual micron-sized particles were examined to optimize the dye and nanoparticle combination. The PLGA/PFH particles containing gold nanoparticles and DiI had the lowest vaporization threshold, with each particle consistently requiring less than 100 mJ/cm2 for vaporization. The effects of vaporization were then tested in cell culture. The particles were internalized by MDA breast cancer cells, and then irradiated with a laser. Once the particle was vaporized, a bubble formed within the cell which destroyed the cell. This work presents a first study of using a solid-shell PLGA particle encapsulating PFH liquid as a theragnostic agent.


Emergency events are full of large number of uncertain information. The existence of these uncertain information leads to less research on emergency logistics involving transshipment scenarios. In this paper, a new emergency transport model is proposed, which simulates the scenario of emergency transport from the logistics center to each disaster site and between each disaster site. The single-valued neutrosophic set (SVNS) is applied to transform the emergency transshipment problem into a multiattribute decision-making problem in ambiguous and uncertain environments. Technology for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is extended to the single-valued neutrosophic environment to rank and optimize the alternative transshipment routes. Firstly, the attribute weight is determined by using the entropy weight method; secondly, the scoring function of the single-valued neutrosophic fuzzy number is defined; thirdly, the TOPSIS method is used to rank the decision-making; finally, the feasibility and rationality of the proposed method are verified by an emergency operation example.


The primary objective of the research reported here is to analyze energy use trends for the entire economy and by end-use sector (residential, commercial, and industrial, and transportation). In particular, an examination of energy trends was undertaken for the period 1972 through 1982 to determine the magnitude of ''energy savings'' attributable to: (1) changes in economic activity; (2) efficiency improvements relative to the 1972 stock (including structures and capital equipment); and (3) efficiency improvements relative to 1960 to 1972 trends. In addition to identifying the measures of energy savings described above, the causes of efficiency improvement relative to 1972 are explored. For example, energy savings due to efficiency improvements in the residential sector are explained by such activities as changes in household size, migration, improved shell and appliance efficiencies, and increased wood use. For this research, Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) developed a consistent methodology for analyzing energy use trends by end-use sector. Alternative measures of energy use trends (i.e., alternative base cases) were developed for the purpose of measuring energy savings. The energy use trends were calculated as the product of economic activity levels (number of households in the residential sector, square feet of floor space in the commercial sector,more » output in the industrial sector, and person-miles/ton-miles traveled in the transportation sector) and energy use intensities (energy use per household, energy use per square foot of commercial floor space, energy use per unit of industrial output, and energy use per mile traveled). Energy savings were then defined as differences between alternative estimates of energy use. Data and methods used to derive the alternative estimates are contained in a separate volume of this report (PNL-5026-App.).« less