This paper deals with the power acquisition control of variable-speed wind energy conversion systems under inaccurate wind speed measurements. The control goal is to optimize the power capture from wind by tracking the maximum power curve. Firstly, the controller is designed for the case with known aerodynamic torque, which is a common assumption in many literatures. In this controller, the need for the exact knowledge of the system model is waived by using adaptive technologies. The chattering phenomenon in the generator torque, which can result in high mechanical stress, is avoided by adopting a modified robust term. Then, by utilizing an online approximator to learn an auxiliary term induced by the uncertain aerodynamics, the need for the exact knowledge of the aerodynamic torque is waived. Both of the proposed controllers are capable of providing good performance under inaccurate wind speed measurements. The control objective is obtained in the sense that the tracking error is guaranteed to converge to an arbitrarily small set. It is theoretically proved that all the signals in the closed-loop system are bounded via Lyapunov synthesis. Finally, the performance of our proposed controller is shown by simulating on a 1.5 MW three-blade wind turbine using the FAST (Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence) code developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.


Integration objectives are normally focused on whether the system of interest performs its basic functionality in accordance with stated requirements. Secondary considerations, such as effects on reliability or maintainability due to integration impacts, are often left unaddressed until a problem actually arises. By looking at several instances where these impacts had significant impact, we can take away several lessons learned to guide future integration efforts towards a more fully successful end result.


Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of the first lower molars that have two roots or three roots and the number of the root canals of the mandibular first molars in the Vietnamese subpopulation using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 166 patients who had CBCT as indicated by dentists in Nguyen Trai Dental CT Center, Ho Chi Minh City using the Picasso Trio (Ewoo Vatech, Korea). The number of root canals of the first lower molars was examined by moving cross-sectional slices from the pulpal floor to the apex. The orifices, middle thirds, and apical thirds of the canals of the first lower molar were observed, and the root canals of each root of the mandibular first molars were observed in three planes. Results: The prevalence of two, three, and four root canals of the mandibular first molars was 4.5%, 66.8%, and 28.9%, respectively. For the distal roots of these molars, a classification of Vertucci type I was the most common at a rate of 80.8%–97.6%. Whenever these teeth had three roots, a Vertucci type I was the classification of 100% of distolingual roots. Conclusion: Majority of the mandibular first molars has two roots and three canals. CBCT is appropriate equipment useful in investigating the complex root canal morphology of human teeth.


The research focuses on the role of government institutions related to regulating public transportation in the city of Surabaya. Transportation is one sector which influences the economic growth of a city, the potential to be utilized as a commodity used in obtaining sources of power by some parties. Because in the practice of management, how a ruling regime is able to regulate, control and determine the direction of policy that will influence various efforts taken by the government to encourage economic growth from the region so as to be able to "turn on industrial machinery in its territory" and create new economic growth centers. Suroboyo Bus is also a manifestation of ongoing democracy in the city of Surabaya. In this study, we will explain several problems, first discussing the institutions involved in the process of forming a political decision related to the management of Suroboyo Bus, secondly about the interests involved in the political decision, the three relations that will emerge during the process. In this study it is known that the mayor is the institution that most determines the direction of policy that will be taken in the transportation sector in the city of Surabaya.


This thesis is an account of a beginning ESL teacher's two years teaching abroad at a private all-girl's secondary school in Nishinomiya, Japan. It is an autoethnography and includes written and visual artifacts from the author's time spent teaching English to junior high school students.


The further digitized innovations accompanied by the digital economy, have augmented the refinement of our globe and provided remarkable welfare and services that have never been anticipated in the past. Hence, taking China as an example, this paper aims to examine the striking impact of digital financial inclusion (DFI) on individual happiness via using China Family Panel Study (CFPS). According to the results, it found that DFI has a positive impact on individual happiness. Yet, the result varies depending on the individual traits, such as gender. Based on the result, it suggests that the governments or social organizations ought to care about the local digital economy as the digital financial inclusion is incorporated with the driven force of happiness, which has an extensive impact on local economy and individual overall satisfaction. In addition, individual traits such as gender, should also be taken into account in terms of DFI.


ABSTRACT
This article focuses on developing a psychophysical model for sensory crispness and understanding the role of structure and phase behavior of the food polymer matrix in terms of affecting crispness. The core hypothesis of the article is that the number peaks during brittle fracture of food foams is the stimulus for crispness. Accurate mechanical methods were developed to count the peaks and then relate them to sensory crispness scores utilizing magnitude estimation. An excellent correlation was obtained with data that was generated in three independent sets of measurements. Finally, models describing the relationship between structure, mechanical signatures and sensory crispness of extruded cellular foods were developed.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Texture is one of the most important quality attributes of food products. The fracture properties of the foods have to be clearly understood, because they are one the most important manifestations of texture. Understanding the fracture process in-depth can help increase consumer acceptability by generating structures leading a particular breakdown behavior, because the sensory attributes like crispness are directly related to how the fracture occurs in solid food foams. The psychophysical model developed in this study will serve as a very useful tool for assessing the effects of changes in formulation and processing that result in a wide range of structural features leading to the desired crisp sensation in the final product.


Date of Publication: 06 May 2019 The study of heavy metals like lead, mercury, arsenic, zinc and copper has carried out in two different vegetable (cabbage and potatoes) of Uttar Pradesh (UP). The results of analysis revealed that all cabbage samples met Public Health Regulation Standards regarding investigated metals. However, potatoes from nine investigated locations exceeded the Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) allocated for lead and met the standards considering other investigated elements. In the view of obtained results, pointing out lead as major problem regarding heavy metal pollution of investigated vegetables. Keywords


Particularly in the phase of searching for solutions to technical tasks, group creativity sessions are recommended to create new, unobvious solutions. There are a number of methods and recommendations to improve the "creative output", but the evaluation o


Abstract : This research measured how formal training affects Soldier patterns of behavior and attitudes towards digitization. A set of questionnaires was administered to 24 enlisted Soldiers and 12 officers attending formal classroom training for the Force XXI Battle Command, Brigade and Below (FBCB2) digital system. One questionnaire was administered before training, and a second after training was complete. The questionnaires assessed Soldier opinions of FBCB2 usefulness and also their attitudes associated with using the system. Soldier responses before and after training were compared to assess how training affected their attitudes and behaviors towards digitization. Results showed Soldiers generally feel FBCB2 is useful and worth the additional effort required to learn the systems. It also indicated that formal training in digital systems has a significant positive effect on Soldiers' attitudes and behaviors towards digital systems. The results also seem to indicate that training may help Soldiers avoid maladaptive behavior patterns that have been identified in other areas. Behaviors such as disuse or over-reliance on automated systems, a significant problem in other areas, were relatively rare for Soldiers attending formal training.


Depending on the environment and the activating glycolipids, iNKT cells are known to induce T-helper 1 and/or T-helper 2 cytokines. This highly versatile nature makes these innate-like cells very interesting targets for immunomodulation. As many pathologies as well as physiological ageing are associated with altered immune responses, iNKT cells could play a role in new therapies. Many analogs of the glycolipid alpha-galactosylceramide (a-GalCer) are known to activate iNKT-cells through their interaction with CD1d-expressing antigen-presenting cells, inducing the release of Th1 and/or Th2 cytokines. The design of iNKT cell ligands with selective Th1 and Th2 properties requires refined structural insights. Therefore, the chemical space of 333 currently known iNKT activators, including several newly tested analogs, was visualized by more than 3000 chemical descriptors which were calculated for each individual analog. The immunological responses consisted of four different cytokines in five different test-systems. With these two information-sets, structure-activity models were developed using a system biology computational approach. We present highly sensitive and specific predictive models that can be further exploited as high-throughput instruments to in-silico screen potential glycolipids, thereby reducing the attrition rate.


The Lean Production (LP) is an approach that encompasses a variety of management practices to reduce losses and improve operational efficiency. Due to this fact, the ability to innovate, change and learn continuously presents itself as a key element in the implementation of the LP. Several contextual variables were mentioned in the literature as potential impediments to implementing lean. However, little is known about the influence of these variables on the dimensions of Organizational Learning (OL). This study aims to examine the relationship between six contextual variables and the frequency of occurrence of problems in companies that are implementing the LP. Furthermore, the identification of relevant relationships between dimensions of OL and contextual variables contribute to the identification of the contexts in which problems can be expected to occur. The sample contains thirteen companies implementing the LP. The results indicate that the same contextual variables, which are deemed as influential to implement LP, have a different influence on the ability of organizational learning.


Venice - it's a legendary place familiar to people around the world, and one that is increasingly often inundated by floodwaters. That's because the warming of the earth's atmosphere and the resulting higher sea level are threatening the lagoon city, which is built on oak pilings. It's becoming more and more commonplace for the sea to stream into the 550 km 2 lagoon via its three inlets and flood the city's historic old section. Under the auspices of the 'MOSE' project, a very sophisticated technological solution is being used to save this jewel from sinking, and ThyssenKrupp GfT Bautechnik is playing a key role in the effort.


Abstract The description of the solidification process in casting processes with varying product thickness is characterized based on solidification structures, segregations as well as the primary and secondary microstructure. In near-net-shape casting processes, it is particularly challenging to achieve microstructure homogeneity in the as-cast condition, since the degree of forming in production processes up to hot or cold strip is lower than in the production of slabs or thin slabs. The density of shrinkage porosity in belt-cast high-manganese steel (HMnS) will be determined quantitatively using polished microsections. Following the visualization of the primary cast structure, light microscopic images will be obtained using different tint etches. For the evaluation of secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS), internally developed software based on ImageJ and Matlab will be used.


Single- and dual-polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images provide very limited capabilities to interpret physical radar signatures. For generality and simplicity, we call single-polarimetric, dual-polarimetric, and fully polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) images flexible PolSAR images. In order to sufficiently extract physical scattering signatures from this kind of data and explore the potentials of different polarization modes on this task, this paper proposes a contrastive-regulated convolutional neural network (CNN) in the complex domain, attempting to learn a physically interpretable deep learning model directly from the original backscattered data. To achieve a better deep model containing physically interpretable parameters, the objective cost is compared to and selected from several commonly used loss functions in the complex form. The required ground-truth labels are generated automatically according to Cloude and Pottier's H-alpha division plane, which significantly reduces intensive labor cost and transfers this method to an unsupervised learning mechanism. The boundaries between different scattering signatures, however, sometimes show an erroneous separation. With the aim of aggregating intra-class instances and alienating inter-class instances, meanwhile, a complex-valued contrastive regularization term is computed mathematically and is added to the objective cost by a tradeoff factor. Moreover, data augmentation is applied to relieve the side effects caused by data imbalance. Finally, we performed experiments on German Aerospace Center's (DLR)'s L-band, high-resolution (HR), and airborne F-SAR data. Our results demonstrate the possibility of extracting physical scattering signatures from flexible PolSAR images. Physically interpretable potentials of SAR images with different polarization modes are analyzed, and we conclude with physical signature identification.


Headache is a common pain and is not often an indication of anything serious. They can be a symptom of anxiety, stress, physical tension (especially in the back and shoulders), lack of sleep, over consumption of caffeine in tea or coffee or suddenly cutting down caffeine intake, food allergy, eyestrain, fever, hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar, especially if you have not eaten for some time), migraine, drug side effects (especially if you have started a new drug), sinusitis, cervical spondylosis (stiff neck, an ache which extends from spine to top of head, headache made worse by lifting, driving, or turning head slowly) and other spinal problems, premenstrual tension, post-herpetic neuralgia following shingles, malocclusion or sepsis after dental treatment (see your dentist), and high blood pressure. Migraine: Occasional severe headaches, usually confined to one side of the head, associated with nausea and vomiting, blurred vision, and other visual disturbances, intolerance to light and occasionally numbness and tingling in the arms. In a severe attack, the only thing to do is lie down in a darkened room until the symptoms wear off. Attacks are often heralded by abnormal tiredness, nausea, or flashing, shimmering or distortion of objects towards edge of visual field; once the headache comes on, these symptoms tend to disappear. The immediate cause of migraine headaches is constriction, then swelling of the arteries which supply the brain, but why the arteries suddenly behave in this way is not known. Stress, hypoglycemia, and certain foods are the most frequently cited "trigger factors" of this miserable complaint. Incidence and frequency of attacks tend to tail off in middle age, though they may worsen during the menopause in women. Homeopathic treatment of migraine is constitutional. The homeopathic treatment involves a peeling away of layers of illness, removing symptoms in the reverse order in which they appeared, each time reaching further back into the chain of cause and effect. Unlike many other modes of "health care" which swing into action once health has broken down, homeopathy is based upon helping the organism to resist breakdown. Dr. Atul Rajgurav*, Dr. Parth Aphale Dr. D.Y. Patil Homoeopathic Medical College & Research Centre, Pune, India. Submission: 3 October 2016 Accepted: 9 October 2016 Published: 25 October 2016 www.ijppr.humanjournals.com Citation: Dr. Atul Rajgurav et al. Ijppr.Human, 2016; Vol. 7 (3): 233-250. 234 INTRODUCTION Migraine is a highly prevalent disorder characterized by attacks of moderate to severe throbbing headaches that are often unilateral in location, worsened by physical activity, and associated with nausea and/or vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia.[1, 2] Migraine treatment can include preventive therapy aimed at reducing the frequency and severity of migraine attacks, as well as acute therapy used to abort a migraine attack. In association with the American Headache Society, the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) has recently published guidelines for preventive treatment.[3] The last AAN Guidelines for acute treatment were published in 2000.[4]Each one of us, at some time or the other, must have suffered from headache. Severe, disabling headache is reported to occur at least annually by 40% of individuals worldwide. Headache is usually a benign symptom, but occasionally it is the manifestation of a serious illness such as brain tumor, subarachnoid hemorrhage, meningitis, or giant cell arthritis. In emergency setting, approximately 5% of patients with headaches are found to have emergency serious illness underlying neurological disorder. Therefore, it is imperative that the serious causes of headache be diagnosed rapidly and accurately. International society has classified 129 types of headaches out of which one is MIGRAINE. It is said that one person in ten has migraine headache. Migraine-related disability includes both absenteeism from work and significant reductions in work productivity ("presenteeism"), as well as disruption of family relationships and ability to participate in social and leisure activities. The direct and indirect costs of migraine-related disability have been estimated to be as high as $13 billion a year in the United States [16] with the great majority of economic cost resulting from indirect sources such as work-related productivity loss. [5] Even, many migraineuers live in fear knowing that an attack will disrupt their ability to work, to take care of their families or to meet social obligations. Thus there is some disability between attacks as well as during attack. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS VIEW ON MIGRAINE: The World Health Organization's (WHO) Global Burden of Disease Study has identified migraine as one of the top 20 most disabling disorders among adults of all ages. The level of www.ijppr.humanjournals.com Citation: Dr. Atul Rajgurav et al. Ijppr.Human, 2016; Vol. 7 (3): 233-250. 235 functional impairment experienced by migraineurs has been found to be comparable to, or greater than, many chronic illnesses such as major depression, arthritis, diabetes, hypertension, back pain, and angina The extent of the individual burden imposed by migraine can be estimated from epidemiological data. Approximately 18% of females and 6% of males aged 18 to 65 suffer from migraine in the United States, and approximately 25% of these patients experience 1 or more severe attacks per week, with a median duration of 24 hours.[6,7] Approximately 50% of migraineurs report severe impairment (bed rest is required) during their attacks. Notably, in addition to attack-related disability, migraineurs also experience inter episode impairment in functioning and quality of life. It is uncertain whether this impairment is due to prolonged post attack recovery, associated comorbidity, or the disruptive and demoralizing effect of having to live with the uncertainty of an acute episodic illness where attacks come swiftly and result in disability for 24 hours or longer. [6] PATHOGENESIS BEHIND THE PAIN The bones of the skull and tissues of the brain itself never hurt, because they lack painsensitive nerve fibers. Several areas of the head can hurt, including a network of nerves which extends over the scalp and certain nerves in the face, mouth, and throat. Also sensitive to pain, because they contain delicate nerve fibers, are the muscles of the head and blood vessels found along the surface and at the base of the brain. The ends of these pain-sensitive nerves called nociceptors, can be stimulated by stress, muscular tension, dilated blood vessels, and other triggers of headache. Once stimulated, a nociceptor sends a message up the length of the nerve fiber to the nerve cells in the brain, signaling that a part of the body hurts. The message is determined by the location of the nociceptor. A person who suddenly realizes "My toe hurts," is responding to nociceptors in the foot that have been stimulated by the stubbing of a toe. [7] A number of chemicals help transmit pain-related information to the brain. Some of these chemicals are natural painkilling proteins called endorphins, Greek for "the morphine within." One theory suggests that people who suffer from severe headache and other types of chronic pain have lower levels of endorphins than people who are generally pain-free. www.ijppr.humanjournals.com Citation: Dr. Atul Rajgurav et al. Ijppr.Human, 2016; Vol. 7 (3): 233-250. 236 CLINICAL FEATURES


Calibration baths are widely used in many laboratories worldwide for the calibration of thermometers by comparison. They come in different shapes and sizes and use different media (water, alcohol, silicon oil etc.), but a certain nonuniformity of theused media is always present. During precision temperature measurements, uniformity (homogeneity and temporal stability) of a calibration bath is of the utmost importance since its contribution to total measurement uncertainty is the largest. The temperature gradient can be described as a change of temperature at different positions inside the bath working volume. Temporal temperature stability depends on many factors such as: the bath temperature, control system, bath construction and the flow of the used media inside the bath, just to name a few. In this paper, we investigate uniformity of a cylindrical calibration bath. Homogeneity is determined by measurement of axial and radial temperature gradient inside the bath. Stability is examined by observation of the change in temperature reading during certain period of time. The obtained results are compared with manufacturer specification and can be used for determination of calibration bath contribution to total measurement uncertainty during calibration of thermometers.


Presents the data obtained from a study of the alterations and chemical composition of some of the vitreous tesserae in the mosaic depicting the Annunciation in the lunette above the Porta della Mandorla in the cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence (Italy). Made by the brothers Domenico and David Ghirlandaio, it is one of the finest examples of wall mosaics ever made; the central portion of the mosaic bears the date of 1490. The mosaic's tesserae, primarily of a glassy nature, presents a good state of conservation, except for the development of powdery, whitish materials of different consistencies on some of the black and green tesserae. These tesserae are irregularly distributed throughout the mosaic. These superficial phenomena are the result of the formation of different sulfates: potassium calcium sulfate (syngenite) was found on black tesserae, while anglesite (PbSO4) was found on tiles ranging from green to black. The black tesserae with syngenite are characterized by significant amounts of potassium, and all the tesserae with surface deposits of anglesite have high lead contents. The different nature of the patinas, as related to the chemical composition of the underlying tesserae, made it possible to select the appropriate restoration procedures. Manual removal of the powder with a brush proved sufficient for the tesserae with surface syngenite, whereas tests with micro-sandblasting technique were needed to remove all the anglesite. With a manual removal of the syngenite-based patina, the chromatic differences between altered and unaltered tesserae diminished but it was not sufficient to restore the original color and shine; in fact the cleaned tesserae have a grayish cast. Micro-sandblasting, on the other hand, totally removed the lead sulfate, restored the original colors and did not cause any micro-cracking in the tesserae. A three-year permanent monitoring station will make it possible to assess any further degradation. Different colored glassy tesserae (black, yellow, green, violet) have been analysed, and these analyses provided useful information concerning the techniques the artists used to make the mosaic. Gilded and burnished gilded tesserae were found near the classic glass and glass paste tiles.


Abstract As lesbian couples increasingly choose to have children, there are correspondingly more "other mothers," the woman in a lesbian couple whose parental status is jeopardized because she is neither the biological nor adoptive parent of the child. This article considers the remedy of second parent adoption through the eyes of the other mother. Her legal status is reviewed. Data from a qualitative study of lesbian-headed families are considered, including role ambivalence, how second parent adoption benefits the children, emotional jeopardy, barriers to second parent adoption, and the perceived benefits of second parent adoption. Finally, the usefulness of second parent adoption, as a tool for strengthening and legitimizing families, is discussed and readers are encouraged to support proliferation of this policy.


Centralized financial management in commercial banks effectively resolves such problems as scattered financial accounting subjects and insufficient supervision, and improve the accounting quality of financial information. However, the following hidden worries still exist: limited by management environment, the basic positioning of centralized finance and single accounting function fail to satisfy the development requirement of value management of commercial banks; financial information shows weak correlation to management accounting of commercial bank in the aspects of budget management and performance evaluation. The innovation of centralized finance should play the function of financial resource allocation through overall cost control. On the basis of reliable information, the relationship among financial information should be expanded. Focusing on management accounting, such as financial budget and performance evaluation, commercial banks should strengthen risk control and integrate centralized finance into work process of management accounting and internal control management. Furthermore, commercial banks should train financial personnel in turn and use centralized finance to cultivate reserved talents.


Finding medication treatment that improves sleep disturbances with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has challenged the field of psychopharmacology with debate regarding the desirable profile of effects on sleep physiology. Evidence for fragmentation of REM sleep during the earlier stages of PTSD drew our interest to the first marketed dual orexin antagonist, suvorexant, which has been suggested in some studies to enhance REM sleep. This property has also raised concerns regarding potential exacerbation of nightmares and REM sleep related parasomnias. Insomnia is a common sequela of trauma exposure and can occur with and without other PTSD symptoms. The objective of our study was to evaluate the tolerability and preliminary efficacy of suvorexant for trauma related insomnia in a double blind, placebo controlled trial.

 64 met initial inclusion criteria and 42 participants had evaluable results. 65% were female, and 66% African-American, mean age was 35yrs.All participants were screened by the Duke Sleep Disorders Interview to met criteria for insomnia that began or was exacerbated following a DSM5 Criterion A trauma. Approximately a third of the study group met criteria for either current PTSD, past (remitted PTSD), or no PTSD, and 56% reported histories of traumatic nightmares hat generally had diminished from their initial severity.

 Medication intolerance was infrequent with one participant in the med group reporting mild sedation that precluded a dose increase to 20mg, and another, moderate sedation with feelings of derealization that led to discontinuation. There was no evidence for emerging nightmare symptoms or REM-related parasomnias. Overall there was significant improvement in sleep and PTSD symptoms in both the placebo and med group and a modest rise in REM sleep in the med group that did not differentiate statistically from placebo.

 Our findings suggest that distressing trauma related insomnia can occur with and without PTSD and that suvorexant is well tolerated in this population. A larger and more symptomatic group is required to more definitively evaluate efficacy.

 supported by a grant from Merck (MISP 53678)


The traditional Behavior Selection Mechanism (BSM) has two problems: it can't be achieved autonomously under uncertainty conditions; its selection is absence of diversity under the same conditions. Being inspirited by the research achievements in emotion mechanism application to affective calculation and reinforcement learning, emotion is applied to BSM research to settle its problems. An emotion-affected mechanism is suggested. It is design-based totally; there are not the corresponding academic supports on it. Therefore, there exist three problems: the necessary elements, which it should have had, have not involved in; its architectures and emotion models are different; in addition, systematic analysis and comparisons have not been conducted among them. The suggestions are offered that the emotion-affected behavior selection mechanism should start off with mining the internal consistency among relevant research results of emotion in microeconomics, psychology, ethology, etc. Meanwhile, comparative research method will be meaningful.


In Egypt more than 85% of tanneries adopt chromium tanning process because of its processing speed, low cost, light color of leather and greater stability of resulting leather. In chromium tanning process 20 ‐ 40% of a pplied chromium is usually remain un-reacted and discharged directly into sewe rage system without treatment. Two local medium size tannery shops in Egypt were investigated. The chemical analysis of the spent chromium effluents indicated that chromium content ranged from 1300 ‐ 2500 mg cr 6+ /L, while NaCl concentration varies from 40000 to 50000 mg/L. Physical and chemical pretreatment of spent chromium Liquor was investigated on bench scale and published earlier in Part-1. RO me mbrane separation of chromium from pretreated solution on pilot plant scale exper iments were investigated in another work and published as Part-2. Based on results of p ilot plant and in order to achieve the local limits (<5 mgCr 6 /l) the "Two-Stage/Two-Pass RO System" was selected for this purpose, where the chemically pretreated chrom ium effluent will be directed to the RO membrane separation unit(s), and the resulted co ncentrate will be further concentrated via an additional RO membrane unit(s). The proposed design of the Two‐Stage/Two‐Pass RO membrane system and its performance was investigated as Part-3. The aim of the present work is to evaluate economic ally a full scale treatment and membrane recovery plant of 360m 3 /day capacity that capable to handle the chromium rich wastewater based on the experimental results o f the bench scale pretreatment and the low pressure RO recovery pilot plant. The Financial analyses of the treatment and Cr-reco very plant was investigated. The total fixed capital cost was estimated as US$ 1.821 million, while the annual operating cost amounts US$ 71 thousand. The cash flow analyses and the net present value of the project were carried out.


In 2005, the term Web 2.0 has been coined by Tim O'Reilly to describe a quickly growing set of Web-based applications that share a common philosophy of "mutually maximizing collective intelligence and added value for each participant by formalized and dynamic information sharing". Around this same period, OpenSearch a new Web 2.0 technology, was developed. More properly, OpenSearch is a collection of technologies that allow publishing of search results in a format suitable for syndication and aggregation. It is a way for websites and search engines to publish search results in a standard and accessible format. Due to its strong impact on the way the Web is perceived by users and also due its relevance for businesses, Web 2.0 has attracted the attention of both mass media and the scientific community. This explosive growth in popularity of Web 2.0 technologies like OpenSearch, and practical applications of Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) resulted in an increased interest in similarities, convergence, and a potential synergy of these two concepts. SOA is considered as the philosophy of encapsulating application logic in services with a uniformly defined interface and making these publicly available via discovery mechanisms. Service consumers may then retrieve these services, compose and use them according to their current needs. A great degree of similarity between SOA and Web 2.0 may be leading to a convergence between the two paradigms. They also expose divergent elements, such as the Web 2.0 support to the human interaction in opposition to the typical SOA machine-to-machine interaction.


Introduction: Perforated Appendicitis (PA) is a common surgical emergency and many a time presents atypically with diagnostic dilemma. This is common in the extremes of ages. Correct decision making for the diagnosis is vital and if not treated in time, it has devastating effects on the patient with increased morbidity and mortality.  Methods : 915 cases of Acute Appendicitis (AA) were treated in which 808 patients underwent emergency appendicectomy. PA with localized peritonitis(LP) was present in 71 patients; 54 patients underwent  open procedure  and  21 had  laparoscopic procedures. 30 and 4 patients had generalized peritonitis (GP) in open and laparoscopic procedures respectively. Results : Generalized Peritonitis (GP) was significant in young and old age, low literacy and delayed diagnosis/ treatment. GP is defined if two or more abdominal quadrants were involved.  Localized peritonitis was commoner in males, inadequate delayed treatment, patient delay and patients from the hills. The morbidity and mortality were higher in patients having GP.


A proposal is put forward to divide consumers into two classes, viz. those requiring a supply for 7 days a week and those requiring a supply for 6 days a week; and a method is shown for obtaining a separate fixed charge, on the Hopkinson principle, for each group. The advantages of dividing consumers as suggested are then considered, and an improved method of ascertaining the value of a coal clause is given. Proposals are put forward to add a fixed-charges clause, varying automatically with the price of coal, and to record the percentage of output to plant kilowatt-hours run, for statistical purposes.


A few months ago, the Australian Shareholders' Association conducted a survey of shareholder expectations for the reporting season. Overwhelmingly, they expected poor results.


In this paper, estimation of the coe¢ cients in a "single-index" regression model is considered under the assumption that the regression function is a smooth and strictly monotonic function of the index. The estimation method follows a "two-step" approach, where the …rst step uses a nonparametric regression estimator for the dependent variable, and the second step estimates the unknown index coe¢ cients (up to scale) by an eigenvector of a matrix de…ned in terms of this …rststep estimator. The paper gives conditions under which the proposed estimator is root-n-consistent and asymptotically normal. JEL Classi…cation: C24, C14, C13.


It is shown that by introducing the concept of a diffraction coefficient, borrowed from the geometrical theory of diffraction, and combining the results of first order boundary and volume diffraction it is possible to accurately describe the amplitudes of spurious waves.


The use of case-based learning (CBL) provides students with diverse experiences in the classroom, including problem-solving, knowledge co-construction, communication, and group collaboration. Through these activities, students can explore and develop new knowledge, and acquire relevant skills that have application both in the classroom and beyond. While the majority of studies support the use of CBL as an active learning technique that confers positive pedagogical outcomes, most commonly the investigations compare CBL to a lecture-based method of course delivery. To address this issue, we investigated the pedagogical impact of CBL as compared to a non-CBL "mixture" of other active learning activities in an undergraduate biochemistry course, thereby allowing for a more detailed consideration of the case-specific elements of CBL.  It was observed that use of CBL prevented the increase in surface approach to learning that occurred across the semester in the non-CBL group, and improved performance in the course, most notably at the knowledge level of Bloom's taxonomy. As well, there was an improvement in student perception of the appropriateness of the course workload. Overall, these findings support the use of CBL as a preferred active learning technique, and provide valuable insight into the outcomes associated with its use.


The intracluster medium (ICM) is a multiphase environment, dynamically regulated by active galactic nuclei (AGN), the motions of cluster galaxies, and mergers with other clusters or groups. AGN provide a central heating source capable of preventing runaway cooling flows and quenching star formation, but how they achieve this is still poorly understood. We investigate the effects of AGN feedback and mergers on the ICM using the high-resolution romulusc cosmological simulation of a 1014 M⊙ galaxy cluster. We demonstrate that AGN feedback regulates and quenches star formation in the brightest cluster galaxy gently, without any explosive episodes, and co-exists with a low entropy core with sub-Gyr cooling times. In contrast, the merger disrupts the ICM structure, heating the core and cutting off the supply of low-entropy, infalling gas that until then fuelled the AGN. We find that this removal of the low-entropy phase correlates with the ratio tcool / tff increasing above 30 in the core, matching observations that cooling gas is only found in clusters where this ratio is 5–30. Importantly, we find that evolution in the inner entropy profile and the ratio of cooling to free-fall time-scale are directly connected to the quenching of star formation in the BCG. This is in line with previous results from idealized simulations and confirmed here within a fully cosmological simulation for the first time.


The modeling capabilities of the Lagrangian Averaged Navier-Stokes-a equations (LANS-a) is investigated in statistically stationary three-dimensional homogeneous and isotropic turbulence. The predictive abilities of the LANS-a equations are analyzed by comparison with DNS data. Two different forcing techniques were implemented to model the energetics of the energy containing scales. The resolved flow is examined by comparison of the energy spectra of the LANS-a and the DNS computations; furthermore, the correlation between the vorticity and the eigenvectors of the rate of the resolved strain tensor is studied. We find that the LANS-a equations captures the gross features of the flow while the wave activity below a given scale a is filtered by the nonlinear dispersion.


The influence of carbonic anhydrase (CA) on the CO2 absorption rate and CO2 load in aqueous blends of the amino acid ionic liquid pentaethylenehexamine prolinate (PEHAp) and methyl diethanolamine (...


Most published papers on implementation aspects of automated reasoning systems cover only a small set of new techniques. Overview papers are rare, and usually describe the fixed state of a system at a given point in the development process. Moreover, they often have to trade depth for generality. This is particularly true for system descriptions, which often are relegated to second-class status and allowed only a few pages at many major conferences. In my talk, I will try to shed some lights into the practical aspects of building a complex high-performance theorem prover. I will give an overview on our equational theorem prover E [Sch02]. However, instead of giving a purely static view, I will describe the process that has resulted in a useful and resilient code base which has, up to now, survived at least three major changes without serious problems. I will also discuss some of the design decisions that later turned out to be wrong, and how they have either been fixed or still burden us. Finally, I will describe some of the engineering tricks and tools we use to make sure that our code remains stable, mostly bug free, and, most of all, maintainable. References [Sch02] S. Schulz. E – A Brainiac Theorem Prover. Journal of AI Communications, 15(2/3):111–126, 2002. This talk has been supported by the EU CALCULEMUS Human Potential Programme. ∗Currently visiting at the University of Edinburgh.


Controlling phosphorylation processes of proteins is a facile way for manipulating cell fates. Herein, a synergistic therapeutic strategy utilizing a near‐infrared (NIR)‐responsive nanocatalyst (NC) complex is presented, which is comprised of photoactive NC and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), to synergistically inhibit hyperphosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway for cancer therapy, as an example of many biological processes this approach can apply to. NIR‐triggered release of PP2A specially dephosphorylates and inactivates mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MAP2K, also known as MEK) and extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) in the MAPK pathway, meanwhile, the NIR‐triggered activation of NC decreases the level of intracellular adenosine triphosphate to attenuate protein phosphorylation of MEK and ERK. The synergistic therapeutics effectively suppress melanoma progression by inhibiting hyperphosphorylation of the MAPK pathway. In addition, the nanocatalyst complex reduces the risk of drug‐resistance through inhibiting a rebound of RAS‐GTP. The NIR‐responsive nanocatalyst complex paves a novel way for cancer therapeutics.


Using some simple mathematical knowledge under the octet rules,deriving a series of formulas.Those formulas can explain the components of some elementary substances and how various electronics of the atoms in compounds bonding.We can also deriving general formulas of some organic compounds,proving the existences of some compounds and their structures,and predicting the existences of some organic compounds by simple mathematical arithmetic.


To think an erotics of the literary art, the appeal to the body in the text, the tensor versus the semiotic sign, the denudation of the literary in the exposed body of DiadorimDeodorina, the sex of the turtle in D.H.Lawrence's poem, the relationship between poetry and muscle spasms, the sexual pleasure of literature, the passion for poems, and the desire to move to the beyond space of fiction.


UMTA, through Transportation Systems Center, has sponsored development of universal concrete cross ties for North American transit track. Design, preparation of preliminary specification and laboratory testing extended from 1975 through 1979. Two types, a monoblock and a two-block design, were developed which could be used with any of three fastener systems. Field testing was delayed when it was found U.S. transit track specifications would not accommodate the "standard" ties and possible alterations are being studied.


The invention relates to a pesticide atomization spray device and application thereof. The pesticide atomization spray device comprises a cylindrical spray head, wherein a plurality of air inlet pipes are arranged in the spray head in a penetrating mode, the air inlet pipes are identical in size and maintain the same distance to the circle center of the spray head, a water inlet pipe is arrange at the middle position of the spray head, and the air inlet pipes and the water inlet pipe are gathered at the water spray position of the top end of the spray head. Sixty percent of pesticides are saved from the source, and the pesticide atomization spray device has the advantages of being large in spray range, capable of saving the pesticides and convenient to use.


Comparisons of the lidar-derived profiles of the atmospheric structure properties (density and temperature) with the standard meteorological rocket profiles have been made. Seventeen flights of meteorological rockets, using both datasonde and passive falling sphere payloads, provide the first study to compare and evaluate the lidar measurements simultaneously with rocket measurements. The measurements were made at Poker Flat Research Range, Alaska, during the period February through April 1986. The molecular backscatter lidar signal from a Nd:YAG laser has been used in regions of the atmosphere where molecular scattering dominates to determine profiles of the relative atmospheric density. By comparison with radiosonde balloon measurements in the region where the scattering is purely molecular-- typically the 27 to 30 km altitude region--the density profile can be placed on an absolute scale. The temperature profiles have been determined directly from integration of the relative density profile, using the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium. While the backscatter signals from the region of the atmosphere above 25 km are usually representative of the molecular density, the lidar was developed using a two-color approach to provide added discrimination against particle scatter. By using two wavelengths, 532 and 355 nm, the region where the molecular scattering results are expected to be valid can be discerned. The results show the present capability of the lidar remote sensing technique for measurements of the structure properties of the atmosphere. The results point out the directions for the design of a lidar sounder that can be used as an operational sounder to replace the meteorological rocket and balloon techniques in the future.


Background: Sepsis is a preventable cause of morbidity and mortality. Sepsis causes approximately 1 million new-born deaths annually. The global prevalence of maternal sepsis is 4.4% causing more than 5.7 million cases and one tenth of maternal deaths annually. Skin preparation, shaving and wound closure were some factors involved in surgical site infections. But the technique of wearing gloves in a sterile way has not received enough attention. Hence this cross sectional observational study was undertaken to assess the awareness and proficiency in this technique among the residents.Methods: 104 post graduate students from the departments of General Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Paediatrics and Anaesthesiology from two medical colleges were administered a questionnaire and also were observed one at a time with a checklist in an OSCE station. Study was conducted in several sessions over a period of 2 months.Results: None of them were formally taught this technique. 36 (34.56%) were informally taught by seniors. 7 (6.72%) tore the glove while wearing. 39 (37.44%) put two fingers in one finger space. 42 (40.32%) touched bare skin with gloved hands while wearing. 54 (51.84%) touched bare skin with used surface of the glove while removing.Conclusions: Awareness about technique and skill of donning sterile gloves among residents of various specialities are not satisfactory. It is recommended to teach this skill as soon as the students enter medical school in a strict and formal way and monitor their proficiency throughout their training period.


Objective To explore an effective method of rectifying the nasal tip deformity of hooked nose. Methods We treated 18 cases of nasal tip deformity of hooked nose with the method of guided suture under tissue. An out-fix of hooked gallus drafted the nasal tip rotated up for 10 days. Results After following up for 14~36 months, all pateients were satisfied with new nasal tip contour except one case with a slight inflammation by a penetrated suture through nasal mucous membrane, and the inflammation was cured itself by takeing out stitches at 3 weeks postoperatively. Conclusion The technical of guided suture under tissue is an ideal operative method for rectifying nasal tip deformity of hooked nose, and it is deserved to popularize.


Evaluation of: Craft S, Baker LD, Montine TJ et al. Intranasal insulin therapy for Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a pilot clinical trial. Arch. Neurol. 69(1), 29–38 (2011). Alzheimer's disease is associated with brain insulin deficiency and insulin resistance, similar to the problems in diabetes. If insulin could be supplied to the brain in the early stages of Alzheimer's, subsequent neurodegeneration might be prevented. Administering systemic insulin to elderly nondiabetics poses unacceptable risks of inadvertant hypoglycemia. However, intranasal delivery directs the insulin into the brain, avoiding systemic side effects. This pilot study demonstrates both efficacy and safety of using intranasal insulin to treat early Alzheimer's and mild cognitive impairment (i.e., the precursor to Alzheimer's). Significant improvements in learning, memory and cognition occurred within a few months, but without intranasal insulin, brain function continued to deteriorate in measurable degrees...


Water soluble, sized-salt fluid technology has been applied in two extended-reach horizontal drilling projects recently completed by Standard Alaska Production Co. in the Prudhoe Bay field. The horizontal drilling required a fluid that minimized torque and drag. Since the wells were slotted liner completions without perforations or stimulation, a formation compatible fluid was needed. Clean Bridge, a sized-salt system, was selected after being tested for lubricity, rheology, filtrate control, and return permeability. Initial test results have shown increased rates of production at lower drawdown pressures. Clean Bridge is a patented blend of polymers and specially treated, sized NaCl salt which is added to a 10.0-lb/gal NaCl brine. All additives are water and acid soluble. The low permeability filter cake is thin and slick. It completely and rapidly dissolves when contacted by water or undersaturated brine. Diesel can be added, up to 30% by volume, to reduce hydrostatic pressure, adjust rheology, and improve filtrate control. The two wells, JX-2 and B-30, were horizontally drilled and completed 1,500 ft into the Sadlerochit formation. Both wells followed similar drilling techniques. After cementing 9 5/8-in. casing, the freshwater gel system was displaced by the sized-salt system. After drilling 8 1/2-in. horizontal holes to totalmore » depth, a 7-in. intermediate liner was cemented across the gas cap in both wells. The horizontal production sections were completed with 4 1/2-in. slotted liners.« less


Aim: Caffeine, especially in the form of coffee, are widely consumed among athletes to increase performance. Its effects on aerobic exercise is well-established, yet reports in strength and muscular endurance performance is equivocal. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of acute low dose (3 mg/kg) of caffeinated coffee ingestion on upper-lower body strength and muscular endurance performance in moderately strength trained men aged between 18-26 years. Methods: 14 moderately resistance-trained men (mean ± SD: weight82.64 ± 9.92, height-181.00 ± 7.68, body fat percentage15.25 ± 5.43) performed lower-upper body 1RM and %60 1RM to failure test protocol on 2 occasions ingesting 0.09 gr/kg caffeinated coffee (COF) or 0.09 gr/kg decaffeinated coffee (PLA). Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at different time points during test protocol. Results: There were no statistical differences in upper body strength (p=0.281), muscular endurance (p=0.727) and lower body strength (p=0.414) performance between COF and PLA trials. COF trial showed a trend for increased lower body muscular endurance performance by 8.8% compared to the PLA (p = 0.057). No significant differences were observed in HR, BP and RPE between trials (p>0.05). Conclusion: Ingestion of acute low dose of caffeinated coffee may increase lower body muscular endurance performance on moderately strength trained athletes. The lack of statistical significance in lower body muscular endurance performance may be related to the ingesting low dose of caffeine, training status and high level of habitual caffeine consumption of the participants'


Shift radix systems have been introduced by Akiyama et al. as a common generalization of β-expansions and canonical number systems. In the present paper we study a variant of them, so-called symmetric shift radix systems which were introduced recently by Akiyama and Scheicher. In particular, for d ∈ N and r ∈ R let (a = (a1, . . . , ad)) τr : Z d → Z, a 7→ (


Allergic reactions to latex a soft impermeable thin material in condoms gloves and balloons are uncommon and vary in severity but can happen to anybody. Clinical manifestations of latex allergy differ according to type. The more common rashes are classified under Type IV and occur 12-36 hours after exposure at the point of contact or in other areas of the body and are reactions to chemicals used in processing the latex. Type I reactions on the other hand can kill. They are triggered by an antibody reaction throughout the body and can happen in minutes with itching swelling hives sneezing and anaphylaxis that can lead to loss of blood pressure. Reports of Type IV reactions increased through the 1980s. By 1997 1700 cases of severe allergic reactions were reported. People at most risk for this type of allergy include medical workers persons working in the rubber industry and others who are using latex equipment. Although condoms contain less latex and the length of exposure to it is generally less than that of health workers wearing gloves those who regularly use latex condoms should be aware of any allergic symptoms after coitus such as localized swelling flushing hives or difficulty in breathing.


This increase in input per unit area due to the strengthening of energy design standards appears to accelerate the growth of insulation market. Therefore, in Korea, the construction of low radiation thin film composite insulation has been increasing in order to improve the thermal resistance of the air cavity and to reduce the thickness of the insulation. As building energy-saving designs become more popular in Korea (notification of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport), test reports of insulation tests on windows and walls must be approved for new construction. However, it is difficult to measure the thermal insulation performance of low-emissivity insulation only, and the insulation performance of low-emissivity insulation only is not satisfied because it does not satisfy the indices required for thermal insulation performance such as the energy performance index of the energy saving plan. Therefore, in order to derive reference data of low emissivity insulation, this study analyzed and measured the change of insulation performance according to the design factor of low emissivity insulation wall through numerical analysis and model test.


Anomaly detection has been widely studied in previous studies during recent decades; however, there are still some challenges for high-frequency sensing data. The most challenging task is to deal with a large volume of data in an extremely short time. In previous studies, it has been proved that converting the data into pictures can improve the speed of anomaly detection. However, the training of the image recognition algorithms, such as deep learning models, still needs a long time. Fortunately, the fine-tuned convolutional neural networks (CNNs) give us opportunities to detect anomalies in high-frequency data quickly. Thus, a four-stage model is proposed for anomaly detection in high-frequency data. Using a real-world dataset, one designed CNN, four widely used fine-tuned CNN, and two popular machine learning methods are compared by the confusion matrix. Moreover, three ensemble methods are proposed to improve the accuracy of the detection. The results show that the majority of voters can improve the overall accuracy by 2.09%. Significantly, the accuracy of minor and outlier classes can be increased by ensemble learning which is a challenge in practice.


This paper presents numerical simulation results for a half-scale geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) bridge abutment test specimen under static loading using the finite difference program FLAC3D. The backfill soil was characterized using a nonlinear elasto-plastic constitutive model that incorporates a hyperbolic stress-strain relationship and the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. Geogrid reinforcement was characterized using linearly elastic elements with orthotropic behavior. Various interfaces were included to simulate the interaction between different components. The 3D numerical model was validated using deformation measurements from different instrumented sections in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Simulation results, including facing displacements and bridge seat settlements are in reasonable agreement with measured data at the end of construction. Results of this study confirm the capability of this 3D numerical model for static analysis of the multi-directional deformation response of GRS bridge abutments.


Conductivity (dc) measurements over the temperature range 273≤T≤360 K of aqueous solutions of NaCl at various concentrations were made and used to establish transport properties of ions in solution. The dynamical properties of the electrolytes were used to establish the nature of the hydrogen bonding in these aqueous systems. Rate equations for ion formation and recombination were used to establish the temperature ranges in which hydrogen bonding dominated in forming polymeric species. Experimental data obtained on the aqueous systems demonstrate that over the range of temperatures 273≤T≤323 K the water system maintains a structure which appears to be independent of solute concentration. This is evidenced by the nearly constant slope in the Arrhenius plot of the data over that range. For the higher range of temperatures, 323≤T≤360 K, the slope of the Arrhenius plot varied more than one order of magnitude for the concentration levels studied. An average value of hydrogen bond energy of 2.8 kcal mol−1 was o...


ABSTRACT People accept conclusions of valid conditional inferences (e.g., if p then q, p therefore q) less, the more disablers (circumstances that prevent q to happen although p is true) exist. We investigated whether rules that through their phrasing exclude disablers evoke higher acceptance ratings than rules that do not exclude disablers. In three experiments we re-phrased content-rich conditionals from the literature as either universal or existential rules and embedded these rules in Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens inferences. In Experiments 2 and 3, we also used abstract rules. The acceptance of conclusions increased when the rule was phrased with "all" instead of "some" and the number of disablers had a higher impact on existential rules than on universal rules. Further, the effect of quantifier was more pronounced for abstract rules and when tested within subjects. We discuss the relevance of phrasing, quantifiers and knowledge on reasoning.


SummaryThe germination of seeds of papaya and other species was drastically inhibited by the arils of papaya seeds. Seed extracts contained growth-regulating substances, including a gibberellin-like substance, two cytokinin-like substances and both acidic and neutral inhibitors. The reaction of the inhibitors with FeCl3 solution suggests that these substances are possibly of a phenolic nature.


Ischaemic preconditioning is a phenomenon where prior minor ischaemic events allows organs to better withstand further episodes of ischaemia. Preconditioning downgrades the effects of ischaemia from necrosis to apoptosis to cell survival. It occurs in a wide variety of tissues, but it is most widely studied in the heart, and it occurs after a range of stimuli including hypoxia and the use of volatile anaesthetic agents. In this article, we look at the basic science, mechanisms, and potential uses of preconditioning.


The present invention provides a X-ray computer tomographic apparatus and a scan plan setting supporting apparatus. In an X-ray computer tomographic apparatus according to an embodiment, an image processing unit generates a projection image and a sectional image based on projection data generated from output of an X-ray detector. When at least one end of a scan range of second scan is set on part of a projection image generated based on projection data acquired through first scan by the image processing unit, a scan plan processing unit displays a sectional image corresponding to at least one end of the scan range among sectional images generated based on projection data acquired through the first scan by the image processing unit.


"The Bone Trail" is an exciting education project which was piloted in 2006. It was funded jointly by the British Society for the History of Science, Bolton Local Authority Secondary Strategy, and the Manchester Museum. Ateam of three educators - one academic historian of science (the author), and two science teachers (Peter Fowler and Alison Henning) - designed two full days of activities for Year 9 students on the history of comparative anatomy, geology, and palaeontology.


Broadcast Television has been and still is the basic and the most popular means of television entertainment in Nigeria. In Nigeria today, there is an increasing number of television networks, e.g: AIT, NTA, Channels, BCOS, e.t.c, however, because of the frequencies allotted to these networks, the signals can only be received in a limited geographical area corresponding to the transmitting strength of their antennas. People living in remote locations solve these reception problems by putting antennas in high places and running cables to their houses.


The force performance tests of 6 specimens of concrete-filled rectangular steel tube(CFRST) K-joints and 1 specimen of hollow rectangular steel tube(HRST) K-joints were carried out,compared with Packer's experimental results,the failure mode of CFRST K-joints and influences on joints performance of joint gap were analyzed contrasting with HRST joints results.The method to differentiate K-joint or Y-joint of CFRST was provided.The experimental results show that yield-line failure mode of CFRST K-joints is not found,and the ultimate bearing capacity of CFRST joints are improved.Like the HRST joints,the failure mode of tension branch is punching failure mode or the effective width failure mode.If the bearing capacity of compressive branch is enough,the failure mode of compressive branch is local transverse compression failure mode of chord.When the ratio of width and thickness of CFRST K-joints is large,the influences of joint gap for bearing capacity can be ignored,while the ratio of width and thickness is small and joint gap is large,the influences of joint gap on K-joints ultimate bearing capacity should be considered.


In this paper, we propose a new framework for scalable media object to adapt the various QoS requirements in the heterogeneous networking environment. An MPEG-2 video is split into a set of scalable media objects in terms of temporal scaling and fidelity scaling. The portion of the scalable media objects is selectively delivered to adapt the QoS requirement. This framework can satisfy the various QoS requirements on bandwidth, even though the clients share a multipoint channel. By analysis on the rate-distortion characteristics of scalable media object framework, we shows our approach is feasible to support the various QoS requirements.


e11093 Background: The standard treatment for HER2-positive breast cancer patients is trastuzumab, which improves disease-free survival when used in the adjuvant setting, in combination or followin...


1. Five prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, indomethacin, diclofenac, mefenamic acid, ibufen and paracetamol, were found to inhibit the antinociceptive action of morphine without affecting the antinociceptive response of an equi‐analgesic dose of prostaglandin E1


Transient heat transfer analysis is conducted to investigate high temperature energy storage using encapsulated phase change materials (EPCMs) for concentrated solar power applications. The phase change material considered is the eutectic mixture of NaCl-MgCl2 (57 mole% NaCl and 43 mole% MgCl2) encapsulated by stainless steel in a cylindrical shaped capsule (or tube). Energy storage into EPCM and energy retrieval from EPCM is simulated for various flow conditions of the heat transfer fluid. Heat storage/retrieval times are determined from numerical simulations for various sizes of capsules and flow conditions by an accurate modeling of propagating solid/liquid interface. Numerical simulations are conducted by employing a front tracking method and the enthalpy–porosity approach. A two-dimensional horizontally placed cylindrical shaped EPCM capsule is considered in simulations using gas (air) and liquid (VP1-Therminol) as heat transfer fluids. The results predicted by the front tracking method agree well with those predicted by the enthalpy–porosity method. It is illustrated by the present work that enthalpy–porosity method can be employed to simulate the modeling at the single capsule level and system level. System level storage unit is a thermocline that includes an arrangement of several EPCMs.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


The absolute laser conversion efficiency to Kα-like inner shell x-rays (integrated from Kα to Kβ) is observed to be an order of magnitude higher in argon gas jets than in solid targets due to enhanced emission from higher ionization stages following ultra short pulse laser irradiation. Excluding the higher ionization stages, the conversion efficiency to near-cold Kα is the same in gas jets as in solid targets. These results demonstrate that gas jet targets are bright, high conversion efficiency, high repetition rate, debris-free multi-keV x-ray sources for spectrally resolved scattering and backlighting of rapidly evolving dense matter. UCRL-JRNL-236359


Personalized development has been brought into the undergraduate talent training program by more and more universities. Taking Southwest Petroleum University as an example, this paper deeply analyses the current situation and effect of personalized curriculum learning of college students, explores the influencing factors of personalized curriculum, and puts forward improvement measures from two aspects of personalized curriculum selection and learning effect of personalized curriculum, with a view to improving university management. The management of personalized courses can better achieve the goal of personalized training of undergraduate student. Keywords—undergraduates; personalized curriculum; talent cultivation


The full anisotropic scattering solutions of the radiative equation of transfer are compared with the scaled isotropic scattering solutions. Square enclosures with a collimated incidence, a diffuse incidence, or an isothermal emission are considered for comparison. The isotropic scaling approximation is found to predict accurately the radiative flux and the average incident radiation for the isothermal emission problem and for most diffuse incidence problems. For the collimated incidence problem, the isotropic scaling solutions are acceptable only for weakly scattering media. For large scattering albedo the error in the isotropic scaling is appreciable for the diffuse incidence problem and unacceptably large for the collimated incidence problem. The largest error in the y-direction net flux is found at the side wall regions when the medium is purely scattering. The isothermal emission problem or problems with symmetric boundary conditions can be accurately modeled by a scaled isotropic phase function, since the effect of the phase function anisotropy is negligible in such problems.


Pressure sore is an important complication in clinical nursing.For many years,the domestic and foreign nursing professors have conducted the research and exploration.This article elaborated the new taxonomic approach for pressure sores,In China and the US,the new nursing regulations of pressure sores,and proposed the effective plans for pressure sores.So as to provide some references for clinical nursing workers to prevention and to take nursing intervention measures.


The activity of trypanothione reductase in Leishmania amazonensis was evaluated and it was demonstrated that TR is expressed in the soluble fractions of infective promastigotes and amastigotes, while non-infective promastigotes expressed the enzyme at basal levels. This data allows an association of enzyme activity and the infective capacity of the parasite. We have also previously demonstrated that amidine compounds (N, N′-diphenyl-4-methoxy-benzamidine and pentamidine) were active against this parasite. Here, experiments concerning the effect of these compounds on TR activity, showed that both compounds significantly inhibited the enzyme. However, against glutathione reductase, only pentamidine showed a significant inhibitory action, suggesting an association with the toxic effects of this drug used in the clinic for the treatment of leishmaniasis.


When a class or a routine are designed and implemented, they are *always* attached with a contract (expected behavior). A real "sqrt" routine is only meaningful (in R) for real non−negative arguments. In that case it ensures that the squared result is "equal" (within same precision range, of course) to the argument. DbC simply allows those contracts to became explicit, visible, and part its interface (which − in Eiffel − cannot be bypassed in subtypes because they are inherited). Re: Comparing design by contract with defensive development


Fourier's law of heat conduction has been applied in solving conduction problems encountered in practice. This law predicts instantaneous heat diffusion with infinite propagation speed. Some recent experiments show the reflections of thermal waves at the interface of dissimilar materials at cryogenic temperature. In situations involving transient heat flow in very short time or at cryogenic temperature, the effects of finite speed of heat propagation become important. The thermal wave characteristics of damping and resonance are derived from the thermal wave equation through both modified heat flux equation and energy conservation law. The thermal resonance and phase lags of heat flux in a finite medium with thermal relaxation time are studied in this work by Finite Fourier transform with respect to space. As the result of the transformation with respect to space, the resonance and phase lags on underdamped condition are found when the modal frequencies in the medium exceed a critical value. The relationship between the modal frequencies and the resonance frequencies is obtained.


The congenital melanocytic nevi which are formed by the overgrowth of melanocytes occur in about 1% of the newborns. Giant Congenital Melanocytic Nevi (GCMN) which are of sizes larger than 20 cm diameter are rare and they occur in 1/500,000 newborns. Primary diagnosis of congenital giant nevus is clinical. Here, we report a case of full-term infant born with extensive black patch having smooth surfaces, irregular margins, and covering 45% of the skin surface.


In this study we investigated the adequacy of tools for distinction gifted students through the comparison these mutual relation on the basis of data, like paper test, the depths interview score, and the rest data((TTCT: Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, IQ test, FASP: Find A Shape Puzzle, V.T: Visualization Tests and Exp: experimental ability test), and analysis data of EEG test for examining the adequacy of tools for identification gifted students. So, we developed Brain Wave gifted Index(G-Index) for finding another distinction ability as using brain waves data. The standard of index development use gifted brain characteristic in closed-eyes rest state which is judged like that characteristic of distinction between gifted and normal students is the most clear and consistence. That is, the degree of unified pattern between each object and gifted PCA pattern was defined by Pearson method which added spatial mutual index to weight concept. This refer to mean number of spatial PCA pattern. Searching for the possibility of distinction gifted gave distinction effect in 76%. The result of regression analysis on the basis of mutual relation between the rest data is . The probability formula for distinct gifted group is as follow. The result of this calculation showed that probability for distinct in gifted group was very good(95.0%). On the basis of upper result, tools for identification gifted students should be estimated as using many-sided estimation data whatever possible. And following study about development, and operation of tools for distinction suitable to gifted student in science should be progressed.


The use of saline for rice cultivation needs to be support bytolerant rice varieties in saline land. The rice variety can be obtained through plant breeding programs, one of which is by physical mutation methods using gamma rays.. Physical mutation is random mutation, so we need to do selection after that treatment. Selection to get rice mutants that are tolerant of salinity stress can be done by planting on culture media that have been modified witt addition of NaCl.The perpose of this research is to examine the effect of gamma rays irradiation doses on rice callus induction and its tolerance level in saline media. This research used 2 designs, a monofactor complete randomize design at callus induction stage with a faktor in the form of gamma rays irradiation doses (0, 100, and 200 Gy) and factorial complete randomize designat the regeneration stage with a factor in form of gamma rays irradiation doses (0, 100 and 200 Gy) and the second factor is NaCl concentration (0 and 50 mM). The steps of this research were irradiation of Ciherang variety rice seed, making media for tissue culture, sterilization of rice seed explants, initiation of explants in callus induction media, subculture to regenerated media that had been modified with the addition of NaCl according to treatment, and then observation. The results showed that gamma rays irradiation could inhibit the growth of callus diameter and reduce the grofth of callus from explants of ciherang variety. All callus subcultured into regeneration media are unable to formbuds and turn black or die. Keywords: Salinity Stress, Irradiation and Rice


This study examines ground and sea clutter from three different FM-based passive bistatic radars (PBRs). Measurement data has been obtained for low-grazing angles. The PBRs used to collect the displayed data, with all their relevant parameters, are defined and clutter analysis procedures are described. This work, based on measured data, yields valuable insight into the nature of VHF bistatic clutter.


This study demonstrates that when an individual encounters a product ‐ related problem, fellow consumers (i.e., one ' s peers) have a unique advantage in providing social support to the affected consumer. Specifically, we find that social support can be a dominant driver of consumer satisfaction when the risk of customer defection is at its highest (i.e., following an unsuccessful attempt to solve the consumer ' s problem). Using real ‐ world data from an online support community, a pilot study finds that if the problem that a consumer faces goes unsolved, satisfaction is greater when consumers receive peer ‐ provided versus firm ‐ provided support. Study 1 replicates this finding in a controlled experiment that realistically simulates an actual customer support incident in real ‐ time. Study 2 identifies social support as the mechanism that underlies this effect and investigates whether firm employees can take steps to appear more customer ‐ like and thereby replicate the advantage of peer ‐ provided support. Finally, Study 3 reveals an alternative strategy (i.e., utilizing multiple employees) that firms can use to enhance social support and provides evidence that peer ‐ provided support not only enhances satisfaction but also positively influences consumers ' behavioral intentions.


In the paper we establish the general solution of the function equation f(2x+y)+f(2x-y) = f(x+y)+f(x-y)+2f(2x)-2f(x) and investigate the Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability of this equation in 2-Banach spaces.


What effect did Patriot have on casualties during the Gulf War? Here we show that the publicly available data do not support claims that Patriot played a significant role in preventing casualties or damage to buildings in Israel. (We focus on Israel because rela tively little data are available from Saudi Arabia.) Why, then, were casualties so low in Israel? To answer this question, we review the effects of previous ballistic-missile attacks on cities and discuss various factors that may account for the lower casualty rate in Israel.


SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTThis paper examines the effect of differencing and smoothing operations on time series. It is demonstrated that in some cases these operations induce parameters which are unrelated to the structure of the process generating the data. Detrending and frequency analysis are suggested as useful steps in developing and interpreting time series models. Two cases are discussed.


Successful conservation depends as much on people working together as it does on sound science and good governance. Research on cooperation in businesses, economics, psychology, and natural resource management has identified shared social and social‐ecological dynamics, reviewed and categorized in this article that can create unwanted surprises and problems for conservation efforts. Cooperation may fail when: (1) individual and group benefits are in conflict (social dilemmas) or (2) social‐ecological systems become caught in problem‐causing and problem‐enhancing feedbacks (SES traps). Knowing about and recognizing these dynamics can help decision makers to understand and change key elements of problems and learn from the experiences of others. Social dilemmas have winners and losers, and involve give‐some or take‐some choices; SES traps are lose‐lose situations. Solutions to problems of cooperation in conservation contexts involve identifying the conservation objective and context, diagnosing systemic social dilemmas and SES traps, and developing practical solutions that work with group processes and individuals toward shared and positively reinforcing goals, goal structures, and expectations. Research on cooperation in conservation has largely ignored problems of scale, scaling, and group heterogeneity. The field would benefit from a shift from a probabilistic, empirical approach to a stronger theory‐driven, mechanistic, and more diagnostic approach.


Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) play a vital role in the increasingly networked world where it has many applications in plenty of important fields including military sector, business applications, social networks such as Vehicular Networks (VANETs), and other intelligent systems. Because of the dynamic nature of mobile ad-hoc networks, they are more tent to be objected to the various malicious attacks. Over the recent past decades, a certain amount of researches has been done to increase reliable and trustworthy communications in a MANET environment. Over the proposed solutions, Machine learning applications have significant results. Hence based on those, a critical analysis of existing machine learning-based trust approaches for mobile ad-hoc networks are presented here. The focus of this survey is to classify and evaluate the existing trust mechanisms and to provide guidance for future research work in the area.


The paper compares two hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) schemes using incremental redundancy (IR) which have been proposed for the UMTS (W-CDMA) high speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH). Their relative throughput performance is reported for various channel conditions. It is shown that the two-stage rate-matching scheme has marginally worse performance compared to the alternative block interleaving scheme for certain coding rates and under some channel conditions.


Elicitation,as is used in this paper,is a unit of analysis in the exchange structure theory,which was originally developed to analyze classroom conversation.By focusing on the patterns and nature of teachers' elicitation in college English classroom teaching,the paper aims to analyze how teachers conduct their classroom teaching and how that may affect the efficiency of classroom instruction,since the nature of elicitation is very important in facilitating or hindering learning.


Medical Technology (MedTech) can be defined as the application of science to develop solutions to health problems. It also includes devices, processes and existing systems in the healthcare ecosystem. Biodesign process is the tried and tested methodology of identifying the unmet clinical needs and solving the problems of the healthcare ecosystem by applying science and technology. Hence, biodesign process is nothing but a process of developing systematic MedTech Innovations. Just like there is clinical research for disease and all its aspects like etiology, management etc, the systematic process of identifying problems and finding solutions in healthcare ecosystem is termed biodesign process. The starting point in this whole process is to define the right problem, figuring out all the possible solutions, zeroing on to the right solution and see that it solves the problem efficiently. But ultimately, did that solve the problem? At the first instance, was there a problem at all? These are the questions that arise during the course and biodesign process has the answers to all these questions. This process allows the innovator to ask the right questions and find the right answers in the best possible way, so that any of the time and effort of the team are not futile. The biodesign process established by the Stanford biodesign program gave the basic understanding of the process, which was modified to the Indian healthcare ecosystem to identify relevant problems and innovate suitable solutions.

Multidisciplinary teams went through clinical immersions, figured out various crucial needs, validated their understanding with subject experts, brainstormed about the new strategies/solutions/ approaches, and then did the prototyping of these solutions.

71 detailed observations made overall of which 52 critical and unmet clinical problem statements with significant negative impact on patient outcome were obtained.

A structured biodesign process with active role of the clinician at every stage gives better insights into the unmet clinical needs in the healthcare ecosystem.


Feedforward neural network models may be viewed as approximating nonlinear functions connecting inputs to outputs. We analyzed the mechanism of function approximations underlying learning of first and second person pronouns by the cascade correlation (CC) network. The CC network dynamically grows nets to approximate increasingly more complicated functions. It starts as a net without hidden units, but as soon as it "perceives" that it can no longer improve its performance within the limit of current net topology, it automatically recruits a new hidden unit. This process is repeated until a satisfactory degree of function approximation is achieved. Learning of the shifting reference of pronouns can be regarded as a special kind of nonlinear function learning, where the function to be learned stipulates me if the speaker and the referent agree, and you if the addressee and the referent agree. We investigated how this function is approximated by the CC network using graphic techniques.


Epidemiological as well as interventional studies have proven a significant link between the lipoprotein profile and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. As physical activity is accepted as an important factor in improving physical fitness and lipoprotein metabolism, there is evidence that physically active men have a lower cardiovascular risk as a benefit of their higher metabolic fitness. Physical activity and physical fitness are generally linked to higher physical fitness and lower LDL cholesterol as well as lower triglycerides accompanied by a favorable body composition. Both in healthy men as well as in patients, the impact of fitness and training is often more impressive when lipoprotein subclasses, particularly HDL 2 and LDL6 cholesterol levels, are taken into account. These observations indicate that the preventive and therapeutic use of physical activity is of particular significance in populations with dyslipoproteinemia and reduced daily activities. Furthermore, to optimize the therapeutic benefit of physical activity and lifestyle programs, increased attention should be paid to characterizing and motivating subgroups that will particularly profit by exercise intervention and lifestyle changes.


A new chapter in the medical detective story about neoplastic disease following irradiation in childhood is presented by Doctors Saenger, Silverman, Sterling, and Turner in this issue of Radiology. It is an important contribution to our knowledge of radiation effects, made through skillful use of the research methods of epidemiology. Some of the findings might have been predicted from previous work: the greatly increased incidence of thyroid cancer in the irradiated children, for example. On the other hand, the increased leukemia incidence which some investigators have observed after irradiation was not found. The irradiated children had a distinctly higher percentage of disabling diseases in general than their siblings but, most surprisingly, a substantially lower total mortality than either siblings or the general population. This is a highly provocative study, and the thoughtful, scholarly, and sophisticated discussion given by the authors is as valuable as are the data they present. The problems remai...


The theoretical analysis of bit error ratio (BER) of the bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) system depends on the probability density function (p.d.f) of log-likelihood ratios (L-values). However, the p.d.f of L-values do not have an analytic form for the fiber channels with nonlinear phase noise. In order to solve this problem, we introduce two estimators for the cumulant generating function (CGF) and its derivatives in this paper. The first estimator is directly from its definition. The second estimator is based on k-statistics. We conduct the numerical simulations to evaluate the performance of these two estimators. The numerical results show that, for matched decoding metric, the first estimator is consistent with the simulation results from low to high signal-to-noise (SNR) region whereas the second estimator is only valid from low to middle SNR region. For mismatched decoding metric, the saddlepoint deviates the expectation value of 0.5 and leads to unreliable results. With these estimators, the performance of a BICM system for fiber optic channels can be quickly evaluated without the implementation of coder and decoder.


Agreeing to the Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Forecast by IDTechEx, the development of the piezoelectric industry is reckoned from $145 million in 2018 to $667 million in 2022. This clearly indicates the escalation of interest of the renewable energy market in piezoelectric since its discovery in 1880. Inspired by the growing demand and unique ability of a piezoelectric energy to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, the authors present an efficient model of a piezoelectric energy harvester in this technical paper. The proposed harvester is capable of producing electricity by converting dynamic fluid flow pressure of waste water into electrical energy using piezoelectric patches made from PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate). The patches are attached inside the pipes via a mesh and utilizes the flow of segregated waste water flow from households, factories, etc. to produce feasible electricity to power small scale electronic devices. The authors have established the feasibility studies, system engineering experimentations and gathered experimental results confirming the idea and motivation to fabricate and test the actual product.


This paper studies hydrodynamic and heat transfer performance of Al 2 O 3 /H 2 O nanofluid flowing through a Bessel-like converging pipe in laminar flow regime using the computational fluid dynamic approach. A parametric study was carried out on the effect of Reynolds number (300– 1200), convergence index (0-3) and nanoparticle concentration (0–3%) on the both hydrodynamic and thermal fields. The results showed the pressure drop profile along the axial length of the converging pipes is parabolic compared to the downward straight profile obtained in a straight pipe. Furthermore, an increase in convergence index, Reynolds number and nanoparticle concentration were found to enhance convective heat transfer performance. Also, a new empirical model was developed to estimates the average Nusselt number as a function of aforementioned variables. Finally, the result of the thermohydraulic performance evaluation criterion showed that the usage of Bessel-like converging pipes is advantageous at a low Reynolds number.


Introduction: A child is someone between the ages of 6 and 12 who is ready for school. Children who do not know as much as they should about their teeth and oral health will likely exhibit poor habits when it comes to taking care of their teeth. As a result, they will be more likely to develop dental caries, which can hinder their growth and development. In Indonesia, the prevalence of caries cases is 88.8 percent, and the prevalence of root caries is 56.6%
Objective: The purpose of this health counseling is to provide understanding and knowledge about dental health to students at SDN 2 Winduraja, Winduraja Village, Kawali District.
Method: This activity used a counselling approach which is carried out by showing a video then reviewing the material again and respondents are given time to ask questions as an evaluation process of the activity.
Result: Implementation of this health counseling to students of SDN 2 Winduraja as participants and carried out in schools in order to add insight and be able to bring clean and healthy lifestyle to prevent tooth decay.
Conclusion: By conducting health education regarding dental health maintenance education in school-age children it is proven useful for increasing knowledge and preventing damage to teeth.


Democracy, the celebrated symbol of socio-political success, seems the most popular legacy of Athens to the modern world. Yet, Athens also has a record of what has been seen as tyrannical use of power and 'abuse of human right' in her inter-state relations. Thucydides' account of the Peloponnesian war (The History of the Peloponnesian War) has been a basis for the theory of political realism, 'might is right' which is used to explain the international aggression of the democratic Athens. Using an interpretive research approach, this paper takes some look at the Athenian path to democracy and particularly considers the Melian Dialogue, a passage in Thucydides' work that enunciates the implications of political realism exemplified by the Athenians' treatment of the Melians. While political realism implies international anarchy when power and conflicting national interests set the standard of what is deemed right, a democratic government led by this code could also act tyrannically despite its leaders' profession of justice and equity. Therefore, the paper concludes that since democracy is no limitation to morality and justice becoming subjective, when interests are at variance in domestic politics, such tendency in individuals or groups who constitute a democracy would continue to account for political instability.


We report the production and characterization of a rat calmodulin made in Escherichia coli. To express the rat calmodulin cDNA in E. coli, we have employed an expression vector containing the E. coli trp promoter and trpA terminator. The cDNA was modified so as to delete the 5′ nontranslated sequence and to incorporate a consensus sequence for the E. coli ribosome‐binding site. Several codons for the N‐terminal amino acids were selected to fit the E. coli consensus nucleotide sequence around the translational initiation codon. After induction of expression in E. coli, rat calmodulin accounted for over 30% of total cellular proteins. About 100 mg of recombinant rat calmodulin, purified to over 90% homogeneity by extraction from bacterial lysate followed by phenyl‐Sepharose column chromatography, was obtained from 1 liter of E. coli culture. This recombinant calmodulin activated rat brain cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase to the same extent as the native calmodulin purified from rat brain. These results indicate that the overproduction system of the recombinant calmodulin in E. coli facilitates the study of the structure‐function relationship by site‐specific mutagenesis.


[1] Over the Atlantic Ocean and southern Indian Ocean an overall large variation in gas phase ammonia was encountered with peak values occurring in regions heavily influenced by the smoke plume from biomass combustion and continental sources on the African continent. Concentrations were typically in the range 7 to 22 nmol m−3. Over the remote clean South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, median gas phase ammonia concentrations ranged between 1.1 and 3.2 nmol m−3, but were occasionally as high as 8.1 nmol m−3 or as low as 0.3 nmol m−3. It was reasonable to assume that the ocean was a net emitter of ammonia to the atmosphere and thus responsible for the ammonia levels measured. An average residence time of the order of a few hours was estimated. One implication of such a rapid removal of ammonia is that it prevented attainment of equilibrium between the gas phase and particulate phase ammonium. In areas under the influence of African biomass burning or dust, however, the particulate phase ammonium was concluded to be in equilibrium with the gas phase ammonia. The removal of atmospheric ammonia during the time of travel from the African continent to the position of the ship was estimated using a simplified Lagrangian approach. A response or residence time of 20 to 130 hours resulted. Thus, in order to explain the observed atmospheric ammonia levels at the ship, it seemed necessary to allow for an ammonia residence time of the order of several days within the plume which differs widely from previous reported estimates.


Several temporary tax provisions will expire this year. Often referred to as "extenders," these provisions were originally enacted with an expiration date that may well be extended. Several have been extended numerous times in the past, sometimes after their expiration date. The extenders provide special tax treatment for certain types of activities and investment and benefit both individuals and corporations. They occur in a variety of policy areas including wage credits to support employment of certain populations; excise taxes on fuel, tires, and other commodities; energy production incentives; deductions for charitable contributions; special depreciation allowances; and many others.


Social desirability ratings for CPI items were obtained from 68 female and 59 male college students. Simple means and standard deviations of the ratings were compared with previously published scale values and dispersions in the case of 186 overlapping CPI-MMPI items. The results showed high comparability on scale values so that the simple means of the item ratings may be used similarly to previously published MMPI item values obtained by using scaling techniques Simple standard deviations of individual item ratings, however, tended to be generally larger than the associated discriminal dispersions published for such items.