This paper describes an overview of advanced protection technique, namely integrated vehicle health management (IVHM) system, which is used in various critical systems such as an aircraft, maritime, power system, railway, etc. An IVHM system allows an early detection of degradation or damage to critical components, and thus enabling suitable actions so that vehicle components can safely and economically perform their intended actions. An IVHM is not only limited to protection but also the approximation of remaining useful life of components/subsystems of the critical systems.


Language Policy in the People's Republic of China: Theory and Practice since 1949. Minglang Zhou and Hongkai Sun. Boston and Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 2004. Pp. xx+343. ISBN 1-4020-8038-7 (hbk): £96/$149/t139.


The 2012 ACM SIGGRAPH Distinguished Artist Award for Lifetime Achievement in Digital Art is awarded to Jean-Pierre Hebert for his pioneering achievements in creating art through computer programming. At the core of his work are algorithms that generate drawings on paper, as well as in sand and other mixed media. Hebert began working with digital conceptual algorithmic art in 1974 and has been an independent artist since 1984. Since 1989, his work has appeared in 17 SIGGRAPH Art Galleries. In 1995, he co-founded The Algorists with Roman Verostko, a group that eventually included Hans Dehlinger, Helaman Ferguson, Manfred Mohr, Ken Musgrave, and Mark Wilson. He was appointed Artist in Residence at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), in June 2003. He has received grants from the Pollock-Krasner Foundation (2006) and the David Bermant Foundation (2009). His aesthetic is based on a patient, evolving exploration of the line. He looks at drawing not as gestural, but more essentially as a direct expression of thought that might be inspired by or suggestive of motion, time, music, light, logic, nature. Technically, his work rests on simple coding informed by geometry, mathematics, physics, and great attention to rendering details. He also explores chaos and order, silence and sounds, music, text, poetry, and the ephemeral. Some of the ideas and concepts he incorporates into his work stem from Zen Buddhism and his spiritual approach to life.


1. Liu J, Yang HI, Lee MH, et al. Spontaneous seroclearance of hepatitis B seromarkers and subsequent risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 2014; 63: 1648–57. 2. Chu CM, Liaw YF. Hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance during chronic HBV infection. Antivir Ther 2010; 15: 133–43. 3. Lim TH, Gane E, Moyes C, Borman B, Cunningham C. HBsAg loss in a New Zealand community study with 28-year follow-up: rates, predictors and long-term outcomes. Hepatol Int 2016; doi:10.1007/s12072-12016-19709-12076 [Epub ahead of print]. 4. Han ZG, Qie ZH, Qiao WZ. HBsAg spontaneous seroclearance in a cohort of HBeAg-seronegative patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Med Virol 2016; 88: 79–85. 5. Fung J, Wong DK, Seto WK, Kopaniszen M, Lai CL, Yuen MF. Hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance: Relationship to hepatitis B e-antigen seroclearance and hepatitis B eantigen-negative hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109: 1764– 70. 6. Liu J, Lee MH, Batrla-Utermann R, et al. A predictive scoring system for the seroclearance of HBsAg in HBeAg-seronegative chronic hepatitis B patients with genotype B or C infection. J Hepatol 2013; 58: 853–60. 7. Qu LS, Liu JX, Zhang HF, Zhu J, Lu CH. Effect of serum hepatitis B surface antigen levels on predicting the clinical outcomes of chronic hepatitis B infection: a meta-analysis. Hepatol Res 2015; 9: 1004–13. 8. Chen YC, Jeng WJ, Chien RN, Chu CM, Liaw YF. Clinical outcomes after spontaneous and nucleos(t)ide analogue-treated HBsAg seroclearance in chronic HBV infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 43: 1311–8. 9. Lin LY, Wong VW, Zhou HJ, et al. Relationship between serum hepatitis B virus DNA and surface antigen with covalently closed circular DNA in HBeAg-negative patients. J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1494–500. 10. Zhong JH, Xiang BD, Li LQ. Letter: preand post-operative anti-viral therapy is important for patients with hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 41: 789–90.


Speaker verification is the process of accepting or rejecting claimed identity in terms of its sound features. A speaker verification system can be used for numerous security systems, including bank account accessing, getting to security points, criminology and etc. When a speaker verification system wants to check the identity of individuals remotely, it confronts problems such as noise effect on speech signal and also identity falsification with speech synthesis. In this system, we have proposed a new speaker verification system based on Multi Model GMM, called SVMMGMM, in which all speakers are divided into seven different age groups, and then an isolated GMM model for each group is created; instead of one model for all speakers. In order to evaluate, the proposed method has been compared with several speaker verification systems based on Naive, SVM, Random Forest, Ensemble and basic GMM. Experimental results show that the proposed method has so better efficiency than others.


Developing an effective monitoring program for Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae) is challenging because the technique must be practical for surveying vast, remote landscapes while accounting for the species' low detectability. We used call-back surveys within a presence–absence framework to estimate occupancy and detection probability of Montezuma quail and used this information in conjunction with habitat data to develop an estimated probability of occurrence map for the species. We established survey points at 4 sites in western Texas (n1⁄4 20–30 points/site) and conducted 5 repeat surveys/season during June–August 2007 and 2008. We documented abiotic conditions (temperature, time of day, survey number, and year) during surveys and quantified microhabitat (% bare ground, food-plant density, vegetation height, and visual obstruction) and macrohabitat (vegetation type, elevation, aspect, and slope) at survey points. We then used an informationtheoretic approach to evaluate the influence of microand macro-habitat on detection probability and occupancy at a local and regional scale, respectively. At a microhabitat scale, the most parsimonious model (DAICc ,2; Nagelkerke's R 1⁄40.46) suggested detection probability was influenced primarily by year (bYear1⁄40.91, 95% CI1⁄40.24–1.57), with occupancy being influenced primarily (but minimally) by year (bYear1⁄4 59.7, 95% CI1⁄4 179.0–59.6) and vegetation-height (bVH1⁄4 67.7, 95% CI1⁄4 71.9–207.4). This model indicated that detection probability decreased from 2007 (0.40; 95% CI1⁄4 0.31–0.49) to 2008 (0.21; 95% CI1⁄4 0.14–0.32), as did occupancy (1.00 vs. 0.72, respectively), which corresponded to a transition from a relatively wet to dry year. At a macrohabitat scale, the most parsimonious model (DAICc ,2; Nagelkerke's R1⁄4 0.20) suggested occupancy was influenced by elevation (bElevation1⁄4 1.11 6 0.56) and vegetation type (bVegetation type 21⁄4 3.17 6 1.26; bVegetation type 31⁄4 1.20 6 1.18), and we used these variables to construct a first-approximation, probability of occupancy map. Given our findings, presence–absence surveys may be a viable approach for monitoring Montezuma quail populations through time, and use of a probability of occupancy map can help with efficient allocation of survey points and effort. However, the viability of using a presence–absence approach to monitor Montezuma quail populations will depend on whether sampling effort can be increased sufficiently to obtain more precise estimates of occupancy. In addition, our probability of occupancy map should be regarded as a first approximation and further research should be conducted to refine the relationships. Citation: Sanders, C. G., F. Hernández, L. A. Brennan, L. A. Harveson, A. N. Tri, and R. M. Perez. 2017. A presence–absence survey to monitor Montezuma quail in western Texas. National Quail Symposium Proceedings 8:375–386.


Dental implants have become one of the most popular treatment options for the replacement of a missing tooth due to their
high aesthetics and close resemblance to a natural tooth. Although dental implants have a high success rate, they can be
complicated by infections. Retrograde peri-implantitis is a clinically symptomatic periapical lesion that is diagnosed as a radiolucency that
develops shortly after implant insertion, in which the coronal portion of the implant achieves a normal bone-implant interface. Many treatment
options have been proposed over the year as a treatment modality including conservative approaches such as systemic antibiotics to surgical
approach such as implant resection. This is one such case report where we try to surgically treat a case of peri-implantitis with the adjunctive use of
a Diode Laser.


Dry eye disease (DED) is extremely common in the adult population and important to diagnose and treat in patients undergoing corneal and cataract refractive surgery because it can affect vision, quality of life, and surgical outcomes, said Edward J. Holland, MD.


I t takes hundreds of thousands of molecular motors working around the clock for a sperm cell to beat its tail, which is known as a flagellum. These motors are just a few nanometers in size, making them too small to visualize in living, active sperm cells. Now Andrea Puglisi of Sapienza University of Rome and his colleagues have demonstrated a way to infer how these motors behave by looking at the precise rhythm at which a sperm's flagellum beats [1]. Their results—which could


Objective To observe the effect and security of (recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide rhBNP) on patients with acute heart failure.Methods Two-hundred and thirty-one acute heart failure patients were divided into two groups(treatment group and control group) randomly,using rhBNP and nitroglycerin respectively, and together with traditional heart failure treatment.To observe the change of clinical index and curative effect during the treatment, and the harmful events were recorded.Results The level of BNP, HR, urine volume, SV, LVEF, vD%, CI and E/A after 48 hours of treatment were improved notably,the differences were of statistical significance (P0.05),the heart function of dilatation and contraction were improved obviously.In the control group, only the level of urine volume, SV and CI before and after treatment have statistical significance (P0.05).The clinical curative effect of treatment group was better than that of the control group (P0.05). Conclusion The rhBNP can improve heart function of dilatation and contraction and clinical condition in acute heart failure obviously, and has reliable and safe effect.


A vehicle glove box damper device 10 comprises a cam assembly 20 mounted on or moulded into a glove box lid and a spring portion 31 mounted on or moulded into an instrument panel retainer 30. The cam assembly 20 including a cam lobe 1 which rotationally moves against the spring portion 31 to slow the descent of the glove box lid 102 during opening. The glove box damper device 10 is suitable for use with glove box lids having a sheet metal insert to meet automotive safety requirements.


Egypt's doctors, angered by what they said was the growing problem of police violence in hospitals, have planned more demonstrations this week after more than 4000 gathered on Friday to demand police accountability and the health minister's resignation. They voted to start a campaign of strikes across Egypt if their demands were not met in two weeks.

Doctors filled all three floors, the roof, and the streets outside the Cairo headquarters of their union, the Egyptian Medical Syndicate. Many were carrying placards and others had their hands bound with stethoscopes.

The "unprecedented" turnout marked "a turning point in our union's history," the syndicate's chairman, Hussein Khairy, said. The protest was in defiance of the military backed government's ban on public demonstrations, but there was no police response.

The doctors' protest was triggered by the 28 January …


Background: Chronic hepatitis C is a common entity which is frequently associated with depression. Aim: To determine the frequency of depression in patients of chronic hepatitis C who had not yet received treatment. Settings: Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine at Fatima Memorial Hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Study design: Cross sectional Descriptive study Methods: Total 217 patients were enrolled. Each patient was interviewed and then marked down by the doctor himself. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ 9) (annexure 2 attached) was applied to determine the presence of depression. Depression was managed as per hospital protocol. The study was conducted from 10th April, 2018 to 9th October, 2018 Results: In this study mean age was 45 years with standard deviation ± 11.33. 62% patients were male, 38% patients were female. More over 57% patients had depression while 43% patients didn't have depression. Conclusion: Our study concluded that there was a significant association between depression and chronic hepatitis C patients before they have started their treatment, in tertiary care hospital. Keywords: Depression, chronic, hepatitis C


"All [Milton's] originality," wrote Professor A. S. P. Woodhouse recently, "—and it is great—is revealed in his adaptation of traditional poetic forms, never in wilful departure from them ...." Yet the student who assumes that Samson Agonistes is a classical tragedy, and attempts to follow the suggestion made by William Riley Parker and F. Michael Krouse that it be studied in the light of Aristotle's Poetics, cracks his head immediately against the stone wall of Samuel Johnson's resounding dictum, that while it has a beginning and an end which Aristotle himself would have approved, Samson has no middle. Since Johnson's time, a host of critics have ranged themselves on one side or the other of the argument concerning Samson's allegedly absent middle. Krouse added to the controversy an illuminating survey of seventeenth-century and earlier conceptions of the biblical story. Parker's special contribution was to measure Milton's play against classical Greek tragedies. Both, however, suggested the possibility ...


The Role of Contextual Repetition During Fast Mapping on Word Learning Emma L. Axelsson (firstname.lastname@example.com) School of Psychiatry, ICAMHS Research, Mental Health Centre Level 1, Locked Bag 7103 Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool BC NSW 1871 AUSTRALIA Jessica S. Horst (email@example.com) School of Psychology, Pevensey 1 Building Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QH, UK Abstract Recent research suggests that children's ability to learn words via fast mapping is strongly related to the attentional demands of the task. Here we explore whether lowering the attentional demands during the initial fast mapping task facilitates word learning. Three-year-old children completed fast mapping and test trials using a touch screen computer. For half of the children, the non-targets (competitors) repeated across trials and for other children there was no repetition. All children received the same word learning test trials. Only children who had received repeating competitors (lower attentional demands) during the initial fast mapping task demonstrated word learning. Thus, these data suggest that children's ability to learn novel names is strongly influenced by the competition and attentional demands of the initial fast mapping context. Keywords: fast mapping; word learning; competition; attentional demands. Does Fast Mapping Enable Word Learning? Learning to comprehend the vast number of words that children are bombarded with daily is a daunting task. Arguably, it is equally daunting for researchers to explain the mechanisms responsible for children's developing ability to understand what a speaker is referring to when uttering a new word, but also children's ability to remember the link between the word and referent for later encounters. Without direct instruction, children effectively determine the referent for a novel word on their own—particularly when the referent is presented in the context of known objects. Typically referred to as fast mapping (Carey, 1978), children appear to determine the referent via process-of- elimination (Halberda, 2003). That is, children use their prior knowledge (i.e., known vocabulary) to rule out the objects they have already linked to a name. Instead, they select a novel object as the likely referent of a novel name. Biases to novelty appear to be key in fast mapping. Recent research further indicates that even in the context of other nameless, novel objects, children will select the most novel object as a referent for a novel name (Horst, Samuelson, Kucker, & McMurray, 2011; Mather & Plunkett, 2012). However, fast mapping is not word learning per se, but rather an initial step in the word learning process (Carey, 1978; Horst & Samuelson, 2008). Fast mapping appears to be relatively easy for children, yet retention of the name- object mappings is more difficult. For example, Horst and Samuelson (2008) presented 24-month-old children with referent selection (i.e., fast mapping) trials with one novel object and two known objects. Only 5 minutes later, they tested children's retention for the same novel name-object associations by presenting the targets among other novel targets that had been encountered during the initial referent selection trials and foils that had been seen during a preferential looking task. Children had little difficulty selecting the correct referents on the initial referent selection trials. However, children performed at chance levels on the retention trials, suggesting that the initial name-object mappings did not lead to robust representations in long-term memory. Other studies have found similar difficulties in long-term retention of name-object mappings despite demonstrations of minimal difficulty disambiguating novel from known objects (e.g., Bion, Borovsky & Fernald, 2013; Gureen, Horne & Erjavec, 2012). Note, other studies do suggest minimal exposure to a novel word and object may lead to long-term retention of the association, but these have typically involved only naming a single novel object (e.g., Woodward et al., 1994). It remains unclear, therefore, whether children's selection of the target on the delayed test trials are really in response to the specific phonetic content of the new word or because that word was the only new word introduced during training, rendering it unique among the available alternatives (Dollaghan, 1985; Schafer & Plunkett, 1998). Task Demands Taken together, these studies suggest that children are adept at forming the initial associations between novel referents and their names, however, children's ability to retain these mappings may suffer when task demands are high. For example, in a recent study exploring the effect of the number of known competitors present during the initial fast mapping task on subsequent word learning, 2-year-old children were only able to retain novel name-object associations when task demands were relatively low (Horst, Scott & Pollard, 2010). Specifically, children were only able to retain words when they had seen few known competitors across fast mapping trials (eight) but not when they had seen more competitors across trials (12 or 15)—although the number of targets was the same for all groups. Clearly then, the non-target competitors play an important role in word learning via fast mapping. Horst and Samuelson (2008) found that children could only retain the novel name-object associations when ostensive naming was


Background. Because of the advancement of multiple spawning of carps, the importance of a quality larval diet is increasing day by day. The larval fish do not have the necessary enzyme or the amount of digestive enzymes to digest feed at optimum level. Therefore, fermentation of feed ingredients and/or formulated diets by bacterial enzymes to produce simpler forms of nutrients may be beneficial for them. Materials and methods. Five isocaloric (4.38 kcal·g-1) and isonitrogenous (35% crude protein approximately) experimental diets (D1–D5) containing 32% fish meal, 34% mustard oil cake, 30% rice bran, and 2% cod liver oil, were fermented in vitro with Bacillus circulans cells (at the rate of 108 bacterial cells per g) at 37°C for 1–5 day duration (1 day: D1, 2 days: D2, 3days: D3, 4 days: D4, and 5 days: D5). The bacterial strain [extracellular enzyme producer Bacillus circulans (Lr 1.1)] used for fermentation was isolated from the intestine of rohu, Labeo rohita fingerlings. The reference diet (RD), containing same ingredients, was not fermented with bacterial cells. Rohu spawn (av. wt. 0.35 ± 0.01 mg) were fed ad libitum for 21 days in the laboratory condition at 30 minutes interval starting from 0900 h to 1600 h. Results. Fermentation of diets resulted in an increase in crude protein and free amino acid contents and decrease in crude fibre content. Diets D4 and D5 resulted in best growth and survival (98% and 98.33%, respectively) of rohu spawn compared to those fed with the reference diet (RD) and other experimental groups. A significant positive correlation was obtained between RNA : DNA ratio and specific growth rate (SGR) of 18 dietary groups (6 groups in triplicate). Conclusion. Fermentation of feed ingredients may be practiced as a tool for starter diet formulation to obtain better growth and survival of rohu spawn. The enzyme— producing strain, Bacillus circulans could be used to ferment diets for 4 to 5 days to increase the bioavailability of nutrients.


Investment on Australian farms is substantial, with net additions of non-land capital items on broadacre and dairy farms currently worth around $2 billion a year.


Introduction: Conventional criminal justice systems are often dominated by punitive approaches, which focus more on punishing offenders as a form of revenge and their separation from society. However, this approach has drawbacks in achieving broader goals, such as victim recovery, reducing recidivism rates, and building safer communities.Purposes of the Research:  This study discusses the power of restorative justice transformation in changing the paradigm from punishment to healing. Restorative justice offers an alternative approach to responsibility, reconciliation, and healing. Methods of the Research: Literature research methods are used to understand restorative justice, including its concepts, practices, impacts, challenges, and benefits. Literature Data is systematically identified, collated, and analyzed.Results of the Research: Restorative justice is a powerful approach to changing judicial paradigms, with its principles emphasizing reconciliation, responsibility, and participation. The impact of restorative justice on perpetrators includes behavior change and responsibility, while on victims, it includes recovery and reconciliation. Implementing restorative justice requires collaboration, adequate resources, and active participation from stakeholders. Restorative justice has the potential to create a more humane, equitable, and sustainable justice system, as well as bring recovery and reconciliation to individuals and communities affected by crime.


Historical consciousness and even the writing of history can take many forms, corres ponding to the contours of a given society and its culture. This is why, today, investigating the notion of history has become an exercise in discovering how the past was recorded and how it can be authenticated, rather than searching for texts that conform to the idea of history as defined in modern times. The latter accounts for the repeated statement that Indian civilization was unique in that it lacked historical writing and, implicitly, a sense of history. This generalization is still taken as axiomatic. I would like to suggest that while in the early period of Indian history there may not have been historical writing in the conventional form familiar to us from European history, there are nevertheless many texts of a different kind that reflect historical consciousness. Even in those early times in India, some of these texts came to be reformulated as historical traditions, some of which gave rise to historical writing. An understanding of the way in which the past was perceived, recorded, and used affords insights into early societies that kept such records. It is worth investigating what was written, why it was written, and the concerns that occasioned this writing. Not all texts referring to the past were necessarily historical or taken as such. Ascertaining the degree of historicity, that is, whether the event actually happened, is fundamental, but historians have to go further and analyze why certain narratives were projected as his torical. Trying to understand the variety of texts that represent the past raises many ques tions: Why did they take the form that they did, what from the past was of relevance to their authors, and why were particular types of records maintained?1 Seen from this perspective, there are certain aspects of the study of historical traditions that need enquiry. The widely held view that Indian civilization lacked a sense of history requires reexamination. This is particularly so when we recognize that the historical traditions of diverse cultures – be they Greek or Roman, Arab or Persian, Chinese or Indian, or any other – will inevitably differ. Given the generalization about the absence History as a Way of Remembering the Past Early India


The objective of this research was to identify the relationship between parenting and prosocial behavior of elementary school students; using a methodology of quantitative, non-experimental, transversal, exploratory, descriptive and correlational type to a sample of accessibility, non-probabilistic and accidental of 120 parents. The results indicate that the parents achieved high scores in the communication and role distribution scales, the students obtained average scores with respect to prosocial behavior, identifying a very significant correlation r (120) = .215, p = .018 among the children and the prosocial behavior of the students.


—Amphibian populations have experienced widespread and severe declines resulting from, in part, emerging pathogens. The Amphibian Chytrid Fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is a fungal pathogen implicated in the decline of numerous amphibian species. Human land use and elevation are factors that may affect the distribution of this pathogen and resultant chytrid-related declines. We assessed prevalence and pathogen load of Bd related to recreation intensity throughout the Adirondack State Park, New York, USA, a 2.4 million ha, protected wildland that experiences often intense hiking pressure. We collected DNA samples from amphibians during 90-min searches of natural cover objects at 43 public hiking trails. We found robust evidence that Bd is geographically widespread and prevalent in amphibians, particularly salamanders, at trailheads and along trails. Wood Frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) and Eastern Newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) had the highest pathogen loads. Prevalence of Bd was not correlated with either elevation or recreation intensity, but was high in salamanders, which may serve as disease reservoirs and vectors in temperate forests and could additionally be adversely impacted by infection. Our results indicate amphibians are exposed to Bd, even in highly protected areas considered refugia, which has implications for conservation of amphibians and pathogen management in similar settings.


Jose Gaos's and Eduardo Nicol's concepts of philosophy differ substantially. For the former, philosophy is a sort of personal confession, whereas for the latter it must be the outcome of dialogical achievement (rigorous, systematic and methodic), and as for knowledge, this has to be objective.


This paper presents a structural design capacity checker that has been developed by using Microsoft Excel in order to carry out the calculations of simply supported beam as based on Eurocode 2. The purpose of this research is to develop an Excel User Interface and to perform structural design adequacy check of simply-supported beam under construction at the site. Besides, the required formulations for main reinforcement, shear, deflection and cracking checks are also programmed. The results of maximum shear force, maximum bending moment, tension and compression bars provided in Excel User Interface and STAAD Pro are compared. There are four main parts in Excel User Interface which are input, output, detailed calculation and data sheet. Input and output are the visible parts whereas detailed calculation and data sheet are hidden. In the output sheet, graph of shear force and bending moment, tension and compression bars provided, adequacy of main and shear reinforcement, deflection and cracking checking are shown. Another design of simply supported beam is designed by using STAAD Pro. The results that obtained from Excel User Interface and STAAD Pro is compared. This research helps users to carry out a structural capacity checking of simply supported beam in simple, precise and quicker.


A change in tongue volume with body size could be accomplished in several ways. If larger birds had longer tongues, volume could be increased by lengthening. A change in volume could also result from a change in the dimensions of the grooves in tongues of the same length. This appears to be the case for N. verticalis as compared with N. venusta (fig. 3), where tongues are the same length but the smaller venusta has a smaller tongue volume. For the larger N. reichenowi, the greater volume is achieved by a slightly longer tongue with much larger grooves (fig. 3). Bill length and morphology appear to be well correlated with corolla length and morphology in nectarfeeding birds (Snow and Snow 1972, Wolf et al. unpubl. data). This co-evolutionary relationship presumably provides for ease in reaching and extracting nectar at the base of differently shaped flowers. Bill morphology among hummingbirds and sunbirds is so diverse that birds of similar sizes may have different bill lengths. If tongue morphology reflects such differences, birds of similar sizes could have different tongue volumes. It would be of interest to determine the extent to which this may relate to rates and efficiencies of nectar intake for such species visiting flowers with which they have co-evolved.


In this article, we explore how community centers seed healthy lifestyles through engagement of residents in community wellness initiatives in low-income, urban neighborhoods. These initiatives, focused on the building blocks of healthy lifestyles, include crossgeneration engagement in nutrition education, urban agriculture, access to healthy food, and physical activity. Success of these initiatives stems from the unique practices and values embedded in community centers: taking a holistic perspective on the individual, paying attention to the environment, cocreating with neighbors, partnering in purposeful ways, and focusing on resident- and community-centered outcomes. Through these practices and values, community centers are shaping initiatives that address the key underlying factors that affect health and creating long-term solutions that will benefit entire communities.


Recent progress in asymmetric catalysis has contributed to the development of a diverse range of chiral organocatalysts that differ in their origin, structure and mode of activation. The bifunctional organocatalysts bearing aromatic hydroxyl (or phenolic) groups have emerged as a privileged class of organocatalyst. In these bifunctional organocatalysts, the aromatic hydroxyl group functions as a weak Bronsted acid or hydrogen bonding site and a nucleophilic or basic moiety such as amine and phosphine serve as a base or hydrogen bond acceptor. The bifunctional organocatalysts having these moieties have not been reviewed. In this review we are presenting the asymmetric transformations catalyzed by the bifunctional organocatalyst bearing an aromatic hydroxyl group.


Introduction.- Background: Cost-of-Capital in the Finance Literature.- Previous Results on Cost-of-Capital Practices.- Research Philosophy and Ethics.- Empirical Research Approach and Methods.- Primary Research: Expert Interviews.- Primary Research: Company Survey.- Conclusion and Contribution to Knowledge.- Appendix.


At the Nankai Trough, Japan, smectite‐rich sediments of the Shikoku Basin are both underthrust beneath and frontally accreted to the outer accretionary wedge. To understand the changes that occur in the physical properties of sediments as they are underthrust or incorporated into the accretionary wedge, it is necessary to characterize those physical properties outboard of the deformation front. One key relationship to constrain is between the compressional wave velocity (vp) and porosity (ϕ) in order to estimate pore fluid pressure and determine the strength of fault rocks at depth. Here we investigate how the type of clay minerals and proportions of the different clays may affect the velocity‐porosity relationship, with particular emphasis on the abundance of hydrous smectitic clays. Using data from IODP Sites C0011 and C0012 in the Shikoku Basin, we demonstrate that when the core‐based porosity is corrected for the abundance of smectite, the resultant velocity‐porosity relationship does not fit previously established transforms. Therefore, we propose a new empirical relationship for the smectite‐rich sediments of the Shikoku Basin, and caution against the indiscriminate use of global and/or pre‐existing models in smectite rich formations.


The Food: Locally Embedded, Globally Engaged (FLEdGE) SSHRC-funded Partnership has deep roots in relationships developed over time among academics and community-based practitioners. FLEdGE emerged from community-driven research in Ontario on food hubs and community resilience dating from 2010. From there it expanded to include seven research nodes across Canada and three thematic international working groups, with over 90 researchers, students, and community partners involved in the project. As a multi-institutional project, FLEdGE has nodes in British Columbia (Kwantlen Polytechnic University)/Alberta (University of Alberta), Northwest Territories (Wilfrid Laurier University), northern Ontario (Lakehead University), eastern Ontario (Carleton University), southern Ontario (Wilfrid Laurier University; University of Guelph; University of Waterloo); Quebec (McGill University; Dawson College); and Atlantic Canada (Dalhousie University; Carleton University). There are two or more lead researchers in each node, typically from different disciplines and several community partners in each node. In this way, FLEdGE branched out to include more than 90 partners and collaborators.


It was found that methyl-4,6-O-p-nitrobenzylidene-α-D-galactopyranoside (1) and methyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-α-D-mannopyranoside (2), which are scarcely soluble in apolar solvents, act as "supergelators" when they are enforcedly dissolved above their bp's in a sealed tube. The minimum gelator concentrations (Cmin) were 0.03–0.07% [g mL−1] which are one of the lowest concentrations achieved so far. The coupled study of TEM observation with partial solvent exchange established that the organogel stability is related to the superstructure in the fibril network constructed in specific solvents.


Table of Contents Introduction Chapter 1: The Syntax of Free Relative Constructions 1. The Configurational Properties of Realis FRCs and their Internal Syntax Effects: Critical Review of Earlier Literature 2. The Syntax of Null-Operator FRCs 3. The Theory of pro, Anti-Pied-Piping Effects and Non-nominal FRCs 4. Coindexation-Dependent PF Processes 5. The Analysis of Non-indicative/Irrealis FRCs Chapter 2: Rumanian Determiners as Functional Categories Chapter 3: On Null Operators in Rumanian.


We found that in weakly coupled giant magnetoresistance (GMR) superlattices, the small-field response's slope is dependent on its past magnetic history. On the basis of this storage mechanism, we designed and developed a one-bit binary solid-state memory element. We also succeeded in fabricating a one-bit quaternary memory based on the fact that there are four stable states under a zero field in weakly coupled superlattices. Finally, we studied the possibility of what is called "spin-tunneling GMR memory." An experiment showed that a similar storage mechanism exists in tunneling junctions, and analysis confirmed a large SNR in this configuration.


Background and study aims: Open or laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy is an established treatment for malignant duodenal obstruction but may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to develop a model for an entirely endoscopic gastrojejunostomy to treat duodenal obstruction, and to compare this with the laparoscopic technique. Methods: During the first part of the study the endoscopic technique was developed and tested in porcine nonsurvival and survival experiments (n = 12). During the second part of the study (n = 10), endoscopic gastrojejunostomy for duodenal occlusion was compared with laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy in a survival randomized controlled trial (RCT). For both groups duodenal occlusion was achieved by the laparoscopic approach. Results: In the RCT, the median times for laparoscopic vs. endoscopic gastrojejunostomy were 70 minutes (interquartile range [IQR] 65 – 75) vs. 210 minutes (IQR 197 – 220; P = 0.01). There was a trend toward increased anastomotic diameter at necropsy in the laparoscopic group (2 cm, IQR 2 – 3) compared to the endoscopic group (1.8 cm, IQR 1.6 – 1.8; P = 0.06). One animal in the endoscopic group died secondarily to bowel ischemia from volvulus of the jejunal loop. One animal in the laparoscopic group was prematurely sacrificed due to extensive pulmonary congestion and edema. All anastomoses were intact and patent. Conclusions: Purely endoscopic gastrojejunostomy using the developed technique and devices is feasible and can result in adequate relief of duodenal obstruction. Endoscopic anastomoses tend to be smaller than laparoscopic anastomoses, with the procedures being more time-consuming and associated with higher complication rates.


The present work report the expansion of the distribution of Sephanoides sephaniodes toward the west-central of Argentina. It discusses possible causes of dispersion and ecological consequences of them.


Multilayers coatings for space and solar applications are usually exposed to harsh environments. Thermal stress, ion bombardments and natural aging process can affect their performances over time. We have investigated the α–particles stability of UV and EUV optical coatings suitable for high–performance solar instrumentation. Experimental procedures, analysis and preliminary results are discussed hereafter.


The concept of sustainability has reached numerous areas of our culture today. Learning, however, has been described as lifelong or continuous but not sustainable. This chapter investigates the ideas of sustainability and a continuum model of learning that expands both the length and the breadth of the current system. It describes the importance of a learning culture and the influence of technology in implementing this new paradigm. It then suggests that a new paradigm of sustainable learning is a more appropriate description for learning in the twenty-first century.


Endophora is one of the important cohesive devices.Ever since the birth of the cohesion theory proposed by Halliday Hasan in 1976,a lot of contrastive studies had been done as to the similarities and differences of cohesive devices in both English and Chinese texts.Based on the cohesion theory,various cohesive devices of endophoric references in Chinese and English Sci-tech texts are illustrated and their differences and similarities are dwelt on as well.The discussion on the conversion of endophora from English Sci-tech texts to Chinese or vice versa,is supposed to contribute a great deal to the translation practice.


A study on the effect of the vacuum assisted resin transfer moulding (VARTM) manufacturing process on the mechanical properties of cotton/epoxy composite is presented in this investigation. Woven cotton was used as reinforcing material embedded in epoxy resin. The woven cotton was treated with sodium hydroxide for one hour at concentrations of 0% to 20%. The tensile test showed that the untreated material had the highest ultimate strength and Young's modulus. Observation of the fracture surface by scan electronic microscopy (SEM) was compared to the hand lay-up process as well as the results of the tensile test. The comparison showed that the VARTM process presents better mechanical properties than the hand lay-up process due to the reduction in discontinuities observed by means of optical microscopy.


The present invention relates to an orthopedic device, the orthosis comprising: - an upper tray and lower tray, respectively, designed to both maxillary and mandibular teeth aligned teeth; connection member, which is connected to the tray, the characterized in that said orthosis, said upper tray having at least a first fixed base, the lower tray having at least one second fixed base, and the connecting member having a fixed length and are designed to achieve the following two operations: in one aspect, fixed to the first base, on the other hand, fixed to the second base, the fixed position and having a propulsion effect may be adjusted by the control member, the control member is incorporated into the base of the at least two one in.


As is known, cuprate superconductors, which have intrinsic Josephson junctions, are used as terahertz sources. In this context, a great number of studies on the intensification of the plasma frequency in terahertz region are devoted to the fabrication of mesa structures in superconductors. It has been previously investigated by some researchers that the resonant state of cuprate superconductors enhances the power of the plasma frequency in terahertz range. As is known, the mercury-based superconductors exhibit three-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensations; hence the resonant state occurs in the sample. From this point of view, mesa structures, which are intrinsically formed in mercury cuprates, have been investigated to enhance the plasma frequency in this work. Also, I have found a physical relation between the lateral size and the Josephson penetration depth of the superconducting sample. Moreover, it has been found that at upper and the lateral size values with microdimension, the superconductors investigated behaves as a bulk in the context of the critical parameters. Furthermore, the method recommended in this study would make crucial contributions to technological applications on mesa structures in order to determine the convenient mesa size that prevents vesting time and energy for the fabrication.


The article introduces normal methods of air quality forecast, such as regression method, the mode of time array, decision tree, the nearest place method, mode forecast method and data forecast method. After comparison, it points out that regression method is the best ways at present.


Significance Cells sense changes in environmental conditions and translate them into physiological responses that are mediated by a plethora of molecular intermediaries that converge at critical nodes. This is particularly relevant to multiple levels of biological organization in which the circadian clock and cell division are interlocked. Unexpectedly, the circadian rhythms of two critical components of the interlocked system, Period 2 (Per2) and p53, were in antiphase. This finding was analyzed using a systematic modeling approach, and predictions of the model were validated by experimental studies that revealed a distinct and complex scenario. Accordingly, we show that the spatiotemporal organization of Per2:p53 interactions and the nature of their chemical modifications are critical for their time-dependent subcellular redistribution and potential biological functions. The circadian clock and cell cycle networks are interlocked on the molecular level, with the core clock loop exerting a multilevel regulatory role over cell cycle components. This is particularly relevant to the circadian factor Period 2 (Per2), which modulates the stability of the tumor suppressor p53 in unstressed cells and transcriptional activity in response to genotoxic stress. Per2 binding prevents Mdm2-mediated ubiquitination of p53 and, therefore, its degradation, and oscillations in the peaks of Per2 and p53 were expected to correspond. However, our findings showed that Per2 and p53 rhythms were significantly out-of-phase relative to each other in cell lysates and in purified cytoplasmic fractions. These seemingly conflicting experimental data motivated the use of a combined theoretical and experimental approach focusing on the role played by Per2 in dictating the phase of p53 oscillations. Systematic modeling of all possible regulatory scenarios predicted that the observed phase relationship between Per2 and p53 could be simulated if (i) p53 was more stable in the nucleus than in the cytoplasm, (ii) Per2 associates to various ubiquitinated forms of p53, and (iii) Per2 mediated p53 nuclear import. These predictions were supported by a sevenfold increase in p53's half-life in the nucleus and by in vitro binding of Per2 to the various ubiquitinated forms of p53. Last, p53's nuclear shuttling was significantly favored by ectopic expression of Per2 and reduced because of Per2 down-regulation. Our combined theoretical/mathematical approach reveals how clock regulatory nodes can be inferred from oscillating time course data.


Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) has shown markedly higher expression in degenerated human disc tissue compared with healthy controls. Anti‐inflammatory treatment targeting TNF‐α has shown to alleviate discogenic pain in patients with low back pain. Therefore, in vitro and ex vivo inflammatory models utilizing TNF‐α provide relevant experimental conditions for drug development in disc degeneration research.


This article accomplished a high precision, low price sampling circui t's design, it's hardcore is AT89C52, can measure six temperature points of fiel d, and adopt field bus technology, CAN bus is joined in the system, is a very re liable, open system, is very fit for measure temperature of industry field.


For decades, clinicians who manage patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO) have been anticipating the emergence of new effective therapies for the management of this condition. That dream has yet to come true, but it has become apparent that conventional treatments such as steroids and surgery, when applied at the appropriate time and by centres that have accumulated sufficient experience and expertise, can lead to very satisfactory results. No idea is ever entirely new and the Amsterdam Declaration is no exception. Its predecessor is the Saint Vincent Declaration for diabetes, signed exactly 20 years earlier [1]. Like diabetes, GO is responsible for prolonged ill health, the available services are variable [2–5], and there is a strong feeling that outcomes can, and should improve. The objectives of the Amsterdam Declaration are to improve care of patients with GO and to prevent it occurring in patients who are at risk. There are specific 5 year targets focusing on raising awareness, defining pathways of care, supporting centres of excellence, establishing audit and monitoring mechanisms, and implement measures to reduce the incidence and morbidity of the disease.


Porosity in the Ivishak sandstone on the North Slope is frequently cited as an example par excellence of secondary, or leached, porosity. In an attempt to corroborate and expand this contention, 100 thin sections were examined from representative wells in the Prudhoe Bay field and in NPRA. Monocrystalline quartz and biogenic chert are dominant framework grains in the two areas. Minor amounts of polycrystalline quartz, and sedimentary and metamorphic rock fragments are also present. Most of the chert in NPRA is nonporous, whereas Prudhoe Bay chert contains microscopic pores where siliceous biogenic debris, chalcedony, or dolomite formerly existed. The diagenetic sequence of the NPRA samples includes: (1) initial porosity loss by either compaction or siderite, chlorite, or pedogenic calcite cementation; (2) minor carbonate dissolution; (3) localized chert dissolution; and (4) quartz overgrowth formation. The diagenetic sequence of the Prudhoe Bay samples includes: (1) chert dissolution; (2) quartz overgrowth, kaolin, pyrite, and siderite formation; and (3) siderite dissolution. Some workers have suggested that an early carbonate cement maintained the large intergranular pore volumes in the Ivishak at Prudoe Bay. A more likely possibility is that a long, initial period of shallow burial maintained a loose packing density without early cementation. Later chert and siderite dissolution increased porosity. By contrast, the Ivishak in NPRA was subjected to deeper burial early in its history. This caused porosity reduction by relatively early compaction. The later diagenetic events, which ultimately control porosity and permeability variations between the two areas, are, in part, also controlled by the different burial regimes. End_of_Article - Last_Page 675------------


Weekly roost counts and observations of flock movements and field use were conducted during winters of 1989 -90 and 1990-91 to determine the status of sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) in the RoswelllBitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge region of the Pecos River Valley of eastern New Mexico. Cranes roost on shallow lakes along the Pecos River, both on and off the refuge, and rely on approximately 36,000 ha of mostly irrigated farmland for foraging. During the past decade, alfalfa production has increased to 20,000 ha and corn production has decreased to 2,000 ha, of which 98 % is cut for ensilage to support an expanding dairy industry. About 600 ha are planted in sorghum. Fields of corn and sorghum stubble provide an important foraging resource, and alfalfa fields are also widely used by the cranes. Cranes numbers during the 1989 -90 wintering season peaked at 5,635 in early November, declined to an average of 3,180 during December and January, and increased to a spring peak of 4,800 in February. Roosting was evenly divided between the refuge and a site 15 km farther south. The foraging pattern generally matched the distribution of farmlands. During the 1990-91 wintering season, crane numbers peaked at 7,280 and averaged 6,100 through January without the late November decline observed during the previous year. Hunting in November 1990 apparently caused most of the cranes to abandon the off-refuge roost site and change their foraging pattern. Two-thirds of the cranes foraged from November through January in an area comprising only 15% of the total farmland.


Hypnosis and cognitive therapies may appear as two distant approaches for psychological practice. Howevwr, both retain among their aims the reorganization of the  clients' cognitive structures. These common goals make them compatible and allow new intervention pathways for cognitive therapists. Hypnosis stimulates clients to do by themselves a process of cognitive restructuring without monitoring and controlling it. Thus, cognitive structures which are not available through thinking and language can be modified without a cognitive analysis.


There are obvious differences in the quality of sound reproduction of binaural signals depending on the reproduction system, particularly when headphones and crosstalk arrangements are compared. This could be caused by an inadequate headphone equalization, differences in bone conduction or the acoustical load upon the ear caused by the headphone. In order to study the influence of the acoustical load, the acoustical impedance of headphones was measured with an impedance tube and the two-microphone-method. These results will be a basis for listening tests, where the test subjects judged loudness and localisation in dependence on free field and headphone reproduction. INTRODUCTION One possible reason for the difference of perceived sound reproduced with headphones (HP) and loudspeakers is assumed to be the acoustical load on the ear caused by headphones. Differences are detectable also if the HP is perfectly equalized. In order to examine the influence of the acoustical load, the acoustic impedance of the headphone has to be measured. Accordingly 25 headphones were measured with a specially designed impedance tube. These results were correlated with results from listening tests. IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT Measurements have been carried out with an impedance tube and the two microphone method according to ISO 10345-2 [1]. The impedance tube with an inner diameter of 10 mm allows measurements in a frequency range between 200 Hz and 12 kHz. For first listening tests a set of four out of 25 headphones were selected. Two headphones have an acoustical impedance similar to the open ear and two headphones have a maximum deviation from the open ear situation. The impedance of the headphones are related to the impedance of the open ear by 43.58.Bh, 43.38.Si, 43.38.Vk, 43.66.Qp, 43.66.Pn, 43.66.Yw subtraction, and can thus be interpreted as "additional acoustical" load caused by the headphone: ∆ζ = ζHP ζPinna (with ζ=Z/ρ0c) eq. 1 Due to the subtraction, a representation of real and imaginary part is more appropriate than the representation of the magnitude (see fig. 1). Also the wearing comfort was considered. In each case headphones with a similar impedance but a different wearing comfort were selected. 2k 4k 6k 8k Hz -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 GK15 Re { ζ } Im { ζ } 2k 4k 6k 8k Hz -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 HK18 Re { ζ } Im { ζ } 2k 4k 6k 8k Hz -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 HK21 Re { ζ } Im { ζ } 2k 4k 6k 8k Hz -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 OK24 Re { ζ } Im { ζ } Fig. 1: Additional acoustical load on the ear of four headphones under test Fig. 2: Impedance tube. Note the pinna termination on the left end. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP In a preliminary listening test, the subjects should compare between different kind of reproduction techniques: 24 Loudspeaker (LS) array (upper hemisphere) as reference situation Headphones (HP) Crosstalk cancellation (CTC) representing an ideal open headphone The loudspeaker arrangement consists of 12 loudspeaker in the horizontal plane and 5 loudspeaker in the median plane and up to 7 loudspeaker in various distances for example for tests about the distance hearing. The distance of the loudspeaker in horizontal and median plane to the subjects head is 2 m. The whole arrangement is placed in an anechoic room with hard floor (see fig. 3). The floor in the area between the loudspeaker was covered with absorbing material. Independently of the ratio between direct sound and floor reflections the reflections can be fully simulated with CTC or HP. Two loudspeaker in the horizontal plane (+/60°) were used for the CTC. The subject were placed on an elevated seat with its ears on a level of 2 m. The head is fixed with a support in order to allow the subject to keep the head in one position in a comfortable way. Fig. 3: Experimental setup in anechoic room For all measurements a probe microphone was used which consists of a 60 mm bent metal tube (outer diameter 1.6 mm). The signal is measured 3 to 5 mm from the entrance of the ear canal (see fig. 4). The attenuation caused by the metal tube is 'only' 15 dB at 20 kHz and can be compensated without problems. Fig. 4: Probe microphone attached to the ear Fig. 5: Probe microphone (based on Sennheiser KE4) MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF TEST SIGNALS The complex signal at the eardrum must be identical, independent from the reproduction technique. That means that magnitude and phase should be identical. Accordingly the subject had to wear the probe microphone during the whole test. In the beginning of the test all HRTFs for all loudspeakers positions were measured. The whole procedure including all loudspeaker positions lasted 30s. These HRTFs were used for the calculation of the CTC filters and the headphone signals. All loudspeakers were equalized individually. While listening to the reference situation, the remaining floor reflections were audible also. So they were not removed by windowing. It is also possible to handle the reflections from the undamped floor. Only narrow dips are not equalized. The headphone transfer function (HPTF) was measured during the subject wore the headphone. From the measurements, all filters were calculated which were necessary for the convolution with any test signals. All calculations were checked immediately with measurements in order to make sure that the ear signals are identical. These measurements were repeated during the test was running in order to detect deviations caused by movements of the subjects head or the microphone. Starting from the 24 measured directions complex scenes could be generated. MEASUREMENTS First of all the frequency range is limited to 10 kHz, because an insufficient suppression of dips creates tonal components. Figure 6 shows the deviation of CTCand HP-reproduction compared to loudspeaker reproduction. Figure 7 shows the performance of the CTC. 200 500 1k 2k 5k 10k -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10


TEACHING history is an individual act. Contrary to notions sometimes put forward by proponents of particular classroom methods which have proved successful, formulating exact specifications that will insure a quality history course is probably impossible. Nevertheless, descriptions of ways teachers approach the study of the past are useful if regarded not so much as patterns for direct adoption as possibilities for adaptation. A number of the projects designed to help students learn to make judgments about historical evidence, developed for the freshman level "Introduction to Historical Studies" course offered at Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, can be adapted for use in other types of history courses. Intended to acquaint students with what history is and how it is written, this course allows an unusual amount of experimentation and


No sand cushion vacuum preloading method is widely used in China's coastal areas, as the detection technology of the surface-layer improvement of the ultra-soft soil is not yet mature. In this paper, using the cone penetration test (CPT) to detect the improved ultra-soft soil based on one case in Zhejiang province in China. The result shows that the cone resistance peaks and sleeve friction peaks are formed due to the effect of the surface crust layer and a thin sand layer, which can provide to determine the boundary of soil layer and the soil thickness in combination with drilling. The permittivity can be used to judge the dry zone, the unsaturated zone and the saturated zone of the ultra-soft soil.


Wine Marketers often promote the concept of their wine having a unique selling point as a way that a producer can obtain a sustainable advantage over competitors in the wine market. The hope of the marketer is that by establishing this unique selling point, consumers will both recognise and desire the producer"s wine and commit to it, accordingly. However, there are two challenges for the wine marketer in that the consumer needs to not only establish and maintain a unique selling point, but that the consumer must also find and recognise it. The European wine sector advocates the notion that wine can express itself through its terroir, and that each terroir is unique. Given that the concept of terroir is a substantial component of European wine marketing strategy, it is a concept ideally suited to researching the value of the unique selling point. However, this study shows that although the capacity to utilise uniqueness as a marketing strategy is theoretically sound, the literature on consumer cognition and purchasing behaviour suggests that in order to appeal to consumers with a terroir as a unique selling point, each terroir must first be put into clusters of consumer-defined, common categories for purchase evaluation. The results of a cluster analysis on the French consumer"s understanding of terroir suggest that the less wine-involved consumer is more likely to respond to terroir based on the location of production. For more wine-involved consumers, the results suggest that the process of categorisation requires further research. The paper concludes by showing how each terroir can then be used as a unique selling point among more commonly recognised purchasing consideration categories. Showing that an understanding of a wine consumer"s process of categorisation during a wine purchase provides the information for the marketer to focus on utilising a unique selling point, while also more effectively providing the consumer with the capacity to find the wine they wish to purchase.


This thesis mainly expatiates the characteristics and some existing problems of land resources, meanwhile sums up the present situation features of land use. Analyzing the data ,we discuss new existing problems of exploitation and utilization of land. It is a certain referenced value and important effects to induct economy development of shaanxi's loess plateau in the process of the western development.


This study aimed to clarify the laws of glutamine tablets absorption, distribution, and metabolism in Beagles and to provide a basis for formulating dosing regimens. Twelve healthy Beagles were enrolled the absolute bioavailability study with a crossover design . Glutamine tablets (240 mg/kg b.w.) or glutamine sterile solution (60 mg/kg b.w.) were administered. A method for the determination of glutamine in Beagles' plasma by UPLC-MS/MS was established, with high sensitivity, specificity, and simplicity. Based on the study of endogenous glutamine concentration, the mean concentration of the four time points before drug administration was selected as the background concentration of glutamine. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartment model. The Cmax of glutamine was 136.11 ± 72.51 μg/ml, Tmax was 0.85 ± 0.29 h, and t1/2λz was 0.42 ± 0.27 h after oral administration. The AUC0-t of glutamine was 116.30 ± 75.15 h·μg/ml vs. 44.55 ± 22.48 h·μg/ml following oral and IV administration, respectively, with an absolute bioavailability of 64.74% ± 19.18%. The results showed glutamine was quickly absorbed and eliminated in Beagles with high bioavailability. Therefore, glutamine is suitable to be prepared as oral tablets and recommended to shorten the dosing interval.


Parathyroid hyperplasia is a pathologic finding that can be found in hyperparathyroidism. Unlike parathyroid adenoma, treatment of parathyroid hyperplasia is still quite controversial. In addition, the relative merits of two alternative surgical approaches-subtotal parathyroidectomy versus total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation have not been clearyly elucidated. The records of 10 patients who had parathyroid hyperplaisa and who underwent parathyroid surgery at the Department of Surgery, Hanyang University Hospital, between April 1992 and April 2003 were retrospectively reviewed. The 10 patients were comprised of 3 males and 7 females. The age distribution was between 29 and 73 years. The presenting clinical manifestations were associated with bone pain in 8 patients, muscle weakness in 4, headache in 4, gastrointestinal symptoms in 3, renal symptoms in 3 and psychologic symptoms in 2. The serum parathyroid hormone level was elevated in all patients. The serum alkaline phosphatase level was elevated in seven among the ten patients. Histopathologic findings revealed chief cell hyperplasia in all patients. Postoperative transient hypocalcemia occurred in 5 patients and they were supplied with oral calcium and calcitriol for several months. There were no major complications. The results indicate that a subtotal parathyroidectomy can be performed without mortality or morbidity and provides good control of primary parathyroid hyperplasia, A total prathyroidectomy with autotransplantation can be performed without mortality or morbidity and provides good contril of secondary and tertiary parathyroid hyperplaisa. (Korean J Endocrine Surg 2003; 3:26-31)


Introduction: turns and returns When politicians engage in archaeology, it is convenient for all concerned to say that they 'turn' to it: for both parties, this move confirms that the discipline itself is essentially neutral and independent from extrinsic considerations. Already subject to much suspicion, this comforting conception can be further undermined with the case of Field-Marshal Jan Christiaan Smuts (1870-1950), for half a century South Africa's leading soldier, statesman and intellectual, as well as a driving force behind the setting up of the Commonwealth and the LJnited Nations (FIGURE 1).


SO 2- 4/TiO 2 solid acid was used for photocatalytic degradation of CH 3Br, and its photocatalytic activity is 2~10 times higher than that of TiO 2 under the same reaction conditions. The SO 2- 4/TiO 2 sample impregnated with H 2SO 4 solution (1 mol/L) is of superacidity ( H 0-12.14), possessing the highest acid strength and the highest photocatalytic activity for degradation of CH 3Br.


Objective To study the expression of cyclooxypenase-2mRNA (COX-2mRNA) and the correlation between COX-2mRNA and CD105mRNA in osteosarcoma. Methods The expression of COX-2mRNA and CD105 mRNA in human osteosarcoma was detected with in-situ hybridization. Then,in order to count the microvessel density (MVD),cells were marked with CD105mRNA. Results The positive rate of COX-2mRNA expression was 77.5%. The expression of COX-2 mRNA was positively correlated with surgical grade and metastasis of osteosarcoma. There were significant differences between Stage I and Ⅱb,Stage I and Ⅲ (P0.05). No significant difference was found between Stage I and Ⅱa,Stage Ⅱa and Ⅱb (P0.05). Metastasis cases had higher MVD than in the cases without metastasis (P0.05). The positive correlation was found between expression level of COX-2mRNA and MVD marked by CD105mRNA. Conclusion The over-expression of COX-2mRNA is found in human osteosarcoma. Therefore,angiogenesis in osteosarcoma may be promoted by COX-2.


A method to detect the L-proline- (L-Pro-) catalyzed Michael addition reaction in model biomembranes has been established, using N-[p(2-benzimidazolyl)phenyl]maleimide and acetone as reactants. The effect of liposome membranes on this reaction was kinetically analyzed using fluorescence spectroscopy. The kinetics of the reaction were different from those of the constituent lipids of the liposomes. Zwitterionic 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine liposome, which is in the solid-ordered phase, had a better value of reaction rate, suggesting that the reaction rate constants of this reaction in liposome membrane systems could be regulated by the characteristics of the liposome membrane (i.e., the phase state and surface charge). Based on the results obtained, a plausible model of the L-Pro-catalyzed Michael addition reaction was discussed. The obtained results provide us with an easily detectable method to assess the reactivity of L-Pro in biological systems.


The contemporary significance of branding as a source of value is explored by situating the creation and valorization of brand equity within 'the full circuit of capital'. Conceived as a form of co-production occurring in the sphere of circulation (as well as production), brand-building is connected to: the surpluses generated by the labour of user-consumers as well as the designers and producers of branded products and services; the realization of surplus through control of revenues derived from sales of these products and services and the appropriation of surpluses, including the conversion of brand equity into brand value after deduction of costs. Contemporary investment in branding is related to the financialization of brands as intangibles that make a growing contribution to market capitalization. By attending to multiple facets of the circuit of capital, including the co-production brand equity by user-consumers, some pointers are proposed for developing a more 'joined-up' view of the 'bigger picture' of contemporary capitalist reproduction.


Fresh water mud eel (Monopterus cuchia) is considered as a highly nutritious food fish having therapeutic value. Therefore, a study has been conducted to acquire information on the food and feeding habit of this species in relation to reproductive cycle. Relative Length of the Gut (RLG), Gastro-Somatic Index (GaSI) and Analysis of gut content have been studied. It was observed that insect larvae and zooplankton comprised the major part of Gut content. GaSI values of 2.70 (Spent), 3.14 (Pre-Breeding), 2.13 (Breeding) and 2.56 (Post-Breeding) was observed to be different from all the four stages. Moreover, GaSI value was lowest during breeding period and highest during pre-breeding period. Lowest GaSI value of 2.13 indicates period of low feeding intensity which coincides with breeding period. Based on the obtained results, Monopterus cuchia was considered as a carnivorous fish since the RLG value is less than 1.


The organic-rich marine sediments commonly referred to as black shales were deposited in the Qiangtang basin, northern Tibet. Although achievements in the respective researches have been remarkable, the deposi- tional environment, source of organic matter, thermal maturity and bio- degradation, which played a significant role in the deposition of these sedi- ments during the Early Toarcian, are still topics of discussion. In this paper, the geochemical characteristics of aromatic hydrocarbons contained in bitumen B of oil shale samples from the Biluo Co section of the Shuanghu area, northern Tibet, are considered in detail. In the oil shale samples, 154 aromatic hydrocarbon compositions mainly falling into 12 aromatic hydrocarbon series were detected. Among them the phenanthrene series predominates, followed by the naphthalene series, each of the rest having a low abundance, and the aromatics distribution is represented by typical prepeaks. Various geochemical parameters of these aromatic hydro- carbons are calculated and used to deduce the depositional environment, as well as the origin and thermal maturity of the oil shale organic matter. The composition of organic matter and the relative abundance of aromatic hydrocarbons in the Biluo Co oil shale shows that these were mainly derived from lower marine organisms. At the same time, the relatively low abundance of 1,2,5-TMNr, 1,2,5,6-TeMNr, pimanthrene, biphenyl and other compounds, which are known to be diagnostic biomarkers of terraneous higher plants, is indicative of some higher plants input too. The high relative abundance of the DBT and 9-MP series suggests that the Biluo Co oil shale deposited in a


Purpose To compare the results of surgery for idiopathic macular hole with or without the surgical removal of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) and the effect on anatomical and functional success rates.

Methods 41 consecutive patients with idiopathic macular hole stage II (n=11), III (n=22) and IV (n=8) underwent pars plana vitrectomy and intraocular gas tamponade in this study. The surgery was performed either with ILM peeling,Group A (n=28), or without, Group B (n=13). Ocular coherence tomography and ETDRS visual acuity were measured pre- and postoperatively to assess macular hole size and anatomical hole closure as well as visual function.

Results The postoperative macular hole closure rate was 100% (28/28) in Group A and 84,6% (11/13) in Group B. The 2 cases that failed to close with primary surgery had a hole size greater than 400µm. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the postoperative visual outcome once anatomical success was achieved.

Conclusion The study suggests that more evidence based trials are necessary to investigate the benefit of ILM peeling especially in the treatment of larger macular holes.


Based on computer artificial intelligence technology, this paper designs an online automatic evaluation and correction system for higher vocational English based on the combination of C/S mode and B/S mode. This paper firstly designs the functional requirements of the system. The design of the system implementation plan adopts the C/S mode to realize the evaluation and reform. The system implements the English online test process according to the scale of the higher vocational English test and the test requirements and through modules such as group test management, score management, and online test. In this paper, the genetic algorithm is used to determine the optimal solution of the test papers. The system has the advantages of high utilization of network resources, flexible deployment and convenient updating. The simulation results show that the online testing system for higher vocational English education can improve students' English level, especially to cultivate students' online reading habits and help students to correct pronunciation and intonation.


The standard approach for photoacoustic imaging with variable speed of sound is time reversal, which consists of solving a well-posed final-boundary value problem for the wave equation backwards in time. This paper investigates the iterative Landweber regularization algorithm, where convergence is guaranteed by standard regularization theory, notably also in cases of trapping sound speed or for short measurement times. We formulate and solve the direct and inverse problem on the whole Euclidean space, which is common in standard photoacoustic imaging, but not for time reversal algorithms, where the problems are considered on a domain enclosed by the measurement devices. We formulate both the direct and adjoint photoacoustic operator as the solution of an interior and an exterior differential equation which are coupled by transmission conditions. The former is solved numerically using a Galerkin scheme in space and finite difference discretization in time, while the latter consists of solving a boundary integral equation. We therefore use a boundary element method/finite element method approach for numerical solution of the forward operators. We analyze this method, prove convergence, and provide numerical tests. Moreover, we compare the approach to time reversal.


The Mw8.4 Illapel earthquake occurred on 16 September was the largest global event in 2015. This earthquake was not unexpected because the hypocenter was located in a seismic gap of the Peru‐Chile subduction zone. However, the source model derived from 3‐D spectral‐element inversion of teleseismic waves reveals a distinct two‐stage rupture process with completely different slip characteristics as a composite megathrust event. The two stages were temporally separated. Rupture in the first stage, with a moment magnitude of Mw8.32, built up energetically from the deeper locked zone and propagated in the updip direction toward the trench. Subsequently, the rupture of the second stage, with a magnitude of Mw8.08, mainly occurred in the shallow subduction zone with atypical repeating slip behavior. The unique spatial‐temporal rupture evolution presented in this source model is key to further in‐depth studies of earthquake physics and source dynamics in subduction systems.


The 'makeshift' or 'pidgin' language here discussed has been usuallycalled in English 'the Yokohama dialect' or 'Yokohama Japanese'. In Japanese the corresponding 'Yokohama-hotoba' is sometimes heard, but it is hardly a recognized name, and examples of the language are apt to be dismissed as foreigners′ mistakes.


The present invention relates to a catheter for infusion device. The device has a conduit connected to a proximal end of the catheter and a connector having a cap sleeve mounted therein a hemostatic valve. The connector is fixed to the cover sleeve. Infusion for a hollow needle body slidably mounted within the conduit.


Extant research highlights the importance of error sharing for managing errors in organizations, but little work examines what happens to employees who disclose errors. Treating errors as sensitive information, we draw on the self‐disclosure literature to propose that error sharing can influence leaders' evaluations of employee ability and integrity, which affect leader trust in the employee; error visibility and severity work as contingency factors in the above links. We conducted two field studies and one experimental study to test our hypotheses. We used data collected in China from manufacturing companies (560 employees from 71 teams in Study 1), a high‐reliability organization (359 employees from 104 teams in Study 2), and an online sample (356 participants in Study 3). Results show that error sharing impairs leader trust via the negative evaluation of the employee's ability but enhances trust via the positive evaluation of the employee's integrity; error visibility and severity moderate the relationships between error sharing and leader evaluation of employee integrity and leader trust such that the positive relationships are enhanced when errors are of lower visibility or higher severity. Our study offers a novel perspective to understand the relational consequences of error sharing at work.


It is clear that corporations and enterprisers have contributed much to the development of national economy in the capital society by maximizing a profit. However, in this process of industrial development, corporations also committed a lot of crimes. In this situation, especially, in South Korea which recently experienced the IMF, we need more effective laws for regulating the corporations to rebuild more healthy corporations. In other words, this society needs more powerful laws in order to control the crimes of corporations since these crimes not only caused a huge amount of damage to society, but also made the citizens as the victims of these. However, now we need to realize there are a lot of problems in regulating the crimes of corporations because it is very hard to punish the corporations and enterprises by practicing the traditional criminal laws which still includes found their theories on the conservative ideas. In this thesis, I investigate the ways by which corporations can be punished reasonably. I think that in terms of criminal punishment, there has to be more attention on the prevention of corporation crimes because until now, there has not been a lot research about corporations' capability of committing crimes, but also there have not been some unified opinions which could create a proper basis for the dual punishment of corporations through both criminal and administrative means. In conclusion, I argue that it is necessary to reform the Penal Servitude, the Fine, and the Forfeiture in order to prohibit the corporation crimes. Especially, we have to consider the Security-Measure instead of the Punishment in case of corporation crimes. Moreover, we have to install a separate organization and court to handle corporation crimes so that we could manage the corporation crimes more effectively.


We compute an upper bound for the capacity of mobile wireless ad hoc networks (MANETs) when all the nodes in the network are endowed with multiple antennas. The derivation is based on a new communication scheme for wireless ad hoc networks utilizing the concept of cooperative many-to-many communication, which we show outperforms the conventional one-to-one communication approach. We assume that nodes transmit with low power, such that the total interference from other cells is much smaller than noise. Consequently, the results for the upper bound capacity is only valid for the low interference power regime.


The battlefield is experiencing an explosion in the use of video in C3I systems. Video is being applied to solving many different problems in the tactical environment. Each of these problems has specific requirements that the video system must meet and these requirement vary widely between applications. This paper discusses the various applications of video in the tactical battlefield, the requirements on the video system for those applications, the characteristics of video systems, and the video techniques which are applicable to those systems.<<ETX>>


The operative principles and progress to date on producing thin-film electroluminescent displays (TFEL) are discussed. TFEL displays consist of conductive, insulating and phosphor film layers deposited on a glass substrate. Applying a 200 V potential between the rows and columns in a multiplexed mode causes light to be emitted. Varying the voltage varies the grey level. The panels provide adequate contrast in full sunlight, and have demanded only 4-6 W for 15 sq in. displays. Alphanumeric, graphics, and video images have been generated with a 51 line by 80 character display. The upper limit on the panel size has not yet been defined. Efforts are under way to produce multicolor displays using red and blue phosphors. Trial units are being studied for avionics displays for, e.g., navigation, multipurpose displays, and attitude/direction indicators.


In order to fabricate magnetic bubble memory circuits of high bit density using x‐ray lithography, it is necessary to form accurate gold absorber patterns for x‐ray masks and accurate permalloy patterns for the bubble memory circuits. The combined processes of mask transfer technique and getter‐ion etching instead of conventional ion etching in pure argon gas were used to make patterns in these metal films. Pattern width accuracies within ±0.1 μm and the angles of edge slope up to 70° were obtained by using these processes. Our new method was applied to the microfabrication of gold x‐ray mask patterns and permalloy patterns of the circuits for magnetic bubbles of diameters 0.95 and 1.5 μm.


Neurometabolites in the spinal cord play a significant role in biomechanics and neural plasticity. However, due to low concentrations and the limited geometry of the spinal cord, neurometabolites are not investigated with imaging modalities or in vivo. Therefore, the goal of this H-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (H-MRS) research was to assess a variety of techniques that aim to improve collection and quantification of in-vivo neurometabolite data in the cervical spinal cord using a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner. This is important as the cervical spine can reveal information on the upper limb and its neuronal innervation nature. In this research, a phantom study was introduced as a proof of concept to ensure data acquisition based on spinal geometry can be repeatable and accurate. T-tests were performed to identify if H-MRS analysis was accurate and significant (P<0.05). MR spectral fit quality was assessed using two MRS fitting software packages (LCmodel and Tarquin) to see which more appropriately fit the data, based on standard and known concentrations in phantoms. T-test results found that both software packages can significantly (P<0.05) provide useful information on the spinal cord content concentrations, although software packages use di erent estimation methods. Furthermore, physiological motion such as breathing and pulsatile flow in the vessels that surround and flow through the spinal cord (i.e. CSF, blood) contribute to the highest levels of noise in the MRS signal. Therefore, a study that included the investigation of main magnetic field (B 0 ) and RF transmit field (B 1 ) inhomogeneities was conducted to evaluate how physiological noise (Pulsatile flow (PPG) and Respiratory flow (RESP) data) a ects data quality. Research found that there exists a relationship between PPG data and the B 0 field (Correlation of 0.71) whereas RESP data and the B 1 + field also yielded a relationship (Correlation of 0.62). Additional noise reduction techniques were also investigated to determine further improvement in spinal cord MRS data acquisition to best understand neurometabolite behaviour in this challenging tissue.


Quantum non-Gaussian (QNG) mechanical states from inherently nonlinear quantum processes are already required in quantum sensing, become essential in quantum thermodynamics, and also open directions in quantum computing with continuous variables. The discrete building blocks of such states are the energy eigenstates - Fock states. Despite the progress in their experimental preparation, the remaining energy uncertainty can still invisibly cause loss of the critical quantum non-Gaussian aspects of the phonon distribution relevant for the applications.


Any scheme that accurately converts English text to phonemes must be based on morphological analysis—i.e., an analysis of words into prefixes, suffixes, and roots. This paper describes the SRS (Speech Research System) strategy for marking the morphohogical structure of words. Instead of a morpheme dictionary, SRS uses text‐modification rules, which divide words into morphological units on which subsequent phoneme‐generating rules are based. Because these units are not always true morphemes (for example, fibe + er for fiber on analogy with bribe + er for briber), they are more accurately cared "spelling morphs." An analysis of text into spelling morphs simplifies not only phoneme and stress prediction (for example, the different pronunciations of im + bed vs climb + ed), but also the handling of exceptions (for example, the irregular pronunciation of cover in re + cover, discover, un + cover, and cover). In addition to such obvious advantages as saving space, using rules instead of a dictionary makes it ea...


If a D V I file requests a font at a size that does not exist, but the requested size is within 0.2 % of a supported magnification with the font at that size existing, the D V I processor must use the latter font without warning. Explanation: TQX and METAFONT compute font magnifications with different precisions. Further; calculations done by TEX and/or a DVI processor are subject to roundoff errors. The margin prescribed is sufficient for accomodating most of these errors. It is not intended to compensate for fonts requested at an incorrect size.


Reform and opening policy has driven china into the historical fast traffic lane of social transformation.Now,China has some important traits of economy knowledgization,politics democratization,thoughts and culture pluralization.Jiang Zemin's three reprensentatives thought,which is of momentous theory significance and far-teaching current significance,provides productive thought counter-measure for our Party's self-building in the time of social transformation.


IoT devices are interconnected in global network with different functionalities and manage the data transfer in cloud computing. IoT devices can be used anytime, anywhere with any device with different applications and protocols. Same devices but different applications according to end user requirements such as sensors and Wi-Fi devices, reusability of these applications can enhance the development process. However, large number of variations in cloud computing make it difficult the features selection in application because of compatibility issues of devices. In this paper we have proposed multi-Software Product Lines (multi-SPLs) approach to manage the variabilities and commonalities of IoT applications and protocols. Feature modeling is used to manage the commonalities and variabilities of SPL. We proposed that multi-SPLs feature model is more appropriate for modeling of IoT applications and protocols.


Implementing innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities, cultivating college students with innovative qualities and entrepreneurial abilities is the main way to build an innovative country. However, the university students' innovation and entrepreneurship training program is indispensable for innovation and entrepreneurship education, and has become an important part of the undergraduate teaching quality and teaching reform project in colleges and universities. With the development of Internet technology, the management platforms of various industries have become an indispensable means and tools for many managers to manage projects. In every industry, there are some excellent management platforms. No matter which one, they are very powerful and play a huge role in their respective fields. Therefore, this paper builds and implements the management platform of DaChuang project from the perspective of increasing the propaganda of Dachuang project, effectively screening the topic of DaChuang project, strengthening the process management system to the docking transformation of Dachuang achievements, and building the platform for the Dacre project. The management of DaChuang projects has played a big role.


Nitrogen (N) is one of the most essential nutrients that can significantly affect crop grain yield and quality. The implementation of proximal and remote sensing technologies in precision agriculture has provided new opportunities for non-destructive and real-time diagnosis of crop N status and precision N management. Notably, leaf fluorescence sensors have shown high potential in the accurate estimation of plant N status. However, most studies using leaf fluorescence sensors have mainly focused on the estimation of leaf N concentration (LNC) rather than plant N concentration (PNC). The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the relationship of maize (Zea mays L.) LNC and PNC, (2) evaluate the main factors influencing the variations of leaf fluorescence sensor parameters, and (3) establish a general model to estimate PNC directly across growth stages. A leaf fluorescence sensor, Dualex 4, was used to test maize leaves with three different positions across four growth stages in two fields with different soil types, planting densities, and N application rates in Northeast China in 2016 and 2017. The results indicated that the total leaf N concentration (TLNC) and PNC had a strong correlation (R2 = 0.91 to 0.98) with the single leaf N concentration (SLNC). The TLNC and PNC were affected by maize growth stage and N application rate but not the soil type. When used in combination with the days after sowing (DAS) parameter, modified Dualex 4 indices showed strong relationships with TLNC and PNC across growth stages. Both modified chlorophyll concentration (mChl) and modified N balance index (mNBI) were reliable predictors of PNC. Good results could be achieved by using information obtained only from the newly fully expanded leaves before the tasseling stage (VT) and the leaves above panicle at the VT stage to estimate PNC. It is concluded that when used together with DAS, the leaf fluorescence sensor (Dualex 4) can be used to reliably estimate maize PNC across growth stages.


Abstract Background : Cholelithiasis is a rare condition seen during childhood. The aim of this study was to determine frequency of biliary sludge and cholelithiasis with ceftriaxone therapy.


To improve the control performance of the lane departure prevention system, a segmented coordinated control method of active steering and differential braking is proposed. Taking the longitudinal velocity and road curvature as input and considering the driving habits of the driver in different lanes, the fuzzy controller used to determine the virtual lane boundary is designed. The control decision of LDPS is determined by combining the steering behavior index, which characterizes the steering intervention of the driver with the virtual lane boundary width. Next, the segmented control strategy is designed. In the first stage of the assistance control, the intervening time of coordinated control mode based on active steering and differential braking and the additional yaw moment when working in coordinated control mode is determined. A single control mode based on active steering is adopted in the second phase of assistance control. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed coordinated control method is evaluated with numerical simulation and experiments on a human-in-the-loop platform. The obtained results show that the designed method not only can avoid lane departures effectively, but also provides a smooth ride quality to the passenger.


Mao Dun,the famous writer in China,is one of the founders of Chinese mythology.In the 1990s,he adopted the notion and means of British mythology in late 19th century,made a profound research of Chinese ancient mythology,especially the scattered myths.Whether in the study of the original myth or in the research of the primitive myths,he achieved great success and set a solid foundation for Chinese mythology.


Nobody appears to have ever asked the question of how de Broglie's theroy (1) could be proven generally valid and developed from physical laws. Therefore, we will start from the classical Newton's second law (NSL) to rebuilt the therory of special relativity (SRT) (2). This enables us to derive de Broglie relations from NSL without any of the well-known contradictions between SRT and de Broglie's quantum wave..


As argued by Ana Maiques in her piece, "To be or not to be involved in Neuroethics: an entrepreneurial perspective," the ethical dimensions of neurotechnology should be a significant concern for entrepreneurs building companies in this field (Maiques 2019). Maiques is a neuro-entrepreneur, CEO of Barcelona-based Neuroelectrics, which manufactures noninvasive neural signal recording and stimulating devices. Her article is a manifesto for an awakening to neuroethics among entrepreneurs. This publication comes on the heels of the July 16, 2019 announcement by Neuralink, Elon Musk's brainmachine interface company, viewed around the world on YouTube livestream and certain to rank among the highest-profile public events related to neurotechnology to date. Many commentators in our communities – the worlds of neurosurgery and neuroethics – have associated this publicity not only with Musk's celebrity, but with a societal perception that the brain-machine interface is an idea whose time has now come. In the first week after the Musk press conference, 9,270 news stories were published about Neuralink (Google Search 2019a). Only a small minority (1,720) of these stories included the keywords "ethics, ethical, moral, safety, neuroethics, neuroethical, bioethics, bioethical, risks, or risk," demonstrating the degree to which discourse surrounding the ethical implications of novel neurotechnology lags its overall public awareness (Google Search 2019b). This is the problem that Maiques aims to correct. The press conference began with Musk discussing the motivation behind the brain-machine communication device that Neuralink is developing: "to help secure humanity's future relative to AI," by establishing a direct connection between the human brain and computers (Neuralink. YouTube: Neuralink 2019). In order to get there, it will begin by developing an FDA-cleared medical device designed as a therapy for patients with paralysis but with implications for future cognitive enhancement. Musk and Neuralink's leadership team took turns explicating the sensor technology, medical implications, neural interface, materials science, implant system, and future directions of their work-in-progress. Ethical questions are already central to public perception of neurotechnology. We saw clear signs of this in the Neuralink presentation, well beyond what would be expected in a product keynote for a typical technology startup. Throughout the presentation, the team took lengths to communicate that safety was a preeminent underlying principle for the company. Moreover, instead of focusing on the widely-speculated enhancement capabilities of their neural interface device, the team stated that its initial use would be to treat medical disorders, such as neurological disabilities. The first individuals to receive the technology in Neuralink's clinical trials will be patients with paralysis where the therapeutic alternatives are few, as has been the case with previous invasive brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) (Hochberg et al. 2012). Patients in the clinical trial would undergo an invasive craniotomy under anesthesia similar to a conventional neurosurgical operation, but ultimately the goal would be to streamline the technique to become "similar to LASIK" in order to achieve widespread adoption (Neuralink. YouTube: Neuralink 2019). Remarkably, unlike a typical technology company press conference, Musk's event touched frequently on philosophical issues such as the nature of suffering in relation to his work-in-progress: "I doubt that we would be able to eliminate all suffering, and it actually may be ultimately oddly dystopian if we do eliminate all suffering, that actually may not be a true utopia... but I think we can definitely make a significant difference and we can address (when I say we I mean humanity can address) a lot of the suffering that occurs in the world and make things a lot better." This demonstrates how central ethical issues are likely to be in any neurotechnology company's public activities; if not offered outright, the first questions will quickly bring them to the fore. At the same time, it helps one sense the value of seeking a more organized approach to an ethical framework for neuro-entrepreneurs. According to Maiques, any neurotechnology that will impact others and become widely adopted should follow neuroethical guidelines. She proposes key tenets for these guidelines based on the questions posed in